[SCM] giada/master: Updated bundled RtAudio to RtAudio5

umlaeute at users.alioth.debian.org umlaeute at users.alioth.debian.org
Wed Oct 25 18:32:33 UTC 2017


The following commit has been merged in the master branch:
commit 042c911363228e2a3ff2328775d90ccdac57c82d
Author: IOhannes m zmölnig <zmoelnig at iem.at>
Date:   Wed Oct 25 14:02:40 2017 +0200

    Updated bundled RtAudio to RtAudio5
    
    re-applying the hack.

diff --git a/debian/patches/01-rtaudio5.patch b/debian/patches/01-rtaudio5.patch
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..160c6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/debian/patches/01-rtaudio5.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,22578 @@
+--- giada.orig/src/deps/rtaudio-mod/RtAudio.cpp
++++ giada/src/deps/rtaudio-mod/RtAudio.cpp
+@@ -1,10237 +1,10337 @@
+-/************************************************************************/
+-/*! \class RtAudio
+-    \brief Realtime audio i/o C++ classes.
+-
+-    RtAudio provides a common API (Application Programming Interface)
+-    for realtime audio input/output across Linux (native ALSA, Jack,
+-    and OSS), Macintosh OS X (CoreAudio and Jack), and Windows
+-    (DirectSound, ASIO and WASAPI) operating systems.
+-
+-    RtAudio WWW site: http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~gary/rtaudio/
+-
+-    RtAudio: realtime audio i/o C++ classes
+-    Copyright (c) 2001-2016 Gary P. Scavone
+-
+-    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+-    obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+-    (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+-    including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+-    publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+-    and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+-    subject to the following conditions:
+-
+-    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+-    included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+-
+-    Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+-    asked to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+-    they can be incorporated into the canonical version.  This is,
+-    however, not a binding provision of this license.
+-
+-    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+-    EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+-    MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+-    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+-    ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+-    CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+-    WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+-*/
+-/************************************************************************/
+-
+-// RtAudio: Version 4.1.2
+-
+-#include "RtAudio.h"
+-#include <iostream>
+-#include <cstdlib>
+-#include <cstring>
+-#include <climits>
+-#include <algorithm>
+-
+-// Static variable definitions.
+-const unsigned int RtApi::MAX_SAMPLE_RATES = 14;
+-const unsigned int RtApi::SAMPLE_RATES[] = {
+-  4000, 5512, 8000, 9600, 11025, 16000, 22050,
+-  32000, 44100, 48000, 88200, 96000, 176400, 192000
+-};
+-
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__) || defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__) || defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__)
+-  #define MUTEX_INITIALIZE(A) InitializeCriticalSection(A)
+-  #define MUTEX_DESTROY(A)    DeleteCriticalSection(A)
+-  #define MUTEX_LOCK(A)       EnterCriticalSection(A)
+-  #define MUTEX_UNLOCK(A)     LeaveCriticalSection(A)
+-
+-  #include "tchar.h"
+-
+-  static std::string convertCharPointerToStdString(const char *text)
+-  {
+-    return std::string(text);
+-  }
+-
+-  static std::string convertCharPointerToStdString(const wchar_t *text)
+-  {
+-    int length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, text, -1, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+-    std::string s( length-1, '\0' );
+-    WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, text, -1, &s[0], length, NULL, NULL);
+-    return s;
+-  }
+-
+-#elif defined(__LINUX_ALSA__) || defined(__LINUX_PULSE__) || defined(__UNIX_JACK__) || defined(__LINUX_OSS__) || defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
+-  // pthread API
+-  #define MUTEX_INITIALIZE(A) pthread_mutex_init(A, NULL)
+-  #define MUTEX_DESTROY(A)    pthread_mutex_destroy(A)
+-  #define MUTEX_LOCK(A)       pthread_mutex_lock(A)
+-  #define MUTEX_UNLOCK(A)     pthread_mutex_unlock(A)
+-#else
+-  #define MUTEX_INITIALIZE(A) abs(*A) // dummy definitions
+-  #define MUTEX_DESTROY(A)    abs(*A) // dummy definitions
+-#endif
+-
+-// *************************************************** //
+-//
+-// RtAudio definitions.
+-//
+-// *************************************************** //
+-
+-std::string RtAudio :: getVersion( void ) throw()
+-{
+-  return RTAUDIO_VERSION;
+-}
+-
+-void RtAudio :: getCompiledApi( std::vector<RtAudio::Api> &apis ) throw()
+-{
+-  apis.clear();
+-
+-  // The order here will control the order of RtAudio's API search in
+-  // the constructor.
+-#if defined(__UNIX_JACK__)
+-  apis.push_back( UNIX_JACK );
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__LINUX_ALSA__)
+-  apis.push_back( LINUX_ALSA );
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__LINUX_PULSE__)
+-  apis.push_back( LINUX_PULSE );
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__LINUX_OSS__)
+-  apis.push_back( LINUX_OSS );
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__)
+-  apis.push_back( WINDOWS_ASIO );
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__)
+-  apis.push_back( WINDOWS_WASAPI );
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__)
+-  apis.push_back( WINDOWS_DS );
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
+-  apis.push_back( MACOSX_CORE );
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DUMMY__)
+-  apis.push_back( RTAUDIO_DUMMY );
+-#endif
+-}
+-
+-void RtAudio :: openRtApi( RtAudio::Api api )
+-{
+-  if ( rtapi_ )
+-    delete rtapi_;
+-  rtapi_ = 0;
+-
+-#if defined(__UNIX_JACK__)
+-  if ( api == UNIX_JACK )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiJack();
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__LINUX_ALSA__)
+-  if ( api == LINUX_ALSA )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiAlsa();
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__LINUX_PULSE__)
+-  if ( api == LINUX_PULSE )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiPulse();
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__LINUX_OSS__)
+-  if ( api == LINUX_OSS )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiOss();
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__)
+-  if ( api == WINDOWS_ASIO )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiAsio();
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__)
+-  if ( api == WINDOWS_WASAPI )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiWasapi();
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__)
+-  if ( api == WINDOWS_DS )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiDs();
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
+-  if ( api == MACOSX_CORE )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiCore();
+-#endif
+-#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DUMMY__)
+-  if ( api == RTAUDIO_DUMMY )
+-    rtapi_ = new RtApiDummy();
+-#endif
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio :: RtAudio( RtAudio::Api api )
+-{
+-  rtapi_ = 0;
+-
+-  if ( api != UNSPECIFIED ) {
+-    // Attempt to open the specified API.
+-    openRtApi( api );
+-    if ( rtapi_ ) return;
+-
+-    // No compiled support for specified API value.  Issue a debug
+-    // warning and continue as if no API was specified.
+-    std::cerr << "\nRtAudio: no compiled support for specified API argument!\n" << std::endl;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Iterate through the compiled APIs and return as soon as we find
+-  // one with at least one device or we reach the end of the list.
+-  std::vector< RtAudio::Api > apis;
+-  getCompiledApi( apis );
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<apis.size(); i++ ) {
+-    openRtApi( apis[i] );
+-    if ( rtapi_ && rtapi_->getDeviceCount() ) break;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( rtapi_ ) return;
+-
+-  // It should not be possible to get here because the preprocessor
+-  // definition __RTAUDIO_DUMMY__ is automatically defined if no
+-  // API-specific definitions are passed to the compiler. But just in
+-  // case something weird happens, we'll thow an error.
+-  std::string errorText = "\nRtAudio: no compiled API support found ... critical error!!\n\n";
+-  throw( RtAudioError( errorText, RtAudioError::UNSPECIFIED ) );
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio :: ~RtAudio() throw()
+-{
+-  if ( rtapi_ )
+-    delete rtapi_;
+-}
+-
+-void RtAudio :: openStream( RtAudio::StreamParameters *outputParameters,
+-                            RtAudio::StreamParameters *inputParameters,
+-                            RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                            unsigned int *bufferFrames,
+-                            RtAudioCallback callback, void *userData,
+-                            RtAudio::StreamOptions *options,
+-                            RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback )
+-{
+-  return rtapi_->openStream( outputParameters, inputParameters, format,
+-                             sampleRate, bufferFrames, callback,
+-                             userData, options, errorCallback );
+-}
+-
+-// *************************************************** //
+-//
+-// Public RtApi definitions (see end of file for
+-// private or protected utility functions).
+-//
+-// *************************************************** //
+-
+-RtApi :: RtApi()
+-{
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-  stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  stream_.userBuffer[0] = 0;
+-  stream_.userBuffer[1] = 0;
+-  MUTEX_INITIALIZE( &stream_.mutex );
+-  showWarnings_ = true;
+-  firstErrorOccurred_ = false;
+-}
+-
+-RtApi :: ~RtApi()
+-{
+-  MUTEX_DESTROY( &stream_.mutex );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApi :: openStream( RtAudio::StreamParameters *oParams,
+-                          RtAudio::StreamParameters *iParams,
+-                          RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                          unsigned int *bufferFrames,
+-                          RtAudioCallback callback, void *userData,
+-                          RtAudio::StreamOptions *options,
+-                          RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback )
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: a stream is already open!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Clear stream information potentially left from a previously open stream.
+-  clearStreamInfo();
+-
+-  if ( oParams && oParams->nChannels < 1 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: a non-NULL output StreamParameters structure cannot have an nChannels value less than one.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( iParams && iParams->nChannels < 1 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: a non-NULL input StreamParameters structure cannot have an nChannels value less than one.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( oParams == NULL && iParams == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: input and output StreamParameters structures are both NULL!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( formatBytes(format) == 0 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: 'format' parameter value is undefined.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
+-  unsigned int oChannels = 0;
+-  if ( oParams ) {
+-    oChannels = oParams->nChannels;
+-    if ( oParams->deviceId >= nDevices ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: output device parameter value is invalid.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  unsigned int iChannels = 0;
+-  if ( iParams ) {
+-    iChannels = iParams->nChannels;
+-    if ( iParams->deviceId >= nDevices ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: input device parameter value is invalid.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  bool result;
+-
+-  if ( oChannels > 0 ) {
+-
+-    result = probeDeviceOpen( oParams->deviceId, OUTPUT, oChannels, oParams->firstChannel,
+-                              sampleRate, format, bufferFrames, options );
+-    if ( result == false ) {
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( iChannels > 0 ) {
+-
+-    result = probeDeviceOpen( iParams->deviceId, INPUT, iChannels, iParams->firstChannel,
+-                              sampleRate, format, bufferFrames, options );
+-    if ( result == false ) {
+-      if ( oChannels > 0 ) closeStream();
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.callback = (void *) callback;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.userData = userData;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.errorCallback = (void *) errorCallback;
+-
+-  if ( options ) options->numberOfBuffers = stream_.nBuffers;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApi :: getDefaultInputDevice( void )
+-{
+-  // Should be implemented in subclasses if possible.
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApi :: getDefaultOutputDevice( void )
+-{
+-  // Should be implemented in subclasses if possible.
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApi :: closeStream( void )
+-{
+-  // MUST be implemented in subclasses!
+-  return;
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApi :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int /*device*/, StreamMode /*mode*/, unsigned int /*channels*/,
+-                               unsigned int /*firstChannel*/, unsigned int /*sampleRate*/,
+-                               RtAudioFormat /*format*/, unsigned int * /*bufferSize*/,
+-                               RtAudio::StreamOptions * /*options*/ )
+-{
+-  // MUST be implemented in subclasses!
+-  return FAILURE;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApi :: tickStreamTime( void )
+-{
+-  // Subclasses that do not provide their own implementation of
+-  // getStreamTime should call this function once per buffer I/O to
+-  // provide basic stream time support.
+-
+-  stream_.streamTime += ( stream_.bufferSize * 1.0 / stream_.sampleRate );
+-
+-#if defined( HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY )
+-  gettimeofday( &stream_.lastTickTimestamp, NULL );
+-#endif
+-}
+-
+-long RtApi :: getStreamLatency( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-
+-  long totalLatency = 0;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
+-    totalLatency = stream_.latency[0];
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
+-    totalLatency += stream_.latency[1];
+-
+-  return totalLatency;
+-}
+-
+-double RtApi :: getStreamTime( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-
+-#if defined( HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY )
+-  // Return a very accurate estimate of the stream time by
+-  // adding in the elapsed time since the last tick.
+-  struct timeval then;
+-  struct timeval now;
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING || stream_.streamTime == 0.0 )
+-    return stream_.streamTime;
+-
+-  gettimeofday( &now, NULL );
+-  then = stream_.lastTickTimestamp;
+-  return stream_.streamTime +
+-    ((now.tv_sec + 0.000001 * now.tv_usec) -
+-     (then.tv_sec + 0.000001 * then.tv_usec));
+-#else
+-  return stream_.streamTime;
+-#endif
+-}
+-
+-void RtApi :: setStreamTime( double time )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-
+-  if ( time >= 0.0 )
+-    stream_.streamTime = time;
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApi :: getStreamSampleRate( void )
+-{
+- verifyStream();
+-
+- return stream_.sampleRate;
+-}
+-
+-
+-// *************************************************** //
+-//
+-// OS/API-specific methods.
+-//
+-// *************************************************** //
+-
+-#if defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
+-
+-// The OS X CoreAudio API is designed to use a separate callback
+-// procedure for each of its audio devices.  A single RtAudio duplex
+-// stream using two different devices is supported here, though it
+-// cannot be guaranteed to always behave correctly because we cannot
+-// synchronize these two callbacks.
+-//
+-// A property listener is installed for over/underrun information.
+-// However, no functionality is currently provided to allow property
+-// listeners to trigger user handlers because it is unclear what could
+-// be done if a critical stream parameter (buffer size, sample rate,
+-// device disconnect) notification arrived.  The listeners entail
+-// quite a bit of extra code and most likely, a user program wouldn't
+-// be prepared for the result anyway.  However, we do provide a flag
+-// to the client callback function to inform of an over/underrun.
+-
+-// A structure to hold various information related to the CoreAudio API
+-// implementation.
+-struct CoreHandle {
+-  AudioDeviceID id[2];    // device ids
+-#if defined( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 ) && ( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 )
+-  AudioDeviceIOProcID procId[2];
+-#endif
+-  UInt32 iStream[2];      // device stream index (or first if using multiple)
+-  UInt32 nStreams[2];     // number of streams to use
+-  bool xrun[2];
+-  char *deviceBuffer;
+-  pthread_cond_t condition;
+-  int drainCounter;       // Tracks callback counts when draining
+-  bool internalDrain;     // Indicates if stop is initiated from callback or not.
+-
+-  CoreHandle()
+-    :deviceBuffer(0), drainCounter(0), internalDrain(false) { nStreams[0] = 1; nStreams[1] = 1; id[0] = 0; id[1] = 0; xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; }
+-};
+-
+-RtApiCore:: RtApiCore()
+-{
+-#if defined( AVAILABLE_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6_AND_LATER )
+-  // This is a largely undocumented but absolutely necessary
+-  // requirement starting with OS-X 10.6.  If not called, queries and
+-  // updates to various audio device properties are not handled
+-  // correctly.
+-  CFRunLoopRef theRunLoop = NULL;
+-  AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyRunLoop,
+-                                          kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
+-                                          kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-  OSStatus result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, sizeof(CFRunLoopRef), &theRunLoop);
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::RtApiCore: error setting run loop property!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-  }
+-#endif
+-}
+-
+-RtApiCore :: ~RtApiCore()
+-{
+-  // The subclass destructor gets called before the base class
+-  // destructor, so close an existing stream before deallocating
+-  // apiDeviceId memory.
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiCore :: getDeviceCount( void )
+-{
+-  // Find out how many audio devices there are, if any.
+-  UInt32 dataSize;
+-  AudioObjectPropertyAddress propertyAddress = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-  OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &propertyAddress, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceCount: OS-X error getting device info!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  return dataSize / sizeof( AudioDeviceID );
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiCore :: getDefaultInputDevice( void )
+-{
+-  unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
+-  if ( nDevices <= 1 ) return 0;
+-
+-  AudioDeviceID id;
+-  UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID );
+-  AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-  OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &id );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultInputDevice: OS-X system error getting device.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  dataSize *= nDevices;
+-  AudioDeviceID deviceList[ nDevices ];
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, (void *) &deviceList );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultInputDevice: OS-X system error getting device IDs.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nDevices; i++ )
+-    if ( id == deviceList[i] ) return i;
+-
+-  errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultInputDevice: No default device found!";
+-  error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiCore :: getDefaultOutputDevice( void )
+-{
+-  unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
+-  if ( nDevices <= 1 ) return 0;
+-
+-  AudioDeviceID id;
+-  UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID );
+-  AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultOutputDevice, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-  OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &id );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultOutputDevice: OS-X system error getting device.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID ) * nDevices;
+-  AudioDeviceID deviceList[ nDevices ];
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, (void *) &deviceList );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultOutputDevice: OS-X system error getting device IDs.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nDevices; i++ )
+-    if ( id == deviceList[i] ) return i;
+-
+-  errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultOutputDevice: No default device found!";
+-  error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiCore :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
+-{
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
+-  info.probed = false;
+-
+-  // Get device ID
+-  unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
+-  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  AudioDeviceID deviceList[ nDevices ];
+-  UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID ) * nDevices;
+-  AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices,
+-                                          kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
+-                                          kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-  OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property,
+-                                                0, NULL, &dataSize, (void *) &deviceList );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: OS-X system error getting device IDs.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  AudioDeviceID id = deviceList[ device ];
+-
+-  // Get the device name.
+-  info.name.erase();
+-  CFStringRef cfname;
+-  dataSize = sizeof( CFStringRef );
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioObjectPropertyManufacturer;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &cfname );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting device manufacturer.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  //const char *mname = CFStringGetCStringPtr( cfname, CFStringGetSystemEncoding() );
+-  int length = CFStringGetLength(cfname);
+-  char *mname = (char *)malloc(length * 3 + 1);
+-#if defined( UNICODE ) || defined( _UNICODE )
+-  CFStringGetCString(cfname, mname, length * 3 + 1, kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
+-#else
+-  CFStringGetCString(cfname, mname, length * 3 + 1, CFStringGetSystemEncoding());
+-#endif
+-  info.name.append( (const char *)mname, strlen(mname) );
+-  info.name.append( ": " );
+-  CFRelease( cfname );
+-  free(mname);
+-
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioObjectPropertyName;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &cfname );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting device name.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  //const char *name = CFStringGetCStringPtr( cfname, CFStringGetSystemEncoding() );
+-  length = CFStringGetLength(cfname);
+-  char *name = (char *)malloc(length * 3 + 1);
+-#if defined( UNICODE ) || defined( _UNICODE )
+-  CFStringGetCString(cfname, name, length * 3 + 1, kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
+-#else
+-  CFStringGetCString(cfname, name, length * 3 + 1, CFStringGetSystemEncoding());
+-#endif
+-  info.name.append( (const char *)name, strlen(name) );
+-  CFRelease( cfname );
+-  free(name);
+-
+-  // Get the output stream "configuration".
+-  AudioBufferList	*bufferList = nil;
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyStreamConfiguration;
+-  property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeOutput;
+-  //  property.mElement = kAudioObjectPropertyElementWildcard;
+-  dataSize = 0;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
+-  if ( result != noErr || dataSize == 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting output stream configuration info for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Allocate the AudioBufferList.
+-  bufferList = (AudioBufferList *) malloc( dataSize );
+-  if ( bufferList == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: memory error allocating output AudioBufferList.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, bufferList );
+-  if ( result != noErr || dataSize == 0 ) {
+-    free( bufferList );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting output stream configuration for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get output channel information.
+-  unsigned int i, nStreams = bufferList->mNumberBuffers;
+-  for ( i=0; i<nStreams; i++ )
+-    info.outputChannels += bufferList->mBuffers[i].mNumberChannels;
+-  free( bufferList );
+-
+-  // Get the input stream "configuration".
+-  property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeInput;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
+-  if ( result != noErr || dataSize == 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting input stream configuration info for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Allocate the AudioBufferList.
+-  bufferList = (AudioBufferList *) malloc( dataSize );
+-  if ( bufferList == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: memory error allocating input AudioBufferList.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, bufferList );
+-  if (result != noErr || dataSize == 0) {
+-    free( bufferList );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting input stream configuration for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get input channel information.
+-  nStreams = bufferList->mNumberBuffers;
+-  for ( i=0; i<nStreams; i++ )
+-    info.inputChannels += bufferList->mBuffers[i].mNumberChannels;
+-  free( bufferList );
+-
+-  // If device opens for both playback and capture, we determine the channels.
+-  if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
+-
+-  // Probe the device sample rates.
+-  bool isInput = false;
+-  if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) isInput = true;
+-
+-  // Determine the supported sample rates.
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyAvailableNominalSampleRates;
+-  if ( isInput == false ) property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeOutput;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
+-  if ( result != kAudioHardwareNoError || dataSize == 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting sample rate info.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  UInt32 nRanges = dataSize / sizeof( AudioValueRange );
+-  AudioValueRange rangeList[ nRanges ];
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &rangeList );
+-  if ( result != kAudioHardwareNoError ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting sample rates.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // The sample rate reporting mechanism is a bit of a mystery.  It
+-  // seems that it can either return individual rates or a range of
+-  // rates.  I assume that if the min / max range values are the same,
+-  // then that represents a single supported rate and if the min / max
+-  // range values are different, the device supports an arbitrary
+-  // range of values (though there might be multiple ranges, so we'll
+-  // use the most conservative range).
+-  Float64 minimumRate = 1.0, maximumRate = 10000000000.0;
+-  bool haveValueRange = false;
+-  info.sampleRates.clear();
+-  for ( UInt32 i=0; i<nRanges; i++ ) {
+-    if ( rangeList[i].mMinimum == rangeList[i].mMaximum ) {
+-      unsigned int tmpSr = (unsigned int) rangeList[i].mMinimum;
+-      info.sampleRates.push_back( tmpSr );
+-
+-      if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( tmpSr <= 48000 && tmpSr > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
+-        info.preferredSampleRate = tmpSr;
+-
+-    } else {
+-      haveValueRange = true;
+-      if ( rangeList[i].mMinimum > minimumRate ) minimumRate = rangeList[i].mMinimum;
+-      if ( rangeList[i].mMaximum < maximumRate ) maximumRate = rangeList[i].mMaximum;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( haveValueRange ) {
+-    for ( unsigned int k=0; k<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; k++ ) {
+-      if ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] >= (unsigned int) minimumRate && SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= (unsigned int) maximumRate ) {
+-        info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[k] );
+-
+-        if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[k] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
+-          info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[k];
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Sort and remove any redundant values
+-  std::sort( info.sampleRates.begin(), info.sampleRates.end() );
+-  info.sampleRates.erase( unique( info.sampleRates.begin(), info.sampleRates.end() ), info.sampleRates.end() );
+-
+-  if ( info.sampleRates.size() == 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceInfo: No supported sample rates found for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // CoreAudio always uses 32-bit floating point data for PCM streams.
+-  // Thus, any other "physical" formats supported by the device are of
+-  // no interest to the client.
+-  info.nativeFormats = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-
+-  if ( info.outputChannels > 0 )
+-    if ( getDefaultOutputDevice() == device ) info.isDefaultOutput = true;
+-  if ( info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    if ( getDefaultInputDevice() == device ) info.isDefaultInput = true;
+-
+-  info.probed = true;
+-  return info;
+-}
+-
+-static OSStatus callbackHandler( AudioDeviceID inDevice,
+-                                 const AudioTimeStamp* /*inNow*/,
+-                                 const AudioBufferList* inInputData,
+-                                 const AudioTimeStamp* /*inInputTime*/,
+-                                 AudioBufferList* outOutputData,
+-                                 const AudioTimeStamp* /*inOutputTime*/,
+-                                 void* infoPointer )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) infoPointer;
+-
+-  RtApiCore *object = (RtApiCore *) info->object;
+-  if ( object->callbackEvent( inDevice, inInputData, outOutputData ) == false )
+-    return kAudioHardwareUnspecifiedError;
+-  else
+-    return kAudioHardwareNoError;
+-}
+-
+-static OSStatus xrunListener( AudioObjectID /*inDevice*/,
+-                              UInt32 nAddresses,
+-                              const AudioObjectPropertyAddress properties[],
+-                              void* handlePointer )
+-{
+-  CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) handlePointer;
+-  for ( UInt32 i=0; i<nAddresses; i++ ) {
+-    if ( properties[i].mSelector == kAudioDeviceProcessorOverload ) {
+-      if ( properties[i].mScope == kAudioDevicePropertyScopeInput )
+-        handle->xrun[1] = true;
+-      else
+-        handle->xrun[0] = true;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  return kAudioHardwareNoError;
+-}
+-
+-static OSStatus rateListener( AudioObjectID inDevice,
+-                              UInt32 /*nAddresses*/,
+-                              const AudioObjectPropertyAddress /*properties*/[],
+-                              void* ratePointer )
+-{
+-  Float64 *rate = (Float64 *) ratePointer;
+-  UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( Float64 );
+-  AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate,
+-                                          kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
+-                                          kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-  AudioObjectGetPropertyData( inDevice, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, rate );
+-  return kAudioHardwareNoError;
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiCore :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                                   unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                                   RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                                   RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
+-{
+-  // Get device ID
+-  unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
+-  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
+-    // This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: no devices found!";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    // This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  AudioDeviceID deviceList[ nDevices ];
+-  UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID ) * nDevices;
+-  AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices,
+-                                          kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
+-                                          kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-  OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property,
+-                                                0, NULL, &dataSize, (void *) &deviceList );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: OS-X system error getting device IDs.";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  AudioDeviceID id = deviceList[ device ];
+-
+-  // Setup for stream mode.
+-  bool isInput = false;
+-  if ( mode == INPUT ) {
+-    isInput = true;
+-    property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeInput;
+-  }
+-  else
+-    property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeOutput;
+-
+-  // Get the stream "configuration".
+-  AudioBufferList	*bufferList = nil;
+-  dataSize = 0;
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyStreamConfiguration;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
+-  if ( result != noErr || dataSize == 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting stream configuration info for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Allocate the AudioBufferList.
+-  bufferList = (AudioBufferList *) malloc( dataSize );
+-  if ( bufferList == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: memory error allocating AudioBufferList.";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, bufferList );
+-  if (result != noErr || dataSize == 0) {
+-    free( bufferList );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting stream configuration for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Search for one or more streams that contain the desired number of
+-  // channels. CoreAudio devices can have an arbitrary number of
+-  // streams and each stream can have an arbitrary number of channels.
+-  // For each stream, a single buffer of interleaved samples is
+-  // provided.  RtAudio prefers the use of one stream of interleaved
+-  // data or multiple consecutive single-channel streams.  However, we
+-  // now support multiple consecutive multi-channel streams of
+-  // interleaved data as well.
+-  UInt32 iStream, offsetCounter = firstChannel;
+-  UInt32 nStreams = bufferList->mNumberBuffers;
+-  bool monoMode = false;
+-  bool foundStream = false;
+-
+-  // First check that the device supports the requested number of
+-  // channels.
+-  UInt32 deviceChannels = 0;
+-  for ( iStream=0; iStream<nStreams; iStream++ )
+-    deviceChannels += bufferList->mBuffers[iStream].mNumberChannels;
+-
+-  if ( deviceChannels < ( channels + firstChannel ) ) {
+-    free( bufferList );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: the device (" << device << ") does not support the requested channel count.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Look for a single stream meeting our needs.
+-  UInt32 firstStream, streamCount = 1, streamChannels = 0, channelOffset = 0;
+-  for ( iStream=0; iStream<nStreams; iStream++ ) {
+-    streamChannels = bufferList->mBuffers[iStream].mNumberChannels;
+-    if ( streamChannels >= channels + offsetCounter ) {
+-      firstStream = iStream;
+-      channelOffset = offsetCounter;
+-      foundStream = true;
+-      break;
+-    }
+-    if ( streamChannels > offsetCounter ) break;
+-    offsetCounter -= streamChannels;
+-  }
+-
+-  // If we didn't find a single stream above, then we should be able
+-  // to meet the channel specification with multiple streams.
+-  if ( foundStream == false ) {
+-    monoMode = true;
+-    offsetCounter = firstChannel;
+-    for ( iStream=0; iStream<nStreams; iStream++ ) {
+-      streamChannels = bufferList->mBuffers[iStream].mNumberChannels;
+-      if ( streamChannels > offsetCounter ) break;
+-      offsetCounter -= streamChannels;
+-    }
+-
+-    firstStream = iStream;
+-    channelOffset = offsetCounter;
+-    Int32 channelCounter = channels + offsetCounter - streamChannels;
+-
+-    if ( streamChannels > 1 ) monoMode = false;
+-    while ( channelCounter > 0 ) {
+-      streamChannels = bufferList->mBuffers[++iStream].mNumberChannels;
+-      if ( streamChannels > 1 ) monoMode = false;
+-      channelCounter -= streamChannels;
+-      streamCount++;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  free( bufferList );
+-
+-  // Determine the buffer size.
+-  AudioValueRange	bufferRange;
+-  dataSize = sizeof( AudioValueRange );
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyBufferFrameSizeRange;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &bufferRange );
+-
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting buffer size range for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( bufferRange.mMinimum > *bufferSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned long) bufferRange.mMinimum;
+-  else if ( bufferRange.mMaximum < *bufferSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned long) bufferRange.mMaximum;
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY ) *bufferSize = (unsigned long) bufferRange.mMinimum;
+-
+-  // Set the buffer size.  For multiple streams, I'm assuming we only
+-  // need to make this setting for the master channel.
+-  UInt32 theSize = (UInt32) *bufferSize;
+-  dataSize = sizeof( UInt32 );
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyBufferFrameSize;
+-  result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &theSize );
+-
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting the buffer size for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // If attempting to setup a duplex stream, the bufferSize parameter
+-  // MUST be the same in both directions!
+-  *bufferSize = theSize;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT && *bufferSize != stream_.bufferSize ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error setting buffer size for duplex stream on device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
+-  stream_.nBuffers = 1;
+-
+-  // Try to set "hog" mode ... it's not clear to me this is working.
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE ) {
+-    pid_t hog_pid;
+-    dataSize = sizeof( hog_pid );
+-    property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyHogMode;
+-    result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &hog_pid );
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting 'hog' state!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( hog_pid != getpid() ) {
+-      hog_pid = getpid();
+-      result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &hog_pid );
+-      if ( result != noErr ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting 'hog' state!";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        return FAILURE;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Check and if necessary, change the sample rate for the device.
+-  Float64 nominalRate;
+-  dataSize = sizeof( Float64 );
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &nominalRate );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting current sample rate.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Only change the sample rate if off by more than 1 Hz.
+-  if ( fabs( nominalRate - (double)sampleRate ) > 1.0 ) {
+-
+-    // Set a property listener for the sample rate change
+-    Float64 reportedRate = 0.0;
+-    AudioObjectPropertyAddress tmp = { kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-    result = AudioObjectAddPropertyListener( id, &tmp, rateListener, (void *) &reportedRate );
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting sample rate property listener for device (" << device << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    nominalRate = (Float64) sampleRate;
+-    result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &nominalRate );
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      AudioObjectRemovePropertyListener( id, &tmp, rateListener, (void *) &reportedRate );
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting sample rate for device (" << device << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Now wait until the reported nominal rate is what we just set.
+-    UInt32 microCounter = 0;
+-    while ( reportedRate != nominalRate ) {
+-      microCounter += 5000;
+-      if ( microCounter > 5000000 ) break;
+-      usleep( 5000 );
+-    }
+-
+-    // Remove the property listener.
+-    AudioObjectRemovePropertyListener( id, &tmp, rateListener, (void *) &reportedRate );
+-
+-    if ( microCounter > 5000000 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: timeout waiting for sample rate update for device (" << device << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Now set the stream format for all streams.  Also, check the
+-  // physical format of the device and change that if necessary.
+-  AudioStreamBasicDescription	description;
+-  dataSize = sizeof( AudioStreamBasicDescription );
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioStreamPropertyVirtualFormat;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &description );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting stream format for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set the sample rate and data format id.  However, only make the
+-  // change if the sample rate is not within 1.0 of the desired
+-  // rate and the format is not linear pcm.
+-  bool updateFormat = false;
+-  if ( fabs( description.mSampleRate - (Float64)sampleRate ) > 1.0 ) {
+-    description.mSampleRate = (Float64) sampleRate;
+-    updateFormat = true;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( description.mFormatID != kAudioFormatLinearPCM ) {
+-    description.mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM;
+-    updateFormat = true;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( updateFormat ) {
+-    result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &description );
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting sample rate or data format for device (" << device << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Now check the physical format.
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioStreamPropertyPhysicalFormat;
+-  result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL,  &dataSize, &description );
+-  if ( result != noErr ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting stream physical format for device (" << device << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  //std::cout << "Current physical stream format:" << std::endl;
+-  //std::cout << "   mBitsPerChan = " << description.mBitsPerChannel << std::endl;
+-  //std::cout << "   aligned high = " << (description.mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsAlignedHigh) << ", isPacked = " << (description.mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked) << std::endl;
+-  //std::cout << "   bytesPerFrame = " << description.mBytesPerFrame << std::endl;
+-  //std::cout << "   sample rate = " << description.mSampleRate << std::endl;
+-
+-  if ( description.mFormatID != kAudioFormatLinearPCM || description.mBitsPerChannel < 16 ) {
+-    description.mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM;
+-    //description.mSampleRate = (Float64) sampleRate;
+-    AudioStreamBasicDescription	testDescription = description;
+-    UInt32 formatFlags;
+-
+-    // We'll try higher bit rates first and then work our way down.
+-    std::vector< std::pair<UInt32, UInt32>  > physicalFormats;
+-    formatFlags = (description.mFormatFlags | kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsFloat) & ~kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger;
+-    physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 32, formatFlags ) );
+-    formatFlags = (description.mFormatFlags | kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger | kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked) & ~kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsFloat;
+-    physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 32, formatFlags ) );
+-    physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 24, formatFlags ) );   // 24-bit packed
+-    formatFlags &= ~( kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked | kAudioFormatFlagIsAlignedHigh );
+-    physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 24.2, formatFlags ) ); // 24-bit in 4 bytes, aligned low
+-    formatFlags |= kAudioFormatFlagIsAlignedHigh;
+-    physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 24.4, formatFlags ) ); // 24-bit in 4 bytes, aligned high
+-    formatFlags = (description.mFormatFlags | kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger | kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked) & ~kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsFloat;
+-    physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 16, formatFlags ) );
+-    physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 8, formatFlags ) );
+-
+-    bool setPhysicalFormat = false;
+-    for( unsigned int i=0; i<physicalFormats.size(); i++ ) {
+-      testDescription = description;
+-      testDescription.mBitsPerChannel = (UInt32) physicalFormats[i].first;
+-      testDescription.mFormatFlags = physicalFormats[i].second;
+-      if ( (24 == (UInt32)physicalFormats[i].first) && ~( physicalFormats[i].second & kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked ) )
+-        testDescription.mBytesPerFrame =  4 * testDescription.mChannelsPerFrame;
+-      else
+-        testDescription.mBytesPerFrame =  testDescription.mBitsPerChannel/8 * testDescription.mChannelsPerFrame;
+-      testDescription.mBytesPerPacket = testDescription.mBytesPerFrame * testDescription.mFramesPerPacket;
+-      result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &testDescription );
+-      if ( result == noErr ) {
+-        setPhysicalFormat = true;
+-        //std::cout << "Updated physical stream format:" << std::endl;
+-        //std::cout << "   mBitsPerChan = " << testDescription.mBitsPerChannel << std::endl;
+-        //std::cout << "   aligned high = " << (testDescription.mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsAlignedHigh) << ", isPacked = " << (testDescription.mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked) << std::endl;
+-        //std::cout << "   bytesPerFrame = " << testDescription.mBytesPerFrame << std::endl;
+-        //std::cout << "   sample rate = " << testDescription.mSampleRate << std::endl;
+-        break;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( !setPhysicalFormat ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting physical data format for device (" << device << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  } // done setting virtual/physical formats.
+-
+-  // Get the stream / device latency.
+-  UInt32 latency;
+-  dataSize = sizeof( UInt32 );
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyLatency;
+-  if ( AudioObjectHasProperty( id, &property ) == true ) {
+-    result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &latency );
+-    if ( result == kAudioHardwareNoError ) stream_.latency[ mode ] = latency;
+-    else {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting device latency for device (" << device << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Byte-swapping: According to AudioHardware.h, the stream data will
+-  // always be presented in native-endian format, so we should never
+-  // need to byte swap.
+-  stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
+-
+-  // From the CoreAudio documentation, PCM data must be supplied as
+-  // 32-bit floats.
+-  stream_.userFormat = format;
+-  stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-
+-  if ( streamCount == 1 )
+-    stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = description.mChannelsPerFrame;
+-  else // multiple streams
+-    stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  stream_.channelOffset[mode] = channelOffset;  // offset within a CoreAudio stream
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
+-  else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-  stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = true;
+-  if ( monoMode == true ) stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = false;
+-
+-  // Set flags for buffer conversion.
+-  stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
+-  if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( streamCount == 1 ) {
+-    if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 &&
+-         stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] )
+-      stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  }
+-  else if ( monoMode && stream_.userInterleaved )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-
+-  // Allocate our CoreHandle structure for the stream.
+-  CoreHandle *handle = 0;
+-  if ( stream_.apiHandle == 0 ) {
+-    try {
+-      handle = new CoreHandle;
+-    }
+-    catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating CoreHandle memory.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( pthread_cond_init( &handle->condition, NULL ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: error initializing pthread condition variable.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-    stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
+-  }
+-  else
+-    handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  handle->iStream[mode] = firstStream;
+-  handle->nStreams[mode] = streamCount;
+-  handle->id[mode] = id;
+-
+-  // Allocate necessary internal buffers.
+-  unsigned long bufferBytes;
+-  bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-  //  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) malloc( bufferBytes * sizeof(char) );
+-  memset( stream_.userBuffer[mode], 0, bufferBytes * sizeof(char) );
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  // If possible, we will make use of the CoreAudio stream buffers as
+-  // "device buffers".  However, we can't do this if using multiple
+-  // streams.
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] && handle->nStreams[mode] > 1 ) {
+-
+-    bool makeBuffer = true;
+-    bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
+-    if ( mode == INPUT ) {
+-      if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-        unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-        if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( makeBuffer ) {
+-      bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-      stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
+-        goto error;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+-  stream_.device[mode] = device;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
+-
+-  // Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
+-    if ( streamCount > 1 ) setConvertInfo( mode, 0 );
+-    else setConvertInfo( mode, channelOffset );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.device[0] == device )
+-    // Only one callback procedure per device.
+-    stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
+-  else {
+-#if defined( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 ) && ( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 )
+-    result = AudioDeviceCreateIOProcID( id, callbackHandler, (void *) &stream_.callbackInfo, &handle->procId[mode] );
+-#else
+-    // deprecated in favor of AudioDeviceCreateIOProcID()
+-    result = AudioDeviceAddIOProc( id, callbackHandler, (void *) &stream_.callbackInfo );
+-#endif
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error setting callback for device (" << device << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-    if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT )
+-      stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
+-    else
+-      stream_.mode = mode;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Setup the device property listener for over/underload.
+-  property.mSelector = kAudioDeviceProcessorOverload;
+-  property.mScope = kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal;
+-  result = AudioObjectAddPropertyListener( id, &property, xrunListener, (void *) handle );
+-
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-
+- error:
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->condition );
+-    delete handle;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-  return FAILURE;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiCore :: closeStream( void )
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    if (handle) {
+-      AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices,
+-        kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
+-        kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-
+-      property.mSelector = kAudioDeviceProcessorOverload;
+-      property.mScope = kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal;
+-      if (AudioObjectRemovePropertyListener( handle->id[0], &property, xrunListener, (void *) handle ) != noErr) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiCore::closeStream(): error removing property listener!";
+-        error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      }
+-    }
+-    if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING )
+-      AudioDeviceStop( handle->id[0], callbackHandler );
+-#if defined( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 ) && ( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 )
+-    AudioDeviceDestroyIOProcID( handle->id[0], handle->procId[0] );
+-#else
+-    // deprecated in favor of AudioDeviceDestroyIOProcID()
+-    AudioDeviceRemoveIOProc( handle->id[0], callbackHandler );
+-#endif
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && stream_.device[0] != stream_.device[1] ) ) {
+-    if (handle) {
+-      AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices,
+-        kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
+-        kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
+-
+-      property.mSelector = kAudioDeviceProcessorOverload;
+-      property.mScope = kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal;
+-      if (AudioObjectRemovePropertyListener( handle->id[1], &property, xrunListener, (void *) handle ) != noErr) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiCore::closeStream(): error removing property listener!";
+-        error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      }
+-    }
+-    if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING )
+-      AudioDeviceStop( handle->id[1], callbackHandler );
+-#if defined( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 ) && ( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 )
+-    AudioDeviceDestroyIOProcID( handle->id[1], handle->procId[1] );
+-#else
+-    // deprecated in favor of AudioDeviceDestroyIOProcID()
+-    AudioDeviceRemoveIOProc( handle->id[1], callbackHandler );
+-#endif
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Destroy pthread condition variable.
+-  pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->condition );
+-  delete handle;
+-  stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiCore :: startStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  OSStatus result = noErr;
+-  CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    result = AudioDeviceStart( handle->id[0], callbackHandler );
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::startStream: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") starting callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT ||
+-       ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && stream_.device[0] != stream_.device[1] ) ) {
+-
+-    result = AudioDeviceStart( handle->id[1], callbackHandler );
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::startStream: system error starting input callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[1] << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  handle->drainCounter = 0;
+-  handle->internalDrain = false;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
+-
+- unlock:
+-  if ( result == noErr ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiCore :: stopStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  OSStatus result = noErr;
+-  CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
+-      handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-      pthread_cond_wait( &handle->condition, &stream_.mutex ); // block until signaled
+-    }
+-
+-    result = AudioDeviceStop( handle->id[0], callbackHandler );
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::stopStream: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") stopping callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && stream_.device[0] != stream_.device[1] ) ) {
+-
+-    result = AudioDeviceStop( handle->id[1], callbackHandler );
+-    if ( result != noErr ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::stopStream: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") stopping input callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[1] << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+- unlock:
+-  if ( result == noErr ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiCore :: abortStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-
+-  stopStream();
+-}
+-
+-// This function will be called by a spawned thread when the user
+-// callback function signals that the stream should be stopped or
+-// aborted.  It is better to handle it this way because the
+-// callbackEvent() function probably should return before the AudioDeviceStop()
+-// function is called.
+-static void *coreStopStream( void *ptr )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
+-  RtApiCore *object = (RtApiCore *) info->object;
+-
+-  object->stopStream();
+-  pthread_exit( NULL );
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiCore :: callbackEvent( AudioDeviceID deviceId,
+-                                 const AudioBufferList *inBufferList,
+-                                 const AudioBufferList *outBufferList )
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED || stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPING ) return SUCCESS;
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) &stream_.callbackInfo;
+-  CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-
+-  // Check if we were draining the stream and signal is finished.
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter > 3 ) {
+-    ThreadHandle threadId;
+-
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-    if ( handle->internalDrain == true )
+-      pthread_create( &threadId, NULL, coreStopStream, info );
+-    else // external call to stopStream()
+-      pthread_cond_signal( &handle->condition );
+-    return SUCCESS;
+-  }
+-
+-  AudioDeviceID outputDevice = handle->id[0];
+-
+-  // Invoke user callback to get fresh output data UNLESS we are
+-  // draining stream or duplex mode AND the input/output devices are
+-  // different AND this function is called for the input device.
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 && ( stream_.mode != DUPLEX || deviceId == outputDevice ) ) {
+-    RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) info->callback;
+-    double streamTime = getStreamTime();
+-    RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
+-    if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && handle->xrun[0] == true ) {
+-      status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
+-      handle->xrun[0] = false;
+-    }
+-    if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && handle->xrun[1] == true ) {
+-      status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
+-      handle->xrun[1] = false;
+-    }
+-
+-    int cbReturnValue = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                                  stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, info->userData );
+-    if ( cbReturnValue == 2 ) {
+-      stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-      handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-      abortStream();
+-      return SUCCESS;
+-    }
+-    else if ( cbReturnValue == 1 ) {
+-      handle->drainCounter = 1;
+-      handle->internalDrain = true;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && deviceId == outputDevice ) ) {
+-
+-    if ( handle->drainCounter > 1 ) { // write zeros to the output stream
+-
+-      if ( handle->nStreams[0] == 1 ) {
+-        memset( outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mData,
+-                0,
+-                outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mDataByteSize );
+-      }
+-      else { // fill multiple streams with zeros
+-        for ( unsigned int i=0; i<handle->nStreams[0]; i++ ) {
+-          memset( outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mData,
+-                  0,
+-                  outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mDataByteSize );
+-        }
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if ( handle->nStreams[0] == 1 ) {
+-      if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) { // convert directly to CoreAudio stream buffer
+-        convertBuffer( (char *) outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mData,
+-                       stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
+-      }
+-      else { // copy from user buffer
+-        memcpy( outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mData,
+-                stream_.userBuffer[0],
+-                outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mDataByteSize );
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else { // fill multiple streams
+-      Float32 *inBuffer = (Float32 *) stream_.userBuffer[0];
+-      if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
+-        convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
+-        inBuffer = (Float32 *) stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-      }
+-
+-      if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[0] == false ) { // mono mode
+-        UInt32 bufferBytes = outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mDataByteSize;
+-        for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[0]; i++ ) {
+-          memcpy( outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mData,
+-                  (void *)&inBuffer[i*stream_.bufferSize], bufferBytes );
+-        }
+-      }
+-      else { // fill multiple multi-channel streams with interleaved data
+-        UInt32 streamChannels, channelsLeft, inJump, outJump, inOffset;
+-        Float32 *out, *in;
+-
+-        bool inInterleaved = ( stream_.userInterleaved ) ? true : false;
+-        UInt32 inChannels = stream_.nUserChannels[0];
+-        if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
+-          inInterleaved = true; // device buffer will always be interleaved for nStreams > 1 and not mono mode
+-          inChannels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
+-        }
+-
+-        if ( inInterleaved ) inOffset = 1;
+-        else inOffset = stream_.bufferSize;
+-
+-        channelsLeft = inChannels;
+-        for ( unsigned int i=0; i<handle->nStreams[0]; i++ ) {
+-          in = inBuffer;
+-          out = (Float32 *) outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mData;
+-          streamChannels = outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mNumberChannels;
+-
+-          outJump = 0;
+-          // Account for possible channel offset in first stream
+-          if ( i == 0 && stream_.channelOffset[0] > 0 ) {
+-            streamChannels -= stream_.channelOffset[0];
+-            outJump = stream_.channelOffset[0];
+-            out += outJump;
+-          }
+-
+-          // Account for possible unfilled channels at end of the last stream
+-          if ( streamChannels > channelsLeft ) {
+-            outJump = streamChannels - channelsLeft;
+-            streamChannels = channelsLeft;
+-          }
+-
+-          // Determine input buffer offsets and skips
+-          if ( inInterleaved ) {
+-            inJump = inChannels;
+-            in += inChannels - channelsLeft;
+-          }
+-          else {
+-            inJump = 1;
+-            in += (inChannels - channelsLeft) * inOffset;
+-          }
+-
+-          for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++ ) {
+-            for ( unsigned int j=0; j<streamChannels; j++ ) {
+-              *out++ = in[j*inOffset];
+-            }
+-            out += outJump;
+-            in += inJump;
+-          }
+-          channelsLeft -= streamChannels;
+-        }
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Don't bother draining input
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter ) {
+-    handle->drainCounter++;
+-    goto unlock;
+-  }
+-
+-  AudioDeviceID inputDevice;
+-  inputDevice = handle->id[1];
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && deviceId == inputDevice ) ) {
+-
+-    if ( handle->nStreams[1] == 1 ) {
+-      if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) { // convert directly from CoreAudio stream buffer
+-        convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                       (char *) inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]].mData,
+-                       stream_.convertInfo[1] );
+-      }
+-      else { // copy to user buffer
+-        memcpy( stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]].mData,
+-                inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]].mDataByteSize );
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else { // read from multiple streams
+-      Float32 *outBuffer = (Float32 *) stream_.userBuffer[1];
+-      if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) outBuffer = (Float32 *) stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-
+-      if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[1] == false ) { // mono mode
+-        UInt32 bufferBytes = inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]].mDataByteSize;
+-        for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[1]; i++ ) {
+-          memcpy( (void *)&outBuffer[i*stream_.bufferSize],
+-                  inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]+i].mData, bufferBytes );
+-        }
+-      }
+-      else { // read from multiple multi-channel streams
+-        UInt32 streamChannels, channelsLeft, inJump, outJump, outOffset;
+-        Float32 *out, *in;
+-
+-        bool outInterleaved = ( stream_.userInterleaved ) ? true : false;
+-        UInt32 outChannels = stream_.nUserChannels[1];
+-        if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
+-          outInterleaved = true; // device buffer will always be interleaved for nStreams > 1 and not mono mode
+-          outChannels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
+-        }
+-
+-        if ( outInterleaved ) outOffset = 1;
+-        else outOffset = stream_.bufferSize;
+-
+-        channelsLeft = outChannels;
+-        for ( unsigned int i=0; i<handle->nStreams[1]; i++ ) {
+-          out = outBuffer;
+-          in = (Float32 *) inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]+i].mData;
+-          streamChannels = inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]+i].mNumberChannels;
+-
+-          inJump = 0;
+-          // Account for possible channel offset in first stream
+-          if ( i == 0 && stream_.channelOffset[1] > 0 ) {
+-            streamChannels -= stream_.channelOffset[1];
+-            inJump = stream_.channelOffset[1];
+-            in += inJump;
+-          }
+-
+-          // Account for possible unread channels at end of the last stream
+-          if ( streamChannels > channelsLeft ) {
+-            inJump = streamChannels - channelsLeft;
+-            streamChannels = channelsLeft;
+-          }
+-
+-          // Determine output buffer offsets and skips
+-          if ( outInterleaved ) {
+-            outJump = outChannels;
+-            out += outChannels - channelsLeft;
+-          }
+-          else {
+-            outJump = 1;
+-            out += (outChannels - channelsLeft) * outOffset;
+-          }
+-
+-          for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++ ) {
+-            for ( unsigned int j=0; j<streamChannels; j++ ) {
+-              out[j*outOffset] = *in++;
+-            }
+-            out += outJump;
+-            in += inJump;
+-          }
+-          channelsLeft -= streamChannels;
+-        }
+-      }
+-
+-      if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) { // convert from our internal "device" buffer
+-        convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                       stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                       stream_.convertInfo[1] );
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  //MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  RtApi::tickStreamTime();
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-}
+-
+-const char* RtApiCore :: getErrorCode( OSStatus code )
+-{
+-  switch( code ) {
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareNotRunningError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareNotRunningError";
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareUnspecifiedError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareUnspecifiedError";
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareUnknownPropertyError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareUnknownPropertyError";
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareBadPropertySizeError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareBadPropertySizeError";
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareIllegalOperationError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareIllegalOperationError";
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareBadObjectError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareBadObjectError";
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareBadDeviceError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareBadDeviceError";
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareBadStreamError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareBadStreamError";
+-
+-  case kAudioHardwareUnsupportedOperationError:
+-    return "kAudioHardwareUnsupportedOperationError";
+-
+-  case kAudioDeviceUnsupportedFormatError:
+-    return "kAudioDeviceUnsupportedFormatError";
+-
+-  case kAudioDevicePermissionsError:
+-    return "kAudioDevicePermissionsError";
+-
+-  default:
+-    return "CoreAudio unknown error";
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-  //******************** End of __MACOSX_CORE__ *********************//
+-#endif
+-
+-#if defined(__UNIX_JACK__)
+-
+-// JACK is a low-latency audio server, originally written for the
+-// GNU/Linux operating system and now also ported to OS-X. It can
+-// connect a number of different applications to an audio device, as
+-// well as allowing them to share audio between themselves.
+-//
+-// When using JACK with RtAudio, "devices" refer to JACK clients that
+-// have ports connected to the server.  The JACK server is typically
+-// started in a terminal as follows:
+-//
+-// .jackd -d alsa -d hw:0
+-//
+-// or through an interface program such as qjackctl.  Many of the
+-// parameters normally set for a stream are fixed by the JACK server
+-// and can be specified when the JACK server is started.  In
+-// particular,
+-//
+-// .jackd -d alsa -d hw:0 -r 44100 -p 512 -n 4
+-//
+-// specifies a sample rate of 44100 Hz, a buffer size of 512 sample
+-// frames, and number of buffers = 4.  Once the server is running, it
+-// is not possible to override these values.  If the values are not
+-// specified in the command-line, the JACK server uses default values.
+-//
+-// The JACK server does not have to be running when an instance of
+-// RtApiJack is created, though the function getDeviceCount() will
+-// report 0 devices found until JACK has been started.  When no
+-// devices are available (i.e., the JACK server is not running), a
+-// stream cannot be opened.
+-
+-#include <jack/jack.h>
+-#include <unistd.h>
+-#include <cstdio>
+-
+-// A structure to hold various information related to the Jack API
+-// implementation.
+-struct JackHandle {
+-  jack_client_t *client;
+-  jack_port_t **ports[2];
+-  std::string deviceName[2];
+-  bool xrun[2];
+-  pthread_cond_t condition;
+-  int drainCounter;       // Tracks callback counts when draining
+-  bool internalDrain;     // Indicates if stop is initiated from callback or not.
+-
+-  JackHandle()
+-    :client(0), drainCounter(0), internalDrain(false) { ports[0] = 0; ports[1] = 0; xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; }
+-};
+-
+-/* --- Monocasual hack ------------------------------------------------------ */
+-#ifdef __linux__
+-void *RtApi :: __HACK__getJackClient() {
+-	JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-	return (void*) handle->client;
+-}
+-#endif
+-/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+-
+-static void jackSilentError( const char * ) {}
+-
+-RtApiJack :: RtApiJack()
+-{
+-  // Nothing to do here.
+-#if !defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
+-  // Turn off Jack's internal error reporting.
+-  jack_set_error_function( &jackSilentError );
+-#endif
+-}
+-
+-RtApiJack :: ~RtApiJack()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiJack :: getDeviceCount( void )
+-{
+-  // See if we can become a jack client.
+-  jack_options_t options = (jack_options_t) ( JackNoStartServer ); //JackNullOption;
+-  jack_status_t *status = NULL;
+-  jack_client_t *client = jack_client_open( "RtApiJackCount", options, status );
+-  if ( client == 0 ) return 0;
+-
+-  const char **ports;
+-  std::string port, previousPort;
+-  unsigned int nChannels = 0, nDevices = 0;
+-  ports = jack_get_ports( client, NULL, NULL, 0 );
+-  if ( ports ) {
+-    // Parse the port names up to the first colon (:).
+-    size_t iColon = 0;
+-    do {
+-      port = (char *) ports[ nChannels ];
+-      iColon = port.find(":");
+-      if ( iColon != std::string::npos ) {
+-        port = port.substr( 0, iColon + 1 );
+-        if ( port != previousPort ) {
+-          nDevices++;
+-          previousPort = port;
+-        }
+-      }
+-    } while ( ports[++nChannels] );
+-    free( ports );
+-  }
+-
+-  jack_client_close( client );
+-  return nDevices;
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiJack :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
+-{
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
+-  info.probed = false;
+-
+-  jack_options_t options = (jack_options_t) ( JackNoStartServer ); //JackNullOption
+-  jack_status_t *status = NULL;
+-  jack_client_t *client = jack_client_open( "RtApiJackInfo", options, status );
+-  if ( client == 0 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::getDeviceInfo: Jack server not found or connection error!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  const char **ports;
+-  std::string port, previousPort;
+-  unsigned int nPorts = 0, nDevices = 0;
+-  ports = jack_get_ports( client, NULL, NULL, 0 );
+-  if ( ports ) {
+-    // Parse the port names up to the first colon (:).
+-    size_t iColon = 0;
+-    do {
+-      port = (char *) ports[ nPorts ];
+-      iColon = port.find(":");
+-      if ( iColon != std::string::npos ) {
+-        port = port.substr( 0, iColon );
+-        if ( port != previousPort ) {
+-          if ( nDevices == device ) info.name = port;
+-          nDevices++;
+-          previousPort = port;
+-        }
+-      }
+-    } while ( ports[++nPorts] );
+-    free( ports );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    jack_client_close( client );
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get the current jack server sample rate.
+-  info.sampleRates.clear();
+-
+-  info.preferredSampleRate = jack_get_sample_rate( client );
+-  info.sampleRates.push_back( info.preferredSampleRate );
+-
+-  // Count the available ports containing the client name as device
+-  // channels.  Jack "input ports" equal RtAudio output channels.
+-  unsigned int nChannels = 0;
+-  ports = jack_get_ports( client, info.name.c_str(), NULL, JackPortIsInput );
+-  if ( ports ) {
+-    while ( ports[ nChannels ] ) nChannels++;
+-    free( ports );
+-    info.outputChannels = nChannels;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Jack "output ports" equal RtAudio input channels.
+-  nChannels = 0;
+-  ports = jack_get_ports( client, info.name.c_str(), NULL, JackPortIsOutput );
+-  if ( ports ) {
+-    while ( ports[ nChannels ] ) nChannels++;
+-    free( ports );
+-    info.inputChannels = nChannels;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( info.outputChannels == 0 && info.inputChannels == 0 ) {
+-    jack_client_close(client);
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::getDeviceInfo: error determining Jack input/output channels!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // If device opens for both playback and capture, we determine the channels.
+-  if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
+-
+-  // Jack always uses 32-bit floats.
+-  info.nativeFormats = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-
+-  // Jack doesn't provide default devices so we'll use the first available one.
+-  if ( device == 0 && info.outputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.isDefaultOutput = true;
+-  if ( device == 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.isDefaultInput = true;
+-
+-  jack_client_close(client);
+-  info.probed = true;
+-  return info;
+-}
+-
+-static int jackCallbackHandler( jack_nframes_t nframes, void *infoPointer )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) infoPointer;
+-
+-  RtApiJack *object = (RtApiJack *) info->object;
+-  if ( object->callbackEvent( (unsigned long) nframes ) == false ) return 1;
+-
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-// This function will be called by a spawned thread when the Jack
+-// server signals that it is shutting down.  It is necessary to handle
+-// it this way because the jackShutdown() function must return before
+-// the jack_deactivate() function (in closeStream()) will return.
+-static void *jackCloseStream( void *ptr )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
+-  RtApiJack *object = (RtApiJack *) info->object;
+-
+-  object->closeStream();
+-
+-  pthread_exit( NULL );
+-}
+-static void jackShutdown( void *infoPointer )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) infoPointer;
+-  RtApiJack *object = (RtApiJack *) info->object;
+-
+-  // Check current stream state.  If stopped, then we'll assume this
+-  // was called as a result of a call to RtApiJack::stopStream (the
+-  // deactivation of a client handle causes this function to be called).
+-  // If not, we'll assume the Jack server is shutting down or some
+-  // other problem occurred and we should close the stream.
+-  if ( object->isStreamRunning() == false ) return;
+-
+-  ThreadHandle threadId;
+-  pthread_create( &threadId, NULL, jackCloseStream, info );
+-  std::cerr << "\nRtApiJack: the Jack server is shutting down this client ... stream stopped and closed!!\n" << std::endl;
+-}
+-
+-static int jackXrun( void *infoPointer )
+-{
+-  JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) infoPointer;
+-
+-  if ( handle->ports[0] ) handle->xrun[0] = true;
+-  if ( handle->ports[1] ) handle->xrun[1] = true;
+-
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiJack :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                                   unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                                   RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                                   RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
+-{
+-  JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-
+-  // Look for jack server and try to become a client (only do once per stream).
+-  jack_client_t *client = 0;
+-  if ( mode == OUTPUT || ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode != OUTPUT ) ) {
+-    jack_options_t jackoptions = (jack_options_t) ( JackNoStartServer ); //JackNullOption;
+-    jack_status_t *status = NULL;
+-    if ( options && !options->streamName.empty() )
+-      client = jack_client_open( options->streamName.c_str(), jackoptions, status );
+-    else
+-      client = jack_client_open( "RtApiJack", jackoptions, status );
+-    if ( client == 0 ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: Jack server not found or connection error!";
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    // The handle must have been created on an earlier pass.
+-    client = handle->client;
+-  }
+-
+-  const char **ports;
+-  std::string port, previousPort, deviceName;
+-  unsigned int nPorts = 0, nDevices = 0;
+-  ports = jack_get_ports( client, NULL, NULL, 0 );
+-  if ( ports ) {
+-    // Parse the port names up to the first colon (:).
+-    size_t iColon = 0;
+-    do {
+-      port = (char *) ports[ nPorts ];
+-      iColon = port.find(":");
+-      if ( iColon != std::string::npos ) {
+-        port = port.substr( 0, iColon );
+-        if ( port != previousPort ) {
+-          if ( nDevices == device ) deviceName = port;
+-          nDevices++;
+-          previousPort = port;
+-        }
+-      }
+-    } while ( ports[++nPorts] );
+-    free( ports );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Count the available ports containing the client name as device
+-  // channels.  Jack "input ports" equal RtAudio output channels.
+-  unsigned int nChannels = 0;
+-  unsigned long flag = JackPortIsInput;
+-  if ( mode == INPUT ) flag = JackPortIsOutput;
+-  ports = jack_get_ports( client, deviceName.c_str(), NULL, flag );
+-  if ( ports ) {
+-    while ( ports[ nChannels ] ) nChannels++;
+-    free( ports );
+-  }
+-
+-  // Compare the jack ports for specified client to the requested number of channels.
+-  if ( nChannels < (channels + firstChannel) ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: requested number of channels (" << channels << ") + offset (" << firstChannel << ") not found for specified device (" << device << ":" << deviceName << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Check the jack server sample rate.
+-  unsigned int jackRate = jack_get_sample_rate( client );
+-  if ( sampleRate != jackRate ) {
+-    jack_client_close( client );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: the requested sample rate (" << sampleRate << ") is different than the JACK server rate (" << jackRate << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-  stream_.sampleRate = jackRate;
+-
+-  // Get the latency of the JACK port.
+-  ports = jack_get_ports( client, deviceName.c_str(), NULL, flag );
+-  if ( ports[ firstChannel ] ) {
+-    // Added by Ge Wang
+-    jack_latency_callback_mode_t cbmode = (mode == INPUT ? JackCaptureLatency : JackPlaybackLatency);
+-    // the range (usually the min and max are equal)
+-    jack_latency_range_t latrange; latrange.min = latrange.max = 0;
+-    // get the latency range
+-    jack_port_get_latency_range( jack_port_by_name( client, ports[firstChannel] ), cbmode, &latrange );
+-    // be optimistic, use the min!
+-    stream_.latency[mode] = latrange.min;
+-    //stream_.latency[mode] = jack_port_get_latency( jack_port_by_name( client, ports[ firstChannel ] ) );
+-  }
+-  free( ports );
+-
+-  // The jack server always uses 32-bit floating-point data.
+-  stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-  stream_.userFormat = format;
+-
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
+-  else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-
+-  // Jack always uses non-interleaved buffers.
+-  stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = false;
+-
+-  // Jack always provides host byte-ordered data.
+-  stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
+-
+-  // Get the buffer size.  The buffer size and number of buffers
+-  // (periods) is set when the jack server is started.
+-  stream_.bufferSize = (int) jack_get_buffer_size( client );
+-  *bufferSize = stream_.bufferSize;
+-
+-  stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
+-
+-  // Set flags for buffer conversion.
+-  stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
+-  if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
+-       stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-
+-  // Allocate our JackHandle structure for the stream.
+-  if ( handle == 0 ) {
+-    try {
+-      handle = new JackHandle;
+-    }
+-    catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating JackHandle memory.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( pthread_cond_init(&handle->condition, NULL) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error initializing pthread condition variable.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-    stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
+-    handle->client = client;
+-  }
+-  handle->deviceName[mode] = deviceName;
+-
+-  // Allocate necessary internal buffers.
+-  unsigned long bufferBytes;
+-  bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
+-
+-    bool makeBuffer = true;
+-    if ( mode == OUTPUT )
+-      bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-    else { // mode == INPUT
+-      bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[1] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[1] );
+-      if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-        unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes(stream_.deviceFormat[0]);
+-        if ( bufferBytes < bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( makeBuffer ) {
+-      bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-      stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
+-        goto error;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Allocate memory for the Jack ports (channels) identifiers.
+-  handle->ports[mode] = (jack_port_t **) malloc ( sizeof (jack_port_t *) * channels );
+-  if ( handle->ports[mode] == NULL )  {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating port memory.";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.device[mode] = device;
+-  stream_.channelOffset[mode] = firstChannel;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT )
+-    // We had already set up the stream for output.
+-    stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
+-  else {
+-    stream_.mode = mode;
+-    jack_set_process_callback( handle->client, jackCallbackHandler, (void *) &stream_.callbackInfo );
+-    jack_set_xrun_callback( handle->client, jackXrun, (void *) &handle );
+-    jack_on_shutdown( handle->client, jackShutdown, (void *) &stream_.callbackInfo );
+-  }
+-
+-  // Register our ports.
+-  char label[64];
+-  if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[0]; i++ ) {
+-      snprintf( label, 64, "outport %d", i );
+-      handle->ports[0][i] = jack_port_register( handle->client, (const char *)label,
+-                                                JACK_DEFAULT_AUDIO_TYPE, JackPortIsOutput, 0 );
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[1]; i++ ) {
+-      snprintf( label, 64, "inport %d", i );
+-      handle->ports[1][i] = jack_port_register( handle->client, (const char *)label,
+-                                                JACK_DEFAULT_AUDIO_TYPE, JackPortIsInput, 0 );
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Setup the buffer conversion information structure.  We don't use
+-  // buffers to do channel offsets, so we override that parameter
+-  // here.
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, 0 );
+-
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-
+- error:
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->condition );
+-    jack_client_close( handle->client );
+-
+-    if ( handle->ports[0] ) free( handle->ports[0] );
+-    if ( handle->ports[1] ) free( handle->ports[1] );
+-
+-    delete handle;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  return FAILURE;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiJack :: closeStream( void )
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-
+-    if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING )
+-      jack_deactivate( handle->client );
+-
+-    jack_client_close( handle->client );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-    if ( handle->ports[0] ) free( handle->ports[0] );
+-    if ( handle->ports[1] ) free( handle->ports[1] );
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->condition );
+-    delete handle;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiJack :: startStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  int result = jack_activate( handle->client );
+-  if ( result ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): unable to activate JACK client!";
+-    goto unlock;
+-  }
+-
+-  const char **ports;
+-
+-  // Get the list of available ports.
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    result = 1;
+-    ports = jack_get_ports( handle->client, handle->deviceName[0].c_str(), NULL, JackPortIsInput);
+-    if ( ports == NULL) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): error determining available JACK input ports!";
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Now make the port connections.  Since RtAudio wasn't designed to
+-    // allow the user to select particular channels of a device, we'll
+-    // just open the first "nChannels" ports with offset.
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[0]; i++ ) {
+-      result = 1;
+-      if ( ports[ stream_.channelOffset[0] + i ] )
+-        result = jack_connect( handle->client, jack_port_name( handle->ports[0][i] ), ports[ stream_.channelOffset[0] + i ] );
+-      if ( result ) {
+-        free( ports );
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): error connecting output ports!";
+-        goto unlock;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    free(ports);
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    result = 1;
+-    ports = jack_get_ports( handle->client, handle->deviceName[1].c_str(), NULL, JackPortIsOutput );
+-    if ( ports == NULL) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): error determining available JACK output ports!";
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Now make the port connections.  See note above.
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[1]; i++ ) {
+-      result = 1;
+-      if ( ports[ stream_.channelOffset[1] + i ] )
+-        result = jack_connect( handle->client, ports[ stream_.channelOffset[1] + i ], jack_port_name( handle->ports[1][i] ) );
+-      if ( result ) {
+-        free( ports );
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): error connecting input ports!";
+-        goto unlock;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    free(ports);
+-  }
+-
+-  handle->drainCounter = 0;
+-  handle->internalDrain = false;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
+-
+- unlock:
+-  if ( result == 0 ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiJack :: stopStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
+-      handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-      pthread_cond_wait( &handle->condition, &stream_.mutex ); // block until signaled
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  jack_deactivate( handle->client );
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiJack :: abortStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiJack::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-
+-  stopStream();
+-}
+-
+-// This function will be called by a spawned thread when the user
+-// callback function signals that the stream should be stopped or
+-// aborted.  It is necessary to handle it this way because the
+-// callbackEvent() function must return before the jack_deactivate()
+-// function will return.
+-static void *jackStopStream( void *ptr )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
+-  RtApiJack *object = (RtApiJack *) info->object;
+-
+-  object->stopStream();
+-  pthread_exit( NULL );
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiJack :: callbackEvent( unsigned long nframes )
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED || stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPING ) return SUCCESS;
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-  if ( stream_.bufferSize != nframes ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiCore::callbackEvent(): the JACK buffer size has changed ... cannot process!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) &stream_.callbackInfo;
+-  JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-
+-  // Check if we were draining the stream and signal is finished.
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter > 3 ) {
+-    ThreadHandle threadId;
+-
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-    if ( handle->internalDrain == true )
+-      pthread_create( &threadId, NULL, jackStopStream, info );
+-    else
+-      pthread_cond_signal( &handle->condition );
+-    return SUCCESS;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Invoke user callback first, to get fresh output data.
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
+-    RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) info->callback;
+-    double streamTime = getStreamTime();
+-    RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
+-    if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && handle->xrun[0] == true ) {
+-      status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
+-      handle->xrun[0] = false;
+-    }
+-    if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && handle->xrun[1] == true ) {
+-      status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
+-      handle->xrun[1] = false;
+-    }
+-    int cbReturnValue = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                                  stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, info->userData );
+-    if ( cbReturnValue == 2 ) {
+-      stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-      handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-      ThreadHandle id;
+-      pthread_create( &id, NULL, jackStopStream, info );
+-      return SUCCESS;
+-    }
+-    else if ( cbReturnValue == 1 ) {
+-      handle->drainCounter = 1;
+-      handle->internalDrain = true;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  jack_default_audio_sample_t *jackbuffer;
+-  unsigned long bufferBytes = nframes * sizeof( jack_default_audio_sample_t );
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    if ( handle->drainCounter > 1 ) { // write zeros to the output stream
+-
+-      for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[0]; i++ ) {
+-        jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[0][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
+-        memset( jackbuffer, 0, bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-
+-    }
+-    else if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
+-
+-      convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
+-
+-      for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[0]; i++ ) {
+-        jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[0][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
+-        memcpy( jackbuffer, &stream_.deviceBuffer[i*bufferBytes], bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else { // no buffer conversion
+-      for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[0]; i++ ) {
+-        jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[0][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
+-        memcpy( jackbuffer, &stream_.userBuffer[0][i*bufferBytes], bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Don't bother draining input
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter ) {
+-    handle->drainCounter++;
+-    goto unlock;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
+-      for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[1]; i++ ) {
+-        jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[1][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
+-        memcpy( &stream_.deviceBuffer[i*bufferBytes], jackbuffer, bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-      convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
+-    }
+-    else { // no buffer conversion
+-      for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[1]; i++ ) {
+-        jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[1][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
+-        memcpy( &stream_.userBuffer[1][i*bufferBytes], jackbuffer, bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  RtApi::tickStreamTime();
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-}
+-  //******************** End of __UNIX_JACK__ *********************//
+-#endif
+-
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__) // ASIO API on Windows
+-
+-// The ASIO API is designed around a callback scheme, so this
+-// implementation is similar to that used for OS-X CoreAudio and Linux
+-// Jack.  The primary constraint with ASIO is that it only allows
+-// access to a single driver at a time.  Thus, it is not possible to
+-// have more than one simultaneous RtAudio stream.
+-//
+-// This implementation also requires a number of external ASIO files
+-// and a few global variables.  The ASIO callback scheme does not
+-// allow for the passing of user data, so we must create a global
+-// pointer to our callbackInfo structure.
+-//
+-// On unix systems, we make use of a pthread condition variable.
+-// Since there is no equivalent in Windows, I hacked something based
+-// on information found in
+-// http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/win32-cv-1.html.
+-
+-#include "asiosys.h"
+-#include "asio.h"
+-#include "iasiothiscallresolver.h"
+-#include "asiodrivers.h"
+-#include <cmath>
+-
+-static AsioDrivers drivers;
+-static ASIOCallbacks asioCallbacks;
+-static ASIODriverInfo driverInfo;
+-static CallbackInfo *asioCallbackInfo;
+-static bool asioXRun;
+-
+-struct AsioHandle {
+-  int drainCounter;       // Tracks callback counts when draining
+-  bool internalDrain;     // Indicates if stop is initiated from callback or not.
+-  ASIOBufferInfo *bufferInfos;
+-  HANDLE condition;
+-
+-  AsioHandle()
+-    :drainCounter(0), internalDrain(false), bufferInfos(0) {}
+-};
+-
+-// Function declarations (definitions at end of section)
+-static const char* getAsioErrorString( ASIOError result );
+-static void sampleRateChanged( ASIOSampleRate sRate );
+-static long asioMessages( long selector, long value, void* message, double* opt );
+-
+-RtApiAsio :: RtApiAsio()
+-{
+-  // ASIO cannot run on a multi-threaded appartment. You can call
+-  // CoInitialize beforehand, but it must be for appartment threading
+-  // (in which case, CoInitilialize will return S_FALSE here).
+-  coInitialized_ = false;
+-  HRESULT hr = CoInitialize( NULL );
+-  if ( FAILED(hr) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::ASIO requires a single-threaded appartment. Call CoInitializeEx(0,COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED)";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-  }
+-  coInitialized_ = true;
+-
+-  drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
+-  driverInfo.asioVersion = 2;
+-
+-  // See note in DirectSound implementation about GetDesktopWindow().
+-  driverInfo.sysRef = GetForegroundWindow();
+-}
+-
+-RtApiAsio :: ~RtApiAsio()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
+-  if ( coInitialized_ ) CoUninitialize();
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiAsio :: getDeviceCount( void )
+-{
+-  return (unsigned int) drivers.asioGetNumDev();
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiAsio :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
+-{
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
+-  info.probed = false;
+-
+-  // Get device ID
+-  unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
+-  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // If a stream is already open, we cannot probe other devices.  Thus, use the saved results.
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    if ( device >= devices_.size() ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: device ID was not present before stream was opened.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      return info;
+-    }
+-    return devices_[ device ];
+-  }
+-
+-  char driverName[32];
+-  ASIOError result = drivers.asioGetDriverName( (int) device, driverName, 32 );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: unable to get driver name (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  info.name = driverName;
+-
+-  if ( !drivers.loadDriver( driverName ) ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: unable to load driver (" << driverName << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  result = ASIOInit( &driverInfo );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") initializing driver (" << driverName << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Determine the device channel information.
+-  long inputChannels, outputChannels;
+-  result = ASIOGetChannels( &inputChannels, &outputChannels );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting channel count (" << driverName << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  info.outputChannels = outputChannels;
+-  info.inputChannels = inputChannels;
+-  if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
+-
+-  // Determine the supported sample rates.
+-  info.sampleRates.clear();
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; i++ ) {
+-    result = ASIOCanSampleRate( (ASIOSampleRate) SAMPLE_RATES[i] );
+-    if ( result == ASE_OK ) {
+-      info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[i] );
+-
+-      if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[i] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[i] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
+-        info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[i];
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Determine supported data types ... just check first channel and assume rest are the same.
+-  ASIOChannelInfo channelInfo;
+-  channelInfo.channel = 0;
+-  channelInfo.isInput = true;
+-  if ( info.inputChannels <= 0 ) channelInfo.isInput = false;
+-  result = ASIOGetChannelInfo( &channelInfo );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting driver channel info (" << driverName << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  info.nativeFormats = 0;
+-  if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16LSB )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-  else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32LSB )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-  else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32LSB )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-  else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64LSB )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
+-  else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24LSB )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-
+-  if ( info.outputChannels > 0 )
+-    if ( getDefaultOutputDevice() == device ) info.isDefaultOutput = true;
+-  if ( info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    if ( getDefaultInputDevice() == device ) info.isDefaultInput = true;
+-
+-  info.probed = true;
+-  drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
+-  return info;
+-}
+-
+-static void bufferSwitch( long index, ASIOBool /*processNow*/ )
+-{
+-  RtApiAsio *object = (RtApiAsio *) asioCallbackInfo->object;
+-  object->callbackEvent( index );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAsio :: saveDeviceInfo( void )
+-{
+-  devices_.clear();
+-
+-  unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
+-  devices_.resize( nDevices );
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nDevices; i++ )
+-    devices_[i] = getDeviceInfo( i );
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiAsio :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                                   unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                                   RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                                   RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
+-{////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+-
+-  bool isDuplexInput =  mode == INPUT && stream_.mode == OUTPUT;
+-
+-  // For ASIO, a duplex stream MUST use the same driver.
+-  if ( isDuplexInput && stream_.device[0] != device ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: an ASIO duplex stream must use the same device for input and output!";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  char driverName[32];
+-  ASIOError result = drivers.asioGetDriverName( (int) device, driverName, 32 );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: unable to get driver name (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Only load the driver once for duplex stream.
+-  if ( !isDuplexInput ) {
+-    // The getDeviceInfo() function will not work when a stream is open
+-    // because ASIO does not allow multiple devices to run at the same
+-    // time.  Thus, we'll probe the system before opening a stream and
+-    // save the results for use by getDeviceInfo().
+-    this->saveDeviceInfo();
+-
+-    if ( !drivers.loadDriver( driverName ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: unable to load driver (" << driverName << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    result = ASIOInit( &driverInfo );
+-    if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") initializing driver (" << driverName << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // keep them before any "goto error", they are used for error cleanup + goto device boundary checks
+-  bool buffersAllocated = false;
+-  AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  unsigned int nChannels;
+-
+-
+-  // Check the device channel count.
+-  long inputChannels, outputChannels;
+-  result = ASIOGetChannels( &inputChannels, &outputChannels );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting channel count (" << driverName << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( ( mode == OUTPUT && (channels+firstChannel) > (unsigned int) outputChannels) ||
+-       ( mode == INPUT && (channels+firstChannel) > (unsigned int) inputChannels) ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") does not support requested channel count (" << channels << ") + offset (" << firstChannel << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-  stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  stream_.channelOffset[mode] = firstChannel;
+-
+-  // Verify the sample rate is supported.
+-  result = ASIOCanSampleRate( (ASIOSampleRate) sampleRate );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") does not support requested sample rate (" << sampleRate << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get the current sample rate
+-  ASIOSampleRate currentRate;
+-  result = ASIOGetSampleRate( &currentRate );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error getting sample rate.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set the sample rate only if necessary
+-  if ( currentRate != sampleRate ) {
+-    result = ASIOSetSampleRate( (ASIOSampleRate) sampleRate );
+-    if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error setting sample rate (" << sampleRate << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Determine the driver data type.
+-  ASIOChannelInfo channelInfo;
+-  channelInfo.channel = 0;
+-  if ( mode == OUTPUT ) channelInfo.isInput = false;
+-  else channelInfo.isInput = true;
+-  result = ASIOGetChannelInfo( &channelInfo );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting data format.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Assuming WINDOWS host is always little-endian.
+-  stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
+-  stream_.userFormat = format;
+-  stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = 0;
+-  if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16LSB ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-  }
+-  else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32LSB ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-    if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-  }
+-  else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32LSB ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-    if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-  }
+-  else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64LSB ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
+-    if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-  }
+-  else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24LSB ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-    if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] == 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") data format not supported by RtAudio.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set the buffer size.  For a duplex stream, this will end up
+-  // setting the buffer size based on the input constraints, which
+-  // should be ok.
+-  long minSize, maxSize, preferSize, granularity;
+-  result = ASIOGetBufferSize( &minSize, &maxSize, &preferSize, &granularity );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting buffer size.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( isDuplexInput ) {
+-    // When this is the duplex input (output was opened before), then we have to use the same
+-    // buffersize as the output, because it might use the preferred buffer size, which most
+-    // likely wasn't passed as input to this. The buffer sizes have to be identically anyway,
+-    // So instead of throwing an error, make them equal. The caller uses the reference
+-    // to the "bufferSize" param as usual to set up processing buffers.
+-
+-    *bufferSize = stream_.bufferSize;
+-
+-  } else {
+-    if ( *bufferSize == 0 ) *bufferSize = preferSize;
+-    else if ( *bufferSize < (unsigned int) minSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned int) minSize;
+-    else if ( *bufferSize > (unsigned int) maxSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned int) maxSize;
+-    else if ( granularity == -1 ) {
+-      // Make sure bufferSize is a power of two.
+-      int log2_of_min_size = 0;
+-      int log2_of_max_size = 0;
+-
+-      for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < sizeof(long) * 8; i++ ) {
+-        if ( minSize & ((long)1 << i) ) log2_of_min_size = i;
+-        if ( maxSize & ((long)1 << i) ) log2_of_max_size = i;
+-      }
+-
+-      long min_delta = std::abs( (long)*bufferSize - ((long)1 << log2_of_min_size) );
+-      int min_delta_num = log2_of_min_size;
+-
+-      for (int i = log2_of_min_size + 1; i <= log2_of_max_size; i++) {
+-        long current_delta = std::abs( (long)*bufferSize - ((long)1 << i) );
+-        if (current_delta < min_delta) {
+-          min_delta = current_delta;
+-          min_delta_num = i;
+-        }
+-      }
+-
+-      *bufferSize = ( (unsigned int)1 << min_delta_num );
+-      if ( *bufferSize < (unsigned int) minSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned int) minSize;
+-      else if ( *bufferSize > (unsigned int) maxSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned int) maxSize;
+-    }
+-    else if ( granularity != 0 ) {
+-      // Set to an even multiple of granularity, rounding up.
+-      *bufferSize = (*bufferSize + granularity-1) / granularity * granularity;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  /*
+-  // we don't use it anymore, see above!
+-  // Just left it here for the case...
+-  if ( isDuplexInput && stream_.bufferSize != *bufferSize ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: input/output buffersize discrepancy!";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-  */
+-
+-  stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
+-  stream_.nBuffers = 2;
+-
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
+-  else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-
+-  // ASIO always uses non-interleaved buffers.
+-  stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = false;
+-
+-  // Allocate, if necessary, our AsioHandle structure for the stream.
+-  if ( handle == 0 ) {
+-    try {
+-      handle = new AsioHandle;
+-    }
+-    catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating AsioHandle memory.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-    handle->bufferInfos = 0;
+-
+-    // Create a manual-reset event.
+-    handle->condition = CreateEvent( NULL,   // no security
+-                                     TRUE,   // manual-reset
+-                                     FALSE,  // non-signaled initially
+-                                     NULL ); // unnamed
+-    stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Create the ASIO internal buffers.  Since RtAudio sets up input
+-  // and output separately, we'll have to dispose of previously
+-  // created output buffers for a duplex stream.
+-  if ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode == OUTPUT ) {
+-    ASIODisposeBuffers();
+-    if ( handle->bufferInfos ) free( handle->bufferInfos );
+-  }
+-
+-  // Allocate, initialize, and save the bufferInfos in our stream callbackInfo structure.
+-  unsigned int i;
+-  nChannels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] + stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
+-  handle->bufferInfos = (ASIOBufferInfo *) malloc( nChannels * sizeof(ASIOBufferInfo) );
+-  if ( handle->bufferInfos == NULL ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating bufferInfo memory for driver (" << driverName << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  ASIOBufferInfo *infos;
+-  infos = handle->bufferInfos;
+-  for ( i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[0]; i++, infos++ ) {
+-    infos->isInput = ASIOFalse;
+-    infos->channelNum = i + stream_.channelOffset[0];
+-    infos->buffers[0] = infos->buffers[1] = 0;
+-  }
+-  for ( i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[1]; i++, infos++ ) {
+-    infos->isInput = ASIOTrue;
+-    infos->channelNum = i + stream_.channelOffset[1];
+-    infos->buffers[0] = infos->buffers[1] = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  // prepare for callbacks
+-  stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+-  stream_.device[mode] = device;
+-  stream_.mode = isDuplexInput ? DUPLEX : mode;
+-
+-  // store this class instance before registering callbacks, that are going to use it
+-  asioCallbackInfo = &stream_.callbackInfo;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
+-
+-  // Set up the ASIO callback structure and create the ASIO data buffers.
+-  asioCallbacks.bufferSwitch = &bufferSwitch;
+-  asioCallbacks.sampleRateDidChange = &sampleRateChanged;
+-  asioCallbacks.asioMessage = &asioMessages;
+-  asioCallbacks.bufferSwitchTimeInfo = NULL;
+-  result = ASIOCreateBuffers( handle->bufferInfos, nChannels, stream_.bufferSize, &asioCallbacks );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    // Standard method failed. This can happen with strict/misbehaving drivers that return valid buffer size ranges
+-    // but only accept the preferred buffer size as parameter for ASIOCreateBuffers. eg. Creatives ASIO driver
+-    // in that case, let's be naïve and try that instead
+-    *bufferSize = preferSize;
+-    stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
+-    result = ASIOCreateBuffers( handle->bufferInfos, nChannels, stream_.bufferSize, &asioCallbacks );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") creating buffers.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-  buffersAllocated = true;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+-  // Set flags for buffer conversion.
+-  stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
+-  if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
+-       stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-
+-  // Allocate necessary internal buffers
+-  unsigned long bufferBytes;
+-  bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
+-
+-    bool makeBuffer = true;
+-    bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
+-    if ( isDuplexInput && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-      unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-      if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( makeBuffer ) {
+-      bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-      stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
+-        goto error;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Determine device latencies
+-  long inputLatency, outputLatency;
+-  result = ASIOGetLatencies( &inputLatency, &outputLatency );
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting latency.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING); // warn but don't fail
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    stream_.latency[0] = outputLatency;
+-    stream_.latency[1] = inputLatency;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Setup the buffer conversion information structure.  We don't use
+-  // buffers to do channel offsets, so we override that parameter
+-  // here.
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, 0 );
+-
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-
+- error:
+-  if ( !isDuplexInput ) {
+-    // the cleanup for error in the duplex input, is done by RtApi::openStream
+-    // So we clean up for single channel only
+-
+-    if ( buffersAllocated )
+-      ASIODisposeBuffers();
+-
+-    drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
+-
+-    if ( handle ) {
+-      CloseHandle( handle->condition );
+-      if ( handle->bufferInfos )
+-        free( handle->bufferInfos );
+-
+-      delete handle;
+-      stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-    }
+-
+-
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[mode] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[mode] = 0;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-      free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-      stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  return FAILURE;
+-}////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+-
+-void RtApiAsio :: closeStream()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-    ASIOStop();
+-  }
+-  ASIODisposeBuffers();
+-  drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
+-
+-  AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-    CloseHandle( handle->condition );
+-    if ( handle->bufferInfos )
+-      free( handle->bufferInfos );
+-    delete handle;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-}
+-
+-bool stopThreadCalled = false;
+-
+-void RtApiAsio :: startStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  ASIOError result = ASIOStart();
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::startStream: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") starting device.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    goto unlock;
+-  }
+-
+-  handle->drainCounter = 0;
+-  handle->internalDrain = false;
+-  ResetEvent( handle->condition );
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
+-  asioXRun = false;
+-
+- unlock:
+-  stopThreadCalled = false;
+-
+-  if ( result == ASE_OK ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAsio :: stopStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
+-      handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-      WaitForSingleObject( handle->condition, INFINITE );  // block until signaled
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+-  ASIOError result = ASIOStop();
+-  if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::stopStream: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") stopping device.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( result == ASE_OK ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAsio :: abortStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  // The following lines were commented-out because some behavior was
+-  // noted where the device buffers need to be zeroed to avoid
+-  // continuing sound, even when the device buffers are completely
+-  // disposed.  So now, calling abort is the same as calling stop.
+-  // AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  // handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-  stopStream();
+-}
+-
+-// This function will be called by a spawned thread when the user
+-// callback function signals that the stream should be stopped or
+-// aborted.  It is necessary to handle it this way because the
+-// callbackEvent() function must return before the ASIOStop()
+-// function will return.
+-static unsigned __stdcall asioStopStream( void *ptr )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
+-  RtApiAsio *object = (RtApiAsio *) info->object;
+-
+-  object->stopStream();
+-  _endthreadex( 0 );
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiAsio :: callbackEvent( long bufferIndex )
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED || stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPING ) return SUCCESS;
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) &stream_.callbackInfo;
+-  AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-
+-  // Check if we were draining the stream and signal if finished.
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter > 3 ) {
+-
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-    if ( handle->internalDrain == false )
+-      SetEvent( handle->condition );
+-    else { // spawn a thread to stop the stream
+-      unsigned threadId;
+-      stream_.callbackInfo.thread = _beginthreadex( NULL, 0, &asioStopStream,
+-                                                    &stream_.callbackInfo, 0, &threadId );
+-    }
+-    return SUCCESS;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Invoke user callback to get fresh output data UNLESS we are
+-  // draining stream.
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
+-    RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) info->callback;
+-    double streamTime = getStreamTime();
+-    RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
+-    if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && asioXRun == true ) {
+-      status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
+-      asioXRun = false;
+-    }
+-    if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && asioXRun == true ) {
+-      status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
+-      asioXRun = false;
+-    }
+-    int cbReturnValue = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                                     stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, info->userData );
+-    if ( cbReturnValue == 2 ) {
+-      stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-      handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-      unsigned threadId;
+-      stream_.callbackInfo.thread = _beginthreadex( NULL, 0, &asioStopStream,
+-                                                    &stream_.callbackInfo, 0, &threadId );
+-      return SUCCESS;
+-    }
+-    else if ( cbReturnValue == 1 ) {
+-      handle->drainCounter = 1;
+-      handle->internalDrain = true;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  unsigned int nChannels, bufferBytes, i, j;
+-  nChannels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] + stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-
+-    if ( handle->drainCounter > 1 ) { // write zeros to the output stream
+-
+-      for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
+-        if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput != ASIOTrue )
+-          memset( handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex], 0, bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-
+-    }
+-    else if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
+-
+-      convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
+-      if ( stream_.doByteSwap[0] )
+-        byteSwapBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                        stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0],
+-                        stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-
+-      for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
+-        if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput != ASIOTrue )
+-          memcpy( handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex],
+-                  &stream_.deviceBuffer[j++*bufferBytes], bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-
+-    }
+-    else {
+-
+-      if ( stream_.doByteSwap[0] )
+-        byteSwapBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[0],
+-                        stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0],
+-                        stream_.userFormat );
+-
+-      for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
+-        if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput != ASIOTrue )
+-          memcpy( handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex],
+-                  &stream_.userBuffer[0][bufferBytes*j++], bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Don't bother draining input
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter ) {
+-    handle->drainCounter++;
+-    goto unlock;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes(stream_.deviceFormat[1]);
+-
+-    if (stream_.doConvertBuffer[1]) {
+-
+-      // Always interleave ASIO input data.
+-      for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
+-        if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput == ASIOTrue )
+-          memcpy( &stream_.deviceBuffer[j++*bufferBytes],
+-                  handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex],
+-                  bufferBytes );
+-      }
+-
+-      if ( stream_.doByteSwap[1] )
+-        byteSwapBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                        stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1],
+-                        stream_.deviceFormat[1] );
+-      convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
+-
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
+-        if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput == ASIOTrue ) {
+-          memcpy( &stream_.userBuffer[1][bufferBytes*j++],
+-                  handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex],
+-                  bufferBytes );
+-        }
+-      }
+-
+-      if ( stream_.doByteSwap[1] )
+-        byteSwapBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                        stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[1],
+-                        stream_.userFormat );
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  // The following call was suggested by Malte Clasen.  While the API
+-  // documentation indicates it should not be required, some device
+-  // drivers apparently do not function correctly without it.
+-  ASIOOutputReady();
+-
+-  RtApi::tickStreamTime();
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-}
+-
+-static void sampleRateChanged( ASIOSampleRate sRate )
+-{
+-  // The ASIO documentation says that this usually only happens during
+-  // external sync.  Audio processing is not stopped by the driver,
+-  // actual sample rate might not have even changed, maybe only the
+-  // sample rate status of an AES/EBU or S/PDIF digital input at the
+-  // audio device.
+-
+-  RtApi *object = (RtApi *) asioCallbackInfo->object;
+-  try {
+-    object->stopStream();
+-  }
+-  catch ( RtAudioError &exception ) {
+-    std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: sampleRateChanged() error (" << exception.getMessage() << ")!\n" << std::endl;
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: driver reports sample rate changed to " << sRate << " ... stream stopped!!!\n" << std::endl;
+-}
+-
+-static long asioMessages( long selector, long value, void* /*message*/, double* /*opt*/ )
+-{
+-  long ret = 0;
+-
+-  switch( selector ) {
+-  case kAsioSelectorSupported:
+-    if ( value == kAsioResetRequest
+-         || value == kAsioEngineVersion
+-         || value == kAsioResyncRequest
+-         || value == kAsioLatenciesChanged
+-         // The following three were added for ASIO 2.0, you don't
+-         // necessarily have to support them.
+-         || value == kAsioSupportsTimeInfo
+-         || value == kAsioSupportsTimeCode
+-         || value == kAsioSupportsInputMonitor)
+-      ret = 1L;
+-    break;
+-  case kAsioResetRequest:
+-    // Defer the task and perform the reset of the driver during the
+-    // next "safe" situation.  You cannot reset the driver right now,
+-    // as this code is called from the driver.  Reset the driver is
+-    // done by completely destruct is. I.e. ASIOStop(),
+-    // ASIODisposeBuffers(), Destruction Afterwards you initialize the
+-    // driver again.
+-    std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: driver reset requested!!!" << std::endl;
+-    ret = 1L;
+-    break;
+-  case kAsioResyncRequest:
+-    // This informs the application that the driver encountered some
+-    // non-fatal data loss.  It is used for synchronization purposes
+-    // of different media.  Added mainly to work around the Win16Mutex
+-    // problems in Windows 95/98 with the Windows Multimedia system,
+-    // which could lose data because the Mutex was held too long by
+-    // another thread.  However a driver can issue it in other
+-    // situations, too.
+-    // std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: driver resync requested!!!" << std::endl;
+-    asioXRun = true;
+-    ret = 1L;
+-    break;
+-  case kAsioLatenciesChanged:
+-    // This will inform the host application that the drivers were
+-    // latencies changed.  Beware, it this does not mean that the
+-    // buffer sizes have changed!  You might need to update internal
+-    // delay data.
+-    std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: driver latency may have changed!!!" << std::endl;
+-    ret = 1L;
+-    break;
+-  case kAsioEngineVersion:
+-    // Return the supported ASIO version of the host application.  If
+-    // a host application does not implement this selector, ASIO 1.0
+-    // is assumed by the driver.
+-    ret = 2L;
+-    break;
+-  case kAsioSupportsTimeInfo:
+-    // Informs the driver whether the
+-    // asioCallbacks.bufferSwitchTimeInfo() callback is supported.
+-    // For compatibility with ASIO 1.0 drivers the host application
+-    // should always support the "old" bufferSwitch method, too.
+-    ret = 0;
+-    break;
+-  case kAsioSupportsTimeCode:
+-    // Informs the driver whether application is interested in time
+-    // code info.  If an application does not need to know about time
+-    // code, the driver has less work to do.
+-    ret = 0;
+-    break;
+-  }
+-  return ret;
+-}
+-
+-static const char* getAsioErrorString( ASIOError result )
+-{
+-  struct Messages
+-  {
+-    ASIOError value;
+-    const char*message;
+-  };
+-
+-  static const Messages m[] =
+-    {
+-      {   ASE_NotPresent,    "Hardware input or output is not present or available." },
+-      {   ASE_HWMalfunction,  "Hardware is malfunctioning." },
+-      {   ASE_InvalidParameter, "Invalid input parameter." },
+-      {   ASE_InvalidMode,      "Invalid mode." },
+-      {   ASE_SPNotAdvancing,     "Sample position not advancing." },
+-      {   ASE_NoClock,            "Sample clock or rate cannot be determined or is not present." },
+-      {   ASE_NoMemory,           "Not enough memory to complete the request." }
+-    };
+-
+-  for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < sizeof(m)/sizeof(m[0]); ++i )
+-    if ( m[i].value == result ) return m[i].message;
+-
+-  return "Unknown error.";
+-}
+-
+-//******************** End of __WINDOWS_ASIO__ *********************//
+-#endif
+-
+-
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__) // Windows WASAPI API
+-
+-// Authored by Marcus Tomlinson <themarcustomlinson at gmail.com>, April 2014
+-// - Introduces support for the Windows WASAPI API
+-// - Aims to deliver bit streams to and from hardware at the lowest possible latency, via the absolute minimum buffer sizes required
+-// - Provides flexible stream configuration to an otherwise strict and inflexible WASAPI interface
+-// - Includes automatic internal conversion of sample rate and buffer size between hardware and the user
+-
+-#ifndef INITGUID
+-  #define INITGUID
+-#endif
+-#include <audioclient.h>
+-#include <avrt.h>
+-#include <mmdeviceapi.h>
+-#include <functiondiscoverykeys_devpkey.h>
+-
+-//=============================================================================
+-
+-#define SAFE_RELEASE( objectPtr )\
+-if ( objectPtr )\
+-{\
+-  objectPtr->Release();\
+-  objectPtr = NULL;\
+-}
+-
+-typedef HANDLE ( __stdcall *TAvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr )( LPCWSTR TaskName, LPDWORD TaskIndex );
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-// WASAPI dictates stream sample rate, format, channel count, and in some cases, buffer size.
+-// Therefore we must perform all necessary conversions to user buffers in order to satisfy these
+-// requirements. WasapiBuffer ring buffers are used between HwIn->UserIn and UserOut->HwOut to
+-// provide intermediate storage for read / write synchronization.
+-class WasapiBuffer
+-{
+-public:
+-  WasapiBuffer()
+-    : buffer_( NULL ),
+-      bufferSize_( 0 ),
+-      inIndex_( 0 ),
+-      outIndex_( 0 ) {}
+-
+-  ~WasapiBuffer() {
+-    free( buffer_ );
+-  }
+-
+-  // sets the length of the internal ring buffer
+-  void setBufferSize( unsigned int bufferSize, unsigned int formatBytes ) {
+-    free( buffer_ );
+-
+-    buffer_ = ( char* ) calloc( bufferSize, formatBytes );
+-
+-    bufferSize_ = bufferSize;
+-    inIndex_ = 0;
+-    outIndex_ = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  // attempt to push a buffer into the ring buffer at the current "in" index
+-  bool pushBuffer( char* buffer, unsigned int bufferSize, RtAudioFormat format )
+-  {
+-    if ( !buffer ||                 // incoming buffer is NULL
+-         bufferSize == 0 ||         // incoming buffer has no data
+-         bufferSize > bufferSize_ ) // incoming buffer too large
+-    {
+-      return false;
+-    }
+-
+-    unsigned int relOutIndex = outIndex_;
+-    unsigned int inIndexEnd = inIndex_ + bufferSize;
+-    if ( relOutIndex < inIndex_ && inIndexEnd >= bufferSize_ ) {
+-      relOutIndex += bufferSize_;
+-    }
+-
+-    // "in" index can end on the "out" index but cannot begin at it
+-    if ( inIndex_ <= relOutIndex && inIndexEnd > relOutIndex ) {
+-      return false; // not enough space between "in" index and "out" index
+-    }
+-
+-    // copy buffer from external to internal
+-    int fromZeroSize = inIndex_ + bufferSize - bufferSize_;
+-    fromZeroSize = fromZeroSize < 0 ? 0 : fromZeroSize;
+-    int fromInSize = bufferSize - fromZeroSize;
+-
+-    switch( format )
+-      {
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT8:
+-        memcpy( &( ( char* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( char ) );
+-        memcpy( buffer_, &( ( char* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( char ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT16:
+-        memcpy( &( ( short* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( short ) );
+-        memcpy( buffer_, &( ( short* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( short ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT24:
+-        memcpy( &( ( S24* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( S24 ) );
+-        memcpy( buffer_, &( ( S24* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( S24 ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT32:
+-        memcpy( &( ( int* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( int ) );
+-        memcpy( buffer_, &( ( int* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( int ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_FLOAT32:
+-        memcpy( &( ( float* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( float ) );
+-        memcpy( buffer_, &( ( float* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( float ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_FLOAT64:
+-        memcpy( &( ( double* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( double ) );
+-        memcpy( buffer_, &( ( double* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( double ) );
+-        break;
+-    }
+-
+-    // update "in" index
+-    inIndex_ += bufferSize;
+-    inIndex_ %= bufferSize_;
+-
+-    return true;
+-  }
+-
+-  // attempt to pull a buffer from the ring buffer from the current "out" index
+-  bool pullBuffer( char* buffer, unsigned int bufferSize, RtAudioFormat format )
+-  {
+-    if ( !buffer ||                 // incoming buffer is NULL
+-         bufferSize == 0 ||         // incoming buffer has no data
+-         bufferSize > bufferSize_ ) // incoming buffer too large
+-    {
+-      return false;
+-    }
+-
+-    unsigned int relInIndex = inIndex_;
+-    unsigned int outIndexEnd = outIndex_ + bufferSize;
+-    if ( relInIndex < outIndex_ && outIndexEnd >= bufferSize_ ) {
+-      relInIndex += bufferSize_;
+-    }
+-
+-    // "out" index can begin at and end on the "in" index
+-    if ( outIndex_ < relInIndex && outIndexEnd > relInIndex ) {
+-      return false; // not enough space between "out" index and "in" index
+-    }
+-
+-    // copy buffer from internal to external
+-    int fromZeroSize = outIndex_ + bufferSize - bufferSize_;
+-    fromZeroSize = fromZeroSize < 0 ? 0 : fromZeroSize;
+-    int fromOutSize = bufferSize - fromZeroSize;
+-
+-    switch( format )
+-    {
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT8:
+-        memcpy( buffer, &( ( char* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( char ) );
+-        memcpy( &( ( char* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( char ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT16:
+-        memcpy( buffer, &( ( short* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( short ) );
+-        memcpy( &( ( short* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( short ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT24:
+-        memcpy( buffer, &( ( S24* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( S24 ) );
+-        memcpy( &( ( S24* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( S24 ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT32:
+-        memcpy( buffer, &( ( int* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( int ) );
+-        memcpy( &( ( int* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( int ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_FLOAT32:
+-        memcpy( buffer, &( ( float* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( float ) );
+-        memcpy( &( ( float* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( float ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_FLOAT64:
+-        memcpy( buffer, &( ( double* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( double ) );
+-        memcpy( &( ( double* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( double ) );
+-        break;
+-    }
+-
+-    // update "out" index
+-    outIndex_ += bufferSize;
+-    outIndex_ %= bufferSize_;
+-
+-    return true;
+-  }
+-
+-private:
+-  char* buffer_;
+-  unsigned int bufferSize_;
+-  unsigned int inIndex_;
+-  unsigned int outIndex_;
+-};
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-// In order to satisfy WASAPI's buffer requirements, we need a means of converting sample rate
+-// between HW and the user. The convertBufferWasapi function is used to perform this conversion
+-// between HwIn->UserIn and UserOut->HwOut during the stream callback loop.
+-// This sample rate converter favors speed over quality, and works best with conversions between
+-// one rate and its multiple.
+-void convertBufferWasapi( char* outBuffer,
+-                          const char* inBuffer,
+-                          const unsigned int& channelCount,
+-                          const unsigned int& inSampleRate,
+-                          const unsigned int& outSampleRate,
+-                          const unsigned int& inSampleCount,
+-                          unsigned int& outSampleCount,
+-                          const RtAudioFormat& format )
+-{
+-  // calculate the new outSampleCount and relative sampleStep
+-  float sampleRatio = ( float ) outSampleRate / inSampleRate;
+-  float sampleStep = 1.0f / sampleRatio;
+-  float inSampleFraction = 0.0f;
+-
+-  outSampleCount = ( unsigned int ) roundf( inSampleCount * sampleRatio );
+-
+-  // frame-by-frame, copy each relative input sample into it's corresponding output sample
+-  for ( unsigned int outSample = 0; outSample < outSampleCount; outSample++ )
+-  {
+-    unsigned int inSample = ( unsigned int ) inSampleFraction;
+-
+-    switch ( format )
+-    {
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT8:
+-        memcpy( &( ( char* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( char* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( char ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT16:
+-        memcpy( &( ( short* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( short* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( short ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT24:
+-        memcpy( &( ( S24* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( S24* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( S24 ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_SINT32:
+-        memcpy( &( ( int* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( int* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( int ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_FLOAT32:
+-        memcpy( &( ( float* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( float* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( float ) );
+-        break;
+-      case RTAUDIO_FLOAT64:
+-        memcpy( &( ( double* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( double* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( double ) );
+-        break;
+-    }
+-
+-    // jump to next in sample
+-    inSampleFraction += sampleStep;
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-// A structure to hold various information related to the WASAPI implementation.
+-struct WasapiHandle
+-{
+-  IAudioClient* captureAudioClient;
+-  IAudioClient* renderAudioClient;
+-  IAudioCaptureClient* captureClient;
+-  IAudioRenderClient* renderClient;
+-  HANDLE captureEvent;
+-  HANDLE renderEvent;
+-
+-  WasapiHandle()
+-  : captureAudioClient( NULL ),
+-    renderAudioClient( NULL ),
+-    captureClient( NULL ),
+-    renderClient( NULL ),
+-    captureEvent( NULL ),
+-    renderEvent( NULL ) {}
+-};
+-
+-//=============================================================================
+-
+-RtApiWasapi::RtApiWasapi()
+-  : coInitialized_( false ), deviceEnumerator_( NULL )
+-{
+-  // WASAPI can run either apartment or multi-threaded
+-  HRESULT hr = CoInitialize( NULL );
+-  if ( !FAILED( hr ) )
+-    coInitialized_ = true;
+-
+-  // Instantiate device enumerator
+-  hr = CoCreateInstance( __uuidof( MMDeviceEnumerator ), NULL,
+-                         CLSCTX_ALL, __uuidof( IMMDeviceEnumerator ),
+-                         ( void** ) &deviceEnumerator_ );
+-
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::RtApiWasapi: Unable to instantiate device enumerator";
+-    error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-RtApiWasapi::~RtApiWasapi()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED )
+-    closeStream();
+-
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( deviceEnumerator_ );
+-
+-  // If this object previously called CoInitialize()
+-  if ( coInitialized_ )
+-    CoUninitialize();
+-}
+-
+-//=============================================================================
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount( void )
+-{
+-  unsigned int captureDeviceCount = 0;
+-  unsigned int renderDeviceCount = 0;
+-
+-  IMMDeviceCollection* captureDevices = NULL;
+-  IMMDeviceCollection* renderDevices = NULL;
+-
+-  // Count capture devices
+-  errorText_.clear();
+-  HRESULT hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eCapture, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &captureDevices );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount: Unable to retrieve capture device collection.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  hr = captureDevices->GetCount( &captureDeviceCount );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount: Unable to retrieve capture device count.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Count render devices
+-  hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eRender, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &renderDevices );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount: Unable to retrieve render device collection.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  hr = renderDevices->GetCount( &renderDeviceCount );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount: Unable to retrieve render device count.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-Exit:
+-  // release all references
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( captureDevices );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( renderDevices );
+-
+-  if ( errorText_.empty() )
+-    return captureDeviceCount + renderDeviceCount;
+-
+-  error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
+-{
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
+-  unsigned int captureDeviceCount = 0;
+-  unsigned int renderDeviceCount = 0;
+-  std::string defaultDeviceName;
+-  bool isCaptureDevice = false;
+-
+-  PROPVARIANT deviceNameProp;
+-  PROPVARIANT defaultDeviceNameProp;
+-
+-  IMMDeviceCollection* captureDevices = NULL;
+-  IMMDeviceCollection* renderDevices = NULL;
+-  IMMDevice* devicePtr = NULL;
+-  IMMDevice* defaultDevicePtr = NULL;
+-  IAudioClient* audioClient = NULL;
+-  IPropertyStore* devicePropStore = NULL;
+-  IPropertyStore* defaultDevicePropStore = NULL;
+-
+-  WAVEFORMATEX* deviceFormat = NULL;
+-  WAVEFORMATEX* closestMatchFormat = NULL;
+-
+-  // probed
+-  info.probed = false;
+-
+-  // Count capture devices
+-  errorText_.clear();
+-  RtAudioError::Type errorType = RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR;
+-  HRESULT hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eCapture, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &captureDevices );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve capture device collection.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  hr = captureDevices->GetCount( &captureDeviceCount );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve capture device count.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Count render devices
+-  hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eRender, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &renderDevices );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve render device collection.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  hr = renderDevices->GetCount( &renderDeviceCount );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve render device count.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  // validate device index
+-  if ( device >= captureDeviceCount + renderDeviceCount ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Invalid device index.";
+-    errorType = RtAudioError::INVALID_USE;
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  // determine whether index falls within capture or render devices
+-  if ( device >= renderDeviceCount ) {
+-    hr = captureDevices->Item( device - renderDeviceCount, &devicePtr );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve capture device handle.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-    isCaptureDevice = true;
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    hr = renderDevices->Item( device, &devicePtr );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve render device handle.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-    isCaptureDevice = false;
+-  }
+-
+-  // get default device name
+-  if ( isCaptureDevice ) {
+-    hr = deviceEnumerator_->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint( eCapture, eConsole, &defaultDevicePtr );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve default capture device handle.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    hr = deviceEnumerator_->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint( eRender, eConsole, &defaultDevicePtr );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve default render device handle.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  hr = defaultDevicePtr->OpenPropertyStore( STGM_READ, &defaultDevicePropStore );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to open default device property store.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-  PropVariantInit( &defaultDeviceNameProp );
+-
+-  hr = defaultDevicePropStore->GetValue( PKEY_Device_FriendlyName, &defaultDeviceNameProp );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve default device property: PKEY_Device_FriendlyName.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  defaultDeviceName = convertCharPointerToStdString(defaultDeviceNameProp.pwszVal);
+-
+-  // name
+-  hr = devicePtr->OpenPropertyStore( STGM_READ, &devicePropStore );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to open device property store.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  PropVariantInit( &deviceNameProp );
+-
+-  hr = devicePropStore->GetValue( PKEY_Device_FriendlyName, &deviceNameProp );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve device property: PKEY_Device_FriendlyName.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  info.name =convertCharPointerToStdString(deviceNameProp.pwszVal);
+-
+-  // is default
+-  if ( isCaptureDevice ) {
+-    info.isDefaultInput = info.name == defaultDeviceName;
+-    info.isDefaultOutput = false;
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    info.isDefaultInput = false;
+-    info.isDefaultOutput = info.name == defaultDeviceName;
+-  }
+-
+-  // channel count
+-  hr = devicePtr->Activate( __uuidof( IAudioClient ), CLSCTX_ALL, NULL, ( void** ) &audioClient );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve device audio client.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  hr = audioClient->GetMixFormat( &deviceFormat );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( isCaptureDevice ) {
+-    info.inputChannels = deviceFormat->nChannels;
+-    info.outputChannels = 0;
+-    info.duplexChannels = 0;
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    info.inputChannels = 0;
+-    info.outputChannels = deviceFormat->nChannels;
+-    info.duplexChannels = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  // sample rates
+-  info.sampleRates.clear();
+-
+-  // allow support for all sample rates as we have a built-in sample rate converter
+-  for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; i++ ) {
+-    info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[i] );
+-  }
+-  info.preferredSampleRate = deviceFormat->nSamplesPerSec;
+-
+-  // native format
+-  info.nativeFormats = 0;
+-
+-  if ( deviceFormat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT ||
+-       ( deviceFormat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE &&
+-         ( ( WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE* ) deviceFormat )->SubFormat == KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT ) )
+-  {
+-    if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 32 ) {
+-      info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-    }
+-    else if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 64 ) {
+-      info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if ( deviceFormat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_PCM ||
+-           ( deviceFormat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE &&
+-             ( ( WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE* ) deviceFormat )->SubFormat == KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM ) )
+-  {
+-    if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 8 ) {
+-      info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    }
+-    else if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 16 ) {
+-      info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    }
+-    else if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 24 ) {
+-      info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-    }
+-    else if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 32 ) {
+-      info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // probed
+-  info.probed = true;
+-
+-Exit:
+-  // release all references
+-  PropVariantClear( &deviceNameProp );
+-  PropVariantClear( &defaultDeviceNameProp );
+-
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( captureDevices );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( renderDevices );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( devicePtr );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( defaultDevicePtr );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( audioClient );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( devicePropStore );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( defaultDevicePropStore );
+-
+-  CoTaskMemFree( deviceFormat );
+-  CoTaskMemFree( closestMatchFormat );
+-
+-  if ( !errorText_.empty() )
+-    error( errorType );
+-  return info;
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiWasapi::getDefaultOutputDevice( void )
+-{
+-  for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < getDeviceCount(); i++ ) {
+-    if ( getDeviceInfo( i ).isDefaultOutput ) {
+-      return i;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiWasapi::getDefaultInputDevice( void )
+-{
+-  for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < getDeviceCount(); i++ ) {
+-    if ( getDeviceInfo( i ).isDefaultInput ) {
+-      return i;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-void RtApiWasapi::closeStream( void )
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::closeStream: No open stream to close.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPED )
+-    stopStream();
+-
+-  // clean up stream memory
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient )
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient )
+-
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureClient )
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderClient )
+-
+-  if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureEvent )
+-    CloseHandle( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureEvent );
+-
+-  if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderEvent )
+-    CloseHandle( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderEvent );
+-
+-  delete ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  stream_.apiHandle = NULL;
+-
+-  for ( int i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  // update stream state
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-void RtApiWasapi::startStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::startStream: The stream is already running.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  // update stream state
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
+-
+-  // create WASAPI stream thread
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.thread = ( ThreadHandle ) CreateThread( NULL, 0, runWasapiThread, this, CREATE_SUSPENDED, NULL );
+-
+-  if ( !stream_.callbackInfo.thread ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::startStream: Unable to instantiate callback thread.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR );
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    SetThreadPriority( ( void* ) stream_.callbackInfo.thread, stream_.callbackInfo.priority );
+-    ResumeThread( ( void* ) stream_.callbackInfo.thread );
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-void RtApiWasapi::stopStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::stopStream: The stream is already stopped.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  // inform stream thread by setting stream state to STREAM_STOPPING
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-
+-  // wait until stream thread is stopped
+-  while( stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    Sleep( 1 );
+-  }
+-
+-  // Wait for the last buffer to play before stopping.
+-  Sleep( 1000 * stream_.bufferSize / stream_.sampleRate );
+-
+-  // stop capture client if applicable
+-  if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient ) {
+-    HRESULT hr = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient->Stop();
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::stopStream: Unable to stop capture stream.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // stop render client if applicable
+-  if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient ) {
+-    HRESULT hr = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient->Stop();
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::stopStream: Unable to stop render stream.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // close thread handle
+-  if ( stream_.callbackInfo.thread && !CloseHandle( ( void* ) stream_.callbackInfo.thread ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::stopStream: Unable to close callback thread.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.thread = (ThreadHandle) NULL;
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-void RtApiWasapi::abortStream( void )
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::abortStream: The stream is already stopped.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  // inform stream thread by setting stream state to STREAM_STOPPING
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-
+-  // wait until stream thread is stopped
+-  while ( stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    Sleep( 1 );
+-  }
+-
+-  // stop capture client if applicable
+-  if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient ) {
+-    HRESULT hr = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient->Stop();
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::abortStream: Unable to stop capture stream.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // stop render client if applicable
+-  if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient ) {
+-    HRESULT hr = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient->Stop();
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::abortStream: Unable to stop render stream.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // close thread handle
+-  if ( stream_.callbackInfo.thread && !CloseHandle( ( void* ) stream_.callbackInfo.thread ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::abortStream: Unable to close callback thread.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.thread = (ThreadHandle) NULL;
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-bool RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                                   unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                                   RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int* bufferSize,
+-                                   RtAudio::StreamOptions* options )
+-{
+-  bool methodResult = FAILURE;
+-  unsigned int captureDeviceCount = 0;
+-  unsigned int renderDeviceCount = 0;
+-
+-  IMMDeviceCollection* captureDevices = NULL;
+-  IMMDeviceCollection* renderDevices = NULL;
+-  IMMDevice* devicePtr = NULL;
+-  WAVEFORMATEX* deviceFormat = NULL;
+-  unsigned int bufferBytes;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+-  // create API Handle if not already created
+-  if ( !stream_.apiHandle )
+-    stream_.apiHandle = ( void* ) new WasapiHandle();
+-
+-  // Count capture devices
+-  errorText_.clear();
+-  RtAudioError::Type errorType = RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR;
+-  HRESULT hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eCapture, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &captureDevices );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve capture device collection.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  hr = captureDevices->GetCount( &captureDeviceCount );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve capture device count.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Count render devices
+-  hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eRender, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &renderDevices );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve render device collection.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  hr = renderDevices->GetCount( &renderDeviceCount );
+-  if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve render device count.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  // validate device index
+-  if ( device >= captureDeviceCount + renderDeviceCount ) {
+-    errorType = RtAudioError::INVALID_USE;
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Invalid device index.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  // determine whether index falls within capture or render devices
+-  if ( device >= renderDeviceCount ) {
+-    if ( mode != INPUT ) {
+-      errorType = RtAudioError::INVALID_USE;
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Capture device selected as output device.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    // retrieve captureAudioClient from devicePtr
+-    IAudioClient*& captureAudioClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient;
+-
+-    hr = captureDevices->Item( device - renderDeviceCount, &devicePtr );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve capture device handle.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    hr = devicePtr->Activate( __uuidof( IAudioClient ), CLSCTX_ALL,
+-                              NULL, ( void** ) &captureAudioClient );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve device audio client.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    hr = captureAudioClient->GetMixFormat( &deviceFormat );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = deviceFormat->nChannels;
+-    captureAudioClient->GetStreamLatency( ( long long* ) &stream_.latency[mode] );
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    if ( mode != OUTPUT ) {
+-      errorType = RtAudioError::INVALID_USE;
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Render device selected as input device.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    // retrieve renderAudioClient from devicePtr
+-    IAudioClient*& renderAudioClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient;
+-
+-    hr = renderDevices->Item( device, &devicePtr );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve render device handle.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    hr = devicePtr->Activate( __uuidof( IAudioClient ), CLSCTX_ALL,
+-                              NULL, ( void** ) &renderAudioClient );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve device audio client.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    hr = renderAudioClient->GetMixFormat( &deviceFormat );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = deviceFormat->nChannels;
+-    renderAudioClient->GetStreamLatency( ( long long* ) &stream_.latency[mode] );
+-  }
+-
+-  // fill stream data
+-  if ( ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT ) ||
+-       ( stream_.mode == INPUT && mode == OUTPUT ) ) {
+-    stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    stream_.mode = mode;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.device[mode] = device;
+-  stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
+-  stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+-  stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
+-  stream_.nBuffers = 1;
+-  stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  stream_.channelOffset[mode] = firstChannel;
+-  stream_.userFormat = format;
+-  stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = getDeviceInfo( device ).nativeFormats;
+-
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED )
+-    stream_.userInterleaved = false;
+-  else
+-    stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-  stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = true;
+-
+-  // Set flags for buffer conversion.
+-  stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
+-  if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] ||
+-       stream_.nUserChannels != stream_.nDeviceChannels )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  else if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
+-            stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] )
+-    setConvertInfo( mode, 0 );
+-
+-  // Allocate necessary internal buffers
+-  bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-
+-  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = ( char* ) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-  if ( !stream_.userBuffer[mode] ) {
+-    errorType = RtAudioError::MEMORY_ERROR;
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Error allocating user buffer memory.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME )
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.priority = 15;
+-  else
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.priority = 0;
+-
+-  ///! TODO: RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY // Provide stream buffers directly to callback
+-  ///! TODO: RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE       // Exclusive mode
+-
+-  methodResult = SUCCESS;
+-
+-Exit:
+-  //clean up
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( captureDevices );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( renderDevices );
+-  SAFE_RELEASE( devicePtr );
+-  CoTaskMemFree( deviceFormat );
+-
+-  // if method failed, close the stream
+-  if ( methodResult == FAILURE )
+-    closeStream();
+-
+-  if ( !errorText_.empty() )
+-    error( errorType );
+-  return methodResult;
+-}
+-
+-//=============================================================================
+-
+-DWORD WINAPI RtApiWasapi::runWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr )
+-{
+-  if ( wasapiPtr )
+-    ( ( RtApiWasapi* ) wasapiPtr )->wasapiThread();
+-
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-DWORD WINAPI RtApiWasapi::stopWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr )
+-{
+-  if ( wasapiPtr )
+-    ( ( RtApiWasapi* ) wasapiPtr )->stopStream();
+-
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-DWORD WINAPI RtApiWasapi::abortWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr )
+-{
+-  if ( wasapiPtr )
+-    ( ( RtApiWasapi* ) wasapiPtr )->abortStream();
+-
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-
+-void RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread()
+-{
+-  // as this is a new thread, we must CoInitialize it
+-  CoInitialize( NULL );
+-
+-  HRESULT hr;
+-
+-  IAudioClient* captureAudioClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient;
+-  IAudioClient* renderAudioClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient;
+-  IAudioCaptureClient* captureClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureClient;
+-  IAudioRenderClient* renderClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderClient;
+-  HANDLE captureEvent = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureEvent;
+-  HANDLE renderEvent = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderEvent;
+-
+-  WAVEFORMATEX* captureFormat = NULL;
+-  WAVEFORMATEX* renderFormat = NULL;
+-  float captureSrRatio = 0.0f;
+-  float renderSrRatio = 0.0f;
+-  WasapiBuffer captureBuffer;
+-  WasapiBuffer renderBuffer;
+-
+-  // declare local stream variables
+-  RtAudioCallback callback = ( RtAudioCallback ) stream_.callbackInfo.callback;
+-  BYTE* streamBuffer = NULL;
+-  unsigned long captureFlags = 0;
+-  unsigned int bufferFrameCount = 0;
+-  unsigned int numFramesPadding = 0;
+-  unsigned int convBufferSize = 0;
+-  bool callbackPushed = false;
+-  bool callbackPulled = false;
+-  bool callbackStopped = false;
+-  int callbackResult = 0;
+-
+-  // convBuffer is used to store converted buffers between WASAPI and the user
+-  char* convBuffer = NULL;
+-  unsigned int convBuffSize = 0;
+-  unsigned int deviceBuffSize = 0;
+-
+-  errorText_.clear();
+-  RtAudioError::Type errorType = RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR;
+-
+-  // Attempt to assign "Pro Audio" characteristic to thread
+-  HMODULE AvrtDll = LoadLibrary( (LPCTSTR) "AVRT.dll" );
+-  if ( AvrtDll ) {
+-    DWORD taskIndex = 0;
+-    TAvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr AvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr = ( TAvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr ) GetProcAddress( AvrtDll, "AvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsW" );
+-    AvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr( L"Pro Audio", &taskIndex );
+-    FreeLibrary( AvrtDll );
+-  }
+-
+-  // start capture stream if applicable
+-  if ( captureAudioClient ) {
+-    hr = captureAudioClient->GetMixFormat( &captureFormat );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    captureSrRatio = ( ( float ) captureFormat->nSamplesPerSec / stream_.sampleRate );
+-
+-    // initialize capture stream according to desire buffer size
+-    float desiredBufferSize = stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio;
+-    REFERENCE_TIME desiredBufferPeriod = ( REFERENCE_TIME ) ( ( float ) desiredBufferSize * 10000000 / captureFormat->nSamplesPerSec );
+-
+-    if ( !captureClient ) {
+-      hr = captureAudioClient->Initialize( AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED,
+-                                           AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK,
+-                                           desiredBufferPeriod,
+-                                           desiredBufferPeriod,
+-                                           captureFormat,
+-                                           NULL );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to initialize capture audio client.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      hr = captureAudioClient->GetService( __uuidof( IAudioCaptureClient ),
+-                                           ( void** ) &captureClient );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve capture client handle.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      // configure captureEvent to trigger on every available capture buffer
+-      captureEvent = CreateEvent( NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL );
+-      if ( !captureEvent ) {
+-        errorType = RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR;
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to create capture event.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      hr = captureAudioClient->SetEventHandle( captureEvent );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to set capture event handle.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureClient = captureClient;
+-      ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureEvent = captureEvent;
+-    }
+-
+-    unsigned int inBufferSize = 0;
+-    hr = captureAudioClient->GetBufferSize( &inBufferSize );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to get capture buffer size.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    // scale outBufferSize according to stream->user sample rate ratio
+-    unsigned int outBufferSize = ( unsigned int ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT];
+-    inBufferSize *= stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT];
+-
+-    // set captureBuffer size
+-    captureBuffer.setBufferSize( inBufferSize + outBufferSize, formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] ) );
+-
+-    // reset the capture stream
+-    hr = captureAudioClient->Reset();
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to reset capture stream.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    // start the capture stream
+-    hr = captureAudioClient->Start();
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to start capture stream.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // start render stream if applicable
+-  if ( renderAudioClient ) {
+-    hr = renderAudioClient->GetMixFormat( &renderFormat );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    renderSrRatio = ( ( float ) renderFormat->nSamplesPerSec / stream_.sampleRate );
+-
+-    // initialize render stream according to desire buffer size
+-    float desiredBufferSize = stream_.bufferSize * renderSrRatio;
+-    REFERENCE_TIME desiredBufferPeriod = ( REFERENCE_TIME ) ( ( float ) desiredBufferSize * 10000000 / renderFormat->nSamplesPerSec );
+-
+-    if ( !renderClient ) {
+-      hr = renderAudioClient->Initialize( AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED,
+-                                          AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK,
+-                                          desiredBufferPeriod,
+-                                          desiredBufferPeriod,
+-                                          renderFormat,
+-                                          NULL );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to initialize render audio client.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      hr = renderAudioClient->GetService( __uuidof( IAudioRenderClient ),
+-                                          ( void** ) &renderClient );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve render client handle.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      // configure renderEvent to trigger on every available render buffer
+-      renderEvent = CreateEvent( NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL );
+-      if ( !renderEvent ) {
+-        errorType = RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR;
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to create render event.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      hr = renderAudioClient->SetEventHandle( renderEvent );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to set render event handle.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderClient = renderClient;
+-      ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderEvent = renderEvent;
+-    }
+-
+-    unsigned int outBufferSize = 0;
+-    hr = renderAudioClient->GetBufferSize( &outBufferSize );
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to get render buffer size.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    // scale inBufferSize according to user->stream sample rate ratio
+-    unsigned int inBufferSize = ( unsigned int ) ( stream_.bufferSize * renderSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT];
+-    outBufferSize *= stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT];
+-
+-    // set renderBuffer size
+-    renderBuffer.setBufferSize( inBufferSize + outBufferSize, formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] ) );
+-
+-    // reset the render stream
+-    hr = renderAudioClient->Reset();
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to reset render stream.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-
+-    // start the render stream
+-    hr = renderAudioClient->Start();
+-    if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to start render stream.";
+-      goto Exit;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT ) {
+-    convBuffSize = ( size_t ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
+-    deviceBuffSize = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
+-  }
+-  else if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT ) {
+-    convBuffSize = ( size_t ) ( stream_.bufferSize * renderSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
+-    deviceBuffSize = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
+-  }
+-  else if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    convBuffSize = std::max( ( size_t ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] ),
+-                             ( size_t ) ( stream_.bufferSize * renderSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] ) );
+-    deviceBuffSize = std::max( stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] ),
+-                               stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] ) );
+-  }
+-
+-  convBuffer = ( char* ) malloc( convBuffSize );
+-  stream_.deviceBuffer = ( char* ) malloc( deviceBuffSize );
+-  if ( !convBuffer || !stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    errorType = RtAudioError::MEMORY_ERROR;
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Error allocating device buffer memory.";
+-    goto Exit;
+-  }
+-
+-  // stream process loop
+-  while ( stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPING ) {
+-    if ( !callbackPulled ) {
+-      // Callback Input
+-      // ==============
+-      // 1. Pull callback buffer from inputBuffer
+-      // 2. If 1. was successful: Convert callback buffer to user sample rate and channel count
+-      //                          Convert callback buffer to user format
+-
+-      if ( captureAudioClient ) {
+-        // Pull callback buffer from inputBuffer
+-        callbackPulled = captureBuffer.pullBuffer( convBuffer,
+-                                                   ( unsigned int ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT],
+-                                                   stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
+-
+-        if ( callbackPulled ) {
+-          // Convert callback buffer to user sample rate
+-          convertBufferWasapi( stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                               convBuffer,
+-                               stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT],
+-                               captureFormat->nSamplesPerSec,
+-                               stream_.sampleRate,
+-                               ( unsigned int ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ),
+-                               convBufferSize,
+-                               stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
+-
+-          if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[INPUT] ) {
+-            // Convert callback buffer to user format
+-            convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
+-                           stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                           stream_.convertInfo[INPUT] );
+-          }
+-          else {
+-            // no further conversion, simple copy deviceBuffer to userBuffer
+-            memcpy( stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
+-                    stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                    stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat ) );
+-          }
+-        }
+-      }
+-      else {
+-        // if there is no capture stream, set callbackPulled flag
+-        callbackPulled = true;
+-      }
+-
+-      // Execute Callback
+-      // ================
+-      // 1. Execute user callback method
+-      // 2. Handle return value from callback
+-
+-      // if callback has not requested the stream to stop
+-      if ( callbackPulled && !callbackStopped ) {
+-        // Execute user callback method
+-        callbackResult = callback( stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT],
+-                                   stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
+-                                   stream_.bufferSize,
+-                                   getStreamTime(),
+-                                   captureFlags & AUDCLNT_BUFFERFLAGS_DATA_DISCONTINUITY ? RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW : 0,
+-                                   stream_.callbackInfo.userData );
+-
+-        // Handle return value from callback
+-        if ( callbackResult == 1 ) {
+-          // instantiate a thread to stop this thread
+-          HANDLE threadHandle = CreateThread( NULL, 0, stopWasapiThread, this, 0, NULL );
+-          if ( !threadHandle ) {
+-            errorType = RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR;
+-            errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to instantiate stream stop thread.";
+-            goto Exit;
+-          }
+-          else if ( !CloseHandle( threadHandle ) ) {
+-            errorType = RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR;
+-            errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to close stream stop thread handle.";
+-            goto Exit;
+-          }
+-
+-          callbackStopped = true;
+-        }
+-        else if ( callbackResult == 2 ) {
+-          // instantiate a thread to stop this thread
+-          HANDLE threadHandle = CreateThread( NULL, 0, abortWasapiThread, this, 0, NULL );
+-          if ( !threadHandle ) {
+-            errorType = RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR;
+-            errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to instantiate stream abort thread.";
+-            goto Exit;
+-          }
+-          else if ( !CloseHandle( threadHandle ) ) {
+-            errorType = RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR;
+-            errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to close stream abort thread handle.";
+-            goto Exit;
+-          }
+-
+-          callbackStopped = true;
+-        }
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    // Callback Output
+-    // ===============
+-    // 1. Convert callback buffer to stream format
+-    // 2. Convert callback buffer to stream sample rate and channel count
+-    // 3. Push callback buffer into outputBuffer
+-
+-    if ( renderAudioClient && callbackPulled ) {
+-      if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[OUTPUT] ) {
+-        // Convert callback buffer to stream format
+-        convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                       stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT],
+-                       stream_.convertInfo[OUTPUT] );
+-
+-      }
+-
+-      // Convert callback buffer to stream sample rate
+-      convertBufferWasapi( convBuffer,
+-                           stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                           stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT],
+-                           stream_.sampleRate,
+-                           renderFormat->nSamplesPerSec,
+-                           stream_.bufferSize,
+-                           convBufferSize,
+-                           stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
+-
+-      // Push callback buffer into outputBuffer
+-      callbackPushed = renderBuffer.pushBuffer( convBuffer,
+-                                                convBufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT],
+-                                                stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      // if there is no render stream, set callbackPushed flag
+-      callbackPushed = true;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Stream Capture
+-    // ==============
+-    // 1. Get capture buffer from stream
+-    // 2. Push capture buffer into inputBuffer
+-    // 3. If 2. was successful: Release capture buffer
+-
+-    if ( captureAudioClient ) {
+-      // if the callback input buffer was not pulled from captureBuffer, wait for next capture event
+-      if ( !callbackPulled ) {
+-        WaitForSingleObject( captureEvent, INFINITE );
+-      }
+-
+-      // Get capture buffer from stream
+-      hr = captureClient->GetBuffer( &streamBuffer,
+-                                     &bufferFrameCount,
+-                                     &captureFlags, NULL, NULL );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve capture buffer.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      if ( bufferFrameCount != 0 ) {
+-        // Push capture buffer into inputBuffer
+-        if ( captureBuffer.pushBuffer( ( char* ) streamBuffer,
+-                                       bufferFrameCount * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT],
+-                                       stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] ) )
+-        {
+-          // Release capture buffer
+-          hr = captureClient->ReleaseBuffer( bufferFrameCount );
+-          if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-            errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release capture buffer.";
+-            goto Exit;
+-          }
+-        }
+-        else
+-        {
+-          // Inform WASAPI that capture was unsuccessful
+-          hr = captureClient->ReleaseBuffer( 0 );
+-          if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-            errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release capture buffer.";
+-            goto Exit;
+-          }
+-        }
+-      }
+-      else
+-      {
+-        // Inform WASAPI that capture was unsuccessful
+-        hr = captureClient->ReleaseBuffer( 0 );
+-        if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-          errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release capture buffer.";
+-          goto Exit;
+-        }
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    // Stream Render
+-    // =============
+-    // 1. Get render buffer from stream
+-    // 2. Pull next buffer from outputBuffer
+-    // 3. If 2. was successful: Fill render buffer with next buffer
+-    //                          Release render buffer
+-
+-    if ( renderAudioClient ) {
+-      // if the callback output buffer was not pushed to renderBuffer, wait for next render event
+-      if ( callbackPulled && !callbackPushed ) {
+-        WaitForSingleObject( renderEvent, INFINITE );
+-      }
+-
+-      // Get render buffer from stream
+-      hr = renderAudioClient->GetBufferSize( &bufferFrameCount );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve render buffer size.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      hr = renderAudioClient->GetCurrentPadding( &numFramesPadding );
+-      if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve render buffer padding.";
+-        goto Exit;
+-      }
+-
+-      bufferFrameCount -= numFramesPadding;
+-
+-      if ( bufferFrameCount != 0 ) {
+-        hr = renderClient->GetBuffer( bufferFrameCount, &streamBuffer );
+-        if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-          errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve render buffer.";
+-          goto Exit;
+-        }
+-
+-        // Pull next buffer from outputBuffer
+-        // Fill render buffer with next buffer
+-        if ( renderBuffer.pullBuffer( ( char* ) streamBuffer,
+-                                      bufferFrameCount * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT],
+-                                      stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] ) )
+-        {
+-          // Release render buffer
+-          hr = renderClient->ReleaseBuffer( bufferFrameCount, 0 );
+-          if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-            errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release render buffer.";
+-            goto Exit;
+-          }
+-        }
+-        else
+-        {
+-          // Inform WASAPI that render was unsuccessful
+-          hr = renderClient->ReleaseBuffer( 0, 0 );
+-          if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-            errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release render buffer.";
+-            goto Exit;
+-          }
+-        }
+-      }
+-      else
+-      {
+-        // Inform WASAPI that render was unsuccessful
+-        hr = renderClient->ReleaseBuffer( 0, 0 );
+-        if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
+-          errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release render buffer.";
+-          goto Exit;
+-        }
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    // if the callback buffer was pushed renderBuffer reset callbackPulled flag
+-    if ( callbackPushed ) {
+-      callbackPulled = false;
+-      // tick stream time
+-      RtApi::tickStreamTime();
+-    }
+-
+-  }
+-
+-Exit:
+-  // clean up
+-  CoTaskMemFree( captureFormat );
+-  CoTaskMemFree( renderFormat );
+-
+-  free ( convBuffer );
+-
+-  CoUninitialize();
+-
+-  // update stream state
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+-  if ( errorText_.empty() )
+-    return;
+-  else
+-    error( errorType );
+-}
+-
+-//******************** End of __WINDOWS_WASAPI__ *********************//
+-#endif
+-
+-
+-#if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__) // Windows DirectSound API
+-
+-// Modified by Robin Davies, October 2005
+-// - Improvements to DirectX pointer chasing.
+-// - Bug fix for non-power-of-two Asio granularity used by Edirol PCR-A30.
+-// - Auto-call CoInitialize for DSOUND and ASIO platforms.
+-// Various revisions for RtAudio 4.0 by Gary Scavone, April 2007
+-// Changed device query structure for RtAudio 4.0.7, January 2010
+-
+-#include <dsound.h>
+-#include <assert.h>
+-#include <algorithm>
+-
+-#if defined(__MINGW32__)
+-  // missing from latest mingw winapi
+-#define WAVE_FORMAT_96M08 0x00010000 /* 96 kHz, Mono, 8-bit */
+-#define WAVE_FORMAT_96S08 0x00020000 /* 96 kHz, Stereo, 8-bit */
+-#define WAVE_FORMAT_96M16 0x00040000 /* 96 kHz, Mono, 16-bit */
+-#define WAVE_FORMAT_96S16 0x00080000 /* 96 kHz, Stereo, 16-bit */
+-#endif
+-
+-#define MINIMUM_DEVICE_BUFFER_SIZE 32768
+-
+-#ifdef _MSC_VER // if Microsoft Visual C++
+-#pragma comment( lib, "winmm.lib" ) // then, auto-link winmm.lib. Otherwise, it has to be added manually.
+-#endif
+-
+-static inline DWORD dsPointerBetween( DWORD pointer, DWORD laterPointer, DWORD earlierPointer, DWORD bufferSize )
+-{
+-  if ( pointer > bufferSize ) pointer -= bufferSize;
+-  if ( laterPointer < earlierPointer ) laterPointer += bufferSize;
+-  if ( pointer < earlierPointer ) pointer += bufferSize;
+-  return pointer >= earlierPointer && pointer < laterPointer;
+-}
+-
+-// A structure to hold various information related to the DirectSound
+-// API implementation.
+-struct DsHandle {
+-  unsigned int drainCounter; // Tracks callback counts when draining
+-  bool internalDrain;        // Indicates if stop is initiated from callback or not.
+-  void *id[2];
+-  void *buffer[2];
+-  bool xrun[2];
+-  UINT bufferPointer[2];
+-  DWORD dsBufferSize[2];
+-  DWORD dsPointerLeadTime[2]; // the number of bytes ahead of the safe pointer to lead by.
+-  HANDLE condition;
+-
+-  DsHandle()
+-    :drainCounter(0), internalDrain(false) { id[0] = 0; id[1] = 0; buffer[0] = 0; buffer[1] = 0; xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; bufferPointer[0] = 0; bufferPointer[1] = 0; }
+-};
+-
+-// Declarations for utility functions, callbacks, and structures
+-// specific to the DirectSound implementation.
+-static BOOL CALLBACK deviceQueryCallback( LPGUID lpguid,
+-                                          LPCTSTR description,
+-                                          LPCTSTR module,
+-                                          LPVOID lpContext );
+-
+-static const char* getErrorString( int code );
+-
+-static unsigned __stdcall callbackHandler( void *ptr );
+-
+-struct DsDevice {
+-  LPGUID id[2];
+-  bool validId[2];
+-  bool found;
+-  std::string name;
+-
+-  DsDevice()
+-  : found(false) { validId[0] = false; validId[1] = false; }
+-};
+-
+-struct DsProbeData {
+-  bool isInput;
+-  std::vector<struct DsDevice>* dsDevices;
+-};
+-
+-RtApiDs :: RtApiDs()
+-{
+-  // Dsound will run both-threaded. If CoInitialize fails, then just
+-  // accept whatever the mainline chose for a threading model.
+-  coInitialized_ = false;
+-  HRESULT hr = CoInitialize( NULL );
+-  if ( !FAILED( hr ) ) coInitialized_ = true;
+-}
+-
+-RtApiDs :: ~RtApiDs()
+-{
+-  if ( coInitialized_ ) CoUninitialize(); // balanced call.
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
+-}
+-
+-// The DirectSound default output is always the first device.
+-unsigned int RtApiDs :: getDefaultOutputDevice( void )
+-{
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-// The DirectSound default input is always the first input device,
+-// which is the first capture device enumerated.
+-unsigned int RtApiDs :: getDefaultInputDevice( void )
+-{
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiDs :: getDeviceCount( void )
+-{
+-  // Set query flag for previously found devices to false, so that we
+-  // can check for any devices that have disappeared.
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<dsDevices.size(); i++ )
+-    dsDevices[i].found = false;
+-
+-  // Query DirectSound devices.
+-  struct DsProbeData probeInfo;
+-  probeInfo.isInput = false;
+-  probeInfo.dsDevices = &dsDevices;
+-  HRESULT result = DirectSoundEnumerate( (LPDSENUMCALLBACK) deviceQueryCallback, &probeInfo );
+-  if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceCount: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") enumerating output devices!";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-  }
+-
+-  // Query DirectSoundCapture devices.
+-  probeInfo.isInput = true;
+-  result = DirectSoundCaptureEnumerate( (LPDSENUMCALLBACK) deviceQueryCallback, &probeInfo );
+-  if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceCount: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") enumerating input devices!";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-  }
+-
+-  // Clean out any devices that may have disappeared (code update submitted by Eli Zehngut).
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<dsDevices.size(); ) {
+-    if ( dsDevices[i].found == false ) dsDevices.erase( dsDevices.begin() + i );
+-    else i++;
+-  }
+-
+-  return static_cast<unsigned int>(dsDevices.size());
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiDs :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
+-{
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
+-  info.probed = false;
+-
+-  if ( dsDevices.size() == 0 ) {
+-    // Force a query of all devices
+-    getDeviceCount();
+-    if ( dsDevices.size() == 0 ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
+-      error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-      return info;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= dsDevices.size() ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  HRESULT result;
+-  if ( dsDevices[ device ].validId[0] == false ) goto probeInput;
+-
+-  LPDIRECTSOUND output;
+-  DSCAPS outCaps;
+-  result = DirectSoundCreate( dsDevices[ device ].id[0], &output, NULL );
+-  if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") opening output device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    goto probeInput;
+-  }
+-
+-  outCaps.dwSize = sizeof( outCaps );
+-  result = output->GetCaps( &outCaps );
+-  if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-    output->Release();
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting capabilities!";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    goto probeInput;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get output channel information.
+-  info.outputChannels = ( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYSTEREO ) ? 2 : 1;
+-
+-  // Get sample rate information.
+-  info.sampleRates.clear();
+-  for ( unsigned int k=0; k<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; k++ ) {
+-    if ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] >= (unsigned int) outCaps.dwMinSecondarySampleRate &&
+-         SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= (unsigned int) outCaps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate ) {
+-      info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[k] );
+-
+-      if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[k] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
+-        info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[k];
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get format information.
+-  if ( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARY16BIT ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-  if ( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARY8BIT ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-
+-  output->Release();
+-
+-  if ( getDefaultOutputDevice() == device )
+-    info.isDefaultOutput = true;
+-
+-  if ( dsDevices[ device ].validId[1] == false ) {
+-    info.name = dsDevices[ device ].name;
+-    info.probed = true;
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+- probeInput:
+-
+-  LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE input;
+-  result = DirectSoundCaptureCreate( dsDevices[ device ].id[1], &input, NULL );
+-  if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") opening input device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  DSCCAPS inCaps;
+-  inCaps.dwSize = sizeof( inCaps );
+-  result = input->GetCaps( &inCaps );
+-  if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-    input->Release();
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting object capabilities (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get input channel information.
+-  info.inputChannels = inCaps.dwChannels;
+-
+-  // Get sample rate and format information.
+-  std::vector<unsigned int> rates;
+-  if ( inCaps.dwChannels >= 2 ) {
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-
+-    if ( info.nativeFormats & RTAUDIO_SINT16 ) {
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S16 ) rates.push_back( 11025 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S16 ) rates.push_back( 22050 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S16 ) rates.push_back( 44100 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S16 ) rates.push_back( 96000 );
+-    }
+-    else if ( info.nativeFormats & RTAUDIO_SINT8 ) {
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S08 ) rates.push_back( 11025 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S08 ) rates.push_back( 22050 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S08 ) rates.push_back( 44100 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S08 ) rates.push_back( 96000 );
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if ( inCaps.dwChannels == 1 ) {
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-
+-    if ( info.nativeFormats & RTAUDIO_SINT16 ) {
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M16 ) rates.push_back( 11025 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M16 ) rates.push_back( 22050 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M16 ) rates.push_back( 44100 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M16 ) rates.push_back( 96000 );
+-    }
+-    else if ( info.nativeFormats & RTAUDIO_SINT8 ) {
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M08 ) rates.push_back( 11025 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M08 ) rates.push_back( 22050 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M08 ) rates.push_back( 44100 );
+-      if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M08 ) rates.push_back( 96000 );
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else info.inputChannels = 0; // technically, this would be an error
+-
+-  input->Release();
+-
+-  if ( info.inputChannels == 0 ) return info;
+-
+-  // Copy the supported rates to the info structure but avoid duplication.
+-  bool found;
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<rates.size(); i++ ) {
+-    found = false;
+-    for ( unsigned int j=0; j<info.sampleRates.size(); j++ ) {
+-      if ( rates[i] == info.sampleRates[j] ) {
+-        found = true;
+-        break;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    if ( found == false ) info.sampleRates.push_back( rates[i] );
+-  }
+-  std::sort( info.sampleRates.begin(), info.sampleRates.end() );
+-
+-  // If device opens for both playback and capture, we determine the channels.
+-  if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
+-
+-  if ( device == 0 ) info.isDefaultInput = true;
+-
+-  // Copy name and return.
+-  info.name = dsDevices[ device ].name;
+-  info.probed = true;
+-  return info;
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiDs :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                                 unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                                 RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                                 RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
+-{
+-  if ( channels + firstChannel > 2 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: DirectSound does not support more than 2 channels per device.";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  size_t nDevices = dsDevices.size();
+-  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
+-    // This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: no devices found!";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    // This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
+-    if ( dsDevices[ device ].validId[0] == false ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << device << ") does not support output!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else { // mode == INPUT
+-    if ( dsDevices[ device ].validId[1] == false ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << device << ") does not support input!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // According to a note in PortAudio, using GetDesktopWindow()
+-  // instead of GetForegroundWindow() is supposed to avoid problems
+-  // that occur when the application's window is not the foreground
+-  // window.  Also, if the application window closes before the
+-  // DirectSound buffer, DirectSound can crash.  In the past, I had
+-  // problems when using GetDesktopWindow() but it seems fine now
+-  // (January 2010).  I'll leave it commented here.
+-  // HWND hWnd = GetForegroundWindow();
+-  HWND hWnd = GetDesktopWindow();
+-
+-  // Check the numberOfBuffers parameter and limit the lowest value to
+-  // two.  This is a judgement call and a value of two is probably too
+-  // low for capture, but it should work for playback.
+-  int nBuffers = 0;
+-  if ( options ) nBuffers = options->numberOfBuffers;
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY ) nBuffers = 2;
+-  if ( nBuffers < 2 ) nBuffers = 3;
+-
+-  // Check the lower range of the user-specified buffer size and set
+-  // (arbitrarily) to a lower bound of 32.
+-  if ( *bufferSize < 32 ) *bufferSize = 32;
+-
+-  // Create the wave format structure.  The data format setting will
+-  // be determined later.
+-  WAVEFORMATEX waveFormat;
+-  ZeroMemory( &waveFormat, sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX) );
+-  waveFormat.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
+-  waveFormat.nChannels = channels + firstChannel;
+-  waveFormat.nSamplesPerSec = (unsigned long) sampleRate;
+-
+-  // Determine the device buffer size. By default, we'll use the value
+-  // defined above (32K), but we will grow it to make allowances for
+-  // very large software buffer sizes.
+-  DWORD dsBufferSize = MINIMUM_DEVICE_BUFFER_SIZE;
+-  DWORD dsPointerLeadTime = 0;
+-
+-  void *ohandle = 0, *bhandle = 0;
+-  HRESULT result;
+-  if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
+-
+-    LPDIRECTSOUND output;
+-    result = DirectSoundCreate( dsDevices[ device ].id[0], &output, NULL );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") opening output device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    DSCAPS outCaps;
+-    outCaps.dwSize = sizeof( outCaps );
+-    result = output->GetCaps( &outCaps );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      output->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting capabilities (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Check channel information.
+-    if ( channels + firstChannel == 2 && !( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYSTEREO ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: the output device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ") does not support stereo playback.";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Check format information.  Use 16-bit format unless not
+-    // supported or user requests 8-bit.
+-    if ( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARY16BIT &&
+-         !( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 && outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARY8BIT ) ) {
+-      waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 16;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 8;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    }
+-    stream_.userFormat = format;
+-
+-    // Update wave format structure and buffer information.
+-    waveFormat.nBlockAlign = waveFormat.nChannels * waveFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8;
+-    waveFormat.nAvgBytesPerSec = waveFormat.nSamplesPerSec * waveFormat.nBlockAlign;
+-    dsPointerLeadTime = nBuffers * (*bufferSize) * (waveFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8) * channels;
+-
+-    // If the user wants an even bigger buffer, increase the device buffer size accordingly.
+-    while ( dsPointerLeadTime * 2U > dsBufferSize )
+-      dsBufferSize *= 2;
+-
+-    // Set cooperative level to DSSCL_EXCLUSIVE ... sound stops when window focus changes.
+-    // result = output->SetCooperativeLevel( hWnd, DSSCL_EXCLUSIVE );
+-    // Set cooperative level to DSSCL_PRIORITY ... sound remains when window focus changes.
+-    result = output->SetCooperativeLevel( hWnd, DSSCL_PRIORITY );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      output->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") setting cooperative level (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Even though we will write to the secondary buffer, we need to
+-    // access the primary buffer to set the correct output format
+-    // (since the default is 8-bit, 22 kHz!).  Setup the DS primary
+-    // buffer description.
+-    DSBUFFERDESC bufferDescription;
+-    ZeroMemory( &bufferDescription, sizeof( DSBUFFERDESC ) );
+-    bufferDescription.dwSize = sizeof( DSBUFFERDESC );
+-    bufferDescription.dwFlags = DSBCAPS_PRIMARYBUFFER;
+-
+-    // Obtain the primary buffer
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer;
+-    result = output->CreateSoundBuffer( &bufferDescription, &buffer, NULL );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      output->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") accessing primary buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Set the primary DS buffer sound format.
+-    result = buffer->SetFormat( &waveFormat );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      output->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") setting primary buffer format (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Setup the secondary DS buffer description.
+-    ZeroMemory( &bufferDescription, sizeof( DSBUFFERDESC ) );
+-    bufferDescription.dwSize = sizeof( DSBUFFERDESC );
+-    bufferDescription.dwFlags = ( DSBCAPS_STICKYFOCUS |
+-                                  DSBCAPS_GLOBALFOCUS |
+-                                  DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2 |
+-                                  DSBCAPS_LOCHARDWARE );  // Force hardware mixing
+-    bufferDescription.dwBufferBytes = dsBufferSize;
+-    bufferDescription.lpwfxFormat = &waveFormat;
+-
+-    // Try to create the secondary DS buffer.  If that doesn't work,
+-    // try to use software mixing.  Otherwise, there's a problem.
+-    result = output->CreateSoundBuffer( &bufferDescription, &buffer, NULL );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      bufferDescription.dwFlags = ( DSBCAPS_STICKYFOCUS |
+-                                    DSBCAPS_GLOBALFOCUS |
+-                                    DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2 |
+-                                    DSBCAPS_LOCSOFTWARE );  // Force software mixing
+-      result = output->CreateSoundBuffer( &bufferDescription, &buffer, NULL );
+-      if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-        output->Release();
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") creating secondary buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        return FAILURE;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    // Get the buffer size ... might be different from what we specified.
+-    DSBCAPS dsbcaps;
+-    dsbcaps.dwSize = sizeof( DSBCAPS );
+-    result = buffer->GetCaps( &dsbcaps );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      output->Release();
+-      buffer->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting buffer settings (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    dsBufferSize = dsbcaps.dwBufferBytes;
+-
+-    // Lock the DS buffer
+-    LPVOID audioPtr;
+-    DWORD dataLen;
+-    result = buffer->Lock( 0, dsBufferSize, &audioPtr, &dataLen, NULL, NULL, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      output->Release();
+-      buffer->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Zero the DS buffer
+-    ZeroMemory( audioPtr, dataLen );
+-
+-    // Unlock the DS buffer
+-    result = buffer->Unlock( audioPtr, dataLen, NULL, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      output->Release();
+-      buffer->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    ohandle = (void *) output;
+-    bhandle = (void *) buffer;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( mode == INPUT ) {
+-
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE input;
+-    result = DirectSoundCaptureCreate( dsDevices[ device ].id[1], &input, NULL );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") opening input device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    DSCCAPS inCaps;
+-    inCaps.dwSize = sizeof( inCaps );
+-    result = input->GetCaps( &inCaps );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      input->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting input capabilities (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Check channel information.
+-    if ( inCaps.dwChannels < channels + firstChannel ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: the input device does not support requested input channels.";
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Check format information.  Use 16-bit format unless user
+-    // requests 8-bit.
+-    DWORD deviceFormats;
+-    if ( channels + firstChannel == 2 ) {
+-      deviceFormats = WAVE_FORMAT_1S08 | WAVE_FORMAT_2S08 | WAVE_FORMAT_4S08 | WAVE_FORMAT_96S08;
+-      if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 && inCaps.dwFormats & deviceFormats ) {
+-        waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 8;
+-        stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-      }
+-      else { // assume 16-bit is supported
+-        waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 16;
+-        stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else { // channel == 1
+-      deviceFormats = WAVE_FORMAT_1M08 | WAVE_FORMAT_2M08 | WAVE_FORMAT_4M08 | WAVE_FORMAT_96M08;
+-      if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 && inCaps.dwFormats & deviceFormats ) {
+-        waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 8;
+-        stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-      }
+-      else { // assume 16-bit is supported
+-        waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 16;
+-        stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    stream_.userFormat = format;
+-
+-    // Update wave format structure and buffer information.
+-    waveFormat.nBlockAlign = waveFormat.nChannels * waveFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8;
+-    waveFormat.nAvgBytesPerSec = waveFormat.nSamplesPerSec * waveFormat.nBlockAlign;
+-    dsPointerLeadTime = nBuffers * (*bufferSize) * (waveFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8) * channels;
+-
+-    // If the user wants an even bigger buffer, increase the device buffer size accordingly.
+-    while ( dsPointerLeadTime * 2U > dsBufferSize )
+-      dsBufferSize *= 2;
+-
+-    // Setup the secondary DS buffer description.
+-    DSCBUFFERDESC bufferDescription;
+-    ZeroMemory( &bufferDescription, sizeof( DSCBUFFERDESC ) );
+-    bufferDescription.dwSize = sizeof( DSCBUFFERDESC );
+-    bufferDescription.dwFlags = 0;
+-    bufferDescription.dwReserved = 0;
+-    bufferDescription.dwBufferBytes = dsBufferSize;
+-    bufferDescription.lpwfxFormat = &waveFormat;
+-
+-    // Create the capture buffer.
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer;
+-    result = input->CreateCaptureBuffer( &bufferDescription, &buffer, NULL );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      input->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") creating input buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Get the buffer size ... might be different from what we specified.
+-    DSCBCAPS dscbcaps;
+-    dscbcaps.dwSize = sizeof( DSCBCAPS );
+-    result = buffer->GetCaps( &dscbcaps );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      input->Release();
+-      buffer->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting buffer settings (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    dsBufferSize = dscbcaps.dwBufferBytes;
+-
+-    // NOTE: We could have a problem here if this is a duplex stream
+-    // and the play and capture hardware buffer sizes are different
+-    // (I'm actually not sure if that is a problem or not).
+-    // Currently, we are not verifying that.
+-
+-    // Lock the capture buffer
+-    LPVOID audioPtr;
+-    DWORD dataLen;
+-    result = buffer->Lock( 0, dsBufferSize, &audioPtr, &dataLen, NULL, NULL, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      input->Release();
+-      buffer->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking input buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Zero the buffer
+-    ZeroMemory( audioPtr, dataLen );
+-
+-    // Unlock the buffer
+-    result = buffer->Unlock( audioPtr, dataLen, NULL, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      input->Release();
+-      buffer->Release();
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking input buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    ohandle = (void *) input;
+-    bhandle = (void *) buffer;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set various stream parameters
+-  DsHandle *handle = 0;
+-  stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels + firstChannel;
+-  stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
+-  stream_.channelOffset[mode] = firstChannel;
+-  stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = true;
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
+-  else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-
+-  // Set flag for buffer conversion
+-  stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
+-  if (stream_.nUserChannels[mode] != stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode])
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if (stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode])
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
+-       stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-
+-  // Allocate necessary internal buffers
+-  long bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
+-
+-    bool makeBuffer = true;
+-    bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
+-    if ( mode == INPUT ) {
+-      if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-        unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-        if ( bufferBytes <= (long) bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( makeBuffer ) {
+-      bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-      stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
+-        goto error;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Allocate our DsHandle structures for the stream.
+-  if ( stream_.apiHandle == 0 ) {
+-    try {
+-      handle = new DsHandle;
+-    }
+-    catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating AsioHandle memory.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Create a manual-reset event.
+-    handle->condition = CreateEvent( NULL,   // no security
+-                                     TRUE,   // manual-reset
+-                                     FALSE,  // non-signaled initially
+-                                     NULL ); // unnamed
+-    stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
+-  }
+-  else
+-    handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  handle->id[mode] = ohandle;
+-  handle->buffer[mode] = bhandle;
+-  handle->dsBufferSize[mode] = dsBufferSize;
+-  handle->dsPointerLeadTime[mode] = dsPointerLeadTime;
+-
+-  stream_.device[mode] = device;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT )
+-    // We had already set up an output stream.
+-    stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
+-  else
+-    stream_.mode = mode;
+-  stream_.nBuffers = nBuffers;
+-  stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+-
+-  // Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, firstChannel );
+-
+-  // Setup the callback thread.
+-  if ( stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning == false ) {
+-    unsigned threadId;
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = true;
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.thread = _beginthreadex( NULL, 0, &callbackHandler,
+-                                                  &stream_.callbackInfo, 0, &threadId );
+-    if ( stream_.callbackInfo.thread == 0 ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error creating callback thread!";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Boost DS thread priority
+-    SetThreadPriority( (HANDLE) stream_.callbackInfo.thread, THREAD_PRIORITY_HIGHEST );
+-  }
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-
+- error:
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-    if ( handle->buffer[0] ) { // the object pointer can be NULL and valid
+-      LPDIRECTSOUND object = (LPDIRECTSOUND) handle->id[0];
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
+-      if ( buffer ) buffer->Release();
+-      object->Release();
+-    }
+-    if ( handle->buffer[1] ) {
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE object = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE) handle->id[1];
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
+-      if ( buffer ) buffer->Release();
+-      object->Release();
+-    }
+-    CloseHandle( handle->condition );
+-    delete handle;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-  return FAILURE;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiDs :: closeStream()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Stop the callback thread.
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
+-  WaitForSingleObject( (HANDLE) stream_.callbackInfo.thread, INFINITE );
+-  CloseHandle( (HANDLE) stream_.callbackInfo.thread );
+-
+-  DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-    if ( handle->buffer[0] ) { // the object pointer can be NULL and valid
+-      LPDIRECTSOUND object = (LPDIRECTSOUND) handle->id[0];
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
+-      if ( buffer ) {
+-        buffer->Stop();
+-        buffer->Release();
+-      }
+-      object->Release();
+-    }
+-    if ( handle->buffer[1] ) {
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE object = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE) handle->id[1];
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
+-      if ( buffer ) {
+-        buffer->Stop();
+-        buffer->Release();
+-      }
+-      object->Release();
+-    }
+-    CloseHandle( handle->condition );
+-    delete handle;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiDs :: startStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-
+-  // Increase scheduler frequency on lesser windows (a side-effect of
+-  // increasing timer accuracy).  On greater windows (Win2K or later),
+-  // this is already in effect.
+-  timeBeginPeriod( 1 );
+-
+-  buffersRolling = false;
+-  duplexPrerollBytes = 0;
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    // 0.5 seconds of silence in DUPLEX mode while the devices spin up and synchronize.
+-    duplexPrerollBytes = (int) ( 0.5 * stream_.sampleRate * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[1] ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1] );
+-  }
+-
+-  HRESULT result = 0;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
+-    result = buffer->Play( 0, 0, DSBPLAY_LOOPING );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::startStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") starting output buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
+-    result = buffer->Start( DSCBSTART_LOOPING );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::startStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") starting input buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  handle->drainCounter = 0;
+-  handle->internalDrain = false;
+-  ResetEvent( handle->condition );
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
+-
+- unlock:
+-  if ( FAILED( result ) ) error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiDs :: stopStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  HRESULT result = 0;
+-  LPVOID audioPtr;
+-  DWORD dataLen;
+-  DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
+-      handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-      WaitForSingleObject( handle->condition, INFINITE );  // block until signaled
+-    }
+-
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+-    MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-    // Stop the buffer and clear memory
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
+-    result = buffer->Stop();
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") stopping output buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Lock the buffer and clear it so that if we start to play again,
+-    // we won't have old data playing.
+-    result = buffer->Lock( 0, handle->dsBufferSize[0], &audioPtr, &dataLen, NULL, NULL, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking output buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Zero the DS buffer
+-    ZeroMemory( audioPtr, dataLen );
+-
+-    // Unlock the DS buffer
+-    result = buffer->Unlock( audioPtr, dataLen, NULL, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking output buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // If we start playing again, we must begin at beginning of buffer.
+-    handle->bufferPointer[0] = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
+-    audioPtr = NULL;
+-    dataLen = 0;
+-
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+-    if ( stream_.mode != DUPLEX )
+-      MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-    result = buffer->Stop();
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") stopping input buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Lock the buffer and clear it so that if we start to play again,
+-    // we won't have old data playing.
+-    result = buffer->Lock( 0, handle->dsBufferSize[1], &audioPtr, &dataLen, NULL, NULL, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking input buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Zero the DS buffer
+-    ZeroMemory( audioPtr, dataLen );
+-
+-    // Unlock the DS buffer
+-    result = buffer->Unlock( audioPtr, dataLen, NULL, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking input buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // If we start recording again, we must begin at beginning of buffer.
+-    handle->bufferPointer[1] = 0;
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  timeEndPeriod( 1 ); // revert to normal scheduler frequency on lesser windows.
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  if ( FAILED( result ) ) error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiDs :: abortStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-
+-  stopStream();
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiDs :: callbackEvent()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED || stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPING ) {
+-    Sleep( 50 ); // sleep 50 milliseconds
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiDs::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) &stream_.callbackInfo;
+-  DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-
+-  // Check if we were draining the stream and signal is finished.
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter > stream_.nBuffers + 2 ) {
+-
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-    if ( handle->internalDrain == false )
+-      SetEvent( handle->condition );
+-    else
+-      stopStream();
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Invoke user callback to get fresh output data UNLESS we are
+-  // draining stream.
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
+-    RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) info->callback;
+-    double streamTime = getStreamTime();
+-    RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
+-    if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && handle->xrun[0] == true ) {
+-      status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
+-      handle->xrun[0] = false;
+-    }
+-    if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && handle->xrun[1] == true ) {
+-      status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
+-      handle->xrun[1] = false;
+-    }
+-    int cbReturnValue = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                                  stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, info->userData );
+-    if ( cbReturnValue == 2 ) {
+-      stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
+-      handle->drainCounter = 2;
+-      abortStream();
+-      return;
+-    }
+-    else if ( cbReturnValue == 1 ) {
+-      handle->drainCounter = 1;
+-      handle->internalDrain = true;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  HRESULT result;
+-  DWORD currentWritePointer, safeWritePointer;
+-  DWORD currentReadPointer, safeReadPointer;
+-  UINT nextWritePointer;
+-
+-  LPVOID buffer1 = NULL;
+-  LPVOID buffer2 = NULL;
+-  DWORD bufferSize1 = 0;
+-  DWORD bufferSize2 = 0;
+-
+-  char *buffer;
+-  long bufferBytes;
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( buffersRolling == false ) {
+-    if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-      //assert( handle->dsBufferSize[0] == handle->dsBufferSize[1] );
+-
+-      // It takes a while for the devices to get rolling. As a result,
+-      // there's no guarantee that the capture and write device pointers
+-      // will move in lockstep.  Wait here for both devices to start
+-      // rolling, and then set our buffer pointers accordingly.
+-      // e.g. Crystal Drivers: the capture buffer starts up 5700 to 9600
+-      // bytes later than the write buffer.
+-
+-      // Stub: a serious risk of having a pre-emptive scheduling round
+-      // take place between the two GetCurrentPosition calls... but I'm
+-      // really not sure how to solve the problem.  Temporarily boost to
+-      // Realtime priority, maybe; but I'm not sure what priority the
+-      // DirectSound service threads run at. We *should* be roughly
+-      // within a ms or so of correct.
+-
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsWriteBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER dsCaptureBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
+-
+-      DWORD startSafeWritePointer, startSafeReadPointer;
+-
+-      result = dsWriteBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( NULL, &startSafeWritePointer );
+-      if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current write position!";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-        error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-        return;
+-      }
+-      result = dsCaptureBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( NULL, &startSafeReadPointer );
+-      if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current read position!";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-        error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-        return;
+-      }
+-      while ( true ) {
+-        result = dsWriteBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( NULL, &safeWritePointer );
+-        if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-          errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current write position!";
+-          errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-          MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-          error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-          return;
+-        }
+-        result = dsCaptureBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( NULL, &safeReadPointer );
+-        if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-          errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current read position!";
+-          errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-          MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-          error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-          return;
+-        }
+-        if ( safeWritePointer != startSafeWritePointer && safeReadPointer != startSafeReadPointer ) break;
+-        Sleep( 1 );
+-      }
+-
+-      //assert( handle->dsBufferSize[0] == handle->dsBufferSize[1] );
+-
+-      handle->bufferPointer[0] = safeWritePointer + handle->dsPointerLeadTime[0];
+-      if ( handle->bufferPointer[0] >= handle->dsBufferSize[0] ) handle->bufferPointer[0] -= handle->dsBufferSize[0];
+-      handle->bufferPointer[1] = safeReadPointer;
+-    }
+-    else if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT ) {
+-
+-      // Set the proper nextWritePosition after initial startup.
+-      LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsWriteBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
+-      result = dsWriteBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( &currentWritePointer, &safeWritePointer );
+-      if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current write position!";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-        error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-        return;
+-      }
+-      handle->bufferPointer[0] = safeWritePointer + handle->dsPointerLeadTime[0];
+-      if ( handle->bufferPointer[0] >= handle->dsBufferSize[0] ) handle->bufferPointer[0] -= handle->dsBufferSize[0];
+-    }
+-
+-    buffersRolling = true;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
+-
+-    if ( handle->drainCounter > 1 ) { // write zeros to the output stream
+-      bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0];
+-      bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-      memset( stream_.userBuffer[0], 0, bufferBytes );
+-    }
+-
+-    // Setup parameters and do buffer conversion if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
+-      buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-      convertBuffer( buffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
+-      bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
+-      bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      buffer = stream_.userBuffer[0];
+-      bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0];
+-      bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-    }
+-
+-    // No byte swapping necessary in DirectSound implementation.
+-
+-    // Ahhh ... windoze.  16-bit data is signed but 8-bit data is
+-    // unsigned.  So, we need to convert our signed 8-bit data here to
+-    // unsigned.
+-    if ( stream_.deviceFormat[0] == RTAUDIO_SINT8 )
+-      for ( int i=0; i<bufferBytes; i++ ) buffer[i] = (unsigned char) ( buffer[i] + 128 );
+-
+-    DWORD dsBufferSize = handle->dsBufferSize[0];
+-    nextWritePointer = handle->bufferPointer[0];
+-
+-    DWORD endWrite, leadPointer;
+-    while ( true ) {
+-      // Find out where the read and "safe write" pointers are.
+-      result = dsBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( &currentWritePointer, &safeWritePointer );
+-      if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current write position!";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-        error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-        return;
+-      }
+-
+-      // We will copy our output buffer into the region between
+-      // safeWritePointer and leadPointer.  If leadPointer is not
+-      // beyond the next endWrite position, wait until it is.
+-      leadPointer = safeWritePointer + handle->dsPointerLeadTime[0];
+-      //std::cout << "safeWritePointer = " << safeWritePointer << ", leadPointer = " << leadPointer << ", nextWritePointer = " << nextWritePointer << std::endl;
+-      if ( leadPointer > dsBufferSize ) leadPointer -= dsBufferSize;
+-      if ( leadPointer < nextWritePointer ) leadPointer += dsBufferSize; // unwrap offset
+-      endWrite = nextWritePointer + bufferBytes;
+-
+-      // Check whether the entire write region is behind the play pointer.
+-      if ( leadPointer >= endWrite ) break;
+-
+-      // If we are here, then we must wait until the leadPointer advances
+-      // beyond the end of our next write region. We use the
+-      // Sleep() function to suspend operation until that happens.
+-      double millis = ( endWrite - leadPointer ) * 1000.0;
+-      millis /= ( formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0]) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * stream_.sampleRate);
+-      if ( millis < 1.0 ) millis = 1.0;
+-      Sleep( (DWORD) millis );
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( dsPointerBetween( nextWritePointer, safeWritePointer, currentWritePointer, dsBufferSize )
+-         || dsPointerBetween( endWrite, safeWritePointer, currentWritePointer, dsBufferSize ) ) {
+-      // We've strayed into the forbidden zone ... resync the read pointer.
+-      handle->xrun[0] = true;
+-      nextWritePointer = safeWritePointer + handle->dsPointerLeadTime[0] - bufferBytes;
+-      if ( nextWritePointer >= dsBufferSize ) nextWritePointer -= dsBufferSize;
+-      handle->bufferPointer[0] = nextWritePointer;
+-      endWrite = nextWritePointer + bufferBytes;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Lock free space in the buffer
+-    result = dsBuffer->Lock( nextWritePointer, bufferBytes, &buffer1,
+-                             &bufferSize1, &buffer2, &bufferSize2, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking buffer during playback!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Copy our buffer into the DS buffer
+-    CopyMemory( buffer1, buffer, bufferSize1 );
+-    if ( buffer2 != NULL ) CopyMemory( buffer2, buffer+bufferSize1, bufferSize2 );
+-
+-    // Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer
+-    dsBuffer->Unlock( buffer1, bufferSize1, buffer2, bufferSize2 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking buffer during playback!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-    nextWritePointer = ( nextWritePointer + bufferSize1 + bufferSize2 ) % dsBufferSize;
+-    handle->bufferPointer[0] = nextWritePointer;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Don't bother draining input
+-  if ( handle->drainCounter ) {
+-    handle->drainCounter++;
+-    goto unlock;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    // Setup parameters.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
+-      buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-      bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
+-      bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[1] );
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      buffer = stream_.userBuffer[1];
+-      bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[1];
+-      bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-    }
+-
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER dsBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
+-    long nextReadPointer = handle->bufferPointer[1];
+-    DWORD dsBufferSize = handle->dsBufferSize[1];
+-
+-    // Find out where the write and "safe read" pointers are.
+-    result = dsBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( &currentReadPointer, &safeReadPointer );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current read position!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( safeReadPointer < (DWORD)nextReadPointer ) safeReadPointer += dsBufferSize; // unwrap offset
+-    DWORD endRead = nextReadPointer + bufferBytes;
+-
+-    // Handling depends on whether we are INPUT or DUPLEX.
+-    // If we're in INPUT mode then waiting is a good thing. If we're in DUPLEX mode,
+-    // then a wait here will drag the write pointers into the forbidden zone.
+-    //
+-    // In DUPLEX mode, rather than wait, we will back off the read pointer until
+-    // it's in a safe position. This causes dropouts, but it seems to be the only
+-    // practical way to sync up the read and write pointers reliably, given the
+-    // the very complex relationship between phase and increment of the read and write
+-    // pointers.
+-    //
+-    // In order to minimize audible dropouts in DUPLEX mode, we will
+-    // provide a pre-roll period of 0.5 seconds in which we return
+-    // zeros from the read buffer while the pointers sync up.
+-
+-    if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-      if ( safeReadPointer < endRead ) {
+-        if ( duplexPrerollBytes <= 0 ) {
+-          // Pre-roll time over. Be more agressive.
+-          int adjustment = endRead-safeReadPointer;
+-
+-          handle->xrun[1] = true;
+-          // Two cases:
+-          //   - large adjustments: we've probably run out of CPU cycles, so just resync exactly,
+-          //     and perform fine adjustments later.
+-          //   - small adjustments: back off by twice as much.
+-          if ( adjustment >= 2*bufferBytes )
+-            nextReadPointer = safeReadPointer-2*bufferBytes;
+-          else
+-            nextReadPointer = safeReadPointer-bufferBytes-adjustment;
+-
+-          if ( nextReadPointer < 0 ) nextReadPointer += dsBufferSize;
+-
+-        }
+-        else {
+-          // In pre=roll time. Just do it.
+-          nextReadPointer = safeReadPointer - bufferBytes;
+-          while ( nextReadPointer < 0 ) nextReadPointer += dsBufferSize;
+-        }
+-        endRead = nextReadPointer + bufferBytes;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else { // mode == INPUT
+-      while ( safeReadPointer < endRead && stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning ) {
+-        // See comments for playback.
+-        double millis = (endRead - safeReadPointer) * 1000.0;
+-        millis /= ( formatBytes(stream_.deviceFormat[1]) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1] * stream_.sampleRate);
+-        if ( millis < 1.0 ) millis = 1.0;
+-        Sleep( (DWORD) millis );
+-
+-        // Wake up and find out where we are now.
+-        result = dsBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( &currentReadPointer, &safeReadPointer );
+-        if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-          errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current read position!";
+-          errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-          MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-          error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-          return;
+-        }
+-
+-        if ( safeReadPointer < (DWORD)nextReadPointer ) safeReadPointer += dsBufferSize; // unwrap offset
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    // Lock free space in the buffer
+-    result = dsBuffer->Lock( nextReadPointer, bufferBytes, &buffer1,
+-                             &bufferSize1, &buffer2, &bufferSize2, 0 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking capture buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( duplexPrerollBytes <= 0 ) {
+-      // Copy our buffer into the DS buffer
+-      CopyMemory( buffer, buffer1, bufferSize1 );
+-      if ( buffer2 != NULL ) CopyMemory( buffer+bufferSize1, buffer2, bufferSize2 );
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      memset( buffer, 0, bufferSize1 );
+-      if ( buffer2 != NULL ) memset( buffer + bufferSize1, 0, bufferSize2 );
+-      duplexPrerollBytes -= bufferSize1 + bufferSize2;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer
+-    nextReadPointer = ( nextReadPointer + bufferSize1 + bufferSize2 ) % dsBufferSize;
+-    dsBuffer->Unlock( buffer1, bufferSize1, buffer2, bufferSize2 );
+-    if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking capture buffer!";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-    handle->bufferPointer[1] = nextReadPointer;
+-
+-    // No byte swapping necessary in DirectSound implementation.
+-
+-    // If necessary, convert 8-bit data from unsigned to signed.
+-    if ( stream_.deviceFormat[1] == RTAUDIO_SINT8 )
+-      for ( int j=0; j<bufferBytes; j++ ) buffer[j] = (signed char) ( buffer[j] - 128 );
+-
+-    // Do buffer conversion if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] )
+-      convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  RtApi::tickStreamTime();
+-}
+-
+-// Definitions for utility functions and callbacks
+-// specific to the DirectSound implementation.
+-
+-static unsigned __stdcall callbackHandler( void *ptr )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
+-  RtApiDs *object = (RtApiDs *) info->object;
+-  bool* isRunning = &info->isRunning;
+-
+-  while ( *isRunning == true ) {
+-    object->callbackEvent();
+-  }
+-
+-  _endthreadex( 0 );
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-static BOOL CALLBACK deviceQueryCallback( LPGUID lpguid,
+-                                          LPCTSTR description,
+-                                          LPCTSTR /*module*/,
+-                                          LPVOID lpContext )
+-{
+-  struct DsProbeData& probeInfo = *(struct DsProbeData*) lpContext;
+-  std::vector<struct DsDevice>& dsDevices = *probeInfo.dsDevices;
+-
+-  HRESULT hr;
+-  bool validDevice = false;
+-  if ( probeInfo.isInput == true ) {
+-    DSCCAPS caps;
+-    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE object;
+-
+-    hr = DirectSoundCaptureCreate(  lpguid, &object,   NULL );
+-    if ( hr != DS_OK ) return TRUE;
+-
+-    caps.dwSize = sizeof(caps);
+-    hr = object->GetCaps( &caps );
+-    if ( hr == DS_OK ) {
+-      if ( caps.dwChannels > 0 && caps.dwFormats > 0 )
+-        validDevice = true;
+-    }
+-    object->Release();
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    DSCAPS caps;
+-    LPDIRECTSOUND object;
+-    hr = DirectSoundCreate(  lpguid, &object,   NULL );
+-    if ( hr != DS_OK ) return TRUE;
+-
+-    caps.dwSize = sizeof(caps);
+-    hr = object->GetCaps( &caps );
+-    if ( hr == DS_OK ) {
+-      if ( caps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYMONO || caps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYSTEREO )
+-        validDevice = true;
+-    }
+-    object->Release();
+-  }
+-
+-  // If good device, then save its name and guid.
+-  std::string name = convertCharPointerToStdString( description );
+-  //if ( name == "Primary Sound Driver" || name == "Primary Sound Capture Driver" )
+-  if ( lpguid == NULL )
+-    name = "Default Device";
+-  if ( validDevice ) {
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<dsDevices.size(); i++ ) {
+-      if ( dsDevices[i].name == name ) {
+-        dsDevices[i].found = true;
+-        if ( probeInfo.isInput ) {
+-          dsDevices[i].id[1] = lpguid;
+-          dsDevices[i].validId[1] = true;
+-        }
+-        else {
+-          dsDevices[i].id[0] = lpguid;
+-          dsDevices[i].validId[0] = true;
+-        }
+-        return TRUE;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    DsDevice device;
+-    device.name = name;
+-    device.found = true;
+-    if ( probeInfo.isInput ) {
+-      device.id[1] = lpguid;
+-      device.validId[1] = true;
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      device.id[0] = lpguid;
+-      device.validId[0] = true;
+-    }
+-    dsDevices.push_back( device );
+-  }
+-
+-  return TRUE;
+-}
+-
+-static const char* getErrorString( int code )
+-{
+-  switch ( code ) {
+-
+-  case DSERR_ALLOCATED:
+-    return "Already allocated";
+-
+-  case DSERR_CONTROLUNAVAIL:
+-    return "Control unavailable";
+-
+-  case DSERR_INVALIDPARAM:
+-    return "Invalid parameter";
+-
+-  case DSERR_INVALIDCALL:
+-    return "Invalid call";
+-
+-  case DSERR_GENERIC:
+-    return "Generic error";
+-
+-  case DSERR_PRIOLEVELNEEDED:
+-    return "Priority level needed";
+-
+-  case DSERR_OUTOFMEMORY:
+-    return "Out of memory";
+-
+-  case DSERR_BADFORMAT:
+-    return "The sample rate or the channel format is not supported";
+-
+-  case DSERR_UNSUPPORTED:
+-    return "Not supported";
+-
+-  case DSERR_NODRIVER:
+-    return "No driver";
+-
+-  case DSERR_ALREADYINITIALIZED:
+-    return "Already initialized";
+-
+-  case DSERR_NOAGGREGATION:
+-    return "No aggregation";
+-
+-  case DSERR_BUFFERLOST:
+-    return "Buffer lost";
+-
+-  case DSERR_OTHERAPPHASPRIO:
+-    return "Another application already has priority";
+-
+-  case DSERR_UNINITIALIZED:
+-    return "Uninitialized";
+-
+-  default:
+-    return "DirectSound unknown error";
+-  }
+-}
+-//******************** End of __WINDOWS_DS__ *********************//
+-#endif
+-
+-
+-#if defined(__LINUX_ALSA__)
+-
+-#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
+-#include <unistd.h>
+-
+-  // A structure to hold various information related to the ALSA API
+-  // implementation.
+-struct AlsaHandle {
+-  snd_pcm_t *handles[2];
+-  bool synchronized;
+-  bool xrun[2];
+-  pthread_cond_t runnable_cv;
+-  bool runnable;
+-
+-  AlsaHandle()
+-    :synchronized(false), runnable(false) { xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; }
+-};
+-
+-static void *alsaCallbackHandler( void * ptr );
+-
+-RtApiAlsa :: RtApiAlsa()
+-{
+-  // Nothing to do here.
+-}
+-
+-RtApiAlsa :: ~RtApiAlsa()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiAlsa :: getDeviceCount( void )
+-{
+-  unsigned nDevices = 0;
+-  int result, subdevice, card;
+-  char name[64];
+-  snd_ctl_t *handle;
+-
+-  // Count cards and devices
+-  card = -1;
+-  snd_card_next( &card );
+-  while ( card >= 0 ) {
+-    sprintf( name, "hw:%d", card );
+-    result = snd_ctl_open( &handle, name, 0 );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceCount: control open, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      goto nextcard;
+-    }
+-    subdevice = -1;
+-    while( 1 ) {
+-      result = snd_ctl_pcm_next_device( handle, &subdevice );
+-      if ( result < 0 ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceCount: control next device, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-        break;
+-      }
+-      if ( subdevice < 0 )
+-        break;
+-      nDevices++;
+-    }
+-  nextcard:
+-    snd_ctl_close( handle );
+-    snd_card_next( &card );
+-  }
+-
+-  result = snd_ctl_open( &handle, "default", 0 );
+-  if (result == 0) {
+-    nDevices++;
+-    snd_ctl_close( handle );
+-  }
+-
+-  return nDevices;
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiAlsa :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
+-{
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
+-  info.probed = false;
+-
+-  unsigned nDevices = 0;
+-  int result, subdevice, card;
+-  char name[64];
+-  snd_ctl_t *chandle;
+-
+-  // Count cards and devices
+-  card = -1;
+-  subdevice = -1;
+-  snd_card_next( &card );
+-  while ( card >= 0 ) {
+-    sprintf( name, "hw:%d", card );
+-    result = snd_ctl_open( &chandle, name, SND_CTL_NONBLOCK );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: control open, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      goto nextcard;
+-    }
+-    subdevice = -1;
+-    while( 1 ) {
+-      result = snd_ctl_pcm_next_device( chandle, &subdevice );
+-      if ( result < 0 ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: control next device, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-        break;
+-      }
+-      if ( subdevice < 0 ) break;
+-      if ( nDevices == device ) {
+-        sprintf( name, "hw:%d,%d", card, subdevice );
+-        goto foundDevice;
+-      }
+-      nDevices++;
+-    }
+-  nextcard:
+-    snd_ctl_close( chandle );
+-    snd_card_next( &card );
+-  }
+-
+-  result = snd_ctl_open( &chandle, "default", SND_CTL_NONBLOCK );
+-  if ( result == 0 ) {
+-    if ( nDevices == device ) {
+-      strcpy( name, "default" );
+-      goto foundDevice;
+-    }
+-    nDevices++;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+- foundDevice:
+-
+-  // If a stream is already open, we cannot probe the stream devices.
+-  // Thus, use the saved results.
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED &&
+-       ( stream_.device[0] == device || stream_.device[1] == device ) ) {
+-    snd_ctl_close( chandle );
+-    if ( device >= devices_.size() ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: device ID was not present before stream was opened.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      return info;
+-    }
+-    return devices_[ device ];
+-  }
+-
+-  int openMode = SND_PCM_ASYNC;
+-  snd_pcm_stream_t stream;
+-  snd_pcm_info_t *pcminfo;
+-  snd_pcm_info_alloca( &pcminfo );
+-  snd_pcm_t *phandle;
+-  snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params;
+-  snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &params );
+-
+-  // First try for playback unless default device (which has subdev -1)
+-  stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK;
+-  snd_pcm_info_set_stream( pcminfo, stream );
+-  if ( subdevice != -1 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_info_set_device( pcminfo, subdevice );
+-    snd_pcm_info_set_subdevice( pcminfo, 0 );
+-
+-    result = snd_ctl_pcm_info( chandle, pcminfo );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      // Device probably doesn't support playback.
+-      goto captureProbe;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  result = snd_pcm_open( &phandle, name, stream, openMode | SND_PCM_NONBLOCK );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_open error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    goto captureProbe;
+-  }
+-
+-  // The device is open ... fill the parameter structure.
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_any( phandle, params );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_hw_params error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    goto captureProbe;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get output channel information.
+-  unsigned int value;
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_max( params, &value );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: error getting device (" << name << ") output channels, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    goto captureProbe;
+-  }
+-  info.outputChannels = value;
+-  snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-
+- captureProbe:
+-  stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;
+-  snd_pcm_info_set_stream( pcminfo, stream );
+-
+-  // Now try for capture unless default device (with subdev = -1)
+-  if ( subdevice != -1 ) {
+-    result = snd_ctl_pcm_info( chandle, pcminfo );
+-    snd_ctl_close( chandle );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      // Device probably doesn't support capture.
+-      if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) return info;
+-      goto probeParameters;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else
+-    snd_ctl_close( chandle );
+-
+-  result = snd_pcm_open( &phandle, name, stream, openMode | SND_PCM_NONBLOCK);
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_open error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) return info;
+-    goto probeParameters;
+-  }
+-
+-  // The device is open ... fill the parameter structure.
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_any( phandle, params );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_hw_params error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) return info;
+-    goto probeParameters;
+-  }
+-
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_max( params, &value );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: error getting device (" << name << ") input channels, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) return info;
+-    goto probeParameters;
+-  }
+-  info.inputChannels = value;
+-  snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-
+-  // If device opens for both playback and capture, we determine the channels.
+-  if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
+-
+-  // ALSA doesn't provide default devices so we'll use the first available one.
+-  if ( device == 0 && info.outputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.isDefaultOutput = true;
+-  if ( device == 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
+-    info.isDefaultInput = true;
+-
+- probeParameters:
+-  // At this point, we just need to figure out the supported data
+-  // formats and sample rates.  We'll proceed by opening the device in
+-  // the direction with the maximum number of channels, or playback if
+-  // they are equal.  This might limit our sample rate options, but so
+-  // be it.
+-
+-  if ( info.outputChannels >= info.inputChannels )
+-    stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK;
+-  else
+-    stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;
+-  snd_pcm_info_set_stream( pcminfo, stream );
+-
+-  result = snd_pcm_open( &phandle, name, stream, openMode | SND_PCM_NONBLOCK);
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_open error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // The device is open ... fill the parameter structure.
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_any( phandle, params );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_hw_params error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Test our discrete set of sample rate values.
+-  info.sampleRates.clear();
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; i++ ) {
+-    if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_rate( phandle, params, SAMPLE_RATES[i], 0 ) == 0 ) {
+-      info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[i] );
+-
+-      if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[i] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[i] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
+-        info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[i];
+-    }
+-  }
+-  if ( info.sampleRates.size() == 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: no supported sample rates found for device (" << name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Probe the supported data formats ... we don't care about endian-ness just yet
+-  snd_pcm_format_t format;
+-  info.nativeFormats = 0;
+-  format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-  format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-  format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-  format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-  format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-  format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
+-
+-  // Check that we have at least one supported format
+-  if ( info.nativeFormats == 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: pcm device (" << name << ") data format not supported by RtAudio.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Get the device name
+-  char *cardname;
+-  result = snd_card_get_name( card, &cardname );
+-  if ( result >= 0 ) {
+-    sprintf( name, "hw:%s,%d", cardname, subdevice );
+-    free( cardname );
+-  }
+-  info.name = name;
+-
+-  // That's all ... close the device and return
+-  snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-  info.probed = true;
+-  return info;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAlsa :: saveDeviceInfo( void )
+-{
+-  devices_.clear();
+-
+-  unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
+-  devices_.resize( nDevices );
+-  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nDevices; i++ )
+-    devices_[i] = getDeviceInfo( i );
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiAlsa :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                                   unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                                   RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                                   RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
+-
+-{
+-#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
+-  snd_output_t *out;
+-  snd_output_stdio_attach(&out, stderr, 0);
+-#endif
+-
+-  // I'm not using the "plug" interface ... too much inconsistent behavior.
+-
+-  unsigned nDevices = 0;
+-  int result, subdevice, card;
+-  char name[64];
+-  snd_ctl_t *chandle;
+-
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT )
+-    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s", "default");
+-  else {
+-    // Count cards and devices
+-    card = -1;
+-    snd_card_next( &card );
+-    while ( card >= 0 ) {
+-      sprintf( name, "hw:%d", card );
+-      result = snd_ctl_open( &chandle, name, SND_CTL_NONBLOCK );
+-      if ( result < 0 ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: control open, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        return FAILURE;
+-      }
+-      subdevice = -1;
+-      while( 1 ) {
+-        result = snd_ctl_pcm_next_device( chandle, &subdevice );
+-        if ( result < 0 ) break;
+-        if ( subdevice < 0 ) break;
+-        if ( nDevices == device ) {
+-          sprintf( name, "hw:%d,%d", card, subdevice );
+-          snd_ctl_close( chandle );
+-          goto foundDevice;
+-        }
+-        nDevices++;
+-      }
+-      snd_ctl_close( chandle );
+-      snd_card_next( &card );
+-    }
+-
+-    result = snd_ctl_open( &chandle, "default", SND_CTL_NONBLOCK );
+-    if ( result == 0 ) {
+-      if ( nDevices == device ) {
+-        strcpy( name, "default" );
+-        goto foundDevice;
+-      }
+-      nDevices++;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
+-      // This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: no devices found!";
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-      // This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- foundDevice:
+-
+-  // The getDeviceInfo() function will not work for a device that is
+-  // already open.  Thus, we'll probe the system before opening a
+-  // stream and save the results for use by getDeviceInfo().
+-  if ( mode == OUTPUT || ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode != OUTPUT ) ) // only do once
+-    this->saveDeviceInfo();
+-
+-  snd_pcm_stream_t stream;
+-  if ( mode == OUTPUT )
+-    stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK;
+-  else
+-    stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;
+-
+-  snd_pcm_t *phandle;
+-  int openMode = SND_PCM_ASYNC;
+-  result = snd_pcm_open( &phandle, name, stream, openMode );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    if ( mode == OUTPUT )
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: pcm device (" << name << ") won't open for output.";
+-    else
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: pcm device (" << name << ") won't open for input.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Fill the parameter structure.
+-  snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hw_params;
+-  snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &hw_params );
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_any( phandle, hw_params );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error getting pcm device (" << name << ") parameters, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
+-  fprintf( stderr, "\nRtApiAlsa: dump hardware params just after device open:\n\n" );
+-  snd_pcm_hw_params_dump( hw_params, out );
+-#endif
+-
+-  // Set access ... check user preference.
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) {
+-    stream_.userInterleaved = false;
+-    result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( phandle, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( phandle, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED );
+-      stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] =  true;
+-    }
+-    else
+-      stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = false;
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-    result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( phandle, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( phandle, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED );
+-      stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] =  false;
+-    }
+-    else
+-      stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] =  true;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting pcm device (" << name << ") access, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Determine how to set the device format.
+-  stream_.userFormat = format;
+-  snd_pcm_format_t deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
+-
+-  if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 )
+-    deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT16 )
+-    deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT24 )
+-    deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT32 )
+-    deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32 )
+-    deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64 )
+-    deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64;
+-
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat) == 0) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = format;
+-    goto setFormat;
+-  }
+-
+-  // The user requested format is not natively supported by the device.
+-  deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
+-    goto setFormat;
+-  }
+-
+-  deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-    goto setFormat;
+-  }
+-
+-  deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-    goto setFormat;
+-  }
+-
+-  deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-    goto setFormat;
+-  }
+-
+-  deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    goto setFormat;
+-  }
+-
+-  deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
+-  if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    goto setFormat;
+-  }
+-
+-  // If we get here, no supported format was found.
+-  snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-  errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: pcm device " << device << " data format not supported by RtAudio.";
+-  errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-  return FAILURE;
+-
+- setFormat:
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format( phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting pcm device (" << name << ") data format, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Determine whether byte-swaping is necessary.
+-  stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
+-  if ( deviceFormat != SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8 ) {
+-    result = snd_pcm_format_cpu_endian( deviceFormat );
+-    if ( result == 0 )
+-      stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-    else if (result < 0) {
+-      snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error getting pcm device (" << name << ") endian-ness, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set the sample rate.
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near( phandle, hw_params, (unsigned int*) &sampleRate, 0 );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting sample rate on device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Determine the number of channels for this device.  We support a possible
+-  // minimum device channel number > than the value requested by the user.
+-  stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  unsigned int value;
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_max( hw_params, &value );
+-  unsigned int deviceChannels = value;
+-  if ( result < 0 || deviceChannels < channels + firstChannel ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: requested channel parameters not supported by device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_min( hw_params, &value );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error getting minimum channels for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-  deviceChannels = value;
+-  if ( deviceChannels < channels + firstChannel ) deviceChannels = channels + firstChannel;
+-  stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = deviceChannels;
+-
+-  // Set the device channels.
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels( phandle, hw_params, deviceChannels );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting channels for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set the buffer (or period) size.
+-  int dir = 0;
+-  snd_pcm_uframes_t periodSize = *bufferSize;
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near( phandle, hw_params, &periodSize, &dir );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting period size for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-  *bufferSize = periodSize;
+-
+-  // Set the buffer number, which in ALSA is referred to as the "period".
+-  unsigned int periods = 0;
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY ) periods = 2;
+-  if ( options && options->numberOfBuffers > 0 ) periods = options->numberOfBuffers;
+-  if ( periods < 2 ) periods = 4; // a fairly safe default value
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near( phandle, hw_params, &periods, &dir );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting periods for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // If attempting to setup a duplex stream, the bufferSize parameter
+-  // MUST be the same in both directions!
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT && *bufferSize != stream_.bufferSize ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: system error setting buffer size for duplex stream on device (" << name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
+-
+-  // Install the hardware configuration
+-  result = snd_pcm_hw_params( phandle, hw_params );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error installing hardware configuration on device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
+-  fprintf(stderr, "\nRtApiAlsa: dump hardware params after installation:\n\n");
+-  snd_pcm_hw_params_dump( hw_params, out );
+-#endif
+-
+-  // Set the software configuration to fill buffers with zeros and prevent device stopping on xruns.
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_t *sw_params = NULL;
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_alloca( &sw_params );
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_current( phandle, sw_params );
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold( phandle, sw_params, *bufferSize );
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold( phandle, sw_params, ULONG_MAX );
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_threshold( phandle, sw_params, 0 );
+-
+-  // The following two settings were suggested by Theo Veenker
+-  //snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min( phandle, sw_params, *bufferSize );
+-  //snd_pcm_sw_params_set_xfer_align( phandle, sw_params, 1 );
+-
+-  // here are two options for a fix
+-  //snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_size( phandle, sw_params, ULONG_MAX );
+-  snd_pcm_uframes_t val;
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_get_boundary( sw_params, &val );
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_size( phandle, sw_params, val );
+-
+-  result = snd_pcm_sw_params( phandle, sw_params );
+-  if ( result < 0 ) {
+-    snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error installing software configuration on device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
+-  fprintf(stderr, "\nRtApiAlsa: dump software params after installation:\n\n");
+-  snd_pcm_sw_params_dump( sw_params, out );
+-#endif
+-
+-  // Set flags for buffer conversion
+-  stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
+-  if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
+-       stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-
+-  // Allocate the ApiHandle if necessary and then save.
+-  AlsaHandle *apiInfo = 0;
+-  if ( stream_.apiHandle == 0 ) {
+-    try {
+-      apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) new AlsaHandle;
+-    }
+-    catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating AlsaHandle memory.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( pthread_cond_init( &apiInfo->runnable_cv, NULL ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error initializing pthread condition variable.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    stream_.apiHandle = (void *) apiInfo;
+-    apiInfo->handles[0] = 0;
+-    apiInfo->handles[1] = 0;
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  }
+-  apiInfo->handles[mode] = phandle;
+-  phandle = 0;
+-
+-  // Allocate necessary internal buffers.
+-  unsigned long bufferBytes;
+-  bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
+-
+-    bool makeBuffer = true;
+-    bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
+-    if ( mode == INPUT ) {
+-      if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-        unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-        if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( makeBuffer ) {
+-      bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-      stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
+-        goto error;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+-  stream_.nBuffers = periods;
+-  stream_.device[mode] = device;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+-  // Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, firstChannel );
+-
+-  // Setup thread if necessary.
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT ) {
+-    // We had already set up an output stream.
+-    stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
+-    // Link the streams if possible.
+-    apiInfo->synchronized = false;
+-    if ( snd_pcm_link( apiInfo->handles[0], apiInfo->handles[1] ) == 0 )
+-      apiInfo->synchronized = true;
+-    else {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: unable to synchronize input and output devices.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    stream_.mode = mode;
+-
+-    // Setup callback thread.
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
+-
+-    // Set the thread attributes for joinable and realtime scheduling
+-    // priority (optional).  The higher priority will only take affect
+-    // if the program is run as root or suid. Note, under Linux
+-    // processes with CAP_SYS_NICE privilege, a user can change
+-    // scheduling policy and priority (thus need not be root). See
+-    // POSIX "capabilities".
+-    pthread_attr_t attr;
+-    pthread_attr_init( &attr );
+-    pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE );
+-
+-#ifdef SCHED_RR // Undefined with some OSes (eg: NetBSD 1.6.x with GNU Pthread)
+-    if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME ) {
+-      // We previously attempted to increase the audio callback priority
+-      // to SCHED_RR here via the attributes.  However, while no errors
+-      // were reported in doing so, it did not work.  So, now this is
+-      // done in the alsaCallbackHandler function.
+-      stream_.callbackInfo.doRealtime = true;
+-      int priority = options->priority;
+-      int min = sched_get_priority_min( SCHED_RR );
+-      int max = sched_get_priority_max( SCHED_RR );
+-      if ( priority < min ) priority = min;
+-      else if ( priority > max ) priority = max;
+-      stream_.callbackInfo.priority = priority;
+-    }
+-#endif
+-
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = true;
+-    result = pthread_create( &stream_.callbackInfo.thread, &attr, alsaCallbackHandler, &stream_.callbackInfo );
+-    pthread_attr_destroy( &attr );
+-    if ( result ) {
+-      stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::error creating callback thread!";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-
+- error:
+-  if ( apiInfo ) {
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &apiInfo->runnable_cv );
+-    if ( apiInfo->handles[0] ) snd_pcm_close( apiInfo->handles[0] );
+-    if ( apiInfo->handles[1] ) snd_pcm_close( apiInfo->handles[1] );
+-    delete apiInfo;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( phandle) snd_pcm_close( phandle );
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-  return FAILURE;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAlsa :: closeStream()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    apiInfo->runnable = true;
+-    pthread_cond_signal( &apiInfo->runnable_cv );
+-  }
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  pthread_join( stream_.callbackInfo.thread, NULL );
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-    if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
+-      snd_pcm_drop( apiInfo->handles[0] );
+-    if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
+-      snd_pcm_drop( apiInfo->handles[1] );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( apiInfo ) {
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &apiInfo->runnable_cv );
+-    if ( apiInfo->handles[0] ) snd_pcm_close( apiInfo->handles[0] );
+-    if ( apiInfo->handles[1] ) snd_pcm_close( apiInfo->handles[1] );
+-    delete apiInfo;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAlsa :: startStream()
+-{
+-  // This method calls snd_pcm_prepare if the device isn't already in that state.
+-
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  int result = 0;
+-  snd_pcm_state_t state;
+-  AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  snd_pcm_t **handle = (snd_pcm_t **) apiInfo->handles;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    state = snd_pcm_state( handle[0] );
+-    if ( state != SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED ) {
+-      result = snd_pcm_prepare( handle[0] );
+-      if ( result < 0 ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::startStream: error preparing output pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        goto unlock;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) && !apiInfo->synchronized ) {
+-    result = snd_pcm_drop(handle[1]); // fix to remove stale data received since device has been open
+-    state = snd_pcm_state( handle[1] );
+-    if ( state != SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED ) {
+-      result = snd_pcm_prepare( handle[1] );
+-      if ( result < 0 ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::startStream: error preparing input pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        goto unlock;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
+-
+- unlock:
+-  apiInfo->runnable = true;
+-  pthread_cond_signal( &apiInfo->runnable_cv );
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  if ( result >= 0 ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAlsa :: stopStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  int result = 0;
+-  AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  snd_pcm_t **handle = (snd_pcm_t **) apiInfo->handles;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    if ( apiInfo->synchronized )
+-      result = snd_pcm_drop( handle[0] );
+-    else
+-      result = snd_pcm_drain( handle[0] );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::stopStream: error draining output pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) && !apiInfo->synchronized ) {
+-    result = snd_pcm_drop( handle[1] );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::stopStream: error stopping input pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  apiInfo->runnable = false; // fixes high CPU usage when stopped
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  if ( result >= 0 ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAlsa :: abortStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  int result = 0;
+-  AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  snd_pcm_t **handle = (snd_pcm_t **) apiInfo->handles;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    result = snd_pcm_drop( handle[0] );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::abortStream: error aborting output pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) && !apiInfo->synchronized ) {
+-    result = snd_pcm_drop( handle[1] );
+-    if ( result < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::abortStream: error aborting input pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  apiInfo->runnable = false; // fixes high CPU usage when stopped
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  if ( result >= 0 ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiAlsa :: callbackEvent()
+-{
+-  AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-    while ( !apiInfo->runnable )
+-      pthread_cond_wait( &apiInfo->runnable_cv, &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-    if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-    MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  int doStopStream = 0;
+-  RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) stream_.callbackInfo.callback;
+-  double streamTime = getStreamTime();
+-  RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
+-  if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && apiInfo->xrun[0] == true ) {
+-    status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
+-    apiInfo->xrun[0] = false;
+-  }
+-  if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && apiInfo->xrun[1] == true ) {
+-    status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
+-    apiInfo->xrun[1] = false;
+-  }
+-  doStopStream = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                           stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, stream_.callbackInfo.userData );
+-
+-  if ( doStopStream == 2 ) {
+-    abortStream();
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  // The state might change while waiting on a mutex.
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) goto unlock;
+-
+-  int result;
+-  char *buffer;
+-  int channels;
+-  snd_pcm_t **handle;
+-  snd_pcm_sframes_t frames;
+-  RtAudioFormat format;
+-  handle = (snd_pcm_t **) apiInfo->handles;
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    // Setup parameters.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
+-      buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-      channels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
+-      format = stream_.deviceFormat[1];
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      buffer = stream_.userBuffer[1];
+-      channels = stream_.nUserChannels[1];
+-      format = stream_.userFormat;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Read samples from device in interleaved/non-interleaved format.
+-    if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[1] )
+-      result = snd_pcm_readi( handle[1], buffer, stream_.bufferSize );
+-    else {
+-      void *bufs[channels];
+-      size_t offset = stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes( format );
+-      for ( int i=0; i<channels; i++ )
+-        bufs[i] = (void *) (buffer + (i * offset));
+-      result = snd_pcm_readn( handle[1], bufs, stream_.bufferSize );
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( result < (int) stream_.bufferSize ) {
+-      // Either an error or overrun occured.
+-      if ( result == -EPIPE ) {
+-        snd_pcm_state_t state = snd_pcm_state( handle[1] );
+-        if ( state == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN ) {
+-          apiInfo->xrun[1] = true;
+-          result = snd_pcm_prepare( handle[1] );
+-          if ( result < 0 ) {
+-            errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: error preparing device after overrun, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-            errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-          }
+-        }
+-        else {
+-          errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: error, current state is " << snd_pcm_state_name( state ) << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-          errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        }
+-      }
+-      else {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: audio read error, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      }
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      goto tryOutput;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Do byte swapping if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doByteSwap[1] )
+-      byteSwapBuffer( buffer, stream_.bufferSize * channels, format );
+-
+-    // Do buffer conversion if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] )
+-      convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
+-
+-    // Check stream latency
+-    result = snd_pcm_delay( handle[1], &frames );
+-    if ( result == 0 && frames > 0 ) stream_.latency[1] = frames;
+-  }
+-
+- tryOutput:
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    // Setup parameters and do buffer conversion if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
+-      buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-      convertBuffer( buffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
+-      channels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
+-      format = stream_.deviceFormat[0];
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      buffer = stream_.userBuffer[0];
+-      channels = stream_.nUserChannels[0];
+-      format = stream_.userFormat;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Do byte swapping if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doByteSwap[0] )
+-      byteSwapBuffer(buffer, stream_.bufferSize * channels, format);
+-
+-    // Write samples to device in interleaved/non-interleaved format.
+-    if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[0] )
+-      result = snd_pcm_writei( handle[0], buffer, stream_.bufferSize );
+-    else {
+-      void *bufs[channels];
+-      size_t offset = stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes( format );
+-      for ( int i=0; i<channels; i++ )
+-        bufs[i] = (void *) (buffer + (i * offset));
+-      result = snd_pcm_writen( handle[0], bufs, stream_.bufferSize );
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( result < (int) stream_.bufferSize ) {
+-      // Either an error or underrun occured.
+-      if ( result == -EPIPE ) {
+-        snd_pcm_state_t state = snd_pcm_state( handle[0] );
+-        if ( state == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN ) {
+-          apiInfo->xrun[0] = true;
+-          result = snd_pcm_prepare( handle[0] );
+-          if ( result < 0 ) {
+-            errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: error preparing device after underrun, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-            errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-          }
+-          else
+-            errorText_ =  "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: audio write error, underrun.";
+-        }
+-        else {
+-          errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: error, current state is " << snd_pcm_state_name( state ) << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-          errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        }
+-      }
+-      else {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: audio write error, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      }
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Check stream latency
+-    result = snd_pcm_delay( handle[0], &frames );
+-    if ( result == 0 && frames > 0 ) stream_.latency[0] = frames;
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  RtApi::tickStreamTime();
+-  if ( doStopStream == 1 ) this->stopStream();
+-}
+-
+-static void *alsaCallbackHandler( void *ptr )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
+-  RtApiAlsa *object = (RtApiAlsa *) info->object;
+-  bool *isRunning = &info->isRunning;
+-
+-#ifdef SCHED_RR // Undefined with some OSes (eg: NetBSD 1.6.x with GNU Pthread)
+-  if ( info->doRealtime ) {
+-    pthread_t tID = pthread_self();	 // ID of this thread
+-    sched_param prio = { info->priority }; // scheduling priority of thread
+-    pthread_setschedparam( tID, SCHED_RR, &prio );
+-  }
+-#endif
+-
+-  while ( *isRunning == true ) {
+-    pthread_testcancel();
+-    object->callbackEvent();
+-  }
+-
+-  pthread_exit( NULL );
+-}
+-
+-//******************** End of __LINUX_ALSA__ *********************//
+-#endif
+-
+-#if defined(__LINUX_PULSE__)
+-
+-// Code written by Peter Meerwald, pmeerw at pmeerw.net
+-// and Tristan Matthews.
+-
+-#include <pulse/error.h>
+-#include <pulse/simple.h>
+-#include <cstdio>
+-
+-static const unsigned int SUPPORTED_SAMPLERATES[] = { 8000, 16000, 22050, 32000,
+-                                                      44100, 48000, 96000, 0};
+-
+-struct rtaudio_pa_format_mapping_t {
+-  RtAudioFormat rtaudio_format;
+-  pa_sample_format_t pa_format;
+-};
+-
+-static const rtaudio_pa_format_mapping_t supported_sampleformats[] = {
+-  {RTAUDIO_SINT16, PA_SAMPLE_S16LE},
+-  {RTAUDIO_SINT32, PA_SAMPLE_S32LE},
+-  {RTAUDIO_FLOAT32, PA_SAMPLE_FLOAT32LE},
+-  {0, PA_SAMPLE_INVALID}};
+-
+-struct PulseAudioHandle {
+-  pa_simple *s_play;
+-  pa_simple *s_rec;
+-  pthread_t thread;
+-  pthread_cond_t runnable_cv;
+-  bool runnable;
+-  PulseAudioHandle() : s_play(0), s_rec(0), runnable(false) { }
+-};
+-
+-RtApiPulse::~RtApiPulse()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED )
+-    closeStream();
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiPulse::getDeviceCount( void )
+-{
+-  return 1;
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiPulse::getDeviceInfo( unsigned int /*device*/ )
+-{
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
+-  info.probed = true;
+-  info.name = "PulseAudio";
+-  info.outputChannels = 2;
+-  info.inputChannels = 2;
+-  info.duplexChannels = 2;
+-  info.isDefaultOutput = true;
+-  info.isDefaultInput = true;
+-
+-  for ( const unsigned int *sr = SUPPORTED_SAMPLERATES; *sr; ++sr )
+-    info.sampleRates.push_back( *sr );
+-
+-  info.preferredSampleRate = 48000;
+-  info.nativeFormats = RTAUDIO_SINT16 | RTAUDIO_SINT32 | RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-
+-  return info;
+-}
+-
+-static void *pulseaudio_callback( void * user )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *cbi = static_cast<CallbackInfo *>( user );
+-  RtApiPulse *context = static_cast<RtApiPulse *>( cbi->object );
+-  volatile bool *isRunning = &cbi->isRunning;
+-
+-  while ( *isRunning ) {
+-    pthread_testcancel();
+-    context->callbackEvent();
+-  }
+-
+-  pthread_exit( NULL );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiPulse::closeStream( void )
+-{
+-  PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
+-
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
+-  if ( pah ) {
+-    MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-    if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-      pah->runnable = true;
+-      pthread_cond_signal( &pah->runnable_cv );
+-    }
+-    MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-    pthread_join( pah->thread, 0 );
+-    if ( pah->s_play ) {
+-      pa_simple_flush( pah->s_play, NULL );
+-      pa_simple_free( pah->s_play );
+-    }
+-    if ( pah->s_rec )
+-      pa_simple_free( pah->s_rec );
+-
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &pah->runnable_cv );
+-    delete pah;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[0] ) {
+-    free( stream_.userBuffer[0] );
+-    stream_.userBuffer[0] = 0;
+-  }
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[1] ) {
+-    free( stream_.userBuffer[1] );
+-    stream_.userBuffer[1] = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiPulse::callbackEvent( void )
+-{
+-  PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-    while ( !pah->runnable )
+-      pthread_cond_wait( &pah->runnable_cv, &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-    if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-    MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... "
+-      "this shouldn't happen!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) stream_.callbackInfo.callback;
+-  double streamTime = getStreamTime();
+-  RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
+-  int doStopStream = callback( stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT], stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
+-                               stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status,
+-                               stream_.callbackInfo.userData );
+-
+-  if ( doStopStream == 2 ) {
+-    abortStream();
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  void *pulse_in = stream_.doConvertBuffer[INPUT] ? stream_.deviceBuffer : stream_.userBuffer[INPUT];
+-  void *pulse_out = stream_.doConvertBuffer[OUTPUT] ? stream_.deviceBuffer : stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT];
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING )
+-    goto unlock;
+-
+-  int pa_error;
+-  size_t bytes;
+-  if (stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[OUTPUT] ) {
+-        convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                       stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT],
+-                       stream_.convertInfo[OUTPUT] );
+-        bytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * stream_.bufferSize *
+-                formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
+-    } else
+-        bytes = stream_.nUserChannels[OUTPUT] * stream_.bufferSize *
+-                formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-
+-    if ( pa_simple_write( pah->s_play, pulse_out, bytes, &pa_error ) < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiPulse::callbackEvent: audio write error, " <<
+-        pa_strerror( pa_error ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX) {
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[INPUT] )
+-      bytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * stream_.bufferSize *
+-        formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
+-    else
+-      bytes = stream_.nUserChannels[INPUT] * stream_.bufferSize *
+-        formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-
+-    if ( pa_simple_read( pah->s_rec, pulse_in, bytes, &pa_error ) < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiPulse::callbackEvent: audio read error, " <<
+-        pa_strerror( pa_error ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    }
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[INPUT] ) {
+-      convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
+-                     stream_.deviceBuffer,
+-                     stream_.convertInfo[INPUT] );
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  RtApi::tickStreamTime();
+-
+-  if ( doStopStream == 1 )
+-    stopStream();
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiPulse::startStream( void )
+-{
+-  PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::startStream(): the stream is not open!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
+-
+-  pah->runnable = true;
+-  pthread_cond_signal( &pah->runnable_cv );
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiPulse::stopStream( void )
+-{
+-  PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::stopStream(): the stream is not open!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  if ( pah && pah->s_play ) {
+-    int pa_error;
+-    if ( pa_simple_drain( pah->s_play, &pa_error ) < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiPulse::stopStream: error draining output device, " <<
+-        pa_strerror( pa_error ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiPulse::abortStream( void )
+-{
+-  PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle*>( stream_.apiHandle );
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::abortStream(): the stream is not open!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  if ( pah && pah->s_play ) {
+-    int pa_error;
+-    if ( pa_simple_flush( pah->s_play, &pa_error ) < 0 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiPulse::abortStream: error flushing output device, " <<
+-        pa_strerror( pa_error ) << ".";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-}
+-
+-bool RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode,
+-                                  unsigned int channels, unsigned int firstChannel,
+-                                  unsigned int sampleRate, RtAudioFormat format,
+-                                  unsigned int *bufferSize, RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
+-{
+-  PulseAudioHandle *pah = 0;
+-  unsigned long bufferBytes = 0;
+-  pa_sample_spec ss;
+-
+-  if ( device != 0 ) return false;
+-  if ( mode != INPUT && mode != OUTPUT ) return false;
+-  if ( channels != 1 && channels != 2 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: unsupported number of channels.";
+-    return false;
+-  }
+-  ss.channels = channels;
+-
+-  if ( firstChannel != 0 ) return false;
+-
+-  bool sr_found = false;
+-  for ( const unsigned int *sr = SUPPORTED_SAMPLERATES; *sr; ++sr ) {
+-    if ( sampleRate == *sr ) {
+-      sr_found = true;
+-      stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+-      ss.rate = sampleRate;
+-      break;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  if ( !sr_found ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: unsupported sample rate.";
+-    return false;
+-  }
+-
+-  bool sf_found = 0;
+-  for ( const rtaudio_pa_format_mapping_t *sf = supported_sampleformats;
+-        sf->rtaudio_format && sf->pa_format != PA_SAMPLE_INVALID; ++sf ) {
+-    if ( format == sf->rtaudio_format ) {
+-      sf_found = true;
+-      stream_.userFormat = sf->rtaudio_format;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = stream_.userFormat;
+-      ss.format = sf->pa_format;
+-      break;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  if ( !sf_found ) { // Use internal data format conversion.
+-    stream_.userFormat = format;
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-    ss.format = PA_SAMPLE_FLOAT32LE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set other stream parameters.
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
+-  else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-  stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = true;
+-  stream_.nBuffers = 1;
+-  stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
+-  stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels + firstChannel;
+-  stream_.channelOffset[mode] = 0;
+-  std::string streamName = "RtAudio";
+-
+-  // Set flags for buffer conversion.
+-  stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
+-  if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-
+-  // Allocate necessary internal buffers.
+-  bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-  stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
+-
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
+-
+-    bool makeBuffer = true;
+-    bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
+-    if ( mode == INPUT ) {
+-      if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-        unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-        if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( makeBuffer ) {
+-      bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-      stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
+-        goto error;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.device[mode] = device;
+-
+-  // Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, firstChannel );
+-
+-  if ( !stream_.apiHandle ) {
+-    PulseAudioHandle *pah = new PulseAudioHandle;
+-    if ( !pah ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating memory for handle.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    stream_.apiHandle = pah;
+-    if ( pthread_cond_init( &pah->runnable_cv, NULL ) != 0 ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error creating condition variable.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
+-
+-  int error;
+-  if ( options && !options->streamName.empty() ) streamName = options->streamName;
+-  switch ( mode ) {
+-  case INPUT:
+-    pa_buffer_attr buffer_attr;
+-    buffer_attr.fragsize = bufferBytes;
+-    buffer_attr.maxlength = -1;
+-
+-    pah->s_rec = pa_simple_new( NULL, streamName.c_str(), PA_STREAM_RECORD, NULL, "Record", &ss, NULL, &buffer_attr, &error );
+-    if ( !pah->s_rec ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error connecting input to PulseAudio server.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-    break;
+-  case OUTPUT:
+-    pah->s_play = pa_simple_new( NULL, streamName.c_str(), PA_STREAM_PLAYBACK, NULL, "Playback", &ss, NULL, NULL, &error );
+-    if ( !pah->s_play ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error connecting output to PulseAudio server.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-    break;
+-  default:
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == UNINITIALIZED )
+-    stream_.mode = mode;
+-  else if ( stream_.mode == mode )
+-    goto error;
+-  else
+-    stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
+-
+-  if ( !stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning ) {
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.object = this;
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = true;
+-    if ( pthread_create( &pah->thread, NULL, pulseaudio_callback, (void *)&stream_.callbackInfo) != 0 ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error creating thread.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  return true;
+-
+- error:
+-  if ( pah && stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning ) {
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &pah->runnable_cv );
+-    delete pah;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  return FAILURE;
+-}
+-
+-//******************** End of __LINUX_PULSE__ *********************//
+-#endif
+-
+-#if defined(__LINUX_OSS__)
+-
+-#include <unistd.h>
+-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+-#include <unistd.h>
+-#include <fcntl.h>
+-#include <sys/soundcard.h>
+-#include <errno.h>
+-#include <math.h>
+-
+-static void *ossCallbackHandler(void * ptr);
+-
+-// A structure to hold various information related to the OSS API
+-// implementation.
+-struct OssHandle {
+-  int id[2];    // device ids
+-  bool xrun[2];
+-  bool triggered;
+-  pthread_cond_t runnable;
+-
+-  OssHandle()
+-    :triggered(false) { id[0] = 0; id[1] = 0; xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; }
+-};
+-
+-RtApiOss :: RtApiOss()
+-{
+-  // Nothing to do here.
+-}
+-
+-RtApiOss :: ~RtApiOss()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApiOss :: getDeviceCount( void )
+-{
+-  int mixerfd = open( "/dev/mixer", O_RDWR, 0 );
+-  if ( mixerfd == -1 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceCount: error opening '/dev/mixer'.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  oss_sysinfo sysinfo;
+-  if ( ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_SYSINFO, &sysinfo ) == -1 ) {
+-    close( mixerfd );
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceCount: error getting sysinfo, OSS version >= 4.0 is required.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  close( mixerfd );
+-  return sysinfo.numaudios;
+-}
+-
+-RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiOss :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
+-{
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
+-  info.probed = false;
+-
+-  int mixerfd = open( "/dev/mixer", O_RDWR, 0 );
+-  if ( mixerfd == -1 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: error opening '/dev/mixer'.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  oss_sysinfo sysinfo;
+-  int result = ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_SYSINFO, &sysinfo );
+-  if ( result == -1 ) {
+-    close( mixerfd );
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: error getting sysinfo, OSS version >= 4.0 is required.";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  unsigned nDevices = sysinfo.numaudios;
+-  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
+-    close( mixerfd );
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    close( mixerfd );
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  oss_audioinfo ainfo;
+-  ainfo.dev = device;
+-  result = ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_AUDIOINFO, &ainfo );
+-  close( mixerfd );
+-  if ( result == -1 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: error getting device (" << ainfo.name << ") info.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Probe channels
+-  if ( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_OUTPUT ) info.outputChannels = ainfo.max_channels;
+-  if ( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_INPUT ) info.inputChannels = ainfo.max_channels;
+-  if ( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_DUPLEX ) {
+-    if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 && ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_DUPLEX )
+-      info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Probe data formats ... do for input
+-  unsigned long mask = ainfo.iformats;
+-  if ( mask & AFMT_S16_LE || mask & AFMT_S16_BE )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-  if ( mask & AFMT_S8 )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-  if ( mask & AFMT_S32_LE || mask & AFMT_S32_BE )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-  if ( mask & AFMT_FLOAT )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
+-  if ( mask & AFMT_S24_LE || mask & AFMT_S24_BE )
+-    info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-
+-  // Check that we have at least one supported format
+-  if ( info.nativeFormats == 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: device (" << ainfo.name << ") data format not supported by RtAudio.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return info;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Probe the supported sample rates.
+-  info.sampleRates.clear();
+-  if ( ainfo.nrates ) {
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<ainfo.nrates; i++ ) {
+-      for ( unsigned int k=0; k<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; k++ ) {
+-        if ( ainfo.rates[i] == SAMPLE_RATES[k] ) {
+-          info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[k] );
+-
+-          if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[k] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
+-            info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[k];
+-
+-          break;
+-        }
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    // Check min and max rate values;
+-    for ( unsigned int k=0; k<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; k++ ) {
+-      if ( ainfo.min_rate <= (int) SAMPLE_RATES[k] && ainfo.max_rate >= (int) SAMPLE_RATES[k] ) {
+-        info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[k] );
+-
+-        if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[k] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
+-          info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[k];
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( info.sampleRates.size() == 0 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: no supported sample rates found for device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    info.probed = true;
+-    info.name = ainfo.name;
+-  }
+-
+-  return info;
+-}
+-
+-
+-bool RtApiOss :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                                  unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                                  RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                                  RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
+-{
+-  int mixerfd = open( "/dev/mixer", O_RDWR, 0 );
+-  if ( mixerfd == -1 ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error opening '/dev/mixer'.";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  oss_sysinfo sysinfo;
+-  int result = ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_SYSINFO, &sysinfo );
+-  if ( result == -1 ) {
+-    close( mixerfd );
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error getting sysinfo, OSS version >= 4.0 is required.";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  unsigned nDevices = sysinfo.numaudios;
+-  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
+-    // This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
+-    close( mixerfd );
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: no devices found!";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( device >= nDevices ) {
+-    // This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
+-    close( mixerfd );
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  oss_audioinfo ainfo;
+-  ainfo.dev = device;
+-  result = ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_AUDIOINFO, &ainfo );
+-  close( mixerfd );
+-  if ( result == -1 ) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: error getting device (" << ainfo.name << ") info.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Check if device supports input or output
+-  if ( ( mode == OUTPUT && !( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_OUTPUT ) ) ||
+-       ( mode == INPUT && !( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_INPUT ) ) ) {
+-    if ( mode == OUTPUT )
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support output.";
+-    else
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support input.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  int flags = 0;
+-  OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( mode == OUTPUT )
+-    flags |= O_WRONLY;
+-  else { // mode == INPUT
+-    if (stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.device[0] == device) {
+-      // We just set the same device for playback ... close and reopen for duplex (OSS only).
+-      close( handle->id[0] );
+-      handle->id[0] = 0;
+-      if ( !( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_DUPLEX ) ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support duplex mode.";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        return FAILURE;
+-      }
+-      // Check that the number previously set channels is the same.
+-      if ( stream_.nUserChannels[0] != channels ) {
+-        errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: input/output channels must be equal for OSS duplex device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
+-        errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-        return FAILURE;
+-      }
+-      flags |= O_RDWR;
+-    }
+-    else
+-      flags |= O_RDONLY;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set exclusive access if specified.
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE ) flags |= O_EXCL;
+-
+-  // Try to open the device.
+-  int fd;
+-  fd = open( ainfo.devnode, flags, 0 );
+-  if ( fd == -1 ) {
+-    if ( errno == EBUSY )
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") is busy.";
+-    else
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error opening device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // For duplex operation, specifically set this mode (this doesn't seem to work).
+-  /*
+-    if ( flags | O_RDWR ) {
+-    result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETDUPLEX, NULL );
+-    if ( result == -1) {
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting duplex mode for device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-    }
+-    }
+-  */
+-
+-  // Check the device channel support.
+-  stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
+-  if ( ainfo.max_channels < (int)(channels + firstChannel) ) {
+-    close( fd );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: the device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support requested channel parameters.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set the number of channels.
+-  int deviceChannels = channels + firstChannel;
+-  result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &deviceChannels );
+-  if ( result == -1 || deviceChannels < (int)(channels + firstChannel) ) {
+-    close( fd );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting channel parameters on device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-  stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = deviceChannels;
+-
+-  // Get the data format mask
+-  int mask;
+-  result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_GETFMTS, &mask );
+-  if ( result == -1 ) {
+-    close( fd );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error getting device (" << ainfo.name << ") data formats.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Determine how to set the device format.
+-  stream_.userFormat = format;
+-  int deviceFormat = -1;
+-  stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
+-  if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 ) {
+-    if ( mask & AFMT_S8 ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S8;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT16 ) {
+-    if ( mask & AFMT_S16_NE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S16_NE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S16_OE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S16_OE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-      stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT24 ) {
+-    if ( mask & AFMT_S24_NE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S24_NE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S24_OE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S24_OE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-      stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT32 ) {
+-    if ( mask & AFMT_S32_NE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S32_NE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S32_OE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S32_OE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-      stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( deviceFormat == -1 ) {
+-    // The user requested format is not natively supported by the device.
+-    if ( mask & AFMT_S16_NE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S16_NE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S32_NE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S32_NE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S24_NE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S24_NE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S16_OE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S16_OE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
+-      stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S32_OE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S32_OE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
+-      stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S24_OE ) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S24_OE;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
+-      stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
+-    }
+-    else if ( mask & AFMT_S8) {
+-      deviceFormat = AFMT_S8;
+-      stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] == 0 ) {
+-    // This really shouldn't happen ...
+-    close( fd );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") data format not supported by RtAudio.";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set the data format.
+-  int temp = deviceFormat;
+-  result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT, &deviceFormat );
+-  if ( result == -1 || deviceFormat != temp ) {
+-    close( fd );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting data format on device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Attempt to set the buffer size.  According to OSS, the minimum
+-  // number of buffers is two.  The supposed minimum buffer size is 16
+-  // bytes, so that will be our lower bound.  The argument to this
+-  // call is in the form 0xMMMMSSSS (hex), where the buffer size (in
+-  // bytes) is given as 2^SSSS and the number of buffers as 2^MMMM.
+-  // We'll check the actual value used near the end of the setup
+-  // procedure.
+-  int ossBufferBytes = *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] ) * deviceChannels;
+-  if ( ossBufferBytes < 16 ) ossBufferBytes = 16;
+-  int buffers = 0;
+-  if ( options ) buffers = options->numberOfBuffers;
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY ) buffers = 2;
+-  if ( buffers < 2 ) buffers = 3;
+-  temp = ((int) buffers << 16) + (int)( log10( (double)ossBufferBytes ) / log10( 2.0 ) );
+-  result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT, &temp );
+-  if ( result == -1 ) {
+-    close( fd );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting buffer size on device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-  stream_.nBuffers = buffers;
+-
+-  // Save buffer size (in sample frames).
+-  *bufferSize = ossBufferBytes / ( formatBytes(stream_.deviceFormat[mode]) * deviceChannels );
+-  stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
+-
+-  // Set the sample rate.
+-  int srate = sampleRate;
+-  result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED, &srate );
+-  if ( result == -1 ) {
+-    close( fd );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting sample rate (" << sampleRate << ") on device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Verify the sample rate setup worked.
+-  if ( abs( srate - sampleRate ) > 100 ) {
+-    close( fd );
+-    errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support sample rate (" << sampleRate << ").";
+-    errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-    return FAILURE;
+-  }
+-  stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+-
+-  if ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.device[0] == device) {
+-    // We're doing duplex setup here.
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[0] = stream_.deviceFormat[1];
+-    stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] = deviceChannels;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Set interleaving parameters.
+-  stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-  stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] =  true;
+-  if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED )
+-    stream_.userInterleaved = false;
+-
+-  // Set flags for buffer conversion
+-  stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
+-  if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-  if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
+-       stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
+-
+-  // Allocate the stream handles if necessary and then save.
+-  if ( stream_.apiHandle == 0 ) {
+-    try {
+-      handle = new OssHandle;
+-    }
+-    catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating OssHandle memory.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( pthread_cond_init( &handle->runnable, NULL ) ) {
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error initializing pthread condition variable.";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-
+-    stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  }
+-  handle->id[mode] = fd;
+-
+-  // Allocate necessary internal buffers.
+-  unsigned long bufferBytes;
+-  bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
+-  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-  if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
+-    goto error;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
+-
+-    bool makeBuffer = true;
+-    bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
+-    if ( mode == INPUT ) {
+-      if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-        unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
+-        if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    if ( makeBuffer ) {
+-      bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-      stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
+-      if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
+-        goto error;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.device[mode] = device;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-
+-  // Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
+-  if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, firstChannel );
+-
+-  // Setup thread if necessary.
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT ) {
+-    // We had already set up an output stream.
+-    stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
+-    if ( stream_.device[0] == device ) handle->id[0] = fd;
+-  }
+-  else {
+-    stream_.mode = mode;
+-
+-    // Setup callback thread.
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
+-
+-    // Set the thread attributes for joinable and realtime scheduling
+-    // priority.  The higher priority will only take affect if the
+-    // program is run as root or suid.
+-    pthread_attr_t attr;
+-    pthread_attr_init( &attr );
+-    pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE );
+-#ifdef SCHED_RR // Undefined with some OSes (eg: NetBSD 1.6.x with GNU Pthread)
+-    if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME ) {
+-      struct sched_param param;
+-      int priority = options->priority;
+-      int min = sched_get_priority_min( SCHED_RR );
+-      int max = sched_get_priority_max( SCHED_RR );
+-      if ( priority < min ) priority = min;
+-      else if ( priority > max ) priority = max;
+-      param.sched_priority = priority;
+-      pthread_attr_setschedparam( &attr, &param );
+-      pthread_attr_setschedpolicy( &attr, SCHED_RR );
+-    }
+-    else
+-      pthread_attr_setschedpolicy( &attr, SCHED_OTHER );
+-#else
+-    pthread_attr_setschedpolicy( &attr, SCHED_OTHER );
+-#endif
+-
+-    stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = true;
+-    result = pthread_create( &stream_.callbackInfo.thread, &attr, ossCallbackHandler, &stream_.callbackInfo );
+-    pthread_attr_destroy( &attr );
+-    if ( result ) {
+-      stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiOss::error creating callback thread!";
+-      goto error;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  return SUCCESS;
+-
+- error:
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->runnable );
+-    if ( handle->id[0] ) close( handle->id[0] );
+-    if ( handle->id[1] ) close( handle->id[1] );
+-    delete handle;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  return FAILURE;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiOss :: closeStream()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED )
+-    pthread_cond_signal( &handle->runnable );
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  pthread_join( stream_.callbackInfo.thread, NULL );
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
+-      ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
+-    else
+-      ioctl( handle->id[1], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
+-    stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( handle ) {
+-    pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->runnable );
+-    if ( handle->id[0] ) close( handle->id[0] );
+-    if ( handle->id[1] ) close( handle->id[1] );
+-    delete handle;
+-    stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
+-      free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
+-      stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
+-    free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
+-    stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  }
+-
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiOss :: startStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
+-
+-  // No need to do anything else here ... OSS automatically starts
+-  // when fed samples.
+-
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  pthread_cond_signal( &handle->runnable );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiOss :: stopStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  // The state might change while waiting on a mutex.
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  int result = 0;
+-  OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    // Flush the output with zeros a few times.
+-    char *buffer;
+-    int samples;
+-    RtAudioFormat format;
+-
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
+-      buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-      samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
+-      format = stream_.deviceFormat[0];
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      buffer = stream_.userBuffer[0];
+-      samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0];
+-      format = stream_.userFormat;
+-    }
+-
+-    memset( buffer, 0, samples * formatBytes(format) );
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nBuffers+1; i++ ) {
+-      result = write( handle->id[0], buffer, samples * formatBytes(format) );
+-      if ( result == -1 ) {
+-        errorText_ = "RtApiOss::stopStream: audio write error.";
+-        error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      }
+-    }
+-
+-    result = ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
+-    if ( result == -1 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::stopStream: system error stopping callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-    handle->triggered = false;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && handle->id[0] != handle->id[1] ) ) {
+-    result = ioctl( handle->id[1], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
+-    if ( result == -1 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::stopStream: system error stopping input callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  if ( result != -1 ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiOss :: abortStream()
+-{
+-  verifyStream();
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  // The state might change while waiting on a mutex.
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  int result = 0;
+-  OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-    result = ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
+-    if ( result == -1 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::abortStream: system error stopping callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-    handle->triggered = false;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && handle->id[0] != handle->id[1] ) ) {
+-    result = ioctl( handle->id[1], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
+-    if ( result == -1 ) {
+-      errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::abortStream: system error stopping input callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
+-      errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  if ( result != -1 ) return;
+-  error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApiOss :: callbackEvent()
+-{
+-  OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
+-    MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-    pthread_cond_wait( &handle->runnable, &stream_.mutex );
+-    if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING ) {
+-      MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-      return;
+-    }
+-    MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApiOss::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  // Invoke user callback to get fresh output data.
+-  int doStopStream = 0;
+-  RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) stream_.callbackInfo.callback;
+-  double streamTime = getStreamTime();
+-  RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
+-  if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && handle->xrun[0] == true ) {
+-    status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
+-    handle->xrun[0] = false;
+-  }
+-  if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && handle->xrun[1] == true ) {
+-    status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
+-    handle->xrun[1] = false;
+-  }
+-  doStopStream = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
+-                           stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, stream_.callbackInfo.userData );
+-  if ( doStopStream == 2 ) {
+-    this->abortStream();
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  // The state might change while waiting on a mutex.
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) goto unlock;
+-
+-  int result;
+-  char *buffer;
+-  int samples;
+-  RtAudioFormat format;
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    // Setup parameters and do buffer conversion if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
+-      buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-      convertBuffer( buffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
+-      samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
+-      format = stream_.deviceFormat[0];
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      buffer = stream_.userBuffer[0];
+-      samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0];
+-      format = stream_.userFormat;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Do byte swapping if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doByteSwap[0] )
+-      byteSwapBuffer( buffer, samples, format );
+-
+-    if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && handle->triggered == false ) {
+-      int trig = 0;
+-      ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER, &trig );
+-      result = write( handle->id[0], buffer, samples * formatBytes(format) );
+-      trig = PCM_ENABLE_INPUT|PCM_ENABLE_OUTPUT;
+-      ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER, &trig );
+-      handle->triggered = true;
+-    }
+-    else
+-      // Write samples to device.
+-      result = write( handle->id[0], buffer, samples * formatBytes(format) );
+-
+-    if ( result == -1 ) {
+-      // We'll assume this is an underrun, though there isn't a
+-      // specific means for determining that.
+-      handle->xrun[0] = true;
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiOss::callbackEvent: audio write error.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      // Continue on to input section.
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
+-
+-    // Setup parameters.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
+-      buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
+-      samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
+-      format = stream_.deviceFormat[1];
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      buffer = stream_.userBuffer[1];
+-      samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[1];
+-      format = stream_.userFormat;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Read samples from device.
+-    result = read( handle->id[1], buffer, samples * formatBytes(format) );
+-
+-    if ( result == -1 ) {
+-      // We'll assume this is an overrun, though there isn't a
+-      // specific means for determining that.
+-      handle->xrun[1] = true;
+-      errorText_ = "RtApiOss::callbackEvent: audio read error.";
+-      error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-      goto unlock;
+-    }
+-
+-    // Do byte swapping if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doByteSwap[1] )
+-      byteSwapBuffer( buffer, samples, format );
+-
+-    // Do buffer conversion if necessary.
+-    if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] )
+-      convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
+-  }
+-
+- unlock:
+-  MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
+-
+-  RtApi::tickStreamTime();
+-  if ( doStopStream == 1 ) this->stopStream();
+-}
+-
+-static void *ossCallbackHandler( void *ptr )
+-{
+-  CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
+-  RtApiOss *object = (RtApiOss *) info->object;
+-  bool *isRunning = &info->isRunning;
+-
+-  while ( *isRunning == true ) {
+-    pthread_testcancel();
+-    object->callbackEvent();
+-  }
+-
+-  pthread_exit( NULL );
+-}
+-
+-//******************** End of __LINUX_OSS__ *********************//
+-#endif
+-
+-
+-// *************************************************** //
+-//
+-// Protected common (OS-independent) RtAudio methods.
+-//
+-// *************************************************** //
+-
+-// This method can be modified to control the behavior of error
+-// message printing.
+-void RtApi :: error( RtAudioError::Type type )
+-{
+-  errorStream_.str(""); // clear the ostringstream
+-
+-  RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback = (RtAudioErrorCallback) stream_.callbackInfo.errorCallback;
+-  if ( errorCallback ) {
+-    // abortStream() can generate new error messages. Ignore them. Just keep original one.
+-
+-    if ( firstErrorOccurred_ )
+-      return;
+-
+-    firstErrorOccurred_ = true;
+-    const std::string errorMessage = errorText_;
+-
+-    if ( type != RtAudioError::WARNING && stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPED) {
+-      stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false; // exit from the thread
+-      abortStream();
+-    }
+-
+-    errorCallback( type, errorMessage );
+-    firstErrorOccurred_ = false;
+-    return;
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( type == RtAudioError::WARNING && showWarnings_ == true )
+-    std::cerr << '\n' << errorText_ << "\n\n";
+-  else if ( type != RtAudioError::WARNING )
+-    throw( RtAudioError( errorText_, type ) );
+-}
+-
+-void RtApi :: verifyStream()
+-{
+-  if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
+-    errorText_ = "RtApi:: a stream is not open!";
+-    error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-void RtApi :: clearStreamInfo()
+-{
+-  stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
+-  stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
+-  stream_.sampleRate = 0;
+-  stream_.bufferSize = 0;
+-  stream_.nBuffers = 0;
+-  stream_.userFormat = 0;
+-  stream_.userInterleaved = true;
+-  stream_.streamTime = 0.0;
+-  stream_.apiHandle = 0;
+-  stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.callback = 0;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.userData = 0;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
+-  stream_.callbackInfo.errorCallback = 0;
+-  for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
+-    stream_.device[i] = 11111;
+-    stream_.doConvertBuffer[i] = false;
+-    stream_.deviceInterleaved[i] = true;
+-    stream_.doByteSwap[i] = false;
+-    stream_.nUserChannels[i] = 0;
+-    stream_.nDeviceChannels[i] = 0;
+-    stream_.channelOffset[i] = 0;
+-    stream_.deviceFormat[i] = 0;
+-    stream_.latency[i] = 0;
+-    stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
+-    stream_.convertInfo[i].channels = 0;
+-    stream_.convertInfo[i].inJump = 0;
+-    stream_.convertInfo[i].outJump = 0;
+-    stream_.convertInfo[i].inFormat = 0;
+-    stream_.convertInfo[i].outFormat = 0;
+-    stream_.convertInfo[i].inOffset.clear();
+-    stream_.convertInfo[i].outOffset.clear();
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-unsigned int RtApi :: formatBytes( RtAudioFormat format )
+-{
+-  if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT16 )
+-    return 2;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT32 || format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32 )
+-    return 4;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64 )
+-    return 8;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT24 )
+-    return 3;
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 )
+-    return 1;
+-
+-  errorText_ = "RtApi::formatBytes: undefined format.";
+-  error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
+-
+-  return 0;
+-}
+-
+-void RtApi :: setConvertInfo( StreamMode mode, unsigned int firstChannel )
+-{
+-  if ( mode == INPUT ) { // convert device to user buffer
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump = stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump = stream_.nUserChannels[1];
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].inFormat = stream_.deviceFormat[1];
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].outFormat = stream_.userFormat;
+-  }
+-  else { // convert user to device buffer
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump = stream_.nUserChannels[0];
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].inFormat = stream_.userFormat;
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].outFormat = stream_.deviceFormat[0];
+-  }
+-
+-  if ( stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump < stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump )
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels = stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump;
+-  else
+-    stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels = stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump;
+-
+-  // Set up the interleave/deinterleave offsets.
+-  if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] != stream_.userInterleaved ) {
+-    if ( ( mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] ) ||
+-         ( mode == INPUT && stream_.userInterleaved ) ) {
+-      for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ ) {
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset.push_back( k * stream_.bufferSize );
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset.push_back( k );
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump = 1;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ ) {
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset.push_back( k );
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset.push_back( k * stream_.bufferSize );
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump = 1;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else { // no (de)interleaving
+-    if ( stream_.userInterleaved ) {
+-      for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ ) {
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset.push_back( k );
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset.push_back( k );
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ ) {
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset.push_back( k * stream_.bufferSize );
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset.push_back( k * stream_.bufferSize );
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump = 1;
+-        stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump = 1;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-
+-  // Add channel offset.
+-  if ( firstChannel > 0 ) {
+-    if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] ) {
+-      if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
+-        for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ )
+-          stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset[k] += firstChannel;
+-      }
+-      else {
+-        for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ )
+-          stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset[k] += firstChannel;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else {
+-      if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
+-        for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ )
+-          stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset[k] += ( firstChannel * stream_.bufferSize );
+-      }
+-      else {
+-        for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ )
+-          stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset[k] += ( firstChannel  * stream_.bufferSize );
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-void RtApi :: convertBuffer( char *outBuffer, char *inBuffer, ConvertInfo &info )
+-{
+-  // This function does format conversion, input/output channel compensation, and
+-  // data interleaving/deinterleaving.  24-bit integers are assumed to occupy
+-  // the lower three bytes of a 32-bit integer.
+-
+-  // Clear our device buffer when in/out duplex device channels are different
+-  if ( outBuffer == stream_.deviceBuffer && stream_.mode == DUPLEX &&
+-       ( stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[1] ) )
+-    memset( outBuffer, 0, stream_.bufferSize * info.outJump * formatBytes( info.outFormat ) );
+-
+-  int j;
+-  if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
+-    Float64 scale;
+-    Float64 *out = (Float64 *)outBuffer;
+-
+-    if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
+-      signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
+-      scale = 1.0 / 127.5;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
+-      Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
+-      scale = 1.0 / 32767.5;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
+-      Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
+-      scale = 1.0 / 8388607.5;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) (in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt());
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
+-      Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
+-      scale = 1.0 / 2147483647.5;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
+-      Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
+-      // Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
+-      Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
+-    Float32 scale;
+-    Float32 *out = (Float32 *)outBuffer;
+-
+-    if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
+-      signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
+-      scale = (Float32) ( 1.0 / 127.5 );
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
+-      Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
+-      scale = (Float32) ( 1.0 / 32767.5 );
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
+-      Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
+-      scale = (Float32) ( 1.0 / 8388607.5 );
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) (in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt());
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
+-      Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
+-      scale = (Float32) ( 1.0 / 2147483647.5 );
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
+-      // Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
+-      Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
+-      Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
+-    Int32 *out = (Int32 *)outBuffer;
+-    if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
+-      signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 24;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
+-      Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 16;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
+-      Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt();
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 8;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
+-      // Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
+-      Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
+-      Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 2147483647.5 - 0.5);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
+-      Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 2147483647.5 - 0.5);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
+-    Int24 *out = (Int24 *)outBuffer;
+-    if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
+-      signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] << 16);
+-          //out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 16;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
+-      Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] << 8);
+-          //out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 8;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
+-      // Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
+-      Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
+-      Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] >> 8);
+-          //out[info.outOffset[j]] >>= 8;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
+-      Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 8388607.5 - 0.5);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
+-      Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 8388607.5 - 0.5);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
+-    Int16 *out = (Int16 *)outBuffer;
+-    if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
+-      signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 8;
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
+-      // Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
+-      Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
+-      Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) (in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt() >> 8);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
+-      Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) ((in[info.inOffset[j]] >> 16) & 0x0000ffff);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
+-      Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 32767.5 - 0.5);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
+-      Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 32767.5 - 0.5);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
+-    signed char *out = (signed char *)outBuffer;
+-    if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
+-      // Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
+-      signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
+-      Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) ((in[info.inOffset[j]] >> 8) & 0x00ff);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
+-      Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) (in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt() >> 16);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
+-      Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) ((in[info.inOffset[j]] >> 24) & 0x000000ff);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
+-      Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 127.5 - 0.5);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-    else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
+-      Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
+-      for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
+-        for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
+-          out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 127.5 - 0.5);
+-        }
+-        in += info.inJump;
+-        out += info.outJump;
+-      }
+-    }
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-//static inline uint16_t bswap_16(uint16_t x) { return (x>>8) | (x<<8); }
+-//static inline uint32_t bswap_32(uint32_t x) { return (bswap_16(x&0xffff)<<16) | (bswap_16(x>>16)); }
+-//static inline uint64_t bswap_64(uint64_t x) { return (((unsigned long long)bswap_32(x&0xffffffffull))<<32) | (bswap_32(x>>32)); }
+-
+-void RtApi :: byteSwapBuffer( char *buffer, unsigned int samples, RtAudioFormat format )
+-{
+-  char val;
+-  char *ptr;
+-
+-  ptr = buffer;
+-  if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT16 ) {
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<samples; i++ ) {
+-      // Swap 1st and 2nd bytes.
+-      val = *(ptr);
+-      *(ptr) = *(ptr+1);
+-      *(ptr+1) = val;
+-
+-      // Increment 2 bytes.
+-      ptr += 2;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT32 ||
+-            format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32 ) {
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<samples; i++ ) {
+-      // Swap 1st and 4th bytes.
+-      val = *(ptr);
+-      *(ptr) = *(ptr+3);
+-      *(ptr+3) = val;
+-
+-      // Swap 2nd and 3rd bytes.
+-      ptr += 1;
+-      val = *(ptr);
+-      *(ptr) = *(ptr+1);
+-      *(ptr+1) = val;
+-
+-      // Increment 3 more bytes.
+-      ptr += 3;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT24 ) {
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<samples; i++ ) {
+-      // Swap 1st and 3rd bytes.
+-      val = *(ptr);
+-      *(ptr) = *(ptr+2);
+-      *(ptr+2) = val;
+-
+-      // Increment 2 more bytes.
+-      ptr += 2;
+-    }
+-  }
+-  else if ( format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64 ) {
+-    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<samples; i++ ) {
+-      // Swap 1st and 8th bytes
+-      val = *(ptr);
+-      *(ptr) = *(ptr+7);
+-      *(ptr+7) = val;
+-
+-      // Swap 2nd and 7th bytes
+-      ptr += 1;
+-      val = *(ptr);
+-      *(ptr) = *(ptr+5);
+-      *(ptr+5) = val;
+-
+-      // Swap 3rd and 6th bytes
+-      ptr += 1;
+-      val = *(ptr);
+-      *(ptr) = *(ptr+3);
+-      *(ptr+3) = val;
+-
+-      // Swap 4th and 5th bytes
+-      ptr += 1;
+-      val = *(ptr);
+-      *(ptr) = *(ptr+1);
+-      *(ptr+1) = val;
+-
+-      // Increment 5 more bytes.
+-      ptr += 5;
+-    }
+-  }
+-}
+-
+-  // Indentation settings for Vim and Emacs
+-  //
+-  // Local Variables:
+-  // c-basic-offset: 2
+-  // indent-tabs-mode: nil
+-  // End:
+-  //
+-  // vim: et sts=2 sw=2
++/************************************************************************/
++/*! \class RtAudio
++\brief Realtime audio i/o C++ classes.
++
++RtAudio provides a common API (Application Programming Interface)
++for realtime audio input/output across Linux (native ALSA, Jack,
++and OSS), Macintosh OS X (CoreAudio and Jack), and Windows
++(DirectSound, ASIO and WASAPI) operating systems.
++
++RtAudio WWW site: http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~gary/rtaudio/
++
++RtAudio: realtime audio i/o C++ classes
++Copyright (c) 2001-2017 Gary P. Scavone
++
++Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
++obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
++(the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
++including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
++publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
++and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
++subject to the following conditions:
++
++The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
++included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
++
++Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
++asked to send the modifications to the original developer so that
++they can be incorporated into the canonical version.  This is,
++however, not a binding provision of this license.
++
++THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
++EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
++MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
++IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
++ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
++CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
++WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
++*/
++/************************************************************************/
++
++// RtAudio: Version 5.0.0
++
++#include "RtAudio.h"
++#include <iostream>
++#include <cstdlib>
++#include <cstring>
++#include <climits>
++#include <cmath>
++#include <algorithm>
++
++// Static variable definitions.
++const unsigned int RtApi::MAX_SAMPLE_RATES = 14;
++const unsigned int RtApi::SAMPLE_RATES[] = {
++4000, 5512, 8000, 9600, 11025, 16000, 22050,
++32000, 44100, 48000, 88200, 96000, 176400, 192000
++};
++
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__) || defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__) || defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__)
++#define MUTEX_INITIALIZE(A) InitializeCriticalSection(A)
++#define MUTEX_DESTROY(A)    DeleteCriticalSection(A)
++#define MUTEX_LOCK(A)       EnterCriticalSection(A)
++#define MUTEX_UNLOCK(A)     LeaveCriticalSection(A)
++
++#include "tchar.h"
++
++static std::string convertCharPointerToStdString(const char *text)
++{
++return std::string(text);
++}
++
++static std::string convertCharPointerToStdString(const wchar_t *text)
++{
++int length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, text, -1, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
++std::string s( length-1, '\0' );
++WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, text, -1, &s[0], length, NULL, NULL);
++return s;
++}
++
++#elif defined(__LINUX_ALSA__) || defined(__LINUX_PULSE__) || defined(__UNIX_JACK__) || defined(__LINUX_OSS__) || defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
++// pthread API
++#define MUTEX_INITIALIZE(A) pthread_mutex_init(A, NULL)
++#define MUTEX_DESTROY(A)    pthread_mutex_destroy(A)
++#define MUTEX_LOCK(A)       pthread_mutex_lock(A)
++#define MUTEX_UNLOCK(A)     pthread_mutex_unlock(A)
++#else
++#define MUTEX_INITIALIZE(A) abs(*A) // dummy definitions
++#define MUTEX_DESTROY(A)    abs(*A) // dummy definitions
++#endif
++
++// *************************************************** //
++//
++// RtAudio definitions.
++//
++// *************************************************** //
++
++std::string RtAudio :: getVersion( void )
++{
++return RTAUDIO_VERSION;
++}
++
++void RtAudio :: getCompiledApi( std::vector<RtAudio::Api> &apis )
++{
++apis.clear();
++
++// The order here will control the order of RtAudio's API search in
++// the constructor.
++#if defined(__UNIX_JACK__)
++apis.push_back( UNIX_JACK );
++#endif
++#if defined(__LINUX_ALSA__)
++apis.push_back( LINUX_ALSA );
++#endif
++#if defined(__LINUX_PULSE__)
++apis.push_back( LINUX_PULSE );
++#endif
++#if defined(__LINUX_OSS__)
++apis.push_back( LINUX_OSS );
++#endif
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__)
++apis.push_back( WINDOWS_ASIO );
++#endif
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__)
++apis.push_back( WINDOWS_WASAPI );
++#endif
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__)
++apis.push_back( WINDOWS_DS );
++#endif
++#if defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
++apis.push_back( MACOSX_CORE );
++#endif
++#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DUMMY__)
++apis.push_back( RTAUDIO_DUMMY );
++#endif
++}
++
++void RtAudio :: openRtApi( RtAudio::Api api )
++{
++if ( rtapi_ )
++delete rtapi_;
++rtapi_ = 0;
++
++#if defined(__UNIX_JACK__)
++if ( api == UNIX_JACK )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiJack();
++#endif
++#if defined(__LINUX_ALSA__)
++if ( api == LINUX_ALSA )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiAlsa();
++#endif
++#if defined(__LINUX_PULSE__)
++if ( api == LINUX_PULSE )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiPulse();
++#endif
++#if defined(__LINUX_OSS__)
++if ( api == LINUX_OSS )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiOss();
++#endif
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__)
++if ( api == WINDOWS_ASIO )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiAsio();
++#endif
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__)
++if ( api == WINDOWS_WASAPI )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiWasapi();
++#endif
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__)
++if ( api == WINDOWS_DS )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiDs();
++#endif
++#if defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
++if ( api == MACOSX_CORE )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiCore();
++#endif
++#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DUMMY__)
++if ( api == RTAUDIO_DUMMY )
++rtapi_ = new RtApiDummy();
++#endif
++}
++
++RtAudio :: RtAudio( RtAudio::Api api )
++{
++rtapi_ = 0;
++
++if ( api != UNSPECIFIED ) {
++// Attempt to open the specified API.
++openRtApi( api );
++if ( rtapi_ ) return;
++
++// No compiled support for specified API value.  Issue a debug
++// warning and continue as if no API was specified.
++std::cerr << "\nRtAudio: no compiled support for specified API argument!\n" << std::endl;
++}
++
++// Iterate through the compiled APIs and return as soon as we find
++// one with at least one device or we reach the end of the list.
++std::vector< RtAudio::Api > apis;
++getCompiledApi( apis );
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<apis.size(); i++ ) {
++openRtApi( apis[i] );
++if ( rtapi_ && rtapi_->getDeviceCount() ) break;
++}
++
++if ( rtapi_ ) return;
++
++// It should not be possible to get here because the preprocessor
++// definition __RTAUDIO_DUMMY__ is automatically defined if no
++// API-specific definitions are passed to the compiler. But just in
++// case something weird happens, we'll thow an error.
++std::string errorText = "\nRtAudio: no compiled API support found ... critical error!!\n\n";
++throw( RtAudioError( errorText, RtAudioError::UNSPECIFIED ) );
++}
++
++RtAudio :: ~RtAudio()
++{
++if ( rtapi_ )
++delete rtapi_;
++}
++
++void RtAudio :: openStream( RtAudio::StreamParameters *outputParameters,
++RtAudio::StreamParameters *inputParameters,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int sampleRate,
++unsigned int *bufferFrames,
++RtAudioCallback callback, void *userData,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options,
++RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback )
++{
++return rtapi_->openStream( outputParameters, inputParameters, format,
++sampleRate, bufferFrames, callback,
++userData, options, errorCallback );
++}
++
++// *************************************************** //
++//
++// Public RtApi definitions (see end of file for
++// private or protected utility functions).
++//
++// *************************************************** //
++
++RtApi :: RtApi()
++{
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++stream_.userBuffer[0] = 0;
++stream_.userBuffer[1] = 0;
++MUTEX_INITIALIZE( &stream_.mutex );
++showWarnings_ = true;
++firstErrorOccurred_ = false;
++}
++
++RtApi :: ~RtApi()
++{
++MUTEX_DESTROY( &stream_.mutex );
++}
++
++void RtApi :: openStream( RtAudio::StreamParameters *oParams,
++RtAudio::StreamParameters *iParams,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int sampleRate,
++unsigned int *bufferFrames,
++RtAudioCallback callback, void *userData,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options,
++RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback )
++{
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: a stream is already open!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++
++// Clear stream information potentially left from a previously open stream.
++clearStreamInfo();
++
++if ( oParams && oParams->nChannels < 1 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: a non-NULL output StreamParameters structure cannot have an nChannels value less than one.";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( iParams && iParams->nChannels < 1 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: a non-NULL input StreamParameters structure cannot have an nChannels value less than one.";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( oParams == NULL && iParams == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: input and output StreamParameters structures are both NULL!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( formatBytes(format) == 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: 'format' parameter value is undefined.";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++
++unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
++unsigned int oChannels = 0;
++if ( oParams ) {
++oChannels = oParams->nChannels;
++if ( oParams->deviceId >= nDevices ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: output device parameter value is invalid.";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++unsigned int iChannels = 0;
++if ( iParams ) {
++iChannels = iParams->nChannels;
++if ( iParams->deviceId >= nDevices ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApi::openStream: input device parameter value is invalid.";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++bool result;
++
++if ( oChannels > 0 ) {
++
++result = probeDeviceOpen( oParams->deviceId, OUTPUT, oChannels, oParams->firstChannel,
++sampleRate, format, bufferFrames, options );
++if ( result == false ) {
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++if ( iChannels > 0 ) {
++
++result = probeDeviceOpen( iParams->deviceId, INPUT, iChannels, iParams->firstChannel,
++sampleRate, format, bufferFrames, options );
++if ( result == false ) {
++if ( oChannels > 0 ) closeStream();
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++stream_.callbackInfo.callback = (void *) callback;
++stream_.callbackInfo.userData = userData;
++stream_.callbackInfo.errorCallback = (void *) errorCallback;
++
++if ( options ) options->numberOfBuffers = stream_.nBuffers;
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApi :: getDefaultInputDevice( void )
++{
++// Should be implemented in subclasses if possible.
++return 0;
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApi :: getDefaultOutputDevice( void )
++{
++// Should be implemented in subclasses if possible.
++return 0;
++}
++
++void RtApi :: closeStream( void )
++{
++// MUST be implemented in subclasses!
++return;
++}
++
++bool RtApi :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int /*device*/, StreamMode /*mode*/, unsigned int /*channels*/,
++unsigned int /*firstChannel*/, unsigned int /*sampleRate*/,
++RtAudioFormat /*format*/, unsigned int * /*bufferSize*/,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions * /*options*/ )
++{
++// MUST be implemented in subclasses!
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++void RtApi :: tickStreamTime( void )
++{
++// Subclasses that do not provide their own implementation of
++// getStreamTime should call this function once per buffer I/O to
++// provide basic stream time support.
++
++stream_.streamTime += ( stream_.bufferSize * 1.0 / stream_.sampleRate );
++
++#if defined( HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY )
++gettimeofday( &stream_.lastTickTimestamp, NULL );
++#endif
++}
++
++long RtApi :: getStreamLatency( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++
++long totalLatency = 0;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
++totalLatency = stream_.latency[0];
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
++totalLatency += stream_.latency[1];
++
++return totalLatency;
++}
++
++double RtApi :: getStreamTime( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++
++#if defined( HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY )
++// Return a very accurate estimate of the stream time by
++// adding in the elapsed time since the last tick.
++struct timeval then;
++struct timeval now;
++
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING || stream_.streamTime == 0.0 )
++return stream_.streamTime;
++
++gettimeofday( &now, NULL );
++then = stream_.lastTickTimestamp;
++return stream_.streamTime +
++((now.tv_sec + 0.000001 * now.tv_usec) -
++(then.tv_sec + 0.000001 * then.tv_usec));     
++#else
++return stream_.streamTime;
++#endif
++}
++
++void RtApi :: setStreamTime( double time )
++{
++verifyStream();
++
++if ( time >= 0.0 )
++stream_.streamTime = time;
++#if defined( HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY )
++gettimeofday( &stream_.lastTickTimestamp, NULL );
++#endif
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApi :: getStreamSampleRate( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++
++return stream_.sampleRate;
++}
++
++/* --- Monocasual hack ------------------------------------------------------ */
++#ifdef __linux__
++void *RtApi :: __HACK__getJackClient() {
++JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++return (void*) handle->client;
++}
++#endif
++
++
++// *************************************************** //
++//
++// OS/API-specific methods.
++//
++// *************************************************** //
++
++#if defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
++
++// The OS X CoreAudio API is designed to use a separate callback
++// procedure for each of its audio devices.  A single RtAudio duplex
++// stream using two different devices is supported here, though it
++// cannot be guaranteed to always behave correctly because we cannot
++// synchronize these two callbacks.
++//
++// A property listener is installed for over/underrun information.
++// However, no functionality is currently provided to allow property
++// listeners to trigger user handlers because it is unclear what could
++// be done if a critical stream parameter (buffer size, sample rate,
++// device disconnect) notification arrived.  The listeners entail
++// quite a bit of extra code and most likely, a user program wouldn't
++// be prepared for the result anyway.  However, we do provide a flag
++// to the client callback function to inform of an over/underrun.
++
++// A structure to hold various information related to the CoreAudio API
++// implementation.
++struct CoreHandle {
++AudioDeviceID id[2];    // device ids
++#if defined( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 ) && ( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 )
++AudioDeviceIOProcID procId[2];
++#endif
++UInt32 iStream[2];      // device stream index (or first if using multiple)
++UInt32 nStreams[2];     // number of streams to use
++bool xrun[2];
++char *deviceBuffer;
++pthread_cond_t condition;
++int drainCounter;       // Tracks callback counts when draining
++bool internalDrain;     // Indicates if stop is initiated from callback or not.
++
++CoreHandle()
++:deviceBuffer(0), drainCounter(0), internalDrain(false) { nStreams[0] = 1; nStreams[1] = 1; id[0] = 0; id[1] = 0; xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; }
++};
++
++RtApiCore:: RtApiCore()
++{
++#if defined( AVAILABLE_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6_AND_LATER )
++// This is a largely undocumented but absolutely necessary
++// requirement starting with OS-X 10.6.  If not called, queries and
++// updates to various audio device properties are not handled
++// correctly.
++CFRunLoopRef theRunLoop = NULL;
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyRunLoop,
++kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
++kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++OSStatus result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, sizeof(CFRunLoopRef), &theRunLoop);
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::RtApiCore: error setting run loop property!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++#endif
++}
++
++RtApiCore :: ~RtApiCore()
++{
++// The subclass destructor gets called before the base class
++// destructor, so close an existing stream before deallocating
++// apiDeviceId memory.
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiCore :: getDeviceCount( void )
++{
++// Find out how many audio devices there are, if any.
++UInt32 dataSize;
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress propertyAddress = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &propertyAddress, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceCount: OS-X error getting device info!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++return dataSize / sizeof( AudioDeviceID );
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiCore :: getDefaultInputDevice( void )
++{
++unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
++if ( nDevices <= 1 ) return 0;
++
++AudioDeviceID id;
++UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID );
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &id );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultInputDevice: OS-X system error getting device.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++dataSize *= nDevices;
++AudioDeviceID deviceList[ nDevices ];
++property.mSelector = kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, (void *) &deviceList );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultInputDevice: OS-X system error getting device IDs.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nDevices; i++ )
++if ( id == deviceList[i] ) return i;
++
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultInputDevice: No default device found!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiCore :: getDefaultOutputDevice( void )
++{
++unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
++if ( nDevices <= 1 ) return 0;
++
++AudioDeviceID id;
++UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID );
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultOutputDevice, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &id );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultOutputDevice: OS-X system error getting device.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID ) * nDevices;
++AudioDeviceID deviceList[ nDevices ];
++property.mSelector = kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, (void *) &deviceList );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultOutputDevice: OS-X system error getting device IDs.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nDevices; i++ )
++if ( id == deviceList[i] ) return i;
++
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDefaultOutputDevice: No default device found!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiCore :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
++{
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
++info.probed = false;
++
++// Get device ID
++unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
++if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++AudioDeviceID deviceList[ nDevices ];
++UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID ) * nDevices;
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices,
++kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
++kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property,
++0, NULL, &dataSize, (void *) &deviceList );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: OS-X system error getting device IDs.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++AudioDeviceID id = deviceList[ device ];
++
++// Get the device name.
++info.name.erase();
++CFStringRef cfname;
++dataSize = sizeof( CFStringRef );
++property.mSelector = kAudioObjectPropertyManufacturer;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &cfname );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting device manufacturer.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++//const char *mname = CFStringGetCStringPtr( cfname, CFStringGetSystemEncoding() );
++int length = CFStringGetLength(cfname);
++char *mname = (char *)malloc(length * 3 + 1);
++#if defined( UNICODE ) || defined( _UNICODE )
++CFStringGetCString(cfname, mname, length * 3 + 1, kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
++#else
++CFStringGetCString(cfname, mname, length * 3 + 1, CFStringGetSystemEncoding());
++#endif
++info.name.append( (const char *)mname, strlen(mname) );
++info.name.append( ": " );
++CFRelease( cfname );
++free(mname);
++
++property.mSelector = kAudioObjectPropertyName;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &cfname );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting device name.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++//const char *name = CFStringGetCStringPtr( cfname, CFStringGetSystemEncoding() );
++length = CFStringGetLength(cfname);
++char *name = (char *)malloc(length * 3 + 1);
++#if defined( UNICODE ) || defined( _UNICODE )
++CFStringGetCString(cfname, name, length * 3 + 1, kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
++#else
++CFStringGetCString(cfname, name, length * 3 + 1, CFStringGetSystemEncoding());
++#endif
++info.name.append( (const char *)name, strlen(name) );
++CFRelease( cfname );
++free(name);
++
++// Get the output stream "configuration".
++AudioBufferList	*bufferList = nil;
++property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyStreamConfiguration;
++property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeOutput;
++//  property.mElement = kAudioObjectPropertyElementWildcard;
++dataSize = 0;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
++if ( result != noErr || dataSize == 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting output stream configuration info for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Allocate the AudioBufferList.
++bufferList = (AudioBufferList *) malloc( dataSize );
++if ( bufferList == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: memory error allocating output AudioBufferList.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, bufferList );
++if ( result != noErr || dataSize == 0 ) {
++free( bufferList );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting output stream configuration for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Get output channel information.
++unsigned int i, nStreams = bufferList->mNumberBuffers;
++for ( i=0; i<nStreams; i++ )
++info.outputChannels += bufferList->mBuffers[i].mNumberChannels;
++free( bufferList );
++
++// Get the input stream "configuration".
++property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeInput;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
++if ( result != noErr || dataSize == 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting input stream configuration info for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Allocate the AudioBufferList.
++bufferList = (AudioBufferList *) malloc( dataSize );
++if ( bufferList == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: memory error allocating input AudioBufferList.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, bufferList );
++if (result != noErr || dataSize == 0) {
++free( bufferList );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting input stream configuration for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Get input channel information.
++nStreams = bufferList->mNumberBuffers;
++for ( i=0; i<nStreams; i++ )
++info.inputChannels += bufferList->mBuffers[i].mNumberChannels;
++free( bufferList );
++
++// If device opens for both playback and capture, we determine the channels.
++if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
++info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
++
++// Probe the device sample rates.
++bool isInput = false;
++if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) isInput = true;
++
++// Determine the supported sample rates.
++property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyAvailableNominalSampleRates;
++if ( isInput == false ) property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeOutput;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
++if ( result != kAudioHardwareNoError || dataSize == 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting sample rate info.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++UInt32 nRanges = dataSize / sizeof( AudioValueRange );
++AudioValueRange rangeList[ nRanges ];
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &rangeList );
++if ( result != kAudioHardwareNoError ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::getDeviceInfo: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting sample rates.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// The sample rate reporting mechanism is a bit of a mystery.  It
++// seems that it can either return individual rates or a range of
++// rates.  I assume that if the min / max range values are the same,
++// then that represents a single supported rate and if the min / max
++// range values are different, the device supports an arbitrary
++// range of values (though there might be multiple ranges, so we'll
++// use the most conservative range).
++Float64 minimumRate = 1.0, maximumRate = 10000000000.0;
++bool haveValueRange = false;
++info.sampleRates.clear();
++for ( UInt32 i=0; i<nRanges; i++ ) {
++if ( rangeList[i].mMinimum == rangeList[i].mMaximum ) {
++unsigned int tmpSr = (unsigned int) rangeList[i].mMinimum;
++info.sampleRates.push_back( tmpSr );
++
++if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( tmpSr <= 48000 && tmpSr > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
++info.preferredSampleRate = tmpSr;
++
++} else {
++haveValueRange = true;
++if ( rangeList[i].mMinimum > minimumRate ) minimumRate = rangeList[i].mMinimum;
++if ( rangeList[i].mMaximum < maximumRate ) maximumRate = rangeList[i].mMaximum;
++}
++}
++
++if ( haveValueRange ) {
++for ( unsigned int k=0; k<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; k++ ) {
++if ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] >= (unsigned int) minimumRate && SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= (unsigned int) maximumRate ) {
++info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[k] );
++
++if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[k] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
++info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[k];
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Sort and remove any redundant values
++std::sort( info.sampleRates.begin(), info.sampleRates.end() );
++info.sampleRates.erase( unique( info.sampleRates.begin(), info.sampleRates.end() ), info.sampleRates.end() );
++
++if ( info.sampleRates.size() == 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceInfo: No supported sample rates found for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// CoreAudio always uses 32-bit floating point data for PCM streams.
++// Thus, any other "physical" formats supported by the device are of
++// no interest to the client.
++info.nativeFormats = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++
++if ( info.outputChannels > 0 )
++if ( getDefaultOutputDevice() == device ) info.isDefaultOutput = true;
++if ( info.inputChannels > 0 )
++if ( getDefaultInputDevice() == device ) info.isDefaultInput = true;
++
++info.probed = true;
++return info;
++}
++
++static OSStatus callbackHandler( AudioDeviceID inDevice,
++const AudioTimeStamp* /*inNow*/,
++const AudioBufferList* inInputData,
++const AudioTimeStamp* /*inInputTime*/,
++AudioBufferList* outOutputData,
++const AudioTimeStamp* /*inOutputTime*/,
++void* infoPointer )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) infoPointer;
++
++RtApiCore *object = (RtApiCore *) info->object;
++if ( object->callbackEvent( inDevice, inInputData, outOutputData ) == false )
++return kAudioHardwareUnspecifiedError;
++else
++return kAudioHardwareNoError;
++}
++
++static OSStatus xrunListener( AudioObjectID /*inDevice*/,
++UInt32 nAddresses,
++const AudioObjectPropertyAddress properties[],
++void* handlePointer )
++{
++CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) handlePointer;
++for ( UInt32 i=0; i<nAddresses; i++ ) {
++if ( properties[i].mSelector == kAudioDeviceProcessorOverload ) {
++if ( properties[i].mScope == kAudioDevicePropertyScopeInput )
++handle->xrun[1] = true;
++else
++handle->xrun[0] = true;
++}
++}
++
++return kAudioHardwareNoError;
++}
++
++static OSStatus rateListener( AudioObjectID inDevice,
++UInt32 /*nAddresses*/,
++const AudioObjectPropertyAddress /*properties*/[],
++void* ratePointer )
++{
++Float64 *rate = (Float64 *) ratePointer;
++UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( Float64 );
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate,
++kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
++kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++AudioObjectGetPropertyData( inDevice, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, rate );
++return kAudioHardwareNoError;
++}
++
++bool RtApiCore :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
++{
++// Get device ID
++unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
++if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
++// This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: no devices found!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++// This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++AudioDeviceID deviceList[ nDevices ];
++UInt32 dataSize = sizeof( AudioDeviceID ) * nDevices;
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices,
++kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
++kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++OSStatus result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( kAudioObjectSystemObject, &property,
++0, NULL, &dataSize, (void *) &deviceList );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: OS-X system error getting device IDs.";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++AudioDeviceID id = deviceList[ device ];
++
++// Setup for stream mode.
++bool isInput = false;
++if ( mode == INPUT ) {
++isInput = true;
++property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeInput;
++}
++else
++property.mScope = kAudioDevicePropertyScopeOutput;
++
++// Get the stream "configuration".
++AudioBufferList	*bufferList = nil;
++dataSize = 0;
++property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyStreamConfiguration;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyDataSize( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize );
++if ( result != noErr || dataSize == 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting stream configuration info for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Allocate the AudioBufferList.
++bufferList = (AudioBufferList *) malloc( dataSize );
++if ( bufferList == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: memory error allocating AudioBufferList.";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, bufferList );
++if (result != noErr || dataSize == 0) {
++free( bufferList );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting stream configuration for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Search for one or more streams that contain the desired number of
++// channels. CoreAudio devices can have an arbitrary number of
++// streams and each stream can have an arbitrary number of channels.
++// For each stream, a single buffer of interleaved samples is
++// provided.  RtAudio prefers the use of one stream of interleaved
++// data or multiple consecutive single-channel streams.  However, we
++// now support multiple consecutive multi-channel streams of
++// interleaved data as well.
++UInt32 iStream, offsetCounter = firstChannel;
++UInt32 nStreams = bufferList->mNumberBuffers;
++bool monoMode = false;
++bool foundStream = false;
++
++// First check that the device supports the requested number of
++// channels.
++UInt32 deviceChannels = 0;
++for ( iStream=0; iStream<nStreams; iStream++ )
++deviceChannels += bufferList->mBuffers[iStream].mNumberChannels;
++
++if ( deviceChannels < ( channels + firstChannel ) ) {
++free( bufferList );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: the device (" << device << ") does not support the requested channel count.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Look for a single stream meeting our needs.
++UInt32 firstStream, streamCount = 1, streamChannels = 0, channelOffset = 0;
++for ( iStream=0; iStream<nStreams; iStream++ ) {
++streamChannels = bufferList->mBuffers[iStream].mNumberChannels;
++if ( streamChannels >= channels + offsetCounter ) {
++firstStream = iStream;
++channelOffset = offsetCounter;
++foundStream = true;
++break;
++}
++if ( streamChannels > offsetCounter ) break;
++offsetCounter -= streamChannels;
++}
++
++// If we didn't find a single stream above, then we should be able
++// to meet the channel specification with multiple streams.
++if ( foundStream == false ) {
++monoMode = true;
++offsetCounter = firstChannel;
++for ( iStream=0; iStream<nStreams; iStream++ ) {
++streamChannels = bufferList->mBuffers[iStream].mNumberChannels;
++if ( streamChannels > offsetCounter ) break;
++offsetCounter -= streamChannels;
++}
++
++firstStream = iStream;
++channelOffset = offsetCounter;
++Int32 channelCounter = channels + offsetCounter - streamChannels;
++
++if ( streamChannels > 1 ) monoMode = false;
++while ( channelCounter > 0 ) {
++streamChannels = bufferList->mBuffers[++iStream].mNumberChannels;
++if ( streamChannels > 1 ) monoMode = false;
++channelCounter -= streamChannels;
++streamCount++;
++}
++}
++
++free( bufferList );
++
++// Determine the buffer size.
++AudioValueRange	bufferRange;
++dataSize = sizeof( AudioValueRange );
++property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyBufferFrameSizeRange;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &bufferRange );
++
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting buffer size range for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++if ( bufferRange.mMinimum > *bufferSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned long) bufferRange.mMinimum;
++else if ( bufferRange.mMaximum < *bufferSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned long) bufferRange.mMaximum;
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY ) *bufferSize = (unsigned long) bufferRange.mMinimum;
++
++// Set the buffer size.  For multiple streams, I'm assuming we only
++// need to make this setting for the master channel.
++UInt32 theSize = (UInt32) *bufferSize;
++dataSize = sizeof( UInt32 );
++property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyBufferFrameSize;
++result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &theSize );
++
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting the buffer size for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// If attempting to setup a duplex stream, the bufferSize parameter
++// MUST be the same in both directions!
++*bufferSize = theSize;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT && *bufferSize != stream_.bufferSize ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error setting buffer size for duplex stream on device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
++stream_.nBuffers = 1;
++
++// Try to set "hog" mode ... it's not clear to me this is working.
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE ) {
++pid_t hog_pid;
++dataSize = sizeof( hog_pid );
++property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyHogMode;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &hog_pid );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting 'hog' state!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++if ( hog_pid != getpid() ) {
++hog_pid = getpid();
++result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &hog_pid );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting 'hog' state!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Check and if necessary, change the sample rate for the device.
++Float64 nominalRate;
++dataSize = sizeof( Float64 );
++property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &nominalRate );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting current sample rate.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Only change the sample rate if off by more than 1 Hz.
++if ( fabs( nominalRate - (double)sampleRate ) > 1.0 ) {
++
++// Set a property listener for the sample rate change
++Float64 reportedRate = 0.0;
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress tmp = { kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate, kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal, kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++result = AudioObjectAddPropertyListener( id, &tmp, rateListener, (void *) &reportedRate );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting sample rate property listener for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++nominalRate = (Float64) sampleRate;
++result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &nominalRate );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++AudioObjectRemovePropertyListener( id, &tmp, rateListener, (void *) &reportedRate );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting sample rate for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Now wait until the reported nominal rate is what we just set.
++UInt32 microCounter = 0;
++while ( reportedRate != nominalRate ) {
++microCounter += 5000;
++if ( microCounter > 5000000 ) break;
++usleep( 5000 );
++}
++
++// Remove the property listener.
++AudioObjectRemovePropertyListener( id, &tmp, rateListener, (void *) &reportedRate );
++
++if ( microCounter > 5000000 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: timeout waiting for sample rate update for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++
++// Now set the stream format for all streams.  Also, check the
++// physical format of the device and change that if necessary.
++AudioStreamBasicDescription	description;
++dataSize = sizeof( AudioStreamBasicDescription );
++property.mSelector = kAudioStreamPropertyVirtualFormat;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &description );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting stream format for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Set the sample rate and data format id.  However, only make the
++// change if the sample rate is not within 1.0 of the desired
++// rate and the format is not linear pcm.
++bool updateFormat = false;
++if ( fabs( description.mSampleRate - (Float64)sampleRate ) > 1.0 ) {
++description.mSampleRate = (Float64) sampleRate;
++updateFormat = true;
++}
++
++if ( description.mFormatID != kAudioFormatLinearPCM ) {
++description.mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM;
++updateFormat = true;
++}
++
++if ( updateFormat ) {
++result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &description );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting sample rate or data format for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++
++// Now check the physical format.
++property.mSelector = kAudioStreamPropertyPhysicalFormat;
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL,  &dataSize, &description );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting stream physical format for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++//std::cout << "Current physical stream format:" << std::endl;
++//std::cout << "   mBitsPerChan = " << description.mBitsPerChannel << std::endl;
++//std::cout << "   aligned high = " << (description.mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsAlignedHigh) << ", isPacked = " << (description.mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked) << std::endl;
++//std::cout << "   bytesPerFrame = " << description.mBytesPerFrame << std::endl;
++//std::cout << "   sample rate = " << description.mSampleRate << std::endl;
++
++if ( description.mFormatID != kAudioFormatLinearPCM || description.mBitsPerChannel < 16 ) {
++description.mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM;
++//description.mSampleRate = (Float64) sampleRate;
++AudioStreamBasicDescription	testDescription = description;
++UInt32 formatFlags;
++
++// We'll try higher bit rates first and then work our way down.
++std::vector< std::pair<UInt32, UInt32>  > physicalFormats;
++formatFlags = (description.mFormatFlags | kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsFloat) & ~kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger;
++physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 32, formatFlags ) );
++formatFlags = (description.mFormatFlags | kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger | kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked) & ~kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsFloat;
++physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 32, formatFlags ) );
++physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 24, formatFlags ) );   // 24-bit packed
++formatFlags &= ~( kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked | kAudioFormatFlagIsAlignedHigh );
++physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 24.2, formatFlags ) ); // 24-bit in 4 bytes, aligned low
++formatFlags |= kAudioFormatFlagIsAlignedHigh;
++physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 24.4, formatFlags ) ); // 24-bit in 4 bytes, aligned high
++formatFlags = (description.mFormatFlags | kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger | kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked) & ~kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsFloat;
++physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 16, formatFlags ) );
++physicalFormats.push_back( std::pair<Float32, UInt32>( 8, formatFlags ) );
++
++bool setPhysicalFormat = false;
++for( unsigned int i=0; i<physicalFormats.size(); i++ ) {
++testDescription = description;
++testDescription.mBitsPerChannel = (UInt32) physicalFormats[i].first;
++testDescription.mFormatFlags = physicalFormats[i].second;
++if ( (24 == (UInt32)physicalFormats[i].first) && ~( physicalFormats[i].second & kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked ) )
++testDescription.mBytesPerFrame =  4 * testDescription.mChannelsPerFrame;
++else
++testDescription.mBytesPerFrame =  testDescription.mBitsPerChannel/8 * testDescription.mChannelsPerFrame;
++testDescription.mBytesPerPacket = testDescription.mBytesPerFrame * testDescription.mFramesPerPacket;
++result = AudioObjectSetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, dataSize, &testDescription );
++if ( result == noErr ) {
++setPhysicalFormat = true;
++//std::cout << "Updated physical stream format:" << std::endl;
++//std::cout << "   mBitsPerChan = " << testDescription.mBitsPerChannel << std::endl;
++//std::cout << "   aligned high = " << (testDescription.mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsAlignedHigh) << ", isPacked = " << (testDescription.mFormatFlags & kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked) << std::endl;
++//std::cout << "   bytesPerFrame = " << testDescription.mBytesPerFrame << std::endl;
++//std::cout << "   sample rate = " << testDescription.mSampleRate << std::endl;
++break;
++}
++}
++
++if ( !setPhysicalFormat ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") setting physical data format for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++} // done setting virtual/physical formats.
++
++// Get the stream / device latency.
++UInt32 latency;
++dataSize = sizeof( UInt32 );
++property.mSelector = kAudioDevicePropertyLatency;
++if ( AudioObjectHasProperty( id, &property ) == true ) {
++result = AudioObjectGetPropertyData( id, &property, 0, NULL, &dataSize, &latency );
++if ( result == kAudioHardwareNoError ) stream_.latency[ mode ] = latency;
++else {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") getting device latency for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++}
++
++// Byte-swapping: According to AudioHardware.h, the stream data will
++// always be presented in native-endian format, so we should never
++// need to byte swap.
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
++
++// From the CoreAudio documentation, PCM data must be supplied as
++// 32-bit floats.
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++
++if ( streamCount == 1 )
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = description.mChannelsPerFrame;
++else // multiple streams
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels;
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
++stream_.channelOffset[mode] = channelOffset;  // offset within a CoreAudio stream
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
++else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = true;
++if ( monoMode == true ) stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = false;
++
++// Set flags for buffer conversion.
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
++if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( streamCount == 1 ) {
++if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 &&
++stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++}
++else if ( monoMode && stream_.userInterleaved )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++
++// Allocate our CoreHandle structure for the stream.
++CoreHandle *handle = 0;
++if ( stream_.apiHandle == 0 ) {
++try {
++handle = new CoreHandle;
++}
++catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating CoreHandle memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( pthread_cond_init( &handle->condition, NULL ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: error initializing pthread condition variable.";
++goto error;
++}
++stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
++}
++else
++handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++handle->iStream[mode] = firstStream;
++handle->nStreams[mode] = streamCount;
++handle->id[mode] = id;
++
++// Allocate necessary internal buffers.
++unsigned long bufferBytes;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++//  stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) malloc( bufferBytes * sizeof(char) );
++memset( stream_.userBuffer[mode], 0, bufferBytes * sizeof(char) );
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++// If possible, we will make use of the CoreAudio stream buffers as
++// "device buffers".  However, we can't do this if using multiple
++// streams.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] && handle->nStreams[mode] > 1 ) {
++
++bool makeBuffer = true;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
++if ( mode == INPUT ) {
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
++}
++}
++
++if ( makeBuffer ) {
++bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++}
++
++stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
++stream_.device[mode] = device;
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
++
++// Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
++if ( streamCount > 1 ) setConvertInfo( mode, 0 );
++else setConvertInfo( mode, channelOffset );
++}
++
++if ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.device[0] == device )
++// Only one callback procedure per device.
++stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
++else {
++#if defined( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 ) && ( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 )
++result = AudioDeviceCreateIOProcID( id, callbackHandler, (void *) &stream_.callbackInfo, &handle->procId[mode] );
++#else
++// deprecated in favor of AudioDeviceCreateIOProcID()
++result = AudioDeviceAddIOProc( id, callbackHandler, (void *) &stream_.callbackInfo );
++#endif
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::probeDeviceOpen: system error setting callback for device (" << device << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT )
++stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
++else
++stream_.mode = mode;
++}
++
++// Setup the device property listener for over/underload.
++property.mSelector = kAudioDeviceProcessorOverload;
++property.mScope = kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal;
++result = AudioObjectAddPropertyListener( id, &property, xrunListener, (void *) handle );
++
++return SUCCESS;
++
++error:
++if ( handle ) {
++pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->condition );
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++void RtApiCore :: closeStream( void )
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++if (handle) {
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices,
++kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
++kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++
++property.mSelector = kAudioDeviceProcessorOverload;
++property.mScope = kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal;
++if (AudioObjectRemovePropertyListener( handle->id[0], &property, xrunListener, (void *) handle ) != noErr) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::closeStream(): error removing property listener!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++}
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING )
++AudioDeviceStop( handle->id[0], callbackHandler );
++#if defined( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 ) && ( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 )
++AudioDeviceDestroyIOProcID( handle->id[0], handle->procId[0] );
++#else
++// deprecated in favor of AudioDeviceDestroyIOProcID()
++AudioDeviceRemoveIOProc( handle->id[0], callbackHandler );
++#endif
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && stream_.device[0] != stream_.device[1] ) ) {
++if (handle) {
++AudioObjectPropertyAddress property = { kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices,
++kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
++kAudioObjectPropertyElementMaster };
++
++property.mSelector = kAudioDeviceProcessorOverload;
++property.mScope = kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal;
++if (AudioObjectRemovePropertyListener( handle->id[1], &property, xrunListener, (void *) handle ) != noErr) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::closeStream(): error removing property listener!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++}
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING )
++AudioDeviceStop( handle->id[1], callbackHandler );
++#if defined( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 ) && ( MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_5 )
++AudioDeviceDestroyIOProcID( handle->id[1], handle->procId[1] );
++#else
++// deprecated in favor of AudioDeviceDestroyIOProcID()
++AudioDeviceRemoveIOProc( handle->id[1], callbackHandler );
++#endif
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++// Destroy pthread condition variable.
++pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->condition );
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++}
++
++void RtApiCore :: startStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++OSStatus result = noErr;
++CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++result = AudioDeviceStart( handle->id[0], callbackHandler );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::startStream: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") starting callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT ||
++( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && stream_.device[0] != stream_.device[1] ) ) {
++
++result = AudioDeviceStart( handle->id[1], callbackHandler );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::startStream: system error starting input callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[1] << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++handle->drainCounter = 0;
++handle->internalDrain = false;
++stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
++
++unlock:
++if ( result == noErr ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiCore :: stopStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++OSStatus result = noErr;
++CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++pthread_cond_wait( &handle->condition, &stream_.mutex ); // block until signaled
++}
++
++result = AudioDeviceStop( handle->id[0], callbackHandler );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::stopStream: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") stopping callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && stream_.device[0] != stream_.device[1] ) ) {
++
++result = AudioDeviceStop( handle->id[1], callbackHandler );
++if ( result != noErr ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiCore::stopStream: system error (" << getErrorCode( result ) << ") stopping input callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[1] << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++unlock:
++if ( result == noErr ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiCore :: abortStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++
++stopStream();
++}
++
++// This function will be called by a spawned thread when the user
++// callback function signals that the stream should be stopped or
++// aborted.  It is better to handle it this way because the
++// callbackEvent() function probably should return before the AudioDeviceStop()
++// function is called.
++static void *coreStopStream( void *ptr )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
++RtApiCore *object = (RtApiCore *) info->object;
++
++object->stopStream();
++pthread_exit( NULL );
++}
++
++bool RtApiCore :: callbackEvent( AudioDeviceID deviceId,
++const AudioBufferList *inBufferList,
++const AudioBufferList *outBufferList )
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED || stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPING ) return SUCCESS;
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) &stream_.callbackInfo;
++CoreHandle *handle = (CoreHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++
++// Check if we were draining the stream and signal is finished.
++if ( handle->drainCounter > 3 ) {
++ThreadHandle threadId;
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++if ( handle->internalDrain == true )
++pthread_create( &threadId, NULL, coreStopStream, info );
++else // external call to stopStream()
++pthread_cond_signal( &handle->condition );
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++
++AudioDeviceID outputDevice = handle->id[0];
++
++// Invoke user callback to get fresh output data UNLESS we are
++// draining stream or duplex mode AND the input/output devices are
++// different AND this function is called for the input device.
++if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 && ( stream_.mode != DUPLEX || deviceId == outputDevice ) ) {
++RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) info->callback;
++double streamTime = getStreamTime();
++RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
++if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && handle->xrun[0] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
++handle->xrun[0] = false;
++}
++if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && handle->xrun[1] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
++handle->xrun[1] = false;
++}
++
++int cbReturnValue = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
++stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, info->userData );
++if ( cbReturnValue == 2 ) {
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++abortStream();
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++else if ( cbReturnValue == 1 ) {
++handle->drainCounter = 1;
++handle->internalDrain = true;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && deviceId == outputDevice ) ) {
++
++if ( handle->drainCounter > 1 ) { // write zeros to the output stream
++
++if ( handle->nStreams[0] == 1 ) {
++memset( outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mData,
++0,
++outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mDataByteSize );
++}
++else { // fill multiple streams with zeros
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<handle->nStreams[0]; i++ ) {
++memset( outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mData,
++0,
++outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mDataByteSize );
++}
++}
++}
++else if ( handle->nStreams[0] == 1 ) {
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) { // convert directly to CoreAudio stream buffer
++convertBuffer( (char *) outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mData,
++stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
++}
++else { // copy from user buffer
++memcpy( outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mData,
++stream_.userBuffer[0],
++outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mDataByteSize );
++}
++}
++else { // fill multiple streams
++Float32 *inBuffer = (Float32 *) stream_.userBuffer[0];
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
++convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
++inBuffer = (Float32 *) stream_.deviceBuffer;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[0] == false ) { // mono mode
++UInt32 bufferBytes = outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]].mDataByteSize;
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[0]; i++ ) {
++memcpy( outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mData,
++(void *)&inBuffer[i*stream_.bufferSize], bufferBytes );
++}
++}
++else { // fill multiple multi-channel streams with interleaved data
++UInt32 streamChannels, channelsLeft, inJump, outJump, inOffset;
++Float32 *out, *in;
++
++bool inInterleaved = ( stream_.userInterleaved ) ? true : false;
++UInt32 inChannels = stream_.nUserChannels[0];
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
++inInterleaved = true; // device buffer will always be interleaved for nStreams > 1 and not mono mode
++inChannels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
++}
++
++if ( inInterleaved ) inOffset = 1;
++else inOffset = stream_.bufferSize;
++
++channelsLeft = inChannels;
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<handle->nStreams[0]; i++ ) {
++in = inBuffer;
++out = (Float32 *) outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mData;
++streamChannels = outBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[0]+i].mNumberChannels;
++
++outJump = 0;
++// Account for possible channel offset in first stream
++if ( i == 0 && stream_.channelOffset[0] > 0 ) {
++streamChannels -= stream_.channelOffset[0];
++outJump = stream_.channelOffset[0];
++out += outJump;
++}
++
++// Account for possible unfilled channels at end of the last stream
++if ( streamChannels > channelsLeft ) {
++outJump = streamChannels - channelsLeft;
++streamChannels = channelsLeft;
++}
++
++// Determine input buffer offsets and skips
++if ( inInterleaved ) {
++inJump = inChannels;
++in += inChannels - channelsLeft;
++}
++else {
++inJump = 1;
++in += (inChannels - channelsLeft) * inOffset;
++}
++
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++ ) {
++for ( unsigned int j=0; j<streamChannels; j++ ) {
++*out++ = in[j*inOffset];
++}
++out += outJump;
++in += inJump;
++}
++channelsLeft -= streamChannels;
++}
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Don't bother draining input
++if ( handle->drainCounter ) {
++handle->drainCounter++;
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++AudioDeviceID inputDevice;
++inputDevice = handle->id[1];
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && deviceId == inputDevice ) ) {
++
++if ( handle->nStreams[1] == 1 ) {
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) { // convert directly from CoreAudio stream buffer
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1],
++(char *) inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]].mData,
++stream_.convertInfo[1] );
++}
++else { // copy to user buffer
++memcpy( stream_.userBuffer[1],
++inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]].mData,
++inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]].mDataByteSize );
++}
++}
++else { // read from multiple streams
++Float32 *outBuffer = (Float32 *) stream_.userBuffer[1];
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) outBuffer = (Float32 *) stream_.deviceBuffer;
++
++if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[1] == false ) { // mono mode
++UInt32 bufferBytes = inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]].mDataByteSize;
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[1]; i++ ) {
++memcpy( (void *)&outBuffer[i*stream_.bufferSize],
++inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]+i].mData, bufferBytes );
++}
++}
++else { // read from multiple multi-channel streams
++UInt32 streamChannels, channelsLeft, inJump, outJump, outOffset;
++Float32 *out, *in;
++
++bool outInterleaved = ( stream_.userInterleaved ) ? true : false;
++UInt32 outChannels = stream_.nUserChannels[1];
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
++outInterleaved = true; // device buffer will always be interleaved for nStreams > 1 and not mono mode
++outChannels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
++}
++
++if ( outInterleaved ) outOffset = 1;
++else outOffset = stream_.bufferSize;
++
++channelsLeft = outChannels;
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<handle->nStreams[1]; i++ ) {
++out = outBuffer;
++in = (Float32 *) inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]+i].mData;
++streamChannels = inBufferList->mBuffers[handle->iStream[1]+i].mNumberChannels;
++
++inJump = 0;
++// Account for possible channel offset in first stream
++if ( i == 0 && stream_.channelOffset[1] > 0 ) {
++streamChannels -= stream_.channelOffset[1];
++inJump = stream_.channelOffset[1];
++in += inJump;
++}
++
++// Account for possible unread channels at end of the last stream
++if ( streamChannels > channelsLeft ) {
++inJump = streamChannels - channelsLeft;
++streamChannels = channelsLeft;
++}
++
++// Determine output buffer offsets and skips
++if ( outInterleaved ) {
++outJump = outChannels;
++out += outChannels - channelsLeft;
++}
++else {
++outJump = 1;
++out += (outChannels - channelsLeft) * outOffset;
++}
++
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++ ) {
++for ( unsigned int j=0; j<streamChannels; j++ ) {
++out[j*outOffset] = *in++;
++}
++out += outJump;
++in += inJump;
++}
++channelsLeft -= streamChannels;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) { // convert from our internal "device" buffer
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1],
++stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.convertInfo[1] );
++}
++}
++}
++
++unlock:
++//MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++RtApi::tickStreamTime();
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++
++const char* RtApiCore :: getErrorCode( OSStatus code )
++{
++switch( code ) {
++
++case kAudioHardwareNotRunningError:
++return "kAudioHardwareNotRunningError";
++
++case kAudioHardwareUnspecifiedError:
++return "kAudioHardwareUnspecifiedError";
++
++case kAudioHardwareUnknownPropertyError:
++return "kAudioHardwareUnknownPropertyError";
++
++case kAudioHardwareBadPropertySizeError:
++return "kAudioHardwareBadPropertySizeError";
++
++case kAudioHardwareIllegalOperationError:
++return "kAudioHardwareIllegalOperationError";
++
++case kAudioHardwareBadObjectError:
++return "kAudioHardwareBadObjectError";
++
++case kAudioHardwareBadDeviceError:
++return "kAudioHardwareBadDeviceError";
++
++case kAudioHardwareBadStreamError:
++return "kAudioHardwareBadStreamError";
++
++case kAudioHardwareUnsupportedOperationError:
++return "kAudioHardwareUnsupportedOperationError";
++
++case kAudioDeviceUnsupportedFormatError:
++return "kAudioDeviceUnsupportedFormatError";
++
++case kAudioDevicePermissionsError:
++return "kAudioDevicePermissionsError";
++
++default:
++return "CoreAudio unknown error";
++}
++}
++
++//******************** End of __MACOSX_CORE__ *********************//
++#endif
++
++#if defined(__UNIX_JACK__)
++
++// JACK is a low-latency audio server, originally written for the
++// GNU/Linux operating system and now also ported to OS-X. It can
++// connect a number of different applications to an audio device, as
++// well as allowing them to share audio between themselves.
++//
++// When using JACK with RtAudio, "devices" refer to JACK clients that
++// have ports connected to the server.  The JACK server is typically
++// started in a terminal as follows:
++//
++// .jackd -d alsa -d hw:0
++//
++// or through an interface program such as qjackctl.  Many of the
++// parameters normally set for a stream are fixed by the JACK server
++// and can be specified when the JACK server is started.  In
++// particular,
++//
++// .jackd -d alsa -d hw:0 -r 44100 -p 512 -n 4
++//
++// specifies a sample rate of 44100 Hz, a buffer size of 512 sample
++// frames, and number of buffers = 4.  Once the server is running, it
++// is not possible to override these values.  If the values are not
++// specified in the command-line, the JACK server uses default values.
++//
++// The JACK server does not have to be running when an instance of
++// RtApiJack is created, though the function getDeviceCount() will
++// report 0 devices found until JACK has been started.  When no
++// devices are available (i.e., the JACK server is not running), a
++// stream cannot be opened.
++
++#include <jack/jack.h>
++#include <unistd.h>
++#include <cstdio>
++
++// A structure to hold various information related to the Jack API
++// implementation.
++struct JackHandle {
++jack_client_t *client;
++jack_port_t **ports[2];
++std::string deviceName[2];
++bool xrun[2];
++pthread_cond_t condition;
++int drainCounter;       // Tracks callback counts when draining
++bool internalDrain;     // Indicates if stop is initiated from callback or not.
++
++JackHandle()
++:client(0), drainCounter(0), internalDrain(false) { ports[0] = 0; ports[1] = 0; xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; }
++};
++
++#if !defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
++static void jackSilentError( const char * ) {};
++#endif
++
++RtApiJack :: RtApiJack()
++:shouldAutoconnect_(true) {
++// Nothing to do here.
++#if !defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
++// Turn off Jack's internal error reporting.
++jack_set_error_function( &jackSilentError );
++#endif
++}
++
++RtApiJack :: ~RtApiJack()
++{
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiJack :: getDeviceCount( void )
++{
++// See if we can become a jack client.
++jack_options_t options = (jack_options_t) ( JackNoStartServer ); //JackNullOption;
++jack_status_t *status = NULL;
++jack_client_t *client = jack_client_open( "RtApiJackCount", options, status );
++if ( client == 0 ) return 0;
++
++const char **ports;
++std::string port, previousPort;
++unsigned int nChannels = 0, nDevices = 0;
++ports = jack_get_ports( client, NULL, NULL, 0 );
++if ( ports ) {
++// Parse the port names up to the first colon (:).
++size_t iColon = 0;
++do {
++port = (char *) ports[ nChannels ];
++iColon = port.find(":");
++if ( iColon != std::string::npos ) {
++port = port.substr( 0, iColon + 1 );
++if ( port != previousPort ) {
++nDevices++;
++previousPort = port;
++}
++}
++} while ( ports[++nChannels] );
++free( ports );
++}
++
++jack_client_close( client );
++return nDevices;
++}
++
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiJack :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
++{
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
++info.probed = false;
++
++jack_options_t options = (jack_options_t) ( JackNoStartServer ); //JackNullOption
++jack_status_t *status = NULL;
++jack_client_t *client = jack_client_open( "RtApiJackInfo", options, status );
++if ( client == 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::getDeviceInfo: Jack server not found or connection error!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++const char **ports;
++std::string port, previousPort;
++unsigned int nPorts = 0, nDevices = 0;
++ports = jack_get_ports( client, NULL, NULL, 0 );
++if ( ports ) {
++// Parse the port names up to the first colon (:).
++size_t iColon = 0;
++do {
++port = (char *) ports[ nPorts ];
++iColon = port.find(":");
++if ( iColon != std::string::npos ) {
++port = port.substr( 0, iColon );
++if ( port != previousPort ) {
++if ( nDevices == device ) info.name = port;
++nDevices++;
++previousPort = port;
++}
++}
++} while ( ports[++nPorts] );
++free( ports );
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++jack_client_close( client );
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Get the current jack server sample rate.
++info.sampleRates.clear();
++
++info.preferredSampleRate = jack_get_sample_rate( client );
++info.sampleRates.push_back( info.preferredSampleRate );
++
++// Count the available ports containing the client name as device
++// channels.  Jack "input ports" equal RtAudio output channels.
++unsigned int nChannels = 0;
++ports = jack_get_ports( client, info.name.c_str(), NULL, JackPortIsInput );
++if ( ports ) {
++while ( ports[ nChannels ] ) nChannels++;
++free( ports );
++info.outputChannels = nChannels;
++}
++
++// Jack "output ports" equal RtAudio input channels.
++nChannels = 0;
++ports = jack_get_ports( client, info.name.c_str(), NULL, JackPortIsOutput );
++if ( ports ) {
++while ( ports[ nChannels ] ) nChannels++;
++free( ports );
++info.inputChannels = nChannels;
++}
++
++if ( info.outputChannels == 0 && info.inputChannels == 0 ) {
++jack_client_close(client);
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::getDeviceInfo: error determining Jack input/output channels!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// If device opens for both playback and capture, we determine the channels.
++if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
++info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
++
++// Jack always uses 32-bit floats.
++info.nativeFormats = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++
++// Jack doesn't provide default devices so we'll use the first available one.
++if ( device == 0 && info.outputChannels > 0 )
++info.isDefaultOutput = true;
++if ( device == 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
++info.isDefaultInput = true;
++
++jack_client_close(client);
++info.probed = true;
++return info;
++}
++
++static int jackCallbackHandler( jack_nframes_t nframes, void *infoPointer )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) infoPointer;
++
++RtApiJack *object = (RtApiJack *) info->object;
++if ( object->callbackEvent( (unsigned long) nframes ) == false ) return 1;
++
++return 0;
++}
++
++// This function will be called by a spawned thread when the Jack
++// server signals that it is shutting down.  It is necessary to handle
++// it this way because the jackShutdown() function must return before
++// the jack_deactivate() function (in closeStream()) will return.
++static void *jackCloseStream( void *ptr )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
++RtApiJack *object = (RtApiJack *) info->object;
++
++object->closeStream();
++
++pthread_exit( NULL );
++}
++static void jackShutdown( void *infoPointer )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) infoPointer;
++RtApiJack *object = (RtApiJack *) info->object;
++
++// Check current stream state.  If stopped, then we'll assume this
++// was called as a result of a call to RtApiJack::stopStream (the
++// deactivation of a client handle causes this function to be called).
++// If not, we'll assume the Jack server is shutting down or some
++// other problem occurred and we should close the stream.
++if ( object->isStreamRunning() == false ) return;
++
++ThreadHandle threadId;
++pthread_create( &threadId, NULL, jackCloseStream, info );
++std::cerr << "\nRtApiJack: the Jack server is shutting down this client ... stream stopped and closed!!\n" << std::endl;
++}
++
++static int jackXrun( void *infoPointer )
++{
++JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) infoPointer;
++
++if ( handle->ports[0] ) handle->xrun[0] = true;
++if ( handle->ports[1] ) handle->xrun[1] = true;
++
++return 0;
++}
++
++bool RtApiJack :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
++{
++JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++
++// Look for jack server and try to become a client (only do once per stream).
++jack_client_t *client = 0;
++if ( mode == OUTPUT || ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode != OUTPUT ) ) {
++jack_options_t jackoptions = (jack_options_t) ( JackNoStartServer ); //JackNullOption;
++jack_status_t *status = NULL;
++if ( options && !options->streamName.empty() )
++client = jack_client_open( options->streamName.c_str(), jackoptions, status );
++else
++client = jack_client_open( "RtApiJack", jackoptions, status );
++if ( client == 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: Jack server not found or connection error!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++else {
++// The handle must have been created on an earlier pass.
++client = handle->client;
++}
++
++const char **ports;
++std::string port, previousPort, deviceName;
++unsigned int nPorts = 0, nDevices = 0;
++ports = jack_get_ports( client, NULL, NULL, 0 );
++if ( ports ) {
++// Parse the port names up to the first colon (:).
++size_t iColon = 0;
++do {
++port = (char *) ports[ nPorts ];
++iColon = port.find(":");
++if ( iColon != std::string::npos ) {
++port = port.substr( 0, iColon );
++if ( port != previousPort ) {
++if ( nDevices == device ) deviceName = port;
++nDevices++;
++previousPort = port;
++}
++}
++} while ( ports[++nPorts] );
++free( ports );
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Count the available ports containing the client name as device
++// channels.  Jack "input ports" equal RtAudio output channels.
++unsigned int nChannels = 0;
++unsigned long flag = JackPortIsInput;
++if ( mode == INPUT ) flag = JackPortIsOutput;
++ports = jack_get_ports( client, deviceName.c_str(), NULL, flag );
++if ( ports ) {
++while ( ports[ nChannels ] ) nChannels++;
++free( ports );
++}
++
++// Compare the jack ports for specified client to the requested number of channels.
++if ( nChannels < (channels + firstChannel) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: requested number of channels (" << channels << ") + offset (" << firstChannel << ") not found for specified device (" << device << ":" << deviceName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Check the jack server sample rate.
++unsigned int jackRate = jack_get_sample_rate( client );
++if ( sampleRate != jackRate ) {
++jack_client_close( client );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: the requested sample rate (" << sampleRate << ") is different than the JACK server rate (" << jackRate << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++stream_.sampleRate = jackRate;
++
++// Get the latency of the JACK port.
++ports = jack_get_ports( client, deviceName.c_str(), NULL, flag );
++if ( ports[ firstChannel ] ) {
++// Added by Ge Wang
++jack_latency_callback_mode_t cbmode = (mode == INPUT ? JackCaptureLatency : JackPlaybackLatency);
++// the range (usually the min and max are equal)
++jack_latency_range_t latrange; latrange.min = latrange.max = 0;
++// get the latency range
++jack_port_get_latency_range( jack_port_by_name( client, ports[firstChannel] ), cbmode, &latrange );
++// be optimistic, use the min!
++stream_.latency[mode] = latrange.min;
++//stream_.latency[mode] = jack_port_get_latency( jack_port_by_name( client, ports[ firstChannel ] ) );
++}
++free( ports );
++
++// The jack server always uses 32-bit floating-point data.
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
++else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++
++// Jack always uses non-interleaved buffers.
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = false;
++
++// Jack always provides host byte-ordered data.
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
++
++// Get the buffer size.  The buffer size and number of buffers
++// (periods) is set when the jack server is started.
++stream_.bufferSize = (int) jack_get_buffer_size( client );
++*bufferSize = stream_.bufferSize;
++
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels;
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
++
++// Set flags for buffer conversion.
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
++if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++
++// Allocate our JackHandle structure for the stream.
++if ( handle == 0 ) {
++try {
++handle = new JackHandle;
++}
++catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating JackHandle memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( pthread_cond_init(&handle->condition, NULL) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error initializing pthread condition variable.";
++goto error;
++}
++stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
++handle->client = client;
++}
++handle->deviceName[mode] = deviceName;
++
++// Allocate necessary internal buffers.
++unsigned long bufferBytes;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
++
++bool makeBuffer = true;
++if ( mode == OUTPUT )
++bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++else { // mode == INPUT
++bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[1] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[1] );
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes(stream_.deviceFormat[0]);
++if ( bufferBytes < bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
++}
++}
++
++if ( makeBuffer ) {
++bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Allocate memory for the Jack ports (channels) identifiers.
++handle->ports[mode] = (jack_port_t **) malloc ( sizeof (jack_port_t *) * channels );
++if ( handle->ports[mode] == NULL )  {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating port memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++stream_.device[mode] = device;
++stream_.channelOffset[mode] = firstChannel;
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
++
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT )
++// We had already set up the stream for output.
++stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
++else {
++stream_.mode = mode;
++jack_set_process_callback( handle->client, jackCallbackHandler, (void *) &stream_.callbackInfo );
++jack_set_xrun_callback( handle->client, jackXrun, (void *) &handle );
++jack_on_shutdown( handle->client, jackShutdown, (void *) &stream_.callbackInfo );
++}
++
++// Register our ports.
++char label[64];
++if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[0]; i++ ) {
++snprintf( label, 64, "outport %d", i );
++handle->ports[0][i] = jack_port_register( handle->client, (const char *)label,
++JACK_DEFAULT_AUDIO_TYPE, JackPortIsOutput, 0 );
++}
++}
++else {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[1]; i++ ) {
++snprintf( label, 64, "inport %d", i );
++handle->ports[1][i] = jack_port_register( handle->client, (const char *)label,
++JACK_DEFAULT_AUDIO_TYPE, JackPortIsInput, 0 );
++}
++}
++
++// Setup the buffer conversion information structure.  We don't use
++// buffers to do channel offsets, so we override that parameter
++// here.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, 0 );
++
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_JACK_DONT_CONNECT ) shouldAutoconnect_ = false;
++
++return SUCCESS;
++
++error:
++if ( handle ) {
++pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->condition );
++jack_client_close( handle->client );
++
++if ( handle->ports[0] ) free( handle->ports[0] );
++if ( handle->ports[1] ) free( handle->ports[1] );
++
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++void RtApiJack :: closeStream( void )
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( handle ) {
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING )
++jack_deactivate( handle->client );
++
++jack_client_close( handle->client );
++}
++
++if ( handle ) {
++if ( handle->ports[0] ) free( handle->ports[0] );
++if ( handle->ports[1] ) free( handle->ports[1] );
++pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->condition );
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++}
++
++void RtApiJack :: startStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++int result = jack_activate( handle->client );
++if ( result ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): unable to activate JACK client!";
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++const char **ports;
++
++// Get the list of available ports.
++if ( shouldAutoconnect_ && (stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX) ) {
++result = 1;
++ports = jack_get_ports( handle->client, handle->deviceName[0].c_str(), NULL, JackPortIsInput);
++if ( ports == NULL) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): error determining available JACK input ports!";
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// Now make the port connections.  Since RtAudio wasn't designed to
++// allow the user to select particular channels of a device, we'll
++// just open the first "nChannels" ports with offset.
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[0]; i++ ) {
++result = 1;
++if ( ports[ stream_.channelOffset[0] + i ] )
++result = jack_connect( handle->client, jack_port_name( handle->ports[0][i] ), ports[ stream_.channelOffset[0] + i ] );
++if ( result ) {
++free( ports );
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): error connecting output ports!";
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++free(ports);
++}
++
++if ( shouldAutoconnect_ && (stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX) ) {
++result = 1;
++ports = jack_get_ports( handle->client, handle->deviceName[1].c_str(), NULL, JackPortIsOutput );
++if ( ports == NULL) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): error determining available JACK output ports!";
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// Now make the port connections.  See note above.
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[1]; i++ ) {
++result = 1;
++if ( ports[ stream_.channelOffset[1] + i ] )
++result = jack_connect( handle->client, ports[ stream_.channelOffset[1] + i ], jack_port_name( handle->ports[1][i] ) );
++if ( result ) {
++free( ports );
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::startStream(): error connecting input ports!";
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++free(ports);
++}
++
++handle->drainCounter = 0;
++handle->internalDrain = false;
++stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
++
++unlock:
++if ( result == 0 ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiJack :: stopStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++pthread_cond_wait( &handle->condition, &stream_.mutex ); // block until signaled
++}
++}
++
++jack_deactivate( handle->client );
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++}
++
++void RtApiJack :: abortStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiJack::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++
++stopStream();
++}
++
++// This function will be called by a spawned thread when the user
++// callback function signals that the stream should be stopped or
++// aborted.  It is necessary to handle it this way because the
++// callbackEvent() function must return before the jack_deactivate()
++// function will return.
++static void *jackStopStream( void *ptr )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
++RtApiJack *object = (RtApiJack *) info->object;
++
++object->stopStream();
++pthread_exit( NULL );
++}
++
++bool RtApiJack :: callbackEvent( unsigned long nframes )
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED || stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPING ) return SUCCESS;
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return FAILURE;
++}
++if ( stream_.bufferSize != nframes ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiCore::callbackEvent(): the JACK buffer size has changed ... cannot process!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) &stream_.callbackInfo;
++JackHandle *handle = (JackHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++
++// Check if we were draining the stream and signal is finished.
++if ( handle->drainCounter > 3 ) {
++ThreadHandle threadId;
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++if ( handle->internalDrain == true )
++pthread_create( &threadId, NULL, jackStopStream, info );
++else
++pthread_cond_signal( &handle->condition );
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++
++// Invoke user callback first, to get fresh output data.
++if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
++RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) info->callback;
++double streamTime = getStreamTime();
++RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
++if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && handle->xrun[0] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
++handle->xrun[0] = false;
++}
++if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && handle->xrun[1] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
++handle->xrun[1] = false;
++}
++int cbReturnValue = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
++stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, info->userData );
++if ( cbReturnValue == 2 ) {
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++ThreadHandle id;
++pthread_create( &id, NULL, jackStopStream, info );
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++else if ( cbReturnValue == 1 ) {
++handle->drainCounter = 1;
++handle->internalDrain = true;
++}
++}
++
++jack_default_audio_sample_t *jackbuffer;
++unsigned long bufferBytes = nframes * sizeof( jack_default_audio_sample_t );
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++if ( handle->drainCounter > 1 ) { // write zeros to the output stream
++
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[0]; i++ ) {
++jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[0][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
++memset( jackbuffer, 0, bufferBytes );
++}
++
++}
++else if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
++
++convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
++
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[0]; i++ ) {
++jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[0][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
++memcpy( jackbuffer, &stream_.deviceBuffer[i*bufferBytes], bufferBytes );
++}
++}
++else { // no buffer conversion
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[0]; i++ ) {
++jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[0][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
++memcpy( jackbuffer, &stream_.userBuffer[0][i*bufferBytes], bufferBytes );
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Don't bother draining input
++if ( handle->drainCounter ) {
++handle->drainCounter++;
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[1]; i++ ) {
++jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[1][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
++memcpy( &stream_.deviceBuffer[i*bufferBytes], jackbuffer, bufferBytes );
++}
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
++}
++else { // no buffer conversion
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nUserChannels[1]; i++ ) {
++jackbuffer = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *) jack_port_get_buffer( handle->ports[1][i], (jack_nframes_t) nframes );
++memcpy( &stream_.userBuffer[1][i*bufferBytes], jackbuffer, bufferBytes );
++}
++}
++}
++
++unlock:
++RtApi::tickStreamTime();
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++//******************** End of __UNIX_JACK__ *********************//
++#endif
++
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__) // ASIO API on Windows
++
++// The ASIO API is designed around a callback scheme, so this
++// implementation is similar to that used for OS-X CoreAudio and Linux
++// Jack.  The primary constraint with ASIO is that it only allows
++// access to a single driver at a time.  Thus, it is not possible to
++// have more than one simultaneous RtAudio stream.
++//
++// This implementation also requires a number of external ASIO files
++// and a few global variables.  The ASIO callback scheme does not
++// allow for the passing of user data, so we must create a global
++// pointer to our callbackInfo structure.
++//
++// On unix systems, we make use of a pthread condition variable.
++// Since there is no equivalent in Windows, I hacked something based
++// on information found in
++// http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/win32-cv-1.html.
++
++#include "asiosys.h"
++#include "asio.h"
++#include "iasiothiscallresolver.h"
++#include "asiodrivers.h"
++#include <cmath>
++
++static AsioDrivers drivers;
++static ASIOCallbacks asioCallbacks;
++static ASIODriverInfo driverInfo;
++static CallbackInfo *asioCallbackInfo;
++static bool asioXRun;
++
++struct AsioHandle {
++int drainCounter;       // Tracks callback counts when draining
++bool internalDrain;     // Indicates if stop is initiated from callback or not.
++ASIOBufferInfo *bufferInfos;
++HANDLE condition;
++
++AsioHandle()
++:drainCounter(0), internalDrain(false), bufferInfos(0) {}
++};
++
++// Function declarations (definitions at end of section)
++static const char* getAsioErrorString( ASIOError result );
++static void sampleRateChanged( ASIOSampleRate sRate );
++static long asioMessages( long selector, long value, void* message, double* opt );
++
++RtApiAsio :: RtApiAsio()
++{
++// ASIO cannot run on a multi-threaded appartment. You can call
++// CoInitialize beforehand, but it must be for appartment threading
++// (in which case, CoInitilialize will return S_FALSE here).
++coInitialized_ = false;
++HRESULT hr = CoInitialize( NULL ); 
++if ( FAILED(hr) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::ASIO requires a single-threaded appartment. Call CoInitializeEx(0,COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED)";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++coInitialized_ = true;
++
++drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
++driverInfo.asioVersion = 2;
++
++// See note in DirectSound implementation about GetDesktopWindow().
++driverInfo.sysRef = GetForegroundWindow();
++}
++
++RtApiAsio :: ~RtApiAsio()
++{
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
++if ( coInitialized_ ) CoUninitialize();
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiAsio :: getDeviceCount( void )
++{
++return (unsigned int) drivers.asioGetNumDev();
++}
++
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiAsio :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
++{
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
++info.probed = false;
++
++// Get device ID
++unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
++if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++// If a stream is already open, we cannot probe other devices.  Thus, use the saved results.
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++if ( device >= devices_.size() ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: device ID was not present before stream was opened.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++return devices_[ device ];
++}
++
++char driverName[32];
++ASIOError result = drivers.asioGetDriverName( (int) device, driverName, 32 );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: unable to get driver name (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++info.name = driverName;
++
++if ( !drivers.loadDriver( driverName ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: unable to load driver (" << driverName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++result = ASIOInit( &driverInfo );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") initializing driver (" << driverName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Determine the device channel information.
++long inputChannels, outputChannels;
++result = ASIOGetChannels( &inputChannels, &outputChannels );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting channel count (" << driverName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++info.outputChannels = outputChannels;
++info.inputChannels = inputChannels;
++if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
++info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
++
++// Determine the supported sample rates.
++info.sampleRates.clear();
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; i++ ) {
++result = ASIOCanSampleRate( (ASIOSampleRate) SAMPLE_RATES[i] );
++if ( result == ASE_OK ) {
++info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[i] );
++
++if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[i] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[i] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
++info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[i];
++}
++}
++
++// Determine supported data types ... just check first channel and assume rest are the same.
++ASIOChannelInfo channelInfo;
++channelInfo.channel = 0;
++channelInfo.isInput = true;
++if ( info.inputChannels <= 0 ) channelInfo.isInput = false;
++result = ASIOGetChannelInfo( &channelInfo );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting driver channel info (" << driverName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++info.nativeFormats = 0;
++if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16LSB )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32LSB )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32LSB )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64LSB )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
++else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24LSB )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++
++if ( info.outputChannels > 0 )
++if ( getDefaultOutputDevice() == device ) info.isDefaultOutput = true;
++if ( info.inputChannels > 0 )
++if ( getDefaultInputDevice() == device ) info.isDefaultInput = true;
++
++info.probed = true;
++drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
++return info;
++}
++
++static void bufferSwitch( long index, ASIOBool /*processNow*/ )
++{
++RtApiAsio *object = (RtApiAsio *) asioCallbackInfo->object;
++object->callbackEvent( index );
++}
++
++void RtApiAsio :: saveDeviceInfo( void )
++{
++devices_.clear();
++
++unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
++devices_.resize( nDevices );
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nDevices; i++ )
++devices_[i] = getDeviceInfo( i );
++}
++
++bool RtApiAsio :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
++{////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
++
++bool isDuplexInput =  mode == INPUT && stream_.mode == OUTPUT;
++
++// For ASIO, a duplex stream MUST use the same driver.
++if ( isDuplexInput && stream_.device[0] != device ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: an ASIO duplex stream must use the same device for input and output!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++char driverName[32];
++ASIOError result = drivers.asioGetDriverName( (int) device, driverName, 32 );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: unable to get driver name (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Only load the driver once for duplex stream.
++if ( !isDuplexInput ) {
++// The getDeviceInfo() function will not work when a stream is open
++// because ASIO does not allow multiple devices to run at the same
++// time.  Thus, we'll probe the system before opening a stream and
++// save the results for use by getDeviceInfo().
++this->saveDeviceInfo();
++
++if ( !drivers.loadDriver( driverName ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: unable to load driver (" << driverName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++result = ASIOInit( &driverInfo );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") initializing driver (" << driverName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++
++// keep them before any "goto error", they are used for error cleanup + goto device boundary checks
++bool buffersAllocated = false;
++AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++unsigned int nChannels;
++
++
++// Check the device channel count.
++long inputChannels, outputChannels;
++result = ASIOGetChannels( &inputChannels, &outputChannels );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting channel count (" << driverName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( ( mode == OUTPUT && (channels+firstChannel) > (unsigned int) outputChannels) ||
++( mode == INPUT && (channels+firstChannel) > (unsigned int) inputChannels) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") does not support requested channel count (" << channels << ") + offset (" << firstChannel << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels;
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
++stream_.channelOffset[mode] = firstChannel;
++
++// Verify the sample rate is supported.
++result = ASIOCanSampleRate( (ASIOSampleRate) sampleRate );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") does not support requested sample rate (" << sampleRate << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++
++// Get the current sample rate
++ASIOSampleRate currentRate;
++result = ASIOGetSampleRate( &currentRate );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error getting sample rate.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++
++// Set the sample rate only if necessary
++if ( currentRate != sampleRate ) {
++result = ASIOSetSampleRate( (ASIOSampleRate) sampleRate );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error setting sample rate (" << sampleRate << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++}
++
++// Determine the driver data type.
++ASIOChannelInfo channelInfo;
++channelInfo.channel = 0;
++if ( mode == OUTPUT ) channelInfo.isInput = false;
++else channelInfo.isInput = true;
++result = ASIOGetChannelInfo( &channelInfo );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting data format.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++
++// Assuming WINDOWS host is always little-endian.
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = 0;
++if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16LSB ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt16MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32LSB ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt32MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32LSB ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat32MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64LSB ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
++if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTFloat64MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++else if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24MSB || channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24LSB ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++if ( channelInfo.type == ASIOSTInt24MSB ) stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] == 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") data format not supported by RtAudio.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++
++// Set the buffer size.  For a duplex stream, this will end up
++// setting the buffer size based on the input constraints, which
++// should be ok.
++long minSize, maxSize, preferSize, granularity;
++result = ASIOGetBufferSize( &minSize, &maxSize, &preferSize, &granularity );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting buffer size.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( isDuplexInput ) {
++// When this is the duplex input (output was opened before), then we have to use the same
++// buffersize as the output, because it might use the preferred buffer size, which most
++// likely wasn't passed as input to this. The buffer sizes have to be identically anyway,
++// So instead of throwing an error, make them equal. The caller uses the reference
++// to the "bufferSize" param as usual to set up processing buffers.
++
++*bufferSize = stream_.bufferSize;
++
++} else {
++if ( *bufferSize == 0 ) *bufferSize = preferSize;
++else if ( *bufferSize < (unsigned int) minSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned int) minSize;
++else if ( *bufferSize > (unsigned int) maxSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned int) maxSize;
++else if ( granularity == -1 ) {
++// Make sure bufferSize is a power of two.
++int log2_of_min_size = 0;
++int log2_of_max_size = 0;
++
++for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < sizeof(long) * 8; i++ ) {
++if ( minSize & ((long)1 << i) ) log2_of_min_size = i;
++if ( maxSize & ((long)1 << i) ) log2_of_max_size = i;
++}
++
++long min_delta = std::abs( (long)*bufferSize - ((long)1 << log2_of_min_size) );
++int min_delta_num = log2_of_min_size;
++
++for (int i = log2_of_min_size + 1; i <= log2_of_max_size; i++) {
++long current_delta = std::abs( (long)*bufferSize - ((long)1 << i) );
++if (current_delta < min_delta) {
++min_delta = current_delta;
++min_delta_num = i;
++}
++}
++
++*bufferSize = ( (unsigned int)1 << min_delta_num );
++if ( *bufferSize < (unsigned int) minSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned int) minSize;
++else if ( *bufferSize > (unsigned int) maxSize ) *bufferSize = (unsigned int) maxSize;
++}
++else if ( granularity != 0 ) {
++// Set to an even multiple of granularity, rounding up.
++*bufferSize = (*bufferSize + granularity-1) / granularity * granularity;
++}
++}
++
++/*
++// we don't use it anymore, see above!
++// Just left it here for the case...
++if ( isDuplexInput && stream_.bufferSize != *bufferSize ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: input/output buffersize discrepancy!";
++goto error;
++}
++*/
++
++stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
++stream_.nBuffers = 2;
++
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
++else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++
++// ASIO always uses non-interleaved buffers.
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = false;
++
++// Allocate, if necessary, our AsioHandle structure for the stream.
++if ( handle == 0 ) {
++try {
++handle = new AsioHandle;
++}
++catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating AsioHandle memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++handle->bufferInfos = 0;
++
++// Create a manual-reset event.
++handle->condition = CreateEvent( NULL,   // no security
++TRUE,   // manual-reset
++FALSE,  // non-signaled initially
++NULL ); // unnamed
++stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
++}
++
++// Create the ASIO internal buffers.  Since RtAudio sets up input
++// and output separately, we'll have to dispose of previously
++// created output buffers for a duplex stream.
++if ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode == OUTPUT ) {
++ASIODisposeBuffers();
++if ( handle->bufferInfos ) free( handle->bufferInfos );
++}
++
++// Allocate, initialize, and save the bufferInfos in our stream callbackInfo structure.
++unsigned int i;
++nChannels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] + stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
++handle->bufferInfos = (ASIOBufferInfo *) malloc( nChannels * sizeof(ASIOBufferInfo) );
++if ( handle->bufferInfos == NULL ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating bufferInfo memory for driver (" << driverName << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++
++ASIOBufferInfo *infos;
++infos = handle->bufferInfos;
++for ( i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[0]; i++, infos++ ) {
++infos->isInput = ASIOFalse;
++infos->channelNum = i + stream_.channelOffset[0];
++infos->buffers[0] = infos->buffers[1] = 0;
++}
++for ( i=0; i<stream_.nDeviceChannels[1]; i++, infos++ ) {
++infos->isInput = ASIOTrue;
++infos->channelNum = i + stream_.channelOffset[1];
++infos->buffers[0] = infos->buffers[1] = 0;
++}
++
++// prepare for callbacks
++stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
++stream_.device[mode] = device;
++stream_.mode = isDuplexInput ? DUPLEX : mode;
++
++// store this class instance before registering callbacks, that are going to use it
++asioCallbackInfo = &stream_.callbackInfo;
++stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
++
++// Set up the ASIO callback structure and create the ASIO data buffers.
++asioCallbacks.bufferSwitch = &bufferSwitch;
++asioCallbacks.sampleRateDidChange = &sampleRateChanged;
++asioCallbacks.asioMessage = &asioMessages;
++asioCallbacks.bufferSwitchTimeInfo = NULL;
++result = ASIOCreateBuffers( handle->bufferInfos, nChannels, stream_.bufferSize, &asioCallbacks );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++// Standard method failed. This can happen with strict/misbehaving drivers that return valid buffer size ranges
++// but only accept the preferred buffer size as parameter for ASIOCreateBuffers. eg. Creatives ASIO driver
++// in that case, let's be naïve and try that instead
++*bufferSize = preferSize;
++stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
++result = ASIOCreateBuffers( handle->bufferInfos, nChannels, stream_.bufferSize, &asioCallbacks );
++}
++
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") creating buffers.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto error;
++}
++buffersAllocated = true;  
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++// Set flags for buffer conversion.
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
++if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++
++// Allocate necessary internal buffers
++unsigned long bufferBytes;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
++
++bool makeBuffer = true;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
++if ( isDuplexInput && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
++}
++
++if ( makeBuffer ) {
++bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Determine device latencies
++long inputLatency, outputLatency;
++result = ASIOGetLatencies( &inputLatency, &outputLatency );
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::probeDeviceOpen: driver (" << driverName << ") error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") getting latency.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING); // warn but don't fail
++}
++else {
++stream_.latency[0] = outputLatency;
++stream_.latency[1] = inputLatency;
++}
++
++// Setup the buffer conversion information structure.  We don't use
++// buffers to do channel offsets, so we override that parameter
++// here.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, 0 );
++
++return SUCCESS;
++
++error:
++if ( !isDuplexInput ) {
++// the cleanup for error in the duplex input, is done by RtApi::openStream
++// So we clean up for single channel only
++
++if ( buffersAllocated )
++ASIODisposeBuffers();
++
++drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
++
++if ( handle ) {
++CloseHandle( handle->condition );
++if ( handle->bufferInfos )
++free( handle->bufferInfos );
++
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[mode] );
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = 0;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++}
++
++return FAILURE;
++}////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
++
++void RtApiAsio :: closeStream()
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++ASIOStop();
++}
++ASIODisposeBuffers();
++drivers.removeCurrentDriver();
++
++AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( handle ) {
++CloseHandle( handle->condition );
++if ( handle->bufferInfos )
++free( handle->bufferInfos );
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++}
++
++bool stopThreadCalled = false;
++
++void RtApiAsio :: startStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++ASIOError result = ASIOStart();
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::startStream: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") starting device.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++handle->drainCounter = 0;
++handle->internalDrain = false;
++ResetEvent( handle->condition );
++stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
++asioXRun = false;
++
++unlock:
++stopThreadCalled = false;
++
++if ( result == ASE_OK ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiAsio :: stopStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++WaitForSingleObject( handle->condition, INFINITE );  // block until signaled
++}
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++ASIOError result = ASIOStop();
++if ( result != ASE_OK ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAsio::stopStream: error (" << getAsioErrorString( result ) << ") stopping device.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++}
++
++if ( result == ASE_OK ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiAsio :: abortStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++// The following lines were commented-out because some behavior was
++// noted where the device buffers need to be zeroed to avoid
++// continuing sound, even when the device buffers are completely
++// disposed.  So now, calling abort is the same as calling stop.
++// AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++// handle->drainCounter = 2;
++stopStream();
++}
++
++// This function will be called by a spawned thread when the user
++// callback function signals that the stream should be stopped or
++// aborted.  It is necessary to handle it this way because the
++// callbackEvent() function must return before the ASIOStop()
++// function will return.
++static unsigned __stdcall asioStopStream( void *ptr )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
++RtApiAsio *object = (RtApiAsio *) info->object;
++
++object->stopStream();
++_endthreadex( 0 );
++return 0;
++}
++
++bool RtApiAsio :: callbackEvent( long bufferIndex )
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED || stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPING ) return SUCCESS;
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAsio::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) &stream_.callbackInfo;
++AsioHandle *handle = (AsioHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++
++// Check if we were draining the stream and signal if finished.
++if ( handle->drainCounter > 3 ) {
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++if ( handle->internalDrain == false )
++SetEvent( handle->condition );
++else { // spawn a thread to stop the stream
++unsigned threadId;
++stream_.callbackInfo.thread = _beginthreadex( NULL, 0, &asioStopStream,
++&stream_.callbackInfo, 0, &threadId );
++}
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++
++// Invoke user callback to get fresh output data UNLESS we are
++// draining stream.
++if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
++RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) info->callback;
++double streamTime = getStreamTime();
++RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
++if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && asioXRun == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
++asioXRun = false;
++}
++if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && asioXRun == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
++asioXRun = false;
++}
++int cbReturnValue = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
++stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, info->userData );
++if ( cbReturnValue == 2 ) {
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++unsigned threadId;
++stream_.callbackInfo.thread = _beginthreadex( NULL, 0, &asioStopStream,
++&stream_.callbackInfo, 0, &threadId );
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++else if ( cbReturnValue == 1 ) {
++handle->drainCounter = 1;
++handle->internalDrain = true;
++}
++}
++
++unsigned int nChannels, bufferBytes, i, j;
++nChannels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] + stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++
++if ( handle->drainCounter > 1 ) { // write zeros to the output stream
++
++for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
++if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput != ASIOTrue )
++memset( handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex], 0, bufferBytes );
++}
++
++}
++else if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
++
++convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
++if ( stream_.doByteSwap[0] )
++byteSwapBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0],
++stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++
++for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
++if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput != ASIOTrue )
++memcpy( handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex],
++&stream_.deviceBuffer[j++*bufferBytes], bufferBytes );
++}
++
++}
++else {
++
++if ( stream_.doByteSwap[0] )
++byteSwapBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[0],
++stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0],
++stream_.userFormat );
++
++for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
++if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput != ASIOTrue )
++memcpy( handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex],
++&stream_.userBuffer[0][bufferBytes*j++], bufferBytes );
++}
++
++}
++}
++
++// Don't bother draining input
++if ( handle->drainCounter ) {
++handle->drainCounter++;
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes(stream_.deviceFormat[1]);
++
++if (stream_.doConvertBuffer[1]) {
++
++// Always interleave ASIO input data.
++for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
++if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput == ASIOTrue )
++memcpy( &stream_.deviceBuffer[j++*bufferBytes],
++handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex],
++bufferBytes );
++}
++
++if ( stream_.doByteSwap[1] )
++byteSwapBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1],
++stream_.deviceFormat[1] );
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
++
++}
++else {
++for ( i=0, j=0; i<nChannels; i++ ) {
++if ( handle->bufferInfos[i].isInput == ASIOTrue ) {
++memcpy( &stream_.userBuffer[1][bufferBytes*j++],
++handle->bufferInfos[i].buffers[bufferIndex],
++bufferBytes );
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.doByteSwap[1] )
++byteSwapBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1],
++stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[1],
++stream_.userFormat );
++}
++}
++
++unlock:
++// The following call was suggested by Malte Clasen.  While the API
++// documentation indicates it should not be required, some device
++// drivers apparently do not function correctly without it.
++ASIOOutputReady();
++
++RtApi::tickStreamTime();
++return SUCCESS;
++}
++
++static void sampleRateChanged( ASIOSampleRate sRate )
++{
++// The ASIO documentation says that this usually only happens during
++// external sync.  Audio processing is not stopped by the driver,
++// actual sample rate might not have even changed, maybe only the
++// sample rate status of an AES/EBU or S/PDIF digital input at the
++// audio device.
++
++RtApi *object = (RtApi *) asioCallbackInfo->object;
++try {
++object->stopStream();
++}
++catch ( RtAudioError &exception ) {
++std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: sampleRateChanged() error (" << exception.getMessage() << ")!\n" << std::endl;
++return;
++}
++
++std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: driver reports sample rate changed to " << sRate << " ... stream stopped!!!\n" << std::endl;
++}
++
++static long asioMessages( long selector, long value, void* /*message*/, double* /*opt*/ )
++{
++long ret = 0;
++
++switch( selector ) {
++case kAsioSelectorSupported:
++if ( value == kAsioResetRequest
++|| value == kAsioEngineVersion
++|| value == kAsioResyncRequest
++|| value == kAsioLatenciesChanged
++// The following three were added for ASIO 2.0, you don't
++// necessarily have to support them.
++|| value == kAsioSupportsTimeInfo
++|| value == kAsioSupportsTimeCode
++|| value == kAsioSupportsInputMonitor)
++ret = 1L;
++break;
++case kAsioResetRequest:
++// Defer the task and perform the reset of the driver during the
++// next "safe" situation.  You cannot reset the driver right now,
++// as this code is called from the driver.  Reset the driver is
++// done by completely destruct is. I.e. ASIOStop(),
++// ASIODisposeBuffers(), Destruction Afterwards you initialize the
++// driver again.
++std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: driver reset requested!!!" << std::endl;
++ret = 1L;
++break;
++case kAsioResyncRequest:
++// This informs the application that the driver encountered some
++// non-fatal data loss.  It is used for synchronization purposes
++// of different media.  Added mainly to work around the Win16Mutex
++// problems in Windows 95/98 with the Windows Multimedia system,
++// which could lose data because the Mutex was held too long by
++// another thread.  However a driver can issue it in other
++// situations, too.
++// std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: driver resync requested!!!" << std::endl;
++asioXRun = true;
++ret = 1L;
++break;
++case kAsioLatenciesChanged:
++// This will inform the host application that the drivers were
++// latencies changed.  Beware, it this does not mean that the
++// buffer sizes have changed!  You might need to update internal
++// delay data.
++std::cerr << "\nRtApiAsio: driver latency may have changed!!!" << std::endl;
++ret = 1L;
++break;
++case kAsioEngineVersion:
++// Return the supported ASIO version of the host application.  If
++// a host application does not implement this selector, ASIO 1.0
++// is assumed by the driver.
++ret = 2L;
++break;
++case kAsioSupportsTimeInfo:
++// Informs the driver whether the
++// asioCallbacks.bufferSwitchTimeInfo() callback is supported.
++// For compatibility with ASIO 1.0 drivers the host application
++// should always support the "old" bufferSwitch method, too.
++ret = 0;
++break;
++case kAsioSupportsTimeCode:
++// Informs the driver whether application is interested in time
++// code info.  If an application does not need to know about time
++// code, the driver has less work to do.
++ret = 0;
++break;
++}
++return ret;
++}
++
++static const char* getAsioErrorString( ASIOError result )
++{
++struct Messages 
++{
++ASIOError value;
++const char*message;
++};
++
++static const Messages m[] = 
++{
++{   ASE_NotPresent,    "Hardware input or output is not present or available." },
++{   ASE_HWMalfunction,  "Hardware is malfunctioning." },
++{   ASE_InvalidParameter, "Invalid input parameter." },
++{   ASE_InvalidMode,      "Invalid mode." },
++{   ASE_SPNotAdvancing,     "Sample position not advancing." },
++{   ASE_NoClock,            "Sample clock or rate cannot be determined or is not present." },
++{   ASE_NoMemory,           "Not enough memory to complete the request." }
++};
++
++for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < sizeof(m)/sizeof(m[0]); ++i )
++if ( m[i].value == result ) return m[i].message;
++
++return "Unknown error.";
++}
++
++//******************** End of __WINDOWS_ASIO__ *********************//
++#endif
++
++
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__) // Windows WASAPI API
++
++// Authored by Marcus Tomlinson <themarcustomlinson at gmail.com>, April 2014
++// - Introduces support for the Windows WASAPI API
++// - Aims to deliver bit streams to and from hardware at the lowest possible latency, via the absolute minimum buffer sizes required
++// - Provides flexible stream configuration to an otherwise strict and inflexible WASAPI interface
++// - Includes automatic internal conversion of sample rate and buffer size between hardware and the user
++
++#ifndef INITGUID
++#define INITGUID
++#endif
++#include <audioclient.h>
++#include <avrt.h>
++#include <mmdeviceapi.h>
++#include <functiondiscoverykeys_devpkey.h>
++
++//=============================================================================
++
++#define SAFE_RELEASE( objectPtr )\
++if ( objectPtr )\
++{\
++objectPtr->Release();\
++objectPtr = NULL;\
++}
++
++typedef HANDLE ( __stdcall *TAvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr )( LPCWSTR TaskName, LPDWORD TaskIndex );
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++// WASAPI dictates stream sample rate, format, channel count, and in some cases, buffer size.
++// Therefore we must perform all necessary conversions to user buffers in order to satisfy these
++// requirements. WasapiBuffer ring buffers are used between HwIn->UserIn and UserOut->HwOut to
++// provide intermediate storage for read / write synchronization.
++class WasapiBuffer
++{
++public:
++WasapiBuffer()
++: buffer_( NULL ),
++bufferSize_( 0 ),
++inIndex_( 0 ),
++outIndex_( 0 ) {}
++
++~WasapiBuffer() {
++free( buffer_ );
++}
++
++// sets the length of the internal ring buffer
++void setBufferSize( unsigned int bufferSize, unsigned int formatBytes ) {
++free( buffer_ );
++
++buffer_ = ( char* ) calloc( bufferSize, formatBytes );
++
++bufferSize_ = bufferSize;
++inIndex_ = 0;
++outIndex_ = 0;
++}
++
++// attempt to push a buffer into the ring buffer at the current "in" index
++bool pushBuffer( char* buffer, unsigned int bufferSize, RtAudioFormat format )
++{
++if ( !buffer ||                 // incoming buffer is NULL
++bufferSize == 0 ||         // incoming buffer has no data
++bufferSize > bufferSize_ ) // incoming buffer too large
++{
++return false;
++}
++
++unsigned int relOutIndex = outIndex_;
++unsigned int inIndexEnd = inIndex_ + bufferSize;
++if ( relOutIndex < inIndex_ && inIndexEnd >= bufferSize_ ) {
++relOutIndex += bufferSize_;
++}
++
++// "in" index can end on the "out" index but cannot begin at it
++if ( inIndex_ <= relOutIndex && inIndexEnd > relOutIndex ) {
++return false; // not enough space between "in" index and "out" index
++}
++
++// copy buffer from external to internal
++int fromZeroSize = inIndex_ + bufferSize - bufferSize_;
++fromZeroSize = fromZeroSize < 0 ? 0 : fromZeroSize;
++int fromInSize = bufferSize - fromZeroSize;
++
++switch( format )
++{
++case RTAUDIO_SINT8:
++memcpy( &( ( char* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( char ) );
++memcpy( buffer_, &( ( char* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( char ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT16:
++memcpy( &( ( short* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( short ) );
++memcpy( buffer_, &( ( short* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( short ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT24:
++memcpy( &( ( S24* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( S24 ) );
++memcpy( buffer_, &( ( S24* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( S24 ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT32:
++memcpy( &( ( int* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( int ) );
++memcpy( buffer_, &( ( int* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( int ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_FLOAT32:
++memcpy( &( ( float* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( float ) );
++memcpy( buffer_, &( ( float* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( float ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_FLOAT64:
++memcpy( &( ( double* ) buffer_ )[inIndex_], buffer, fromInSize * sizeof( double ) );
++memcpy( buffer_, &( ( double* ) buffer )[fromInSize], fromZeroSize * sizeof( double ) );
++break;
++}
++
++// update "in" index
++inIndex_ += bufferSize;
++inIndex_ %= bufferSize_;
++
++return true;
++}
++
++// attempt to pull a buffer from the ring buffer from the current "out" index
++bool pullBuffer( char* buffer, unsigned int bufferSize, RtAudioFormat format )
++{
++if ( !buffer ||                 // incoming buffer is NULL
++bufferSize == 0 ||         // incoming buffer has no data
++bufferSize > bufferSize_ ) // incoming buffer too large
++{
++return false;
++}
++
++unsigned int relInIndex = inIndex_;
++unsigned int outIndexEnd = outIndex_ + bufferSize;
++if ( relInIndex < outIndex_ && outIndexEnd >= bufferSize_ ) {
++relInIndex += bufferSize_;
++}
++
++// "out" index can begin at and end on the "in" index
++if ( outIndex_ < relInIndex && outIndexEnd > relInIndex ) {
++return false; // not enough space between "out" index and "in" index
++}
++
++// copy buffer from internal to external
++int fromZeroSize = outIndex_ + bufferSize - bufferSize_;
++fromZeroSize = fromZeroSize < 0 ? 0 : fromZeroSize;
++int fromOutSize = bufferSize - fromZeroSize;
++
++switch( format )
++{
++case RTAUDIO_SINT8:
++memcpy( buffer, &( ( char* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( char ) );
++memcpy( &( ( char* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( char ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT16:
++memcpy( buffer, &( ( short* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( short ) );
++memcpy( &( ( short* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( short ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT24:
++memcpy( buffer, &( ( S24* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( S24 ) );
++memcpy( &( ( S24* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( S24 ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT32:
++memcpy( buffer, &( ( int* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( int ) );
++memcpy( &( ( int* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( int ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_FLOAT32:
++memcpy( buffer, &( ( float* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( float ) );
++memcpy( &( ( float* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( float ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_FLOAT64:
++memcpy( buffer, &( ( double* ) buffer_ )[outIndex_], fromOutSize * sizeof( double ) );
++memcpy( &( ( double* ) buffer )[fromOutSize], buffer_, fromZeroSize * sizeof( double ) );
++break;
++}
++
++// update "out" index
++outIndex_ += bufferSize;
++outIndex_ %= bufferSize_;
++
++return true;
++}
++
++private:
++char* buffer_;
++unsigned int bufferSize_;
++unsigned int inIndex_;
++unsigned int outIndex_;
++};
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++// In order to satisfy WASAPI's buffer requirements, we need a means of converting sample rate
++// between HW and the user. The convertBufferWasapi function is used to perform this conversion
++// between HwIn->UserIn and UserOut->HwOut during the stream callback loop.
++// This sample rate converter works best with conversions between one rate and its multiple.
++void convertBufferWasapi( char* outBuffer,
++const char* inBuffer,
++const unsigned int& channelCount,
++const unsigned int& inSampleRate,
++const unsigned int& outSampleRate,
++const unsigned int& inSampleCount,
++unsigned int& outSampleCount,
++const RtAudioFormat& format )
++{
++// calculate the new outSampleCount and relative sampleStep
++float sampleRatio = ( float ) outSampleRate / inSampleRate;
++float sampleRatioInv = ( float ) 1 / sampleRatio;
++float sampleStep = 1.0f / sampleRatio;
++float inSampleFraction = 0.0f;
++
++outSampleCount = ( unsigned int ) std::roundf( inSampleCount * sampleRatio );
++
++// if inSampleRate is a multiple of outSampleRate (or vice versa) there's no need to interpolate
++if ( floor( sampleRatio ) == sampleRatio || floor( sampleRatioInv ) == sampleRatioInv )
++{
++// frame-by-frame, copy each relative input sample into it's corresponding output sample
++for ( unsigned int outSample = 0; outSample < outSampleCount; outSample++ )
++{
++unsigned int inSample = ( unsigned int ) inSampleFraction;
++
++switch ( format )
++{
++case RTAUDIO_SINT8:
++memcpy( &( ( char* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( char* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( char ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT16:
++memcpy( &( ( short* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( short* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( short ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT24:
++memcpy( &( ( S24* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( S24* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( S24 ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_SINT32:
++memcpy( &( ( int* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( int* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( int ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_FLOAT32:
++memcpy( &( ( float* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( float* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( float ) );
++break;
++case RTAUDIO_FLOAT64:
++memcpy( &( ( double* ) outBuffer )[ outSample * channelCount ], &( ( double* ) inBuffer )[ inSample * channelCount ], channelCount * sizeof( double ) );
++break;
++}
++
++// jump to next in sample
++inSampleFraction += sampleStep;
++}
++}
++else // else interpolate
++{
++// frame-by-frame, copy each relative input sample into it's corresponding output sample
++for ( unsigned int outSample = 0; outSample < outSampleCount; outSample++ )
++{
++unsigned int inSample = ( unsigned int ) inSampleFraction;
++float inSampleDec = inSampleFraction - inSample;
++unsigned int frameInSample = inSample * channelCount;
++unsigned int frameOutSample = outSample * channelCount;
++
++switch ( format )
++{
++case RTAUDIO_SINT8:
++{
++for ( unsigned int channel = 0; channel < channelCount; channel++ )
++{
++char fromSample = ( ( char* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channel ];
++char toSample = ( ( char* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channelCount + channel ];
++char sampleDiff = ( char ) ( ( toSample - fromSample ) * inSampleDec );
++( ( char* ) outBuffer )[ frameOutSample + channel ] = fromSample + sampleDiff;
++}
++break;
++}
++case RTAUDIO_SINT16:
++{
++for ( unsigned int channel = 0; channel < channelCount; channel++ )
++{
++short fromSample = ( ( short* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channel ];
++short toSample = ( ( short* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channelCount + channel ];
++short sampleDiff = ( short ) ( ( toSample - fromSample ) * inSampleDec );
++( ( short* ) outBuffer )[ frameOutSample + channel ] = fromSample + sampleDiff;
++}
++break;
++}
++case RTAUDIO_SINT24:
++{
++for ( unsigned int channel = 0; channel < channelCount; channel++ )
++{
++int fromSample = ( ( S24* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channel ].asInt();
++int toSample = ( ( S24* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channelCount + channel ].asInt();
++int sampleDiff = ( int ) ( ( toSample - fromSample ) * inSampleDec );
++( ( S24* ) outBuffer )[ frameOutSample + channel ] = fromSample + sampleDiff;
++}
++break;
++}
++case RTAUDIO_SINT32:
++{
++for ( unsigned int channel = 0; channel < channelCount; channel++ )
++{
++int fromSample = ( ( int* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channel ];
++int toSample = ( ( int* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channelCount + channel ];
++int sampleDiff = ( int ) ( ( toSample - fromSample ) * inSampleDec );
++( ( int* ) outBuffer )[ frameOutSample + channel ] = fromSample + sampleDiff;
++}
++break;
++}
++case RTAUDIO_FLOAT32:
++{
++for ( unsigned int channel = 0; channel < channelCount; channel++ )
++{
++float fromSample = ( ( float* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channel ];
++float toSample = ( ( float* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channelCount + channel ];
++float sampleDiff = ( toSample - fromSample ) * inSampleDec;
++( ( float* ) outBuffer )[ frameOutSample + channel ] = fromSample + sampleDiff;
++}
++break;
++}
++case RTAUDIO_FLOAT64:
++{
++for ( unsigned int channel = 0; channel < channelCount; channel++ )
++{
++double fromSample = ( ( double* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channel ];
++double toSample = ( ( double* ) inBuffer )[ frameInSample + channelCount + channel ];
++double sampleDiff = ( toSample - fromSample ) * inSampleDec;
++( ( double* ) outBuffer )[ frameOutSample + channel ] = fromSample + sampleDiff;
++}
++break;
++}
++}
++
++// jump to next in sample
++inSampleFraction += sampleStep;
++}
++}
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++// A structure to hold various information related to the WASAPI implementation.
++struct WasapiHandle
++{
++IAudioClient* captureAudioClient;
++IAudioClient* renderAudioClient;
++IAudioCaptureClient* captureClient;
++IAudioRenderClient* renderClient;
++HANDLE captureEvent;
++HANDLE renderEvent;
++
++WasapiHandle()
++: captureAudioClient( NULL ),
++renderAudioClient( NULL ),
++captureClient( NULL ),
++renderClient( NULL ),
++captureEvent( NULL ),
++renderEvent( NULL ) {}
++};
++
++//=============================================================================
++
++RtApiWasapi::RtApiWasapi()
++: coInitialized_( false ), deviceEnumerator_( NULL )
++{
++// WASAPI can run either apartment or multi-threaded
++HRESULT hr = CoInitialize( NULL );
++if ( !FAILED( hr ) )
++coInitialized_ = true;
++
++// Instantiate device enumerator
++hr = CoCreateInstance( __uuidof( MMDeviceEnumerator ), NULL,
++CLSCTX_ALL, __uuidof( IMMDeviceEnumerator ),
++( void** ) &deviceEnumerator_ );
++
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::RtApiWasapi: Unable to instantiate device enumerator";
++error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
++}
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++RtApiWasapi::~RtApiWasapi()
++{
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED )
++closeStream();
++
++SAFE_RELEASE( deviceEnumerator_ );
++
++// If this object previously called CoInitialize()
++if ( coInitialized_ )
++CoUninitialize();
++}
++
++//=============================================================================
++
++unsigned int RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount( void )
++{
++unsigned int captureDeviceCount = 0;
++unsigned int renderDeviceCount = 0;
++
++IMMDeviceCollection* captureDevices = NULL;
++IMMDeviceCollection* renderDevices = NULL;
++
++// Count capture devices
++errorText_.clear();
++HRESULT hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eCapture, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &captureDevices );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount: Unable to retrieve capture device collection.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = captureDevices->GetCount( &captureDeviceCount );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount: Unable to retrieve capture device count.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// Count render devices
++hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eRender, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &renderDevices );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount: Unable to retrieve render device collection.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = renderDevices->GetCount( &renderDeviceCount );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceCount: Unable to retrieve render device count.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++Exit:
++// release all references
++SAFE_RELEASE( captureDevices );
++SAFE_RELEASE( renderDevices );
++
++if ( errorText_.empty() )
++return captureDeviceCount + renderDeviceCount;
++
++error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
++return 0;
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
++{
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
++unsigned int captureDeviceCount = 0;
++unsigned int renderDeviceCount = 0;
++std::string defaultDeviceName;
++bool isCaptureDevice = false;
++
++PROPVARIANT deviceNameProp;
++PROPVARIANT defaultDeviceNameProp;
++
++IMMDeviceCollection* captureDevices = NULL;
++IMMDeviceCollection* renderDevices = NULL;
++IMMDevice* devicePtr = NULL;
++IMMDevice* defaultDevicePtr = NULL;
++IAudioClient* audioClient = NULL;
++IPropertyStore* devicePropStore = NULL;
++IPropertyStore* defaultDevicePropStore = NULL;
++
++WAVEFORMATEX* deviceFormat = NULL;
++WAVEFORMATEX* closestMatchFormat = NULL;
++
++// probed
++info.probed = false;
++
++// Count capture devices
++errorText_.clear();
++RtAudioError::Type errorType = RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR;
++HRESULT hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eCapture, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &captureDevices );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve capture device collection.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = captureDevices->GetCount( &captureDeviceCount );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve capture device count.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// Count render devices
++hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eRender, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &renderDevices );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve render device collection.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = renderDevices->GetCount( &renderDeviceCount );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve render device count.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// validate device index
++if ( device >= captureDeviceCount + renderDeviceCount ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Invalid device index.";
++errorType = RtAudioError::INVALID_USE;
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// determine whether index falls within capture or render devices
++if ( device >= renderDeviceCount ) {
++hr = captureDevices->Item( device - renderDeviceCount, &devicePtr );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve capture device handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++isCaptureDevice = true;
++}
++else {
++hr = renderDevices->Item( device, &devicePtr );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve render device handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++isCaptureDevice = false;
++}
++
++// get default device name
++if ( isCaptureDevice ) {
++hr = deviceEnumerator_->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint( eCapture, eConsole, &defaultDevicePtr );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve default capture device handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++else {
++hr = deviceEnumerator_->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint( eRender, eConsole, &defaultDevicePtr );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve default render device handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++
++hr = defaultDevicePtr->OpenPropertyStore( STGM_READ, &defaultDevicePropStore );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to open default device property store.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++PropVariantInit( &defaultDeviceNameProp );
++
++hr = defaultDevicePropStore->GetValue( PKEY_Device_FriendlyName, &defaultDeviceNameProp );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve default device property: PKEY_Device_FriendlyName.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++defaultDeviceName = convertCharPointerToStdString(defaultDeviceNameProp.pwszVal);
++
++// name
++hr = devicePtr->OpenPropertyStore( STGM_READ, &devicePropStore );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to open device property store.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++PropVariantInit( &deviceNameProp );
++
++hr = devicePropStore->GetValue( PKEY_Device_FriendlyName, &deviceNameProp );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve device property: PKEY_Device_FriendlyName.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++info.name =convertCharPointerToStdString(deviceNameProp.pwszVal);
++
++// is default
++if ( isCaptureDevice ) {
++info.isDefaultInput = info.name == defaultDeviceName;
++info.isDefaultOutput = false;
++}
++else {
++info.isDefaultInput = false;
++info.isDefaultOutput = info.name == defaultDeviceName;
++}
++
++// channel count
++hr = devicePtr->Activate( __uuidof( IAudioClient ), CLSCTX_ALL, NULL, ( void** ) &audioClient );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve device audio client.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = audioClient->GetMixFormat( &deviceFormat );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::getDeviceInfo: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++if ( isCaptureDevice ) {
++info.inputChannels = deviceFormat->nChannels;
++info.outputChannels = 0;
++info.duplexChannels = 0;
++}
++else {
++info.inputChannels = 0;
++info.outputChannels = deviceFormat->nChannels;
++info.duplexChannels = 0;
++}
++
++// sample rates
++info.sampleRates.clear();
++
++// allow support for all sample rates as we have a built-in sample rate converter
++for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; i++ ) {
++info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[i] );
++}
++info.preferredSampleRate = deviceFormat->nSamplesPerSec;
++
++// native format
++info.nativeFormats = 0;
++
++if ( deviceFormat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT ||
++( deviceFormat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE &&
++( ( WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE* ) deviceFormat )->SubFormat == KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT ) )
++{
++if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 32 ) {
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++}
++else if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 64 ) {
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
++}
++}
++else if ( deviceFormat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_PCM ||
++( deviceFormat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE &&
++( ( WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE* ) deviceFormat )->SubFormat == KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM ) )
++{
++if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 8 ) {
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++}
++else if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 16 ) {
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++}
++else if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 24 ) {
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++}
++else if ( deviceFormat->wBitsPerSample == 32 ) {
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++}
++}
++
++// probed
++info.probed = true;
++
++Exit:
++// release all references
++PropVariantClear( &deviceNameProp );
++PropVariantClear( &defaultDeviceNameProp );
++
++SAFE_RELEASE( captureDevices );
++SAFE_RELEASE( renderDevices );
++SAFE_RELEASE( devicePtr );
++SAFE_RELEASE( defaultDevicePtr );
++SAFE_RELEASE( audioClient );
++SAFE_RELEASE( devicePropStore );
++SAFE_RELEASE( defaultDevicePropStore );
++
++CoTaskMemFree( deviceFormat );
++CoTaskMemFree( closestMatchFormat );
++
++if ( !errorText_.empty() )
++error( errorType );
++return info;
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++unsigned int RtApiWasapi::getDefaultOutputDevice( void )
++{
++for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < getDeviceCount(); i++ ) {
++if ( getDeviceInfo( i ).isDefaultOutput ) {
++return i;
++}
++}
++
++return 0;
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++unsigned int RtApiWasapi::getDefaultInputDevice( void )
++{
++for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < getDeviceCount(); i++ ) {
++if ( getDeviceInfo( i ).isDefaultInput ) {
++return i;
++}
++}
++
++return 0;
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++void RtApiWasapi::closeStream( void )
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::closeStream: No open stream to close.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPED )
++stopStream();
++
++// clean up stream memory
++SAFE_RELEASE( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient )
++SAFE_RELEASE( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient )
++
++SAFE_RELEASE( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureClient )
++SAFE_RELEASE( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderClient )
++
++if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureEvent )
++CloseHandle( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureEvent );
++
++if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderEvent )
++CloseHandle( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderEvent );
++
++delete ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle;
++stream_.apiHandle = NULL;
++
++for ( int i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++// update stream state
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++void RtApiWasapi::startStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::startStream: The stream is already running.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++// update stream state
++stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
++
++// create WASAPI stream thread
++stream_.callbackInfo.thread = ( ThreadHandle ) CreateThread( NULL, 0, runWasapiThread, this, CREATE_SUSPENDED, NULL );
++
++if ( !stream_.callbackInfo.thread ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::startStream: Unable to instantiate callback thread.";
++error( RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR );
++}
++else {
++SetThreadPriority( ( void* ) stream_.callbackInfo.thread, stream_.callbackInfo.priority );
++ResumeThread( ( void* ) stream_.callbackInfo.thread );
++}
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++void RtApiWasapi::stopStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::stopStream: The stream is already stopped.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++// inform stream thread by setting stream state to STREAM_STOPPING
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++
++// wait until stream thread is stopped
++while( stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++Sleep( 1 );
++}
++
++// Wait for the last buffer to play before stopping.
++Sleep( 1000 * stream_.bufferSize / stream_.sampleRate );
++
++// stop capture client if applicable
++if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient ) {
++HRESULT hr = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient->Stop();
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::stopStream: Unable to stop capture stream.";
++error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++// stop render client if applicable
++if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient ) {
++HRESULT hr = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient->Stop();
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::stopStream: Unable to stop render stream.";
++error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++// close thread handle
++if ( stream_.callbackInfo.thread && !CloseHandle( ( void* ) stream_.callbackInfo.thread ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::stopStream: Unable to close callback thread.";
++error( RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++
++stream_.callbackInfo.thread = (ThreadHandle) NULL;
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++void RtApiWasapi::abortStream( void )
++{
++verifyStream();
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::abortStream: The stream is already stopped.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++// inform stream thread by setting stream state to STREAM_STOPPING
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++
++// wait until stream thread is stopped
++while ( stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++Sleep( 1 );
++}
++
++// stop capture client if applicable
++if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient ) {
++HRESULT hr = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient->Stop();
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::abortStream: Unable to stop capture stream.";
++error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++// stop render client if applicable
++if ( ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient ) {
++HRESULT hr = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient->Stop();
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::abortStream: Unable to stop render stream.";
++error( RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++// close thread handle
++if ( stream_.callbackInfo.thread && !CloseHandle( ( void* ) stream_.callbackInfo.thread ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::abortStream: Unable to close callback thread.";
++error( RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++
++stream_.callbackInfo.thread = (ThreadHandle) NULL;
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++bool RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int* bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions* options )
++{
++bool methodResult = FAILURE;
++unsigned int captureDeviceCount = 0;
++unsigned int renderDeviceCount = 0;
++
++IMMDeviceCollection* captureDevices = NULL;
++IMMDeviceCollection* renderDevices = NULL;
++IMMDevice* devicePtr = NULL;
++WAVEFORMATEX* deviceFormat = NULL;
++unsigned int bufferBytes;
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++// create API Handle if not already created
++if ( !stream_.apiHandle )
++stream_.apiHandle = ( void* ) new WasapiHandle();
++
++// Count capture devices
++errorText_.clear();
++RtAudioError::Type errorType = RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR;
++HRESULT hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eCapture, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &captureDevices );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve capture device collection.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = captureDevices->GetCount( &captureDeviceCount );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve capture device count.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// Count render devices
++hr = deviceEnumerator_->EnumAudioEndpoints( eRender, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &renderDevices );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve render device collection.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = renderDevices->GetCount( &renderDeviceCount );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve render device count.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// validate device index
++if ( device >= captureDeviceCount + renderDeviceCount ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::INVALID_USE;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Invalid device index.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// determine whether index falls within capture or render devices
++if ( device >= renderDeviceCount ) {
++if ( mode != INPUT ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::INVALID_USE;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Capture device selected as output device.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// retrieve captureAudioClient from devicePtr
++IAudioClient*& captureAudioClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient;
++
++hr = captureDevices->Item( device - renderDeviceCount, &devicePtr );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve capture device handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = devicePtr->Activate( __uuidof( IAudioClient ), CLSCTX_ALL,
++NULL, ( void** ) &captureAudioClient );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve device audio client.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = captureAudioClient->GetMixFormat( &deviceFormat );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = deviceFormat->nChannels;
++captureAudioClient->GetStreamLatency( ( long long* ) &stream_.latency[mode] );
++}
++else {
++if ( mode != OUTPUT ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::INVALID_USE;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Render device selected as input device.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// retrieve renderAudioClient from devicePtr
++IAudioClient*& renderAudioClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient;
++
++hr = renderDevices->Item( device, &devicePtr );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve render device handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = devicePtr->Activate( __uuidof( IAudioClient ), CLSCTX_ALL,
++NULL, ( void** ) &renderAudioClient );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve device audio client.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = renderAudioClient->GetMixFormat( &deviceFormat );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = deviceFormat->nChannels;
++renderAudioClient->GetStreamLatency( ( long long* ) &stream_.latency[mode] );
++}
++
++// fill stream data
++if ( ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT ) ||
++( stream_.mode == INPUT && mode == OUTPUT ) ) {
++stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
++}
++else {
++stream_.mode = mode;
++}
++
++stream_.device[mode] = device;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
++stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
++stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
++stream_.nBuffers = 1;
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
++stream_.channelOffset[mode] = firstChannel;
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = getDeviceInfo( device ).nativeFormats;
++
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED )
++stream_.userInterleaved = false;
++else
++stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = true;
++
++// Set flags for buffer conversion.
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
++if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] ||
++stream_.nUserChannels != stream_.nDeviceChannels )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++else if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] )
++setConvertInfo( mode, 0 );
++
++// Allocate necessary internal buffers
++bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = ( char* ) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( !stream_.userBuffer[mode] ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::MEMORY_ERROR;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::probeDeviceOpen: Error allocating user buffer memory.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME )
++stream_.callbackInfo.priority = 15;
++else
++stream_.callbackInfo.priority = 0;
++
++///! TODO: RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY // Provide stream buffers directly to callback
++///! TODO: RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE       // Exclusive mode
++
++methodResult = SUCCESS;
++
++Exit:
++//clean up
++SAFE_RELEASE( captureDevices );
++SAFE_RELEASE( renderDevices );
++SAFE_RELEASE( devicePtr );
++CoTaskMemFree( deviceFormat );
++
++// if method failed, close the stream
++if ( methodResult == FAILURE )
++closeStream();
++
++if ( !errorText_.empty() )
++error( errorType );
++return methodResult;
++}
++
++//=============================================================================
++
++DWORD WINAPI RtApiWasapi::runWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr )
++{
++if ( wasapiPtr )
++( ( RtApiWasapi* ) wasapiPtr )->wasapiThread();
++
++return 0;
++}
++
++DWORD WINAPI RtApiWasapi::stopWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr )
++{
++if ( wasapiPtr )
++( ( RtApiWasapi* ) wasapiPtr )->stopStream();
++
++return 0;
++}
++
++DWORD WINAPI RtApiWasapi::abortWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr )
++{
++if ( wasapiPtr )
++( ( RtApiWasapi* ) wasapiPtr )->abortStream();
++
++return 0;
++}
++
++//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
++
++void RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread()
++{
++// as this is a new thread, we must CoInitialize it
++CoInitialize( NULL );
++
++HRESULT hr;
++
++IAudioClient* captureAudioClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureAudioClient;
++IAudioClient* renderAudioClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderAudioClient;
++IAudioCaptureClient* captureClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureClient;
++IAudioRenderClient* renderClient = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderClient;
++HANDLE captureEvent = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureEvent;
++HANDLE renderEvent = ( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderEvent;
++
++WAVEFORMATEX* captureFormat = NULL;
++WAVEFORMATEX* renderFormat = NULL;
++float captureSrRatio = 0.0f;
++float renderSrRatio = 0.0f;
++WasapiBuffer captureBuffer;
++WasapiBuffer renderBuffer;
++
++// declare local stream variables
++RtAudioCallback callback = ( RtAudioCallback ) stream_.callbackInfo.callback;
++BYTE* streamBuffer = NULL;
++unsigned long captureFlags = 0;
++unsigned int bufferFrameCount = 0;
++unsigned int numFramesPadding = 0;
++unsigned int convBufferSize = 0;
++bool callbackPushed = false;
++bool callbackPulled = false;
++bool callbackStopped = false;
++int callbackResult = 0;
++
++// convBuffer is used to store converted buffers between WASAPI and the user
++char* convBuffer = NULL;
++unsigned int convBuffSize = 0;
++unsigned int deviceBuffSize = 0;
++
++errorText_.clear();
++RtAudioError::Type errorType = RtAudioError::DRIVER_ERROR;
++
++// Attempt to assign "Pro Audio" characteristic to thread
++HMODULE AvrtDll = LoadLibrary( (LPCTSTR) "AVRT.dll" );
++if ( AvrtDll ) {
++DWORD taskIndex = 0;
++TAvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr AvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr = ( TAvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr ) GetProcAddress( AvrtDll, "AvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsW" );
++AvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsPtr( L"Pro Audio", &taskIndex );
++FreeLibrary( AvrtDll );
++}
++
++// start capture stream if applicable
++if ( captureAudioClient ) {
++hr = captureAudioClient->GetMixFormat( &captureFormat );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++captureSrRatio = ( ( float ) captureFormat->nSamplesPerSec / stream_.sampleRate );
++
++// initialize capture stream according to desire buffer size
++float desiredBufferSize = stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio;
++REFERENCE_TIME desiredBufferPeriod = ( REFERENCE_TIME ) ( ( float ) desiredBufferSize * 10000000 / captureFormat->nSamplesPerSec );
++
++if ( !captureClient ) {
++hr = captureAudioClient->Initialize( AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED,
++AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK,
++desiredBufferPeriod,
++desiredBufferPeriod,
++captureFormat,
++NULL );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to initialize capture audio client.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = captureAudioClient->GetService( __uuidof( IAudioCaptureClient ),
++( void** ) &captureClient );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve capture client handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// configure captureEvent to trigger on every available capture buffer
++captureEvent = CreateEvent( NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL );
++if ( !captureEvent ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to create capture event.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = captureAudioClient->SetEventHandle( captureEvent );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to set capture event handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureClient = captureClient;
++( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->captureEvent = captureEvent;
++}
++
++unsigned int inBufferSize = 0;
++hr = captureAudioClient->GetBufferSize( &inBufferSize );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to get capture buffer size.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// scale outBufferSize according to stream->user sample rate ratio
++unsigned int outBufferSize = ( unsigned int ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT];
++inBufferSize *= stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT];
++
++// set captureBuffer size
++captureBuffer.setBufferSize( inBufferSize + outBufferSize, formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] ) );
++
++// reset the capture stream
++hr = captureAudioClient->Reset();
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to reset capture stream.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// start the capture stream
++hr = captureAudioClient->Start();
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to start capture stream.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++
++// start render stream if applicable
++if ( renderAudioClient ) {
++hr = renderAudioClient->GetMixFormat( &renderFormat );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve device mix format.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++renderSrRatio = ( ( float ) renderFormat->nSamplesPerSec / stream_.sampleRate );
++
++// initialize render stream according to desire buffer size
++float desiredBufferSize = stream_.bufferSize * renderSrRatio;
++REFERENCE_TIME desiredBufferPeriod = ( REFERENCE_TIME ) ( ( float ) desiredBufferSize * 10000000 / renderFormat->nSamplesPerSec );
++
++if ( !renderClient ) {
++hr = renderAudioClient->Initialize( AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED,
++AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK,
++desiredBufferPeriod,
++desiredBufferPeriod,
++renderFormat,
++NULL );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to initialize render audio client.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = renderAudioClient->GetService( __uuidof( IAudioRenderClient ),
++( void** ) &renderClient );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve render client handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// configure renderEvent to trigger on every available render buffer
++renderEvent = CreateEvent( NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL );
++if ( !renderEvent ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to create render event.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = renderAudioClient->SetEventHandle( renderEvent );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to set render event handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderClient = renderClient;
++( ( WasapiHandle* ) stream_.apiHandle )->renderEvent = renderEvent;
++}
++
++unsigned int outBufferSize = 0;
++hr = renderAudioClient->GetBufferSize( &outBufferSize );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to get render buffer size.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// scale inBufferSize according to user->stream sample rate ratio
++unsigned int inBufferSize = ( unsigned int ) ( stream_.bufferSize * renderSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT];
++outBufferSize *= stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT];
++
++// set renderBuffer size
++renderBuffer.setBufferSize( inBufferSize + outBufferSize, formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] ) );
++
++// reset the render stream
++hr = renderAudioClient->Reset();
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to reset render stream.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// start the render stream
++hr = renderAudioClient->Start();
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to start render stream.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT ) {
++convBuffSize = ( size_t ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
++deviceBuffSize = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
++}
++else if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT ) {
++convBuffSize = ( size_t ) ( stream_.bufferSize * renderSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
++deviceBuffSize = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
++}
++else if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++convBuffSize = std::max( ( size_t ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] ),
++( size_t ) ( stream_.bufferSize * renderSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] ) );
++deviceBuffSize = std::max( stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] ),
++stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] ) );
++}
++
++convBuffer = ( char* ) malloc( convBuffSize );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = ( char* ) malloc( deviceBuffSize );
++if ( !convBuffer || !stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::MEMORY_ERROR;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Error allocating device buffer memory.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// stream process loop
++while ( stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPING ) {
++if ( !callbackPulled ) {
++// Callback Input
++// ==============
++// 1. Pull callback buffer from inputBuffer
++// 2. If 1. was successful: Convert callback buffer to user sample rate and channel count
++//                          Convert callback buffer to user format
++
++if ( captureAudioClient ) {
++// Pull callback buffer from inputBuffer
++callbackPulled = captureBuffer.pullBuffer( convBuffer,
++( unsigned int ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT],
++stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
++
++if ( callbackPulled ) {
++// Convert callback buffer to user sample rate
++convertBufferWasapi( stream_.deviceBuffer,
++convBuffer,
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT],
++captureFormat->nSamplesPerSec,
++stream_.sampleRate,
++( unsigned int ) ( stream_.bufferSize * captureSrRatio ),
++convBufferSize,
++stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[INPUT] ) {
++// Convert callback buffer to user format
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
++stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.convertInfo[INPUT] );
++}
++else {
++// no further conversion, simple copy deviceBuffer to userBuffer
++memcpy( stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
++stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[INPUT] * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat ) );
++}
++}
++}
++else {
++// if there is no capture stream, set callbackPulled flag
++callbackPulled = true;
++}
++
++// Execute Callback
++// ================
++// 1. Execute user callback method
++// 2. Handle return value from callback
++
++// if callback has not requested the stream to stop
++if ( callbackPulled && !callbackStopped ) {
++// Execute user callback method
++callbackResult = callback( stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT],
++stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
++stream_.bufferSize,
++getStreamTime(),
++captureFlags & AUDCLNT_BUFFERFLAGS_DATA_DISCONTINUITY ? RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW : 0,
++stream_.callbackInfo.userData );
++
++// Handle return value from callback
++if ( callbackResult == 1 ) {
++// instantiate a thread to stop this thread
++HANDLE threadHandle = CreateThread( NULL, 0, stopWasapiThread, this, 0, NULL );
++if ( !threadHandle ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to instantiate stream stop thread.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++else if ( !CloseHandle( threadHandle ) ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to close stream stop thread handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++callbackStopped = true;
++}
++else if ( callbackResult == 2 ) {
++// instantiate a thread to stop this thread
++HANDLE threadHandle = CreateThread( NULL, 0, abortWasapiThread, this, 0, NULL );
++if ( !threadHandle ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to instantiate stream abort thread.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++else if ( !CloseHandle( threadHandle ) ) {
++errorType = RtAudioError::THREAD_ERROR;
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to close stream abort thread handle.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++callbackStopped = true;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Callback Output
++// ===============
++// 1. Convert callback buffer to stream format
++// 2. Convert callback buffer to stream sample rate and channel count
++// 3. Push callback buffer into outputBuffer
++
++if ( renderAudioClient && callbackPulled ) {
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[OUTPUT] ) {
++// Convert callback buffer to stream format
++convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT],
++stream_.convertInfo[OUTPUT] );
++
++}
++
++// Convert callback buffer to stream sample rate
++convertBufferWasapi( convBuffer,
++stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT],
++stream_.sampleRate,
++renderFormat->nSamplesPerSec,
++stream_.bufferSize,
++convBufferSize,
++stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
++
++// Push callback buffer into outputBuffer
++callbackPushed = renderBuffer.pushBuffer( convBuffer,
++convBufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT],
++stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
++}
++else {
++// if there is no render stream, set callbackPushed flag
++callbackPushed = true;
++}
++
++// Stream Capture
++// ==============
++// 1. Get capture buffer from stream
++// 2. Push capture buffer into inputBuffer
++// 3. If 2. was successful: Release capture buffer
++
++if ( captureAudioClient ) {
++// if the callback input buffer was not pulled from captureBuffer, wait for next capture event
++if ( !callbackPulled ) {
++WaitForSingleObject( captureEvent, INFINITE );
++}
++
++// Get capture buffer from stream
++hr = captureClient->GetBuffer( &streamBuffer,
++&bufferFrameCount,
++&captureFlags, NULL, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve capture buffer.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++if ( bufferFrameCount != 0 ) {
++// Push capture buffer into inputBuffer
++if ( captureBuffer.pushBuffer( ( char* ) streamBuffer,
++bufferFrameCount * stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT],
++stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] ) )
++{
++// Release capture buffer
++hr = captureClient->ReleaseBuffer( bufferFrameCount );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release capture buffer.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++else
++{
++// Inform WASAPI that capture was unsuccessful
++hr = captureClient->ReleaseBuffer( 0 );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release capture buffer.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++}
++else
++{
++// Inform WASAPI that capture was unsuccessful
++hr = captureClient->ReleaseBuffer( 0 );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release capture buffer.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Stream Render
++// =============
++// 1. Get render buffer from stream
++// 2. Pull next buffer from outputBuffer
++// 3. If 2. was successful: Fill render buffer with next buffer
++//                          Release render buffer
++
++if ( renderAudioClient ) {
++// if the callback output buffer was not pushed to renderBuffer, wait for next render event
++if ( callbackPulled && !callbackPushed ) {
++WaitForSingleObject( renderEvent, INFINITE );
++}
++
++// Get render buffer from stream
++hr = renderAudioClient->GetBufferSize( &bufferFrameCount );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve render buffer size.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++hr = renderAudioClient->GetCurrentPadding( &numFramesPadding );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve render buffer padding.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++bufferFrameCount -= numFramesPadding;
++
++if ( bufferFrameCount != 0 ) {
++hr = renderClient->GetBuffer( bufferFrameCount, &streamBuffer );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to retrieve render buffer.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++
++// Pull next buffer from outputBuffer
++// Fill render buffer with next buffer
++if ( renderBuffer.pullBuffer( ( char* ) streamBuffer,
++bufferFrameCount * stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT],
++stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] ) )
++{
++// Release render buffer
++hr = renderClient->ReleaseBuffer( bufferFrameCount, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release render buffer.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++else
++{
++// Inform WASAPI that render was unsuccessful
++hr = renderClient->ReleaseBuffer( 0, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release render buffer.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++}
++else
++{
++// Inform WASAPI that render was unsuccessful
++hr = renderClient->ReleaseBuffer( 0, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( hr ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiWasapi::wasapiThread: Unable to release render buffer.";
++goto Exit;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// if the callback buffer was pushed renderBuffer reset callbackPulled flag
++if ( callbackPushed ) {
++callbackPulled = false;
++// tick stream time
++RtApi::tickStreamTime();
++}
++
++}
++
++Exit:
++// clean up
++CoTaskMemFree( captureFormat );
++CoTaskMemFree( renderFormat );
++
++free ( convBuffer );
++
++CoUninitialize();
++
++// update stream state
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++if ( errorText_.empty() )
++return;
++else
++error( errorType );
++}
++
++//******************** End of __WINDOWS_WASAPI__ *********************//
++#endif
++
++
++#if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__) // Windows DirectSound API
++
++// Modified by Robin Davies, October 2005
++// - Improvements to DirectX pointer chasing. 
++// - Bug fix for non-power-of-two Asio granularity used by Edirol PCR-A30.
++// - Auto-call CoInitialize for DSOUND and ASIO platforms.
++// Various revisions for RtAudio 4.0 by Gary Scavone, April 2007
++// Changed device query structure for RtAudio 4.0.7, January 2010
++
++#include <mmsystem.h>
++#include <mmreg.h>
++#include <dsound.h>
++#include <assert.h>
++#include <algorithm>
++
++#if defined(__MINGW32__)
++// missing from latest mingw winapi
++#define WAVE_FORMAT_96M08 0x00010000 /* 96 kHz, Mono, 8-bit */
++#define WAVE_FORMAT_96S08 0x00020000 /* 96 kHz, Stereo, 8-bit */
++#define WAVE_FORMAT_96M16 0x00040000 /* 96 kHz, Mono, 16-bit */
++#define WAVE_FORMAT_96S16 0x00080000 /* 96 kHz, Stereo, 16-bit */
++#endif
++
++#define MINIMUM_DEVICE_BUFFER_SIZE 32768
++
++#ifdef _MSC_VER // if Microsoft Visual C++
++#pragma comment( lib, "winmm.lib" ) // then, auto-link winmm.lib. Otherwise, it has to be added manually.
++#endif
++
++static inline DWORD dsPointerBetween( DWORD pointer, DWORD laterPointer, DWORD earlierPointer, DWORD bufferSize )
++{
++if ( pointer > bufferSize ) pointer -= bufferSize;
++if ( laterPointer < earlierPointer ) laterPointer += bufferSize;
++if ( pointer < earlierPointer ) pointer += bufferSize;
++return pointer >= earlierPointer && pointer < laterPointer;
++}
++
++// A structure to hold various information related to the DirectSound
++// API implementation.
++struct DsHandle {
++unsigned int drainCounter; // Tracks callback counts when draining
++bool internalDrain;        // Indicates if stop is initiated from callback or not.
++void *id[2];
++void *buffer[2];
++bool xrun[2];
++UINT bufferPointer[2];  
++DWORD dsBufferSize[2];
++DWORD dsPointerLeadTime[2]; // the number of bytes ahead of the safe pointer to lead by.
++HANDLE condition;
++
++DsHandle()
++:drainCounter(0), internalDrain(false) { id[0] = 0; id[1] = 0; buffer[0] = 0; buffer[1] = 0; xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; bufferPointer[0] = 0; bufferPointer[1] = 0; }
++};
++
++// Declarations for utility functions, callbacks, and structures
++// specific to the DirectSound implementation.
++static BOOL CALLBACK deviceQueryCallback( LPGUID lpguid,
++LPCTSTR description,
++LPCTSTR module,
++LPVOID lpContext );
++
++static const char* getErrorString( int code );
++
++static unsigned __stdcall callbackHandler( void *ptr );
++
++struct DsDevice {
++LPGUID id[2];
++bool validId[2];
++bool found;
++std::string name;
++
++DsDevice()
++: found(false) { validId[0] = false; validId[1] = false; }
++};
++
++struct DsProbeData {
++bool isInput;
++std::vector<struct DsDevice>* dsDevices;
++};
++
++RtApiDs :: RtApiDs()
++{
++// Dsound will run both-threaded. If CoInitialize fails, then just
++// accept whatever the mainline chose for a threading model.
++coInitialized_ = false;
++HRESULT hr = CoInitialize( NULL );
++if ( !FAILED( hr ) ) coInitialized_ = true;
++}
++
++RtApiDs :: ~RtApiDs()
++{
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
++if ( coInitialized_ ) CoUninitialize(); // balanced call.
++}
++
++// The DirectSound default output is always the first device.
++unsigned int RtApiDs :: getDefaultOutputDevice( void )
++{
++return 0;
++}
++
++// The DirectSound default input is always the first input device,
++// which is the first capture device enumerated.
++unsigned int RtApiDs :: getDefaultInputDevice( void )
++{
++return 0;
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiDs :: getDeviceCount( void )
++{
++// Set query flag for previously found devices to false, so that we
++// can check for any devices that have disappeared.
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<dsDevices.size(); i++ )
++dsDevices[i].found = false;
++
++// Query DirectSound devices.
++struct DsProbeData probeInfo;
++probeInfo.isInput = false;
++probeInfo.dsDevices = &dsDevices;
++HRESULT result = DirectSoundEnumerate( (LPDSENUMCALLBACK) deviceQueryCallback, &probeInfo );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceCount: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") enumerating output devices!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++
++// Query DirectSoundCapture devices.
++probeInfo.isInput = true;
++result = DirectSoundCaptureEnumerate( (LPDSENUMCALLBACK) deviceQueryCallback, &probeInfo );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceCount: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") enumerating input devices!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++
++// Clean out any devices that may have disappeared (code update submitted by Eli Zehngut).
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<dsDevices.size(); ) {
++if ( dsDevices[i].found == false ) dsDevices.erase( dsDevices.begin() + i );
++else i++;
++}
++
++return static_cast<unsigned int>(dsDevices.size());
++}
++
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiDs :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
++{
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
++info.probed = false;
++
++if ( dsDevices.size() == 0 ) {
++// Force a query of all devices
++getDeviceCount();
++if ( dsDevices.size() == 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++}
++
++if ( device >= dsDevices.size() ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++HRESULT result;
++if ( dsDevices[ device ].validId[0] == false ) goto probeInput;
++
++LPDIRECTSOUND output;
++DSCAPS outCaps;
++result = DirectSoundCreate( dsDevices[ device ].id[0], &output, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") opening output device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto probeInput;
++}
++
++outCaps.dwSize = sizeof( outCaps );
++result = output->GetCaps( &outCaps );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting capabilities!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto probeInput;
++}
++
++// Get output channel information.
++info.outputChannels = ( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYSTEREO ) ? 2 : 1;
++
++// Get sample rate information.
++info.sampleRates.clear();
++for ( unsigned int k=0; k<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; k++ ) {
++if ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] >= (unsigned int) outCaps.dwMinSecondarySampleRate &&
++SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= (unsigned int) outCaps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate ) {
++info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[k] );
++
++if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[k] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
++info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[k];
++}
++}
++
++// Get format information.
++if ( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARY16BIT ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARY8BIT ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++
++output->Release();
++
++if ( getDefaultOutputDevice() == device )
++info.isDefaultOutput = true;
++
++if ( dsDevices[ device ].validId[1] == false ) {
++info.name = dsDevices[ device ].name;
++info.probed = true;
++return info;
++}
++
++probeInput:
++
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE input;
++result = DirectSoundCaptureCreate( dsDevices[ device ].id[1], &input, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") opening input device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++DSCCAPS inCaps;
++inCaps.dwSize = sizeof( inCaps );
++result = input->GetCaps( &inCaps );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++input->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting object capabilities (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Get input channel information.
++info.inputChannels = inCaps.dwChannels;
++
++// Get sample rate and format information.
++std::vector<unsigned int> rates;
++if ( inCaps.dwChannels >= 2 ) {
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++
++if ( info.nativeFormats & RTAUDIO_SINT16 ) {
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S16 ) rates.push_back( 11025 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S16 ) rates.push_back( 22050 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S16 ) rates.push_back( 44100 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S16 ) rates.push_back( 96000 );
++}
++else if ( info.nativeFormats & RTAUDIO_SINT8 ) {
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S08 ) rates.push_back( 11025 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S08 ) rates.push_back( 22050 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S08 ) rates.push_back( 44100 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S08 ) rates.push_back( 96000 );
++}
++}
++else if ( inCaps.dwChannels == 1 ) {
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M16 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M08 ) info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++
++if ( info.nativeFormats & RTAUDIO_SINT16 ) {
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M16 ) rates.push_back( 11025 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M16 ) rates.push_back( 22050 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M16 ) rates.push_back( 44100 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M16 ) rates.push_back( 96000 );
++}
++else if ( info.nativeFormats & RTAUDIO_SINT8 ) {
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M08 ) rates.push_back( 11025 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M08 ) rates.push_back( 22050 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M08 ) rates.push_back( 44100 );
++if ( inCaps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M08 ) rates.push_back( 96000 );
++}
++}
++else info.inputChannels = 0; // technically, this would be an error
++
++input->Release();
++
++if ( info.inputChannels == 0 ) return info;
++
++// Copy the supported rates to the info structure but avoid duplication.
++bool found;
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<rates.size(); i++ ) {
++found = false;
++for ( unsigned int j=0; j<info.sampleRates.size(); j++ ) {
++if ( rates[i] == info.sampleRates[j] ) {
++found = true;
++break;
++}
++}
++if ( found == false ) info.sampleRates.push_back( rates[i] );
++}
++std::sort( info.sampleRates.begin(), info.sampleRates.end() );
++
++// If device opens for both playback and capture, we determine the channels.
++if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
++info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
++
++if ( device == 0 ) info.isDefaultInput = true;
++
++// Copy name and return.
++info.name = dsDevices[ device ].name;
++info.probed = true;
++return info;
++}
++
++bool RtApiDs :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
++{
++if ( channels + firstChannel > 2 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: DirectSound does not support more than 2 channels per device.";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++size_t nDevices = dsDevices.size();
++if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
++// This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: no devices found!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++// This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
++if ( dsDevices[ device ].validId[0] == false ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << device << ") does not support output!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++else { // mode == INPUT
++if ( dsDevices[ device ].validId[1] == false ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << device << ") does not support input!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++
++// According to a note in PortAudio, using GetDesktopWindow()
++// instead of GetForegroundWindow() is supposed to avoid problems
++// that occur when the application's window is not the foreground
++// window.  Also, if the application window closes before the
++// DirectSound buffer, DirectSound can crash.  In the past, I had
++// problems when using GetDesktopWindow() but it seems fine now
++// (January 2010).  I'll leave it commented here.
++// HWND hWnd = GetForegroundWindow();
++HWND hWnd = GetDesktopWindow();
++
++// Check the numberOfBuffers parameter and limit the lowest value to
++// two.  This is a judgement call and a value of two is probably too
++// low for capture, but it should work for playback.
++int nBuffers = 0;
++if ( options ) nBuffers = options->numberOfBuffers;
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY ) nBuffers = 2;
++if ( nBuffers < 2 ) nBuffers = 3;
++
++// Check the lower range of the user-specified buffer size and set
++// (arbitrarily) to a lower bound of 32.
++if ( *bufferSize < 32 ) *bufferSize = 32;
++
++// Create the wave format structure.  The data format setting will
++// be determined later.
++WAVEFORMATEX waveFormat;
++ZeroMemory( &waveFormat, sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX) );
++waveFormat.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
++waveFormat.nChannels = channels + firstChannel;
++waveFormat.nSamplesPerSec = (unsigned long) sampleRate;
++
++// Determine the device buffer size. By default, we'll use the value
++// defined above (32K), but we will grow it to make allowances for
++// very large software buffer sizes.
++DWORD dsBufferSize = MINIMUM_DEVICE_BUFFER_SIZE;
++DWORD dsPointerLeadTime = 0;
++
++void *ohandle = 0, *bhandle = 0;
++HRESULT result;
++if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
++
++LPDIRECTSOUND output;
++result = DirectSoundCreate( dsDevices[ device ].id[0], &output, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") opening output device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++DSCAPS outCaps;
++outCaps.dwSize = sizeof( outCaps );
++result = output->GetCaps( &outCaps );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting capabilities (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Check channel information.
++if ( channels + firstChannel == 2 && !( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYSTEREO ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: the output device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ") does not support stereo playback.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Check format information.  Use 16-bit format unless not
++// supported or user requests 8-bit.
++if ( outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARY16BIT &&
++!( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 && outCaps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARY8BIT ) ) {
++waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 16;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++}
++else {
++waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 8;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++}
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++
++// Update wave format structure and buffer information.
++waveFormat.nBlockAlign = waveFormat.nChannels * waveFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8;
++waveFormat.nAvgBytesPerSec = waveFormat.nSamplesPerSec * waveFormat.nBlockAlign;
++dsPointerLeadTime = nBuffers * (*bufferSize) * (waveFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8) * channels;
++
++// If the user wants an even bigger buffer, increase the device buffer size accordingly.
++while ( dsPointerLeadTime * 2U > dsBufferSize )
++dsBufferSize *= 2;
++
++// Set cooperative level to DSSCL_EXCLUSIVE ... sound stops when window focus changes.
++// result = output->SetCooperativeLevel( hWnd, DSSCL_EXCLUSIVE );
++// Set cooperative level to DSSCL_PRIORITY ... sound remains when window focus changes.
++result = output->SetCooperativeLevel( hWnd, DSSCL_PRIORITY );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") setting cooperative level (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Even though we will write to the secondary buffer, we need to
++// access the primary buffer to set the correct output format
++// (since the default is 8-bit, 22 kHz!).  Setup the DS primary
++// buffer description.
++DSBUFFERDESC bufferDescription;
++ZeroMemory( &bufferDescription, sizeof( DSBUFFERDESC ) );
++bufferDescription.dwSize = sizeof( DSBUFFERDESC );
++bufferDescription.dwFlags = DSBCAPS_PRIMARYBUFFER;
++
++// Obtain the primary buffer
++LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer;
++result = output->CreateSoundBuffer( &bufferDescription, &buffer, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") accessing primary buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Set the primary DS buffer sound format.
++result = buffer->SetFormat( &waveFormat );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") setting primary buffer format (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Setup the secondary DS buffer description.
++ZeroMemory( &bufferDescription, sizeof( DSBUFFERDESC ) );
++bufferDescription.dwSize = sizeof( DSBUFFERDESC );
++bufferDescription.dwFlags = ( DSBCAPS_STICKYFOCUS |
++DSBCAPS_GLOBALFOCUS |
++DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2 |
++DSBCAPS_LOCHARDWARE );  // Force hardware mixing
++bufferDescription.dwBufferBytes = dsBufferSize;
++bufferDescription.lpwfxFormat = &waveFormat;
++
++// Try to create the secondary DS buffer.  If that doesn't work,
++// try to use software mixing.  Otherwise, there's a problem.
++result = output->CreateSoundBuffer( &bufferDescription, &buffer, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++bufferDescription.dwFlags = ( DSBCAPS_STICKYFOCUS |
++DSBCAPS_GLOBALFOCUS |
++DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2 |
++DSBCAPS_LOCSOFTWARE );  // Force software mixing
++result = output->CreateSoundBuffer( &bufferDescription, &buffer, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") creating secondary buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++
++// Get the buffer size ... might be different from what we specified.
++DSBCAPS dsbcaps;
++dsbcaps.dwSize = sizeof( DSBCAPS );
++result = buffer->GetCaps( &dsbcaps );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++buffer->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting buffer settings (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++dsBufferSize = dsbcaps.dwBufferBytes;
++
++// Lock the DS buffer
++LPVOID audioPtr;
++DWORD dataLen;
++result = buffer->Lock( 0, dsBufferSize, &audioPtr, &dataLen, NULL, NULL, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++buffer->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Zero the DS buffer
++ZeroMemory( audioPtr, dataLen );
++
++// Unlock the DS buffer
++result = buffer->Unlock( audioPtr, dataLen, NULL, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++output->Release();
++buffer->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++ohandle = (void *) output;
++bhandle = (void *) buffer;
++}
++
++if ( mode == INPUT ) {
++
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE input;
++result = DirectSoundCaptureCreate( dsDevices[ device ].id[1], &input, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") opening input device (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++DSCCAPS inCaps;
++inCaps.dwSize = sizeof( inCaps );
++result = input->GetCaps( &inCaps );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++input->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting input capabilities (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Check channel information.
++if ( inCaps.dwChannels < channels + firstChannel ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::getDeviceInfo: the input device does not support requested input channels.";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Check format information.  Use 16-bit format unless user
++// requests 8-bit.
++DWORD deviceFormats;
++if ( channels + firstChannel == 2 ) {
++deviceFormats = WAVE_FORMAT_1S08 | WAVE_FORMAT_2S08 | WAVE_FORMAT_4S08 | WAVE_FORMAT_96S08;
++if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 && inCaps.dwFormats & deviceFormats ) {
++waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 8;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++}
++else { // assume 16-bit is supported
++waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 16;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++}
++}
++else { // channel == 1
++deviceFormats = WAVE_FORMAT_1M08 | WAVE_FORMAT_2M08 | WAVE_FORMAT_4M08 | WAVE_FORMAT_96M08;
++if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 && inCaps.dwFormats & deviceFormats ) {
++waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 8;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++}
++else { // assume 16-bit is supported
++waveFormat.wBitsPerSample = 16;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++}
++}
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++
++// Update wave format structure and buffer information.
++waveFormat.nBlockAlign = waveFormat.nChannels * waveFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8;
++waveFormat.nAvgBytesPerSec = waveFormat.nSamplesPerSec * waveFormat.nBlockAlign;
++dsPointerLeadTime = nBuffers * (*bufferSize) * (waveFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8) * channels;
++
++// If the user wants an even bigger buffer, increase the device buffer size accordingly.
++while ( dsPointerLeadTime * 2U > dsBufferSize )
++dsBufferSize *= 2;
++
++// Setup the secondary DS buffer description.
++DSCBUFFERDESC bufferDescription;
++ZeroMemory( &bufferDescription, sizeof( DSCBUFFERDESC ) );
++bufferDescription.dwSize = sizeof( DSCBUFFERDESC );
++bufferDescription.dwFlags = 0;
++bufferDescription.dwReserved = 0;
++bufferDescription.dwBufferBytes = dsBufferSize;
++bufferDescription.lpwfxFormat = &waveFormat;
++
++// Create the capture buffer.
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer;
++result = input->CreateCaptureBuffer( &bufferDescription, &buffer, NULL );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++input->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") creating input buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Get the buffer size ... might be different from what we specified.
++DSCBCAPS dscbcaps;
++dscbcaps.dwSize = sizeof( DSCBCAPS );
++result = buffer->GetCaps( &dscbcaps );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++input->Release();
++buffer->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting buffer settings (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++dsBufferSize = dscbcaps.dwBufferBytes;
++
++// NOTE: We could have a problem here if this is a duplex stream
++// and the play and capture hardware buffer sizes are different
++// (I'm actually not sure if that is a problem or not).
++// Currently, we are not verifying that.
++
++// Lock the capture buffer
++LPVOID audioPtr;
++DWORD dataLen;
++result = buffer->Lock( 0, dsBufferSize, &audioPtr, &dataLen, NULL, NULL, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++input->Release();
++buffer->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking input buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Zero the buffer
++ZeroMemory( audioPtr, dataLen );
++
++// Unlock the buffer
++result = buffer->Unlock( audioPtr, dataLen, NULL, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++input->Release();
++buffer->Release();
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking input buffer (" << dsDevices[ device ].name << ")!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++ohandle = (void *) input;
++bhandle = (void *) buffer;
++}
++
++// Set various stream parameters
++DsHandle *handle = 0;
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels + firstChannel;
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
++stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
++stream_.channelOffset[mode] = firstChannel;
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = true;
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
++else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++
++// Set flag for buffer conversion
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
++if (stream_.nUserChannels[mode] != stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode])
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if (stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode])
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++
++// Allocate necessary internal buffers
++long bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
++
++bool makeBuffer = true;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
++if ( mode == INPUT ) {
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++if ( bufferBytes <= (long) bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
++}
++}
++
++if ( makeBuffer ) {
++bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Allocate our DsHandle structures for the stream.
++if ( stream_.apiHandle == 0 ) {
++try {
++handle = new DsHandle;
++}
++catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating AsioHandle memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++// Create a manual-reset event.
++handle->condition = CreateEvent( NULL,   // no security
++TRUE,   // manual-reset
++FALSE,  // non-signaled initially
++NULL ); // unnamed
++stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
++}
++else
++handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++handle->id[mode] = ohandle;
++handle->buffer[mode] = bhandle;
++handle->dsBufferSize[mode] = dsBufferSize;
++handle->dsPointerLeadTime[mode] = dsPointerLeadTime;
++
++stream_.device[mode] = device;
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT )
++// We had already set up an output stream.
++stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
++else
++stream_.mode = mode;
++stream_.nBuffers = nBuffers;
++stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
++
++// Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, firstChannel );
++
++// Setup the callback thread.
++if ( stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning == false ) {
++unsigned threadId;
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = true;
++stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
++stream_.callbackInfo.thread = _beginthreadex( NULL, 0, &callbackHandler,
++&stream_.callbackInfo, 0, &threadId );
++if ( stream_.callbackInfo.thread == 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::probeDeviceOpen: error creating callback thread!";
++goto error;
++}
++
++// Boost DS thread priority
++SetThreadPriority( (HANDLE) stream_.callbackInfo.thread, THREAD_PRIORITY_HIGHEST );
++}
++return SUCCESS;
++
++error:
++if ( handle ) {
++if ( handle->buffer[0] ) { // the object pointer can be NULL and valid
++LPDIRECTSOUND object = (LPDIRECTSOUND) handle->id[0];
++LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
++if ( buffer ) buffer->Release();
++object->Release();
++}
++if ( handle->buffer[1] ) {
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE object = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE) handle->id[1];
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
++if ( buffer ) buffer->Release();
++object->Release();
++}
++CloseHandle( handle->condition );
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++void RtApiDs :: closeStream()
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++// Stop the callback thread.
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
++WaitForSingleObject( (HANDLE) stream_.callbackInfo.thread, INFINITE );
++CloseHandle( (HANDLE) stream_.callbackInfo.thread );
++
++DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( handle ) {
++if ( handle->buffer[0] ) { // the object pointer can be NULL and valid
++LPDIRECTSOUND object = (LPDIRECTSOUND) handle->id[0];
++LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
++if ( buffer ) {
++buffer->Stop();
++buffer->Release();
++}
++object->Release();
++}
++if ( handle->buffer[1] ) {
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE object = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE) handle->id[1];
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
++if ( buffer ) {
++buffer->Stop();
++buffer->Release();
++}
++object->Release();
++}
++CloseHandle( handle->condition );
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++}
++
++void RtApiDs :: startStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++
++// Increase scheduler frequency on lesser windows (a side-effect of
++// increasing timer accuracy).  On greater windows (Win2K or later),
++// this is already in effect.
++timeBeginPeriod( 1 ); 
++
++buffersRolling = false;
++duplexPrerollBytes = 0;
++
++if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++// 0.5 seconds of silence in DUPLEX mode while the devices spin up and synchronize.
++duplexPrerollBytes = (int) ( 0.5 * stream_.sampleRate * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[1] ) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1] );
++}
++
++HRESULT result = 0;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
++result = buffer->Play( 0, 0, DSBPLAY_LOOPING );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::startStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") starting output buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
++result = buffer->Start( DSCBSTART_LOOPING );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::startStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") starting input buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++handle->drainCounter = 0;
++handle->internalDrain = false;
++ResetEvent( handle->condition );
++stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
++
++unlock:
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiDs :: stopStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++HRESULT result = 0;
++LPVOID audioPtr;
++DWORD dataLen;
++DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++WaitForSingleObject( handle->condition, INFINITE );  // block until signaled
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++// Stop the buffer and clear memory
++LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
++result = buffer->Stop();
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") stopping output buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// Lock the buffer and clear it so that if we start to play again,
++// we won't have old data playing.
++result = buffer->Lock( 0, handle->dsBufferSize[0], &audioPtr, &dataLen, NULL, NULL, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking output buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// Zero the DS buffer
++ZeroMemory( audioPtr, dataLen );
++
++// Unlock the DS buffer
++result = buffer->Unlock( audioPtr, dataLen, NULL, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking output buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// If we start playing again, we must begin at beginning of buffer.
++handle->bufferPointer[0] = 0;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER buffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
++audioPtr = NULL;
++dataLen = 0;
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++if ( stream_.mode != DUPLEX )
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++result = buffer->Stop();
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") stopping input buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// Lock the buffer and clear it so that if we start to play again,
++// we won't have old data playing.
++result = buffer->Lock( 0, handle->dsBufferSize[1], &audioPtr, &dataLen, NULL, NULL, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking input buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// Zero the DS buffer
++ZeroMemory( audioPtr, dataLen );
++
++// Unlock the DS buffer
++result = buffer->Unlock( audioPtr, dataLen, NULL, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::stopStream: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking input buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// If we start recording again, we must begin at beginning of buffer.
++handle->bufferPointer[1] = 0;
++}
++
++unlock:
++timeEndPeriod( 1 ); // revert to normal scheduler frequency on lesser windows.
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiDs :: abortStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++
++stopStream();
++}
++
++void RtApiDs :: callbackEvent()
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED || stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPING ) {
++Sleep( 50 ); // sleep 50 milliseconds
++return;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiDs::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) &stream_.callbackInfo;
++DsHandle *handle = (DsHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++
++// Check if we were draining the stream and signal is finished.
++if ( handle->drainCounter > stream_.nBuffers + 2 ) {
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++if ( handle->internalDrain == false )
++SetEvent( handle->condition );
++else
++stopStream();
++return;
++}
++
++// Invoke user callback to get fresh output data UNLESS we are
++// draining stream.
++if ( handle->drainCounter == 0 ) {
++RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) info->callback;
++double streamTime = getStreamTime();
++RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
++if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && handle->xrun[0] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
++handle->xrun[0] = false;
++}
++if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && handle->xrun[1] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
++handle->xrun[1] = false;
++}
++int cbReturnValue = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
++stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, info->userData );
++if ( cbReturnValue == 2 ) {
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPING;
++handle->drainCounter = 2;
++abortStream();
++return;
++}
++else if ( cbReturnValue == 1 ) {
++handle->drainCounter = 1;
++handle->internalDrain = true;
++}
++}
++
++HRESULT result;
++DWORD currentWritePointer, safeWritePointer;
++DWORD currentReadPointer, safeReadPointer;
++UINT nextWritePointer;
++
++LPVOID buffer1 = NULL;
++LPVOID buffer2 = NULL;
++DWORD bufferSize1 = 0;
++DWORD bufferSize2 = 0;
++
++char *buffer;
++long bufferBytes;
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( buffersRolling == false ) {
++if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++//assert( handle->dsBufferSize[0] == handle->dsBufferSize[1] );
++
++// It takes a while for the devices to get rolling. As a result,
++// there's no guarantee that the capture and write device pointers
++// will move in lockstep.  Wait here for both devices to start
++// rolling, and then set our buffer pointers accordingly.
++// e.g. Crystal Drivers: the capture buffer starts up 5700 to 9600
++// bytes later than the write buffer.
++
++// Stub: a serious risk of having a pre-emptive scheduling round
++// take place between the two GetCurrentPosition calls... but I'm
++// really not sure how to solve the problem.  Temporarily boost to
++// Realtime priority, maybe; but I'm not sure what priority the
++// DirectSound service threads run at. We *should* be roughly
++// within a ms or so of correct.
++
++LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsWriteBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER dsCaptureBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
++
++DWORD startSafeWritePointer, startSafeReadPointer;
++
++result = dsWriteBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( NULL, &startSafeWritePointer );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current write position!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++result = dsCaptureBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( NULL, &startSafeReadPointer );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current read position!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++while ( true ) {
++result = dsWriteBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( NULL, &safeWritePointer );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current write position!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++result = dsCaptureBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( NULL, &safeReadPointer );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current read position!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++if ( safeWritePointer != startSafeWritePointer && safeReadPointer != startSafeReadPointer ) break;
++Sleep( 1 );
++}
++
++//assert( handle->dsBufferSize[0] == handle->dsBufferSize[1] );
++
++handle->bufferPointer[0] = safeWritePointer + handle->dsPointerLeadTime[0];
++if ( handle->bufferPointer[0] >= handle->dsBufferSize[0] ) handle->bufferPointer[0] -= handle->dsBufferSize[0];
++handle->bufferPointer[1] = safeReadPointer;
++}
++else if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT ) {
++
++// Set the proper nextWritePosition after initial startup.
++LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsWriteBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
++result = dsWriteBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( &currentWritePointer, &safeWritePointer );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current write position!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++handle->bufferPointer[0] = safeWritePointer + handle->dsPointerLeadTime[0];
++if ( handle->bufferPointer[0] >= handle->dsBufferSize[0] ) handle->bufferPointer[0] -= handle->dsBufferSize[0];
++}
++
++buffersRolling = true;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER dsBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER) handle->buffer[0];
++
++if ( handle->drainCounter > 1 ) { // write zeros to the output stream
++bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0];
++bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++memset( stream_.userBuffer[0], 0, bufferBytes );
++}
++
++// Setup parameters and do buffer conversion if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
++buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
++convertBuffer( buffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
++bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
++bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++}
++else {
++buffer = stream_.userBuffer[0];
++bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0];
++bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++}
++
++// No byte swapping necessary in DirectSound implementation.
++
++// Ahhh ... windoze.  16-bit data is signed but 8-bit data is
++// unsigned.  So, we need to convert our signed 8-bit data here to
++// unsigned.
++if ( stream_.deviceFormat[0] == RTAUDIO_SINT8 )
++for ( int i=0; i<bufferBytes; i++ ) buffer[i] = (unsigned char) ( buffer[i] + 128 );
++
++DWORD dsBufferSize = handle->dsBufferSize[0];
++nextWritePointer = handle->bufferPointer[0];
++
++DWORD endWrite, leadPointer;
++while ( true ) {
++// Find out where the read and "safe write" pointers are.
++result = dsBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( &currentWritePointer, &safeWritePointer );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current write position!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++
++// We will copy our output buffer into the region between
++// safeWritePointer and leadPointer.  If leadPointer is not
++// beyond the next endWrite position, wait until it is.
++leadPointer = safeWritePointer + handle->dsPointerLeadTime[0];
++//std::cout << "safeWritePointer = " << safeWritePointer << ", leadPointer = " << leadPointer << ", nextWritePointer = " << nextWritePointer << std::endl;
++if ( leadPointer > dsBufferSize ) leadPointer -= dsBufferSize;
++if ( leadPointer < nextWritePointer ) leadPointer += dsBufferSize; // unwrap offset
++endWrite = nextWritePointer + bufferBytes;
++
++// Check whether the entire write region is behind the play pointer.
++if ( leadPointer >= endWrite ) break;
++
++// If we are here, then we must wait until the leadPointer advances
++// beyond the end of our next write region. We use the
++// Sleep() function to suspend operation until that happens.
++double millis = ( endWrite - leadPointer ) * 1000.0;
++millis /= ( formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0]) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * stream_.sampleRate);
++if ( millis < 1.0 ) millis = 1.0;
++Sleep( (DWORD) millis );
++}
++
++if ( dsPointerBetween( nextWritePointer, safeWritePointer, currentWritePointer, dsBufferSize )
++|| dsPointerBetween( endWrite, safeWritePointer, currentWritePointer, dsBufferSize ) ) { 
++// We've strayed into the forbidden zone ... resync the read pointer.
++handle->xrun[0] = true;
++nextWritePointer = safeWritePointer + handle->dsPointerLeadTime[0] - bufferBytes;
++if ( nextWritePointer >= dsBufferSize ) nextWritePointer -= dsBufferSize;
++handle->bufferPointer[0] = nextWritePointer;
++endWrite = nextWritePointer + bufferBytes;
++}
++
++// Lock free space in the buffer
++result = dsBuffer->Lock( nextWritePointer, bufferBytes, &buffer1,
++&bufferSize1, &buffer2, &bufferSize2, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking buffer during playback!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++
++// Copy our buffer into the DS buffer
++CopyMemory( buffer1, buffer, bufferSize1 );
++if ( buffer2 != NULL ) CopyMemory( buffer2, buffer+bufferSize1, bufferSize2 );
++
++// Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer
++dsBuffer->Unlock( buffer1, bufferSize1, buffer2, bufferSize2 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking buffer during playback!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++nextWritePointer = ( nextWritePointer + bufferSize1 + bufferSize2 ) % dsBufferSize;
++handle->bufferPointer[0] = nextWritePointer;
++}
++
++// Don't bother draining input
++if ( handle->drainCounter ) {
++handle->drainCounter++;
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++// Setup parameters.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
++buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
++bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
++bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[1] );
++}
++else {
++buffer = stream_.userBuffer[1];
++bufferBytes = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[1];
++bufferBytes *= formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++}
++
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER dsBuffer = (LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER) handle->buffer[1];
++long nextReadPointer = handle->bufferPointer[1];
++DWORD dsBufferSize = handle->dsBufferSize[1];
++
++// Find out where the write and "safe read" pointers are.
++result = dsBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( &currentReadPointer, &safeReadPointer );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current read position!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( safeReadPointer < (DWORD)nextReadPointer ) safeReadPointer += dsBufferSize; // unwrap offset
++DWORD endRead = nextReadPointer + bufferBytes;
++
++// Handling depends on whether we are INPUT or DUPLEX. 
++// If we're in INPUT mode then waiting is a good thing. If we're in DUPLEX mode,
++// then a wait here will drag the write pointers into the forbidden zone.
++// 
++// In DUPLEX mode, rather than wait, we will back off the read pointer until 
++// it's in a safe position. This causes dropouts, but it seems to be the only 
++// practical way to sync up the read and write pointers reliably, given the 
++// the very complex relationship between phase and increment of the read and write 
++// pointers.
++//
++// In order to minimize audible dropouts in DUPLEX mode, we will
++// provide a pre-roll period of 0.5 seconds in which we return
++// zeros from the read buffer while the pointers sync up.
++
++if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++if ( safeReadPointer < endRead ) {
++if ( duplexPrerollBytes <= 0 ) {
++// Pre-roll time over. Be more agressive.
++int adjustment = endRead-safeReadPointer;
++
++handle->xrun[1] = true;
++// Two cases:
++//   - large adjustments: we've probably run out of CPU cycles, so just resync exactly,
++//     and perform fine adjustments later.
++//   - small adjustments: back off by twice as much.
++if ( adjustment >= 2*bufferBytes )
++nextReadPointer = safeReadPointer-2*bufferBytes;
++else
++nextReadPointer = safeReadPointer-bufferBytes-adjustment;
++
++if ( nextReadPointer < 0 ) nextReadPointer += dsBufferSize;
++
++}
++else {
++// In pre=roll time. Just do it.
++nextReadPointer = safeReadPointer - bufferBytes;
++while ( nextReadPointer < 0 ) nextReadPointer += dsBufferSize;
++}
++endRead = nextReadPointer + bufferBytes;
++}
++}
++else { // mode == INPUT
++while ( safeReadPointer < endRead && stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning ) {
++// See comments for playback.
++double millis = (endRead - safeReadPointer) * 1000.0;
++millis /= ( formatBytes(stream_.deviceFormat[1]) * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1] * stream_.sampleRate);
++if ( millis < 1.0 ) millis = 1.0;
++Sleep( (DWORD) millis );
++
++// Wake up and find out where we are now.
++result = dsBuffer->GetCurrentPosition( &currentReadPointer, &safeReadPointer );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") getting current read position!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( safeReadPointer < (DWORD)nextReadPointer ) safeReadPointer += dsBufferSize; // unwrap offset
++}
++}
++
++// Lock free space in the buffer
++result = dsBuffer->Lock( nextReadPointer, bufferBytes, &buffer1,
++&bufferSize1, &buffer2, &bufferSize2, 0 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") locking capture buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++
++if ( duplexPrerollBytes <= 0 ) {
++// Copy our buffer into the DS buffer
++CopyMemory( buffer, buffer1, bufferSize1 );
++if ( buffer2 != NULL ) CopyMemory( buffer+bufferSize1, buffer2, bufferSize2 );
++}
++else {
++memset( buffer, 0, bufferSize1 );
++if ( buffer2 != NULL ) memset( buffer + bufferSize1, 0, bufferSize2 );
++duplexPrerollBytes -= bufferSize1 + bufferSize2;
++}
++
++// Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer
++nextReadPointer = ( nextReadPointer + bufferSize1 + bufferSize2 ) % dsBufferSize;
++dsBuffer->Unlock( buffer1, bufferSize1, buffer2, bufferSize2 );
++if ( FAILED( result ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiDs::callbackEvent: error (" << getErrorString( result ) << ") unlocking capture buffer!";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++handle->bufferPointer[1] = nextReadPointer;
++
++// No byte swapping necessary in DirectSound implementation.
++
++// If necessary, convert 8-bit data from unsigned to signed.
++if ( stream_.deviceFormat[1] == RTAUDIO_SINT8 )
++for ( int j=0; j<bufferBytes; j++ ) buffer[j] = (signed char) ( buffer[j] - 128 );
++
++// Do buffer conversion if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] )
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
++}
++
++unlock:
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++RtApi::tickStreamTime();
++}
++
++// Definitions for utility functions and callbacks
++// specific to the DirectSound implementation.
++
++static unsigned __stdcall callbackHandler( void *ptr )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
++RtApiDs *object = (RtApiDs *) info->object;
++bool* isRunning = &info->isRunning;
++
++while ( *isRunning == true ) {
++object->callbackEvent();
++}
++
++_endthreadex( 0 );
++return 0;
++}
++
++static BOOL CALLBACK deviceQueryCallback( LPGUID lpguid,
++LPCTSTR description,
++LPCTSTR /*module*/,
++LPVOID lpContext )
++{
++struct DsProbeData& probeInfo = *(struct DsProbeData*) lpContext;
++std::vector<struct DsDevice>& dsDevices = *probeInfo.dsDevices;
++
++HRESULT hr;
++bool validDevice = false;
++if ( probeInfo.isInput == true ) {
++DSCCAPS caps;
++LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE object;
++
++hr = DirectSoundCaptureCreate(  lpguid, &object,   NULL );
++if ( hr != DS_OK ) return TRUE;
++
++caps.dwSize = sizeof(caps);
++hr = object->GetCaps( &caps );
++if ( hr == DS_OK ) {
++if ( caps.dwChannels > 0 && caps.dwFormats > 0 )
++validDevice = true;
++}
++object->Release();
++}
++else {
++DSCAPS caps;
++LPDIRECTSOUND object;
++hr = DirectSoundCreate(  lpguid, &object,   NULL );
++if ( hr != DS_OK ) return TRUE;
++
++caps.dwSize = sizeof(caps);
++hr = object->GetCaps( &caps );
++if ( hr == DS_OK ) {
++if ( caps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYMONO || caps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYSTEREO )
++validDevice = true;
++}
++object->Release();
++}
++
++// If good device, then save its name and guid.
++std::string name = convertCharPointerToStdString( description );
++//if ( name == "Primary Sound Driver" || name == "Primary Sound Capture Driver" )
++if ( lpguid == NULL )
++name = "Default Device";
++if ( validDevice ) {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<dsDevices.size(); i++ ) {
++if ( dsDevices[i].name == name ) {
++dsDevices[i].found = true;
++if ( probeInfo.isInput ) {
++dsDevices[i].id[1] = lpguid;
++dsDevices[i].validId[1] = true;
++}
++else {
++dsDevices[i].id[0] = lpguid;
++dsDevices[i].validId[0] = true;
++}
++return TRUE;
++}
++}
++
++DsDevice device;
++device.name = name;
++device.found = true;
++if ( probeInfo.isInput ) {
++device.id[1] = lpguid;
++device.validId[1] = true;
++}
++else {
++device.id[0] = lpguid;
++device.validId[0] = true;
++}
++dsDevices.push_back( device );
++}
++
++return TRUE;
++}
++
++static const char* getErrorString( int code )
++{
++switch ( code ) {
++
++case DSERR_ALLOCATED:
++return "Already allocated";
++
++case DSERR_CONTROLUNAVAIL:
++return "Control unavailable";
++
++case DSERR_INVALIDPARAM:
++return "Invalid parameter";
++
++case DSERR_INVALIDCALL:
++return "Invalid call";
++
++case DSERR_GENERIC:
++return "Generic error";
++
++case DSERR_PRIOLEVELNEEDED:
++return "Priority level needed";
++
++case DSERR_OUTOFMEMORY:
++return "Out of memory";
++
++case DSERR_BADFORMAT:
++return "The sample rate or the channel format is not supported";
++
++case DSERR_UNSUPPORTED:
++return "Not supported";
++
++case DSERR_NODRIVER:
++return "No driver";
++
++case DSERR_ALREADYINITIALIZED:
++return "Already initialized";
++
++case DSERR_NOAGGREGATION:
++return "No aggregation";
++
++case DSERR_BUFFERLOST:
++return "Buffer lost";
++
++case DSERR_OTHERAPPHASPRIO:
++return "Another application already has priority";
++
++case DSERR_UNINITIALIZED:
++return "Uninitialized";
++
++default:
++return "DirectSound unknown error";
++}
++}
++//******************** End of __WINDOWS_DS__ *********************//
++#endif
++
++
++#if defined(__LINUX_ALSA__)
++
++#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
++#include <unistd.h>
++
++// A structure to hold various information related to the ALSA API
++// implementation.
++struct AlsaHandle {
++snd_pcm_t *handles[2];
++bool synchronized;
++bool xrun[2];
++pthread_cond_t runnable_cv;
++bool runnable;
++
++AlsaHandle()
++:synchronized(false), runnable(false) { xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; }
++};
++
++static void *alsaCallbackHandler( void * ptr );
++
++RtApiAlsa :: RtApiAlsa()
++{
++// Nothing to do here.
++}
++
++RtApiAlsa :: ~RtApiAlsa()
++{
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiAlsa :: getDeviceCount( void )
++{
++unsigned nDevices = 0;
++int result, subdevice, card;
++char name[64];
++snd_ctl_t *handle;
++
++// Count cards and devices
++card = -1;
++snd_card_next( &card );
++while ( card >= 0 ) {
++sprintf( name, "hw:%d", card );
++result = snd_ctl_open( &handle, name, 0 );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceCount: control open, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto nextcard;
++}
++subdevice = -1;
++while( 1 ) {
++result = snd_ctl_pcm_next_device( handle, &subdevice );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceCount: control next device, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++break;
++}
++if ( subdevice < 0 )
++break;
++nDevices++;
++}
++nextcard:
++snd_ctl_close( handle );
++snd_card_next( &card );
++}
++
++result = snd_ctl_open( &handle, "default", 0 );
++if (result == 0) {
++nDevices++;
++snd_ctl_close( handle );
++}
++
++return nDevices;
++}
++
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiAlsa :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
++{
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
++info.probed = false;
++
++unsigned nDevices = 0;
++int result, subdevice, card;
++char name[64];
++snd_ctl_t *chandle;
++
++// Count cards and devices
++card = -1;
++subdevice = -1;
++snd_card_next( &card );
++while ( card >= 0 ) {
++sprintf( name, "hw:%d", card );
++result = snd_ctl_open( &chandle, name, SND_CTL_NONBLOCK );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: control open, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto nextcard;
++}
++subdevice = -1;
++while( 1 ) {
++result = snd_ctl_pcm_next_device( chandle, &subdevice );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: control next device, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++break;
++}
++if ( subdevice < 0 ) break;
++if ( nDevices == device ) {
++sprintf( name, "hw:%d,%d", card, subdevice );
++goto foundDevice;
++}
++nDevices++;
++}
++nextcard:
++snd_ctl_close( chandle );
++snd_card_next( &card );
++}
++
++result = snd_ctl_open( &chandle, "default", SND_CTL_NONBLOCK );
++if ( result == 0 ) {
++if ( nDevices == device ) {
++strcpy( name, "default" );
++goto foundDevice;
++}
++nDevices++;
++}
++
++if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++foundDevice:
++
++// If a stream is already open, we cannot probe the stream devices.
++// Thus, use the saved results.
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED &&
++( stream_.device[0] == device || stream_.device[1] == device ) ) {
++snd_ctl_close( chandle );
++if ( device >= devices_.size() ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: device ID was not present before stream was opened.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++return devices_[ device ];
++}
++
++int openMode = SND_PCM_ASYNC;
++snd_pcm_stream_t stream;
++snd_pcm_info_t *pcminfo;
++snd_pcm_info_alloca( &pcminfo );
++snd_pcm_t *phandle;
++snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params;
++snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &params );
++
++// First try for playback unless default device (which has subdev -1)
++stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK;
++snd_pcm_info_set_stream( pcminfo, stream );
++if ( subdevice != -1 ) {
++snd_pcm_info_set_device( pcminfo, subdevice );
++snd_pcm_info_set_subdevice( pcminfo, 0 );
++
++result = snd_ctl_pcm_info( chandle, pcminfo );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++// Device probably doesn't support playback.
++goto captureProbe;
++}
++}
++
++result = snd_pcm_open( &phandle, name, stream, openMode | SND_PCM_NONBLOCK );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_open error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto captureProbe;
++}
++
++// The device is open ... fill the parameter structure.
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_any( phandle, params );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_hw_params error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto captureProbe;
++}
++
++// Get output channel information.
++unsigned int value;
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_max( params, &value );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: error getting device (" << name << ") output channels, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto captureProbe;
++}
++info.outputChannels = value;
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++
++captureProbe:
++stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;
++snd_pcm_info_set_stream( pcminfo, stream );
++
++// Now try for capture unless default device (with subdev = -1)
++if ( subdevice != -1 ) {
++result = snd_ctl_pcm_info( chandle, pcminfo );
++snd_ctl_close( chandle );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++// Device probably doesn't support capture.
++if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) return info;
++goto probeParameters;
++}
++}
++else
++snd_ctl_close( chandle );
++
++result = snd_pcm_open( &phandle, name, stream, openMode | SND_PCM_NONBLOCK);
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_open error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) return info;
++goto probeParameters;
++}
++
++// The device is open ... fill the parameter structure.
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_any( phandle, params );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_hw_params error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) return info;
++goto probeParameters;
++}
++
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_max( params, &value );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: error getting device (" << name << ") input channels, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++if ( info.outputChannels == 0 ) return info;
++goto probeParameters;
++}
++info.inputChannels = value;
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++
++// If device opens for both playback and capture, we determine the channels.
++if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
++info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
++
++// ALSA doesn't provide default devices so we'll use the first available one.
++if ( device == 0 && info.outputChannels > 0 )
++info.isDefaultOutput = true;
++if ( device == 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 )
++info.isDefaultInput = true;
++
++probeParameters:
++// At this point, we just need to figure out the supported data
++// formats and sample rates.  We'll proceed by opening the device in
++// the direction with the maximum number of channels, or playback if
++// they are equal.  This might limit our sample rate options, but so
++// be it.
++
++if ( info.outputChannels >= info.inputChannels )
++stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK;
++else
++stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;
++snd_pcm_info_set_stream( pcminfo, stream );
++
++result = snd_pcm_open( &phandle, name, stream, openMode | SND_PCM_NONBLOCK);
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_open error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// The device is open ... fill the parameter structure.
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_any( phandle, params );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: snd_pcm_hw_params error for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Test our discrete set of sample rate values.
++info.sampleRates.clear();
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; i++ ) {
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_rate( phandle, params, SAMPLE_RATES[i], 0 ) == 0 ) {
++info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[i] );
++
++if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[i] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[i] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
++info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[i];
++}
++}
++if ( info.sampleRates.size() == 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: no supported sample rates found for device (" << name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Probe the supported data formats ... we don't care about endian-ness just yet
++snd_pcm_format_t format;
++info.nativeFormats = 0;
++format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++format = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, params, format ) == 0 )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
++
++// Check that we have at least one supported format
++if ( info.nativeFormats == 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::getDeviceInfo: pcm device (" << name << ") data format not supported by RtAudio.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Get the device name
++char *cardname;
++result = snd_card_get_name( card, &cardname );
++if ( result >= 0 ) {
++sprintf( name, "hw:%s,%d", cardname, subdevice );
++free( cardname );
++}
++info.name = name;
++
++// That's all ... close the device and return
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++info.probed = true;
++return info;
++}
++
++void RtApiAlsa :: saveDeviceInfo( void )
++{
++devices_.clear();
++
++unsigned int nDevices = getDeviceCount();
++devices_.resize( nDevices );
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nDevices; i++ )
++devices_[i] = getDeviceInfo( i );
++}
++
++bool RtApiAlsa :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
++
++{
++#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
++snd_output_t *out;
++snd_output_stdio_attach(&out, stderr, 0);
++#endif
++
++// I'm not using the "plug" interface ... too much inconsistent behavior.
++
++unsigned nDevices = 0;
++int result, subdevice, card;
++char name[64];
++snd_ctl_t *chandle;
++
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT )
++snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s", "default");
++else {
++// Count cards and devices
++card = -1;
++snd_card_next( &card );
++while ( card >= 0 ) {
++sprintf( name, "hw:%d", card );
++result = snd_ctl_open( &chandle, name, SND_CTL_NONBLOCK );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: control open, card = " << card << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++subdevice = -1;
++while( 1 ) {
++result = snd_ctl_pcm_next_device( chandle, &subdevice );
++if ( result < 0 ) break;
++if ( subdevice < 0 ) break;
++if ( nDevices == device ) {
++sprintf( name, "hw:%d,%d", card, subdevice );
++snd_ctl_close( chandle );
++goto foundDevice;
++}
++nDevices++;
++}
++snd_ctl_close( chandle );
++snd_card_next( &card );
++}
++
++result = snd_ctl_open( &chandle, "default", SND_CTL_NONBLOCK );
++if ( result == 0 ) {
++if ( nDevices == device ) {
++strcpy( name, "default" );
++goto foundDevice;
++}
++nDevices++;
++}
++
++if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
++// This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: no devices found!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++// This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++
++foundDevice:
++
++// The getDeviceInfo() function will not work for a device that is
++// already open.  Thus, we'll probe the system before opening a
++// stream and save the results for use by getDeviceInfo().
++if ( mode == OUTPUT || ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode != OUTPUT ) ) // only do once
++this->saveDeviceInfo();
++
++snd_pcm_stream_t stream;
++if ( mode == OUTPUT )
++stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK;
++else
++stream = SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;
++
++snd_pcm_t *phandle;
++int openMode = SND_PCM_ASYNC;
++result = snd_pcm_open( &phandle, name, stream, openMode );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++if ( mode == OUTPUT )
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: pcm device (" << name << ") won't open for output.";
++else
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: pcm device (" << name << ") won't open for input.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Fill the parameter structure.
++snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hw_params;
++snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &hw_params );
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_any( phandle, hw_params );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error getting pcm device (" << name << ") parameters, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
++fprintf( stderr, "\nRtApiAlsa: dump hardware params just after device open:\n\n" );
++snd_pcm_hw_params_dump( hw_params, out );
++#endif
++
++// Set access ... check user preference.
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) {
++stream_.userInterleaved = false;
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( phandle, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( phandle, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED );
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] =  true;
++}
++else
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = false;
++}
++else {
++stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( phandle, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( phandle, hw_params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED );
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] =  false;
++}
++else
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] =  true;
++}
++
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting pcm device (" << name << ") access, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Determine how to set the device format.
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++snd_pcm_format_t deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
++
++if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 )
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT16 )
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT24 )
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT32 )
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32 )
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64 )
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64;
++
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat) == 0) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = format;
++goto setFormat;
++}
++
++// The user requested format is not natively supported by the device.
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT64;
++goto setFormat;
++}
++
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++goto setFormat;
++}
++
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++goto setFormat;
++}
++
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++goto setFormat;
++}
++
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++goto setFormat;
++}
++
++deviceFormat = SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
++if ( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format(phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat ) == 0 ) {
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++goto setFormat;
++}
++
++// If we get here, no supported format was found.
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: pcm device " << device << " data format not supported by RtAudio.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++
++setFormat:
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format( phandle, hw_params, deviceFormat );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting pcm device (" << name << ") data format, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Determine whether byte-swaping is necessary.
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
++if ( deviceFormat != SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8 ) {
++result = snd_pcm_format_cpu_endian( deviceFormat );
++if ( result == 0 )
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++else if (result < 0) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error getting pcm device (" << name << ") endian-ness, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++
++// Set the sample rate.
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near( phandle, hw_params, (unsigned int*) &sampleRate, 0 );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting sample rate on device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Determine the number of channels for this device.  We support a possible
++// minimum device channel number > than the value requested by the user.
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
++unsigned int value;
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_max( hw_params, &value );
++unsigned int deviceChannels = value;
++if ( result < 0 || deviceChannels < channels + firstChannel ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: requested channel parameters not supported by device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_min( hw_params, &value );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error getting minimum channels for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++deviceChannels = value;
++if ( deviceChannels < channels + firstChannel ) deviceChannels = channels + firstChannel;
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = deviceChannels;
++
++// Set the device channels.
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels( phandle, hw_params, deviceChannels );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting channels for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Set the buffer (or period) size.
++int dir = 0;
++snd_pcm_uframes_t periodSize = *bufferSize;
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near( phandle, hw_params, &periodSize, &dir );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting period size for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++*bufferSize = periodSize;
++
++// Set the buffer number, which in ALSA is referred to as the "period".
++unsigned int periods = 0;
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY ) periods = 2;
++if ( options && options->numberOfBuffers > 0 ) periods = options->numberOfBuffers;
++if ( periods < 2 ) periods = 4; // a fairly safe default value
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near( phandle, hw_params, &periods, &dir );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error setting periods for device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// If attempting to setup a duplex stream, the bufferSize parameter
++// MUST be the same in both directions!
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT && *bufferSize != stream_.bufferSize ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: system error setting buffer size for duplex stream on device (" << name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
++
++// Install the hardware configuration
++result = snd_pcm_hw_params( phandle, hw_params );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error installing hardware configuration on device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
++fprintf(stderr, "\nRtApiAlsa: dump hardware params after installation:\n\n");
++snd_pcm_hw_params_dump( hw_params, out );
++#endif
++
++// Set the software configuration to fill buffers with zeros and prevent device stopping on xruns.
++snd_pcm_sw_params_t *sw_params = NULL;
++snd_pcm_sw_params_alloca( &sw_params );
++snd_pcm_sw_params_current( phandle, sw_params );
++snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold( phandle, sw_params, *bufferSize );
++snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold( phandle, sw_params, ULONG_MAX );
++snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_threshold( phandle, sw_params, 0 );
++
++// The following two settings were suggested by Theo Veenker
++//snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min( phandle, sw_params, *bufferSize );
++//snd_pcm_sw_params_set_xfer_align( phandle, sw_params, 1 );
++
++// here are two options for a fix
++//snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_size( phandle, sw_params, ULONG_MAX );
++snd_pcm_uframes_t val;
++snd_pcm_sw_params_get_boundary( sw_params, &val );
++snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_size( phandle, sw_params, val );
++
++result = snd_pcm_sw_params( phandle, sw_params );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error installing software configuration on device (" << name << "), " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++#if defined(__RTAUDIO_DEBUG__)
++fprintf(stderr, "\nRtApiAlsa: dump software params after installation:\n\n");
++snd_pcm_sw_params_dump( sw_params, out );
++#endif
++
++// Set flags for buffer conversion
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
++if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++
++// Allocate the ApiHandle if necessary and then save.
++AlsaHandle *apiInfo = 0;
++if ( stream_.apiHandle == 0 ) {
++try {
++apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) new AlsaHandle;
++}
++catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating AlsaHandle memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( pthread_cond_init( &apiInfo->runnable_cv, NULL ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error initializing pthread condition variable.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++stream_.apiHandle = (void *) apiInfo;
++apiInfo->handles[0] = 0;
++apiInfo->handles[1] = 0;
++}
++else {
++apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++}
++apiInfo->handles[mode] = phandle;
++phandle = 0;
++
++// Allocate necessary internal buffers.
++unsigned long bufferBytes;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
++
++bool makeBuffer = true;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
++if ( mode == INPUT ) {
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
++}
++}
++
++if ( makeBuffer ) {
++bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++}
++
++stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
++stream_.nBuffers = periods;
++stream_.device[mode] = device;
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++// Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, firstChannel );
++
++// Setup thread if necessary.
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT ) {
++// We had already set up an output stream.
++stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
++// Link the streams if possible.
++apiInfo->synchronized = false;
++if ( snd_pcm_link( apiInfo->handles[0], apiInfo->handles[1] ) == 0 )
++apiInfo->synchronized = true;
++else {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::probeDeviceOpen: unable to synchronize input and output devices.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++}
++else {
++stream_.mode = mode;
++
++// Setup callback thread.
++stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
++
++// Set the thread attributes for joinable and realtime scheduling
++// priority (optional).  The higher priority will only take affect
++// if the program is run as root or suid. Note, under Linux
++// processes with CAP_SYS_NICE privilege, a user can change
++// scheduling policy and priority (thus need not be root). See
++// POSIX "capabilities".
++pthread_attr_t attr;
++pthread_attr_init( &attr );
++pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE );
++
++#ifdef SCHED_RR // Undefined with some OSes (eg: NetBSD 1.6.x with GNU Pthread)
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME ) {
++// We previously attempted to increase the audio callback priority
++// to SCHED_RR here via the attributes.  However, while no errors
++// were reported in doing so, it did not work.  So, now this is
++// done in the alsaCallbackHandler function.
++stream_.callbackInfo.doRealtime = true;
++int priority = options->priority;
++int min = sched_get_priority_min( SCHED_RR );
++int max = sched_get_priority_max( SCHED_RR );
++if ( priority < min ) priority = min;
++else if ( priority > max ) priority = max;
++stream_.callbackInfo.priority = priority;
++}
++#endif
++
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = true;
++result = pthread_create( &stream_.callbackInfo.thread, &attr, alsaCallbackHandler, &stream_.callbackInfo );
++pthread_attr_destroy( &attr );
++if ( result ) {
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::error creating callback thread!";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++
++return SUCCESS;
++
++error:
++if ( apiInfo ) {
++pthread_cond_destroy( &apiInfo->runnable_cv );
++if ( apiInfo->handles[0] ) snd_pcm_close( apiInfo->handles[0] );
++if ( apiInfo->handles[1] ) snd_pcm_close( apiInfo->handles[1] );
++delete apiInfo;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++if ( phandle) snd_pcm_close( phandle );
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++void RtApiAlsa :: closeStream()
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++apiInfo->runnable = true;
++pthread_cond_signal( &apiInfo->runnable_cv );
++}
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++pthread_join( stream_.callbackInfo.thread, NULL );
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
++snd_pcm_drop( apiInfo->handles[0] );
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
++snd_pcm_drop( apiInfo->handles[1] );
++}
++
++if ( apiInfo ) {
++pthread_cond_destroy( &apiInfo->runnable_cv );
++if ( apiInfo->handles[0] ) snd_pcm_close( apiInfo->handles[0] );
++if ( apiInfo->handles[1] ) snd_pcm_close( apiInfo->handles[1] );
++delete apiInfo;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++}
++
++void RtApiAlsa :: startStream()
++{
++// This method calls snd_pcm_prepare if the device isn't already in that state.
++
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++int result = 0;
++snd_pcm_state_t state;
++AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++snd_pcm_t **handle = (snd_pcm_t **) apiInfo->handles;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++state = snd_pcm_state( handle[0] );
++if ( state != SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED ) {
++result = snd_pcm_prepare( handle[0] );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::startStream: error preparing output pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++}
++
++if ( ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) && !apiInfo->synchronized ) {
++result = snd_pcm_drop(handle[1]); // fix to remove stale data received since device has been open
++state = snd_pcm_state( handle[1] );
++if ( state != SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED ) {
++result = snd_pcm_prepare( handle[1] );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::startStream: error preparing input pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
++
++unlock:
++apiInfo->runnable = true;
++pthread_cond_signal( &apiInfo->runnable_cv );
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( result >= 0 ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiAlsa :: stopStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++int result = 0;
++AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++snd_pcm_t **handle = (snd_pcm_t **) apiInfo->handles;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++if ( apiInfo->synchronized ) 
++result = snd_pcm_drop( handle[0] );
++else
++result = snd_pcm_drain( handle[0] );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::stopStream: error draining output pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++if ( ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) && !apiInfo->synchronized ) {
++result = snd_pcm_drop( handle[1] );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::stopStream: error stopping input pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++unlock:
++apiInfo->runnable = false; // fixes high CPU usage when stopped
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( result >= 0 ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiAlsa :: abortStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++int result = 0;
++AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++snd_pcm_t **handle = (snd_pcm_t **) apiInfo->handles;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++result = snd_pcm_drop( handle[0] );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::abortStream: error aborting output pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++if ( ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) && !apiInfo->synchronized ) {
++result = snd_pcm_drop( handle[1] );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::abortStream: error aborting input pcm device, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++unlock:
++apiInfo->runnable = false; // fixes high CPU usage when stopped
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( result >= 0 ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiAlsa :: callbackEvent()
++{
++AlsaHandle *apiInfo = (AlsaHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++while ( !apiInfo->runnable )
++pthread_cond_wait( &apiInfo->runnable_cv, &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++return;
++}
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++}
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++int doStopStream = 0;
++RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) stream_.callbackInfo.callback;
++double streamTime = getStreamTime();
++RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
++if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && apiInfo->xrun[0] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
++apiInfo->xrun[0] = false;
++}
++if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && apiInfo->xrun[1] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
++apiInfo->xrun[1] = false;
++}
++doStopStream = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
++stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, stream_.callbackInfo.userData );
++
++if ( doStopStream == 2 ) {
++abortStream();
++return;
++}
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++// The state might change while waiting on a mutex.
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) goto unlock;
++
++int result;
++char *buffer;
++int channels;
++snd_pcm_t **handle;
++snd_pcm_sframes_t frames;
++RtAudioFormat format;
++handle = (snd_pcm_t **) apiInfo->handles;
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++// Setup parameters.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
++buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
++channels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
++format = stream_.deviceFormat[1];
++}
++else {
++buffer = stream_.userBuffer[1];
++channels = stream_.nUserChannels[1];
++format = stream_.userFormat;
++}
++
++// Read samples from device in interleaved/non-interleaved format.
++if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[1] )
++result = snd_pcm_readi( handle[1], buffer, stream_.bufferSize );
++else {
++void *bufs[channels];
++size_t offset = stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes( format );
++for ( int i=0; i<channels; i++ )
++bufs[i] = (void *) (buffer + (i * offset));
++result = snd_pcm_readn( handle[1], bufs, stream_.bufferSize );
++}
++
++if ( result < (int) stream_.bufferSize ) {
++// Either an error or overrun occured.
++if ( result == -EPIPE ) {
++snd_pcm_state_t state = snd_pcm_state( handle[1] );
++if ( state == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN ) {
++apiInfo->xrun[1] = true;
++result = snd_pcm_prepare( handle[1] );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: error preparing device after overrun, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++}
++}
++else {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: error, current state is " << snd_pcm_state_name( state ) << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++}
++}
++else {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: audio read error, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++}
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto tryOutput;
++}
++
++// Do byte swapping if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doByteSwap[1] )
++byteSwapBuffer( buffer, stream_.bufferSize * channels, format );
++
++// Do buffer conversion if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] )
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
++
++// Check stream latency
++result = snd_pcm_delay( handle[1], &frames );
++if ( result == 0 && frames > 0 ) stream_.latency[1] = frames;
++}
++
++tryOutput:
++
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++// Setup parameters and do buffer conversion if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
++buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
++convertBuffer( buffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
++channels = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
++format = stream_.deviceFormat[0];
++}
++else {
++buffer = stream_.userBuffer[0];
++channels = stream_.nUserChannels[0];
++format = stream_.userFormat;
++}
++
++// Do byte swapping if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doByteSwap[0] )
++byteSwapBuffer(buffer, stream_.bufferSize * channels, format);
++
++// Write samples to device in interleaved/non-interleaved format.
++if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[0] )
++result = snd_pcm_writei( handle[0], buffer, stream_.bufferSize );
++else {
++void *bufs[channels];
++size_t offset = stream_.bufferSize * formatBytes( format );
++for ( int i=0; i<channels; i++ )
++bufs[i] = (void *) (buffer + (i * offset));
++result = snd_pcm_writen( handle[0], bufs, stream_.bufferSize );
++}
++
++if ( result < (int) stream_.bufferSize ) {
++// Either an error or underrun occured.
++if ( result == -EPIPE ) {
++snd_pcm_state_t state = snd_pcm_state( handle[0] );
++if ( state == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN ) {
++apiInfo->xrun[0] = true;
++result = snd_pcm_prepare( handle[0] );
++if ( result < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: error preparing device after underrun, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++}
++else
++errorText_ =  "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: audio write error, underrun.";
++}
++else {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: error, current state is " << snd_pcm_state_name( state ) << ", " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++}
++}
++else {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiAlsa::callbackEvent: audio write error, " << snd_strerror( result ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++}
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// Check stream latency
++result = snd_pcm_delay( handle[0], &frames );
++if ( result == 0 && frames > 0 ) stream_.latency[0] = frames;
++}
++
++unlock:
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++RtApi::tickStreamTime();
++if ( doStopStream == 1 ) this->stopStream();
++}
++
++static void *alsaCallbackHandler( void *ptr )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
++RtApiAlsa *object = (RtApiAlsa *) info->object;
++bool *isRunning = &info->isRunning;
++
++#ifdef SCHED_RR // Undefined with some OSes (eg: NetBSD 1.6.x with GNU Pthread)
++if ( info->doRealtime ) {
++pthread_t tID = pthread_self();	 // ID of this thread
++sched_param prio = { info->priority }; // scheduling priority of thread
++pthread_setschedparam( tID, SCHED_RR, &prio );
++}
++#endif
++
++while ( *isRunning == true ) {
++pthread_testcancel();
++object->callbackEvent();
++}
++
++pthread_exit( NULL );
++}
++
++//******************** End of __LINUX_ALSA__ *********************//
++#endif
++
++#if defined(__LINUX_PULSE__)
++
++// Code written by Peter Meerwald, pmeerw at pmeerw.net
++// and Tristan Matthews.
++
++#include <pulse/error.h>
++#include <pulse/simple.h>
++#include <cstdio>
++
++static const unsigned int SUPPORTED_SAMPLERATES[] = { 8000, 16000, 22050, 32000,
++44100, 48000, 96000, 0};
++
++struct rtaudio_pa_format_mapping_t {
++RtAudioFormat rtaudio_format;
++pa_sample_format_t pa_format;
++};
++
++static const rtaudio_pa_format_mapping_t supported_sampleformats[] = {
++{RTAUDIO_SINT16, PA_SAMPLE_S16LE},
++{RTAUDIO_SINT32, PA_SAMPLE_S32LE},
++{RTAUDIO_FLOAT32, PA_SAMPLE_FLOAT32LE},
++{0, PA_SAMPLE_INVALID}};
++
++struct PulseAudioHandle {
++pa_simple *s_play;
++pa_simple *s_rec;
++pthread_t thread;
++pthread_cond_t runnable_cv;
++bool runnable;
++PulseAudioHandle() : s_play(0), s_rec(0), runnable(false) { }
++};
++
++RtApiPulse::~RtApiPulse()
++{
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED )
++closeStream();
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiPulse::getDeviceCount( void )
++{
++return 1;
++}
++
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiPulse::getDeviceInfo( unsigned int /*device*/ )
++{
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
++info.probed = true;
++info.name = "PulseAudio";
++info.outputChannels = 2;
++info.inputChannels = 2;
++info.duplexChannels = 2;
++info.isDefaultOutput = true;
++info.isDefaultInput = true;
++
++for ( const unsigned int *sr = SUPPORTED_SAMPLERATES; *sr; ++sr )
++info.sampleRates.push_back( *sr );
++
++info.preferredSampleRate = 48000;
++info.nativeFormats = RTAUDIO_SINT16 | RTAUDIO_SINT32 | RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++
++return info;
++}
++
++static void *pulseaudio_callback( void * user )
++{
++CallbackInfo *cbi = static_cast<CallbackInfo *>( user );
++RtApiPulse *context = static_cast<RtApiPulse *>( cbi->object );
++volatile bool *isRunning = &cbi->isRunning;
++
++while ( *isRunning ) {
++pthread_testcancel();
++context->callbackEvent();
++}
++
++pthread_exit( NULL );
++}
++
++void RtApiPulse::closeStream( void )
++{
++PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
++
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
++if ( pah ) {
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++pah->runnable = true;
++pthread_cond_signal( &pah->runnable_cv );
++}
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++pthread_join( pah->thread, 0 );
++if ( pah->s_play ) {
++pa_simple_flush( pah->s_play, NULL );
++pa_simple_free( pah->s_play );
++}
++if ( pah->s_rec )
++pa_simple_free( pah->s_rec );
++
++pthread_cond_destroy( &pah->runnable_cv );
++delete pah;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[0] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[0] );
++stream_.userBuffer[0] = 0;
++}
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[1] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[1] );
++stream_.userBuffer[1] = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++}
++
++void RtApiPulse::callbackEvent( void )
++{
++PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++while ( !pah->runnable )
++pthread_cond_wait( &pah->runnable_cv, &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++return;
++}
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++}
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... "
++"this shouldn't happen!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) stream_.callbackInfo.callback;
++double streamTime = getStreamTime();
++RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
++int doStopStream = callback( stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT], stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
++stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status,
++stream_.callbackInfo.userData );
++
++if ( doStopStream == 2 ) {
++abortStream();
++return;
++}
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++void *pulse_in = stream_.doConvertBuffer[INPUT] ? stream_.deviceBuffer : stream_.userBuffer[INPUT];
++void *pulse_out = stream_.doConvertBuffer[OUTPUT] ? stream_.deviceBuffer : stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT];
++
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING )
++goto unlock;
++
++int pa_error;
++size_t bytes;
++if (stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[OUTPUT] ) {
++convertBuffer( stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.userBuffer[OUTPUT],
++stream_.convertInfo[OUTPUT] );
++bytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[OUTPUT] * stream_.bufferSize *
++formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[OUTPUT] );
++} else
++bytes = stream_.nUserChannels[OUTPUT] * stream_.bufferSize *
++formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++
++if ( pa_simple_write( pah->s_play, pulse_out, bytes, &pa_error ) < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiPulse::callbackEvent: audio write error, " <<
++pa_strerror( pa_error ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX) {
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[INPUT] )
++bytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[INPUT] * stream_.bufferSize *
++formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[INPUT] );
++else
++bytes = stream_.nUserChannels[INPUT] * stream_.bufferSize *
++formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++
++if ( pa_simple_read( pah->s_rec, pulse_in, bytes, &pa_error ) < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiPulse::callbackEvent: audio read error, " <<
++pa_strerror( pa_error ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[INPUT] ) {
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[INPUT],
++stream_.deviceBuffer,
++stream_.convertInfo[INPUT] );
++}
++}
++
++unlock:
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++RtApi::tickStreamTime();
++
++if ( doStopStream == 1 )
++stopStream();
++}
++
++void RtApiPulse::startStream( void )
++{
++PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::startStream(): the stream is not open!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
++
++pah->runnable = true;
++pthread_cond_signal( &pah->runnable_cv );
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++}
++
++void RtApiPulse::stopStream( void )
++{
++PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::stopStream(): the stream is not open!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( pah && pah->s_play ) {
++int pa_error;
++if ( pa_simple_drain( pah->s_play, &pa_error ) < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiPulse::stopStream: error draining output device, " <<
++pa_strerror( pa_error ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++}
++
++void RtApiPulse::abortStream( void )
++{
++PulseAudioHandle *pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle*>( stream_.apiHandle );
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::abortStream(): the stream is not open!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return;
++}
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( pah && pah->s_play ) {
++int pa_error;
++if ( pa_simple_flush( pah->s_play, &pa_error ) < 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiPulse::abortStream: error flushing output device, " <<
++pa_strerror( pa_error ) << ".";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++return;
++}
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++}
++
++bool RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode,
++unsigned int channels, unsigned int firstChannel,
++unsigned int sampleRate, RtAudioFormat format,
++unsigned int *bufferSize, RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
++{
++PulseAudioHandle *pah = 0;
++unsigned long bufferBytes = 0;
++pa_sample_spec ss;
++
++if ( device != 0 ) return false;
++if ( mode != INPUT && mode != OUTPUT ) return false;
++if ( channels != 1 && channels != 2 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: unsupported number of channels.";
++return false;
++}
++ss.channels = channels;
++
++if ( firstChannel != 0 ) return false;
++
++bool sr_found = false;
++for ( const unsigned int *sr = SUPPORTED_SAMPLERATES; *sr; ++sr ) {
++if ( sampleRate == *sr ) {
++sr_found = true;
++stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
++ss.rate = sampleRate;
++break;
++}
++}
++if ( !sr_found ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: unsupported sample rate.";
++return false;
++}
++
++bool sf_found = 0;
++for ( const rtaudio_pa_format_mapping_t *sf = supported_sampleformats;
++sf->rtaudio_format && sf->pa_format != PA_SAMPLE_INVALID; ++sf ) {
++if ( format == sf->rtaudio_format ) {
++sf_found = true;
++stream_.userFormat = sf->rtaudio_format;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = stream_.userFormat;
++ss.format = sf->pa_format;
++break;
++}
++}
++if ( !sf_found ) { // Use internal data format conversion.
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++ss.format = PA_SAMPLE_FLOAT32LE;
++}
++
++// Set other stream parameters.
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED ) stream_.userInterleaved = false;
++else stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] = true;
++stream_.nBuffers = 1;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = channels + firstChannel;
++stream_.channelOffset[mode] = 0;
++std::string streamName = "RtAudio";
++
++// Set flags for buffer conversion.
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
++if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++
++// Allocate necessary internal buffers.
++bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
++
++bool makeBuffer = true;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
++if ( mode == INPUT ) {
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
++}
++}
++
++if ( makeBuffer ) {
++bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++}
++
++stream_.device[mode] = device;
++
++// Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, firstChannel );
++
++if ( !stream_.apiHandle ) {
++PulseAudioHandle *pah = new PulseAudioHandle;
++if ( !pah ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating memory for handle.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++stream_.apiHandle = pah;
++if ( pthread_cond_init( &pah->runnable_cv, NULL ) != 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error creating condition variable.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++pah = static_cast<PulseAudioHandle *>( stream_.apiHandle );
++
++int error;
++if ( options && !options->streamName.empty() ) streamName = options->streamName;
++switch ( mode ) {
++case INPUT:
++pa_buffer_attr buffer_attr;
++buffer_attr.fragsize = bufferBytes;
++buffer_attr.maxlength = -1;
++
++pah->s_rec = pa_simple_new( NULL, streamName.c_str(), PA_STREAM_RECORD, NULL, "Record", &ss, NULL, &buffer_attr, &error );
++if ( !pah->s_rec ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error connecting input to PulseAudio server.";
++goto error;
++}
++break;
++case OUTPUT:
++pah->s_play = pa_simple_new( NULL, streamName.c_str(), PA_STREAM_PLAYBACK, NULL, "Playback", &ss, NULL, NULL, &error );
++if ( !pah->s_play ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error connecting output to PulseAudio server.";
++goto error;
++}
++break;
++default:
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == UNINITIALIZED )
++stream_.mode = mode;
++else if ( stream_.mode == mode )
++goto error;
++else
++stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
++
++if ( !stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning ) {
++stream_.callbackInfo.object = this;
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = true;
++if ( pthread_create( &pah->thread, NULL, pulseaudio_callback, (void *)&stream_.callbackInfo) != 0 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiPulse::probeDeviceOpen: error creating thread.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++return true;
++
++error:
++if ( pah && stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning ) {
++pthread_cond_destroy( &pah->runnable_cv );
++delete pah;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++//******************** End of __LINUX_PULSE__ *********************//
++#endif
++
++#if defined(__LINUX_OSS__)
++
++#include <unistd.h>
++#include <sys/ioctl.h>
++#include <unistd.h>
++#include <fcntl.h>
++#include <sys/soundcard.h>
++#include <errno.h>
++#include <math.h>
++
++static void *ossCallbackHandler(void * ptr);
++
++// A structure to hold various information related to the OSS API
++// implementation.
++struct OssHandle {
++int id[2];    // device ids
++bool xrun[2];
++bool triggered;
++pthread_cond_t runnable;
++
++OssHandle()
++:triggered(false) { id[0] = 0; id[1] = 0; xrun[0] = false; xrun[1] = false; }
++};
++
++RtApiOss :: RtApiOss()
++{
++// Nothing to do here.
++}
++
++RtApiOss :: ~RtApiOss()
++{
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED ) closeStream();
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApiOss :: getDeviceCount( void )
++{
++int mixerfd = open( "/dev/mixer", O_RDWR, 0 );
++if ( mixerfd == -1 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceCount: error opening '/dev/mixer'.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++oss_sysinfo sysinfo;
++if ( ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_SYSINFO, &sysinfo ) == -1 ) {
++close( mixerfd );
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceCount: error getting sysinfo, OSS version >= 4.0 is required.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return 0;
++}
++
++close( mixerfd );
++return sysinfo.numaudios;
++}
++
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtApiOss :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device )
++{
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo info;
++info.probed = false;
++
++int mixerfd = open( "/dev/mixer", O_RDWR, 0 );
++if ( mixerfd == -1 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: error opening '/dev/mixer'.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++oss_sysinfo sysinfo;
++int result = ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_SYSINFO, &sysinfo );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++close( mixerfd );
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: error getting sysinfo, OSS version >= 4.0 is required.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++unsigned nDevices = sysinfo.numaudios;
++if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
++close( mixerfd );
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: no devices found!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++close( mixerfd );
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: device ID is invalid!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++return info;
++}
++
++oss_audioinfo ainfo;
++ainfo.dev = device;
++result = ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_AUDIOINFO, &ainfo );
++close( mixerfd );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: error getting device (" << ainfo.name << ") info.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Probe channels
++if ( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_OUTPUT ) info.outputChannels = ainfo.max_channels;
++if ( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_INPUT ) info.inputChannels = ainfo.max_channels;
++if ( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_DUPLEX ) {
++if ( info.outputChannels > 0 && info.inputChannels > 0 && ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_DUPLEX )
++info.duplexChannels = (info.outputChannels > info.inputChannels) ? info.inputChannels : info.outputChannels;
++}
++
++// Probe data formats ... do for input
++unsigned long mask = ainfo.iformats;
++if ( mask & AFMT_S16_LE || mask & AFMT_S16_BE )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++if ( mask & AFMT_S8 )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++if ( mask & AFMT_S32_LE || mask & AFMT_S32_BE )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++#ifdef AFMT_FLOAT
++if ( mask & AFMT_FLOAT )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_FLOAT32;
++#endif
++if ( mask & AFMT_S24_LE || mask & AFMT_S24_BE )
++info.nativeFormats |= RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++
++// Check that we have at least one supported format
++if ( info.nativeFormats == 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: device (" << ainfo.name << ") data format not supported by RtAudio.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return info;
++}
++
++// Probe the supported sample rates.
++info.sampleRates.clear();
++if ( ainfo.nrates ) {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<ainfo.nrates; i++ ) {
++for ( unsigned int k=0; k<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; k++ ) {
++if ( ainfo.rates[i] == SAMPLE_RATES[k] ) {
++info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[k] );
++
++if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[k] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
++info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[k];
++
++break;
++}
++}
++}
++}
++else {
++// Check min and max rate values;
++for ( unsigned int k=0; k<MAX_SAMPLE_RATES; k++ ) {
++if ( ainfo.min_rate <= (int) SAMPLE_RATES[k] && ainfo.max_rate >= (int) SAMPLE_RATES[k] ) {
++info.sampleRates.push_back( SAMPLE_RATES[k] );
++
++if ( !info.preferredSampleRate || ( SAMPLE_RATES[k] <= 48000 && SAMPLE_RATES[k] > info.preferredSampleRate ) )
++info.preferredSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATES[k];
++}
++}
++}
++
++if ( info.sampleRates.size() == 0 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: no supported sample rates found for device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++else {
++info.probed = true;
++info.name = ainfo.name;
++}
++
++return info;
++}
++
++
++bool RtApiOss :: probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options )
++{
++int mixerfd = open( "/dev/mixer", O_RDWR, 0 );
++if ( mixerfd == -1 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error opening '/dev/mixer'.";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++oss_sysinfo sysinfo;
++int result = ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_SYSINFO, &sysinfo );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++close( mixerfd );
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error getting sysinfo, OSS version >= 4.0 is required.";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++unsigned nDevices = sysinfo.numaudios;
++if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
++// This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
++close( mixerfd );
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: no devices found!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++if ( device >= nDevices ) {
++// This should not happen because a check is made before this function is called.
++close( mixerfd );
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device ID is invalid!";
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++oss_audioinfo ainfo;
++ainfo.dev = device;
++result = ioctl( mixerfd, SNDCTL_AUDIOINFO, &ainfo );
++close( mixerfd );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::getDeviceInfo: error getting device (" << ainfo.name << ") info.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Check if device supports input or output
++if ( ( mode == OUTPUT && !( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_OUTPUT ) ) ||
++( mode == INPUT && !( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_INPUT ) ) ) {
++if ( mode == OUTPUT )
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support output.";
++else
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support input.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++int flags = 0;
++OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( mode == OUTPUT )
++flags |= O_WRONLY;
++else { // mode == INPUT
++if (stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.device[0] == device) {
++// We just set the same device for playback ... close and reopen for duplex (OSS only).
++close( handle->id[0] );
++handle->id[0] = 0;
++if ( !( ainfo.caps & PCM_CAP_DUPLEX ) ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support duplex mode.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++// Check that the number previously set channels is the same.
++if ( stream_.nUserChannels[0] != channels ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: input/output channels must be equal for OSS duplex device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++flags |= O_RDWR;
++}
++else
++flags |= O_RDONLY;
++}
++
++// Set exclusive access if specified.
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE ) flags |= O_EXCL;
++
++// Try to open the device.
++int fd;
++fd = open( ainfo.devnode, flags, 0 );
++if ( fd == -1 ) {
++if ( errno == EBUSY )
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") is busy.";
++else
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error opening device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// For duplex operation, specifically set this mode (this doesn't seem to work).
++/*
++if ( flags | O_RDWR ) {
++result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETDUPLEX, NULL );
++if ( result == -1) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting duplex mode for device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++}
++*/
++
++// Check the device channel support.
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] = channels;
++if ( ainfo.max_channels < (int)(channels + firstChannel) ) {
++close( fd );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: the device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support requested channel parameters.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Set the number of channels.
++int deviceChannels = channels + firstChannel;
++result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &deviceChannels );
++if ( result == -1 || deviceChannels < (int)(channels + firstChannel) ) {
++close( fd );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting channel parameters on device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] = deviceChannels;
++
++// Get the data format mask
++int mask;
++result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_GETFMTS, &mask );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++close( fd );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error getting device (" << ainfo.name << ") data formats.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Determine how to set the device format.
++stream_.userFormat = format;
++int deviceFormat = -1;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = false;
++if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 ) {
++if ( mask & AFMT_S8 ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S8;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++}
++}
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT16 ) {
++if ( mask & AFMT_S16_NE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S16_NE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S16_OE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S16_OE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++}
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT24 ) {
++if ( mask & AFMT_S24_NE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S24_NE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S24_OE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S24_OE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++}
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT32 ) {
++if ( mask & AFMT_S32_NE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S32_NE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S32_OE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S32_OE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++}
++
++if ( deviceFormat == -1 ) {
++// The user requested format is not natively supported by the device.
++if ( mask & AFMT_S16_NE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S16_NE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S32_NE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S32_NE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S24_NE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S24_NE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S16_OE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S16_OE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT16;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S32_OE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S32_OE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT32;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S24_OE ) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S24_OE;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT24;
++stream_.doByteSwap[mode] = true;
++}
++else if ( mask & AFMT_S8) {
++deviceFormat = AFMT_S8;
++stream_.deviceFormat[mode] = RTAUDIO_SINT8;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] == 0 ) {
++// This really shouldn't happen ...
++close( fd );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") data format not supported by RtAudio.";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Set the data format.
++int temp = deviceFormat;
++result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT, &deviceFormat );
++if ( result == -1 || deviceFormat != temp ) {
++close( fd );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting data format on device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Attempt to set the buffer size.  According to OSS, the minimum
++// number of buffers is two.  The supposed minimum buffer size is 16
++// bytes, so that will be our lower bound.  The argument to this
++// call is in the form 0xMMMMSSSS (hex), where the buffer size (in
++// bytes) is given as 2^SSSS and the number of buffers as 2^MMMM.
++// We'll check the actual value used near the end of the setup
++// procedure.
++int ossBufferBytes = *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] ) * deviceChannels;
++if ( ossBufferBytes < 16 ) ossBufferBytes = 16;
++int buffers = 0;
++if ( options ) buffers = options->numberOfBuffers;
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY ) buffers = 2;
++if ( buffers < 2 ) buffers = 3;
++temp = ((int) buffers << 16) + (int)( log10( (double)ossBufferBytes ) / log10( 2.0 ) );
++result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT, &temp );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++close( fd );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting buffer size on device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++stream_.nBuffers = buffers;
++
++// Save buffer size (in sample frames).
++*bufferSize = ossBufferBytes / ( formatBytes(stream_.deviceFormat[mode]) * deviceChannels );
++stream_.bufferSize = *bufferSize;
++
++// Set the sample rate.
++int srate = sampleRate;
++result = ioctl( fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED, &srate );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++close( fd );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error setting sample rate (" << sampleRate << ") on device (" << ainfo.name << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++// Verify the sample rate setup worked.
++if ( abs( srate - (int)sampleRate ) > 100 ) {
++close( fd );
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: device (" << ainfo.name << ") does not support sample rate (" << sampleRate << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++return FAILURE;
++}
++stream_.sampleRate = sampleRate;
++
++if ( mode == INPUT && stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.device[0] == device) {
++// We're doing duplex setup here.
++stream_.deviceFormat[0] = stream_.deviceFormat[1];
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] = deviceChannels;
++}
++
++// Set interleaving parameters.
++stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] =  true;
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED )
++stream_.userInterleaved = false;
++
++// Set flags for buffer conversion
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = false;
++if ( stream_.userFormat != stream_.deviceFormat[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.nUserChannels[mode] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++if ( stream_.userInterleaved != stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] &&
++stream_.nUserChannels[mode] > 1 )
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] = true;
++
++// Allocate the stream handles if necessary and then save.
++if ( stream_.apiHandle == 0 ) {
++try {
++handle = new OssHandle;
++}
++catch ( std::bad_alloc& ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating OssHandle memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( pthread_cond_init( &handle->runnable, NULL ) ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error initializing pthread condition variable.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++stream_.apiHandle = (void *) handle;
++}
++else {
++handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++}
++handle->id[mode] = fd;
++
++// Allocate necessary internal buffers.
++unsigned long bufferBytes;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nUserChannels[mode] * *bufferSize * formatBytes( stream_.userFormat );
++stream_.userBuffer[mode] = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[mode] == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating user buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) {
++
++bool makeBuffer = true;
++bufferBytes = stream_.nDeviceChannels[mode] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[mode] );
++if ( mode == INPUT ) {
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++unsigned long bytesOut = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] * formatBytes( stream_.deviceFormat[0] );
++if ( bufferBytes <= bytesOut ) makeBuffer = false;
++}
++}
++
++if ( makeBuffer ) {
++bufferBytes *= *bufferSize;
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = (char *) calloc( bufferBytes, 1 );
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer == NULL ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::probeDeviceOpen: error allocating device buffer memory.";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++}
++
++stream_.device[mode] = device;
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++
++// Setup the buffer conversion information structure.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[mode] ) setConvertInfo( mode, firstChannel );
++
++// Setup thread if necessary.
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT && mode == INPUT ) {
++// We had already set up an output stream.
++stream_.mode = DUPLEX;
++if ( stream_.device[0] == device ) handle->id[0] = fd;
++}
++else {
++stream_.mode = mode;
++
++// Setup callback thread.
++stream_.callbackInfo.object = (void *) this;
++
++// Set the thread attributes for joinable and realtime scheduling
++// priority.  The higher priority will only take affect if the
++// program is run as root or suid.
++pthread_attr_t attr;
++pthread_attr_init( &attr );
++pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE );
++#ifdef SCHED_RR // Undefined with some OSes (eg: NetBSD 1.6.x with GNU Pthread)
++if ( options && options->flags & RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME ) {
++struct sched_param param;
++int priority = options->priority;
++int min = sched_get_priority_min( SCHED_RR );
++int max = sched_get_priority_max( SCHED_RR );
++if ( priority < min ) priority = min;
++else if ( priority > max ) priority = max;
++param.sched_priority = priority;
++pthread_attr_setschedparam( &attr, &param );
++pthread_attr_setschedpolicy( &attr, SCHED_RR );
++}
++else
++pthread_attr_setschedpolicy( &attr, SCHED_OTHER );
++#else
++pthread_attr_setschedpolicy( &attr, SCHED_OTHER );
++#endif
++
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = true;
++result = pthread_create( &stream_.callbackInfo.thread, &attr, ossCallbackHandler, &stream_.callbackInfo );
++pthread_attr_destroy( &attr );
++if ( result ) {
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::error creating callback thread!";
++goto error;
++}
++}
++
++return SUCCESS;
++
++error:
++if ( handle ) {
++pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->runnable );
++if ( handle->id[0] ) close( handle->id[0] );
++if ( handle->id[1] ) close( handle->id[1] );
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++return FAILURE;
++}
++
++void RtApiOss :: closeStream()
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::closeStream(): no open stream to close!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED )
++pthread_cond_signal( &handle->runnable );
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++pthread_join( stream_.callbackInfo.thread, NULL );
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX )
++ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
++else
++ioctl( handle->id[1], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++}
++
++if ( handle ) {
++pthread_cond_destroy( &handle->runnable );
++if ( handle->id[0] ) close( handle->id[0] );
++if ( handle->id[1] ) close( handle->id[1] );
++delete handle;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++}
++
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++if ( stream_.userBuffer[i] ) {
++free( stream_.userBuffer[i] );
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.deviceBuffer ) {
++free( stream_.deviceBuffer );
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++}
++
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++}
++
++void RtApiOss :: startStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::startStream(): the stream is already running!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++stream_.state = STREAM_RUNNING;
++
++// No need to do anything else here ... OSS automatically starts
++// when fed samples.
++
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++pthread_cond_signal( &handle->runnable );
++}
++
++void RtApiOss :: stopStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::stopStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++// The state might change while waiting on a mutex.
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++return;
++}
++
++int result = 0;
++OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++// Flush the output with zeros a few times.
++char *buffer;
++int samples;
++RtAudioFormat format;
++
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
++buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
++samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
++format = stream_.deviceFormat[0];
++}
++else {
++buffer = stream_.userBuffer[0];
++samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0];
++format = stream_.userFormat;
++}
++
++memset( buffer, 0, samples * formatBytes(format) );
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.nBuffers+1; i++ ) {
++result = write( handle->id[0], buffer, samples * formatBytes(format) );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::stopStream: audio write error.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++}
++}
++
++result = ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::stopStream: system error stopping callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++handle->triggered = false;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && handle->id[0] != handle->id[1] ) ) {
++result = ioctl( handle->id[1], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::stopStream: system error stopping input callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++unlock:
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( result != -1 ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiOss :: abortStream()
++{
++verifyStream();
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::abortStream(): the stream is already stopped!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++// The state might change while waiting on a mutex.
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++return;
++}
++
++int result = 0;
++OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++result = ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::abortStream: system error stopping callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++handle->triggered = false;
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && handle->id[0] != handle->id[1] ) ) {
++result = ioctl( handle->id[1], SNDCTL_DSP_HALT, 0 );
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++errorStream_ << "RtApiOss::abortStream: system error stopping input callback procedure on device (" << stream_.device[0] << ").";
++errorText_ = errorStream_.str();
++goto unlock;
++}
++}
++
++unlock:
++stream_.state = STREAM_STOPPED;
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++if ( result != -1 ) return;
++error( RtAudioError::SYSTEM_ERROR );
++}
++
++void RtApiOss :: callbackEvent()
++{
++OssHandle *handle = (OssHandle *) stream_.apiHandle;
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) {
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++pthread_cond_wait( &handle->runnable, &stream_.mutex );
++if ( stream_.state != STREAM_RUNNING ) {
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++return;
++}
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++}
++
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::callbackEvent(): the stream is closed ... this shouldn't happen!";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++return;
++}
++
++// Invoke user callback to get fresh output data.
++int doStopStream = 0;
++RtAudioCallback callback = (RtAudioCallback) stream_.callbackInfo.callback;
++double streamTime = getStreamTime();
++RtAudioStreamStatus status = 0;
++if ( stream_.mode != INPUT && handle->xrun[0] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW;
++handle->xrun[0] = false;
++}
++if ( stream_.mode != OUTPUT && handle->xrun[1] == true ) {
++status |= RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW;
++handle->xrun[1] = false;
++}
++doStopStream = callback( stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.userBuffer[1],
++stream_.bufferSize, streamTime, status, stream_.callbackInfo.userData );
++if ( doStopStream == 2 ) {
++this->abortStream();
++return;
++}
++
++MUTEX_LOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++// The state might change while waiting on a mutex.
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_STOPPED ) goto unlock;
++
++int result;
++char *buffer;
++int samples;
++RtAudioFormat format;
++
++if ( stream_.mode == OUTPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++// Setup parameters and do buffer conversion if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[0] ) {
++buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
++convertBuffer( buffer, stream_.userBuffer[0], stream_.convertInfo[0] );
++samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
++format = stream_.deviceFormat[0];
++}
++else {
++buffer = stream_.userBuffer[0];
++samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[0];
++format = stream_.userFormat;
++}
++
++// Do byte swapping if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doByteSwap[0] )
++byteSwapBuffer( buffer, samples, format );
++
++if ( stream_.mode == DUPLEX && handle->triggered == false ) {
++int trig = 0;
++ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER, &trig );
++result = write( handle->id[0], buffer, samples * formatBytes(format) );
++trig = PCM_ENABLE_INPUT|PCM_ENABLE_OUTPUT;
++ioctl( handle->id[0], SNDCTL_DSP_SETTRIGGER, &trig );
++handle->triggered = true;
++}
++else
++// Write samples to device.
++result = write( handle->id[0], buffer, samples * formatBytes(format) );
++
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++// We'll assume this is an underrun, though there isn't a
++// specific means for determining that.
++handle->xrun[0] = true;
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::callbackEvent: audio write error.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++// Continue on to input section.
++}
++}
++
++if ( stream_.mode == INPUT || stream_.mode == DUPLEX ) {
++
++// Setup parameters.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] ) {
++buffer = stream_.deviceBuffer;
++samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
++format = stream_.deviceFormat[1];
++}
++else {
++buffer = stream_.userBuffer[1];
++samples = stream_.bufferSize * stream_.nUserChannels[1];
++format = stream_.userFormat;
++}
++
++// Read samples from device.
++result = read( handle->id[1], buffer, samples * formatBytes(format) );
++
++if ( result == -1 ) {
++// We'll assume this is an overrun, though there isn't a
++// specific means for determining that.
++handle->xrun[1] = true;
++errorText_ = "RtApiOss::callbackEvent: audio read error.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++goto unlock;
++}
++
++// Do byte swapping if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doByteSwap[1] )
++byteSwapBuffer( buffer, samples, format );
++
++// Do buffer conversion if necessary.
++if ( stream_.doConvertBuffer[1] )
++convertBuffer( stream_.userBuffer[1], stream_.deviceBuffer, stream_.convertInfo[1] );
++}
++
++unlock:
++MUTEX_UNLOCK( &stream_.mutex );
++
++RtApi::tickStreamTime();
++if ( doStopStream == 1 ) this->stopStream();
++}
++
++static void *ossCallbackHandler( void *ptr )
++{
++CallbackInfo *info = (CallbackInfo *) ptr;
++RtApiOss *object = (RtApiOss *) info->object;
++bool *isRunning = &info->isRunning;
++
++while ( *isRunning == true ) {
++pthread_testcancel();
++object->callbackEvent();
++}
++
++pthread_exit( NULL );
++}
++
++//******************** End of __LINUX_OSS__ *********************//
++#endif
++
++
++// *************************************************** //
++//
++// Protected common (OS-independent) RtAudio methods.
++//
++// *************************************************** //
++
++// This method can be modified to control the behavior of error
++// message printing.
++void RtApi :: error( RtAudioError::Type type )
++{
++errorStream_.str(""); // clear the ostringstream
++
++RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback = (RtAudioErrorCallback) stream_.callbackInfo.errorCallback;
++if ( errorCallback ) {
++// abortStream() can generate new error messages. Ignore them. Just keep original one.
++
++if ( firstErrorOccurred_ )
++return;
++
++firstErrorOccurred_ = true;
++const std::string errorMessage = errorText_;
++
++if ( type != RtAudioError::WARNING && stream_.state != STREAM_STOPPED) {
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false; // exit from the thread
++abortStream();
++}
++
++errorCallback( type, errorMessage );
++firstErrorOccurred_ = false;
++return;
++}
++
++if ( type == RtAudioError::WARNING && showWarnings_ == true )
++std::cerr << '\n' << errorText_ << "\n\n";
++else if ( type != RtAudioError::WARNING )
++throw( RtAudioError( errorText_, type ) );
++}
++
++void RtApi :: verifyStream()
++{
++if ( stream_.state == STREAM_CLOSED ) {
++errorText_ = "RtApi:: a stream is not open!";
++error( RtAudioError::INVALID_USE );
++}
++}
++
++void RtApi :: clearStreamInfo()
++{
++stream_.mode = UNINITIALIZED;
++stream_.state = STREAM_CLOSED;
++stream_.sampleRate = 0;
++stream_.bufferSize = 0;
++stream_.nBuffers = 0;
++stream_.userFormat = 0;
++stream_.userInterleaved = true;
++stream_.streamTime = 0.0;
++stream_.apiHandle = 0;
++stream_.deviceBuffer = 0;
++stream_.callbackInfo.callback = 0;
++stream_.callbackInfo.userData = 0;
++stream_.callbackInfo.isRunning = false;
++stream_.callbackInfo.errorCallback = 0;
++for ( int i=0; i<2; i++ ) {
++stream_.device[i] = 11111;
++stream_.doConvertBuffer[i] = false;
++stream_.deviceInterleaved[i] = true;
++stream_.doByteSwap[i] = false;
++stream_.nUserChannels[i] = 0;
++stream_.nDeviceChannels[i] = 0;
++stream_.channelOffset[i] = 0;
++stream_.deviceFormat[i] = 0;
++stream_.latency[i] = 0;
++stream_.userBuffer[i] = 0;
++stream_.convertInfo[i].channels = 0;
++stream_.convertInfo[i].inJump = 0;
++stream_.convertInfo[i].outJump = 0;
++stream_.convertInfo[i].inFormat = 0;
++stream_.convertInfo[i].outFormat = 0;
++stream_.convertInfo[i].inOffset.clear();
++stream_.convertInfo[i].outOffset.clear();
++}
++}
++
++unsigned int RtApi :: formatBytes( RtAudioFormat format )
++{
++if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT16 )
++return 2;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT32 || format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32 )
++return 4;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64 )
++return 8;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT24 )
++return 3;
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT8 )
++return 1;
++
++errorText_ = "RtApi::formatBytes: undefined format.";
++error( RtAudioError::WARNING );
++
++return 0;
++}
++
++void RtApi :: setConvertInfo( StreamMode mode, unsigned int firstChannel )
++{
++if ( mode == INPUT ) { // convert device to user buffer
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump = stream_.nDeviceChannels[1];
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump = stream_.nUserChannels[1];
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inFormat = stream_.deviceFormat[1];
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outFormat = stream_.userFormat;
++}
++else { // convert user to device buffer
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump = stream_.nUserChannels[0];
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump = stream_.nDeviceChannels[0];
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inFormat = stream_.userFormat;
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outFormat = stream_.deviceFormat[0];
++}
++
++if ( stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump < stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump )
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels = stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump;
++else
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels = stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump;
++
++// Set up the interleave/deinterleave offsets.
++if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] != stream_.userInterleaved ) {
++if ( ( mode == OUTPUT && stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] ) ||
++( mode == INPUT && stream_.userInterleaved ) ) {
++for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ ) {
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset.push_back( k * stream_.bufferSize );
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset.push_back( k );
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump = 1;
++}
++}
++else {
++for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ ) {
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset.push_back( k );
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset.push_back( k * stream_.bufferSize );
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump = 1;
++}
++}
++}
++else { // no (de)interleaving
++if ( stream_.userInterleaved ) {
++for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ ) {
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset.push_back( k );
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset.push_back( k );
++}
++}
++else {
++for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ ) {
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset.push_back( k * stream_.bufferSize );
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset.push_back( k * stream_.bufferSize );
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inJump = 1;
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outJump = 1;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Add channel offset.
++if ( firstChannel > 0 ) {
++if ( stream_.deviceInterleaved[mode] ) {
++if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
++for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ )
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset[k] += firstChannel;
++}
++else {
++for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ )
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset[k] += firstChannel;
++}
++}
++else {
++if ( mode == OUTPUT ) {
++for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ )
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].outOffset[k] += ( firstChannel * stream_.bufferSize );
++}
++else {
++for ( int k=0; k<stream_.convertInfo[mode].channels; k++ )
++stream_.convertInfo[mode].inOffset[k] += ( firstChannel  * stream_.bufferSize );
++}
++}
++}
++}
++
++void RtApi :: convertBuffer( char *outBuffer, char *inBuffer, ConvertInfo &info )
++{
++// This function does format conversion, input/output channel compensation, and
++// data interleaving/deinterleaving.  24-bit integers are assumed to occupy
++// the lower three bytes of a 32-bit integer.
++
++// Clear our device buffer when in/out duplex device channels are different
++if ( outBuffer == stream_.deviceBuffer && stream_.mode == DUPLEX &&
++( stream_.nDeviceChannels[0] < stream_.nDeviceChannels[1] ) )
++memset( outBuffer, 0, stream_.bufferSize * info.outJump * formatBytes( info.outFormat ) );
++
++int j;
++if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
++Float64 scale;
++Float64 *out = (Float64 *)outBuffer;
++
++if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
++signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
++scale = 1.0 / 127.5;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
++out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
++Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
++scale = 1.0 / 32767.5;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
++out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
++Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
++scale = 1.0 / 8388607.5;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) (in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt());
++out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
++out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
++Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
++scale = 1.0 / 2147483647.5;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
++out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
++Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float64) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
++// Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
++Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++}
++else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
++Float32 scale;
++Float32 *out = (Float32 *)outBuffer;
++
++if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
++signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
++scale = (Float32) ( 1.0 / 127.5 );
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
++out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
++Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
++scale = (Float32) ( 1.0 / 32767.5 );
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
++out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
++Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
++scale = (Float32) ( 1.0 / 8388607.5 );
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) (in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt());
++out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
++out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
++Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
++scale = (Float32) ( 1.0 / 2147483647.5 );
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] += 0.5;
++out[info.outOffset[j]] *= scale;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
++// Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
++Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
++Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Float32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++}
++else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
++Int32 *out = (Int32 *)outBuffer;
++if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
++signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 24;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
++Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 16;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
++Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt();
++out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 8;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
++// Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
++Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
++Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 2147483647.5 - 0.5);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
++Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 2147483647.5 - 0.5);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++}
++else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
++Int24 *out = (Int24 *)outBuffer;
++if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
++signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] << 16);
++//out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 16;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
++Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] << 8);
++//out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 8;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
++// Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
++Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
++Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] >> 8);
++//out[info.outOffset[j]] >>= 8;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
++Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 8388607.5 - 0.5);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
++Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int32) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 8388607.5 - 0.5);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++}
++else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
++Int16 *out = (Int16 *)outBuffer;
++if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
++signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) in[info.inOffset[j]];
++out[info.outOffset[j]] <<= 8;
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
++// Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
++Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
++Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) (in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt() >> 8);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
++Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) ((in[info.inOffset[j]] >> 16) & 0x0000ffff);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
++Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 32767.5 - 0.5);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
++Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (Int16) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 32767.5 - 0.5);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++}
++else if (info.outFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
++signed char *out = (signed char *)outBuffer;
++if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT8) {
++// Channel compensation and/or (de)interleaving only.
++signed char *in = (signed char *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = in[info.inOffset[j]];
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT16) {
++Int16 *in = (Int16 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) ((in[info.inOffset[j]] >> 8) & 0x00ff);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT24) {
++Int24 *in = (Int24 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) (in[info.inOffset[j]].asInt() >> 16);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_SINT32) {
++Int32 *in = (Int32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) ((in[info.inOffset[j]] >> 24) & 0x000000ff);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32) {
++Float32 *in = (Float32 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 127.5 - 0.5);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++else if (info.inFormat == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64) {
++Float64 *in = (Float64 *)inBuffer;
++for (unsigned int i=0; i<stream_.bufferSize; i++) {
++for (j=0; j<info.channels; j++) {
++out[info.outOffset[j]] = (signed char) (in[info.inOffset[j]] * 127.5 - 0.5);
++}
++in += info.inJump;
++out += info.outJump;
++}
++}
++}
++}
++
++//static inline uint16_t bswap_16(uint16_t x) { return (x>>8) | (x<<8); }
++//static inline uint32_t bswap_32(uint32_t x) { return (bswap_16(x&0xffff)<<16) | (bswap_16(x>>16)); }
++//static inline uint64_t bswap_64(uint64_t x) { return (((unsigned long long)bswap_32(x&0xffffffffull))<<32) | (bswap_32(x>>32)); }
++
++void RtApi :: byteSwapBuffer( char *buffer, unsigned int samples, RtAudioFormat format )
++{
++char val;
++char *ptr;
++
++ptr = buffer;
++if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT16 ) {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<samples; i++ ) {
++// Swap 1st and 2nd bytes.
++val = *(ptr);
++*(ptr) = *(ptr+1);
++*(ptr+1) = val;
++
++// Increment 2 bytes.
++ptr += 2;
++}
++}
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT32 ||
++format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT32 ) {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<samples; i++ ) {
++// Swap 1st and 4th bytes.
++val = *(ptr);
++*(ptr) = *(ptr+3);
++*(ptr+3) = val;
++
++// Swap 2nd and 3rd bytes.
++ptr += 1;
++val = *(ptr);
++*(ptr) = *(ptr+1);
++*(ptr+1) = val;
++
++// Increment 3 more bytes.
++ptr += 3;
++}
++}
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_SINT24 ) {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<samples; i++ ) {
++// Swap 1st and 3rd bytes.
++val = *(ptr);
++*(ptr) = *(ptr+2);
++*(ptr+2) = val;
++
++// Increment 2 more bytes.
++ptr += 2;
++}
++}
++else if ( format == RTAUDIO_FLOAT64 ) {
++for ( unsigned int i=0; i<samples; i++ ) {
++// Swap 1st and 8th bytes
++val = *(ptr);
++*(ptr) = *(ptr+7);
++*(ptr+7) = val;
++
++// Swap 2nd and 7th bytes
++ptr += 1;
++val = *(ptr);
++*(ptr) = *(ptr+5);
++*(ptr+5) = val;
++
++// Swap 3rd and 6th bytes
++ptr += 1;
++val = *(ptr);
++*(ptr) = *(ptr+3);
++*(ptr+3) = val;
++
++// Swap 4th and 5th bytes
++ptr += 1;
++val = *(ptr);
++*(ptr) = *(ptr+1);
++*(ptr+1) = val;
++
++// Increment 5 more bytes.
++ptr += 5;
++}
++}
++}
++
++// Indentation settings for Vim and Emacs
++//
++// Local Variables:
++// c-basic-offset: 2
++// indent-tabs-mode: nil
++// End:
++//
++// vim: et sts=2 sw=2
++
+--- giada.orig/src/deps/rtaudio-mod/RtAudio.h
++++ giada/src/deps/rtaudio-mod/RtAudio.h
+@@ -1,72 +1,72 @@
+ /************************************************************************/
+ /*! \class RtAudio
+-    \brief Realtime audio i/o C++ classes.
++\brief Realtime audio i/o C++ classes.
+ 
+-    RtAudio provides a common API (Application Programming Interface)
+-    for realtime audio input/output across Linux (native ALSA, Jack,
+-    and OSS), Macintosh OS X (CoreAudio and Jack), and Windows
+-    (DirectSound, ASIO and WASAPI) operating systems.
+-
+-    RtAudio WWW site: http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~gary/rtaudio/
+-
+-    RtAudio: realtime audio i/o C++ classes
+-    Copyright (c) 2001-2016 Gary P. Scavone
+-
+-    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+-    obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+-    (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+-    including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+-    publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+-    and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+-    subject to the following conditions:
+-
+-    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+-    included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+-
+-    Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+-    asked to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+-    they can be incorporated into the canonical version.  This is,
+-    however, not a binding provision of this license.
+-
+-    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+-    EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+-    MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+-    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+-    ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+-    CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+-    WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
++RtAudio provides a common API (Application Programming Interface)
++for realtime audio input/output across Linux (native ALSA, Jack,
++and OSS), Macintosh OS X (CoreAudio and Jack), and Windows
++(DirectSound, ASIO and WASAPI) operating systems.
++
++RtAudio WWW site: http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~gary/rtaudio/
++
++RtAudio: realtime audio i/o C++ classes
++Copyright (c) 2001-2017 Gary P. Scavone
++
++Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
++obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
++(the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
++including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
++publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
++and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
++subject to the following conditions:
++
++The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
++included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
++
++Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
++asked to send the modifications to the original developer so that
++they can be incorporated into the canonical version.  This is,
++however, not a binding provision of this license.
++
++THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
++EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
++MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
++IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
++ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
++CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
++WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+ /************************************************************************/
+ 
+ /*!
+-  \file RtAudio.h
+- */
++\file RtAudio.h
++*/
+ 
+ #ifndef __RTAUDIO_H
+ #define __RTAUDIO_H
+ 
+-#define RTAUDIO_VERSION "4.1.2"
++#define RTAUDIO_VERSION "5.0.0"
+ 
+ #include <string>
+ #include <vector>
+-#include <exception>
++#include <stdexcept>
+ #include <iostream>
+ 
+ /*! \typedef typedef unsigned long RtAudioFormat;
+-    \brief RtAudio data format type.
++\brief RtAudio data format type.
+ 
+-    Support for signed integers and floats.  Audio data fed to/from an
+-    RtAudio stream is assumed to ALWAYS be in host byte order.  The
+-    internal routines will automatically take care of any necessary
+-    byte-swapping between the host format and the soundcard.  Thus,
+-    endian-ness is not a concern in the following format definitions.
+-
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_SINT8:   8-bit signed integer.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_SINT16:  16-bit signed integer.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_SINT24:  24-bit signed integer.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_SINT32:  32-bit signed integer.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_FLOAT32: Normalized between plus/minus 1.0.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_FLOAT64: Normalized between plus/minus 1.0.
++Support for signed integers and floats.  Audio data fed to/from an
++RtAudio stream is assumed to ALWAYS be in host byte order.  The
++internal routines will automatically take care of any necessary
++byte-swapping between the host format and the soundcard.  Thus,
++endian-ness is not a concern in the following format definitions.
++
++- \e RTAUDIO_SINT8:   8-bit signed integer.
++- \e RTAUDIO_SINT16:  16-bit signed integer.
++- \e RTAUDIO_SINT24:  24-bit signed integer.
++- \e RTAUDIO_SINT32:  32-bit signed integer.
++- \e RTAUDIO_FLOAT32: Normalized between plus/minus 1.0.
++- \e RTAUDIO_FLOAT64: Normalized between plus/minus 1.0.
+ */
+ typedef unsigned long RtAudioFormat;
+ static const RtAudioFormat RTAUDIO_SINT8 = 0x1;    // 8-bit signed integer.
+@@ -77,46 +77,50 @@
+ static const RtAudioFormat RTAUDIO_FLOAT64 = 0x20; // Normalized between plus/minus 1.0.
+ 
+ /*! \typedef typedef unsigned long RtAudioStreamFlags;
+-    \brief RtAudio stream option flags.
++\brief RtAudio stream option flags.
++
++The following flags can be OR'ed together to allow a client to
++make changes to the default stream behavior:
+ 
+-    The following flags can be OR'ed together to allow a client to
+-    make changes to the default stream behavior:
++- \e RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED:   Use non-interleaved buffers (default = interleaved).
++- \e RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY: Attempt to set stream parameters for lowest possible latency.
++- \e RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE:       Attempt grab device for exclusive use.
++- \e RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT: Use the "default" PCM device (ALSA only).
++- \e RTAUDIO_JACK_DONT_CONNECT: Do not automatically connect ports (JACK only).
++
++By default, RtAudio streams pass and receive audio data from the
++client in an interleaved format.  By passing the
++RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED flag to the openStream() function, audio
++data will instead be presented in non-interleaved buffers.  In
++this case, each buffer argument in the RtAudioCallback function
++will point to a single array of data, with \c nFrames samples for
++each channel concatenated back-to-back.  For example, the first
++sample of data for the second channel would be located at index \c
++nFrames (assuming the \c buffer pointer was recast to the correct
++data type for the stream).
++
++Certain audio APIs offer a number of parameters that influence the
++I/O latency of a stream.  By default, RtAudio will attempt to set
++these parameters internally for robust (glitch-free) performance
++(though some APIs, like Windows Direct Sound, make this difficult).
++By passing the RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY flag to the openStream()
++function, internal stream settings will be influenced in an attempt
++to minimize stream latency, though possibly at the expense of stream
++performance.
++
++If the RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE flag is set, RtAudio will attempt to
++open the input and/or output stream device(s) for exclusive use.
++Note that this is not possible with all supported audio APIs.
++
++If the RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME flag is set, RtAudio will attempt 
++to select realtime scheduling (round-robin) for the callback thread.
++
++If the RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT flag is set, RtAudio will attempt to
++open the "default" PCM device when using the ALSA API. Note that this
++will override any specified input or output device id.
+ 
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED:   Use non-interleaved buffers (default = interleaved).
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY: Attempt to set stream parameters for lowest possible latency.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE:       Attempt grab device for exclusive use.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT: Use the "default" PCM device (ALSA only).
+-
+-    By default, RtAudio streams pass and receive audio data from the
+-    client in an interleaved format.  By passing the
+-    RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED flag to the openStream() function, audio
+-    data will instead be presented in non-interleaved buffers.  In
+-    this case, each buffer argument in the RtAudioCallback function
+-    will point to a single array of data, with \c nFrames samples for
+-    each channel concatenated back-to-back.  For example, the first
+-    sample of data for the second channel would be located at index \c
+-    nFrames (assuming the \c buffer pointer was recast to the correct
+-    data type for the stream).
+-
+-    Certain audio APIs offer a number of parameters that influence the
+-    I/O latency of a stream.  By default, RtAudio will attempt to set
+-    these parameters internally for robust (glitch-free) performance
+-    (though some APIs, like Windows Direct Sound, make this difficult).
+-    By passing the RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY flag to the openStream()
+-    function, internal stream settings will be influenced in an attempt
+-    to minimize stream latency, though possibly at the expense of stream
+-    performance.
+-
+-    If the RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE flag is set, RtAudio will attempt to
+-    open the input and/or output stream device(s) for exclusive use.
+-    Note that this is not possible with all supported audio APIs.
+-
+-    If the RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME flag is set, RtAudio will attempt
+-    to select realtime scheduling (round-robin) for the callback thread.
+-
+-    If the RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT flag is set, RtAudio will attempt to
+-    open the "default" PCM device when using the ALSA API. Note that this
+-    will override any specified input or output device id.
++If the RTAUDIO_JACK_DONT_CONNECT flag is set, RtAudio will not attempt
++to automatically connect the ports of the client to the audio device.
+ */
+ typedef unsigned int RtAudioStreamFlags;
+ static const RtAudioStreamFlags RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED = 0x1;    // Use non-interleaved buffers (default = interleaved).
+@@ -124,17 +128,18 @@
+ static const RtAudioStreamFlags RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE = 0x4;        // Attempt grab device and prevent use by others.
+ static const RtAudioStreamFlags RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME = 0x8; // Try to select realtime scheduling for callback thread.
+ static const RtAudioStreamFlags RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT = 0x10; // Use the "default" PCM device (ALSA only).
++static const RtAudioStreamFlags RTAUDIO_JACK_DONT_CONNECT = 0x20; // Do not automatically connect ports (JACK only).
+ 
+ /*! \typedef typedef unsigned long RtAudioStreamStatus;
+-    \brief RtAudio stream status (over- or underflow) flags.
++\brief RtAudio stream status (over- or underflow) flags.
+ 
+-    Notification of a stream over- or underflow is indicated by a
+-    non-zero stream \c status argument in the RtAudioCallback function.
+-    The stream status can be one of the following two options,
+-    depending on whether the stream is open for output and/or input:
++Notification of a stream over- or underflow is indicated by a
++non-zero stream \c status argument in the RtAudioCallback function.
++The stream status can be one of the following two options,
++depending on whether the stream is open for output and/or input:
+ 
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW:   Input data was discarded because of an overflow condition at the driver.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW: The output buffer ran low, likely producing a break in the output sound.
++- \e RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW:   Input data was discarded because of an overflow condition at the driver.
++- \e RTAUDIO_OUTPUT_UNDERFLOW: The output buffer ran low, likely producing a break in the output sound.
+ */
+ typedef unsigned int RtAudioStreamStatus;
+ static const RtAudioStreamStatus RTAUDIO_INPUT_OVERFLOW = 0x1;    // Input data was discarded because of an overflow condition at the driver.
+@@ -142,105 +147,102 @@
+ 
+ //! RtAudio callback function prototype.
+ /*!
+-   All RtAudio clients must create a function of type RtAudioCallback
+-   to read and/or write data from/to the audio stream.  When the
+-   underlying audio system is ready for new input or output data, this
+-   function will be invoked.
+-
+-   \param outputBuffer For output (or duplex) streams, the client
+-          should write \c nFrames of audio sample frames into this
+-          buffer.  This argument should be recast to the datatype
+-          specified when the stream was opened.  For input-only
+-          streams, this argument will be NULL.
+-
+-   \param inputBuffer For input (or duplex) streams, this buffer will
+-          hold \c nFrames of input audio sample frames.  This
+-          argument should be recast to the datatype specified when the
+-          stream was opened.  For output-only streams, this argument
+-          will be NULL.
+-
+-   \param nFrames The number of sample frames of input or output
+-          data in the buffers.  The actual buffer size in bytes is
+-          dependent on the data type and number of channels in use.
+-
+-   \param streamTime The number of seconds that have elapsed since the
+-          stream was started.
+-
+-   \param status If non-zero, this argument indicates a data overflow
+-          or underflow condition for the stream.  The particular
+-          condition can be determined by comparison with the
+-          RtAudioStreamStatus flags.
+-
+-   \param userData A pointer to optional data provided by the client
+-          when opening the stream (default = NULL).
+-
+-   To continue normal stream operation, the RtAudioCallback function
+-   should return a value of zero.  To stop the stream and drain the
+-   output buffer, the function should return a value of one.  To abort
+-   the stream immediately, the client should return a value of two.
+- */
++All RtAudio clients must create a function of type RtAudioCallback
++to read and/or write data from/to the audio stream.  When the
++underlying audio system is ready for new input or output data, this
++function will be invoked.
++
++\param outputBuffer For output (or duplex) streams, the client
++should write \c nFrames of audio sample frames into this
++buffer.  This argument should be recast to the datatype
++specified when the stream was opened.  For input-only
++streams, this argument will be NULL.
++
++\param inputBuffer For input (or duplex) streams, this buffer will
++hold \c nFrames of input audio sample frames.  This
++argument should be recast to the datatype specified when the
++stream was opened.  For output-only streams, this argument
++will be NULL.
++
++\param nFrames The number of sample frames of input or output
++data in the buffers.  The actual buffer size in bytes is
++dependent on the data type and number of channels in use.
++
++\param streamTime The number of seconds that have elapsed since the
++stream was started.
++
++\param status If non-zero, this argument indicates a data overflow
++or underflow condition for the stream.  The particular
++condition can be determined by comparison with the
++RtAudioStreamStatus flags.
++
++\param userData A pointer to optional data provided by the client
++when opening the stream (default = NULL).
++
++To continue normal stream operation, the RtAudioCallback function
++should return a value of zero.  To stop the stream and drain the
++output buffer, the function should return a value of one.  To abort
++the stream immediately, the client should return a value of two.
++*/
+ typedef int (*RtAudioCallback)( void *outputBuffer, void *inputBuffer,
+-                                unsigned int nFrames,
+-                                double streamTime,
+-                                RtAudioStreamStatus status,
+-                                void *userData );
++unsigned int nFrames,
++double streamTime,
++RtAudioStreamStatus status,
++void *userData );
+ 
+ /************************************************************************/
+ /*! \class RtAudioError
+-    \brief Exception handling class for RtAudio.
++\brief Exception handling class for RtAudio.
+ 
+-    The RtAudioError class is quite simple but it does allow errors to be
+-    "caught" by RtAudioError::Type. See the RtAudio documentation to know
+-    which methods can throw an RtAudioError.
++The RtAudioError class is quite simple but it does allow errors to be
++"caught" by RtAudioError::Type. See the RtAudio documentation to know
++which methods can throw an RtAudioError.
+ */
+ /************************************************************************/
+ 
+-class RtAudioError : public std::exception
++class RtAudioError : public std::runtime_error
+ {
+- public:
+-  //! Defined RtAudioError types.
+-  enum Type {
+-    WARNING,           /*!< A non-critical error. */
+-    DEBUG_WARNING,     /*!< A non-critical error which might be useful for debugging. */
+-    UNSPECIFIED,       /*!< The default, unspecified error type. */
+-    NO_DEVICES_FOUND,  /*!< No devices found on system. */
+-    INVALID_DEVICE,    /*!< An invalid device ID was specified. */
+-    MEMORY_ERROR,      /*!< An error occured during memory allocation. */
+-    INVALID_PARAMETER, /*!< An invalid parameter was specified to a function. */
+-    INVALID_USE,       /*!< The function was called incorrectly. */
+-    DRIVER_ERROR,      /*!< A system driver error occured. */
+-    SYSTEM_ERROR,      /*!< A system error occured. */
+-    THREAD_ERROR       /*!< A thread error occured. */
+-  };
+-
+-  //! The constructor.
+-  RtAudioError( const std::string& message, Type type = RtAudioError::UNSPECIFIED ) throw() : message_(message), type_(type) {}
+-
+-  //! The destructor.
+-  virtual ~RtAudioError( void ) throw() {}
+-
+-  //! Prints thrown error message to stderr.
+-  virtual void printMessage( void ) const throw() { std::cerr << '\n' << message_ << "\n\n"; }
+-
+-  //! Returns the thrown error message type.
+-  virtual const Type& getType(void) const throw() { return type_; }
+-
+-  //! Returns the thrown error message string.
+-  virtual const std::string& getMessage(void) const throw() { return message_; }
+-
+-  //! Returns the thrown error message as a c-style string.
+-  virtual const char* what( void ) const throw() { return message_.c_str(); }
+-
+- protected:
+-  std::string message_;
+-  Type type_;
++public:
++//! Defined RtAudioError types.
++enum Type {
++WARNING,           /*!< A non-critical error. */
++DEBUG_WARNING,     /*!< A non-critical error which might be useful for debugging. */
++UNSPECIFIED,       /*!< The default, unspecified error type. */
++NO_DEVICES_FOUND,  /*!< No devices found on system. */
++INVALID_DEVICE,    /*!< An invalid device ID was specified. */
++MEMORY_ERROR,      /*!< An error occured during memory allocation. */
++INVALID_PARAMETER, /*!< An invalid parameter was specified to a function. */
++INVALID_USE,       /*!< The function was called incorrectly. */
++DRIVER_ERROR,      /*!< A system driver error occured. */
++SYSTEM_ERROR,      /*!< A system error occured. */
++THREAD_ERROR       /*!< A thread error occured. */
++};
++
++//! The constructor.
++RtAudioError( const std::string& message,
++Type type = RtAudioError::UNSPECIFIED )
++: std::runtime_error(message), type_(type) {}
++
++//! Prints thrown error message to stderr.
++virtual void printMessage( void ) const
++{ std::cerr << '\n' << what() << "\n\n"; }
++
++//! Returns the thrown error message type.
++virtual const Type& getType(void) const { return type_; }
++
++//! Returns the thrown error message string.
++virtual const std::string getMessage(void) const
++{ return std::string(what()); }
++
++protected:
++Type type_;
+ };
+ 
+ //! RtAudio error callback function prototype.
+ /*!
+-    \param type Type of error.
+-    \param errorText Error description.
+- */
++\param type Type of error.
++\param errorText Error description.
++*/
+ typedef void (*RtAudioErrorCallback)( RtAudioError::Type type, const std::string &errorText );
+ 
+ // **************************************************************** //
+@@ -260,345 +262,343 @@
+ 
+ class RtAudio
+ {
+- public:
++public:
++
++//! Audio API specifier arguments.
++enum Api {
++UNSPECIFIED,    /*!< Search for a working compiled API. */
++LINUX_ALSA,     /*!< The Advanced Linux Sound Architecture API. */
++LINUX_PULSE,    /*!< The Linux PulseAudio API. */
++LINUX_OSS,      /*!< The Linux Open Sound System API. */
++UNIX_JACK,      /*!< The Jack Low-Latency Audio Server API. */
++MACOSX_CORE,    /*!< Macintosh OS-X Core Audio API. */
++WINDOWS_WASAPI, /*!< The Microsoft WASAPI API. */
++WINDOWS_ASIO,   /*!< The Steinberg Audio Stream I/O API. */
++WINDOWS_DS,     /*!< The Microsoft Direct Sound API. */
++RTAUDIO_DUMMY   /*!< A compilable but non-functional API. */
++};
++
++//! The public device information structure for returning queried values.
++struct DeviceInfo {
++bool probed;                  /*!< true if the device capabilities were successfully probed. */
++std::string name;             /*!< Character string device identifier. */
++unsigned int outputChannels;  /*!< Maximum output channels supported by device. */
++unsigned int inputChannels;   /*!< Maximum input channels supported by device. */
++unsigned int duplexChannels;  /*!< Maximum simultaneous input/output channels supported by device. */
++bool isDefaultOutput;         /*!< true if this is the default output device. */
++bool isDefaultInput;          /*!< true if this is the default input device. */
++std::vector<unsigned int> sampleRates; /*!< Supported sample rates (queried from list of standard rates). */
++unsigned int preferredSampleRate; /*!< Preferred sample rate, eg. for WASAPI the system sample rate. */
++RtAudioFormat nativeFormats;  /*!< Bit mask of supported data formats. */
++
++// Default constructor.
++DeviceInfo()
++:probed(false), outputChannels(0), inputChannels(0), duplexChannels(0),
++isDefaultOutput(false), isDefaultInput(false), preferredSampleRate(0), nativeFormats(0) {}
++};
++
++//! The structure for specifying input or ouput stream parameters.
++struct StreamParameters {
++unsigned int deviceId;     /*!< Device index (0 to getDeviceCount() - 1). */
++unsigned int nChannels;    /*!< Number of channels. */
++unsigned int firstChannel; /*!< First channel index on device (default = 0). */
++
++// Default constructor.
++StreamParameters()
++: deviceId(0), nChannels(0), firstChannel(0) {}
++};
+ 
+-  //! Audio API specifier arguments.
+-  enum Api {
+-    UNSPECIFIED,    /*!< Search for a working compiled API. */
+-    LINUX_ALSA,     /*!< The Advanced Linux Sound Architecture API. */
+-    LINUX_PULSE,    /*!< The Linux PulseAudio API. */
+-    LINUX_OSS,      /*!< The Linux Open Sound System API. */
+-    UNIX_JACK,      /*!< The Jack Low-Latency Audio Server API. */
+-    MACOSX_CORE,    /*!< Macintosh OS-X Core Audio API. */
+-    WINDOWS_WASAPI, /*!< The Microsoft WASAPI API. */
+-    WINDOWS_ASIO,   /*!< The Steinberg Audio Stream I/O API. */
+-    WINDOWS_DS,     /*!< The Microsoft Direct Sound API. */
+-    RTAUDIO_DUMMY   /*!< A compilable but non-functional API. */
+-  };
+-
+-  //! The public device information structure for returning queried values.
+-  struct DeviceInfo {
+-    bool probed;                  /*!< true if the device capabilities were successfully probed. */
+-    std::string name;             /*!< Character string device identifier. */
+-    unsigned int outputChannels;  /*!< Maximum output channels supported by device. */
+-    unsigned int inputChannels;   /*!< Maximum input channels supported by device. */
+-    unsigned int duplexChannels;  /*!< Maximum simultaneous input/output channels supported by device. */
+-    bool isDefaultOutput;         /*!< true if this is the default output device. */
+-    bool isDefaultInput;          /*!< true if this is the default input device. */
+-    std::vector<unsigned int> sampleRates; /*!< Supported sample rates (queried from list of standard rates). */
+-    unsigned int preferredSampleRate; /*!< Preferred sample rate, eg. for WASAPI the system sample rate. */
+-    RtAudioFormat nativeFormats;  /*!< Bit mask of supported data formats. */
+-
+-    // Default constructor.
+-    DeviceInfo()
+-      :probed(false), outputChannels(0), inputChannels(0), duplexChannels(0),
+-       isDefaultOutput(false), isDefaultInput(false), preferredSampleRate(0), nativeFormats(0) {}
+-  };
+-
+-  //! The structure for specifying input or ouput stream parameters.
+-  struct StreamParameters {
+-    unsigned int deviceId;     /*!< Device index (0 to getDeviceCount() - 1). */
+-    unsigned int nChannels;    /*!< Number of channels. */
+-    unsigned int firstChannel; /*!< First channel index on device (default = 0). */
+-
+-    // Default constructor.
+-    StreamParameters()
+-      : deviceId(0), nChannels(0), firstChannel(0) {}
+-  };
+-
+-  //! The structure for specifying stream options.
+-  /*!
+-    The following flags can be OR'ed together to allow a client to
+-    make changes to the default stream behavior:
+-
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED:    Use non-interleaved buffers (default = interleaved).
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY:  Attempt to set stream parameters for lowest possible latency.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE:        Attempt grab device for exclusive use.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME: Attempt to select realtime scheduling for callback thread.
+-    - \e RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT:  Use the "default" PCM device (ALSA only).
+-
+-    By default, RtAudio streams pass and receive audio data from the
+-    client in an interleaved format.  By passing the
+-    RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED flag to the openStream() function, audio
+-    data will instead be presented in non-interleaved buffers.  In
+-    this case, each buffer argument in the RtAudioCallback function
+-    will point to a single array of data, with \c nFrames samples for
+-    each channel concatenated back-to-back.  For example, the first
+-    sample of data for the second channel would be located at index \c
+-    nFrames (assuming the \c buffer pointer was recast to the correct
+-    data type for the stream).
+-
+-    Certain audio APIs offer a number of parameters that influence the
+-    I/O latency of a stream.  By default, RtAudio will attempt to set
+-    these parameters internally for robust (glitch-free) performance
+-    (though some APIs, like Windows Direct Sound, make this difficult).
+-    By passing the RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY flag to the openStream()
+-    function, internal stream settings will be influenced in an attempt
+-    to minimize stream latency, though possibly at the expense of stream
+-    performance.
+-
+-    If the RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE flag is set, RtAudio will attempt to
+-    open the input and/or output stream device(s) for exclusive use.
+-    Note that this is not possible with all supported audio APIs.
+-
+-    If the RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME flag is set, RtAudio will attempt
+-    to select realtime scheduling (round-robin) for the callback thread.
+-    The \c priority parameter will only be used if the RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME
+-    flag is set. It defines the thread's realtime priority.
+-
+-    If the RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT flag is set, RtAudio will attempt to
+-    open the "default" PCM device when using the ALSA API. Note that this
+-    will override any specified input or output device id.
+-
+-    The \c numberOfBuffers parameter can be used to control stream
+-    latency in the Windows DirectSound, Linux OSS, and Linux Alsa APIs
+-    only.  A value of two is usually the smallest allowed.  Larger
+-    numbers can potentially result in more robust stream performance,
+-    though likely at the cost of stream latency.  The value set by the
+-    user is replaced during execution of the RtAudio::openStream()
+-    function by the value actually used by the system.
+-
+-    The \c streamName parameter can be used to set the client name
+-    when using the Jack API.  By default, the client name is set to
+-    RtApiJack.  However, if you wish to create multiple instances of
+-    RtAudio with Jack, each instance must have a unique client name.
+-  */
+-  struct StreamOptions {
+-    RtAudioStreamFlags flags;      /*!< A bit-mask of stream flags (RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED, RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY, RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE, RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT). */
+-    unsigned int numberOfBuffers;  /*!< Number of stream buffers. */
+-    std::string streamName;        /*!< A stream name (currently used only in Jack). */
+-    int priority;                  /*!< Scheduling priority of callback thread (only used with flag RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME). */
+-
+-    // Default constructor.
+-    StreamOptions()
+-    : flags(0), numberOfBuffers(0), priority(0) {}
+-  };
+-
+-  //! A static function to determine the current RtAudio version.
+-  static std::string getVersion( void ) throw();
+-
+-  //! A static function to determine the available compiled audio APIs.
+-  /*!
+-    The values returned in the std::vector can be compared against
+-    the enumerated list values.  Note that there can be more than one
+-    API compiled for certain operating systems.
+-  */
+-  static void getCompiledApi( std::vector<RtAudio::Api> &apis ) throw();
+-
+-  //! The class constructor.
+-  /*!
+-    The constructor performs minor initialization tasks.  An exception
+-    can be thrown if no API support is compiled.
+-
+-    If no API argument is specified and multiple API support has been
+-    compiled, the default order of use is JACK, ALSA, OSS (Linux
+-    systems) and ASIO, DS (Windows systems).
+-  */
+-  RtAudio( RtAudio::Api api=UNSPECIFIED );
+-
+-  //! The destructor.
+-  /*!
+-    If a stream is running or open, it will be stopped and closed
+-    automatically.
+-  */
+-  ~RtAudio() throw();
+-
+-  //! Returns the audio API specifier for the current instance of RtAudio.
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) throw();
+-
+-  //! A public function that queries for the number of audio devices available.
+-  /*!
+-    This function performs a system query of available devices each time it
+-    is called, thus supporting devices connected \e after instantiation. If
+-    a system error occurs during processing, a warning will be issued.
+-  */
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void ) throw();
+-
+-  //! Return an RtAudio::DeviceInfo structure for a specified device number.
+-  /*!
+-
+-    Any device integer between 0 and getDeviceCount() - 1 is valid.
+-    If an invalid argument is provided, an RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE)
+-    will be thrown.  If a device is busy or otherwise unavailable, the
+-    structure member "probed" will have a value of "false" and all
+-    other members are undefined.  If the specified device is the
+-    current default input or output device, the corresponding
+-    "isDefault" member will have a value of "true".
+-  */
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-
+-  //! A function that returns the index of the default output device.
+-  /*!
+-    If the underlying audio API does not provide a "default
+-    device", or if no devices are available, the return value will be
+-    0.  Note that this is a valid device identifier and it is the
+-    client's responsibility to verify that a device is available
+-    before attempting to open a stream.
+-  */
+-  unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void ) throw();
+-
+-  //! A function that returns the index of the default input device.
+-  /*!
+-    If the underlying audio API does not provide a "default
+-    device", or if no devices are available, the return value will be
+-    0.  Note that this is a valid device identifier and it is the
+-    client's responsibility to verify that a device is available
+-    before attempting to open a stream.
+-  */
+-  unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void ) throw();
+-
+-  //! A public function for opening a stream with the specified parameters.
+-  /*!
+-    An RtAudioError (type = SYSTEM_ERROR) is thrown if a stream cannot be
+-    opened with the specified parameters or an error occurs during
+-    processing.  An RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) is thrown if any
+-    invalid device ID or channel number parameters are specified.
+-
+-    \param outputParameters Specifies output stream parameters to use
+-           when opening a stream, including a device ID, number of channels,
+-           and starting channel number.  For input-only streams, this
+-           argument should be NULL.  The device ID is an index value between
+-           0 and getDeviceCount() - 1.
+-    \param inputParameters Specifies input stream parameters to use
+-           when opening a stream, including a device ID, number of channels,
+-           and starting channel number.  For output-only streams, this
+-           argument should be NULL.  The device ID is an index value between
+-           0 and getDeviceCount() - 1.
+-    \param format An RtAudioFormat specifying the desired sample data format.
+-    \param sampleRate The desired sample rate (sample frames per second).
+-    \param *bufferFrames A pointer to a value indicating the desired
+-           internal buffer size in sample frames.  The actual value
+-           used by the device is returned via the same pointer.  A
+-           value of zero can be specified, in which case the lowest
+-           allowable value is determined.
+-    \param callback A client-defined function that will be invoked
+-           when input data is available and/or output data is needed.
+-    \param userData An optional pointer to data that can be accessed
+-           from within the callback function.
+-    \param options An optional pointer to a structure containing various
+-           global stream options, including a list of OR'ed RtAudioStreamFlags
+-           and a suggested number of stream buffers that can be used to
+-           control stream latency.  More buffers typically result in more
+-           robust performance, though at a cost of greater latency.  If a
+-           value of zero is specified, a system-specific median value is
+-           chosen.  If the RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY flag bit is set, the
+-           lowest allowable value is used.  The actual value used is
+-           returned via the structure argument.  The parameter is API dependent.
+-    \param errorCallback A client-defined function that will be invoked
+-           when an error has occured.
+-  */
+-  void openStream( RtAudio::StreamParameters *outputParameters,
+-                   RtAudio::StreamParameters *inputParameters,
+-                   RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                   unsigned int *bufferFrames, RtAudioCallback callback,
+-                   void *userData = NULL, RtAudio::StreamOptions *options = NULL, RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback = NULL );
+-
+-  //! A function that closes a stream and frees any associated stream memory.
+-  /*!
+-    If a stream is not open, this function issues a warning and
+-    returns (no exception is thrown).
+-  */
+-  void closeStream( void ) throw();
+-
+-  //! A function that starts a stream.
+-  /*!
+-    An RtAudioError (type = SYSTEM_ERROR) is thrown if an error occurs
+-    during processing.  An RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) is thrown if a
+-    stream is not open.  A warning is issued if the stream is already
+-    running.
+-  */
+-  void startStream( void );
+-
+-  //! Stop a stream, allowing any samples remaining in the output queue to be played.
+-  /*!
+-    An RtAudioError (type = SYSTEM_ERROR) is thrown if an error occurs
+-    during processing.  An RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) is thrown if a
+-    stream is not open.  A warning is issued if the stream is already
+-    stopped.
+-  */
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-
+-  //! Stop a stream, discarding any samples remaining in the input/output queue.
+-  /*!
+-    An RtAudioError (type = SYSTEM_ERROR) is thrown if an error occurs
+-    during processing.  An RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) is thrown if a
+-    stream is not open.  A warning is issued if the stream is already
+-    stopped.
+-  */
+-  void abortStream( void );
+-
+-  //! Returns true if a stream is open and false if not.
+-  bool isStreamOpen( void ) const throw();
+-
+-  //! Returns true if the stream is running and false if it is stopped or not open.
+-  bool isStreamRunning( void ) const throw();
+-
+-  //! Returns the number of elapsed seconds since the stream was started.
+-  /*!
+-    If a stream is not open, an RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) will be thrown.
+-  */
+-  double getStreamTime( void );
+-
+-  //! Set the stream time to a time in seconds greater than or equal to 0.0.
+-  /*!
+-    If a stream is not open, an RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) will be thrown.
+-  */
+-  void setStreamTime( double time );
+-
+-  //! Returns the internal stream latency in sample frames.
+-  /*!
+-    The stream latency refers to delay in audio input and/or output
+-    caused by internal buffering by the audio system and/or hardware.
+-    For duplex streams, the returned value will represent the sum of
+-    the input and output latencies.  If a stream is not open, an
+-    RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) will be thrown.  If the API does not
+-    report latency, the return value will be zero.
+-  */
+-  long getStreamLatency( void );
+-
+- //! Returns actual sample rate in use by the stream.
+- /*!
+-   On some systems, the sample rate used may be slightly different
+-   than that specified in the stream parameters.  If a stream is not
+-   open, an RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) will be thrown.
+- */
+-  unsigned int getStreamSampleRate( void );
+-
+-  //! Specify whether warning messages should be printed to stderr.
+-  void showWarnings( bool value = true ) throw();
+-
+-  /* --- Monocasual hack ---------------------------------------------------- */
+-  	//protected:
+-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
++//! The structure for specifying stream options.
++/*!
++The following flags can be OR'ed together to allow a client to
++make changes to the default stream behavior:
+ 
+-  void openRtApi( RtAudio::Api api );
+-  RtApi *rtapi_;
++- \e RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED:    Use non-interleaved buffers (default = interleaved).
++- \e RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY:  Attempt to set stream parameters for lowest possible latency.
++- \e RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE:        Attempt grab device for exclusive use.
++- \e RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME: Attempt to select realtime scheduling for callback thread.
++- \e RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT:  Use the "default" PCM device (ALSA only).
++
++By default, RtAudio streams pass and receive audio data from the
++client in an interleaved format.  By passing the
++RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED flag to the openStream() function, audio
++data will instead be presented in non-interleaved buffers.  In
++this case, each buffer argument in the RtAudioCallback function
++will point to a single array of data, with \c nFrames samples for
++each channel concatenated back-to-back.  For example, the first
++sample of data for the second channel would be located at index \c
++nFrames (assuming the \c buffer pointer was recast to the correct
++data type for the stream).
++
++Certain audio APIs offer a number of parameters that influence the
++I/O latency of a stream.  By default, RtAudio will attempt to set
++these parameters internally for robust (glitch-free) performance
++(though some APIs, like Windows Direct Sound, make this difficult).
++By passing the RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY flag to the openStream()
++function, internal stream settings will be influenced in an attempt
++to minimize stream latency, though possibly at the expense of stream
++performance.
++
++If the RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE flag is set, RtAudio will attempt to
++open the input and/or output stream device(s) for exclusive use.
++Note that this is not possible with all supported audio APIs.
++
++If the RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME flag is set, RtAudio will attempt 
++to select realtime scheduling (round-robin) for the callback thread.
++The \c priority parameter will only be used if the RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME
++flag is set. It defines the thread's realtime priority.
++
++If the RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT flag is set, RtAudio will attempt to
++open the "default" PCM device when using the ALSA API. Note that this
++will override any specified input or output device id.
++
++The \c numberOfBuffers parameter can be used to control stream
++latency in the Windows DirectSound, Linux OSS, and Linux Alsa APIs
++only.  A value of two is usually the smallest allowed.  Larger
++numbers can potentially result in more robust stream performance,
++though likely at the cost of stream latency.  The value set by the
++user is replaced during execution of the RtAudio::openStream()
++function by the value actually used by the system.
++
++The \c streamName parameter can be used to set the client name
++when using the Jack API.  By default, the client name is set to
++RtApiJack.  However, if you wish to create multiple instances of
++RtAudio with Jack, each instance must have a unique client name.
++*/
++struct StreamOptions {
++RtAudioStreamFlags flags;      /*!< A bit-mask of stream flags (RTAUDIO_NONINTERLEAVED, RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY, RTAUDIO_HOG_DEVICE, RTAUDIO_ALSA_USE_DEFAULT). */
++unsigned int numberOfBuffers;  /*!< Number of stream buffers. */
++std::string streamName;        /*!< A stream name (currently used only in Jack). */
++int priority;                  /*!< Scheduling priority of callback thread (only used with flag RTAUDIO_SCHEDULE_REALTIME). */
++
++// Default constructor.
++StreamOptions()
++: flags(0), numberOfBuffers(0), priority(0) {}
++};
++
++//! A static function to determine the current RtAudio version.
++static std::string getVersion( void );
++
++//! A static function to determine the available compiled audio APIs.
++/*!
++The values returned in the std::vector can be compared against
++the enumerated list values.  Note that there can be more than one
++API compiled for certain operating systems.
++*/
++static void getCompiledApi( std::vector<RtAudio::Api> &apis );
++
++//! The class constructor.
++/*!
++The constructor performs minor initialization tasks.  An exception
++can be thrown if no API support is compiled.
++
++If no API argument is specified and multiple API support has been
++compiled, the default order of use is JACK, ALSA, OSS (Linux
++systems) and ASIO, DS (Windows systems).
++*/
++RtAudio( RtAudio::Api api=UNSPECIFIED );
++
++//! The destructor.
++/*!
++If a stream is running or open, it will be stopped and closed
++automatically.
++*/
++~RtAudio();
++
++//! Returns the audio API specifier for the current instance of RtAudio.
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void );
++
++//! A public function that queries for the number of audio devices available.
++/*!
++This function performs a system query of available devices each time it
++is called, thus supporting devices connected \e after instantiation. If
++a system error occurs during processing, a warning will be issued. 
++*/
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++
++//! Return an RtAudio::DeviceInfo structure for a specified device number.
++/*!
++
++Any device integer between 0 and getDeviceCount() - 1 is valid.
++If an invalid argument is provided, an RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE)
++will be thrown.  If a device is busy or otherwise unavailable, the
++structure member "probed" will have a value of "false" and all
++other members are undefined.  If the specified device is the
++current default input or output device, the corresponding
++"isDefault" member will have a value of "true".
++*/
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++
++//! A function that returns the index of the default output device.
++/*!
++If the underlying audio API does not provide a "default
++device", or if no devices are available, the return value will be
++0.  Note that this is a valid device identifier and it is the
++client's responsibility to verify that a device is available
++before attempting to open a stream.
++*/
++unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
++
++//! A function that returns the index of the default input device.
++/*!
++If the underlying audio API does not provide a "default
++device", or if no devices are available, the return value will be
++0.  Note that this is a valid device identifier and it is the
++client's responsibility to verify that a device is available
++before attempting to open a stream.
++*/
++unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
++
++//! A public function for opening a stream with the specified parameters.
++/*!
++An RtAudioError (type = SYSTEM_ERROR) is thrown if a stream cannot be
++opened with the specified parameters or an error occurs during
++processing.  An RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) is thrown if any
++invalid device ID or channel number parameters are specified.
++
++\param outputParameters Specifies output stream parameters to use
++when opening a stream, including a device ID, number of channels,
++and starting channel number.  For input-only streams, this
++argument should be NULL.  The device ID is an index value between
++0 and getDeviceCount() - 1.
++\param inputParameters Specifies input stream parameters to use
++when opening a stream, including a device ID, number of channels,
++and starting channel number.  For output-only streams, this
++argument should be NULL.  The device ID is an index value between
++0 and getDeviceCount() - 1.
++\param format An RtAudioFormat specifying the desired sample data format.
++\param sampleRate The desired sample rate (sample frames per second).
++\param *bufferFrames A pointer to a value indicating the desired
++internal buffer size in sample frames.  The actual value
++used by the device is returned via the same pointer.  A
++value of zero can be specified, in which case the lowest
++allowable value is determined.
++\param callback A client-defined function that will be invoked
++when input data is available and/or output data is needed.
++\param userData An optional pointer to data that can be accessed
++from within the callback function.
++\param options An optional pointer to a structure containing various
++global stream options, including a list of OR'ed RtAudioStreamFlags
++and a suggested number of stream buffers that can be used to 
++control stream latency.  More buffers typically result in more
++robust performance, though at a cost of greater latency.  If a
++value of zero is specified, a system-specific median value is
++chosen.  If the RTAUDIO_MINIMIZE_LATENCY flag bit is set, the
++lowest allowable value is used.  The actual value used is
++returned via the structure argument.  The parameter is API dependent.
++\param errorCallback A client-defined function that will be invoked
++when an error has occured.
++*/
++void openStream( RtAudio::StreamParameters *outputParameters,
++RtAudio::StreamParameters *inputParameters,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int sampleRate,
++unsigned int *bufferFrames, RtAudioCallback callback,
++void *userData = NULL, RtAudio::StreamOptions *options = NULL, RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback = NULL );
++
++//! A function that closes a stream and frees any associated stream memory.
++/*!
++If a stream is not open, this function issues a warning and
++returns (no exception is thrown).
++*/
++void closeStream( void );
++
++//! A function that starts a stream.
++/*!
++An RtAudioError (type = SYSTEM_ERROR) is thrown if an error occurs
++during processing.  An RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) is thrown if a
++stream is not open.  A warning is issued if the stream is already
++running.
++*/
++void startStream( void );
++
++//! Stop a stream, allowing any samples remaining in the output queue to be played.
++/*!
++An RtAudioError (type = SYSTEM_ERROR) is thrown if an error occurs
++during processing.  An RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) is thrown if a
++stream is not open.  A warning is issued if the stream is already
++stopped.
++*/
++void stopStream( void );
++
++//! Stop a stream, discarding any samples remaining in the input/output queue.
++/*!
++An RtAudioError (type = SYSTEM_ERROR) is thrown if an error occurs
++during processing.  An RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) is thrown if a
++stream is not open.  A warning is issued if the stream is already
++stopped.
++*/
++void abortStream( void );
++
++//! Returns true if a stream is open and false if not.
++bool isStreamOpen( void ) const;
++
++//! Returns true if the stream is running and false if it is stopped or not open.
++bool isStreamRunning( void ) const;
++
++//! Returns the number of elapsed seconds since the stream was started.
++/*!
++If a stream is not open, an RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) will be thrown.
++*/
++double getStreamTime( void );
++
++//! Set the stream time to a time in seconds greater than or equal to 0.0.
++/*!
++If a stream is not open, an RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) will be thrown.
++*/
++void setStreamTime( double time );
++
++//! Returns the internal stream latency in sample frames.
++/*!
++The stream latency refers to delay in audio input and/or output
++caused by internal buffering by the audio system and/or hardware.
++For duplex streams, the returned value will represent the sum of
++the input and output latencies.  If a stream is not open, an
++RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) will be thrown.  If the API does not
++report latency, the return value will be zero.
++*/
++long getStreamLatency( void );
++
++//! Returns actual sample rate in use by the stream.
++/*!
++On some systems, the sample rate used may be slightly different
++than that specified in the stream parameters.  If a stream is not
++open, an RtAudioError (type = INVALID_USE) will be thrown.
++*/
++unsigned int getStreamSampleRate( void );
++
++//! Specify whether warning messages should be printed to stderr.
++void showWarnings( bool value = true );
++
++protected:
++
++void openRtApi( RtAudio::Api api );
++RtApi *rtapi_;
+ };
+ 
+ // Operating system dependent thread functionality.
+ #if defined(__WINDOWS_DS__) || defined(__WINDOWS_ASIO__) || defined(__WINDOWS_WASAPI__)
+ 
+-  #ifndef NOMINMAX
+-    #define NOMINMAX
+-  #endif
+-  #include <windows.h>
+-  #include <process.h>
++#ifndef NOMINMAX
++#define NOMINMAX
++#endif
++#include <windows.h>
++#include <process.h>
+ 
+-  typedef uintptr_t ThreadHandle;
+-  typedef CRITICAL_SECTION StreamMutex;
++typedef uintptr_t ThreadHandle;
++typedef CRITICAL_SECTION StreamMutex;
+ 
+ #elif defined(__LINUX_ALSA__) || defined(__LINUX_PULSE__) || defined(__UNIX_JACK__) || defined(__LINUX_OSS__) || defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)
+-  // Using pthread library for various flavors of unix.
+-  #include <pthread.h>
++// Using pthread library for various flavors of unix.
++#include <pthread.h>
+ 
+-  typedef pthread_t ThreadHandle;
+-  typedef pthread_mutex_t StreamMutex;
++typedef pthread_t ThreadHandle;
++typedef pthread_mutex_t StreamMutex;
+ 
+ #else // Setup for "dummy" behavior
+ 
+-  #define __RTAUDIO_DUMMY__
+-  typedef int ThreadHandle;
+-  typedef int StreamMutex;
++#define __RTAUDIO_DUMMY__
++typedef int ThreadHandle;
++typedef int StreamMutex;
+ 
+ #endif
+ 
+@@ -606,19 +606,19 @@
+ // between the private RtAudio stream structure and global callback
+ // handling functions.
+ struct CallbackInfo {
+-  void *object;    // Used as a "this" pointer.
+-  ThreadHandle thread;
+-  void *callback;
+-  void *userData;
+-  void *errorCallback;
+-  void *apiInfo;   // void pointer for API specific callback information
+-  bool isRunning;
+-  bool doRealtime;
+-  int priority;
+-
+-  // Default constructor.
+-  CallbackInfo()
+-  :object(0), callback(0), userData(0), errorCallback(0), apiInfo(0), isRunning(false), doRealtime(false) {}
++void *object;    // Used as a "this" pointer.
++ThreadHandle thread;
++void *callback;
++void *userData;
++void *errorCallback;
++void *apiInfo;   // void pointer for API specific callback information
++bool isRunning;
++bool doRealtime;
++int priority;
++
++// Default constructor.
++CallbackInfo()
++:object(0), callback(0), userData(0), errorCallback(0), apiInfo(0), isRunning(false), doRealtime(false), priority(0) {}
+ };
+ 
+ // **************************************************************** //
+@@ -638,35 +638,35 @@
+ #pragma pack(push, 1)
+ class S24 {
+ 
+- protected:
+-  unsigned char c3[3];
++protected:
++unsigned char c3[3];
+ 
+- public:
+-  S24() {}
++public:
++S24() {}
+ 
+-  S24& operator = ( const int& i ) {
+-    c3[0] = (i & 0x000000ff);
+-    c3[1] = (i & 0x0000ff00) >> 8;
+-    c3[2] = (i & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
+-    return *this;
+-  }
+-
+-  S24( const S24& v ) { *this = v; }
+-  S24( const double& d ) { *this = (int) d; }
+-  S24( const float& f ) { *this = (int) f; }
+-  S24( const signed short& s ) { *this = (int) s; }
+-  S24( const char& c ) { *this = (int) c; }
+-
+-  int asInt() {
+-    int i = c3[0] | (c3[1] << 8) | (c3[2] << 16);
+-    if (i & 0x800000) i |= ~0xffffff;
+-    return i;
+-  }
++S24& operator = ( const int& i ) {
++c3[0] = (i & 0x000000ff);
++c3[1] = (i & 0x0000ff00) >> 8;
++c3[2] = (i & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
++return *this;
++}
++
++S24( const S24& v ) { *this = v; }
++S24( const double& d ) { *this = (int) d; }
++S24( const float& f ) { *this = (int) f; }
++S24( const signed short& s ) { *this = (int) s; }
++S24( const char& c ) { *this = (int) c; }
++
++int asInt() {
++int i = c3[0] | (c3[1] << 8) | (c3[2] << 16);
++if (i & 0x800000) i |= ~0xffffff;
++return i;
++}
+ };
+ #pragma pack(pop)
+ 
+ #if defined( HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY )
+-  #include <sys/time.h>
++#include <sys/time.h>
+ #endif
+ 
+ #include <sstream>
+@@ -675,155 +675,149 @@
+ {
+ public:
+ 
+-  /* --- Monocasual hack ---------------------------------------------------- */
+-  #ifdef __linux__
+-  	void *__HACK__getJackClient();
+-  #endif
+-  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+-
+-  RtApi();
+-  virtual ~RtApi();
+-  virtual RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) = 0;
+-  virtual unsigned int getDeviceCount( void ) = 0;
+-  virtual RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device ) = 0;
+-  virtual unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
+-  virtual unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
+-  void openStream( RtAudio::StreamParameters *outputParameters,
+-                   RtAudio::StreamParameters *inputParameters,
+-                   RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                   unsigned int *bufferFrames, RtAudioCallback callback,
+-                   void *userData, RtAudio::StreamOptions *options,
+-                   RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback );
+-  virtual void closeStream( void );
+-  virtual void startStream( void ) = 0;
+-  virtual void stopStream( void ) = 0;
+-  virtual void abortStream( void ) = 0;
+-  long getStreamLatency( void );
+-  unsigned int getStreamSampleRate( void );
+-  virtual double getStreamTime( void );
+-  virtual void setStreamTime( double time );
+-  bool isStreamOpen( void ) const { return stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED; }
+-  bool isStreamRunning( void ) const { return stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING; }
+-  void showWarnings( bool value ) { showWarnings_ = value; }
++RtApi();
++virtual ~RtApi();
++virtual RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) = 0;
++virtual unsigned int getDeviceCount( void ) = 0;
++virtual RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device ) = 0;
++virtual unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
++virtual unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
++void openStream( RtAudio::StreamParameters *outputParameters,
++RtAudio::StreamParameters *inputParameters,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int sampleRate,
++unsigned int *bufferFrames, RtAudioCallback callback,
++void *userData, RtAudio::StreamOptions *options,
++RtAudioErrorCallback errorCallback );
++virtual void closeStream( void );
++virtual void startStream( void ) = 0;
++virtual void stopStream( void ) = 0;
++virtual void abortStream( void ) = 0;
++long getStreamLatency( void );
++unsigned int getStreamSampleRate( void );
++virtual double getStreamTime( void );
++virtual void setStreamTime( double time );
++bool isStreamOpen( void ) const { return stream_.state != STREAM_CLOSED; }
++bool isStreamRunning( void ) const { return stream_.state == STREAM_RUNNING; }
++void showWarnings( bool value ) { showWarnings_ = value; }
+ 
+ 
+ protected:
+ 
+-  static const unsigned int MAX_SAMPLE_RATES;
+-  static const unsigned int SAMPLE_RATES[];
++static const unsigned int MAX_SAMPLE_RATES;
++static const unsigned int SAMPLE_RATES[];
++
++enum { FAILURE, SUCCESS };
++
++enum StreamState {
++STREAM_STOPPED,
++STREAM_STOPPING,
++STREAM_RUNNING,
++STREAM_CLOSED = -50
++};
++
++enum StreamMode {
++OUTPUT,
++INPUT,
++DUPLEX,
++UNINITIALIZED = -75
++};
+ 
+-  enum { FAILURE, SUCCESS };
++// A protected structure used for buffer conversion.
++struct ConvertInfo {
++int channels;
++int inJump, outJump;
++RtAudioFormat inFormat, outFormat;
++std::vector<int> inOffset;
++std::vector<int> outOffset;
++};
+ 
+-  enum StreamState {
+-    STREAM_STOPPED,
+-    STREAM_STOPPING,
+-    STREAM_RUNNING,
+-    STREAM_CLOSED = -50
+-  };
+-
+-  enum StreamMode {
+-    OUTPUT,
+-    INPUT,
+-    DUPLEX,
+-    UNINITIALIZED = -75
+-  };
+-
+-  // A protected structure used for buffer conversion.
+-  struct ConvertInfo {
+-    int channels;
+-    int inJump, outJump;
+-    RtAudioFormat inFormat, outFormat;
+-    std::vector<int> inOffset;
+-    std::vector<int> outOffset;
+-  };
+-
+-  // A protected structure for audio streams.
+-  struct RtApiStream {
+-    unsigned int device[2];    // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    void *apiHandle;           // void pointer for API specific stream handle information
+-    StreamMode mode;           // OUTPUT, INPUT, or DUPLEX.
+-    StreamState state;         // STOPPED, RUNNING, or CLOSED
+-    char *userBuffer[2];       // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    char *deviceBuffer;
+-    bool doConvertBuffer[2];   // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    bool userInterleaved;
+-    bool deviceInterleaved[2]; // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    bool doByteSwap[2];        // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    unsigned int sampleRate;
+-    unsigned int bufferSize;
+-    unsigned int nBuffers;
+-    unsigned int nUserChannels[2];    // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    unsigned int nDeviceChannels[2];  // Playback and record channels, respectively.
+-    unsigned int channelOffset[2];    // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    unsigned long latency[2];         // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    RtAudioFormat userFormat;
+-    RtAudioFormat deviceFormat[2];    // Playback and record, respectively.
+-    StreamMutex mutex;
+-    CallbackInfo callbackInfo;
+-    ConvertInfo convertInfo[2];
+-    double streamTime;         // Number of elapsed seconds since the stream started.
++// A protected structure for audio streams.
++struct RtApiStream {
++unsigned int device[2];    // Playback and record, respectively.
++void *apiHandle;           // void pointer for API specific stream handle information
++StreamMode mode;           // OUTPUT, INPUT, or DUPLEX.
++StreamState state;         // STOPPED, RUNNING, or CLOSED
++char *userBuffer[2];       // Playback and record, respectively.
++char *deviceBuffer;
++bool doConvertBuffer[2];   // Playback and record, respectively.
++bool userInterleaved;
++bool deviceInterleaved[2]; // Playback and record, respectively.
++bool doByteSwap[2];        // Playback and record, respectively.
++unsigned int sampleRate;
++unsigned int bufferSize;
++unsigned int nBuffers;
++unsigned int nUserChannels[2];    // Playback and record, respectively.
++unsigned int nDeviceChannels[2];  // Playback and record channels, respectively.
++unsigned int channelOffset[2];    // Playback and record, respectively.
++unsigned long latency[2];         // Playback and record, respectively.
++RtAudioFormat userFormat;
++RtAudioFormat deviceFormat[2];    // Playback and record, respectively.
++StreamMutex mutex;
++CallbackInfo callbackInfo;
++ConvertInfo convertInfo[2];
++double streamTime;         // Number of elapsed seconds since the stream started.
+ 
+ #if defined(HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY)
+-    struct timeval lastTickTimestamp;
++struct timeval lastTickTimestamp;
+ #endif
+ 
+-    RtApiStream()
+-      :apiHandle(0), deviceBuffer(0) { device[0] = 11111; device[1] = 11111; }
+-  };
+-
+-  typedef S24 Int24;
+-  typedef signed short Int16;
+-  typedef signed int Int32;
+-  typedef float Float32;
+-  typedef double Float64;
+-
+-  std::ostringstream errorStream_;
+-  std::string errorText_;
+-  bool showWarnings_;
+-  RtApiStream stream_;
+-  bool firstErrorOccurred_;
+-
+-  /*!
+-    Protected, api-specific method that attempts to open a device
+-    with the given parameters.  This function MUST be implemented by
+-    all subclasses.  If an error is encountered during the probe, a
+-    "warning" message is reported and FAILURE is returned. A
+-    successful probe is indicated by a return value of SUCCESS.
+-  */
+-  virtual bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                                unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                                RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                                RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
+-
+-  //! A protected function used to increment the stream time.
+-  void tickStreamTime( void );
+-
+-  //! Protected common method to clear an RtApiStream structure.
+-  void clearStreamInfo();
+-
+-  /*!
+-    Protected common method that throws an RtAudioError (type =
+-    INVALID_USE) if a stream is not open.
+-  */
+-  void verifyStream( void );
+-
+-  //! Protected common error method to allow global control over error handling.
+-  void error( RtAudioError::Type type );
+-
+-  /*!
+-    Protected method used to perform format, channel number, and/or interleaving
+-    conversions between the user and device buffers.
+-  */
+-  void convertBuffer( char *outBuffer, char *inBuffer, ConvertInfo &info );
++RtApiStream()
++:apiHandle(0), deviceBuffer(0) { device[0] = 11111; device[1] = 11111; }
++};
++
++typedef S24 Int24;
++typedef signed short Int16;
++typedef signed int Int32;
++typedef float Float32;
++typedef double Float64;
++
++std::ostringstream errorStream_;
++std::string errorText_;
++bool showWarnings_;
++RtApiStream stream_;
++bool firstErrorOccurred_;
++
++/*!
++Protected, api-specific method that attempts to open a device
++with the given parameters.  This function MUST be implemented by
++all subclasses.  If an error is encountered during the probe, a
++"warning" message is reported and FAILURE is returned. A
++successful probe is indicated by a return value of SUCCESS.
++*/
++virtual bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels, 
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++
++//! A protected function used to increment the stream time.
++void tickStreamTime( void );
++
++//! Protected common method to clear an RtApiStream structure.
++void clearStreamInfo();
++
++/*!
++Protected common method that throws an RtAudioError (type =
++INVALID_USE) if a stream is not open.
++*/
++void verifyStream( void );
++
++//! Protected common error method to allow global control over error handling.
++void error( RtAudioError::Type type );
++
++/*!
++Protected method used to perform format, channel number, and/or interleaving
++conversions between the user and device buffers.
++*/
++void convertBuffer( char *outBuffer, char *inBuffer, ConvertInfo &info );
+ 
+-  //! Protected common method used to perform byte-swapping on buffers.
+-  void byteSwapBuffer( char *buffer, unsigned int samples, RtAudioFormat format );
++//! Protected common method used to perform byte-swapping on buffers.
++void byteSwapBuffer( char *buffer, unsigned int samples, RtAudioFormat format );
+ 
+-  //! Protected common method that returns the number of bytes for a given format.
+-  unsigned int formatBytes( RtAudioFormat format );
++//! Protected common method that returns the number of bytes for a given format.
++unsigned int formatBytes( RtAudioFormat format );
+ 
+-  //! Protected common method that sets up the parameters for buffer conversion.
+-  void setConvertInfo( StreamMode mode, unsigned int firstChannel );
++//! Protected common method that sets up the parameters for buffer conversion.
++void setConvertInfo( StreamMode mode, unsigned int firstChannel );
+ };
+ 
+ // **************************************************************** //
+@@ -832,22 +826,22 @@
+ //
+ // **************************************************************** //
+ 
+-inline RtAudio::Api RtAudio :: getCurrentApi( void ) throw() { return rtapi_->getCurrentApi(); }
+-inline unsigned int RtAudio :: getDeviceCount( void ) throw() { return rtapi_->getDeviceCount(); }
++inline RtAudio::Api RtAudio :: getCurrentApi( void ) { return rtapi_->getCurrentApi(); }
++inline unsigned int RtAudio :: getDeviceCount( void ) { return rtapi_->getDeviceCount(); }
+ inline RtAudio::DeviceInfo RtAudio :: getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device ) { return rtapi_->getDeviceInfo( device ); }
+-inline unsigned int RtAudio :: getDefaultInputDevice( void ) throw() { return rtapi_->getDefaultInputDevice(); }
+-inline unsigned int RtAudio :: getDefaultOutputDevice( void ) throw() { return rtapi_->getDefaultOutputDevice(); }
+-inline void RtAudio :: closeStream( void ) throw() { return rtapi_->closeStream(); }
++inline unsigned int RtAudio :: getDefaultInputDevice( void ) { return rtapi_->getDefaultInputDevice(); }
++inline unsigned int RtAudio :: getDefaultOutputDevice( void ) { return rtapi_->getDefaultOutputDevice(); }
++inline void RtAudio :: closeStream( void ) { return rtapi_->closeStream(); }
+ inline void RtAudio :: startStream( void ) { return rtapi_->startStream(); }
+ inline void RtAudio :: stopStream( void )  { return rtapi_->stopStream(); }
+ inline void RtAudio :: abortStream( void ) { return rtapi_->abortStream(); }
+-inline bool RtAudio :: isStreamOpen( void ) const throw() { return rtapi_->isStreamOpen(); }
+-inline bool RtAudio :: isStreamRunning( void ) const throw() { return rtapi_->isStreamRunning(); }
++inline bool RtAudio :: isStreamOpen( void ) const { return rtapi_->isStreamOpen(); }
++inline bool RtAudio :: isStreamRunning( void ) const { return rtapi_->isStreamRunning(); }
+ inline long RtAudio :: getStreamLatency( void ) { return rtapi_->getStreamLatency(); }
+ inline unsigned int RtAudio :: getStreamSampleRate( void ) { return rtapi_->getStreamSampleRate(); }
+ inline double RtAudio :: getStreamTime( void ) { return rtapi_->getStreamTime(); }
+ inline void RtAudio :: setStreamTime( double time ) { return rtapi_->setStreamTime( time ); }
+-inline void RtAudio :: showWarnings( bool value ) throw() { rtapi_->showWarnings( value ); }
++inline void RtAudio :: showWarnings( bool value ) { rtapi_->showWarnings( value ); }
+ 
+ // RtApi Subclass prototypes.
+ 
+@@ -859,34 +853,34 @@
+ {
+ public:
+ 
+-  RtApiCore();
+-  ~RtApiCore();
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::MACOSX_CORE; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-  unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
+-  unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
+-  void closeStream( void );
+-  void startStream( void );
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-  void abortStream( void );
+-  long getStreamLatency( void );
+-
+-  // This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
+-  // public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
+-  // which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
+-  // will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
+-  bool callbackEvent( AudioDeviceID deviceId,
+-                      const AudioBufferList *inBufferList,
+-                      const AudioBufferList *outBufferList );
+-
+-  private:
+-
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                        unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                        RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
+-  static const char* getErrorCode( OSStatus code );
++RtApiCore();
++~RtApiCore();
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::MACOSX_CORE; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
++unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
++void closeStream( void );
++void startStream( void );
++void stopStream( void );
++void abortStream( void );
++long getStreamLatency( void );
++
++// This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
++// public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
++// which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
++// will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
++bool callbackEvent( AudioDeviceID deviceId,
++const AudioBufferList *inBufferList,
++const AudioBufferList *outBufferList );
++
++private:
++
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels, 
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++static const char* getErrorCode( OSStatus code );
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
+@@ -897,29 +891,31 @@
+ {
+ public:
+ 
+-  RtApiJack();
+-  ~RtApiJack();
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::UNIX_JACK; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-  void closeStream( void );
+-  void startStream( void );
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-  void abortStream( void );
+-  long getStreamLatency( void );
+-
+-  // This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
+-  // public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
+-  // which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
+-  // will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
+-  bool callbackEvent( unsigned long nframes );
+-
+-  private:
+-
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                        unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                        RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++RtApiJack();
++~RtApiJack();
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::UNIX_JACK; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++void closeStream( void );
++void startStream( void );
++void stopStream( void );
++void abortStream( void );
++long getStreamLatency( void );
++
++// This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
++// public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
++// which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
++// will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
++bool callbackEvent( unsigned long nframes );
++
++private:
++
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels, 
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++
++bool shouldAutoconnect_;
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
+@@ -930,32 +926,32 @@
+ {
+ public:
+ 
+-  RtApiAsio();
+-  ~RtApiAsio();
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::WINDOWS_ASIO; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-  void closeStream( void );
+-  void startStream( void );
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-  void abortStream( void );
+-  long getStreamLatency( void );
+-
+-  // This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
+-  // public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
+-  // which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
+-  // will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
+-  bool callbackEvent( long bufferIndex );
+-
+-  private:
+-
+-  std::vector<RtAudio::DeviceInfo> devices_;
+-  void saveDeviceInfo( void );
+-  bool coInitialized_;
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                        unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                        RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++RtApiAsio();
++~RtApiAsio();
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::WINDOWS_ASIO; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++void closeStream( void );
++void startStream( void );
++void stopStream( void );
++void abortStream( void );
++long getStreamLatency( void );
++
++// This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
++// public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
++// which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
++// will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
++bool callbackEvent( long bufferIndex );
++
++private:
++
++std::vector<RtAudio::DeviceInfo> devices_;
++void saveDeviceInfo( void );
++bool coInitialized_;
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels, 
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
+@@ -966,35 +962,35 @@
+ {
+ public:
+ 
+-  RtApiDs();
+-  ~RtApiDs();
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::WINDOWS_DS; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
+-  unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
+-  unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-  void closeStream( void );
+-  void startStream( void );
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-  void abortStream( void );
+-  long getStreamLatency( void );
+-
+-  // This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
+-  // public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
+-  // which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
+-  // will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
+-  void callbackEvent( void );
+-
+-  private:
+-
+-  bool coInitialized_;
+-  bool buffersRolling;
+-  long duplexPrerollBytes;
+-  std::vector<struct DsDevice> dsDevices;
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                        unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                        RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++RtApiDs();
++~RtApiDs();
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::WINDOWS_DS; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
++unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++void closeStream( void );
++void startStream( void );
++void stopStream( void );
++void abortStream( void );
++long getStreamLatency( void );
++
++// This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
++// public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
++// which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
++// will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
++void callbackEvent( void );
++
++private:
++
++bool coInitialized_;
++bool buffersRolling;
++long duplexPrerollBytes;
++std::vector<struct DsDevice> dsDevices;
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels, 
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
+@@ -1006,32 +1002,32 @@
+ class RtApiWasapi : public RtApi
+ {
+ public:
+-  RtApiWasapi();
+-  ~RtApiWasapi();
++RtApiWasapi();
++~RtApiWasapi();
+ 
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::WINDOWS_WASAPI; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-  unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
+-  unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
+-  void closeStream( void );
+-  void startStream( void );
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-  void abortStream( void );
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::WINDOWS_WASAPI; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++unsigned int getDefaultOutputDevice( void );
++unsigned int getDefaultInputDevice( void );
++void closeStream( void );
++void startStream( void );
++void stopStream( void );
++void abortStream( void );
+ 
+ private:
+-  bool coInitialized_;
+-  IMMDeviceEnumerator* deviceEnumerator_;
++bool coInitialized_;
++IMMDeviceEnumerator* deviceEnumerator_;
+ 
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                        unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                        RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int* bufferSize,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions* options );
+-
+-  static DWORD WINAPI runWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr );
+-  static DWORD WINAPI stopWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr );
+-  static DWORD WINAPI abortWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr );
+-  void wasapiThread();
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int* bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions* options );
++
++static DWORD WINAPI runWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr );
++static DWORD WINAPI stopWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr );
++static DWORD WINAPI abortWasapiThread( void* wasapiPtr );
++void wasapiThread();
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
+@@ -1042,30 +1038,30 @@
+ {
+ public:
+ 
+-  RtApiAlsa();
+-  ~RtApiAlsa();
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi() { return RtAudio::LINUX_ALSA; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-  void closeStream( void );
+-  void startStream( void );
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-  void abortStream( void );
+-
+-  // This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
+-  // public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
+-  // which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
+-  // will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
+-  void callbackEvent( void );
+-
+-  private:
+-
+-  std::vector<RtAudio::DeviceInfo> devices_;
+-  void saveDeviceInfo( void );
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                        unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                        RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++RtApiAlsa();
++~RtApiAlsa();
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi() { return RtAudio::LINUX_ALSA; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++void closeStream( void );
++void startStream( void );
++void stopStream( void );
++void abortStream( void );
++
++// This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
++// public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
++// which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
++// will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
++void callbackEvent( void );
++
++private:
++
++std::vector<RtAudio::DeviceInfo> devices_;
++void saveDeviceInfo( void );
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels, 
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
+@@ -1075,29 +1071,29 @@
+ class RtApiPulse: public RtApi
+ {
+ public:
+-  ~RtApiPulse();
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi() { return RtAudio::LINUX_PULSE; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-  void closeStream( void );
+-  void startStream( void );
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-  void abortStream( void );
+-
+-  // This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
+-  // public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
+-  // which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
+-  // will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
+-  void callbackEvent( void );
+-
+-  private:
+-
+-  std::vector<RtAudio::DeviceInfo> devices_;
+-  void saveDeviceInfo( void );
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                        unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                        RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++~RtApiPulse();
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi() { return RtAudio::LINUX_PULSE; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++void closeStream( void );
++void startStream( void );
++void stopStream( void );
++void abortStream( void );
++
++// This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
++// public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
++// which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
++// will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
++void callbackEvent( void );
++
++private:
++
++std::vector<RtAudio::DeviceInfo> devices_;
++void saveDeviceInfo( void );
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
+@@ -1108,28 +1104,28 @@
+ {
+ public:
+ 
+-  RtApiOss();
+-  ~RtApiOss();
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi() { return RtAudio::LINUX_OSS; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
+-  void closeStream( void );
+-  void startStream( void );
+-  void stopStream( void );
+-  void abortStream( void );
+-
+-  // This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
+-  // public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
+-  // which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
+-  // will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
+-  void callbackEvent( void );
+-
+-  private:
+-
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels,
+-                        unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
+-                        RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
++RtApiOss();
++~RtApiOss();
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi() { return RtAudio::LINUX_OSS; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void );
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int device );
++void closeStream( void );
++void startStream( void );
++void stopStream( void );
++void abortStream( void );
++
++// This function is intended for internal use only.  It must be
++// public because it is called by the internal callback handler,
++// which is not a member of RtAudio.  External use of this function
++// will most likely produce highly undesireable results!
++void callbackEvent( void );
++
++private:
++
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int device, StreamMode mode, unsigned int channels, 
++unsigned int firstChannel, unsigned int sampleRate,
++RtAudioFormat format, unsigned int *bufferSize,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions *options );
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
+@@ -1140,21 +1136,21 @@
+ {
+ public:
+ 
+-  RtApiDummy() { errorText_ = "RtApiDummy: This class provides no functionality."; error( RtAudioError::WARNING ); }
+-  RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::RTAUDIO_DUMMY; }
+-  unsigned int getDeviceCount( void ) { return 0; }
+-  RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int /*device*/ ) { RtAudio::DeviceInfo info; return info; }
+-  void closeStream( void ) {}
+-  void startStream( void ) {}
+-  void stopStream( void ) {}
+-  void abortStream( void ) {}
+-
+-  private:
+-
+-  bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int /*device*/, StreamMode /*mode*/, unsigned int /*channels*/,
+-                        unsigned int /*firstChannel*/, unsigned int /*sampleRate*/,
+-                        RtAudioFormat /*format*/, unsigned int * /*bufferSize*/,
+-                        RtAudio::StreamOptions * /*options*/ ) { return false; }
++RtApiDummy() { errorText_ = "RtApiDummy: This class provides no functionality."; error( RtAudioError::WARNING ); }
++RtAudio::Api getCurrentApi( void ) { return RtAudio::RTAUDIO_DUMMY; }
++unsigned int getDeviceCount( void ) { return 0; }
++RtAudio::DeviceInfo getDeviceInfo( unsigned int /*device*/ ) { RtAudio::DeviceInfo info; return info; }
++void closeStream( void ) {}
++void startStream( void ) {}
++void stopStream( void ) {}
++void abortStream( void ) {}
++
++private:
++
++bool probeDeviceOpen( unsigned int /*device*/, StreamMode /*mode*/, unsigned int /*channels*/, 
++unsigned int /*firstChannel*/, unsigned int /*sampleRate*/,
++RtAudioFormat /*format*/, unsigned int * /*bufferSize*/,
++RtAudio::StreamOptions * /*options*/ ) { return false; }
+ };
+ 
+ #endif
diff --git a/debian/patches/series b/debian/patches/series
index 6cdd3e5..a09bfd0 100644
--- a/debian/patches/series
+++ b/debian/patches/series
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
+01-rtaudio5.patch
 02-rtmidi-pkgconfig.patch
 04-catch.patch

-- 
giada packaging



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